graduation project 2 report - transportation hub in Saint Catherine

Numerous cities throughout Egypt's history have been significant in many ways, including geography, culture, and architecture In this book, we analyse and discuss how we reached our project selection in St Catherine through studies of the main problems in St. Catherine and by highlighting the most significant problem based on our site visit. As a result, our project "Transportation Hub" was chosen. First of all, this book will provide a literature review of the Transportation Hub. Furthermore, we began to create a list of recent problems that St. Catherine has faced Aside from that, we chose the lack of public transportation between St Catherine and the other governorates as our main problem, which we will attempt to tackle in our project Our main aim is to increase transportation from and to St. Catherine, which will improve tourism and flourish the city's urban development. Aside from demonstrating design issues that should be considered, international, regional and local case studies were analyzed which demonstrate how our project is nearly identical to them Following that, this book illustrates how we decided on site selection and evaluations based on site investigation and research Moreover, we will discuss sustainability and its different types, as well as how we will apply them in our project Finally, we presented individual concepts for designing St. Catherine Transportation Hub that are documented with vivid analysis as attempt to achieve the project objective.

1.0 Literature Review 1.1 Introduction

The transportation sector plays a vital role in the country's economy and in the improvement of people's lives (Azmi and Tokai, 2017). Modern transportation systems, such as mass transit and commuter trains, have the potential to reduce travel time and environmental effects in developed countries, cities, and the majority of capitals (Shekarchian et al., 2017). As the global population grows, so does demand for public transportation, causing a snowball effect on the economy (Konen et al , 2019) As a result, the public transportation system is based on an open loop, which includes, among other things, transportation and, more importantly, a transportation hub where all related services are interconnected (Azmi and Tokai, 2017). Public transportation hubs are formed as sites that are easily accessible by residents The hub's placement should be close to other connecting links. This reduces the amount of money that passengers must pay to go to their next form of transportation (Remis, 2016)

1.2 Definition of a Transportation Hub

A public transportation hub is a place where passengers may change vehicles or modes of transportation. Public transportation hubs are formed as places that are easily accessible by residents. The hub's location should be close to other connecting links. Traveling by public transportation is less expensive than driving a private vehicle. Public transit may be the most cost-effective means of transportation for people who are financially challenged and live in this urban region. Public transportation for roads and waterways includes buses, taxis, motorcycles, rickshaws, bicycles, ships, and ferries, while transportation hubs include bus stations, taxi stations, bus stops, and ferry terminals (Azfizan et al., 2013).

As a result, most governments have opted for an integrated mode of transportation that combines rail for interstate travel, express buses for less accessible routes, local town buses for inner-city travel, and taxi and ride-hailing operators for last-mile travel Thus, public transportation is based on an open loop that includes, among other things, transportation and, more crucially, a transportation hub that connects all connected services (Azmiand Tokai, 2017).

Fig (1.1), The smart hub holds different mode of transportation, data source (Elshater, 2014), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

1.3 CriteriaofanefficientTransportationHub

In order to aid users, an efficient and performing transportation hub must succeed in all five criteria: access, connectivity and reliability, information, amenities, and safety and security (Iseki and Taylor, 2010) A hub with fully operating facilities would significantly reduce journey times and encourage passengers to use public transportation There are several concerns with the facilities at the transportation hub that indirectly lead to a pleasant feeling among its users. Aesthetics or cleanliness (absence of graffiti and litter), weather protection (shelter to protect against rain and scorching sun), service (commercial enterprises to purchase items such as food, photo shop, shoe shining, flowers, & cigarettes), and comfort (TV, benches, restrooms, telephones, lockers, water fountains, and smoking rooms) are some examples of amenities (Iseki and Taylor 2010). As a result, implementing the hub concept will provide numerous benefits to passengers and users Not only that, but the hub concept helps the government obtain more revenue and a reliable source of income The hub concept also reduces travel costs and traffic congestion throughout the country. As a result of the rising cost of living, people should prepare to avoid traffic jams by taking public transportation during peak hours To become an integrated public transportation hub, the place must have interconnected connections with other significant regional (spoke) hubs, either using the same or a different mode of transport. Concerns have also been raised concerning the hub's infrastructure and equipment, as well as the nature of the activities (Remis, 2016)

1.4 Hub ConceptTreatment

To meet passenger demand, modern transportation must be efficient, sustainable, and functionally connected According to Aldukali Salem I Amselati et al. (2011), factors such as travel time and cost, distance from home to public transportation, and distance from home to work are factors that impact users' move from private vehicles to public transportation. As a result, hub transportation should increase service quality in order to entice more customers to use public transportation. According to Tony (2006), a transportation system may consist of nodes, terminals, and locations. By setting and restructuring the key relationship components, these three components can be optimized, functionally integrated, and better controlled. The most significant feature of hub transportation is that it is designed to meet the needs of communities from the point of origin to other end destinations. A variety of factors must be examined while determining a suitable transport hub location Those characteristics include the presence of one or more modes of transportation, consideration for improving transit service, an interregional destination, market demand for supportive levels of mixed-use or intensive development, and land available for various types of development in and around transportation hubs (Woxenius, J , 2002) These transportation system theories illustrate that nodes are necessary components for networks to be interconnected. Figure 1.2 (Tony, 2006) illustrates the three key connections between transportation system components and friction.

1.5 Hub Concept forPublicTransport

Many cities across the world have well-planned integrated transportation systems. Heathrow Hub is one of the most visible instances of a "hub and spoke" structure in an air transport network, maximizing Heathrow Airport's access to current and future railway systems Furthermore, China is regarded as one of the busiest and most efficient hubs in the world. (Tony, 2006).Figure 1.3 (Woxenius and Tony, 2006) depicts a diagrammatic representation of a "point-to-point" and "hub and spokes" concept related to road public transit. In everyday life, users who drive their own private autos utilize the notion of a direct link or "point-to-point," but users who ride public transportation already use the concept of a "hub and spoke."

