The "undersold" history of America

NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT Kendrick Johnson GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N Case reopened with new NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT evidence of possible confession GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT VO GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N TE S NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N NEGLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT Nathanial Turner GLECT NEGLECT NEGLECT N plantation of Benj Kendrick Johnson went to school on January 10th, 2013 ready for a basketball game later that night. He did not show for the bus and never got to play in that game. The next day, when students noticed socks sticking out of a rolled up wrestling mat, they found his bruised and bloodied body. An investigation began and eventually it was determined to be an accidental death. Officials

said that Kendrick was attempting to retrieve a pair of shoes commonly stored in the mat, slipped, and got stuck upside down, suffocating to death with nowhere to move. The family of Johnson did not believe this version of the story and think their son was intentionally murdered.

Over the following 8 years, the family continued to fight to discover the truth to what happened.

May 2, 2013

January 11, 20 13

Body found in wrestling mat

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The “undertold” history of America

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The outcomes included a number of graphic design principles and guidelines that included: •

Telling a story

© April 2021, Hanover College Art and Design

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Immersing the viewer in the content

In an attempt to address racial justice and equity issues that have been predominantly ignored throughout the nearly 250 year history of the United States of America, we examined the stories that are rarely included in the history books that our students grew up studying during their K-12 education. We are beginning to see the fallout of these “omissions” and would like to begin the process of learning how America’s past has led to its present. This is a graphic design course, not a literary publishing curriculum, so the result is much more visual. We hope you learn something along the way while reading through the following pages and spreads. Now is the time to begin to address our past. Thank you for joining us on this journey.

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Organizing the information

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Creating hierarchy within the information

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Grabbing the viewer’s attention

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Making a bold statement

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Evoking a visceral (emotional) response

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Having the right and appropriate amount of information

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Colonization of America: building America on occupied indigenous lands

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STUDENT DESIGNERS

The content prompts that designers had to choose from included: •

Spanish Colonization of the American West: The Mission Trail

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Slavery in American History

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ART 310 - Graphic Design II A visual essay collection of the relatively underpublished dark history of the United States

Riley Austin

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Native American displacement: birth of the reservation

Richmond, IN

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Women’s Suffrage Movement

Bailey Snyder

Sam Piacente

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Black History in America

Courtney Arrowood

Tucker Marsh

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Segregation/Civil Rights Movement

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Isabella Stange

Zoe Stigdon

White supremacism in America: the rise of the Klan and other organized oppressions

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Japanese Internment Camps during WWII

Madeline Stiers

Sway Batista

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Sexual Orientation and Gender identity targeting in America (LGBTQIA+)

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Anti-Muslim sentiment, post 9/11

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Anti-semitism

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Immigration issues (Xenophobia)

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Black Lives Matter and systemic racism

Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Scottsburg, IN Batesville, IN

Indianapolis, IN

Sao Paulo, Brazil

North Vernon, IN Indianapolis, IN Tampa, FL

517 Ball Drive • Hanover, IN 47243 • hanover.edu

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Rachel Cox

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th to

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the disease was known by the name of Gay-Related Immune Deficiency.

An anti-gay sentiment began to gain strength in America, and although activists were actively trying to bring attention to this medical crisis, they were constantly ignored. By 1987, activists fed up with the government inaction as HIV deaths were still rising founded the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power. Their activism had tremendous contributions in speeding the government’s response to the AIDS crisis and drawing public attention to the deadly impact of homophobic public health policies.

Avram Finkelstein, one of the designers of the iconic ACT UP poster “Silence=Death,” wrote in a guest post for the New York Public Library: “In 1981, my soul mate started showing signs of immunosuppression, before AIDS even had its name.” If it wasn’t for the work of activists such as Avram Finkelstein, the virus could have taken the lives of even more people.

