graduation project 1 - transportation hub in Saint Catherine

Transportation Hub

Saint Catherine M5

Transportation Hub

October University For Modern Science And Arts

Faculty Of Engineering

Graduation Project 1

Architecture Department

ASE 534 – Fall 2021

M5

Supervisors

Dr. Omar Fawzy

Dr. Eman Salah

Dr. Rania El Meseidy

Dr. Doaa Esmat

Dr. Tarekk AbdelSalam

Dr. Ibrahim EL-Dmary

Teacher

Assistant

Eng.Rana Zaki

Eng.Taher Abd El-Ghani

Eng.Alaa El-Sayed

Eng.Yossra Mohammed

Eng.Mona Mostafa

Eng.Shimaa G.

ABSTRACT

Numerous cities throughout Egypt's history have been significant in many ways, including geography, culture, and architecture. In this book, we analyse and discuss how we reached our project selection in St Catherine through studies of the main problems in St. Catherine and by highlighting the most significant problem based on our site visit. As a result, our project "Transportation Hub" was chosen. First of all, this book will provide a literature review of the Transportation Hub. Furthermore, we began to create a list of recent problems that St Catherine has faced. Aside from that, we chose the lack of public transportation between St. Catherine and the other governorates as our main problem, which we will attempt to tackle in our project. Our main aim is to increase transportation from and to St Catherine, which will improve tourism and flourish the city's urban development. Aside from demonstrating design issues that should be considered, international, regional and local case studies were analyzed which demonstrate how our project is nearly identical to them Following that, this book illustrates how we decided on site selection and evaluations based on site investigation and research. Moreover, we will discuss sustainability and its different types, as well as how we will apply them in our project Finally, we presented individual concepts for designing St. Catherine Transportation Hub that are documented with vivid analysis as attempt to achieve the project objective.

Chapter 7:

LiteratureReview

1.0 Literature Review

1.1 Introduction

The transportation sector plays a vital role in the country's economy and in the improvement of people's lives (Azmi and Tokai, 2017). Modern transportation systems, such as mass transit and commuter trains, have the potential to reduce travel time and environmental effects in developed countries, cities, and the majority of capitals (Shekarchian et al., 2017).As the global population grows, so does demand for public transportation, causing a snowball effect on the economy (Konen et al., 2019).As a result, the public transportation system is based on an open loop, which includes, among other things, transportation and, more importantly, a transportation hub where all related services are interconnected (Azmi and Tokai, 2017). Public transportation hubs are formed as sites that are easily accessible by residents. The hub's placement should be close to other connecting links. This reduces the amount of money that passengers must pay to go to their next form of transportation (Remis, 2016).

1.2 Definition of a Transportation Hub

A public transportation hub is a place where passengers may change vehicles or modes of transportation. Public transportation hubs are formed as places that are easily accessible by residents. The hub's location should be close to other connecting links. Traveling by public transportation is less expensive than driving a private vehicle Public transit may be the most cost-effective means of transportation for people who are financially challenged and live in this urban region. Public transportation for roads and waterways includes buses, taxis, motorcycles, rickshaws, bicycles, ships, and ferries, while transportation hubs include bus stations, taxi stations, bus stops, and ferry terminals (Azfizan et al , 2013)

As a result, most governments have opted for an integrated mode of transportation that combines rail for interstate travel, express buses for less accessible routes, local town buses for inner-city travel, and taxi and ride-hailing operators for lastmile travel. Thus, public transportation is based on an open loop that includes, among other things, transportation and, more crucially, a transportation hub that connects all connected services (Azmiand Tokai, 2017).

Fig (1.1), The smart hub holds different mode of transportation, data source (Elshater, 2014), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

1.3 CriteriaofanefficientTransportationHub

In order to aid users, an efficient and performing transportation hub must succeed in all five criteria: access, connectivity and reliability, information, amenities, and safety and security (Iseki and Taylor, 2010). A hub with fully operating facilities would significantly reduce journey times and encourage passengers to use public transportation. There are several concerns with the facilities at the transportation hub that indirectly lead to a pleasant feeling among its users Aesthetics or cleanliness (absence of graffiti and litter), weather protection (shelter to protect against rain and scorching sun), service (commercial enterprises to purchase items such as food, photo shop, shoe shining, flowers, & cigarettes), and comfort (TV, benches, restrooms, telephones, lockers, water fountains, and smoking rooms) are some examples of amenities (Iseki and Taylor 2010). As a result, implementing the hub concept will provide numerous benefits to passengers and users Not only that, but the hub concept helps the government obtain more revenue and a reliable source of income. The hub concept also reduces travel costs and traffic congestion throughout the country. As a result of the rising cost of living, people should prepare to avoid traffic jams by taking public transportation during peak hours. To become an integrated public transportation hub, the place must have interconnected connections with other significant regional (spoke) hubs, either using the same or a different mode of transport Concerns have also been raised concerning the hub's infrastructure and equipment, as well as the nature of the activities (Remis, 2016).

1.4 Hub ConceptTreatment

To meet passenger demand, modern transportation must be efficient, sustainable, and functionally connected. According to Aldukali Salem I. Amselati et al (2011), factors such as travel time and cost, distance from home to public transportation, and distance from home to work are factors that impact users' move from private vehicles to public transportation As a result, hub transportation should increase service quality in order to entice more customers to use public transportation According to Tony (2006), a transportation system may consist of nodes, terminals, and locations. By setting and restructuring the key relationship components, these three components can be optimized, functionally integrated, and better controlled. The most significant feature of hub transportation is that it is designed to meet the needs of communities from the point of origin to other end destinations. A variety of factors must be examined while determining a suitable transport hub location. Those characteristics include the presence of one or more modes of transportation, consideration for improving transit service, an interregional destination, market demand for supportive levels of mixed-use or intensive development, and land available for various types of development in and around transportation hubs (Woxenius, J., 2002). These transportation system theories illustrate that nodes are necessary components for networks to be interconnected Figure 1.2 (Tony, 2006) illustrates the three key connections between transportation system components and friction

Locations, according to Tony (2006), are defined

places where socioeconomic activity takes place.

1.5 Hub Concept forPublicTransport

Many cities across the world have well-planned integrated transportation systems Heathrow Hub is one of the most visible instances of a "hub and spoke" structure in an air transport network, maximizing Heathrow Airport's access to current and future railway systems Furthermore, China is regarded as one of the busiest and most efficient hubs in the world. (Tony, 2006).Figure 1.3 (Woxenius and Tony, 2006) depicts a diagrammatic representation of a "point-to-point" and "hub and spokes" concept related to road public transit. In everyday life, users who drive their own private autos utilize the notion of a direct link or "point-to-point," but users who ride public transportation already use the concept of a "hub and spoke."

A point-to-point concept connects distinct locations in direct ways, and there are numerous links, which increases traffic congestion When a hub system is used, direct interconnections are separated into distinct connections to facilitate accessibility for public transit such as buses and taxis. Users who use public transportation may benefit

Fig (1.3),) Point-to-Point vs. Hub and Spoke Systems, data source (Woxenius and Tony, 2006, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (1.2), Transportation System in Concept, data source (Tony, 2006), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

as

from lower travel costs as well as reduced road congestion and pollution. A transportation hub is a critical place where multiple routes and modes of transportation intersect and diverge (Starkey, P., 2007).

1.6 Conclusion

First, this chapter provides an overview of transportation and hubs The transportation industry is vital to the country's economy and to the well-being of its citizens. Public transit hubs are designed to be conveniently accessible to residents. Taking public transportation is less expensive than driving a private car For people who are financially challenged, public transit may be the most cost-effective mode of transportation The public transportation system is built on an open loop that includes both transportation and all connected services. An efficient transportation hub must satisfy all five criteria: accessibility, connection, information, amenities, and safety and security. A fully functional hub would save travel times and encourage passengers to use public transit.

Secondly, modern transportation, as mentioned in Hub Concept Treatment, must be efficient, sustainable, and functionally integrated. The most important characteristic of hub transportation is that it is intended to address the requirements of communities from the place of origin to other end destinations. A number of criteria must be considered while identifying the best site for a transportation hub. Finally, as many cities throughout the world have well-planned integrated transportation networks, this chapter illustrates the notion of transportation hub. Heathrow Hub is one of the most visible instances of a "hub and spoke" design in an air transport network.

ChapterII 02

ProjectSelection

This chapter discusses the importance of St. Catherine as a tourist attraction and how it has many tourists, but it has many problems that caused its deterioration and the deterioration of tourism in it, so the transportation hub is the main aim for the selection of the project to solve these problems

2.1 Project Selection

2.1.1 List of Problems

• St. Catherine's city is away from the governorates of Egypt, especially the Cairo governorate.

• There is no public transportation ,the only means of transportation available are private minibuses, camels and boxcars, there is no other way to get around

• The city of Saint Catherine is considered one of the important areas for tourism, as there are no hotels suitable for living there

• Lack of services (health and social) The absence of any recreational services there, although it is important for tourism. (Ayman Mohamed,2020 )

• The deterioration of the condition of Saint Catherine Airport and the suspension of foreign departures, which led to the deterioration of tourism

• Exploiting the city of Saint Catherine in the winter only as tourism and leaving it for the rest of the year.

• Topography of the land which will lead to many problems as the passengers will have difficulty to reach the place

• The wadi ferran road that lead to saint Catherine is closed after 4 in the afternoon , so that people canot reach to the city at night (Hany Alasmr,2015)

2.1.2 Problem Statement

As Saint Catherine is far away from the governorates of Egypt, because there are no direct means of transportation to reach it, so the city is used in the winter season only for the purpose of tourism due to the lack of transportation.

Fig(2.1) Saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.2) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.3) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(2.4) Topography of saint Catharine, data Source (Climate Consultant , 2021)

Project Selection

2.2 Project Selection

Regarding the directions of the government, there is a project called )Altagli Alazam) for the development of St. Catherine, which includes (construction of hotels - urban development of St. Catherine development of St. Catherine Airport) and the development of Taba Nuweiba and Wadi Sal roads.

The President of the Republic (Abdel-Fattah Al-Sisi) looked into these proposed developments for the project and followed them up himself.

We will go parallel with the government's plans and use Saint Catherine for transportation, tourism and travel .(Mohamed Alahmdy,2021)

The government chosen saint Catherine due to the importance of it:

• Saint Catherine is located in half of South Sinai Governorate, and it is easy to visit most of the cities in South Sinai.

• It is considered a nature reserve and is considered one of the most sacred places in the world

• It is a meeting place for tourists due to the presence of religious, medical and recreational tourism, such as the presence of the monastery, Mount St. Catherine and Mount Moses.

• In addition to the state's plan, there are other reasons for choosing this project as shown in the next chart.

Fig(2.5) Al-Sisi briefed on the proposal of the “Altagli Alazam” project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(2.7) Dair saint Catharine, data Source (Gate alAhram, 2021)

Fig(2.6) Moussa mountain, data Source (masrawy, 2021)

2.3 Reasons of Selection and Justification

In order to reach to the optimal choice for the site selection we need to follow certain reasons which are to be highlighted in the following points in the process of several aspects.

2.3.1 Plans of the governments

2.3.2 Landmarks

Religious areas as tourists from different areas visit the Monastery and Mousa Mountain

Flexibility

lounge can be installed easily as the airport is already built the zones help us to identify where can we the transportation

1 2 3 4 5

Contribute to assisting the state in achieving future plans in developing Saint Catherine Airport 2030-

2.3.3 Community & Residence

The residents need of transportation utilities, as well as jobs opportunities thus will lead to Flourished economy.

2.3.5 Location /Accessibility

The government is working to rehabilitate Saint Catherine Airport , so a transit hub there will be quite beneficial. Its location in the middle of Sinai, which is accessible even from the international terms.

2.4 Government Plans

The Greatest Transfiguration over the Land of Peace project in Saint Catherine is one of the most prominent projects of the Ministry of Housing, as it includes the development of the entire Saint Catherine area land of Egypt

The project includes

2.4.1 The urban development of St. Catherine

• Create a new visitor center

• Development of the tourist area

• Construction of the new residential area

The development projects will improve the urban environment in the city, raise its level, and provide many investment opportunities and various job opportunities. The government aims for these projects to contribute to improving the urban environment, and it will contribute to pumping a number of investments and providing job opportunities in many activities. The project will be implemented in one phase, and it is scheduled to open all of them at the end of 2022 (Menna Abdo,2021)

2.4.2 Establishment and development of road networks and utilities

• Taba Nuweiba Road: The project aims to facilitate traffic, increase the road capacity and reduce accidents. It is expected that the "Taba / Nuweiba" road will contribute to activating the commercial and tourism movement, and increasing the movement of trucks to and from the Nuweiba sea port, and the road is

Fig(2.8) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(2.9) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(2.10) Taba Naiwbaa, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

the link between South Sinai Governorate and the land port of Taba. The total cost of the project amounted to 97 million pounds.

• Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road

The first phase of paving, development and upgrading of the road (Wadi Saal - Saint Catherine) in South Sinai Governorate, with a length of 75 km, has been completed, at a total cost of 300 million pounds. Traffic safety of the road, after the completion of paving work

• St. Catherine Airport Road is being developed and the old asphalt redeveloped

• Reinforcement of the road and rehabilitation of 5 kilometers at a cost of 12 million. (Yasmeen karm,2021)

2.4.3 St Catherine Airport devolvement

Expanding and raising the efficiency of the current runway, expanding and raising the efficiency of the main runway from 36 m to 45 m, constructing drums with a width of 7.5 m and a length of 2215 m, and increasing the bearing capacity of the asphalt paving of the corridor.

Expansion and upgrading of the terminal building to a capacity of 650 passengers per hour with a surface area of ​​approximately 5558 m2 , and the construction of a car parking area in front of the terminal building that can accommodate 300 car (Mohamed Alshodafy,2019)

Project selection

Fig(2.11) Taba Naiwbaa Road, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

Fig(2.12) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project Road, 2021)

Fig(2.13) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

Fig(2.14) St. Catherine airport , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

Project selection

Upgrading and extending the current runway: during the first phase of the development of St. Catherine Airport, the efficiency and length of the current runway will be raised, and the main runway will be lengthened, bringing the length of the runway to 2,600 m (Mohamed Mohsn,2020)

• The second stage of development

It is confirmed that the second phase includes: the construction of a new building with a total area of 7000 square meters with a capacity of 900 passengers per hour, the construction of a new entrance to the airport and a parking lot that accommodates 450 cars, and 15 buses, the construction of a new terminal that accommodates 3 code D aircraft, and the construction and modification of the airport fence.

St. Catherine Airport is located 20 nautical miles north-east of St. Catherine in Sinai. The airport area is 465,914 acres It contains a passenger terminal with a capacity of 80 passengers per hour and has a main runway with a length of 2115 x 36 m, and there is no night lighting for times and for the terrarium that can accommodate three planes . The turbine area 60 x 240 m. .( Engy Khalifa,2019)

2.4.4 Transportation needs

Concerning the mobility , There is no public transportation in the area inside the country so for residents face difficulty in moving from the place to Egypt out of the country . And The port in Nuweiba Overland travel to the Gulf and other countries Arrival to Saint Catherine from Cairo and from Saint Catherine to Dahab.

Fig(2.15) St Catherine Airport, data Source (civil aviation, 2021)

Fig(2.16) St Catherine Airport, data Source (Alwatan, 2019)

Target Group

▪ Tourism

Tourism from everywhere in Egypt, especially Cairo, due to the difficulty of accessing St. Catherine

▪ Residents of the place

Make St. Catherine a gathering point for sinai residents so that they could travel anywhere

▪ International Travelers to Saudi Arabia due to the Umrah and Hajj season and the Gulf countries:

• From the hub to naiwbaa by busses

• From nawibaa by steamboat to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries

2.6 Mission

This project aims to make a connection between st. Catherine and rest of cities by a wellthought-out transportation network that works in conjunction with the state's plan to develop St. Catherine

2.7 Objectives

• Flourish the urban development in St Catherine

• Provide transportation for St Catherine from multiple areas

• Provide more job opportunities for St. Catherine's habitants

• Improve the tourism in St. Catherine

• Ease the traveling from Cairo or another cities to St Catherine

• Increase the services for habitants and tourists

• Ease of receiving travelers from Nuweiba and delivering them to the required areas.(authors,2021)

2.8 Conclusion

After our visit to Saint Catharine , we saw that there is no public transportation and it has deteriorated in the tourism and the economic situation, Also because the city is so faraway from the governorates of Egypt, especially Cairo, we decided to link between the governorates of Egypt and St Catherine and its surroundings, this would represent the exploitation of the project in the winter season only. Thus we decided to think in a broader way, which is to be used throughout the year, represented in the international transport which will allow us to use the project in the summer as well.

In this way we have benefited from the project throughout the year, and we have achieved the Target Group, in addition to the benefit of the residents of the region in the aspects of transportation and economy (Authors,2021)

Through our visit and listening to the peoples’ opinion, we found that they suffer from the problems we mentioned it , and through our study of our project and in line with the government plans, we decided to establish a transportation hub to link the governorates of Egypt and South Sinai with the airport and from Nuweiba to the Gulf countries by busses (Authors,2021)

03Designissues

ChapterIII

This chapter discusses the main design issues to take in consideration when designing a Transportation Hub and derived recommendations that will be applied in our project.

3.1 Circulation

3.1.1 General definition

Is The capacity to move to, from, around, or inside a location, particularly in a closed system (Portico Space, 2016).

3.1.2 Architectural definition

It is the flow of people through a building's areas. 2017 (Ching) .

To depict how people interact with and move through a structure Elevators, escalators, and stairs are referred to be circulation components in public buildings because they are positioned and built to maximize people's flow through a structure, often employing a core (Yang,2015)

3.1.3 Types

There are 10 types of circulation :

• Horizontal circulation

• Examples of potential features are hallways, pathways, entrances, and exits. It's also impacted by how the furniture is arranged.

• Travellators: These moving walkways are ubiquitous at airports, where walking distances may be quite long, particularly when going from one concourse to another or from one terminal to another. (Wan,2016)

• Vertical circulation

Stairs, lifts, ramps, ladders, and escalator are all examples of how people move up and down within a building (Wan,2016)

Fig (3.1) Fluid geometry appears in the side elevation of Heydar Aliyev Center, (Zaha Hadid,2012) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (3.3) Rectangular geometry appears (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (3.2) Horizontal circulation (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Direct circulation

The path between the entry and boarding locations should be as straightforward as feasible.

Reduce the number of turns in the path of travel and prevent 180-degree turns.

Continuous straight flights of steps or ramps, as well as escalators or lifts, should be used to change levels.(Ibraheem,2014)

• Cross-path

Circulation Provide easy, well-defined travel routes that avoid confrontation. .(Ibraheem,2014)

• Private circulation

Accounts for the more private motions within the structure, as well as the unsightly ones that necessitate some privacy. This might be the back entrance of a house, or the back of house, staff offices, or storage zones in a big facility , (Henry,2015)

• Public circulation

Is the most commonly and easily accessible portions of the structure. Circulation is typically combined with other purposes, such as a lobby, atrium, or gallery, and is given a high level of architectural excellence in this form. Visibility, crowd movement, and clear escape routes are all important considerations. , (Henry,2015)

Design issues

Fig(3.4) Direct Circulation, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (3.5), Cross path, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (3.7) difference between public and privet circulation , data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (3.6) Private circulation, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Design issues

• Linear circulation

Along a straight, axial course, a linear circulation leads directly to a building's entrance The visual target that marks the end of the approach is obvious. It could be a building's complete front facade or an elaborated entry within the plane. (Yang,2015)

• Central circulation

A spiral path prolongs the sequence of the approach and emphasizes the threedimensional form of a building as we move around its perimeter The building entrance might be viewed intermittently during the approach to clarify its position or it may be hidden until the point of arrival(Lu,2014)

• Grid circulation

The movement in a particular grid is the movement according to certain lines repeated in a longitudinal and transverse or even in a curved manner, but the main thing is repetition (Wan,2016)

• Pier-finger concept

Every resource is centralized. It makes the running of the airport much easier In terms of architecture, the construction process is cost-effective, and land is efficiently utilized.

This approach has several drawbacks, such as large walking distances that need passengers to use more time and energy to get at their destination, and it may be inconvenient for some passengers depending on their age and health condition.(Ibraheem,2014)

Fig(3.8) ,liner circulation (l-2-design,2016), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(3.9), central circulation (researchgate,2019), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(3.10), grid circulation (Researchgate,2019), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(3.11), Airport circulation (bulter,2017), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

3.1.4 The airport's traffic flow

• Easy access to the airport via several modes of public transportation

• Predicting appropriate stopping sites or acceptable destinations.

• Short, direct, and clear routes should be avoided to avoid interfering with longdistance travelers, luggage claims, and other vehicles.

• Installing attractive signs and assisting travelers in taking in the sights Exiting travelers should check in at the next available location and be assisted to the airport cart (Sartor,2021)

3.1.5 Applications

The Passenger

• The walk from the parking lot to the terminal may be relatively short, but it will be the longest walk he will do at the airport terminal.

• This part of the journey must be completed while carrying luggage, which can be fairly heavy. It is self-evident that parking should be located near to the terminal in order to decrease walking distance

• This indicates a "moving sidewalk" or "travellator" mechanism. Many designers and operators have been compelled to abandon this technology due to safety concerns. (Mannino,2021)

The Employee

• The staff's circulation pathways must, by necessity, be based on the passenger's own circulation.

• Some functions, such as airline operations, baggage services, ticketing offices, employee lounges, and general administration, can or must be separated from passenger circulation (Sartor,2020)

3.1.5 Conclusion

Circulation in transportation hub is very important , as it's the main factor affecting the linking of the spaces together , so it should be well designed to prevent lost of time or energy for passengers .There are many factors affecting circulation are :

• Easy access to the airport by busses

• Short direct clear routes

• Predicting stop places

• Installing guiding signs to help the passenger Fig(3.13),

airport circulation (ulter, 2018), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(3.12), Airport Hall (Bulter), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

3.2 Image

3.2.1 General definition:

It is a general impression that the person take about the product , the organization or the building , (Fedorenko&Pokrovskaya,2020).

3.2.2Architectural definition:

It is the visual image of the building and how the architect represent the project to the user ( the identity ) , Vision of any project by architect that describe the building’s message .(Pokorovskya,2020)

3.2.3 Types :

There are 3 types which can be listed as:

• Pattern image

This type of architecture which reflects the image of the building and make the user experience have different feelings and the concept behind it more flexible and enhance the image

• Fluid geometry

This type of buildings represent the image of the freedom and the modernism by using organic and curved structure

• Rectangle geometry

This type of buildings represent the image of balance and stability, and it consists of uniform geometrical shapes (Pokorovskya,2020) .