A point-to-point concept connects distinct locations in direct ways, and there are numerous links, which increases traffic congestion. When a hub system is used, direct interconnections are separated into distinct connections to facilitate accessibility for public transit such as buses and taxis. Users who use public transportation may benefit from lower travel costs as well as reduced road congestion and pollution A transportation hub is a critical place where multiple routes and modes of transportation intersect and diverge (Starkey, P., 2007).

Fig (1.3),) Point-to-Point vs. Hub and Spoke Systems, data source (Woxenius and Tony, 2006, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (1.2), Transportation System in Concept, data source (Tony, 2006), illustrated by (Authors,2021) Locations, according to Tony (2006), are defined as places where socioeconomic activity takes place.

ProjectSelection

ProjectSelection

2.1 Project Selection

2.1.1 List of Problems

• St Catherine's city is away from the governorates of Egypt, especially the Cairo governorate

• There is no public transportation ,the only means of transportation available are private minibuses, camels and boxcars, there is no other way to get around

• The city of Saint Catherine is considered one of the important areas for tourism, as there are no hotels suitable for living there.

• Lack of services (health and social).The absence of any recreational services there, although it is important for tourism. (Ayman Mohamed,2020 )

• The deterioration of the condition of Saint Catherine Airport and the suspension of foreign departures, which led to the deterioration of tourism.

• Exploiting the city of Saint Catherine in the winter only as tourism and leaving it for the rest of the year.

• Topography of the land which will lead to many problems as the passengers will have difficulty to reach the place

• The wadi ferran road that lead to saint Catherine is closed after 4 in the afternoon , so that people canot reach to the city at night.(Hany Alasmr,2015)

2.1.2 Problem Statement

As Saint Catherine is far away from the governorates of Egypt, because there are no direct means of transportation to reach it, so the city is used in the winter season only for the purpose of tourism due to the lack of transportation

Fig(2.1) Saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.2) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.3) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.4) Topography of saint Catharine, data Source (Climate Consultant , 2021)

ProjectSelection

2.2 Project Selection

Regarding the directions of the government, there is a project called )Altagli Alazam) for the development of St. Catherine, which includes (construction of hotels - urban development of St. Catherine development of St. Catherine Airport) and the development of Taba Nuweiba and Wadi Sal roads.

The President of the Republic (Abdel-Fattah Al-Sisi) looked into these proposed developments for the project and followed them up himself.

We will go parallel with the government's plans and use Saint Catherine for transportation, tourism and travel .(Mohamed Alahmdy,2021)

The government chosen saint Catherine due to the importance of it:

• Saint Catherine is located in half of South Sinai Governorate, and it is easy to visit most of the cities in South Sinai.

• It is considered a nature reserve and is considered one of the most sacred places in the world

• It is a meeting place for tourists due to the presence of religious, medical and recreational tourism, such as the presence of the monastery, Mount St. Catherine and Mount Moses.

• In addition to the state's plan, there are other reasons for choosing this project as shown in the next chart

Fig(2.5) Al-Sisi briefed on the proposal of the “Altagli Alazam” project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(2.7) Dair saint Catharine, data Source (Gate alAhram, 2021)

Fig(2.6) Moussa mountain, data Source (masrawy, 2021)

ProjectSelection

2.3 Reasons of Selection and Justification

In order to reach to the optimal choice for the site selection we need to follow certain reasons which are to be highlighted in the following points in the process of several aspects. Contribute to assisting the state in achieving future plans in developing Saint Catherine Airport 2030-

2.3.1 Plans of the governments

2.3.2 Landmarks

Religious areas as tourists come from different areas to visit the Monastery and Mousa Mountain

2.3.4 Flexibility

The lounge can be installed easily as the airport is already built and the zones help us to identify where can we build the transportation hub

1 2 3 4 5

2.3.3 Community & Residence

The residents need of transportation utilities, as well as jobs opportunities thus will lead to Flourished economy

2.3.5 Location /Accessibility

The government is working to rehabilitate Saint Catherine Airport , so a transit hub there will be quite beneficial Its location in the middle of Sinai, which is accessible even from the international terms.

2.4 Government Plans

ProjectSelection

The Greatest Transfiguration over the Land of Peace project in Saint Catherine is one of the most prominent projects of the Ministry of Housing, as it includes the development of the entire Saint Catherine area land of Egypt

The project includes:

Al-TagliAl-Aazam includes the development of three axes:

• The urban development of St. Catherine

o Create new visitor center

o Development the tourist area

• Establishment and development of road networks

• Taba

Nawibaa road

o Wadi saal

St. road

• St CatherineAirport devolvement

o The devolvement of the airport have 2 stages

2.4.4 Transportation needs

In terms of mobility, there is no public transit in the area inside the country, making it difficult for locals to get from one location to another. And Nuweiba's port Overland journey to the Gulf and other nations Arrival in Saint Catherine from Cairo, and Dahab from Saint Catherine

2.5 Target Group

▪ Tourism

•Tourism from everywhere in Egypt, especially Cairo, due to the difficulty of accessing St. Catherine

▪ Residents of the place

Make St. Catherine a gathering point for sinai residents so that they could travel anywhere

▪ International

Travelers to Saudi Arabia due to the Umrah and Hajj season and the Gulf countries:

• From the hub to naiwbaa by busses

• From nawibaa by steamboat to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries

Fig(2.8) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(2.9) Taba Naiwbaa Road, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

Fig(2.10) St cathrine airport , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

SiteSelection

3.1. UrbanAnalysis

3.1.1 Building Condition Map

As shown in figure (5 1), 60% of the buildings are in good to Moderate condition as a result of the interest in building with stones and wood to suit the nature of the place and to preserve its identity

3.1.2 Land Use Map

As shown in figure (5 4) 70% residential buildings, a small number of hotels, tourist villages, and a lack of service and educational buildings

SiteSelection

3.1.3 Building Height Map

As shown in figure (5 5), and according to our visit to the site, the architectural character of St Catherine was revealed One of the most important features of this character is the heights of the buildings that do not exceed two floors, except in religious and service buildings

3.1.4 Street Hierarchy Map

As shown in figure (5 6), There is one main road that goes around St Catherine, and many secondary and mountainous streets branch off from it, paving the way for access to rugged places

SiteSelection

3.1.4 SolidAnd Void Map

3.1.5 Topography

This Figure show the topography of Saint Catherine

As shown in figure (5.8), 80% is void and 20% is solid due to the desert environment of the city and the low rate urbanization in St Catherine

3.1.6 ClimaticAnalysis

• St. Catherine Climate Summary:

• This is the only site in Egypt where it snows on a regular basis. The days are typically bright enough to feel comfortable outside, even if it can become cold at night Some trekking groups prefer the winter season since it is more pleasant to hike and climb.

• Temperature:

• When humidity is included in, temperatures feel hot for roughly half of the year and pleasant the other half.

• Precipitation:

• January, May, and June have the lowest risk of major precipitation in St Catherine.

• Late December is the most likely time for heavy precipitation.

Fig(5 10),Topographyof Saint Catherine, Google, Authors 2021

Fig (5.11) Temperature, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.12) Precipitation, Data source (meteoblue)

SiteSelection

• Relative Humidity:

• The least humid month is March (39.6 percent relative humidity) and the most humid is September (51.6%) for St.

• Wind Speed:

• The wind at St Catherine is typically stronger than in many other areas

• Maximum sustained winds are at their strongest in late August to early September, with average peak sustained speeds reaching 23.7 knots, which is considered a strong breeze.

• Wind Rose:

• Maximum wind from the North

• Minimum wind from the South.

• Best orientation for maximizing gain from prevailing wind is Northwest for good ventilation.

• Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days:

• On average, June is the most sunny.

• On average, December and January have the lowest amount of sunshine.

• Sun path diagram

Sumer sun path and winter sun path shown in the following figure .

Fig( 5.13) Relative Humidity, Data source (championtraveler)

Fig (5.14) Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.15) Wind Rose, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.16)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.17) site analysis , Data source (authors),

SiteSelection

• ClimateAnalysis Conclusion from a touristic point of view:

1. The high altitude provides a pleasant climate, with refreshing cool summer nights and warm and sunny winter days

2. Spring (March through May) Humidity and temperatures combine to make this season feel warm Highs range from 91 4°F (33°C) and 73 6°F (23 1°C) with warmer temperatures in the later months. Rain is nonexistent with roughly 0 days of significant precipitation per month

3. Summer (June through August) The middle-year months have hot weather with high temperatures that are quite warm These months see the least precipitation with about 0 days of precipitation per month.

4. Fall (September through November) Fall daily highs range from 92°F (33.3°C) and 77 1°F (25 1°C), which will feel very nice given the humidity and wind It rains or snows a trivial amount: approximately 0 days per month.

5. Winter (December through February) Weather is somewhat cool this time of year in St Catherine to be enjoyable for warm weather travelers. The average high during this season is between 75.4°F (24.1°C) and 68.7°F (20.4°C). On average, it rains or snows a insignificant amount: consistently 0 times per month.

6. The busiest month for tourism in St Catherine, Egypt is January, followed by July andAugust

7. Tourists are unlikely to visit St Catherine in December.

3.1.7 SkyLine

Fig(5.218)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.19), Saint Catherine residents, data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.20), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• The Skyline of St Catherine is diversified due to the contour of the area

SiteSelection

3.1.10 Architectural Analysis

• Elevations

St Catherine is famous for its building material that they use stone that brought from St. Catherine mountain, this is shown in most of St. Catherine houses, they also use shading device for their windows, roofs, and entrances, recently they use concrete as a building material as shown in wadi moqads mosque.

1 2

Small Openings

Roof Shading Device

RoundArches Dome Granite Wall RoundArch Door

Columns

8

Door Shading Device 8

Fig(5.31), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.32), St. Catherine Monastery , data source (sinaimonastery), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.33), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

SiteSelection

Fig(5.34), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.36), Saint Catherine residents , data source (africanworldheritagesites) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.35), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Vegetation

Site

• Stone material that brought from the mountain

Fig(5.37), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.38), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, (Authors,2021)

• Bedouin house

• St. Catherine mountain

• Stone Bedouin house

• Mountain

SiteSelection

• Religious Tourism

• Entertainment trips with camels for tourist

Fig(5.39), Saint Catherine residents, data source (sinaimonastery) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• St. Catherine Monastery

SiteSelection

3.1.8 Landmarks

3.1.9 Transportation analysis

A real problem is that the citizens of Saint Catherine’s tourist city suffer from, from the scarcity of public transportation to move between the cities of South Sinai or to Cairo and the rest of the governorates of the Republic, where many tourists come to enjoy the religious and historical tourism attractions

Fig(5.22), Saint Catherine transportation, data source (stkatherine, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.23), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.21)Saint cathrine, Data source (Authors),illustarated by authors

SiteSelection

3.1.10 Socio-economic Analysis

• The population Population of the city of Saint Catherine Population of 1400 people (2020 census)

• Brief about The Bedouins.