INDEX OF VISUAL ESSAYS Land For Sale

by Rachel Cox..........................................2

Can technology be Racist?

by Tucker Marsh.....................................22

The Longest Walk

by Madeline Stiers...................................4

Roe v. Wade

by Sam Piacente....................................24

Nat Turner’s Slave Rebellion

by Sway Batista........................................6

Forgotten Fighters

by Isabella Stange.................................26

Fatal Freedom

by Zoe Stigdon.........................................8

Take to the Skies

by Zoe Stigdon.......................................28

Black Wall Street

by Sway Batista......................................10

The Pill That Changed Everything

by Rachel Cox........................................30

Girls Will Be Girls

by Madeline Stiers.................................12

Discrimination in the Workplace

by Courtney Arrowood..........................32

Back of the Bus

by Riley Austin........................................14

HIV

by Sam Piacente....................................34

Breaking News: Police Brutality Against Rodney King

by Courtney Arrowood..........................16

Pride Was a Riot

by Bailey Snyder.....................................36

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Kendrick Johnson

by Tucker Marsh.....................................18

Japanese Relocation Centers in the United States

by Isabella Stange.................................38

Racial Disparity

by Riley Austin........................................20

#Hate is a Virus

by Bailey Snyder.....................................40

Nathanial Turner 1 was bo

plantation of Benjamin T

eventually being hired o

LAND FOR SALE NEW HOME OF YOUR OWN PLENTY OF LAND EASY PAYMENTS

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1DAWES 8 8ACT7 The Dawes Act was a U.S law put into place in 1887 for the purpose of pushing Native Americans into White Society

During the 1800’s European immigrants began settling in the western territories next to Native American territories. As a result, competition of resources along with cultural differences led to conflict. Passed in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland, the Dawes Act allowed for the U.S government to sell Native American land to non- native US citizens to help with the disagreement and to push Native Americans into the U.S society. The 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land were awarded to each Native American family if they accepted the “allotment divisions”. Not only did they have to accept the Act but they had to enroll to “assume a capitalist and proprietary relationship with property”. Only when they did accomplish these tasks, were they granted full U.S citizenship. However, Native Americans were not accustomed to the life of a rancher or farmer, and the lands given to them were not suitable for farming. As a result of the allotment, land owned by Native Americans decreased from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million acres in 1934.

The impact of the Dawes Act not only affected the Native Americans who accepted the allotment, it also destroyed reservations, leading them to a life of poverty, filth, and depression.

Over 90 million acres were taken from Native Americans U.S Government forced relocation resulting in Indian Wars across the Midwest.

All Native Americans were affected negatively leading them to a life of poverty, filth and depression The map of the Native American Territories that have been slowly taken away by the Dawes Act.

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The Longest Walk

At the beginning of the 1830s, nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived on millions of acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina and Florida–land that their ancestors had occupied and cultivated for generations. By the end of the 1830s, very few natives remained anywhere in the southeastern United States and most worked on behalf of white settlers who wanted to grow cotton on the Indians’ land. The federal government forced them to leave their homelands and walk hundreds of miles to a specially designated “Indian territory” across the Mississippi River.

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In 1830, Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, which gave the federal government the power to exchange Nativeheld land in the cotton kingdom east of the Mississippi for land to the west, in the “Indian colonization zone” that the United States had acquired as part of the Louisiana Purchase.

(This “Indian territory” was located in presentday Oklahoma.) There were 3,500 of the 15,000 civilians who set out for Oklahoma who did not survive the trip.

Men and women forced off thier reservation

Men effected by the Indian Removal Act which leads to the Trail of Tears

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Nathanial Turner was born and raised as an enslaved man on the Virginia

process. In the chaos the group recruited around 75 other slaves, with the mob

eventually being hired out to John Travis, Nat Turner was allowed the privilege

six weeks until the community discovered him. Convicted and hung in Jerusalem,

plantation of Benjamin Turner. Being sold 3 separate times in his childhood and of learning to read and write, becoming a passionate preacher and leader of the enslaved on Turner’s plantation. In his passion, Nat Turner claimed that he was chosen by God to lead the enslaved to their freedom from bondage. On August

21, 1831, Nat Turner and 6 others killed the Travis family, securing firearms in the

killing an estimated 55 whites. After the rebellion, Nat Turner hid successfully for Virginia, as well as 16 of his followers, the incident would lead to the massacre

of up to 200 Black people and new legislation restricting the education,

movement, and assembly of enslaved people.

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In May 1803, an event that would be considered the first freedom march in American history occurred.