3.2.3 Conclusion

The buildings must have a visual image that reflect the identity of the design and the architecture style As a result, the St Catharine airport must be a remarkable structure and unique to reflect the history of Egypt and South Sanai as Whole and aiming that building be the revive of the place and bring back the identity of the city .

Fig(3.14), Fluid geometry appears in the side elevation of Heydar Aliyev Center, (Zaha Hadid,2012) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(3.15), Rectangular geometry appears , (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

3.3 Interaction

3.3.1 General Definition:

Interaction is a type of action that occurs when two or more items have an effect on one another In contrast to a one-way causal effect, the idea of a two-way effect is critical in the concept of interaction.

3.3.2Architecture Definition:

It is a combination of behaviors and cognitions that a person or group exhibits in response to predetermined zones and places. (Andreea Cutieru,2020)

3.3.3 Types :

There are 3 types of integration :

Nonverbal communication

The process of communicating through the exchange of wordless messages. Gestures, touch, body language, posture, facial emotions, and eye contact are all examples of nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication can also include messages conveyed through physical objects (Khalifa,2012)

Exchange

The theory of social exchange is a sociopsychological and sociological perspective that describes social development and stability as a process of negotiated trades between parties. (Khalifa,2012)

Cooperation

Cooperation is the process by which two or more people collaborate or act together. There are numerous examples of this form of interaction in the architecture sector. It is determined by the activity that has occurred. (Mohamed,2012)

Fig(3.16), Interaction, (Andreea Cutieru,2020)

Fig (3.17), Nonverbal Communication, data source (Track Mind), illustrated by (authors, 2021)

Fig (3.18), Social Exchange, data source (Dora), illustrated by (authors, 2021)

3.3.4Application

Programming for Social Intensity

The ability of architecture to bring people together can sometimes be found in the programming of the structure rather than the spatial shape itself. In this situation, space serves as a container for whatever purpose suits the collective; thus, the careful arrangement of activities drives social interaction

(Archdaily,2014)

Allowing for Unplanned Activities

Many architects have stated that building should allow for the unexpected, for spontaneous activities and interactions The design should allow people of all ages and interests to utilize the building at the same time, while also giving users the ability to reprogram the building to meet their specific needs. (Track Mind)

Allowing Meeters and greeters

The interaction between meters and passengers is very important, so allowing meters and greeters to enter terminal buildings effectively and accompany passengers until immigration and see them while they are on their way to the plane through glass walls can help them see the passengers clearly and interact with them better.(CNN)

Fig (3.20), Unplanned Activates, data source (Track Mind)

Fig (3.21), Greeters In Airport, data source) (CNN)

Fig (3.19), Social Intensity, data source (Archdaily)

3.3.5Examples

Jewel Airport, Singapore

Jewel Airport's leisure and retail complex

With a wealth of stores, restaurants, and activities to discover The airport is full of activates that make people interact with each other also they interact with the building context, its environment and surroundings. (Safire Architects),

3.3.6Conclusion

Despite its inability to influence the outcome, architecture has the power to set the stage for chance meetings and social interactions, fostering community formation and impacting the fabric of our social culture. The following investigates how architecture might strengthen the social capital of its surrounds through design tactics and thoughtful programming, so providing a fertile environment for social interaction among various groups of people

3.4Security

3 4 1 General definition

Security defined as a state of being free of hazards caused by a human's deliberate intent to cause harm The source of the hazard is purposefully posed by humans.(Gao,2012)

3.4.2Architectural definition

A security architecture is a unified security design that addresses the requirements and risks that may be present in each scenario or environment. It also lays out when and where security measures should be put in place. source (Dreams time, 2015)

Fig (3.22), Jewel Forest Village,, data source (Safire Architects),

Fig(3.23), architecture Security, data source (Dreams time, 2015)

3.4.3 Types

There are 3 types which can be listed as :

• Minimum Security Level

It is use in public space requires a minimum level of security. In this type there are a lack of fences and provides less protection for example open spaces or a playground. (Dreamtimes, 2015)

• Medium Security Level

It is widely used in all buildings and spaces. This type of security is based on locating the instrument's inputs and outputs of the space where the users are controlled (luo,2012)

• Maximum Security Level

This system is used in buildings that own valuables or places that require control and privacy, like prisons, museums ,,, etc Surveillance cameras, alarms, and security personnel monitor users in this type (Bonner,2002)

3.4.4 Examples

• Zurich International Airport –Zurich, Switzerland

The airport most recent security issue happened in 1970, when a barometrically triggered bomb exploded aboard a Swissair flight, killing 47 people. Since then, Zurich Airport has increased security, as no such event has occurred in all those years. In addition, Skytrax named Zurich Airport the World's Best Airport Security Screening for the 17th time in a row, and the World Travel Award named it Europe's Leading Airport for the 17th time in a row. (My Switzerland , 2019 )

Design issues

Fig(3.24) Playground Security , data source (Dreamtimes, 2015)

Fig(3.25), Security, data source (business traveller)

Fig(3.26), Zurich International Airport, data source (myswitzerland)

3.4.5Application

There are 6 application which can be listed as follows:

Security Guards And Military ForcesArea

Police and military personnel are stationed at all entry points to check the air tickets of all passengers. These security guards are highly trained and well-equipped to deal with a wide range of situations.(Zhixin,2010)

Passenger ScreeningArea

In this area Passengers must pass through metal detection and x-ray systems to guarantee that they are not carrying any undissociated or illegal objects. Passengers' carry-on luggage will be examined with x-ray equipment throughout this step to identify any items that are not approved for travel. (Reliance,2010)

Passenger access control Zone

It’s where passengers’ boarding tickets will be scanned on a speed gate or security turnstile to gain entry to the following zone. Passenger access control systems are used to limit where passengers can enter. (Badolato,2000)

Security bollards

Vehicles, in addition to individuals, must be denied entrance. Installing security bollards that are designed to integrate with third-party programmers, including their ID passes, so that relevant personnel can be granted entry as needed. (Reliance,2010)

Fig(3.27), Security, data source (istockphoto)

Fig(3.28), Airport passenger screening, data source (Reliance)

Fig(3.29), passenger access control, data source (istockphoto)

Fig(3.30) Security bollards, data source (Reliance)

Design issues

CCTV systems Rooms

• They are one of the most significant security solutions since they can be deployed to monitor every single movement that occurs

• All of these cameras are constantly monitored at a control center, where skilled specialists monitor them around the clock to guarantee that any suspicious activity is quickly addressed.(lei,2009)

• Commercial CCTV systems are getting cleverer in terms of autonomous recognition, which is a good thing

• Smart CCTV systems can follow, identify, and notify authorities if they are captured on video, especially at airports where many individuals attempt to flee the nation. (nimbleplanet,2010)

The security of one-way corridors

• One-way lanes at airports are referred to as one-way corridors for security reasons.

• Only big airports have them, and the technology is gradually becoming the standard at many airport complexes

• By automating some rooms and places and minimizing the need for human presence, it also minimizes the number of security staff (nimbleplanet,2010)

3.4.6 Conclusion

Architects can make the most difference in achieving a project's security goals. They are often responsible for making basic design decisions such as turnover, access, building materials, window, and a host of other factors that may help or hinder overall security goals. Security is not just a concern for building owners and designers throughout the planning process. The surroundings, as well as the signals and messages the structure sends to users and visitors, were all designed by the architect. Whether a structure is safe and enjoyable is determined by the architect's understanding of its intended use on the topic of good architecture.

Fig(3.31), CCTV system in airports, data source (istockphoto)

Fig(3.32), CCTV system in airports, data source (nimbleplanet)

Fig(3.33), The security of one-way corridors , data source (istockphoto)

3.5 Audibility

3.5.1General definition:

The term "audibility" is defined in a variety of ways Being audible or perceptible by the ear is a quality, reality, or degree. audibility is a synonym for audibility Inaudibility and inaudibility Ness are antonyms. the property of being inaudible to the human ear.(Yajima,2013)

3.5.2Architectural definition:

Hearing acoustic objects or surfaces enhance or even replace vision in the case of darkness or visual impairment. It has an impact on a user's aesthetic perception of an area

Architectural acoustics is the study of sound in homes and other buildings, as well as the design of such structures for best acoustic performance, which includes sound transmission management, speech intelligibility, and sound isolation for speech privacy.(liu,.2019 )

3.5.3 Noise pollution

causes

:

Noise pollution can come from a variety of sources as:

•Traffic noise

The most polluting noise in cities is traffic noise. An automobile horn, for example, emits 90 decibels, while a bus emits 100 decibels. Traffic Noise: Automobile revolution in urban areas is proved to be a big source of noise pollution. Increase in traffic has given rise to traffic jams, where the repeated hooting of horns by drivers creates noise pollution Air crafts creates serious problems.(hu,2019 )

Fig (3.33) Fluid geometry appears in the side elevation of Heydar Aliyev Center, (Zaha Hadid,2012)

Fig (3.34) Rectangular geometry appears , (November 19, 2018)

• Air traffic noise:

Although there are fewer planes flying over cities than there are cars on the roads, the impact is greater: a single plane generates 130 decibels.

• Construction sites

Construction of buildings and parking lots, as well as road and pavement resurfacing, is quite noisy. A pneumatic drill, for example, produces 110 decibels

• Industrial Machinery Noise

And Construction Factory equip And Construction Factory equipment, generators, drills, road rollers, and similar machinery also make lot of noise. mint, generators, drills, road rollers, and similar machinery also make lot of noise. (Yajima,2013)

3.5.4 Effects of noise pollution

Constant loud noise can harm human health in a variety of ways, notably in the very young and the very elderly. It can cause tinnitus or deafness. Here are a few of the more important ones:

• Sleep and behavioural disorders

Memory and concentration ( Yu,2019)

3.5.6 General reduce noise pollution solutions

Governments can also take steps to ensure proper noise management and lower pollution levels. For example, establishing regulations that include preventive and corrective measures mandatory separation between residential zones and noise sources like airports, fines for exceeding noise limits, etc , installing noise insulation in new (Yajima,2013)

buildings, creating pedestrian areas where traffic is only allowed to enter to offload goods at certain times, replacing traditional asphalt with more efficient options that can reduce traffic noise by up to 3 dB, among others (Yajima,2013)

Fig (3.35) Pattern geometry appears in the elevation of HUB concert hall (,2012)

Fig (3.36) Pattern geometry appears in the elevation of HUB concert hall (,2012)

Design issues

3.5.7 General reduce noise pollution solutions

•Zoning: Increased distance between source and receiver by zoning of noisy industrial areas like bus stand and railway stations away from silence zones near residential areas, educational institutions and hospitals. (Yajima,2013)

•Sound Insulation: A) Sound insulations can be done by constructing windows with more than one pane of glass and filling the gap with sound absorbing material. B) Acoustical tiles, perforated plywood can be fixed on wall, ceilings, floors to reduce noise.(Yan,2018)

• Planting of Trees: Planting of trees and shrubs along roads, hospitals, educational institutions help in noise reduction to a considerable extent

• Legislative measures: Strict legislative measures need to be enforced to control the nuisance of noise pollution some of the measures are:

A) Minimum use of loudspeakers, near silence zones.

B) Banning Pressure horns in automobiles

C) Framing a separate noise pollution act.(Rosenbloom,2008)

3.5.6 Sound absorbing blankets used in the airspace

The sound absorbing blankets are also called as isolation blankets which are placed in the airspace arrangement, that are provided between the panels This blanket enables an increase in sound attenuation. Mineral or rock wool, wood fibers or fiberglass are some the materials used to make these blankets. These blankets have an attenuation capability up to 10 decibels. The method is more effective where lightweight construction is more prominent. (Yajima,2013)

Fig (3.37) separate the zones (constructionspecifier, 2014)

Fig (3.38) sound insolation tiles , (archdaily,2021)

Fig (3.39) Sound absorbing blankets , (the constructor, 2015)

3.5.7Examples

Madrid Barajas Airport

Architect: Richard Rogers Partnership

Location: Madrid, Spain

Year: 2005

This project used a bamboo as a sound isolation in ceiling to avoid the airborne noise that a study shown that the bamboo has a good sound absorber as glass wool. And used a double glazed curtain wall that the double glazed can reduce sound levels by as much as 31 decibels. So the architect achieved in creating an environment free of noise that come from air engines or people flow.(architonic,2012)

3.5.8 Application

Noise disruption may have a detrimental impact on one's health, well-being, and overall quality of life Building acoustics can assist to alleviate these consequences So, using the suitable structure system effected the design and users. (architonic,2012)

3.5.9 Conclusion

Audibility is one of our main concerns, to elaborate Audibility in construction which manage the transportation hub noise and reduction of noise from building to another, further more discuss the properties of materials that inhibits sound transmission. Another point is the impact of noise in architecture, and how can we use this in our method.

Fig (3.40) the celling and curtain wall of Madrid Barajas airport (Architonic,2012)

Fig (3.41) the celling of Madrid Barajas airport, (Architonic,2012)

Fig (3.42) the celling of Madrid Barajas airport, (Architonic,2012)

3.6Durability

definition

Architectural definition

Buildings' ability to provide functionally valuable places for an extended period is defined as well as its long-term viability This metric is commonly used to calculate the real value of a structure, as well as the pace at which it depreciates, and it is included in insurance procedures. In architecture and construction (Bentz,1999)

3.6.3 Types

There are two types :

• Materials

Some materials and architectural elements deteriorate with time Given that some materials will last less than others, it makes logical to spend more money on more durable materials and things than traditional ones In other circumstances, accepting that a material has a fixed lifespan and designing the building assembly so that materials with shorter lifespans may be easily changed is practicable(Garboczi,199)

• Structure

Structural durability refers to the ability of concrete to withstand weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desirable technical properties. The ability of concrete to survive weathering, chemical assault, and abrasion while preserving its ideal technical properties is referred to as its durability. It generally refers to the duration of a problem's existence No charge for performance.(Davydenko,2020)

Fig(3.44), Durability Materials, data source (archdaily)

Fig(3.43), Durability , data source (archdaily), January 23, 2019

Fig(3.45), Durability Structure, data source (Tuf-barf)

Amaterial's ability to tolerate wear, pressure, or damage

3.6.4Problems

Moisture

It comes in a variety of forms (rain, snow, ice, and vapor) and is intertwined with other factors that impact durability Moisture in sufficient amounts is necessary for corrosion, insect residency (e g , subterranean termites), and deterioration, among other things (e g , wood decomposition).By reducing moisture exposure, you can address a slew of other concerns with durability. Moisture has been connected to a variety of additional problems, such as mold and poor indoor air quality.( Lyashchenko,2020)

Sunlight (UV radiation)

UV radiation from the sun also has a significant impact on home exterior finishes. Sunlight, for example, causes coatings to chalk or fade in color, polymers to decay, and wood to rot. (Bentz,1999)

Temperature

Materials expand and compress as a result of this Temperature cycling, especially in the presence of water, can degrade or fatigue some materials (Bentz,1999)

Chemicals

Most found in the presence of water, they are responsible for a wide range of problems. Durability issues can significantly accelerate normally typical degradation rates. (clifton,1999)

Wear and Tear

Abrasion, physical damage, discoloration, and other signs of prolonged use are all examples of wear and tear. (clifton,1999)

Fig(3.46), Moisture, data source (archdaily)

Fig(3.48), wear and tear, data source (archdaily)

Fig(3.47), Moisture, data source (archdaily)

3.6.5 Examples

Denver InternationalAirport

The Teflon-coated fiberglass allows for greater spans than traditional roofing systems which increases durability and reduces construction and maintenance costs The tensile membrane roof also creates a beautiful and economical solution for high-wind applications (Denver international airport,219)

TheAmherst College New Science

Center (Amherst, Massachusetts, USA (2018)) Payette Architects

The new Science Center provides cuttingedge facilities to serve the college's science departments and students while also encouraging transparency and collaboration. Natural materials, roofmounted skylights, chilled beams, radiant slabs, acoustic baffles, and a solar array are among the characteristics of the adaptable space, which also uses 76% less energy than a normal research center (Amherst, Massachusetts, USA (2018))

3.6.6Application

Put the Insulation on the Exterior and also using more walls and fewer glass and also properly functional planning and also using durable structure which will avoid natural Disaster (Amherst, Massachusetts, USA(2018))

3.6.7 Conclusion

In summary , during the research process durability has shown that its is one of the most important design issues as it affects the building in various ways And then discussed the types of durability interims of materials, structure and style. Moreover, we moved to general problems for durability which was (moisture…etc.) and lastly discussed the application of durability on the terminals

Fig(3.49), Denver International Airport , data source (cmtsllc)

Fig(3.50), The Amherst College New Science , data source (payette)

3.7 Safety

3.7.1 General definition

All actions and activities taken to preserve an individual's life, health, and bodily integrity are referred to as safety. For almost construction project, there are safety issues and legal obligations Projects at and around airports face a slew of additional obstacles and regulations It can be tough to know if your team is adhering to the rules.

(Hisashi,2006)

3.7.2Architectural definition

When a building or structure is in operation, the term "safety" can also refer to how safe or protected it is from dangerous events. Extreme weather, earthquakes, security, operational failures or risks, and so forth are examples.

(Basuki,2006)

3.7.3 Types

There are two main types of safety

• Hazards

• Accidents

Hazards

Hazard is a condition or changing set of circumstances that may result in injury, illness, or property damage; It can lead to negative or harmful results

Caused by human factors.(Clark airport ,2019)

Types

• Employees safe.

• Physical work risks

• Exposure to dangerous substances

• Complex ergonomic factors

Fig(3.51), Safety house Personal protective , data source (world architecture, 2019)

Fig (3.52) Clark airport earthquake , Arch daily , (2019)

3.7.4 Types

• Accidents

An accident is an unfortunate, unplanned, and unavoidable event. An occurrence or circumstance that frequently leads to a negative outcome. The end consequence, which is frequently the result of neglect Natural disasters such as earthquakes and volcanoes cause it(Hisashi,2006)

3.7.5 General problems

• Fire

• Earthquakes

• Planes crash

Solutions

• Taking into account the fire and using fire extinguishers for safety

• The structural system must be strong and against earthquakes and storms.

The Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) and the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) have partnered together for a second worldwide student design competition on airport security (Hisashi,2006)

3.8.1 Comfort General definition

Humans constantly strive to achieve comfort on a psychological or physical level by managing the surrounding environment and controlling internal feelings. Agroup of people can be described as “in their comfort zone” when they are surrounded by things that give them psychological and physical comfort, and everyone seeks this, However, these criteria differ from person to person depending on many factors that will be clarified in the following lines.(Qin,2014)

Fig(3.54), safety and health Personal protective , data source (pngwing)

Fig(3.53), The Amherst College New Science , data source (payette)

Fig(3.55) , Comfort aspects, illustrated by Authors,2021)

3.8.1Comfort in architecture:

We can understand the concept of comfort in architecture when we think of a building and the space within it as the culmination of conception and use, guaranteeing complete satisfaction on the part of the user

Creating a successful design is not just about avoiding problems, but it is also about creating a comfortable space for its occupants. There are many factors that affect comfort in the built environment, which, if not addressed properly, can lead to poor levels of comfort, discomfort, or even cause harm to occupants. In architectural terms, Aspects of comfort includes: thermal comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort and olfactory comfort.(Fabiano,2013)

3.8.2 Thermal comfort:

If people are unsatisfied with their thermal environment, it is not only a potential health hazard but also impacts their ability to function effectively, their satisfaction at work, whether they will remain customers, and so on. In order to ensure a person's thermal comfort, they must exhibit a state of mind that is satisfied with the thermal environment, especially if they do not feel either too hot or too cold By providing the right combination of temperature, humidity, airspeed, and radiant sources within acceptable ranges, you keep your users comfortable (Qin,2014)

Main problem:

The main problem of thermal comfort in this project is the extremely large spans of the spaces in addition to the huge number of users periodically, As it is difficult to apply the thermal comfort under the influence of these factors .(Fabiano,2013)

Fig(3.56), Comfort in architecture (re-thinkingthefuture, july 16, 2021)

Fig(3.57), Comfort in architecture (Jeong Tai Kim, 2000)

Fig(3.58), Thermal comfort (ecophon, 2015)

Fig(3.59), Thermal comfort (warmup, July 20th, 2015)

Application:

•Proper ventilation must be provided to protect users from diseases, especially in the current period and the spread of the Corona virus

•The temperature adjustment must be taken into concentration in different circumstances, as the temperature must be reduced with the increase in the number of users of the place

•using air conditioning return diffuser to decrease the humidity

•HVAC equipment like boilers, fans, and heat exchangers can temper the air temperature and humidity, but surface temperatures and moving air have to be considered too.(metalera,2020)

3.8.3 Visual comfort

Maintaining visual comfort means ensuring that people have enough light for their activities, the light has the right quality and balance, and people have good views by involving the provision of natural light, external views and reduction of glare. (greenbuildingadvisor,2021)

Main problem:

It will be difficult in a project of this magnitude to rely on natural lighting due to several factors represented in maintaining the general atmosphere of the spaces in a stable need, as they are public places and serve many users daily Therefore, artificial lighting must be used and distributed correctly, allowing visual comfort for users and workers, This will be a big challenge due to the large spaces and the different uses of them (Collins,2005)

Fig(3.62) , Visual comfort (Archdaily,2015)

Fig(3.61) , Visual comfort (KiyoshiSaitoc,October 2019)

Fig(3.60) , Proper ventilation (metalera ,2020)

Fig(3.63) , Visual comfort (Archdaily,2015)

Application:

• Provide appropriate and comfortable lighting for users

• Keep in mind that the level of vision is the main factor in realizing the beauty of any architectural design

• Use natural lighting as much as possible. .(metalera,2020)

3.8.4 Olfactory comfort

Using natural ventilation or air conditioning to remove stale air and replace it with fresh air to provide high quality air in the building in terms of smell or contaminants that may be carried by the air.(Collins,2005)

Main problem

One of the problems that we will face during the design stage is to provide proper ventilation for the spaces in terms of the direction of the space, the size of the openings and the amount of air that enters them, in addition to designing a ventilation system suitable for the huge spaces in this project. (greenbuildingadvisor,2021)

Application

• Providing a comfortable user experience by raising air quality

• The use of air fresheners that creates a state of comfort and relaxation and stay away from strong odors

• Isolate smoking rooms from waiting areas or any gathering area. (greenbuildingadvisor,2021)

3.8.5 Conclusion

Design issues

(Archdaily,2015)

In the end, achieving comfort in the building is one of the most important factors, both in terms of psychological and physical. Specifically in this project, achieving comfort will have a strong impact on the user, as the transportation center will be his first destination in the country and the last place he visits before traveling

Fig(3.64) , Natural lighting (designingbuildings,2020)

Fig(3.65) , Olfactorycomfort

Fig(3.66) , Olfactorycomfort (Archdaily,2015)

Fig(3.67) , Replacing the staleair with fresh air (greenbuildingadvisor,2021)

ChapterIV 04CaseStudies

This chapter analyzed similar case studies (International, Regional, and National) and determined the most important parts in each case study and how to benefit from them in our project. Also, the design issues were studied in each case study in order to determine how to implement them in a Transportation Hub.