The Bedouins’ conservation practices preserve not only economic and aesthetic values, but also an entire way of life. Conservation of plants and animals is an expression of the nomads’ deep-seated beliefs. Loss of livelihoods, also means loss a desert home and without their cultural and historical ties that go with the place.

• Population activities:

• Farming

• Irrigation

• Tourism

3.1.11 SWOTAnalysis

Fig(5.26), Saint Catherine residents , (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.27), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

3.2 Site location:

3.1. SiteAnalysis

3.2.1 Building Condition Map

Map), illustrated by (author, 2021) 15% Fig(5.30), Building height map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

All the surroundings off the buildings are consists of one floor except the airport and port / harbor security service

SiteSelection

Fig(5.31), Building condition map, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021) Good conditions Moderate poor

5% 75% 20% Fig(5.32), Building condition map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

The map shows that most of the buildings are corrupted and average except the airport and the harbor security service is considered to be in a good conditions

3.2.3 Building Condition Map

3.2.4 Street Hierarchy

SiteSelection

The surrounding context of the airport is mainly utilities buildings in addition to commercial and residential buildings which is identified on the map

3.2.5 Solid and void

The map helps us to identify the main road and the side roads, it also shows that the only way to reach the airport is the (airport road)

3.2.6 ViewsAnd Sensors

The map illustrates the decrease of the number of buildings compared to the void

SiteSelection

3.2.7 SWOTAnalysis

Conclusion

• The site has been selected according to certain criteria, representing in: plans of the government, landmarks, community and residence, flexibility, location and accessibly.

• After studying the roads and buildings in the area, the plot of land was chosen, adjacent to the airport from the north direction so that it would be easily accessible via the already existing street and it will easily integrate with the internal circulation of the airport building as it is adjacent to it from the passenger terminal zone

DesignApproach

4.1. Project Program

DesignApproach

4.2. Functional Relations

4.3.Vision

The future vision of the proposed project “transportation hub in st. Catherine” matches the future vision of the government’s development from the both sides the development of the transportation in general and the development of st Catherine in particular. Therefore, two suitable means of transportation were chosen to achieve the mission and objectives of the project that coincide with the plans of the government, these means are buses and the planes.

4.4. Mission

The three concepts mission is to create a new land mark in St. Catherine to improve its image and attract the tourist, in addition to innovating transportation terminal linking St. Catherine with the other areas, and transforming it from just a city with a seasonal use to a destination throughout the year

4.5. Objectives

• Provide transportation network that connect St. Catherine with the other regions

• Creating an image representing a new landmark in the region

• Flourish the urban development in St. Catherine

• Provide more job opportunities for St Catherine's habitants

• Improve the tourism in St. Catherine

• Ease the traveling from Cairo or another cities to and from St. Catherine (representing the local transportation)

• Ease of receiving travelers from Nuweiba and delivering them (representing the international transportation)

DesignApproach

Fig ( 4.3.1) Egyptian vision 2030 logo, Data source (Egypt today,2020)

Fig ( 4.3.2) the selected two means of transportation, illustrated by the author

Fig(4.3.3) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(4.3.4) St. Catherine nuwibaa Rd, data Source (google earth, 2021)

DesignApproach

4.6 Inspiration City Image

The architecture style and the nature of the city was one of the most important inspirations for the project.

As St. Catharine is famous for its religious spirit and buildings and its desert nature (mountains, sand and rare plants & flowers) , this is shown in pictures below clarify its nature from sand, mountains, rare plants and the building style there.

CityAnalysis

The study of the city identity shows its incorporation of its buildings with max 2 floors height, building materials, vegetation, narrow streets and mountains. This inspired many aspects of the project, while also maintaining perfect visual axis to the mountain.

Vegetation

Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, (Authors,2021)

Stone Bedouin house

Stone material that brought from the mountain

Fig(4.3.5), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.3.6), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.7. International Case study Inspiration

Airport East Integrated Hub

Architect: UNStudio,Atkins

Location: Shenzhen, China

Year: 2020

Area: 340,240 sq.m.

Concept

• Used the lamella feather & wings to shape the building

• The design intends to maximize greenery by bringing the landscape inside and using it as a guiding feature

Plan Sections

DesignApproach

Masses and form

Fig(4.3.8), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.3.9), concept, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.3.10), case study analysis, data source (Authors,2021)

DesignApproach

4.8. Concept I

Slogan:

Separation journey

Keywords: destination - flow - direction - separation - migration - journey

Concept statement:

The concept depends mainly on the phenomenon of seasonal bird migration journey which starts from Europe passing through Egypt and stop in st. Catherine then continue the journey reaching its final destination in Sudan, this process is similar to the main concept of the hub as the selected site in St. Catherin represent the hub, European countries represent the spoke and the countries of South Africa represent the destination

From this journey and its specific directions we can extract the main two axis that intersect in our site to divide it into two parts.

The form of the building is inspired from the shape of the migratory bird’s wing, this shape will be separated into two zones due to the crossing of the axis through it.

Therefore, the final form will be similar to the main concept of the hub ,and that will reflect on the conceptual zoning and elevations.