75 enslaved Igbos (who would now be called Nigerians), while being taken to Savannah, Georgia on slave ship 'The Wanderer”, revolted, drowned their captors, and crashlanded at Dunbar Creek on St. Simons Island, Georgia.

After marching off the ship, the Igbos sang while following their leader into the sea in an act of mass suicide.

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fatal fr

reedom

Of the 75 who revolted, only 13 bodies were recovered, meaning that some may have survived and were sold into slavery.

Oral traditions would say that the Igbo captives walked on water or flew back to Africa.

This fatal freedom march shows the atrocities of American slavery; that a group of people who sang and danced and loved life would rather die an excruciating death than be enslaved.

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During the year 1921 in Tulsa, Oklahoma existed a residential area known as the Greenwood District. Surrounded by this area existed a thriving business district owned and operated by the African American community

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known as Black Wall Street.

In June, a tragic series of events nearly destroyed all of GreenWood, and put an end to Black Wall Street. As the neighboring white community was already at its wits end with

Tulsa

the prosperity of GreenWood District, things came to a boil following the investigation of a young black man (Dick Roland) in an altercation with a white woman. Due to an overstated report by the

local tribune, armed mobs of blacks and whites showed up to the courthouse. After shots fired, the outnumbered African Americans began retreating to GreenWood.

Massacre Soon after, GreenWood was burned and looted by white residents leading to the declaration of martial

law. National Guard troops imprisoned over 6000 black citizens and held some of them prisoner for up to 8 days

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35 city blocks lay burned, more than 800 black residents injured, and reported deaths beginning at 36. Future counts

believe the death toll to be as many 300.

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Girls will be Girls

Protest for Scottsboro Boys in Washington, D.C. 1933

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The Scottsboro Boys were nine black teenagers, Charlie Weems, Ozie Powell, Clarence Norris, Andrew and Leroy Wright, Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Haywood Patterson and Eugene Williams, who were falsely accused of raping two white women aboard a train near Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. Scottsboro Boys sparked an international uproar and produced two landmark U.S. Supreme Court verdicts, even as the defendants were forced to spend years battling the courts and enduring the harsh conditions of the Alabama prison system. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, after a fight broke out on a Southern Railroad freight train in Jackson County, Alabama, police arrested nine black youths, ranging in age from 13 to 19, on a minor charge. There were deputies questioned two white women, Ruby Bates and Victoria Price, they accused the boys of raping them while onboard the train. An angry white mob surrounded the jail, leading the local sheriff to call in the Alabama National Guard to prevent a lynching. The first set of trials, all-white, all-male jury quickly convicted the Scottsboro Boys and sentenced eight of them to death.

As of Leroy Wright, 13-year-old, one juror favored life imprisonment rather than death and imprisoned.

Ruby Bates and Victoria Price

Charlie Weems, Ozie Powell, Clarence Norris, Andrew and Leroy Wright, Olen Montgomery, Willie Roberson, Haywood Patterson and Eugene Williams

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of the O

n December 1st 1955, activist leader Rosa Parks was commuting home from a long day of work and refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man which led to an arrest for violating segregation laws. According to these segregation laws, the front of the bus was reserved for white citizens and the back was reserved for black citizens.

It was custom that the bus driver had the authority to ask a black person to give up a seat for a white rider. On this day the driver had asked the four riders in the first row of the “colored” section to stand, in affect adding another row to the “white” section. Three of the others complied, while Rosa Parks did not. These actions helped initiate the civil rights movement in the United Stated and inspired the leaders of the local Black community to organize the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Parks stated in her autobiography, “People always say that I didn’t give up my seat because I was tired, but that wasn’t true.

I was not tired physically….No, the only tired I was, was giving in.”

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Parks roots of activism did not start here, she worked as a seamstress and became a well-respected member of Montgomery’s large African American community. Co- existing with white people in a city governed by Jim Crow.

However, segregation laws were filled with daily frustrations. Black people could only attend certain schools, use certain bathrooms, sit in certain areas and many other restrictions throughout the 20th century. Rosa also joined the Montgomery chapter on the NAACP and became the secretary. From this she was able to work closely with the chapter president, Edgar Daniel Nixon, who was also an advocate for black people who wanted to register to vote.