4.1. Kila II Transportation Hub, International

Architect: Kisho Kurokawa

Location: Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

Year: 2014

Area: 257,845 sq. m.

4.1.1. Introduction

Killa 2 is one of the terminals at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, which also includes killa, killa 2, and the KL City Air Terminal. The transportation hub located on the first floor of the klia2 shopping mall

It was constructed to take the place of the former Low Cost Transfer Terminal (LCCT). On May 2, 2014, klia2 began operations, and by May 9, 2014, all flight operations at LCCT had been relocated to klia2

The initial capacity of klia2 is 45 million passengers per year of building space for 68 departure gates, 10 remote platforms, and 80 m of 35,000 sq m. of exit space for a total of 220 retail establishments.

To improve the impression of space in busy regions around the loading and landing areas, as well as the transportation hub, the ceiling height is raised

The retail units are built as a succession of 'packages,' with hidden lighting illuminating the ceiling level above Monochromatic finishes provide a clean, uncluttered counterpoint to the vivid colors supplied by retail tenants.

The goal designed to meet the rapid development of the low-cost travel market transportation hub linked between the klia2

Fig(4 1), Kila 2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4 2), Kila 2 & Kila airport, data source (google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4 3), Kila 2 & Kila airport, data source (klia2.info), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.4), mall in level3, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

airport and the central Kuala Lumpur city and many other locations

The buses are linked between klia2 airport and central of KualaLumpur city and many other locations.

While maintaining its aesthetic focus as a mainstream retail area, the international airport functions in terms of passenger capacity and signage.

4.1.2. The structure system

• Using space trusses structure system

• Using steel columns

• Using solid slab in the bridge

4.1.3. Concept

The building's shape is generated from a sequence of simple folding planes that wrap around the structure and then create room for the departing drop-main offs spine

The ceiling canopy, which stretches for sixty meters over the departures area, is inspired by aeronautical forms, and its slim supports are meant to suggest that its role is to prevent the canopy from lifting away rather than to sustain its weight.

Fig (4.5), Busses in terminal kila2 , data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.6), Busses in terminal kila2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.8), Structure system of kila2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.9), Roof of kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.7), Connection of space trusses, data source (hlarchitecture), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.1.4. Location & Site analysis

4.1.5. Contextual Layout

Fig (5.10), kila2 transportation hub, data source (google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Klia Klia 2

Fig (4.11), kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

KLIA

KLIA 2

4.1.6. Site Constrains

4.1.7. Masses and Form

Planes gates

Gate way

Transportation hub

Sky bridge

Main terminal building

Satellite building

Fig (4.12), kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Main road

Secondary Road

Fig (4.11), kila2 transportation hub, data source (google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.1.8. Plans

The plan describes how passengers can reach to the transportation hub from direct access of main terminal building

Main utilities and services are installed such as waiting area , mousqe,bank, counters, and mini shops

It is include 4 gates and these gates have direct access to another 4 gates to reach to the bus terminal as they can book tickets from the lounge and wait busses in waiting area

Mosque

Toilets and rest room

Gates bus ticketing counter

Transportation hub office Bank

Car rental counter

4.1.9 Circulation

Stores

Waiting area

Fig (4.13), Level 1 transportation hub kila 2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.13), Level 1 transportation hub kila 2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.1.10. Elevation

Level 2Arrivals & pick up

Level3 Departures

Aluminum cladding

Curtain wall

Steel columns

Curtain wall

Space trusses

Fig (4.15), Front Elevation of kila 2 airport, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Level 1 transportation hub Busses

Fig (4.14), Main Elevation of kila 2 airport , data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Aluminum cladding

4.1.11. Section

Transportation

Level

Level

Hall level 3

hub

2Arrivals & pick up

Level 1 transportation hub

3 mezzanines Departures

Fig (4.16), Section of kila 2 airport, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.1.12. Design issues

• Safety

Using smokes directors in ceiling

Using fire extinguisher and suitable structure system to provide fire and hazards

• Circulation

The signs helps the passengers to reach their destination without any misleading at the signs elaborates where are the gates and of course the service area ( toilets and prayers area )

• Security

• Using Passenger access control

• Security bollards

• Passenger Screening

• Using CCTV system

• Accessibility

passengers reach to the transportation hub from direct access of main terminal building

It is include 4 gates and these gates have direct access to another 4 gates to reach to the bus terminal as they can book tickets from the lounge and wait busses in waiting area .

4.1.13. Conclusion

Installing signs in clear places in order to reach destinations easily Clear and Visible accessibility as the passenger can reach the gate for bus terminal without any misleading.

Fig(5.17), Guiding signs , data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.18), Guiding signs, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.19), Security bollards, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.20), gates of kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.Airport East Integrated Hub, International

Architect: UNStudio,Atkins

Location: Shenzhen, China

Year: 2020

Area: 340,240 sq.m.

4.2.1. Introduction

The hub design opens the front of the building to the city, and creates a dialogue between the internal and external spaces.

4.2.2. Goals

• Seeks to develop a new urban gateway for the city of Shenzhen.

• Transforming light and green become crucial natural guidelines as part of our human-centric strategy

4.2.3. Concept

• Used the lamella feather & wings to shape the building.

• The design intends to maximize greenery by bringing the landscape inside and using it as a guiding feature

Fig(4.21), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.22), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.24), concept, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.23), concept, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.4. Site location

4.2.5. Contextual layout

4.2.6. Site constraints

It has many airports and companies, including the Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, Shenzhen BaoAn Airport Terminal 3 and FedEx company

Keys: Site Entrances

Main roads

Surroundings

Fig(4.23), contextual layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.24), contextual layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.23), contextual layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.7. Masses and form

Main plaza, waiting area, tickets area, halls

Metro line

Roof module

Underground transport

4.2.8. Plan

Metro / ICR Buses / Taxies

Planes

Restaurant & waiting area

HSR Main plaza

APM

Fig(4.26), layout Zoning, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.25), 3d Zoning, data source (Authors,2021)

4.2.9. Circulation

4.2.10. Structure

The designer used for the Roof the BIPV solar cell in shape of lamella feather to provide solar energy for the project, double layered glazing to reflected sun heat and permit shortwave radiation transmitted through glass, used cladding frame in shape of honeycomb supported by honeycomb pyramid structure (space trusses)

Metal paneling roof

Lamella feather

Honeycomb frame

Honeycomb triangular pyramid space truss system

Metal paneling roof steel structure

Lamella sun shading canopy

façade

BIPV Feather Module

Double Layered Glazing

Honeycomb Cladding Frame

Honeycomb Pyramid Structure

Glass

Fig(4.27), Circulation, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.28), Section for structure, data source (Unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.11. Landscape

The designer used landscape as functional feature next to aesthetic aspects, so he connected the outdoor and indoor by bringing the landscape inside the building and used it to lead passengers to the paths and corridors inside the building and to the routes out side it.

4.2.12. Elevations

Steel structure with glass façade

Main entrance with glass façade

Fig(4.30), Indoor green , data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.29), Conceptual diagram, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.31), Void in plaza, data source (Un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.32), Main façade, data source (Un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.13. Sections

Fig(4.33), Back façade , data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.34), Section façade, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.35), Axonometric diagram, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.2.14. Design issues

• Circulation

The central plaza is the result of the primary vertical circulation splitting between the two main levels.

• Flexibility

The project has been planned for operating efficiently and for future flexibility, with the ability to accept future changes in transportation and space usage.

• Sustainability

It is a glimpse into the future, linking sustainable forms of transportation and people, and laying the groundwork for the city and its residents to prosper. Using the solar cells in the roof and increasing the green in the project inside and outside it.

4.2.15. Conclusion

The main lesson learned is tring to achieve sustainability in the project using a solar shad that produces solar energy, adding the landscape inside the building will add the comfort and atheistic aspect to the project, space trusses is the suitable structure of the project, and the importance of (drop-off- pickup) in the bus terminal

Fig(4.36), Circulation, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.37), Flexibility, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.39), Solar cells in the roof, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.40), Outdoor Landscape, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.3 Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, International

Designer: Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas

Location: Bao-an District, ShenZhen, Guangdong, China

Yearof completion:2013

Area: 175,000 square metres

4.3.1 Concept

The concept of the plan for of Shenzen Bao’an international airport evokes the image of a manta ray, a fish that breathes and changes its own shape, undergoes variations, turns into a bird to celebrate the emotion and fantasy of a flight

4.3.2 Introduction

Shenzhen Airport is ambitious to build an advanced and efficient "air, land, marine, and rail". the Airport East Hub will integrate various modes of transport, such as aviation, high-speed railway, intercity railway, urban rail transit, bus, taxis and car, etc.

4.3.3 Goals

Reduce the aircraft ground taxiing collision probability , Increase the airbridge usage , reduce the related operating costs, And improve the passenger travel experience. Use AI-Enabledal location mechanisms to reduce strong dependence on allocation staff’s personal allocation experience, minimize the manual workload.

4.3.4 Structure

The symbolic element of the plan is the internal and external double “skin” honeycomb motif that wraps up the structure Through its double-layering, the “skin” allows natural light in

Fig(4.42),shanzhenbao’an international airport, data source(Shenzhen-airport),illustratedby (authors,2021)

Fig(4.43),shanzhenbao’an international airportconcept, data source (Shenzhen-airport), illustratedby (authors, 2021)

Fig(4.44),Shenzhenbao’aninternationalairport, datasource(archdaily) ,illustrated by (authors 2021)

Fig(4.45), structure systemShenzhenbao’an international airport, data source (arch daily) ,illustratedby (authors 2021)

4.3.5 Location Siteanalysis

4.3.6 Layoutanalysis

Fig(4.46), ShenzhenBao'an InternationalAirport, data source (google earth),illustrated by (authors2021)

Shenhzen airport

Fig(4.47), ShenzhenBao'an InternationalAirport, data source (google earth),illustratedby (authors 2021)

4.3.7 Plans

• Ground FloorPlan

• First Floor

Fig(4.49), AirportFirst Plan, data source(Shenzhenairport),illustratedby (authors 2021)

Fig(4.48), AirportGroundPlan, data source (Shenzhenairport),illustratedby (authors 2021)

• The connection between the airport and busstation

Fig(4 51), Connectionbetweenairportana station, data source (Shenzhen-airport),Illustratedby (authors 2021)

Fig(4.50), Connectionbetweenairportand station, data source(Shenzhen-airport),Illustrated by (authors2021)

4.3.8 Elevation

Level 4:departures for domestic & international

Level 3:waiting lounge for domestic immigration, and gates

Level 2: VIP lounges, and shops & restaurants

Level B1: subway station (Metro Line 11

Level 1: long distance buses and escalators to Level 2

Airports Plans, data source (Shenzhen-airport), Illustratedby (authors 2021)

Fig(4.52), Airports Plans, data source (Shenzhen-airport), Illustratedby (authors 2021)

Fig(4.53),

4.3.9 Section

4.3.10 Designissues

• Security:

The first security robot joined staff at Shenzhen airport, can work aroundthe-clock and react to emergencies with an electric riot fork With four digital cameras, intelligent monitoring and auto recharging. It can answer passengers' questions about flight information and communicate with people in different contexts In case of emergencies, AnBot can detect suspects with sound and light, and use tools like the electric riot fork to prevent crime.

Fig(4.55) The firstsecurityrobotworks at Shenzhen airport,data source(wikiwand), illustratedby (authors,2021)

Fig(4.53), Airports Plans, data source (wikiwand), Illustratedby (authors 2021)

• Accesbility:

Shenzhen airport is 32 km (20 mi) northwest of the city centre. It is a hub for Shenzhen Airlines and Shenzhen DonghaiAirline.

4.3.11 Sections

4.3.12 Conclusion

• The airport was constructed due to the increase of passengers numbers

• The Airport has a bus terminal which can passengers take tickets from machines then wait for bus and this will applied in our transportationhub

Fig(4.57)section of interiorShenzhen airport,data source (wiki wand), illustratedby (authors2021)

Fig(4.58)section of Shenzhen airport,data source (wiki wand), illustrated by(authors2021)

Fig(4.59)Shenzhen airport,data source (Fuksas), illustrated by(authors2021)

Fig(4.6) The locationof Shenzhen airport, data source(google maps), illustrated by(authors,2021)

4.4 Wellington Airport, International

Architect: CCMArchitects

Location: Wellington, New Zealand

Year: 2015

Area: 32,300 square meters

4.4.1 Introduction

Wellington Airport is an international airport in the Wellington neighbourhood of Rongoa, New Zealand's capital city It serves as an airport for Air New Zealand and its subsidiaries Wellington is New Zealand's third busiest airport, with a total of 6,049,194 passengers handled in the fiscal year ending 31 March 2017. Travellers heading to Wellington Airport by bus now have a covered waiting area, connected to the main terminal by an undercover walkway.

4.4.2 Concept

The airport structure gives a chance to provide a welcome entrance to the city It was designed to be an open and adaptable atmosphere that responds to the varied emotions of the building's occupants, from the thrill of an impending vacation to travel anxiety or the melancholy of leaving.

Fig(4.60), Wellington Airport, data source (Architecture now), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.61), Wellington Airport Covered Parking, data source (stuff), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.62), Wellington Airport, data source (Architecture now), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.4.3 Location & site analysis

Fig (4.63), Wellington Airport, data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.64), Site Accessibility, data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.4.5 PlanAnalysis

Wellington Airport Terminal is divided in three levels

• Ground level

The Arrivals Hall is located here The court is divided into two sections: domestic arrivals and baggage claims (on the west side) and international arrivals and baggage claims (on the east side). This level has choices for ground transportation (car rentals, shuttles, bus to the city center, taxi, access to the parking lots).

• First level

Check-in and Departure Zone Check-in booths and departures for both local and international flights may be found on this level Passengers can enter the Departures Hall once they have completed their check-in.

• Second level

The upper level houses the Koru Lounge and a Conference Centre Services available: Toilets and lifts and escalators to access to the lower level.

• Ground level

Baggage claim

International arrivals

Shop & eat

Bus stop

Toilets

Car rentals

Duty free

Fig (4.65), Wellington Airport Plan, data source (wellington airport), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Ground level Circulation

Circulation

• Parking

Bus passengers arriving at Wellington Airport now have access to a covered waiting room connected to the main terminal through a concealed corridor. The Airport Flyer and other scheduled bus services use the two-story Bus Transportation Center, which is located within the airport's new multi-level car park.

Wellington airport

Valet drop-off

Public drop-off zone

Taxi drop-off

Covered parking

Transportation hub

Accessible parking

Entrances & exits

Fig (4.66), Wellington Airport Circulation , data source (wellington airport), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.66), Wellington Airport Circulation, data source (wellington airport), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.5.6 Elevations

4.4.7 Section

Curtin Walls

Slopped Roof

Cladding

Arrivals

Baggage Claim Lounge

Pickup Zone Services

Fig (4.67), Wellington Airport façade, data source (Architecture now), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.68), Wellington Airport Section, data source (Pinterest), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.4.8 Design Issues

• Comfort

It is intended to give an intimate lounge experience with reduced height space, a bespoke timber beam and folded perforated metal ceiling panel system, and a timber facade structure that provides a sense of warmth. The use of a curtain wall allows passengers to simply see outdoors and connect with the natural world

• Security and safety

All activities at the airport are subject to stringent safety regulations. Before beginning employment at Wellington International Airport, all workers must attend an Airport Safety Induction training. Incidents and accidents are recorded and investigated in accordance with OSH rules in order to isolate, minimize, and eliminate dangers or potentially hazardous activities.

• Interaction

Whether passengers 're in a hurry or have time to peruse Wellington Airport's dining and retail options Airport restaurants provide passengers with the convenience of sit-down table service, and many also provide takeaway meals to bring on board

4.4.9 Conclusion

Wellington Airport is an international airport in the Wellington neighborhood of Rongotai, New Zealand's capital city. In this project we can get the use of Curtin walls and timber facade structure that provides a sense of warmth also, the bespoke timber beam and folded perforated metal ceiling panel system. The services which the airport provides such as stores, restaurants and the transportation services etc..

Fig (4.69), Wellington Airport, data source (warrenandmahoney), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.70), Wellington Airport, data source (Naylor love), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.71), Wellington Airport, data source (Naylor love), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.5 OR Tambo International Airport, International

Architect: Osmond lange architects

Location: Johannesburg, SouthAfrica

Year: 1952

Area: 122000 m²

4.5.1 Description

There are six terminals at the airport, although they are divided into three categories: international terminals, domestic terminals, and transit terminals. Between the domestic and international terminals, a transit terminal has been erected. It is where the Gautrain station is located. Private transports are also available through Magic Bus, as well as the Emperor's Palace Airport shuttle service.

4.5.2 Contextual analysis:

Fig(4.74), OR Tambo , data source(google earth). illustrated by Author.2021

Fig (4.72), OR Tambo , data source(Wickiwand).illustrated by author.

Fig (4.73), OR Tambo , data source(google earth). illustrated by Author,2021

4.5.3 Historical Background

Jan Smuts International Airport was built in 1952 Layouts and approximate costs for the two locations were prepared and submitted for a cabinet approval During the 1970s, it was used as a Concorde test airfield to see how the plane would function when taking off and landing at high altitudes In 1996, the airport surpassed Cairo International Airport as the busiest airport in the world The airport's name was planned to be changed to "O. R. Tambo International" in late 2005.

The objectives

It is Africa's busiest airport, with a capacity to accommodate up to 28 million people annually , and serves as the principal airport for domestic and international travel to and from South Africa. South African Airways has its hub at the airport. In 2017, the airport served over 21 million passengers.

4.5.4 Layout

International departures

Domestic departures

Transportation hub

Buses and care park entrances

Buses and care park entrances

Main roads

Fig(4.75), OR tambo transportation hub , data source(arup)

Fig(4.76), Layout Zoning, ortambo-airport,(springerlink,2008),illustrated by author,2021

4.5.5 Plan

Rental stores Offices

Tickets

Services

To international arrival

To international and domestic departure Public space

4.5.6 Elevation

Transit lobby to the international terminal

Roof Columns Curtain wall

Fig(4.77) Terminal B level 3 Plan, ortambo-airport,(springer link.2008), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.78), Or tambo hub elevation , data source(issue,2012),illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.5.7 Design Issues

• Circulation

The circulation system is clear Three doors lead from the main entry to the building, which may also be accessed by ramps The presence of the vast central atrium serves as a single entry point for all incoming and departing passengers as well as visitors to the airport, making circulation in the interior straightforward and uncomplicated. Depending on where they wish to go, they will proceed in different directions from this central core, into various areas of the structure and further into linkages with other parts of the airport. Also, the presence of many different forms of vertical circulation, such as ( ramp , elevator and stairs) as well as horizontal circulation (travelators and clear paths )

• Structure

A 15-metre structural grid, a concrete frame, and posttensioned slabs were used to construct the structure Steel was used to construct the plant rooms and the main roof structure Architectural steel work may be seen on the west façade, central atrium, and viewing deck The entire structure is fed from the cellar levels to the plant rooms on the roof by over-sized Baobab columns that rise through each of the floors.

• Comfort

"The construction has a wide triple-story interior, an immense central atrium with a glass dome that allows plenty of natural lighting, lots of large and open rooms, and above pathways to adjacent buildings," Riley says While the chosen construction colors were neutral and natural in appearance, the materials had to be sturdy, high-quality, and long-lasting. To generate a relaxing ambience, simple strong concepts using natural materials and enough of light were utilized

Fig (4.79), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.80), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.81), CTB elevation, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.5.7 Design Issues

• Identity

The hub now provides a cohesive identity to the airport so that the experience of using it is memorable. The design principle was driven by the aviation functionality The large oval central atrium of the CTB was designed to operate as a mid-way landmark for easy orientation and as a central circulation system joining the two existing terminals.

• Security

At all security checkpoints and at the boarding gate, passengers must scan their own boarding card. At security and before boarding, you will need to remove your mask for a brief while to verify your identification.

4.5.8 Interior shots

4.5.9 Conclusion

The lesson learned is that the hub gives the airport a unified character, making utilizing it a memorable experience Passengers must scan their own boarding card at all security checkpoints and at the boarding gate.

Fig(4.82), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.84), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.83), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.85), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.6 Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, International

Architect: East china architectural design institute

Location: Chinese

Area: 26 square kilometers

4.6.1 Description

2

3 4

5

Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, the Shanghai Hongqiao Intercity HighSpeed Railway Station, three metro lines, buses, taxicabs, and a reserved maglev station for future usage make up the hub. 1

4.6.2 Contextual analysis

Fig(4.87), Hongqiao transportation hub Layout ,data source(China air line travel), illustrated by Authors(2021)

1-West traffic square

3-Maglev station

5-Terminal Building

2-High speed rail station 4- Transportation hub

Main entrance​ Main road​

Fig(4.88), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source(Asia green buildings),illustrated by author(2021).

Fig(4.86), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source(Asia green buildings),illustrated by Author, (2021).

4.6.3 Historical Background

Hongqiao Airport, then Shanghai's new principal airport, was renovated in 1964, prior to the building of the multimodal transit complex. In 2005, the Chinese Ministry of Railways and the Shanghai Municipal Government proposed the Hongqiao comprehensive transportation hub The hub was completed by the end of 2009 as part of the World Fair 2010 infrastructure plan, and it was operational prior to the expo in 2010.

• Objectives

It is considered to be largest transportation hub in China pitting the concept of mass transit , Predicted to be used by 50 million by 2022 in China.

• Goals

It is constructed to be an intersection point connecting 5 subway lines, airport and train to Beijing.