Fig ( 4.3.12) bird’s migration path from Europe to Sudan stopping in St Catherine, illustrated by the author

Fig ( 4.3.13) bird’s wing analogy, Data source (Jakkapan Jabjainai,2016)

Fig ( 4.3.11) bird’s migration from Europe to Sudan , Data source (vector stoke, 2016)

DesignApproach

The following sketch represent the analogy of the bird’s wing to create the fore and then separating it into two parts due to the main axes

Inspiration :

Inspired from the building sky line which is similar to the shape of the bird’s wing as it looks like a gradient in the feathers of a bird’s wing

Design issues :

The main design issue in the form of this concept is to improve the image of the region by constructing an iconic building there, which attracts the tourists and represents a new destination in the middle of Saini that cannot be forgotten and stuck in the mind of the visitors.

This distinctive and different image can be achieved by using a Shell Structure System in addition to using the Special Cantilever Shading device

Fig ( 4.3.14) form generation of the bird’s wing , illustrated by the author

Fig ( 4.3.15) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

Fig (4.3.16) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

Fig (4.3.17) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

DesignApproach

4.9. Concept II

Slogan:

Breaking the nature

Keywords: topography - cracks - nature – hierarchy - dividing - homogeneity

Concept statement: the concept generated from the harmony of the mountains surrounding the site and the Varity of the topography levels in addition to the hierarchy of the cracks between the mountains, this features will reflect on the building in the elevations skyline and the zoning separation

As the cracks between the mountains in the site will be integrated to the design of the building’s skyline, Moreover, these cracks in the mountains can be analogies to a separating elements to divide the building into the main three zones in our project as shown in the following sketch.

Because of the importance of making our building as green as possible, the separating elements between the main zones and the top of every zone in the sketch will have a large openings and greens coming out from it , to ventilate the building and reduce the solar gain in the whole building

Fig (4.3.18) mountains in St. Catherine, Data source (google earth, 2022)

Fig (4.3.19) mountain analogy sketch, illustrated by the author

Fig (4.3.20) green between cracks , Data source (Heatherwick, 2017)

DesignApproach

The following sketch shows the main elevation of the building which is clearly slows using hierarchy in the heights as the main zone of the concourse hall is the highest zone and also it is located in the center to confirm its importance and to distinguish it. Beside the diversity of the heights the sketch shows the use of the mountain’s cracks in addition to the sharp edges and the cracked skyline similar to the mountain’s sky line

Inspiration :

Inspired from the topography of the mountains surrounding the site like mousa mountain and its cracks and sharp

Topography, cracks and hierarchy in the heights

Sustainability :

Sustainability will be achieved in our project in its tree terms as shown:

Environment Sustainability:

Will be achieved by using materials from the site’s desert nature, in addition to using huge openings and green elements in the cracks of the roof and the elevations

Economic Sustainability:

Achieving economic sustainability by reducing the cost as a result to using large openings and greens in the building which reduce the exposure to solar radiation and the need of using air conditioning

Social Sustainability:

The social sustainability is archived in the building is the used materials is from the site so it will be familiar to the residents of St Catherine

Fig (4.3.2) schematic elevation sketch, illustrated by the author

Fig (4.3.24) nspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

Fig ( 4.3.22) mousa mount, Data source (moheb wessa, 2019)

Fig ( 4.3.23) topography , Data source (designbysml, 2019)

DesignApproach

4.10. Concept III

Slogan:

Integration

Keywords: Harmony - overlap – merging - differentiation - rendezvous point

Concept statement: the concept depends mainly on a merging process between different element to create a harmony and connectivity between them, and gathering them at a point in the middle.

When we talk about the hub the two elements would be the types of transportation that integrates in the central concourse hall .

In our project the two elements is the bus terminal and the air side both of them will be integrated to create a complete function hub with a central zone represent on the concourse hall in the meddle of the project

Inspiration :

Inspired from the harmony of connecting to masses with different functions

Fig (4.3.26) integration sketches, illustrated by the author

Fig (4.3.25) inspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

Fig (4.3.27) integration,Data source (future architecture, 2018 )

Fig (4.3.28) integration,Data source (arch daily , 2013 )

DesignApproach

4.11. Concept development

4.11.1. Concept I

The concept depends mainly on the phenomenon of seasonal bird migration journey which starts from Europe passing through Egypt and stop in st Catherine then continue the journey reaching its final destination in Sudan, this process is similar to the main concept of the hub as the selected site in St. Catherin represent the hub, European countries represent the spoke and the countries of South Africa represent the destination

From this journey and its specific directions we can extract the main two axis that intersect in our site to divide it into two parts.

Fig ( 4.3.30) bird’s migration path from Europe to Sudan stopping in St Catherine, illustrated by the author

Fig ( 4.3.29) bird’s migration from Europe to Sudan , Data source (vector stoke, 2016)

The pathway of the migratory birds cut the site

The main two axes twists and generates the birds wing shape which represent the shell of the building.

DesignApproach

4.11.2. Concept II

the concept generated from the harmony of the mountains surrounding the site and the Varity of the topography levels in addition to the vale which separate the mountains and continue its way to separate the site land

Naturally the valley creates green area behind it, so the concept insure this ides representing in green roofs between the cracks

The vale divide the form into 3 parts and then the green area added to the recessed parts in

Sky lights allows sunlight in (in the direction of the north)

Exterior stars leads to the roof that had greens and seating areas

Accessible green

Airport

Green roofs reduce solar heat gain

4.11.3. Concept III

the concept generated from the aerodynamics which is the way how the air moves around things.