Parks was not the first person to resist giving up her seat on a bus, many other people of color had done this before her.

Her careful planning and lifetime work continued far beyond the Montgomery Bus Boycott to represent a stronger image of black uplift that represented advocacy for equality.

Bus

“People always say that I didn’t give up my seat because I was tired, but that wasn’t true. I was not tired physically….

No, the only tired I was, was giving in.”

Rosa Parks

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Breaking News:

Against ro Police Brutality Against Rodney King in March 1991

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Police brutality odney king On March 3, 1991 Four Los Angeles Police Officers pulled over Rodney King under suspicion of drunk driving.

The officers brutally beat King on the side of the highway, they used unnecessary force on King, beating him with a baton and kicking him until he was a beaten, bloody mess. King’s horrendous assault was recorded by a man named George Holliday, who was woken up by sirens across the street in his apartment. Holliday sent in the recording to local news media, this attack was broadcasted on for weeks. A trial was held to hold the police officers accountable. Two of the officers were found guilty and two were acquitted of their charges. The verdict led to the LA Riots, which were several days of violence, looting and arson in Los Angeles.

Years later Rodney King was quoted to say “People, I just want to say, can’t we all get along? Can’t we all get along.” Rodney King said he had to learn to forgive the police “I got ulcers, I had to let go, to let God deal with it.” Rodney said he didn’t want to be angry his whole life, which is a very good point. The process of forgiving is a challenging road, but Rodney King was able to forgive the four LAPD officers for the atrocity that happened that night.

Rodney King, April 2012

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Kendrick Johnson Case reopened with new evidence of possible confession Kendrick Johnson went to school on January 10th, 2013 ready for a basketball game later that night. He did not show for the bus and never got to play in that game. The next day, when students noticed socks sticking out of a rolled up wrestling mat, they found his bruised and bloodied body. An investigation began and eventually it was determined to be an accidental death. Officials

said that Kendrick was attempting to retrieve a pair of shoes commonly stored in the mat, slipped, and got stuck upside down, suffocating to death with nowhere to move. The family of Johnson did not believe this version of the story and think their son was intentionally murdered.

Over the following 8 years, the family continued to fight to discover the truth to what happened.

May 2, 2013

2013 April 9, claims Family he was ed murder

January 11, 20 13

Body found in wrestling mat

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October 13, 2013

Death officially ruled an accident

FBI starts investigation

September 3, 2013 Second autops y shows blunt force trauma

New investigations began, undiscovered details emerged, lawsuits took place, and additional autopsies were performed in the search to resolve this mystery. The second autopsy of Kendrick Johnson revealed that the cause of death was from blunt force to the neck. Even with new details, a 30 month investigation by the

Novem ber 15 , 2018 Third a u suppo toposy rts trauma tic blow

0, 2016 June 2 ses FBI clo finds nd case a ent insuficc e d evicen

FBI ending in 2016 concluded there was insufficient evidence to rule the death intentional. In 2018, a third autopsy showed that trauma was between the neck and abdomen and the family wanted the case reopened.

They eventually got their wish in March of 2021, when a new investigation began.

October 11, 2019

Family asks to have case reopened

7, 2021 March 1 opened Case re with new e evidenc

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Racial Disparity

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Targeting communities of color African Americans and whites use pot at about the same rate

African Americans are are arrested for violating majijuana possesion laws at 4 times the rate of white people, yet both ethnicities consume it at the same rate.

Such racial disparities on marijuana possesion arrests exist in all regions of the country. In countries small and large, urban and rural, weathly and poor, and with large and small African American populations. Over 96% of counrties with more than 30,000 people in which at least 2% of the residents are black, they become the ones that are arrested at higher rates than whites for marijuana possesion.

Arrests for possesion of small amounts of marijuana ruin lives and the federal government spends about $20 billion dollars a year on marijuana prohibition.

This money is most likey going towards putting people in jail for possesion of small amounts of marijuana for personal use, instead of being spent on violent crimes that happen around our world everyday.

African Americans have been nearly FOUR TIMES more likey than whites to be arrested for marijuana possession.