4.6.4 Layout

Fig(4.90), Hongqiao transportation hub Layout, data source(research gate),illustrated by Author,2021

Fig(4.89), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source ( Asia green buildings), illustrated by (Author2021)

4.6.5 Plans

Ticket office Lounges

Boarding gate

Security

Entireness

From the station

From the airport

Waiting area Down to the buses

Cafes & restaurants

Fig(4.91), Hongqiao transportation hub Plan ,data source(China airline travel), illustrated by Author,2021

Fig(4.92), Hongqiao transportation hub circulation, data source(China airline travel), illustrated by Author,2021

4.6.5 Section

4.6.7 Shot analysis

Fig(4.93) , Hongqiao transportation hub section , data source(China airline travel), illustrated by Author,2021)

Fig(4.94), Hongqiao transpoortation hub elevation , data source(Chinaairline travel), illustrated by Author,2021

4.6.8 Design Issues

• Circulation

The Hongqiao Integrated Transportation Hub has smooth interconnection as well as towering and broad areas that enable passenger circulation transparent and simple in all directions. the presence of a variety of vertical circulation systems, such as ( ramp , elevator and stairs) in addition to horizontal circulation (travelators and clear paths )

• Safety

The route between the self-service check-in hall and the metro station hall is protected by a fire barrier belt, which is based on the airport's check-in hall and metro station hall's usage demands and building features. The fire barrier belt should be 8 meters wide, but it is really 18 meters broad, according to the calculations. Separate automatic sprinkler systems and mechanical smoke extraction systems are also installed within the barrier belt.

4.6.9 Conclusion

In this hub there is a clear circulation and large hall , escalators And how it will organized integrating different types of transport Airport , Buses , high speed rail and metro

Fig(4.96), Hongqiao transportation hub hall, data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (Author2021)

Fig(4.97), Hongqiao transportation fire safety, data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (Author2021)

Fig(4.95), Hongqiao transportation hub elevators , data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (Author2021)

4.7 ZadarAirport, International

Architect: Ravni Kotari

Location: Zadar, Croatia

Area: 7000 square meter

Year: 2010

4.7.1 Introduction

Zadar's airport is 13 kilometers / 8.1 miles from the city center. The city center may be reached in 20 minutes by car or bus.

The bus station is on the right when leaving the Arrival hall , Passengers can take the bus from the airport to reach several Destinations

4.7.2 Concept

The airport pays attention to Croatia’s natural surroundings.

The waiting areas are created to seem like living rooms, the design provides a 'homely atmosphere ‘

The plants that are strategically placed throughout the waiting area make it even more comfortable, allowing you to unwind while you wait for your flight.

According to statistics, more than 30% of passengers wait for their flights in cafés or restaurants, putting them in near vicinity to the waiting area.

Fig(4.99), Zadar Airport, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.98), Zadar Airport, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.100), Zadar Airport , data source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.7.3 Goals

As the rapid increase in the number of passengers everyday in Zadar Airport so the Government decided to make an extension to withstand the number of passengers . Installing additional Bus terminal to help passenger reach to many destinations not only to another cities but also to many touristic places and the hotels nearby as that will have positive impact due to the direct increase in demand to the use of bus lounges and bus station

4.7.4 objectives

As the location of the airport in the pine forest through which the airport is accessed and so the Quality and Environmental policy of Zadar Airport tries to handle the new sector with the least possible negative effect on the environment

To accommodate the increased passenger numbers, the airport will be upgraded in the future years. One of Zadar Airport's two runways will be extended by 700 meters, and the terminal will be expanded

Fig(4.101), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.102), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.7.5 Layout

Zadar's airport is 13 kilometers / 8 1 miles from the city center The city center may be reached in 20 minutes by car or bus.

Zadar Airport is divided into many zones. On the left of the main building, you can see the bus terminal on the left that can serve the passengers and transport them to many touristic areas and nearby hotels for accommodation.

In front of the Main building there are many parking for private cars and on the left place for car rentals moving to the plane sector there is Aircraft serving hanger on the right and next to the main building G&B aviation building .

Fig(4.104), Zadar Airport, Layout,data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.103), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo ), illustrated by( Air mondo )

4.7.6 Plan

There is one major terminal building as well as a general and business aviation terminal at the airport. International and domestic arrivals, five gates, nine checkin desks, and two self-propelled conveyer belts are all available at the main terminal.

Zadar Airport have many facilities For instance, Restaurants, cafes, Business lounge and Bathrooms that serves the passengers needs and not to forget the service area which include kiosk check in , information desk , security fares control and place to buy the tickets which are all visible when entering the airport to avoid any issues and that also shows clear circulation

Passenger can enter the bus lounge with a clear defined circulation with booths that serve them for instance currency exchange booth and also booth for beverages which they can enjoy it while waiting for the bus Another main point that the passenger can buy the Bus Tickets from inside the lounge .

Fig(4.105), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.7.7 Sections

Shows the different zones from which the waiting area the lounges

And departures versus arrival

Showing the two sides from which the bus terminal and its parking and the airway.

Curtain wall

Steel Column

Parking

Roof

Departure Hall

Services

Shops

Curtain Walls

Runway

Fig(4.106), Zadar Airport ,Sections ,data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.7.8 Elevations

Steel columns to support the roof

Glass and steel panels are installed in the façade

The figure shows the Main elevation and where the car, cargo & bus parks And from the back view illustrates the air line way

Roof Grid

4.7.9 Design Issues

• Comfort

See outside as curtain wall which make passenger see outside and enable the entrance of natural light

Acoustic comfort as using of curtain wall that prevent disturbance and any noise

Steel Columns

Fig(4.107), Zadar Airport ,Elevation, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ) illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.108), Zadar Airport ,Elevation, data source (Zadar Airporthr ) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

Curtain Walls

• Circulation

Passengers can easily identify their destinations thanks to the steel-framed glass wall that allows clear views from the arrival area into the ticketing hall and the installing of information desk directly in front of the entrance to help them ask and reach there destination without misleading

The bus terminal is on the left when entering the building which allows direct access to the lounge and the passenger can exit from the lounge to reach the bus station.

• Security and Maintenance

The Airport asAircraft serving hangar for airplane . The airport has a heavy fire-fighting truck with a capacity of 9,100 liters of water and a 250 kilograms fire extinguisher. It also has firefighting and rescue equipment of type V.

Aircraft servicing hanger

Fig(4.109), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.110), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.8 Hiroshima Airport,

International Designer: The Austin Company, Create Yamamoto Design Studio

Location: Mihara City, Hiroshima, Japan

Year of completion: Sep.1993

Area: 33,966 ㎡

4.8.1 Introduction

Goals: the Hiroshima airport was too small handle widebody aircraft and could not be expanded so the new Hiroshima airport was a replacement for the old one

Architect Introduction: He is an architect from Gunma, Japan, who now lives and works in the United States. She runs an iVY Design Associates firm with her partner, based on Viola and Yamamoto's concepts.

Structure / Floors: Steel, Reinforced Concrete / 1 story below, 3 stories above

4.8.2Concept

The roof shape of the airport was inspired from dynamic bird wings

Fig(4.112),Hiroshimaairport, data source (mhs.) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.113),Hiroshimaairport, data source (mhs.) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.111),Hiroshima airport, data source (hij.airport), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.8.3 Location Site analysis

Hiroshima airport

Air way

Airport hotel

Main road

Pedestrian bridge

Fukuyama Trans. Co.

Car Parking

Buses and cars

route to the airport

Hiroshima Airport

Fig(4.115),Hiroshima airport layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.114),Hiroshima airport layout , data source (archdaily), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.8.4 Plans

• Ground Floor Plan

Shops

Government offices

Taxy stand

Bus stop

Baggage claim area (domestic)

Vertical circulation

Bus ticket Machine

Car rent

Bicycle hub

Chick-in

Baggage claim area (international)

International arrival lobby Atrium

Domestic arrival lobby

International departure lobby

Lounges

Toilets and utilities

Cafes and restaurants

International departure lobby

• First Floor Plan

Fig(4.116),Ground Floor Plan, data source (hij.airport),iillustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.117),First floor Plan, data source (hij.airport), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Shops

Vertical circulation

Observation deck Offices

Toilets and utilities

4.8.5 Elevation

Kitchenette

Curtain wall

Steel Roof

Steel Roof

Fig(4.118),Elevation, data source (mhs.co), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.117),Second Plan, data source (hij.airport),iillustrated by Authors, 2021

4.8.6 Section

International departure lobby Shops

Passenger Tunnel

4.8.7 Design issues

Circulation: The airport only has one terminal with separated departures and arrivals facilities for domestic and international flights and seven lettered gates

The domestic departures lounge has separate JAL and ANA airline lounges, while the international area has one shared airport lounge.

Security: Fire Alarm in all around the building in case of emergencies. Police station is located next to the airport to help to obtain security procedures.

Accessibility: the airport has a specified road for cars and busses and to easily spot it to help the passengers to reach the airport

Baggage claim area (domestic)

Domestic arrival lobby

Observation deck

Fig(4.120),Hiroshima airport interior, data source (wikiwand) ), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.121),Hiroshima airport interior, data source (MHS), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.119),Second section, data source (authors), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.8.8 Conclusion

• The airport was constructed due to the increase of passengers numbers so in our project we should consider the amount of people who will use the airport

• The Airport has a bus terminal which can passengers take tickets from machines then wait for bus and this will applied in our transportation hub.

4.9 DubaiAirport (Terminal 2), Regional

Architect: Bechtel

Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Area: 47,000 m2

Year: 2012

4.9.1 Introduction

• Dubai International Airport is an international airport that serves the city of Dubai. It is the primary airport of Dubai and a key airline hub in the Middle East. The airport is operated by the Department of Civil Aviation and serves as the home base for Dubai`s international airlines, Emirates, Flydubai, and Emirates Sky Cargo; the Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East, handling 64% of all passenger traffic and 50% of all aircraft movements at the airport Dubai Airport also serves as a hub for the low-cost carrier Flydubai, which accounts for 10.7 percent of passenger traffic at DXB It is used by around 50 airlines, the majority of which operate in the Persian Gulf area.

• Terminal 2 became the hub for Air India Express and flydubai in June 2009, and the terminal also contains the carriers` corporate headquarters. The terminal provides bus services for passengers. It is the express bus connecting Dubai Airport (Terminal 2) withAl Qusais Bus Station in Dubai city center.

Fig(4.122),Hiroshimaairportinterior,data source(MHS) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.123), .DubaiAirport, Data source (Luxhabitat) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.9.2Concept

• Dubai Airport has attempted to retain a'single terminal' approach, in which passengers can travel freely airside without going through immigration. This, however, is only partiallysuccessful.

4.9.3 Forms and Masses

• Dubai International Airport has three terminals: Terminals 1, 2, and 3 Two of them (1 and 3) are linked and easily accessible for travellers wishing to travel from one terminal to another without going through immigration Terminal 2 is located separately from the other two terminals and may be accessible through shuttles running from Terminals 1 and 3, with the travel taking roughly 20 minutes to Terminal 1 and 30 minutesto Terminal3.

4.9.4 LocationSiteAnalysis

Fig(4.125), .Dubai Airport Layout, Data source (Airport Supplies), illustrated by Authors, 2021

Fig(4.124), Dubai Airport, Data source (Travel Stack Exchange) , illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.9.5Accessibility

3 4

Main Road

SecondaryRoad

Terminals

Short-stay Parking

Long-stay Parking

Taxi Rank

BusStation

4.9.6 Plan

• Terminal 2

Terminal 2, which was completed in 1998, presently has a capacity of around 10 million people per year following a 2012 refurbishment The terminal primarily handles planes arriving and leaving from/to nations in the Persian Gulf area The terminal acts as a hub for flydubai and Air India Express, as well as the corporate headquarters for the airline. There is one level entirely dedicated to departures at Terminal 2, with 35 check-in counters, one for J Class and one for Airport Staff and Crew, a Lounge area for special handling services located near the departure boarding gate, Mashaba Lounge area, Data ticket sales counter, ten immigration desks at the departures area and sixteen at the arrivals area, and so on

Terminal 2 and the city are easily accessible by bus Passengers will find the bus stops just outside Terminals 2 and 3. Passengers must purchase a ticket in advance, since drivers do not accept cash on board.

Fig(4.126), .Dubai Airport Layout, Data source (Airport Supplies)

4.9.6circulation

Figure(4.128),Terminals 2, Data source(Maplets),illustrated by Authors, 2021

Figure(4.127), Terminals 2, Data source (Maplets), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.9.7Elevations

Flat Roof

4.9.8Section

Arrivals Services

Baggage Claim Lounge

Figure(4.129), Terminals 2, Data source (Traveller), illustrated by Authors, 2021

CurtinWalls

Entrance

Figure(4.130),Terminals 2, Data source (alamy), illustrated by Authors, 2021

4.9.9 Design Issues

• Circulation

Passengers can quickly locate their destination. Architects use vertical circulation such as stairs and elevators Also, horizontal circulation such s corridor to reach from space to another.

• Comfort

Using a curtain wall allows passengers to look outside and to connect with the natural environment easily. Also, allowing natural light to enter to the building. Acoustic comfort is achieved through the use of a curtain wall, which eliminates noise and disturbance.

• Security andsafety

Project achieve high level of safety and security can saw in entrances as the project has more than one entrance and inside the project there are many police areas and screening devices that can catch any movement

4.9.10 Conclusion

Dubai International Airport is a significant international airport in the United Arab Emirates, Dubai International Airport has three terminals Terminal 2 is located apart from the other two terminals and may be reached using shuttles that run from Terminals 1 and 3. From this case we can learn the easily of circulation in the terminal and the services offered inside like bus services that make passengers easily locate their destination.Also, using of Curtin walls that allows natural light.

Fig(4.131), Dubai Airport Circulation, Data source (Your Dubai Guide), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.132), Dubai Airport, Data source (blogspot), Illustrated by ( Author,2021)

Fig(4.133), Dubai Airport, Data source (blogspot), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10 ChangiAirport (Terminal 2), International

Architect: RSPArchitects

Location: Singapore

Area: 124,900 sq. meters

Year: 22 November 1990

4.10.1 Introduction

Changi Airport Terminal 2 first opened in 1990, as an adjacent facility to Changi Terminal 1. It serves as a hub for entertainment as you wait for your aircraft. This terminal serves flights to the Middle East, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. Changi Airport has a Passenger Terminal Building (PTB) 2 Bus Terminal, which is located in Changi Airport Terminal 2's Basement 2 The airport's goals are to be the world's premier airport corporation, to create a safe, secure, and dynamic aviation hub in Singapore, and to improve the communities we serve across the world, as well as to have a passion for excellent service. In addition, the airport's purpose was to combine the duality of a busy marketplace and a beautiful urban park in an unique and immersive experience.

4.10.2 Concept

Changi Airport's design concept is to provide a green environment for the interior area, which is in line with the nation's goal of a "city in a garden." In addition, it designed with environmental considerations, impact, reinforcement, and sustainability in mind.

4.10.3 Forms and Masses

Changi Airport has four terminals: T1, T2 and T3 are connected together and in between Jewel Airport, T4 is slightly away from T2. T2 is where the bus terminal located it located at Basement Floor.

Fig(4.134), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Portcalls), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.135), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Takenaka), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.136), Changi Airport, Data source (Changi Airport), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.4 Location SiteAnalysis

Main Road

Secondary Road

SIA Training Center

Changi Jurassic Mile

4.10.5 Accessibility Between the terminals

Changi Airport

Changi Beach Park

Changi Chapel & Museum

Changi ferry terminal

Bus

Sky Train

Walking

T3

T1 jewel

T2 T4

Fig(4.137), Changi Map, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.138), Changi Map, Data source (Changi Airport), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.6 Plan

It is positioned to the south of Terminal 1 and marked the start of the original sky train system that connected the two terminals through the landside. Changi Airport

Terminal 2 features 35 air bridges, 6 of which are designated for heavy aircraft It is divided into six floors, which include the Departures Check-in Hall, the Departure Transit Lounge on level 2, the Departure Transit Lounge on level 3, and theAirline Lounges:

• Basement

Find there the MRT (Mass Rapid Transit) station “Bus Terminal”

Departure Check-in Hall

Check-in rows 1-12, Departure immigration points (2).

Departure Transit Lounge level 2

In this level, amenities and services can be find such as: Food, drink and retail stores. There’s also the access to gates E1, 10 & E12 (south), E20 &28 (east), and to gates F30, 33, 37, 40, 42 & F42 (south) and F50 & 60 (west).

Departure Transit Lounge level 3

Airline lounges, entertainment sector, i-Connect and the sunflower garden.

• Basement Floors

Changi Airport PTB2 Bus Terminal, is located in Basement 2 of the terminal structure Although some may refer to PTB1 and PTB3's bus bays as bus terminals, only PTB2 has a terminal office and specific berths for each service. Bus drivers used to get off the bus and update their trip information at Terminal 2, while leaving their buses parked at their respective berths. Passengers will have to wait onboard until the bus driver returns and they have to pay for the bus ticket in the terminal not to the driver.

Immigration

Bagging Transfer

Toilets and Utilities

Entrance Hall Lounge

Bus stop

Fig(4.139), Changi Map, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.6 Plan

Basement Floors

Circulation

Lounge

Bus stop

Immigration

Entrance Hall

Chick-in

Toilets and Utilities

Fig(4.141), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.140), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.6 Plan

4.10.7 Elevations

Fig(4.142), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.143), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (mero), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.7 Section

Transit Lounge Control Tower Bus Station

Chick-in Departure hall

4.10.8 Design Issues

• Safety and security

Changi Airport Group (CAG) is in charge of the airport's overall safety and security The CAG's Airport Management Division supervises the airport's customer security, whilst the Aviation Security Unit monitors the airport's compliance with aviation security (AVSEC) rules and administers AVSEC-related initiatives. The Airport Emergency Service Division is in charge of the airport's emergency and firefighting services Airport Emergency Services is in charge of all rescue and firefighting operations on airport grounds and in nearby seas.

• Interaction

Changi Airport's leisure and retail complex With a wealth of stores, restaurants, and activities to discover.

Fig(4.144), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (mero), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.145), Changi Airport, Data source (cocnuts), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.146), Changi Airport, Data source (Callisonrtkl), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.10.8 Design Issues

• Circulation

Architects use vertical circulation such as stairs and elevators Also, horizontal circulation such as corridor to reach from space to another Also, there are sky train and buses transfer from the building to another which make the passenger feel free in movements from building to another.

4.10.9 Conclusion

Singapore Changi Airport, sometimes known simply as Changi Airport, is a major civilian airport serving Singapore and one of Asia's busiest transit hubs. In terminal 2 we can learn from its design goal as it was to create a green environment in the indoor space also make an interaction between the building and the passengers with multi services such as: commercial stores, restaurants and the bus terminal which help to take the passengers from or to the airport. Also, the circulation of the building the architect used two types of circulation the horizontal like corridors and vertical such as stairs and elevators.

Fig(4.147), Changi Airport, Data source (Construction Education Center), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.148), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Coolyar), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11 Reagan NationalAirport, International

Architect: Cesar Pelli andAssociates

Location:Arlington, Virginia, U.S.

Area: 92903.04 square meter

Year: June 16, 1941

Cost: $800 million

4.11.1 Introduction

At a press conference in the fall of 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated that he was "weary of waiting for Congress" to choose a location for the new airport Almost 20 million cubic yards of sand and gravel were hauled onto the site between November 1938 and December 1939 When it first built, National Airport was hailed as the "ideal" airport, combining the most cutting-edge advancements in building design, plane handling, air traffic and field traffic control, field illumination, public comfort and convenience, and surface vehicle traffic control.

4.11.2 Concept

The designers of National Airport tried to merge the modern architecture with modern facilities with the spirit of the nation’s capital’s classic architecture So the modern & historic nature of the original terminal became both a source of inspiration.

Fig(4.149), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.150), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.151), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.152), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11.3 Forms and Masses

• Reagan National Airport has three terminals plus the old airport :A, B and C

• B and C are connected together and A is slightly away from B.

• Parking is where the bus station is located.

4.11.4 Contextual Layout

Old National Airport & Terminal A

Terminal B

Terminal C

Bus Station & Parking

4.11.5 Site Constrains

Smith Blvd Road

Thomas Ave Road

Thomas Ave Road

Main entrance

3 2

Potomac River

Hilton

Site Boundaries 1 2 3 1

Crystal city

Fig(4.153), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.154), Reagan National Airport, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.155), Reagan National Airport, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11.6

Ticket level & waiting area

Baggage reclaim level

Concourse level

4.11.7 Plans

• Concourse (Level 1)

Restaurant & Café

Entrance

Shops retail Info. Desks & services

ATMS

Conference space

Toilets Gates Police office

Baggage reclaim

Security checkpoint Ticket area

Baggage Reclaim (level 2)

Info. Desk & services

Restaurants, café & shops zone

Terrace

Baggage reclaim

Fig(4.156), Reagan National Airport, (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.157), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.158), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Ticketing level (level 3)

Info. Desk & services

Restaurants, café & shops zone

Terrace

Ticket area

4.11.8 Circulation

Waiting area

Toilets

Passenger drop-off Gates

Ticket level & waiting area

Baggage reclaim level Concourse level

Fig(4.159), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.160), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.161), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.162), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.163), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11.9 Structure

The new terminals have vaulted ceilings and a single glass facade that runs the length of the building. Skylights, domes, and glass ceilings decorates the terminals. the construction of a curtainwall system that merges with an exposed long-span steel framework system with vertical steel trusses spanning from the ground to the roof.

4.11.10 Landscape

A trellised serpentine concrete wall and planted slope front the new terminal building, creating a linear landscape. For passengers waiting in the baggage claim area, terraced plantings of evergreen hollies, magnolias, weeping forsythia, and wisteria provide green views. Passengers waiting for flights can relax in the beautiful spaces offered by two outdoor terraces with wisteria trellises overhead.

Fig(4.164), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.165), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.166), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.167), Reagan National Airport, Data source (tclf), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.168), Reagan National Airport, Data source (tclf), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11.11 Elevations

Skylights and glass ceilings decorates the terminals.

The new terminals have vaulted ceilings

single glass facade that runs the length of the building.

Domes with steel structure

Fig(4.168), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.169), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.11.12 Sections

4.11.13 IMPACT OFDESIGN ISSUEES

• Circulation used vertical circulation such as electric ladder, horizontal circulation such as corridor to reach from space to another. Also, there are long corridors to transfer from the building to the parking or the bus station which make the passenger feel free in movement.

• Safety & Security Putting 3 security screens

In old terminal and B & C terminals, separated from the main terminals.