The movement of air around the shape creates smooth, harmonious shapes and then this shapes overlap to create streamlined building configuration

Shell structure

Double glazed curtain wall to allow natural light and prevent heat from the sun

4.13.Chosen Concept

DesignDevelopment ChapterV 05

Fig ( 5.1.1) first form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.1.2) second form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.1.3) third form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.1.4) fourth form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.1.5) final form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.2.1) first form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.2.2) second form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.2.3) third form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.2.4) fourth form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Fig ( 5.2.5) final form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

DesignDevelopment

5.3. Jury II

DesignDevelopment

5.4. Jury III

Ground floor plan

first floor plan

Design

DesignDevelopment

5.5. Jury IV

DesignDevelopment

5.5. Jury IV

DesignDevelopment

5.5. Jury IV

DesignDevelopment

5.5. Jury IV

5.6. Finalized Project

6.1. Foundation:

- Because the terrain in St. Catherine is typically rocky and sturdy, foundations are safe to sustain one level of bearing wall construction with 70 cm ground depth

- Land in non-rocky/sandy locations is usually composed of tafla (clay), which must be replaced with a clean and smooth layer of sand at least 60 cm thick.

6.2. Used materials:

1. In curtain wall

Invisible solar harvesting technology:

Transparent glass is utilized in the invisible solar harvesting system to act as solar panels without blocking the view from inside or outside, this technology called luminescent solar concentrator (LSC).

The new LSC technology is made transparent by targeting wavelengths of sunlight that are not in the visible spectrum The LSC technology uses small organic molecules to pick up ultraviolet and near infrared wavelengths that then 'glow' at another wavelength in the infrared.

2. Wall cladding

GRC panels:

Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a type of fiber-reinforced concrete Glass fiber concretes are mainly used in exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete.

Glass fiber-reinforced concrete ceramic consists of high-strength, alkali-resistant glass fiber embedded in a concrete & ceramicmatrix. In this form, both fibers and matrix retain their physical and chemical identities, while offering a synergistic combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the components acting alone.

Figure(6.1)Foundation, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(6.1) Invisible solar harvesting technology, Data source (dezeen,2017)

Figure(6.3) GRC panels, Data source (dezeen,2017)

Figure(6.2) Invisible solar harvesting technology, Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

wall cladding

3rd Wall section

Construction

Wall cladding

Curtain wall

6.4. curtain wall & cladding in plan

1

Space trusses are three-dimensional structures with longitudinal members connected at their ends by hinges assumed to be frictionless. The loads on space trusses are applied only at the nodes or joints, thus the self-weight is allocated for each element at its two ends joining other elements of the truss. The conditions imposed on space trusses are certainly the same as those on plane trusses.

2nd

Shell structure

The term grid shell is defined more recently as a structure with the shape and strength of a double curvature shell, but made of a grid instead of a solid surface these structures can cross large spans with very few material

A grid shell is defined to be a long span structure comprised of a network of members creating the single layer "grid" that forms the curved surface "shell"

• The space trusses span is 40m

• The distance between the columns from 8 to 10 m

• When we are dealing with grid shell, there is no need for columns in the middle of the space, columns in the edges can be sufficient

• Therefore it was chosen for spaces with large spans like the departure hall

Figure(7.1) Space trusses , Data source (arch daily,2022)

Figure(7.2) Shell structure, Data source (arch daily,2022)

Structure

3rd

Flat slab

A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab that is supported directly by concrete columns rather than beams

The term "flat slab" refers to a one-sided or two-sided support system in which the shear stress of the slab is concentrated on the supporting columns

7.2. Structure systems in plans

• The flat slab span is between 7m and 9m

Space trusses

Grid shell

Figure(7.3) flat slab , Data source (arch daily,2022)

8.1. Environmental Strategies Used

Invisible solar harvesting technology: Transparent glass is utilized in the invisible solar harvesting system to act as solar panels without blocking the view from inside or outside, this technology called luminescent solar concentrator (LSC).

The new LSC technology is made transparent by targeting wavelengths of sunlight that are not in the visible spectrum The LSC technology uses small organic molecules to pick up ultraviolet and near infrared wavelengths that then 'glow' at another wavelength in the infrared

2nd

Water features

Water features soothes the atmosphere, it also Improves the air quality and reduces noise pollution.

Landscaping water features add visual interest and charm for potential homebuyers.

Fig ( 8.1.1) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

3rd

Self shading

the main idea of the self shading mass is to reduce the direct solar radiation, emitted from the sun

A self-shading mass is a mass that shade itself. Saw tooth

4th

Asaw-tooth roof is a roof comprising a series of ridges with dual pitches either side. The steeper surfaces are glazed and face away from the equator to shield spaces from direct sunlight. This kind of roof admits natural light into the building.

5th

Courtyard

Including courtyards inside the structure to regulate air flow and provide effective ventilation increasing natural daylight in the middle of a building They are also great for introducing an outdoor area to the interior of the building

Fig ( 8.1.2) Self shading mass, Data source (Shady Shawky Saifelnasr,2019)

Ventilation 6th

The orientation of the building in the direction of the north allows horizontal and vertical ventilation, as the openings in the sides of the shell is directly facing the north west which is the direction of the wind, the enters from this side and then exit from the other side.

Beside that the building also achieve passive cooling as the top of the shell heated because of the direct sun light and as a result the air underneath it heated an come out from the openings

Sustainability

9.1. The main sustainability aspects that were taken into consideration are:

Social sustainability

Economic sustainability

Environmental sustainability

• Social Sustainability:

Social sustainability is defined as "the process of developing long-term, successful locations that promote well-being by understanding what people require from the areas where they live and work "

Social sustainability integrates physical and social realm design - infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, methods for citizen involvement, and space for people and places to grow (Woodcraft et al, 2012).

• Economic Sustainability:

Economic sustainability is a subset of sustainability, and it refers to how we use, secure, and sustain resources (both human and natural) in order to create long-term value through optimal use, recovery, and recycling. To put it another way, we must conserve finite natural resources today in order for future generations to be able to meet their own requirements.