Black Arrests White Arrests

2001

2004

2007

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Can Technology Be Racist?

Exposing the racial bias within facial recognition algorithms

35%

of the time, facial analysis algorithms misclassify Black women.

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Bias In Algorithms

Of the numerous biometrics used in technology, facial recognition could be the most widely used but also the least accurate method of identification.

However, not all faces are classified equally by these matching algorithms. A 2019 a federal government study found “the systems generally work best on middle-aged white men’s faces, and not so well for people of color, women, children, or the elderly.” Additionally, Buolamwini and Gebru’s 2018 research concluded that some facial analysis algorithms misclassified Black women nearly 35 percent of the time, while nearly always getting it right for white men. Clearly this technology is not perfect and could be improved significantly.

Magnified By Misuse

Camera locations shown on 2010 census map where Red is White, Blue is Black, and Orange is Hispanic,

Project Green Light Detroit

One example exposing systemic racism and racial bias within facial recognition is Project Green Light was enacted in 2016 installing high-definition cameras throughout the city of Detroit, which streams data directly to Detroit PD.

Given the known errors within facial recognition technology, the ways law enforcement uses them become alarmingly racist. Believe it or not, your face is captured by cameras in public venues and used by police to compare against mugshot and driver’s license databases searching for potential crime suspects. Far from harmless, this practice is compounding racial bias because America’s legal system disproportionately polices and criminalizes Black people. Moreover, some police jurisdictions have used these algorithms within social media to track phrases like “Black Lives Matter”.

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R E V. In 1970, Jane Roe - a fictional name used in court documents to protect the plaintiff’s identity, Norma McCorvey - filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade, a district attorney of Dallas County, Texas.

Her lawsuit challenged a Texas law making abortion illegal except by a doctor’s orders to save a woman’s life. In her lawsuit, Roe argued

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Left and right: Reproductive Rights protestors

that the state laws violated her right to personal privacy, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.

In January 1973, the Supreme Court issued a 7 against 2 decision ruling that the “Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides a right to privacy that protects a pregnant woman’s right to choose

WADE

whether or not to have an abortion.” Roe has come to be known as the case that legalized abortion nationwide. At the time, nearly all states outlawed abortion except to save a woman’s life, preserving the woman’s health, incest, instances of rape, or fetal anomaly. Roe v. Wade made these laws unconstitutional, turning abortion services safer

and more widely accessible to women throughout the United States. Since the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Roe, women all over the country have continued to fight and advocate for their reproductive rights. Through protests, marches, and other public demonstrations, these activists have kept abortion and other reproductive rights-

related topics on the agenda of public policy agents and politicians. Roe v. Wade was only one step towards the legalization of abortion, but it should still be recognized for its relevance.

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FORGOTTEN Women of Color in the Suffrage Movement

While often times the history of women’s suffrage and the passing of the 19thAmendment, which allowed women the right to vote, is taught or at least brushed over in American history classes, they often focus on a few white women who helped lead the efforts, excluding the stories of many women of color who also worked tirelessly for years for the movement for gender equality. While there are many women this article will focus on the stories of Mary Church Terrell and Mabel Ping-Hua Lee. Mary Church Terrell was born in 1863 free, to parents who had been enslaved. She was later accepted at Oberlin College, which was one of the first secondary schools to allow women and African Americans to enroll. While in school, she was invited to attend the inauguration of President Garfield, where she met Frederick Douglass, who inspired her to be an advocate for others. In 1884 she become one of the first Black women to earn a college degree another on her list of firsts. She had the ability to travel later returning to the United States where she co-founded and was the first president of the National Association of Colored

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Women. Mary wanted to be more active in the suffrage movement, so she joined the National American Woman Suffrage Association. She continued to live a legacy similar to Fredrick Douglass, speaking to large groups to advocate for gender and racial equality, inspiring countless women.

Mabel Ping-Hua Lee moved to New York City as a Chinese immigrant in 1905. Her father was a minister and an active member of their community, gaining Mabel popularity in the community. Mabel was known for her intellect, attending Erasmus Hall High School and later attending Barnard College, and Columbia University. She was inspired by the suffrage movement and was eager to get involved, pushing her mother to join too. In 1912 Mabel led thousands of Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans, in what is believed to be one of the largest suffrage parades in the country’s history, on a white horse adorn in suffrage colors.