Security screens

PARKING

Fig(4.170), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.172), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.171), Reagan National Airport , Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Flexible

The first significant extension, a 297-foot extension to the south end of the main terminal, was completed in November 1950, adding 25,110 square feet of space. The 587 by 17 foot "south finger" was constructed five years later, in 1955, expanding the square footage by 9,979 square feet and providing much-needed aero plane gates and loading positions Except for the east-west runway, which was closed in 1956 and is now utilized as a taxiway and for aircraft parking, the runways have only altered little in length throughout the years

First Expansion

4.11.14 Conclusion

Reagan Airport is domestic airport which includes 3 terminal A, B & C Terminal A the oldest terminal in the airport and considered historical building that opened in 1941, then they made an extension to the building and built terminal B then terminal C. They used steel structure with domes, vaults and curtain wall

Old Terminal Reagan National Airport

Fig(4.173), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.174), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

4.12

Beijing Daxing International Airport, International

Designer: Zaha haded

locations: Axing, Beijing, China

year: 2019

Area: 700,000m²

4.12.1 Concept

In September 2019, Beijing Doxing International Airport welcomed passengers for the first time. The 700,000m2 airport terminal structure, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) and ADPI, has been compared to a starfish when viewed from above due to its distinctive circular layout Using C pillars in Deeping design, the advantages of C pillars is Reduce structure component and expand space, Combine with skylights to improve indoor environment and Human-oriente

4.12.2 Goals The new airport in Beijing will be able to accommodate 300 takeoffs and landings each hour. By 2021, it will be able to transport 45 million passengers per year, 72 million by 2025, and 100 million by 2040 It is predicted to become the world's busiest airport.

4.12.3 Structure The steel roof, a large-span hyperboloid grid structure with approximately170,000steel components, was engineered by the design team in collaboration with Arup. The 350,000m2 unique roof structure is supported by Cshaped columns that connect to the roof. The terminal's wide public spaces are made possible by structural spans of up to 100 meters, which also allow for future

reconfiguration

Fig(4.176),beihing daxing international airport, data source (researchgate),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.175), beihing daxing internationalairport, Data source (airporttechnology), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

Fig(4.177),beihing daxing international airport, data source (airport-technology),illustrated by (authors)

4.12.4Accessibility

4.12.5 Layout

Fig(4.178),beihing daxing international airport, data source (googlemap),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.179),beihing daxing international airport, data source (googlemap),illustrated by (authors)

4.12.6 Plans

• Ground floor

Arrivals hall

Arrivals

Bus station

Offices

Hotel

Station parking

• First floor

Ground transportation center

Pedestrian bridge

Domestic baggage reclaim

Domestic pier

Domestic/international pier

Domestic airside retail mall

Baggage handing system

Fig(4.180), Beijing daxing,First floor, data source (Beijing daxing),illustrated by (authors)

• Third floor

High frequencies domestic drop-off

Automated bag drop points

High frequencies domestic security

• Fourth floor

Chick –in Entrances

Escalator to the 2nd floor

Rest room

Fig(4.181), Beijing daxing, Third floor, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.182), Beijing daxing, Fourth floor, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

5.12.7 Circulations

4.12.8 Elevation

Fig(4.183), Beijing daxing, Circulation, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.184), Beijing daxing, Elevation, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

4.12.9 Section

Entrance hall

Escalators

4.12.10 Design issue

• Sustainability

The Beijing Daxing Airport uses energy-saving green concepts and allows natural light to enter the structure. Renewable energy accounts for more than 10% of the airport's total energy consumption. Other traditional sources will be employed to meet the airport's needs as well.A solar farm with photovoltaic cells erected on the roofs of the car park building, hangars, and cargo areas can be found at the airport. To meet its energy and resource needs, a 100% rainwater collection facility was built

4.12.11 Conclusion

Domestic check in

In the long run, especially in light of China's intentions to build its economy through synergies formed by creative mega-city clusters, Beijing Daxing

International

Airport plays a critical role in meeting the rising demand for air transportation in the region

The enormous rise of Chinese air traffic, however, is expected to help Daxing far more. To begin with, it will gain access to a 27 million passenger traffic transfer from Beijing Capital. Due to Beijing Capital's bottleneck, it will also benefit the most from future new airline routes. CAAC has promised to establish international traffic routes for the airport in order to boost Daxing

Fig(4.185), Beijing daxing, Sections, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.186), Beijing daxing, Sections, data source (airporttechnology),illustrated by (authors)

4.13 Sydney international airport, International

Designer: designinc

locations: Sydney, Australia

year of completion: 2010

4.13.1 Structure

Using steel stricture to amidst the expanding international terminal precinct, create a creative signature space

4.15.2 Goals

Our task in 2005 was to create a design for a $90 million reorganization of the International Terminal's landside region, redefining the transportation and interchange components, and maximizing landside commercial prospects. Designing created 10 urban design principles to guide the project, which will ready the terminal to handle the estimated 29 6 million international passengers per year by 2033.

4.13.3 Locations

Fig(4.187),sydney international airport, data source (airporttechnology),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.188),sydney international airport, data source (thinkingthefuture),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.189),sydney international airport, data source (google earth),illustrated by (authors)

4.13.4 Contextual layout

Terminal 2 (domestic)

Terminal 1 (international)

Terminal 3 (domestic)

Parking

Main road

Secondary Road

Terminal 2 zoning

Chick-in Arrivals

Domestic departures

4.13.5 Plans: terminal 2 Ground floor

Food & beverage

Specialty retail Toilets

Dwell seating

Gate lounge

Fig(4.191),sydney international airport, layout, data source (Sydney,Airport),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.190),sydney international airport layout, data source (google earth),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.192), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

Security

Chick-in

Information desks

Toilets

Food & beverage

Lounge

Premium entry

Specialty retail

Food & beverage

Toilets

Baggage reclaim

Arrivals gate lounge

Fig(4.193), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.194), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

Terminal 3 zoning

Arrivals Departures

Terminal 2 plan

Specialty retail

Toilets

Food & beverage

Chick-in

Dwell seating

Specialty retail Toilets

Food & beverage

Baggage reclaim

Fig(4.196),sydney international airport,plan, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.197), sydney international airport,plan, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.195),sydney international airport, Layout, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

4.13.7 Design issue

Sustainability: The plan is an important aspect of our overall business strategy and helps us achieve our goal of making Sydney proud every day There are three cornerstones to our sustainability strategy: responsible business, planning for the future, supporting our community, climate resilence,electrification of vehicle and equipment and airfield space and airfield efficiency

Conclusion: Beyond the 2033 planned period, Sydney Airport will be able to meet expected traffic demand. Importantly, because of its inherent flexibility and adaptability, the development strategy proposed in this Master Plan can satisfy the future needs of the continually expanding aviation industry. Sydney Airport is committed to maintaining a safe and secure airport environment while also staying a viable business, a cherished community member, and a significant economic driver for Sydney, NSW, and Australia The airport continues to operate in a conscientious and environmentally sustainable manner.

Aluminum cladding

Fig(4.198),sydney international airport, Elevation, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(4.199),sydney international airport, Elevation, data source (ABCairport),illustrated by (authors)

4.14

Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, International

Architect: Bahadir KulArchitects

Location: Turkey

Area: 1500 square meters

Year: 2006

4.14.1 Introduction

The facility is 8 kilometers from the city center of Kayseri, on the same property as the new intercity bus station. With a rail station nearby, this allows for easy transitions between local, regional, and international travel.

4.14.2 Concept

The premier design criteria of the building is creating different foyers under the same structure to the passengers.

For this reason transparent foyers are lodged on a massive block wall, surface from two different directions in a ‘Z’ form .

The perception of the platforms is improved by the transparent foyers

4.14.3 Layout

Fig(4.201),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009),illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.200),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.203),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Layout data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.202),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.13.4 Plan

Transition points are given between the county and village terminals, and the ticket offices are meant to be positioned separately from one another. For both terminals, the technical buildings and wet areas are in the same location. The passenger foyer of the county terminals houses the terminal management office, prayer rooms, kiosks, security offices, agency offices, technical offices, and rest rooms.

Main building Bus parking

Visitor parking

Arrival platform Main roads

Entry & exit

Country terminal Village terminal Box office Management Heating room Toilets Pray room Entrances

Fig(4.204),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.205),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009),illustrated by(Author )

4.14.5 Sections

The terminal separate the different zones of Management and Box offices

Columns

Columns

Management Roof Foyer

Box Office

Fig(4.206),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

Cladding

Fence

Management

Cladding

Roof

4.14.6 Elevations

The structure is emerging from the site, with the roof and columns which are not perpendicular to the ground.

Tall and narrow and inclined windows see through and cut it through the stoneclad wall.

Inclined red columns support the large roof form

Cladding

Roofs

Columns

Story Windows and Doors Carved in the cladding

Columns

Cladding

Roof

Fig(4.207),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fence

Fig(4.208),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.14.7 Design Issues

• Circulation

The place is accessible from different entrances which in fact helps to prevent any conflicts in circulation as clear entrance and usage of Direct Circulation concept

• Psychological

Wide spaces was obtained in the project as outdoor area which helps in comfortable environment

Uses of glass Facades which increase daylight to achieve curtain moods for seating areas

• Comfort

See outside as curtain wall which make passenger see outside and enable the entrance of natural light Acoustic comfort as using of curtain wall that prevent disturbance and any noise

4.14.8 Conclusion

Functional zoning in a good sense. This is mostly due to the planning approach, which eliminates movement conflict Passengers will also benefit from the convenience of having access to areas that are fitted with high-quality features that provide comfort to customers

According to D. Leavitt (2016), one of the most basic characteristics of effective design is usefulness. This is beneficial for an architectural intervention because it aids in planning and design development activities

Fig(4.209),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Interior , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.210),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Interior , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15 Intercity Bus Terminal, International

Architect: José Luis Rodríguez Gil

Location: Porcuna ،Jaén ،España

Area: 585square meter

Year: 2009

4.15.1 Introduction

INTERCITY BUSES was established in 2010 with the goal of operating all public transportation bus routes in the uninhabited areas of Cyprus Intercity buses signed a Concession Contract for Inland Bus Services with the contracting authority, the Department of Road Transport, soon after it was founded

4.15.2 Concept

Along with these main project qualities, The Architect wishes to highlight other factors that aim to minimize the building's environmental effect, with the goal of creating a simple image construction that is functional, spacious, economical, and environmentally friendly: - 100 percent RECYCLABLE building light (metal frame).

4.15.3 Goals

The goals is The features of the terminal is to emphasize that aim to reduce the project's environmental impact, with the goal of creating a proposal that is simple, functional, spacious, economical, and environmentally friendly

Fig(4.211),Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.212), Intercity bus terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.213), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

4.15.3 Objective

• PVC (polypropylene tubes, synthetic rubber drainage covers, and halogen-free cable), as well as synthetic paints and varnishes, are being phased out of construction.

• Reuse of rainwater for watering of gardens constructed with a concrete cistern that stores the water collected on the deck and drainage ditches beneath the gardens, with native deciduous species that act as sunscreen in the most exposed regions throughout the summer (south and west ).

• Recycled tire rubber is used to extend the asphalt in the area of access

4.15.4 Layout

The layout shows the surrounding buildings nearby the bus terminal and illustrated the main and secondary road in which passengers can reach the terminal easily

Fig(4.214), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.215), Intercity bus terminal, Layout, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.5 Plan

Separate between pedestrian and Bus circulation as the architects aim is to organize and prioritize Pedestrian circulation so the passenger has complete benefit of the terminal and be satisfied

Fig(4.216), Intercity bus terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.217), Intercity bus terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.6 Sections

Shows the different zones from which the waiting and the Curtain wall of the building

Showing the two sides from which the ramps to help passenger reach destinations .

Curtain wall

Ramp

Fence

OutdoorArea

4.15.7 Elevations

Ramp

Curtain Walls

A terminal that stands out from the typical dark terminals by allowing light to pass through: translucent polycarbonate ceiling plates and galvanized perforated steel sheet cladding on all sides.

Outdoor area Ramps

Entrance

Curtain Wall

Roof

Fig(4.218), Intercity bus terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.219), Intercity bus terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Ramps

Entrance

Outdoor area

Curtain Wall

Roof

4.15.8 Design Issues

• Environmental

In creating the interior elements as furniture, use a light building (metal structure) that is 100% recyclable and easily adaptable to new needs.

• Comfort

The Designer attempted to create a one-of-a-kind world for the user: a platform with intimate spaces and connection spaces enclosed in an atmosphere almost entirely defined by the quality of light travelling through the object.

Curtain Walls

Fig(4.220), Intercity bus terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.221), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.222), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Zero maintenance ,with materials and exposed construction elements with no added finishes, and a galvanized, perforated sheet cladding that serves several purposes: provide spaciousness to the proposal (allows "veiling" of the different environments designed, simultaneously integrating and separating them), security, solar protection, and economy in construction, maintenance, and future recycling

4.15.9 Conclusion

A platform for intimacy and relationship spaces enclosed in an atmosphere almost totally defined by the quality of light travelling through the object The terminal is presented as a bright and self-contained object, consisting of a light, dematerialized cover that folds to the ground, beneath which are located waiting zones associated with gardens, and the terminal building, which is also covered, producing a fold.

A terminal that stands out from the conventional dark bus stops thanks to its shape and treatment, which allows light to penetrate through: translucent polycarbonate ceiling, and perforated galvanized steel sheets on all exposed surfaces. Along with these broad project characteristics, we'd like to highlight a few particular features that aim to decrease the building's environmental impact

4.16 Nevsehir Bus Terminal, International

Designer: Bahadir Kul

Architects

Location: Nevşehir, turkey

Year: 2010

Area: 8000 m²

Fig(4.223), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.224), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.1 Concept

The Mysterious topography of Cappodiaby using The natural stone texture, indentation, natural fillings and gaps, amorphous and asylum, and sheltering urge.

4.15.2 Introduction

Due to the old bus station's inability to accommodate the needs, an intercity bus terminal (Nevsehir Bus Terminal) was built on the way to Aksaray, 5 kilometers outside the city center.

Architect Background :he graduated from ercuis university –department of architecture at 1999 from 2000-2002 he worked at some architectural offices at 2003 he founded BKA Some of his works

Ankara Stadium , Water Ski Park And West City Bus Terminal

The Goal is the existing bus terminal’s incompatibility to handle the needs so nevsehir bus terminal was constructed

4.15.3 Location

Nevsehir Bus Terminal

Fig(4.226), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.225), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.227), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (GoogleMap), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.3 Contexual layout

4.15.3 Layout

Terminal building

Departure bus place

Arrival bus place

Oil station

Bus reserve place

Taxi rank

Passenger parking

Taxi-installation unit

Green area

Public buses

Nevsehir bus terminal Mechanic auto ford

Main road Secondary Road

Entry & exit

Town-village parking

Town-village terminal

Fig(4.228), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (GoogleMap), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.229), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.4 Plans

• Ground floor Plan

Foyer

Terminal entry-exit

Passenger entry-exit

Tickets sales

Men-women staff

Offices

Cafeteria

Men-women wc

• First floor Plan

Service units

Healthy units Mosque

Market

Restaurant Management

Gallery space

Fig(4.230), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.231), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.6 Elevation

Void to diffuse light

Curtain wall

4.15.7 Section

Stone Cladding

Fig(4.232), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.233), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.15.5 Design issues

• Accessibility

The ease of access to Nigde's local road and the city center are among the reasons why this region is Preferred so the bus terminal will be reachable and this will applied in our project by making the transportation hub reachable.

• Comfort

the architect used holes in the elevation and curtain wall which allows natural lighting into the building that make the passenger feel comfort and he also used light colors.

4.15.8 Conclusion

The terminal area in a very reachable road so passengers can find the terminal easy . The architect Provided skylight to provide natural lighting and good view to passengers and this will be applied in our transportation hub because the nature there.

Fig(4.234), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.235), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

Fig(4.235), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

4.16 Lüleburgaz Bus Station, International

Designer: Collective Architects & Rasa Studio

Area: 1200 m²

Year: 2016

Location: Lüleburgaz, turkey

4.16.1 Concept

The city's main entrance is the Transportation Building. As a result, it should have not just symbolic meaning but also be memorable and one-of-a-kind Our goal is to create a practical and social transportation complex in Lüleburgaz by utilizing the land's potential and recognizing its natural beauty as a landmark.

4.16.2 Introduction

Transportation building is the entrance point of the city It should not only have symbolic meaning, but also be memorable and one-of-a-kind

Architect Background is greater Los Angeles and beyond are served by this boutique design and build studio We value good design as well as getting our hands dirty. Our goal is to create built environments for our clients that improve their quality of life while also benefiting the community and the environment. Based on the site, programmer, context, and budget, each project is given its own solution.

Fig(4.236), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(4.237), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(4.238), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

Architect Background is greater Los Angeles and beyond are served by this boutique design and build studio We value good design as well as getting our hands dirty. Our goal is to create built environments for our clients that improve their quality of life while also benefiting the community and the environment. Based on the site, programmer, context, and budget, each project is given its own solution.

The goals is The design aim is to make a transport system which eliminate circulation design issue and to decrease traffic congestion due to the increase of the busses in the area

The Objectives is Make the seating area integrated with the public spaces to obtain well known land mark for Lüleburgaz bus terminal To design bus terminal to obtain passenger satisfaction with increasing the facilities of busses as it located in the same old site of the terminal Clear circulation to help people identify the place with clear vision

4.16.3 Location

Lüleburgaz Bus Station

Fig(4.239), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Arcdaily) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(4.240), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Arcdaily) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(4.241), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Googleearth), illustrated by (Authors)

4.16.3 Location SiteAnalysis

4.16.3 Layout

Service road

Barking

Seating area

stop

Bus terminal

Entireness

Bus

Fig(4.243), Elevation, data source (Archdaily), illustarted by(Authors)

3 Main road Secondary Road

Lüleburgaz Bus Station Luleburgaz municipality city cemetery Atacorner luleburgaz

3 Kirklareli pazaryeri sk bus stop

4 Ozel balkan hastanesi hospital

Fig(4.242), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

5.16.4 Plans

Ground Floor plan

Information disks

Ticket office

Toilets and utilities

Luggage room

Cafes & restaurants

Market Store

buffet

First Floor plan

Double height

Terrace

Kitchenette

Management office

Bar

Prayer room

Wek current room

Stairs

4.16.5 Elevation

4.16.6 Section

Baby care room

Ticket office Luggage room

Terrace

Caffetria

Bathroom

Fig(4.247), Section , data source (Arch daily) , illustrated by (Authors)

Market

Fig(4.246), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

Steel sloped roof

Glass Louvers

Curtain wall

Wood Panel

4.16.7 Design Issues

Circulation: creating a single space with no boundary between departure and arrival sections, thus ticket sales offices and shops are located between waiting lounges. That concept envisions the future evolution of the building.

the design aim is to integrated waiting areas within public spaces and create a landmark for Lüleburgaz which make social interaction between passengers and other people

Interaction: the design aim is to integrated waiting areas within public spaces and create a landmark for Lüleburgaz which make social interaction between passengers and other people

4.16.8 Conclusion

Terminal location is very Important, it must be reachable and on main road to operate well so our airport should be reachable.

Integration between outside and inside is significant as it will leave good impression to the visitors

Fig(4.248), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by(Authors)

Fig(4.249), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by(Authors)

Fig(4.250), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by (Authors)

4.17 El Torgman bus station, Local

Architect: Eltorgman government

Location: Bulaq

Year: 2007

Area: 50,000 sq. m.

4.17.1 Introduction

Cairo Gateway Bus Station is a huge and contemporary bus terminal located in Egypt's capital, Cairo. Because the station has stores and other amenities (including clean bathrooms), it resembles a mall rather than a typical bus station

The ticket booking offices are located at the bus station's main entrance when entering the station

4.17.2 Structure system

Slaps and columns

4.17.3 Concept

The first real bus station was built on the premise of being a massive structure with integrated services. Attention was given to the architecture of the station to become one of the important architectural signs of the downtown area, and attention was paid to the interior architecture of the building

Fig (4.253), Eltorgman bus station, data source (siwawi), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.251), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safaribay) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.252), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.17.4 Location

4.17.5 Contextual Layout

Fig (4.255), Eltorgman bus station, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Eltorgman bus station

Main road

Secondary Road Eltorgman Bus Station

Fig (4.254), Eltorgman bus station, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

4.17.6 Plans

• Basement Floor plan

• Ground Floor plan

Fig (4.257), Eltorgman bus station, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.256), Eltorgman bus station, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• First floor plan

4.17.7 Elevation

Columns

Main entrance

Commercial Core Escalators

Curtain wall

Fig (4.259), Eltorgman bus station, data source (Google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.258), Eltorgman bus station, data source (authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Ramp for private cars

Bus stop

Waiting area for passengers

4.17.9 Design issues

• Safety

• Using fire fighting system and durable structure system

• Circulation

• Exploiting the multi-storey building in order to achieve the fluidity of the movement and the complete separation between the movement of buses and the movement of pedestrians, so that there is a conflict between them, and the passengers are reached with the utmost ease at the travel platform through stairs and moving corridors

• The circulation in the building is very easy and they provide passengers with signs

• Security

• Using security gate in the main entrance

• Using camera system

Parking for private cars and

Service area area for passengers Commercial

busses

Fig (4.260), Eltorgman bus station, data source (authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.262), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.261), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Attention was given to the architecture of the station to become one of the important architectural signs of the downtown area, and attention was paid to the interior architecture of the building

• 4.17.10 Problems facing al torgman bus station

• The large economic cost required to operate the station in terms of services and labor

• The use of ordinary glass in the facades, sectors and shops, which negatively affected the ventilation, hygiene and lighting

• Neglecting the environmental aspects in a design where green spaces were canceled

• Replacing the insulating glass units that were supposed to be installed on the ceiling with fabric, which affected the lighting and ventilation of the place, as well as the aesthetic and design aspects of the place

4.17.11 Conclusion

Al-Torgman land transport station is one of the most important means of access to all regions and governorates, and it is located in the middle of the city, which makes it easy to reach. It is also characterized by its distinctive architectural character and strict security and it failed economical because suffering of some problems.

Fig (4.263), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.264), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.266), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (4.265), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

ChapterV 05SiteSelection

This chapter discuss urban and site analysis through : site location, land use, building height, condition, road, solid and void, and SWOT analysis.

5.1.1 Map

As shown in figure (5.1), 60% of the buildings are in good to Moderate condition as a result of the interest in building with stones and wood to suit the nature of the place and to preserve its identity

Figure (5.1) Building Condition map, source by (Google earth,2021), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.3), St. Katherine Tourist Village , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.2),St. Katherine Health Office, data source (Google) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.4), building condition map, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

5.1.2 Land Use Map

As shown in figure (5.5) 70% residential buildings, a small number of hotels, tourist villages, and a lack of service and educational buildings

Fig (5.7), St. Catherin Hospital, data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.6),St. Katherine Monastery , data source (7th day) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure (5.5) Land Use map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.8), land use map , data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

5.1.3 Building Height Map

GROUND 1-2 LEVEL 2-4 LEVEL

As shown in figure (5.9), and according to our visit to the site, the architectural character of St. Catherine was revealed. One of the most important features of this character is the heights of the buildings that do not exceed two floors, except in religious and

buildings.

service

Fig (5.12), Monastery of St. Katherine , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.11), St. Katherine Hotel , data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure (5.9) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.10), building height map, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

5.1.4 Solid And Void Map

As shown in figure (5 13), 80% is void and 20% is solid due to the desert environment of the city and the low rate of urbanization in St. Catherine

Fig (5.16), city of St. Katherine, data source (propertyfinder), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.15), St. Katherine snowing, data source (akhbarelyom), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure (5.13) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.14), solid and void map, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

5.1.5 Street Hierarchy Map

Secondary Street Main Street

As shown in figure (5.16), There is one main road that goes around St. Catherine, and many secondary and mountainous streets branch off from it, paving the way for access to rugged places.