• Long-term resource conservation is required. Rather than consuming the Earth's natural resources

• We must rely on their "returns." The present and future worth of natural resources

• Drinking water, as well as products, investments, consumption, markets, and the global economy, are all aspects of long-term economic sustainability

• Social Sustainability:

Is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and nonrenewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely. If they cannot be continued indefinitely then they are not sustainable (Robert,20160.

Fig(9.1) Sustainability, data Source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

The building also achieve passive cooling as the top of the shell heated because of the direct sun light and as a result the air underneath it heated an come out from the openings

Transparent glass is utilized in the invisible solar harvesting system to act as solar panels without blocking the view from inside or outside, this technology called luminescent solar concentrator (LSC).”

The new LSC technology is made transparent by targeting wavelengths of sunlight that are not in the visible spectrum. The LSC technology uses small organic molecules to pick up ultraviolet and near infrared wavelengths that then 'glow' at another wavelength in the infrared This infrared 'glow' is directed towards the edge of the plastic where it is converted by thin strips of photovoltaic cells into electricity.

Fig ( 9.3) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig (9.4 ) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig (9.2) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Transparent LSC technology has many benefits in addition to being aesthetically pleasing. Firstly, it could be used in a variety of applications and has the potential to be scaled to both commercial and industrial applications at an affordable cost, from windows to cell phone screens Secondly, the technology can be used to manage solar heat gain since it specifically targets infrared wavelengths. According to Lunt, “There are already window film technologies that aim to reject infrared light such as low-E coatings. We aim to have a similar functionality while also generating electricity.”

Exploiting the landscape of the project utilizing smart technology pavement made with recycled truck tires and polymer used to generate electricity Each step on the pavement produces up to five watts of power

Kinetic Tiles is a flooring system consisting of tiles that are assembled as tiles that produce kinetic energy as anyone walks on it. This power can be used in many ways, such as lighting or charging.

Application of Pave Gen:

Reduce energy: tiles generate energy that can illuminate and power the open spaces

Data collection: wireless sensors are available to provide information about the movement of people that can be used to know peak hours and places most visited

Engaging the social: using Kinetic Tiles in the community room allows people to participate in the project, allowing it to minimize energy by being there and working.

Fig ( 9.5 ) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Kinetic Tiles (Pave Gen)

Fig ( 9.6) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

Fig ( 9.7) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

Fig ( 9.8) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

10.1. List of figures :

Chapter I

• Fig (1 0), The smart hub holds different mode of transportation, data source (Elshater, 2014), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (1 1), Transportation System in Concept, data source (Tony, 2006), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (1 2),) Point-to-Point vs Hub and Spoke Systems, data source (Woxenius and Tony, 2006, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Chapter II

• Fig(2.1) Saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.2) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.3) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.4) Topography of saint Catharine, data Source (Climate Consultant , 2021)

• Fig(2.5) Al-Sisi briefed on the proposal of the “Altagli Alazam” project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.6) Moussa mountain, data Source (masrawy, 2021)

• Fig(2.7) Dair saint Catharine, data Source (Gate al-Ahram, 2021)

• Fig(2.8) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.9) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.10) Taba Naiwbaa, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.11) Taba Naiwbaa Road, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.12) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project Road, 2021)

• Fig(2.13) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.14) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.15) St Catherine Airport, data Source (civil aviation, 2021)

Chapter III

• Figure (3.1) Building Condition map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.2),St. Katherine Health Office, data source (Google) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.3), St. Katherine Tourist Village , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.4) Land Use map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.5),St. Katherine

• Fig (3.4) Land Use map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.5),St. Katherine Monastery , data source (7th day) , illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.6), St. Catherin Hospital, data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.7) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.8), St. Katherine Hotel , data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.9), Monastery of St. Katherine , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.10) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.11), St. Katherine snowing, data source (akhbarelyom), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.12), city of St. Katherine, data source (propertyfinder), illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.13) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.14), St. Katherine Roads, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.15), St. Katherine Protectorate, data source (youm7), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.16), topography of Saint Catherine, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.17) Temperature, Data source (meteoblue), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.18) Precipitation, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig( 3.19) Relative Humidity, Data source (championtraveler)

• Fig (3.20) Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig(3.21) Wind Rose, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig(3.22)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig(3.23) site analysis , Data source (authors),

• Fig(3.24)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig(3.25), Saint Catherine residents, data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.26), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.27), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.28), St. Catherine Monastery, data source (sinaimonastery), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Chapter VI

• Fig ( 4.3.1) Egyptian vision 2030 logo, Data source (Egypt today,2020)

• Fig ( 4.3.2) the selected two means of transportation, illustrated by the author

• Fig(4.3.3) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(4.3.4) St. Catherine nuwibaa Rd, data Source (google earth, 2021)

• Fig(4.3.5), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.3.6), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.3.7), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.3.8), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.3.9), concept, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.3.10), case study analysis, data source (Authors,2021)

• Fig ( 4.3.11) bird’s migration from Europe to Sudan , Data source (vector stoke, 2016)

• Fig ( 4.3.12) bird’s migration path from Europe to Sudan stopping in St Catherine, illustrated by the author

• Fig ( 4.3.13) bird’s wing analogy, Data source (Jakkapan Jabjainai,2016)

• Fig ( 4.3.15) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

• Fig (4.3.16) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

• Fig (4.3.17) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

• Fig (4.3.18) mountains in St. Catherine, Data source (google earth, 2022)

• Fig (4.3.19) mountain analogy sketch, illustrated by the author

• Fig (4.3.20) green between cracks , Data source (Heatherwick, 2017)