Due to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Chinese immigrants including Mabel and her family were prevented from becoming citizens, and thus voting until 1943, over twenty years after the 19thamendment was passed. Mabel continued to fight for gender equality, especially in education.

FIGHTERS

LGBTQ+ Women in the Suffrage Movement

The stories and findings of the many LGBTQ+ women of the suffragist movement have begun to illustrate the women in a much different light that most school textbooks have for years.

The women in the movement have often been depicted as boring, when in reality they were rule breakers who demanded radical change. Many of these stand out women refused to marry and refused to pay taxes until they were granted the right to vote, among other requests.While many of the LGBTQ+ suffragist of the movement had to present more heteronormative stances at the time, their true stories are now being told to inspire a new generation of inclusive advocates for equality.

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Two suffragist leaders Carrie Chapman Catt and Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, who both served as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association, lives and experiences as LGBTQ+ women during the suffrage movement are now being told with more detail surrounding why the movement was so important to them.

Carrie Chapman Catt survived two husbands and later had a romantic relationship with Mary Garrett Hay, a fellow suffragist, who she was buried next to upon their passing. Dr. Anna Howard Shaw had a long relationship with Lucy Anthony, the niece of popular suffragist Susan B. Anthony, despite a large age difference between the two. Shaw vowed to take care of Lucy, in which their story displays she did just that. Letters have also revealed Susan B. Anthony’s romantic relationships with women including Anna Elizabeth Dickinson and Emily Gross.

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For many who have entered a history class in the United States, women suffragists may have been brought up, but their sexuality was most often overlooked or not taught as an important part of their story. Now, more light is being brought to what fueled some suffragist at the time, which was a fight not only for the right the vote, but for equality in all facets of life, especially marriage and love.

Prior to the 19th Amendment most married women voiced that their husbands voted for them and their family, which was a concept that didn’t apply to LGBTQ+ women at the time. They knew that by fighting for the amendment to pass, they were fighting for their chance to have a voice. Not all of the faces of the suffragist movement were a part of the LGBTQ+ movement but many were. This was due to their ability to be leaders in contrast to married straight women who needed to allocate more time to their families and housework.

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In 1921 at age 29, Bessie Coleman became the first African-American woman and first Native American to have a pilot’s license.

Five years later, she tragically died in an aviation accident while preparing for an air show in Jacksonville, FL. Although Bessie Coleman achieved her feat first, history books rarely even mention her, opting instead to cover Amelia Earhart.

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Amelia Earhart wouldn’t make her achievements until almost ten years later and would be declared dead in 1937, only 18 months after her disapearance.

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1960 1960

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THE PILL THAT CHANGED EVERYTHING

By: Rachel Cox

On October 29, 1959, G.D. Searle filed an application with the Food and Drug Administration to commercially use their drug Enovid as an oral contraceptive. After many trials and tests, on May 11, 1960, the FDA officially announced its approval of the contraceptive pill.

Women growing up in the years before the “pill” lived in fear. Little information was given to them on the education sexual intercourse, and many found themselves pregnant before getting the chance to fully live. But as the pill got its approval, “it was like going from night to day”, Carole Cato said. “And I know that I had control, that I had a choice, that I controlled my body. It gave me a whole new lease on life”.

By the approval, the pill was one of the relatively few options of contraception other than condoms and diaphragms. Therefore, after 2 years, 1.2 million American women were on the pill and by year 3, the number almost doubled to 2.3 million.

Even though women have their freedom, the legality of whether it is right or wrong to take a contraceptive remains a political issue to this day.

After 2 y wome ears, 1.2 mil n were lion Am on the numbe erican p r almo st dou ill. After 3 ye bled to a 2.3 mil rs, the lion. 31

No More Discrimination In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson signed The Title VII Civil Rights Act which prohibited employment discrimination based on race, color. religion, sex, and national origin. This act took account for hiring, promoting, and firing in the workplace. This act replaced the Jim Crow laws which allowed for public racial segregation in restrooms, buses, dining rooms, and drinking fountains. The passing of Title VII allowed for workplace barriers (for African Americans, women, and other minorities) to be broken from the previous Jim Crow laws.