Fig (5.19), St. Katherine Protectorate, data source (youm7), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.18), St. Katherine Roads, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure (5.16) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.17), street hierarchy map, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

5.1.6 Topography

This Figure show the topography of Saint Catherine .

Fig(5.20), Topography of Saint Catherine .

5.1.7 Climatic Analysis:

• St. Catherine Climate Summary:

• This is the only site in Egypt where it snows on a regular basis. The days are typically bright enough to feel comfortable outside, even if it can become cold at night. Some trekking groups prefer the winter season since it is more pleasant to hike and climb

• Temperature:

• When humidity is included in, temperatures feel hot for roughly half of the year and pleasant the other half.

• August, July, and September are the warmest months Early to mid August is often the hottest period of year, with highs around (36 7°C)

• Precipitation:

• January, May, and June have the lowest risk of major precipitation in St Catherine On average, there are 0 days of precipitation during the week of January 1st

• Late December is the most likely time for heavy precipitation, with an average of 0 days on December 24th.

• Relative Humidity:

• The least humid month is March (39 6 percent relative humidity) and the most humid is September (51.6%) for St Catherine

Fig (5.21) Temperature, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.22) Precipitation, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig( 5.23) Relative Humidity, Data source (championtraveler)

UrbanAnalysis

• Wind Speed:

• The wind at St Catherine is typically stronger than in many other areas.

• June is the windiest month, followed byAugust and July

• Maximum sustained winds (the maximum speed for the day that lasts more than a few minutes) are at their strongest in late August to early September, with average peak sustained speeds reaching 23 7 knots, which is considered a strong breeze.

• Wind Rose:

• Maximum wind from the North.

• Minimum wind from the South

• Best orientation for maximizing gain from prevailing wind is Northwest for good ventilation.

• Cloudy, sunny, and precipitation days:

• On average, June is the most sunny.

• On average, December and January have the lowest amount of sunshine.

Fig (5.24) Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.25) Wind Rose, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.26)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

• Sun path diagram

Sumer sun path and winter sun path shown in the following figure .

• ClimateAnalysis Conclusion from a touristic point of view:

1. The high altitude provides a pleasant climate, with refreshing cool summer nights and warm and sunny winter days

2. Spring (March through May) Humidity and temperatures combine to make this season feel warm Highs range from 91 4°F (33°C) and 73 6°F (23 1°C) with warmer temperatures in the later months. Rain is nonexistent with roughly 0 days of significant precipitation per month

3. Summer (June through August) The middle-year months have hot weather with high temperatures that are quite warm These months see the least precipitation with about 0 days of precipitation per month.

4. Fall (September through November) Fall daily highs range from 92°F (33.3°C) and 77 1°F (25 1°C), which will feel very nice given the humidity and wind It rains or snows a trivial amount: approximately 0 days per month.

5. Winter (December through February) Weather is somewhat cool this time of year in St Catherine to be enjoyable for warm weather travelers. The average high during this season is between 75.4°F (24.1°C) and 68.7°F (20.4°C). On average, it rains or snows a insignificant amount: consistently 0 times per month

6. The busiest month for tourism in St Catherine, Egypt is January, followed by July andAugust

7. Tourists are unlikely to visit St Catherine in December.

Fig(5.27)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

Fig(5.23) site analysis , Data source (authors),

Canyon of naqp abu seila

Fig(5.28)Saint cathrine, Data source (Authors),illustarated by authors

• The Skyline of St. Catherine is diversified due to the contour of the area, and variety of heights between one and two stories Skyline Scenes overlooking the desert and plants.

Fig(5.29), Saint Catherine residents, data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.30), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Urban analysis

5.1.10 Architectural Analysis

• Elevations

St Catherine is famous for its building material that they use stone that brought from St. Catherine mountain, this is shown in most of St. Catherine houses, they also use shading device for their windows, roofs, and entrances, recently they use concrete as a building material as shown in wadi moqads mosque.

1

Small Openings

2

Roof Shading Device

RoundArches

Dome Granite Wall RoundArch Door

Columns

8

8

Door Shading Device

Fig(5.31), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.32), St. Catherine Monastery , data source (sinaimonastery), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.33), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.34), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.36), Saint Catherine residents , data source (africanworldheritagesites) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.35), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Vegetation

• Stone material that brought from the mountain

Fig(5.37), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.38), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, (Authors,2021)

• Bedouin house

• St. Catherine mountain

• Stone Bedouin house

• Mountain

• Religious Tourism

• Entertainment trips with camels for tourist

Fig(5.39), Saint Catherine residents, data source (sinaimonastery) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• St. Catherine Monastery

Fig(5.40), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.41), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Shading above roof with wood

Shading by recessing openings

Shading above door to prevent sunlight with wood

Shading extension with concrete above entrance

Fig(5.42), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(5.43), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

3 Shading above the entrance with wood

• Architectural features

• Small openings (windows) which using arches is very common there and grilled windows.

• There is no high buildings, the buildings there with one or two and maybe 3 stories

• Simple façade with simple design of openings and shading devices with simple materials

• Separating buildings there is no units but a bit .

• Using shading advices by recessing openings.

• Materials

• Lime plastering is a method of applying limetoawall naturalandhealthierwhendoneacc ordingtocodes,techniques,andcraftsmanshipn orms Itallowswallsto'breathe' Limeasabinder haslowenvironmentalimpactduetoitscomplete lifecycle

• Limeplasterdoesnotneedpaintingasdesirednat uralpigmentcanbeaddedtoitsthe last layer As a result, it is more lasting (more integrated, hence permanent color) and cost-effective (eliminating painting cost item).

• Natural uneven rocks have traditionally been used as flooring. When compared to ceramics and/or terrazzo tile, this method is no longer used by Bedouins since it is more expensive in terms of materials and labor. Separating buildings there is no units

Figure(1.44), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.45), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.46), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.47), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.48), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Environmental features

• The sunny, pleasant weather outside inspires experts to harness solar heat in a variety of applications to improve environmental efficiency.

• They used to construct in valleys, facing south for pleasant sunny directions on elevated areas, with boulders and stones held together with clay mortar

• To defend against flood erosion, mud brick walls were erected on top of a substantial stone wall

• Wood roofing outperforms concrete roofing in terms of environmental performance in both hot, bright summers and cold, wet winters.

• Structure

• Foundation:

- Because the terrain in St. Catherine is typically rocky and sturdy, foundations are safe to sustain one level of bearing wall construction with 70 cm ground depth.

- Land in non-rocky/sandy locations is usually composed of tafla (clay), which must be replaced with a clean and smooth layer of sand at least 60 cm thick

• Walls:

- Walls were built using natural stones.

- Using cement blocks, however, is environmentally damaging.

- Dry stone walls are very popular.

• Roofing:

- Pitched roofs are used in several of the older structures along Wadi Ferin.

- Reeds provide the finest environmental performance as a breathing ceiling, particularly in the summer

Figure(5.49), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.51)Foundation, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.53), Roofing, Data source (academia) Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.50),Wood Roofing, Data source (academia) Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Figure(5.52), Walls, Data source (academia) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Buildings Regulations

• Buildings not more than 7 meters high

• The bricks are covered with mountain rocks which was taken from the mountains of saint Catharine

• The construction percentage at the airport does not exceed 20%

• The construction percentage in residential area does not exceed 60%

• 15% of the allowable building facade protrusions overlooking highways and courtyards

• 5% percent of the staircase's perceived length

• 5% of the dimensions of rooms, bathrooms, and kitchens, provided that the total area available is at least 95% of the total area required.

• When measuring the dimensions and surfaces of all types of courtyards, a 15% tolerance should be taken into account.

• If the number of permissible floors does not rise, there is a 10% tolerance when measuring the maximum authorized heights.

• If the growth in built-up area does not exceed 5% of the permissible building area and the violation of civic responsibility regulations continues, a 10% tolerance will be taken into consideration when measuring the responses of the buildings

Fig(5.54),residentialbuilding, Data Source (maadicontracting),illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.55), mosa mountain, Data Source (PhotoDirectLink,2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.56),saint Catherine hospital, Data Source (hioportsaid,2014), illustrated by (authors)

5.1.10 Socio-economic Analysis

• The population

Population of the city of Saint Catherine

Population of 1400 people (2020 census)

The traditional people of the area, the Bedouin, have been living in the region for over 1400 years

• Brief about The Bedouins.

The Bedouins’ conservation practices preserve not only economic and aesthetic values, but also an entire way of life

Conservation of plants and animals is an expression of the nomads’ deep-seated beliefs. Loss of livelihoods, also means loss a desert home and without their cultural and historical ties that go with the place.

• Population activities

Farming :The majority of the city’s population works in it, as agriculture depends on underground wells and rainwater, and Bedouins are currently being trained to grow medicinal plants in the city.

Irrigation: It is used by the residents of the valleys scattered in the city, where irrigation depends on the weeds that are scattered between the valleys as a result of rain or sea bulldozers.

Tourism: the city’s residents work in it, where the elements of tourism that the city enjoys, as well as a percentage of the residents of the valleys, where safari tourism and shrines

Fig(5.57), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.59), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.60)Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.61), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.58), Saint Catherine residents , data source (stkatherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Educational analysis

The test of an educational system is literacy rates among teenagers and adults Least developed countries have the lowest literacy rates; unfortunately, Saint Catherine is one of them, with a literacy rate of 35 2% To tackle this problem, a strong educational system is required Youths frequently drop out of school before graduation for a variety of reasons, including a lack of continuity between what they study and the employment field owing to educational system shortages.

They also believe that learning a craft or working on a project is a better investment than education.

The educated level for both genders is 15.7 % for males and 13 6 % for females, which is extremely low when compared to other developed areas for countries.

In conclusion:

the main reason for literacy is poverty, which is the most important factor because poor families do not educate their children They believe that teaching them a craft in a workshop will provide them with income rather than education.

5.1.11 Work Force Analysis

Employees account for 55 % of the resident population, which is a high proportion and a continuation of the school system's failure. These people may have their own workshops and stores The majority of people work in tourism as tour guides or in hotels and construction

Employees' ages .Almost a third of the workforce is between the ages of 12 and 25. Since this age is regarded the young age and the seed of the community, a big percentage should be studying and not working by this age.40 % of workers are over the age of 25.

15.7%

13.6%

55% Of residents are employee

Ratio for educated males

Ratio for educated females

Fig(5.62) , Saint Catherine school, data source ( elwatannews ), illustrated by (authors)

Fig (5.63), transfiguration project, data source ( elwatannews ), illustrated by (authors)

5.1.12 Animal and vegetation analysis

• Animals

Foxes

Bedouin name: abu al

HuSain, abu risha Status: Not at risk

Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena)

Bedouin name: Dabc, Dabca Status: Not at risk

Sinai Rosefinch (Carpodacus synoicus)

Bedouin name: jazama

Status: Not at risk

Sinai Hairstreak (Satyrium jebelia)

Status: Critically Endangered

There are a number of rather rare medium-sized mammals in Sinai, and About 50 species of bird are resident in South Sinai . and the smallest butterfly in the world is only located in saint Catharine .

Fig (5.64), Wild animals, data source ( Sinai Life ), illustrated by (authors)

5.1.13Animal and vegetation analysis

• Plants and vegetation

67% of the Saint Catherine area is desert and 33% are trees and plants

• Plants

• Saint Catharine have the most important herbs which are used in medication manufacture.

• Trees are vital elements of most ecosystems, including even the desert. Here are three very characteristic species that you will see in Sinai.

Date Palm Bedouin name: Nakhl

SodomApple

Bedouin name: cosher

Acacia Bedouin name: seyaal

Fig(5.65), Saint Catherine map , data source (google earth, 2019) , illustrated by (authors)

Fig (5.66), Saint Catharine plants,( elwatannews ), illustrated by (authors)

5.1.14 SoilAnalysis:

Saint Catharine soil divided into two types:

1-Rocky soil

2-Sand soil

1-Rocky soil

This soil consists of white rocks and limestone. These rocks are classified into sedimentary rocks, igneous rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

Advantages:

• Rocky soil is very hard and stiff.

Disadvantages:

• Rocky land in the mountains is considered suitable for agriculture

• Excavating is difficult in rocky soil.

2-Sand soil

A type of soil that is abundant in dry places, its ranges are not clear, its thickness is few, and it contains high concentrations of calcium.

Advantages:

• Suitable for growing many medicinal herbs.

Disadvantages:

• Saint Catharine land is desert land so it is difficult to Agriculture because of its drought.

• Flash flood that threaten the agriculture

Solutions

They made mountain lakes in miscellaneous places to save the flash flood for agriculture.

Conclusion

By studying the advantages and disadvantages of each type of Saint Catherine soil constructions on rocky soil is better than sand soil also, their in Saint Catherine they use the rocky soil more

Fig(5.67), Catherine Monastery, data source (egypttailormade) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(5.68), Sand Soil, data source (quora) , illustrated by (Authors)

Fig(5.69), Sand Soil, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors)

5.1.15 Transportation analysis

A real problem is that the citizens of Saint Catherine’s tourist city suffer from, from the scarcity of public transportation to move between the cities of South Sinai or to Cairo and the rest of the governorates of the Republic, where many tourists come to enjoy the religious and historical tourism attractions

The main transportation system in Saint Catherine is the Minibus as the passenger or the residents call the drivers in order to reach their destination and then they drop them off to the required stop .The local people use camel as a way of transportation but only in order to reach their homes

Fig(5.72), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.70), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.71), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

5.1.16 SWOTANALYSIS

1 : St Catherine is has its strong heritage potential and identity

2: existence of the historical buildings such as (monetary of St Catharine

3: St Catharine is famous for religious tourism for all religions

5 : The largest nature reserve in the world

6: secure area .

1: No electricity network

2: No direct transportation

3 : No services

1 : The transportation hub can also be the new landmark .

2: Urban and economic development in the regional

1 : Constant neglect of historical territory will result in the loss of the city's distinct identity.

2: Lack of lighting units in the area

3 : Negligence of officials in the region

5.2 Site location:

Due to the analysis we did, we figure out that it's the suitable location for our project, in order that there is no service road on southern side, there is a road on western side that obstacle our site, and in the eastern side there is a runway of the planes.

Fig(5.74),

5.2.1 Land Use Map

Fig(5.75), Land use, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021)

Fig(5.76), Land use, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

5.2.2 Building Height Map

All the surroundings off the buildings are consists of one floor except the airport and port / harbor security service.

1 floor building

2 floors building

Fig(5.78), Building height map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

5.2.3 Building Condition Map

Fig(5.80), Building condition map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

5.2.4 Street Hierarchy

Main roads

Secondary roads

The map helps us to identify the main road and the side roads, it also shows that the only way to reach the airport is the (airport road)

Fig(5.82), Street hierarchy map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

5.2.5 Solid and void

The map illustrates the decrease of the number of buildings compared to the void

Fig(5.84), Solid and void map, data source(authors), illustrated by (author, 2021)

5.2.6 ViewsAnd Sensors

Conclusion

• The three most important buildings surrounding the site are St. Catherine airport, port / harbor security serves and the workers lounge.

• the main noise source is from the run way

Fig(5.85), Views and sensors , data source(Google Map), illustrated by 9author, 2021)

1 : That airport is located in St. Catherine which has its strong heritage potential and identity

2: Existence of the historical buildings such as (monetary of St Catharine

3: The area is highly secured by the government

4:The main street and The road will be asphalted by the government

1: No direct transportation

2 : No services

3: No defined area for parking

1 : The transportation hub can also be the new landmark

2: make shaded areas to the people .

3: redevelopment for the ruined hotel .

4 : Urban and economic development in the regional

1: lack of lighting units in the area

2 : Negligence of officials in the region

3:The airport ground can only bear a limited number of planes, and the planes must be small in size

Conclusion

• The site has been selected according to certain criteria, representing in: plans of the government, landmarks, community and residence, flexibility, location and accessibly.

• After studying the roads and buildings in the area, the plot of land was chosen, adjacent to the airport from the north direction so that it would be easily accessible via the already existing street and it will easily integrate with the internal circulation of the airport building as it is adjacent to it from the passenger terminal zone

ChapterVI 06DesignRequirements

This chapter include design program that needed in the project, also design standers that considered as guide line to a successful circulation and zoning in the project

Design requirements

6.0Program

6.1 Introduction

Our transportation hub connects between two modes of transportation land and air This hub consists of several zones Public concourse , arrival hall, departure hall and bus terminal that serves the passengers as shown in fig(6.1). We calculated each zone in our project according to (the standard design for Airports and Hubs) Furthermore, there are two types of equations used for calculation the first one depends on the time needed for the passenger to wait during rush hour which was used in calculation of the departure hall, arrival hall & public concourse and the other zones is calculated according to area per person times the number of users

The capacity of the airport in the rush hour is 700 passengers and 500 during normal hours and 900 in the concourse

6.2 Zoning

Fig(6.1), Zones, data source(Authors), illustrated by author, 2021)

6.3 Detailed Calculation Program

6.3.1Departure (lounge)

In order to calculate the departure hall area we used the following equations : The Given Data:

C : 700 passenger during rush hour

S: 1.9 m2 area per passenger

U: 90 the time spent in the airport

V: 60 the time spent in the airport

I: 0.8 the percentage of long-term wait travellers

K:0.2 the percentage of short-term wait travellers

The required area:

A=s((c*u*I)/60+((C*V*K)/60)

=c((U*I + V *K)/130)=1.9(500*90*0.8)/60+(50*60*0.2))/60=1330 m2

6.3.2The airport counter check in The Given Data :

a: 500 passenger during rush hour

B : 350 Passenger

S : 1.4 m2 area per passenger

The required area : A=S(20/60))((3(a+b)/2)-(a+b))

6.3.3The number of counter check in The Given Data

a:700 passenger during rush hour

b: 500Passenger

T: 3 min average time per traveller

Number of counters: N=((a+b)t)/2)

6.3.4Arrival (lounge)

In order to calculate the Arrival hall area we used the following equations : The Given Data:

C : 700 passenger during rush hour

S: 1 9 m2 area per passenger

U: 60 the time spends in the airport

V: 30 the time spends in the airport

I: 0.2 the percentage of long-term wait travellers

K:0 8 the percentage of short-term wait travellers

The required area:

A=s((c*u*I)/60+((C*V*K)/60) =c((U*I + V *K)/130)

6.3.5The airport counter check out

The Given Data :

a: 500 passenger during rush hour

B : 350 Passenger

S : 1.4 m2 area per passenger

The required area :

A=S(20/60))((3(a+b)/2)-(a+b))

=(1 9(500*60*0 2)/60+(500*300 8)/60=570m2

The number of counter check out

The Given Data

a:700 passenger during rush hour

b: 500Passenger

T: 3 min average time per traveller

Number of counters: N=((a+b)t)/2)

6.3.6Public Concourse waiting area :

The equation that we used to determine the area needed :

The given Data :

d: 1000 passenger during rush hour

b : 700 number of passengers

W : 15 min average time per traveller

Z: 30 min average time per traveller

S: 1.9 area needed per person

O: 1 visitor per passenger

Area needed :

A+ S ( w(d+b)/60*Zdo/60)

A=1.9(15(1000+700)/60+30*1000*1/60= 902.5

Package reclaim area :

The Given Data :

E: 350 passenger during rush hour that include ( Domestic)

W: 30 min the time spent in the airport per passenger

S: 1.6 m2 area per passenger

Area needed :

A= (e*w*s)/60

6.3.7 Medical Examination for Corona Virus :

A: 700 the maximum capacity for passenger that arrived

t= 0 2 min examination for each passenger

Area needed for the counter : N=(a*t)/30

=100*2/10=2

6.4.1

Pie

6.4.2

Toilets

6.4.4Administration and services

6.4.3 Bus terminal

6.4.5Arrival Hall

Design requirements

6.5 Design Standards

6.5.1Arrival and departure

• Baggage: Baggage Claim:

Passengers can wait here to recover their luggage, which has been unloaded from the airline while they have passed through the terminal and immigration check (David Adler,1999)

• Space Requirements

• The overall amount of baggage claim space required (airline and public) is determined on the incoming airplane's seating capacity (car aircraft for simultaneous arrivals) and the number of deplaning passengers (William-V,1980)

• A 35- to 40-foot minimum spacing is suggested for claim areas with a significant number of customers using bag trolleys.(Landrum & Brown,2010)

• For domestic claim units, a minimum distance of 15 to 20 feet between the claim unit and walls or bag trolley racks is recommended.(Landrum

Brown,2010)

• Types

Four types of baggage claim installation:

Fig (6.1) Baggage Claim, Data Source(Neufert)

&

Fig (6.2)Space Req. Chart, Data Source(Advisor Circular)

Fig (6.3)Baggage Claim Types, Data Source(Metric)

Design requirements

• Baggage handling:

Depicts a and trailer used for luggage assembly. The container arrangement of luggage loading and unloading facilities is determined by the maneuvering of these trailer trains.(Landrum & Brown,2010)

• Security :

The checking of passengers and their Table I Levels of service and space standards possessions, in particular for air travel necessitates the installation and manning of appropriate equipment as well as the strategic location of the check point in order to ensure that no passengers evade or avoid the checking procedure and that the procedure is carried out in the most efficient manner

There are two types of security one for passengers and other for baggage reclaim.

Type one :

Queue (WTMD) (AIT)

Barriers X-ray

Secondary screening Passenger inspection Composure bench

Figure (6.4) Baggage Claim Types, Data Source(Metric)

Figure (6.5) Baggage Handling Types, Data Source(Metric)

Figure (6.6)security layout, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Design requirements

- Queue :

The queue is where travelers wait in line on the non-sterile side of the checkpoint.

- Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD):

The WTMD is used to screen passengers. It's a detection archway for hidden metallic goods and/or contraband.

- Advanced imaging technology (AIT):

The Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT) adds another element of security to passenger screening by detecting a wide range of items hidden in or beneath a person's clothes.