• Fig (4.3.20) schematic elevation sketch, illustrated by the author

• Fig ( 4.3.22) mousa mount, Data source (moheb wessa, 2019)

• Fig ( 4.3.23) topography , Data source (designbysml, 2019)

• Fig (4.3.24) nspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

• Fig (4.3.25) inspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

• Fig (4.3.26) integration sketches, illustrated by the author

• Fig (4.3.28) integration,Data source (arch daily , 2013 )

• Fig ( 4.3.30) bird’s migration path from Europe to Sudan stopping in St Catherine, illustrated by the author

Chapter V

• Fig ( 5.1.1) first form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.2) second form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.3) third form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.1) first form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.2) second form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.3) third form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.4) fourth form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.1.5) final form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.2.1) first form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.2.3) third form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.2.2) second form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.2.4) fourth form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

• Fig ( 5.2.5) final form, Data source (illustrated by the author ,2022)

Chapter VI

• Figure(6.1)Foundation, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Figure(6.1) Invisible solar harvesting technology, Data source (dezeen,2017)

• Figure(6.2) Invisible solar harvesting technology, Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Figure(6.3) GRC panels, Data source (dezeen,2017)

Chapter VII

• Figure(7.1) Space trusses , Data source (arch daily,2022)

• Figure(7.2) Shell structure, Data source (arch daily,2022)

• Figure(7.3) flat slab , Data source (arch daily,2022)

Chapter VIII

• Fig ( 8.1.1) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig ( 8.1.2) Self shading mass, Data source (Shady Shawky Saifelnasr,2019)

Chapter XI

• Fig(9.1) Sustainability, data Source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (9.2) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig ( 9.3) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig (9.4.) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Bibliography

• Fig(9.1) Sustainability, data Source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (9.2) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig ( 9.3) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig (9.4.) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig ( 9.5.) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

• Fig ( 9.6) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

• Fig ( 9.7) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

• Fig ( 9.8) Energy Generating Pavement, Data source (inhabitat)

10.2. List of References :

• Azmi, M. (2021, September 7).Amenities performance on transportation hub: A case study of medium-sized non-centered state. Journal of critical reviews. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.academia.edu/51466625/AMENITIES_PERFORMANCE_ON_TRAN SPORTATION_HUB_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_MEDIUM_SIZED_NON_CENTER ED_STATE?email_work_card=view-paper

• (PDF) from typology concept to Smart Transportation Hub. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544817_From_Typology_Concept_to_ Smart_Transportation_Hub

• Author links open overlay panelMuna NorkhairunnisakUstadiNor Atiqah MohammadShopi, NorkhairunnisakUstadi, M., MohammadShopi, N. A., & Abstract Apublic transport hub is a place where the passengers are exchange between vehicles or transport modes. Public transport hubs form as the areas for easily accessed by the residential. The location of hub should be close with other interconnected . (2016, March 4).Astudy towards the efficiency of public transportation hub characteristics: Acase study of northern region, Peninsular Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2212567116000757?token=857BB686CE7 811660719783C6DBAE487B63339EF41BD396EFE019DB9CC14E45C4AA7549E 1F0EA0E2EACC46C030517DE0&originRegion=eu-west1&originCreation=20211219181041

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• Transportation Hub. ScienceDirect.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920918300245

• Shaimardanova, C. (2021, June 18). The emergence and development of transport hubs

• in Russia | E3S Web of Conferences. Edpsciences. https://www.e3sconferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/50/e3sconf_stcce2021 01004/e3sconf_stc ce 2021 01004.html

• Doveil, F., Doveil, F., Bellocchio, D., Bellocchio, D., Dardana, C., & Dardana, C. (2020, June 15). How do we define whether a building is eco? concepts and examples of sustainable architecture. LifeGate. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.lifegate.com/sustainable-architecture-definition-concept-projectsexamples

• 7 airport and airline sustainability initiatives to reduce environmental impact. Future Travel Experience. (2019, July 26). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2019/07/7-airport-airline-sustainabilityinitiatives-reduce-environmental-impact/

•M. Elshater, A., & Ibraheem, F. (2014, January 4). From Typology Concept to Smart Transportation Hub. ScienceDirect.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544817_From_Typology_Concept_to_S mart_Transportation_Hub

•O. D, P., & R.V, F. (2020, January). Research of Transport Hubs: Evolutionaryfunctional Approach. Researchgate.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333430874_EvolutionaryFunctional_Approach_to_Transport_Hubs_Classification

• Architectural standard - ernst & Peter Neufert -Architects' data : Free download, Borrow, and streaming. Internet Archive. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://archive.org/details/Architectural_Standard_Ernst_Peter_Neufert_Architects_D ata/page/n17/mode/1up?view=theater

• Doveil, F., Doveil, F., Bellocchio, D., Bellocchio, D., Dardana, C., & Dardana, C. (2020, June 15). How do we define whether a building is eco? concepts and examples of sustainable architecture. LifeGate. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.lifegate.com/sustainable-architecture-definition-concept-projectsexamples

• 7 airport and airline sustainability initiatives to reduce environmental impact. Future Travel Experience. (2019, July 26). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2019/07/7-airport-airline-sustainabilityinitiatives-reduce-environmental-impact/

• Admin. (2020, March 4). The relationship between architecture and environment. IEREK. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2016/04/13/the-relationship-betweenarchitecture-and-environment/

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• KulArchitects. (2016). Gallery of nevsehir bus terminal / Bahadir Kul architects - 20. ArchDaily. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

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• HiroshimaAirport. Hiroshima Airport (Airports in Japan) - JALDomestic Flights. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

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