The National Organization of Women, who was founded in 1966, pushed President Johnson to promote the equal employment opportunities for women as stated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, this was not passed until Executive Order 11357 in 1967.

For women to not be recognized for equal employment opportunities until three years after the original signing is unacceptable.

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in the Workplace

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Most scientists believe that HIV originated in 1920 when the virus crossed species from chimpanzees to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data suggests that the current epidemic started in the late 1970s, and by 1980, HIV could have already been spread to five continents. By 1980, HIV was spreading silently among gay male populations in the United State. Men who have sex with men were disproportionately impacted by HIV because the risk of transmission is significantly higher through anal sex than through vaginal sex. By 1982, the disease was known by the name of Gay-Related Immune Deficiency.

An anti-gay sentiment began to gain strength in America, and although activists were actively trying to bring attention to this medical crisis, they were constantly ignored. By 1987, activists fed up with the government inaction as HIV deaths were still rising founded the AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power. Their activism had tremendous contributions in speeding the government’s response to the AIDS crisis and drawing public attention to the deadly impact of homophobic public health policies.

Avram Finkelstein, one of the designers of the iconic ACT UP poster “Silence=Death,” wrote in a guest post for the New York Public Library: “In 1981, my soul mate started showing signs of immunosuppression, before AIDS even had its name.” If it wasn’t for the work of activists such as Avram Finkelstein, the virus could have taken the lives of even more people.

“In 1981, my soul mate started showing signs of immunosuppression, before AIDS even had its name” - Avram Finkelstein

HIV virus entering a white blood cell

The neglect displayed by politicians and public health officials can be linked to the fact that the virus disproportionately affected gay men. The discrimination against sexual minorities and systemic homophobia that is embedded into our society cost the lives of many who contracted the virus, and they are often forgotten by history books.

HIV infecting a human cell

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S t o n e w a l l

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Prid

t o i r a s a de w Sometime in the early hours of June 28, 1969, in what is now regarded by many as history’s first major protest on behalf of equal rights for LGBTQ people an event occurred that would forever change history. Police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay club in New York City. This place was supposed to be a save haven for young lgbtq people to express themselves. The raid happened on the premise of the club operating without a liquor license, but New York’s gay community had grown tired of police targeting gay clubs, many of which had been forced to shut down. The raid turned violent as patrons and local sympathizers begin rioting against the authorities. Soon, the crowd began throwing bottles at the police.

The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of protests and violent clashes with law enforcement outside the bar, and neighboring streets.

Though the riot was a painful and aggressive attack targeted at the LQBTQ community, the people who fought back will forever be part of the galvanization and creation of numerous gay rights organizations, that still help people today. The Stonewall Riots became a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world as a period of revolution. Stonewall became a symbol of resistance to social and politicaldiscrimination would inspire solidarity among LQBTQ groups for decades.

These riots soon made way for more radical groups such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA).

In addition to launching numerous public demonstrations to protest the lack of civil rights for gay individuals, these organizations often resorted to such tactics as public confrontations with political officials and the disruption of public meetings to challenge and to change the mores of the times. Acceptance and respect from the establishment were no longer being humbly requested but angrily and righteously demanded. The legacy that stonewall left behind made way for the LQBTQ community to fight harder for their right to live their lives and get the rights they deserve. Many of those rights have now been recognized by U.S. supreme court law, such as same sex marriage and laws against discrimination in the work place, but the fight still cotinues till all will be equal.

It may be called the stonewall riots, but this event is often referred to as Americas first gay pride parade. In the words of the parades official chants “Say it loud, gay is proud” In 2019, the New York Police Department formally apologized for its role in the Stonewall Riots, and for the discriminatory laws that targeted gay people.

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Japanese Relocation Centers

A Brief History of the Japanese Relocation Centers in the United States The 1940’s brought dark history and trauma to many Americans with what was seen as a terrible act of cruelty by the United States Government in which they relocated those of Japanese ancestry out of fear. On December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor, a Hawian naval base, was attacked by a Japanese aircraft. The U.S, government was afraid that Japanese immigrants would try to sabotage or create another attack from within the country, so the First the War Department decided on 12 restricted zones along the west coast of the US that included curfews for Japanese Americans.