Figure (6.7) queue , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.10) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.9) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.8) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.11) AIT , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.12) AIT , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Design requirements

- Barriers:

Barriers must be constructed to block any gaps between the sterile and non-sterile areas in order to prevent passengers and things from passing into the sterile area without being inspected.

-Advanced technology (at) x-ray:

The X-ray scanner may identify all cutting and drilling items made of metal, including weapons, knives, liquid and solid explosives, by scanning the interior of all cargos such as bags, baggage, and bags

Figure (6.14)Barriers , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.13) Barriers , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.15) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.17) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.16) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Design requirements

- Secondary screening: Secondary screening is additional screening that may be required for passengers and their bags when they alarm primary screening equipment.

- Passenger inspection : Passengers might be inspected in the screening lanes, the secondary screening area, or a private room close or at the checkpoint.

Figure (6.20) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.21) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.18) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.19) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.22) passenger inspection , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

- Composure bench:

Egress seating is available at the checkpoint for travelers to sit down and collect their luggage after completing the screening process.

Figure (6.23) passenger inspection , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.24) composure bench, data source (transportation security administration (TSA),2014

Design requirements

Type two:

Pre- screened

EDS screening

Alarmed / Undergoing OSR

Failed OSR

OSR / ETD screening

Cleared

a mini in-line system with light integration (s-configuration)

schematic visualization of

schematic visualization of a stand-alone eds

schematic visualization of a medium-volume in-line system

Figure (6.25) mini in-line system , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

Figure (6.26) medium-volume in-line system, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

Figure (6.27) stand-alone eds, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

Design requirements

6.5.2 Bus Terminal

• Bus dimension

Dimensions of widely used low-floor buses, entry height 30-35 em, or with kneeling technology approx 1 0 cm less

• Parking

There are 4 types of parking lot for busses

45 parking, 12m bus

Parking, Jess than 45°

90 parking, 12m bus

Loss of space, parking parallel to kerb

Fig(6.29 ), Space Requirement for Platform , data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.28), Bus dimension, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.32), Space Requirement for Platform , data source (Neufert), Fig(6.31), Space Requirement for Platform , data source (Neufert),

Fig(6.30 ), Space Requirement for Platform , data source (Neufert)

• Vehicle maneuvers used in approaching parking bays:

For buses and articulated buses

Parking spaces for buses and articulated buses

Oblique platform alignment

Departure at oblique angle

Departure at right angles

Shunting, where a vehicle only sets down passengers on the concourse before moving off to park or pick up more passengers. This avoids waiting to occupy a predetermined bay, and reduces effective journey time

Fig (6.33 )platform, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.35), platform, data source (Neufert

Fig(6.34), platform, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.37), platform, data source (Neufert

Fig(6.36), platform, data source (Neufert

Fig(6.38), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

Design requirements

Drive-through bays are fixed positions for setting down and/or collecting passengers. They are in a line, so a vehicle often has to approach its bay between two stationary vehicles. In practice it is often necessary to to have isolated islands for additional bays, with the inevitable conflict between and vehicle circulation

‘Saw-tooth’ layouts have fixed bay positions for setting down and/or collecting passengers with the profile of the concourse made into an echelon or saw-tooth pattern. In theory the angle of pitch between the vehicle front and the axis of the concourse can be anything from 1° to 90°; in practice it lies between 20° and 50° . The vehicle arrives coming forward, and leaves in reverse, thus reducing the conflicts between vehicle and passenger circulation, but demands extra care in reversing

Fig(6.40), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

Large drive through bus station

Large drive through bus station with separate arrival and departure platforms

• Examples Layout, data illustrated by

), Layout, data source

), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(6.39), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

Large drive through bus station with separate arrival and departure platforms , oblique layout

• Turning radius

The turning radius means the turning curve of the buses from the platform for departing is called as turning radius of bus. The turning radius of 36’ length bus is 47.28 feet.

Small turn round station

Platform outside turning loop

Platform inside turning loop

Fig(6.43), Layout, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(6.44), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.45), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.46), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Road widening at right angle

Semi circular platform outside loop with no P crossing over roadway

• Ticket Offices

A sufficiently large area should be provided for waiting customers with a free space in front of the counter. If there is more than one counter, organize one centralized queue if possible. Ticket machines are also provided to relieve the workload at the counter.

Design requirements

Turning circuit

Semi circular platform inside loop accessible only by crossing road

Fig(6.47), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.48), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.49), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.50), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.51), Ticket machine, data source (Neufert)

Design requirements

The Travel Centre is for personal advice and the sale of tickets The fitting out is modular on a metric grid, and the smallest unit, a counter, is 2 m x 3 m. The elements are delivered completely preinstalled. The adjustable legs enable adaptation of the installation and compensation for the height difference between the seated staff and the standing passengers. The system can be completed with various supplementary elements

• Examples

Relationship diagram for different types of bus station a In a small town where all services run through

Fig(6.52), ticket office, data source (Neufert)

Fig(6.53), bus station layout, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(6.54), bus station layout, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture), illustrated by (authors)

Design requirements

6.5.3 Concourse

• Restaurants

- Seating area and arrangement

Waiting room

Drop off/on

Ticket office

Services

/utilities

Retail Inspectors

In order for the passenger to eat in a comfortable space , each person needs around 60 cm wide and 40 cm deep that helps to identify the distance between the nearby diners ,Although it is preferable to add 20 cm space in the center for dishes so that the width will be around 80-85 the required distance between the chair and the wall will be 75 cm as the chair needs alone 50 cm to help the passenger move freely

Fig(6.55), bus station layout, data source (Metric-HandbookArchitecture), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(6.56) Seating area, and minimum dimensions (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.57) Seating area, and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

• Best Place For structural - Columns

The following figure shows where is the best place to put the structural columns in order not to bother other people and allow flexibility in moving and that is located in the center of several group of tables or in the end of the tables

The following figures shows the dimensions needed for the restaurant’s table and arrangement of tables that allow flexibility

As in order to put 3 tables with 4 seating chair with their tables you are required with 7 meters for the length and wide for the restaurant The distance from each table to another should be not less than 170cm

- Min. length for table

The minimum length needed for square table for 2 persons only is 80cm for the 4 seating and the table will be 85cm and finally for the 8 chairs with their table not less than 2.5 meter length and 1.7 width

- Min. Diameter for table

The minimum diameter needed for Circular table for 2 persons only is 60 cm give or take and for the 4 chairs with the table the diameter should be 90 cm as shown in the following figure (0 .5)

Fig(6.58) Where to place structurecolumns and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.60) Seating area for Circular Table and Dimension needed(Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.59) Seating area for square tables and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

• Circulation

As shown in the figure the circulation for the restaurants from which the passenger enters then reach to the dinning area and the clear accessibility to the bathroom and bars is clearly shown in the fig Restaurant program can be identified into several areas for instance the main area is the dining area, kitchen , toilets , shipping rooms etc.

• Check in Counter

The check in counter with minimum dimensions 3 meter and active check in zone is 2 4 meter and the recommended is 3 meters .Circulation of is from the entrance to the passenger Queue area this place is recommended to be 3m wide and the minimum 2.5m

The passenger Queue The minimum width is 4.5 meter for the low activity airport for passenger But for high and medium activity requires 8 meter Cross Circulation zone The cross circulation zone is behind the passenger queue

Seating area and the entrance vestibules and other services which is an addition will be 2 meter in minimum this is very common in domestic airport The self serve kiosks diameter is about 7 meter

• Stores and Commercial

Minimum Dimensions for checkout counter

Fig(6.61) Program and Circulation of Restaurant(Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.62) Checkout counter with conveyer belt (Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

In commercial and stores there are many types of checkout for instance single and Central cash desk The minimum width should be not less than 1 meter as it equipped with a conveyor belt the width of checkout desk in store is 130 cm and length 270 cm and the minimum is 220 cm length and 130 cm width

Another variant of Check out counter and include the belt can be in length 220 cm and the width 120 cm which shown in the fig (6.63)

The Other shape in the following fig (6 64)

Have width 140 cm and length 220 with diagonal belt

Another Variants Dimensions for checkout counter

The other variants include different ideas of check out counter with its conveyer belt for example its width can be 130 cm and 600 cm length

The repacking Checkout allows people to move in the diagonal shape and the area for the belt is about 65 cm width in minimum and the length is 500 cm and the entrance to the vestibules is not less than 1 meter

• Dimensions of the counter and shelves

Fig(6.63) Dimensions of Counter and shelves (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.64) Shops and stores and its circulation (Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

1.The minimum dimensions of the shown in the following fig as the shelves should be not less than 130 cm back to back in width and the length of the single shelve should be not les than 60 cm The fig shows the shelves which is recommended will be 10 meter and the space between shelves not less than 2 meter to allow flexibility in moving without friction between people and the shelves

2 The following figure shows the corner areas and the separate entrance and exit and the double check out which stand with letter K in the fig it shows the different types or variants for entering and the arrangement of shelves in the area Another variant which shown in the lower fig illustrates the stockroom and the arrangement of shelves in the diagonal shelves and Finally shows that the shops should be clearly visible laid out for the customers and for sure the clear visibility of checkout and check in

- Seating area:

Figure (6.67) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.66) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

Figure (6.65) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

6.5.4Administration

• Offices

- Offices Room depth

Design requirements

The fig shows the room depth for offices for each type as for Group office will be 15 meter in minimum and for combined office for instance will be 3.5 meters each type has its standard with dimensions The Second fig shows the possible arrangement of several office as the minimum depth will be 15 meter wide plan.

- Offices and Workstation

The Fig shows the minimum dimensions for single office as it should be 3 40 meters in width and 2.90 meters in length. For the double office with wall oriented workstations should not be less that 3 40 meters and 3 60 meters . Another minimum space requirement for the single workstation as the movement area should not be less than 1.5 meters and the width will be 1.80 length and the desk area should be not less than 80 cm and its recommended to be 160 cm

Fig(6.67) Room depth for offices (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.69) Offices and Workstation Dimensions (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.68) Room arrangement for offices (Neufert,2009)

- Manager Room

The fig shows the office management as the minimum movement area 1 5 meters and the desk width should not be less than 1.60 meters and the width with shelf will be 1.50 meters

And The recommended office dimension for the manager will be 4.50 meter and the length will be 3.60 meters .

-Administration program area

Open-plan workplaces are ideal for big groups of workers who require little division of labor Separate offices are ideal for solo work that requires focus, as well as multioccupant offices for very small groups that need to communicate continuously.

As the single office area around 10 meters Open office around 15 meters Minimum circulation space with minimum 1.5 meters The height of ceiling should not less that 2.50 meter and recommended to be 3.25 The manager recommended to be 9.30 meter

Fig(6.70) Office Management Dimensions(Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

6.5.5 Utilities & services

• Mosque zones

Area needed for prayer

Each member has their own 0.85 m2 praying spot in the prayer hall. The hall is usually rectangular or square in shape, with a central dome, and is oriented toward Mecca for prayer (qibla).The prayer niche is located on the interior of the front wall (mihrab),and then there's the pulpit for Friday prayers (minibar), which is always there for the mosque prayer leader, with an odd number of steps(imam). Abalcony, which is often purely symbolic, serves to Men and women should be separated.

The minimum length needed for The prayer to set around 60 to 80 cm and for tilt stand is around 62,3 cm and for the pray 1 20

• Check in Counter

Fig(6.71) Prayer dimensions (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.74) Check in Counter Dimensions (Airport terminal planning and design ,2009)

Fig(6.73) Check in Counter Dimensions (Airport terminal planning and design ,2009)

Fig(6.72) Zones of Mosques (Neufert,2009)

• Public Toilets

The minimum distance between the centerline of a toilet and/or bidet and any bath fixture, wall, or other impediment must be at least 40cm Recommended: A separate toilet compartment should be at least 1.5 meter to 2 meter in size, with a height of at least 36 inches. Apocket door or a swing-out door

- Public Toilets For Handicap

The minimum width for handicap toilets will be 90 cm as it differs from toilets prototype for instance in the second fig shows the width with 1.20 meter as the handicap can be rotate easily without friction another figure shows that the handicap can set beside the bidet as the total width will be 1.50 meters

Fig(6.75) Public Toilets (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.77) Dimensions for handicap Toilets (Neufert,2009)

Fig(6.76) Public Toilets (Neufert,2009)

Design requirements

• Elevators :

The basic type of lifts that must be supplied is determined by the building and its purpose. They are used to transport passengers and patients vertically.

Figure (6.80) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.79)elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.81) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.78) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.83) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.84) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.82) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

Figure (6.85) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Escalators :

Length in plan

▪ With 30 degree = 1.732*storey height

▪ With 35 degree = 1.428*storey height

Figure (6.86) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.87) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.89) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.88) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.91)escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.90) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure(6.92)escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

Satir width allowing two people to pass

• Ramps :

Satir width allowing three people to pass

Ramps should be provided to assist wheelchair users, as well as those using prams or trolleys, to effortlessly transition from one level to the next.

Figure (6.94) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.97) ramp, Data source (neufert),2012 Ramp

Stepped ramp

Stair ramp

Figure (6.93) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.96)Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

Figure (6.95) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

• Travelator :

Travelators (also known as moving pavements) transport people horizontally or up a slightly inclined plane (up to a maximum degree of 12°, or 21% of the time).

Dimensions

One person with 60cm shopping trolley, 80 cm width

Two people, 1 m width

Arrangement of travelators

Figure (6.98) travelator, Data source (metric),1999 section

Cross section and foundation diagram

Cross section

Figure (6.102)travelator, Data source (metric),1999

Figure (6.99) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

Figure (6.101) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

Figure (6.103 travelator, Data source (metric),1999

ChapterVII 07 Sustainability

This chapter shows the different types of sustainability as : social, economic and environmental and show how we apply it in our project

7.1 Sustainability

7.1.1 General definition

The ability of anything to stay unique and productive, or the tools and tactics used to avert natural resource depletion and maintain ecological equilibrium.

7.1.2Architectural definition

Buildings that make appropriate and effective use of materials and energy in order to reduce their negative environmental impact.(HMCARCHITCTS .2018)

7.1.3 Types

There is 3 main types of sustainability

Social sustainability

Economic sustainability

Environmental sustainability

7.2 Sustainable Building

7.2.1 Definition

Buildings all across the country use a range of resources (energy, water, materials, and etc ), create waste (construction, occupier, and etc..), and emit pollutants into the atmosphere Building owners are frequently confronted with the task of meeting the ever-changing needs for new, renovated facilities that are accessible, safe, and healthy while reducing environmental effect. As a result, selecting a sustainable building design may assist in lowering operating costs and carbon footprints while also increasing building resiliency

Fig (7.2), Sustainable Building Design, data source (paintingvalley), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(7.1) Sustainability, data Source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

(Shijie Liu,2017)

(Peter Oluwole,2021)

7.2.2 Six Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Building Design

The National Institute of Building Sciences identifies six fundamental principles of sustainable building design, which are constantly developing

• Optimize Site Potential

• Optimize Energy Use

• Protect and Conserve Water

• Optimize Building Space and Material Use

• Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)

• Optimize Operational and Maintenance Practices

7.2.3 Example

Airport East Integrated Hub

• IT is a glimpse into the future, linking sustainable forms of transportation and people, and laying the groundwork for the city and its residents to prosper.

• Using the solar cells in the roof

• Increase the green in the project inside and outside it.

Airport East Integrated Hub

• The designer used landscape as functional feature next to aesthetic aspects, So he connected the outdoor and indoor by bringing the landscape inside the building and used it to lead passengers to the paths and corridors inside the building

• And the routes out side it

Fig (7.3), Sustainable Building Design, data source (mdpi), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (7.4), Airport East Integrated Hub, data source (unstudio)

Fig (7.5), Airport East Integrated Hub, data source (unstudio)

Fig(7.6), Section façade, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.3 Social Sustainability

7.3.1 Definition

Social sustainability is defined as "the process of developing long-term, successful locations that promote well-being by understanding what people require from the areas where they live and work."

Social sustainability integrates physical and social realm design - infrastructure to support social and cultural life, social amenities, methods for citizen involvement, and space for people and places to grow (Woodcraft et al, 2012)

7.3.2Architecture Definition

It is a process related to locations that impacts comfort; it encompasses what individuals require in their home or working environment (Woodcraft et al, 2012).

7.3.3 Social Sustainability Dimensions or Issues

According to Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, defines social sustainability as having five aspects. These are the variables to examine when deciding if a company or initiative is socially sustainable:

• Equity

• Understanding

• Diversity

• Inclusion

• Quality of life

• Opportunity

• Individual empowerment

7.3.4 Indicators of Social Sustainability

• Its used to analyze social factors

• The feeling of the residents towards each other, and the sense of place in the community

• Assess to and provision of services

• Features Of green design

• Employment and business proximity

• Cultural Activates

• Involvement of community. (Woodcraft et al,2012)

Fig(7.8), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

7.3.5 Components to creating new and successful communities

• Amenities and social infrastructures.

• Social and cultural life.

• Voice and influence.

• Space to grow. (Woodcraft et al,2012)

7.3.6 Who is involved in creating social sustainability?

• Federal Government

• Local Government

• Community

• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

Social sustainability is more related to an integrated project on which all planners, governments, architects, and developers should collaborate to achieve it(Palich and Edmonds, 2013)

7.3.7 Case Study

Jewel Airport

Architect: safdie architects

Location: Singapore

Date: 2019

Area: 121.000 m2

Fig(7.10), Framework of Social Sustainability, Data Source (Woodcraft et al ), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(7.11), Jewel Airport, Data Source (Jewelairport)

Transportation modes: Airlines,Buses,Skytrain

Awards: 2020 - Design of the Year, President's Design Award

Jewel has a curated range of attractions, retail and dining options, a hotel, and facilities that support airport operations, all housed under its striking dome, which increases the interaction between visitors and passengers and the building, and is now a vibrant destination for visitors and locals alike.

In addition to the world's largest indoor waterfall and one of the world's largest conditioned gardens, the structure features a massive glass roof that spans more than three football fields and transparent walls that allow for social interactions between travelers and interactive services.

7.4 Economic Sustainability

7.4.1 General Definition of Economic Sustainability

Economic sustainability is a subset of sustainability, and it refers to how we use, secure, and sustain resources (both human and natural) in order to create long-term value through optimal use, recovery, and recycling. To put it another way, we must conserve finite natural resources today in order for future generations to be able to meet their own requirements.

• Long-term resource conservation is required. Rather than consuming the Earth's natural resources

• We must rely on their "returns." The present and future worth of natural resources

• Drinking water, as well as products, investments, consumption, markets, and the global economy, are all aspects of long-term economic sustainability

7.4.2 Economic Sustainability InArchitecture

Architecture's intervention in the economy has made it more efficient in various ways, including cheap cost and low construction costs, as well as accommodating all development and growth demands, making it ecologically sound. Furthermore, it lowers the poverty line by promoting shared profitability for the people while also taking into account future demands

Fig(7.12), Jewel Airport, Data Source (Jewelairport)

Fig(7.13), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

7.4.3 Economic SustainableArchitecture Principles

The sustainable method is a cyclic process that considers both input and output aspects while effectively integrating all five capital components into human activities to achieve the highest possible quality of life. As a result, sustainable building should have the same qualities; the economic principles of sustainable construction are explained below

• Value for money

• Maximum output with minimum input

• Integration of short term return and long term benefits

• Stakeholder partnerships

• Human quality of life: from asset to services

7.4.4 Economic SustainabilityApproach

Lower risk, longer construction lifetime, higher ability to recruit new workers, reduced grievance handling load, reduced design time and cost as a consequence of public acceptance and environmental backing, and increased asset value are all advantages of green buildings. As a result, the initiative will expand the use of local crafts to raise profit and revenue Also, use the created ways to conserve and reduce resource consumption.

The Most Important Approaches Will Be

New opportunities: The proposed initiative aims to help local residents in Saint Catherine find new markets and possibilities in order to supplement their daily income, as well as raise awareness of the area's cultural heritage through tourism

Using Solar Panels: Solar panels were installed to meet the building's electricity requirements. improving the facility from an economic standpoint and lowering the building's operating costs

Good Jobs & Economic Growth: Development and implementation of sustainable tourist policies that create jobs and promote local culture and goods, therefore indicating the average share of GDP and the growth rate, as well as tourism as a source of GDP (Ludwig,2018)

7.4.4 Economic SustainabilityApproach

7.4.5 Case Study

Architect: un studio , atkins

Location: china

Date: 2020

Area: 340.240 m2

Fig (7.15) Roof panels ,Data source(kirbyinternational), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (7.17) East Integrated hub, Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (7.16), Roof panels ,Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors, kirbyinternational2021)

Fig (7.14) Tourist shops and market ,Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (7.18) East Integrated hub layout ,Data source(Arcdaily), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Structure

Usage of the Roof the BIPV solar cell in shape of lamella feather to provide solar energy for the project , which is one of the basic features of economic sustainability double layered glazing to reflected sun heat and permit shortwave radiation transmitted through glass, used cladding frame in shape of honeycomb supported by honeycomb pyramid structure (space trusses),in which reduces energy consumption

7.5 Environmental sustainability

7.5.1 Definition

Is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely If they cannot be continued indefinitely then they are not sustainable (Robert,20160

7.5.2Architectural Definition

Buildings meant to reduce humanity's influence on the environment are referred to as green buildings

An eco-friendly approach to modern building includes all aspects of the planning and construction process, such as the selection of building materials, the design and implementation of heating, cooling, plumbing, waste, and ventilation systems, and the integration of the built environment into the natural landscape (Admin,2020)

.

Fig (7.19) East Integrated hub layout ,Data source(Arcdaily), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (7.20) Sustainability, Data source(flaticon), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(7.21), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

7.5.3 Benefits of SustainableArchitecture

• Natural resource conservation and restoration.

• Waste and energy usage are being reduced

• Ecosystem and environmental biodiversity protection.

• Improving the quality of the air and water (blacker,2020)

7.5.4 How to achieve sustainability in architecture

• Energy Efficiency in Sustainable Architecture

• Sustainable Building Materials

• Sustainable Waste Management Systems. (Bryce,2020)

7.5.5 Case Study

Galapagos Ecological Airport

Location: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Year: 2012

Area: 135.000 m2

7.5.6 Application on environmental Sustainability

• mechanical shutters that open and close to control heat and CO2 levels

• fresh water directly from the airport's own desalination plant

• Approximately 80% of the Galápagos infrastructure was built with recycled material .