Then on February 19, 1942 President Franklin D Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which allowed the US military authority to exclude any persons from designated areas. In late March 1942 Japanese Americans, or anyone who was at least 1/16thJapanese no

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matter their age, were ordered to report to stations to register to be removed to an internment camp, now in many cases referred to as relocation centers.

Since some survivors have argued for the use of incarceration or detention instead of interment. As internment is used to refer to detention of enemy aliens – where two thirds of those detained to the camps were US citizens. Now many of the centers are referred to as relocation centers or prison camps.

Those facing relocation were only allowed to bring as many belongings as they could carry and had less than two weeks to relocate.

Most Japanese Americans were promised other belongings like cars and businesses would be kept for them until the war ended but many were sold or requisitioned.

in the United States Many of those relocated were first moved to temporary places like fairgrounds and racetracks that weren’t made for humans, before being moved to the camps. Ten camps were opened in the Western United States between 1942 – 1945 where they held around 120,000 Japanese Americans. Relocation centers operated like a town

with communal living and eating areas, jobs for residents, schools and farmland with the addition of barbed wire fences and watchtowers. The relocation centers were unsanitary and added more trauma for residents onto being removed from

their homes and belongings, and often times separated from their family members. Many of the residents who have vivid memories of being confined to the relocation, waited to share their stories until well after the events, but have passed down the trials they faced to their families and some have published their stories and interviews to pass down the history that shouldn’t be repeated. Many of the surviving residents were children while they were in the relocation centers, and remember their parents working to make life as normal as possible for them at the time, and they too continue to share about their families experiences.

The photos featured hear include the layout of one of the ten camps, the lmess line for lunch at the Manzanr Relocation Center captured by Ansel Adams, a photo of children with school matierial and the sign for the Manzanar Relocation Center, one of the camps, now a National park located in Inyo County, California.

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# hate is a virus

Hate crimes against minority groups have always been part of American Culture. From the beginning of the countries history as Europe “united the land”, the indigenous people were violently pushed off their own land. The hatred towards people of color continued with slaves stolen from Africa, Jim Crowe laws, Japanese internment camps, ICE facilities, and just general day to day attacks. Racism has been breed into the American white way of life.

Though hate crimes have been occurring at a steady rate throughout modern times, in the wake of the Covid 19 virus, violent hate crimes against Asian Americans have skyrocketed.

Asian Americans reported the single largest increase in serious incidents of online hate and harassment as racist and xenophobic slurs blaming people of Asian descent for the coronavirus pandemic spread over the past year.

As of 2020, 17% of Asian Americans reported sexual harassment, stalking, physical threats and other incidents, up from 11% last year and over 21% of

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Asian-American respondents said they were harassed online. These numbers come from those who were brave enough to report their harassment, so there are bound to be plenty more.

All of this harassment was fueled by Donald Trumps racial remarks about the coronavirus, calling it things like the Kung flu or the Chinese virus.

All of this led to the event of March 16, 2021, where a white gunman committed the racial charged murder of eight people. The fatal shootings of eight people, including six women of Asian descent, at Atlanta-area massage parlors, have escalated concern that racist and xenophobic rants online are spilling over into real-world violence. This act has opened the eyes of many to Asian hate crimes and has sparked protests around the country, reminding the world to #stopasianhate.

s Soon Chung Park Hyun Jung Grant Sun Cha Kim Yong Ae Yue Delaina Ashley Yaun Paul Andre Michels Xiaojie Tan Daoyou Feng

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WHEN WE WANT TO KNOW MORE In an attempt to address racial justice and equity issues that have been predominantly ignored throughout the nearly 250 year history of the United States of America, we published stories that are rarely included in the history books that our students grew up studying during their K-12 education. We are beginning to see the fallout of these omissions and would like to begin the process of learning how america’s past has led to its present. We hope you learn something along the way while reading through the inclosed pages and spreads. Now is the time to begin to address our past. Thank you for joining us on this journey.