Fig(7.24), Galapagos, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(7.25), Galapagos, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

7.6 Sustainable Development Goals

7.6.1 Sustainability: Sustainability refers to the process of maintaining a balance between exploitation of resources, investments, technological development, and institutional change in a way that enhances human potential both now and in the future (DANIEL THOMAS,2021)

7.6.2 Sustainable Development: is developing in a way that meets the current needs without compromising the future generations’ ability to meet their own needs.(UN,2021)

• The sustainable development goals (SDGs) was adopted as a universal call to action in 2015 by the united nations, to ensure Pease and prosperity, eradicate poverty in developing countries and emphasize the needs of transforming unsustainable lifestyles, promoting equality, human rights, and promoting justice (UN,2015)

7.6.3 SDGs Most Important to Buildings

Fig(7.26), Sustainability development, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

Fig(7.27), Sustainability development Goals, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

7.7 Green Building

Green building is a holistic idea that begins with the recognition that the built environment may have tremendous effects on the natural environment as well as the people who live in buildings every day, both positive and negative. Green construction is an endeavor to maximize the beneficial aspects of these effects while minimizing the negative ones over the course of a building's entire life cycle

• Provide a healthy air environment inside places by providing adequate ventilation and using materials that are low in volatile organic compounds

• Choose sustainable building components and materials to save energy and reduce the amount of upstream environmental impact

• Pay attention to energy efficiency, which includes the use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal, wind, and solar (Jacob Kriss ,2014)

7.6.1 Examples of green building

• Boston Logan International Airport, US

Boston Logan International Airport is home to the world's first air terminal to obtain the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification

Heat-reflective roofs and pavement surfaces, as well as water-saving lowflow bathroom fixtures, are featured in Terminal A One of the airport's runways was resurfaced with ecologically friendly asphalt that could be heated at a lower temperature during construction, resulting in a 2,000-tonne reduction in carbon emissions throughout the project's lifetime . A set of 6ft tall wind turbines atop the airport's headquarters generate roughly 3% of the electricity required for operations (Jefy Jean,2021)

• Galapagos Ecological Airport, Galapagos Islands – World’s first completely GreenAirport.

Windmills provide 65 percent of total energy, and photovoltaic panels atop walkways provide 35 % . Steel pipes salvaged from oil fields were used to construct 80% of the infrastructure. The airport also has a desalination facility, which collects seawater and purifies it for usage in the terminal . The effluent is then piped back into the treatment plant, where it will be used again by travelers in the future (Jefy Jean,2021)

7.8 Sustainable Dimensions

7.8.1 Definition

Sustainable development has three dimensions: social, environment, and economics, all of which are interwoven rather than distinct Sustainability is a way of thinking about the future that balances environmental, sociological, and economic concerns in the quest of a higher standard of living

"Achieving sustainable development in its three dimensions economic, social, and environmental in a balanced and integrated manner," says the 2030 Agenda. Sustainable development requires the integration of economic, social, and environmental factors

The Earth Charter, which was adopted in 2000, expanded the definition of sustainability to include the concept of a global civilization "based on respect for nature, universal human rights, economic justice, and a culture of peace " Sustainable development goals, such as economic development, social development, and environmental conservation, were outlined during the 2005 World Summit on Social Development. As a result, the three sustainability pillars or dimensions emerged

Fig (7.30), Sustainable Building Design, data source (slideteam, 2021), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.8.2 The Three Dimensions of Sustainable Development

Because a synergy between these disparate consequences is desired, it is widely believed that sustainable development comprises three dimensions:

• Environmental Sustainability

Humans consume natural resources at a rate that allows them to replenish themselves, maintaining ecological integrity and keeping all of the earth's environmental systems in balance

• Social Sustainability

All individuals of a socially sustainable society have equal rights, share fairly in societal benefits, and participate equally in the decision-making process Universal human rights and basic necessities are within everyone's reach if they have adequate resources to maintain their families and communities safe and healthy

• Economic Sustainability

Economic sustainability considers the social and environmental implications of economic activity. It includes new paradigms such as circular economy and cradle to grave, among others Furthermore, economic sustainability implies that human communities around the world may keep their independence and have access to the financial and other resources they require to meet their requirements (prakati,2019)

Fig (7.31), Sustainable Building Design, data source (slideteam, 2021), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

7.9 LEED

7.9.1 Definition

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood and accepted tools and performance criteria(octosuspus,2016)

7.9.2 The rating system

• Sustainable Sites

• Water Efficiency

• Energy &Atmosphere

• Materials and Resources

• Indoor Environmental Quality

• Innovation & Design Process

7.9.3 LEED Categories Points Contribution

7.9.4 What is LEED certification?

LEED certification is a credit-based rating system, with different levels of certification awarded for various tiers of credits earned Each credit is intended to address a specific environmental impact of a building. Certification is granted solely by the Green Building Council responsible for issuing the LEED system used on the project

(LEED certification guide, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

Fig(7.33), LEED Rating system, Data source (LEED certification guide, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

7.10 GPRS

7.9.1 Definition

The Green Pyramid Rating System is a national environmental rating system for buildings , It establishes clear criteria by which buildings' environmental credentials can be assessed and the buildings themselves rated.(sherxmn.2021)

7.10.2 The rating system

• Sustainable Sites

• Water Efficiency

• Energy efficiency

• Materials and Resources

• Indoor Environmental Quality

• Management

7.10.3 GPRS Categories Points Contribution

Fig(7.35) Table showing GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

Fig(7.34), GPRS Logo, Data source (GPRS Green pyramid rating system ), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

7.10.4 GPRS and LEED Comparison

7.11 CONCLUSION

• From this table we concluded that: Because of the Egyptian water problem; GPRS gives the main priority to water efficiency after that comes energy category to face energy resources depletion. Also it gives priority to sustainable sites to reduce environment impacts.

• In the other hand, LEED gives the maximum weight to energy category. After that come sustainable sites, indoor environmental quality and materials categories.(Outhers,2021)

7.12 How we will achieve sustainability in our project

Economic

Environment

Aiming to indirectly improve both the workforce and the economy of Saint Catherine , as the participants of this project will have the opportunity to increase their knowledge of the city in which they live .

Seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact by using passive techniques and systems Wind turbines , Solar water heating system , Air source heat pumps (ASHP) , and buffering zone mainly To reduce the exhaust and noise produced by planes and buses .

Social

New opportunities: The proposed initiative aims to help local residents in Saint Catherine find new markets and possibilities in order to supplement their daily income, as well as raise awareness of the area's cultural heritage through tourism. .

Fig(7.36), Table showing the comparison LEED AND GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

ChapterIX 08

Individualwork

This chapter illustrates our individual efforts in creating our concepts and its inspirations, in addition to the technological studies and sustainability

ChapterIX 08.1

AliAyman

8.1.1 Mission

The mission can be achieved by designing a transportation hub which helps Saint Catharine to connect with other places in Egypt as a touristic attraction , through the architecture design to be in harmony with the surrounding environment with modern technology.

8.1.2 Objectives

Create touristic destination to attract and increase tourism

Enhance and improve the urban development in Saint Catherine

Enhance economy and labor workforce indirectly

Increase awareness locally and globally about Saint Catharine historical Value

Marketing of unique and rare medicinal herbs

Fig (8.1.1), Mountain Cathrine,data source (Tourist Guide)

Fig (8.1.2), Welcoming entrance,data source (Planetware)

8.1.3 Concept: 1

Statement

Saint Catharine is one of the cities that have a lot of famous mountains that have touristic and religious feature. After researches about theses mountains. The concept inspired from the formation of these mountains in a process called orogeny which occurs because of collusion between two soil land masses in order to form the mountain and also one layer of the soil change its direction to replace another layer of soil and this process is similar to the process which will occur in saint Catharine as the transportation hub made from 2 transportation mods integrated together

Keywords

(Intersecting , interlocking and integration )

Sketches

Fig (8.1.3), orogney, data source (Authors), illustrated by

Fig (8.1.5), Interlocking, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.4), Interlocking, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Structure System Frames

Interlocking between 2 buildings

8.1.4 Inspiration

Fig (8.1.9), kengo kuma's interlocking volumes, data source (designboom), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.8), Cultural and religious complex, data source (asfaar), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.10), Interlocking, data source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.11), Administrative Building, data source (coroflot), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.6), Interlocking, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.7), Frames, data source (Researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

8.1.5 Concept: 2

Statement

Saint Catharine represents the religious diversity of the residents and tourists and each group have their own spiritual target as saint Catharine have an important religious aspect like moussa mountain and saint Catharine represents the unity of these religions in one place

Keywords

(Union , unity )

Departure

The building indicates the three religion unity in this city

Structure System

Face Plate

8.1.6 Inspiration

Concourse and Bus Terminal

Symbolizes Saint Catharine

These three buildings indicated of 3 religions

Arrival

Arrival Departure

Fig (8.1.13), union, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.14), Unity, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.12), Faceplate, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.16), central, data source (archdaily), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.15), Future, data source (Pintrest), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

8.1.7 Concept: 3

Statement

This transportation hub considered to be the gates of the city so it should express the visual language of the city so it must be in harmony with the mountain skyline because it’s the most touristic attraction point and focal point

Keywords

(Welcoming entrances, big entrances, Gates of the city ,organic shapes, mountains)

`

8.1.8 Inspiration

Structure System

Tensile Structure

Mountain skyline

Mountain Lines

Fig (8.1.18), Mountains, data source (report), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Mountain skyline

Welcoming Gate

Mountain skyline

Fig (8.1.21), Bus terminal, data source (Pintrest), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.22), Model, data source (Pintrest), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.17), mountain visual, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.19), Tensile structure, data source (Researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.20), mountain Skyline, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

8.1.9 Technological Studies

Pavegen

Pavegen turns kinetic energy from footfall into electricity while also gathering data about pedestrian traffic patterns. The first generation tile was comprised of recycled polymer with a recycled truck tire top surface and due to the high numbers of people in Transportation hub so it will provide it with good quantity of energy.

Double skin facade

The double-skin façade is a building structure that consists of two skins, or facades, that are arranged in such a way that air flows between them. The cavity's ventilation might be natural, fan-assisted, or mechanical.

Fig (8.1.23),Pavegen, data source (Floorwondersf), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.24),Pavegen, data source (The witch), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (8.1.25),Double skin facade , data source (archdaily)

Fig (8.1.26),Double skin facade , data source (Pintrest)

Responsive Facade

A dynamic façade, also known as a responsive façade, is a building exterior that may vary in response to its surroundings to improve performance. As a result, the building's 'skin' is not static, but dynamic, and can change in response to changing needs.

Cool Roofs

A cool roof is meant to reflect more sunlight than a traditional roof, allowing for less solar energy absorption. In buildings with air conditioning, this can save energy and money while also improving comfort.

Fig (8.1.29), cool roof , data source (Sika group)

Fig (8.1.27),Responsive facade , data source (Pintrest)

Fig (8.1.28),Responsive facade , data source (Steve diggins)

Fig (8.1.30), cool roof , data source (newscenter)

8.1.10 Sustainability

Social sustainability

Transportation hub will improve tourism and increase tourists numbers, residence will be able to interact with different cultures and also will increase the job opportunities which will help them to improve their living condition.

Economical sustainability

Transportation hub will improve the economical condition in saint Catharine city .it also will increase the investors in the area so it will improve the financial life standard.

Environmental Sustainability

Through reducing pollution and employing technology to reduce energy use, as well as employing passive approaches and designing buildings that are compatible with their surroundings

Fig (8.1.31),Social Sustainability , data source (Volunteermatch)

Fig (8.1.33),Environmental Sustainability , data source (bottegaspa)

Fig (8.1.32),Economical Sustainability , data source (Clipartmax)

Fig (8.1.34),Zoning, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

ChapterIX 08.2

Alaamohamed

8.2.1 Slogan

Synergy transportation hub

8.2.2 Introduction

There is no doubt that the Saint Catherine area is one of the most important and most beautiful areas in the world. It contains many archaeological monuments, but it has problems that lose their importance and suffer because of them, such as: the lack of public transportation and its distance from the governorates of Egypt, so my project will try to solve this problem and help develop the city

8.2.3 Mission

Mission is to link the governorates of Egypt and St. Catherine to connect people in one spot and provide means of transportation for the people of the region through unconventional architectural styles that reflect the unique and diverse identity of the people in the region.

8.2.4 objectives

After studying all the analyzes (social ,urben and site ) I chose the transport axis project because I think it will be the ideal solution to this problem in addition to the benefits that will be returned to the people of the region from the project, such as: the urban and residential development of St Catherine - improving tourism - providing job opportunities for people - the availability of means of transportation

Fig(8.2.2), saintchatrine presidents,datasource (yom7)

Fig(8.2.1), saintchatrine,datasource (sadaelbald)

Fig(8.2.3), saintchatrine president, by Author(2021)

8.2.5 Concept I:UNITY

Trinity Knot

• MY CONCEPT INSPIRED FROM TRINITYKNOT

In the past :God, the Exalted, the Majestic, manifested it on Mount Moses, and it was a phrase (only about Bedouins). Current :current position and that it is a shrine for tourists with its picturesque landmarks (Bedouins and tourism) In the future :Urban and residential development and development (Bedouins, tourism and residents)

• Form generation

• Roof

• Zoning

• Inspiration

Fig(8.2.4), Trinity knot ,data source(Pinterest)

Fig(8.2.6), Roof form generation, sketches by Author(

Fig(8.2.5), concept inspiration ,sketches by Author(2021)

airport Concourse Buss terminal

• Structure system

Fig(8.2.6), Zoning , sketches by Author(2021)

Fig(8.2.8), king Khaled airport ,data source(google ),(2020)

Fig(9.2.5), Mansoura museum ,data source(BEHANCE), (2017)

Structure system : Steel column

Fig(8.2.9), steel column structure ,data source(google ),(2020)

8.2.6 Concept II:Abstraction

The concept inspiration through the mountains that the features of mountains are interlocking to each other even if shown in plans or heights to achieve the connectivity in other way

• Form generation

• Zoning airport

Concourse

B.T

•

Structure system

Structure system trusses

• Inspiration

(Fig8.2.11) concept inspiration ,sketches by Author(2021)

Fig(8.2.10), st chatrine mountains ,data source(google ),(2017)

(Fig8.2.12) zoning ,sketches by Author(2021)

Fig(8.2.15), Terminal Portu Lotniczego w Szymanach , data source(Arch daily)

Fig (8.2.14) ,mountains community campony , data source(Arch daily)

Fig(8.2.13), space trusses structure ,data source(google ),(2020)

8.2.7Concept III :

Cooperation

The concept is inspired from cooperation culture that people close to each others showed it in the plans that will connect people

• Zoning

• Bubble Diagram

• Inspiration

• Form

• Structure system

Fig(8.2.21)T. Rowe Price Headquarters,datasource(Arch daily)

(Fig8.2.18)the Nepean Redevelopment ,Australia, data source(Arch daily)

Fig(8.2.17), Bubble Diagram,sketches by Author(2021)

(Fig8.2.16) zoning ,sketches by Author(2021)

(Fig8.2.19) form ,sketches by Author(2021)

Fig(8.2.20), space frame structure ,data source(google ),(2020)

8.2.8 Technological studies

Glass

• Double glass Façade

The double glazing window is made up of two panels of glass with a gap between them of 12mm to 16mm, which can be filled with normal air or argon gas. The idea behind the glazing is that the two panels of glass act as a layer of insulation, reducing the percentage of heat or cold transfer from the outside to the inside, making the window more energy efficient.

• Dynamic Glass

By keeping the heat out, Dynamic Glass improves passenger comfort. Infrared imaging indicated that dynamic glass lowered surface temperatures on seats, carpets, passenger apparel, and skin by up to 15 degrees when compared to the gate with standard glass, even at 55 degrees outside.

• Kinetic Tiles

The tiles convert footsteps into electricity, which can be used to power everything from streetlights to interactive advertisements

Fig(8.2.26)daynimic glass in airports ,data source(google)

Fig(8.2.23),shown how double glass reduce the heat from the sun ,data source(arch daily)

Fig(8.2.22),shown double glassing window methodology, data source(modernizim)

Fig(8.2.24)double skin glazing facade ,data source(glass web)

Footsteps Pave gen Tiles Data

Fig(8.2.25)daynimic glass in airports ,data source(google)

(Fig8.2.27) kinetic tiles ,data source(google)

• Kinetics façade

A kinetic façade allows movement on a building's surface by changing dynamically rather than being static or fixed. Light, air, energy, and even information may all be managed with a kinetic façade. They can assist to change the interior climate by reducing sun gain while also letting fresh air into the structure. To optimize performance and efficiency, the moving parts of the façade can be programmed to adapt to climatic or other external conditions, time, levels and type of occupancy, and so on

• Kinetics shading devices

These devices, also known as responsive shade, automatically adapt to the sun to reduce solar gain and glare. Have a panels composed of dynamic panels that open and close in reaction to the sun's movement

For example: The Al Bahar Towers in Abu Dhabi.

Kinetics skylight

Once installed, it will be able to withstand all types of weather. skylight roof solutions are completely waterproof.

Microcell technology is also used in skylights, which provides extremely high resistance to hail damage and other adverse weather impacts If the skylight is ever hit, the microcell technology will ensure that it remains robust (danpal,2017)

Fig(8.2.28),kinetic façade , data source(arch daily)

Fig(8.2.31),albahar tower , data source(arch daily)

Fig(8.2.32), Danapavault Skylight Roof Systems, data source(Danpal)

Fig(8.2.33), kinetic skylight in Seattle office , data source(metro polis)

Fig(8.2.30), kinetic façade , data source(pinterst)

Fully closed semi closed fully open

Elevation Section

Fig(8.2.29), detailed kinetic shading system , data source(pinterst)

• Adjustable louvers

Louvered roofs are those that have slanted horizontal slats that can be opened and closed at the touch of a button Louvers can be rotated 180 degrees, allowing you to adjust the light, shade, rain, and wind in your outdoor living space Closed louvres form rain channels when it rains, which fill, run over the lip, and into the ground, protecting your possessions.

• Adaptive solar skin

Solar panels are a self-supporting frontal that forms a double layer of panels around existing structures. This solar shield increases efficiency by 40% over a fixed panel They shade the interiors of buildings during the warm months and passively ventilate the double envelope when they are open. When the panels are closed, they provide an exterior watertight seal

Fig(8.2.37), mechanical solar panel , data source( sciencedirct)

Fig(8.9.38), Adaptive Solar Facade , data source( sciencedirct)

Fig(8.2.36), Adaptive Solar Facade , data source( sciencedirct)

Fig(8.2.35), Adjustable louvers, data source(Pinterest)

Fig(8.2.34), Adjustable louvers, data source(Pinterest)

Fig(8.2.33), Adjustable louvers, data source(Pinterest)

8.2.9 Sustnability

In my project I achieved the 3 main approaches of sustnability :

Social: Providing the needs of the people of the area, which is the availability of means of transportation in the place and solving an important problem in confronting the people of the area through a transportation hub that expresses the identity of the people of the area

Economic : My project will be a reason to increase tourism by linking governorates and residents abroad. It will cause job opportunities for people and increase the urban and residential development of the place.

Environmental: Providing natural lighting and natural ventilation, providing green spaces and green roof .

Fig(9.2.36), skylight ,natural lighting , data source(pinterst)

Fig(8.2.39), green roof, data source(Arch daily )

Fig(8.2.40), green roof layers ,data source(Pinterest)

Fig(8.2.41), natural ventilation in summer & winter ,data source(Pinterest)

Fig(8.2.42), natural lighting in building ,data source(Pinterest)

ChapterIX 08.3

HadeelOsama

8.3.1.Vision

The future vision of the proposed project “transportation hub in st. Catherine” matches the future vision of the government’s development from the both sides the development of the transportation in general and the development of st Catherine in particular. Therefore, two suitable means of transportation were chosen to achieve the mission and objectives of the project that coincide with the plans of the government, these means are buses and the planes.

8.3.2. Mission

The three concepts mission is to create a new land mark in St. Catherine to improve its image and attract the tourist, in addition to innovating transportation terminal linking St. Catherine with the other areas, and transforming it from just a city with a seasonal use to a destination throughout the year

8.3.3. Objectives

• Provide transportation network that connect St. Catherine with the other regions

• Creating an image representing a new landmark in the region

• Flourish the urban development in St. Catherine

• Provide more job opportunities for St Catherine's habitants

• Improve the tourism in St. Catherine

• Ease the traveling from Cairo or another cities to and from St. Catherine (representing the local transportation)

• Ease of receiving travelers from Nuweiba and delivering them (representing the international transportation)

Fig ( 8.3.1) Egyptian vision 2030 logo, Data source (Egypt today,2020)

Fig ( 8.3.2) the selected two means of transportation, illustrated by the author

Fig(8.3.3) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

Fig(8.3.4) St. Catherine nuwibaa Rd, data Source (google earth, 2021)

8.3.4. Concept I

Slogan:

Separation journey

Keywords: destination - flow - direction - separation - migration - journey

Concept statement:

The concept depends mainly on the phenomenon of seasonal bird migration journey which starts from Europe passing through Egypt and stop in st. Catherine then continue the journey reaching its final destination in Sudan, this process is similar to the main concept of the hub as the selected site in St. Catherin represent the hub, European countries represent the spoke and the countries of South Africa represent the destination

From this journey and its specific directions we can extract the main two axis that intersect in our site to divide it into two parts.

The form of the building is inspired from the shape of the migratory bird’s wing, this shape will be separated into two zones due to the crossing of the axis through it.

Therefore, the final form will be similar to the main concept of the hub ,and that will reflect on the conceptual zoning and elevations

Fig ( 8.3.6) bird’s migration path from Europe to Sudan stopping in St Catherine, illustrated by the author

Fig ( 8.3.7) bird’s wing analogy, Data source (Jakkapan Jabjainai,2016)

Fig ( 8.3.5) bird’s migration from Europe to Sudan , Data source (vector stoke, 2016)

The following sketch represent the analogy of the bird’s wing to create the fore and then separating it into two parts due to the main axes

Inspiration :

Inspired from the building sky line which is similar to the shape of the bird’s wing as it looks like a gradient in the feathers of a bird’s wing

Design issues :

The main design issue in the form of this concept is to improve the image of the region by constructing an iconic building there, which attracts the tourists and represents a new destination in the middle of Saini that cannot be forgotten and stuck in the mind of the visitors.

This distinctive and different image can be achieved by using a Shell Structure System in addition to using the Special Cantilever Shading device

Fig ( 8.3.8) form generation of the bird’s wing , illustrated by the author

Fig ( 8.3.9) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

Fig (8.3.10) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

Fig (8.3.11) inspiration, Data source (Megan Barber,2018)

8.3.5. Concept II

Slogan:

Breaking the nature

Keywords: topography - cracks - nature – hierarchy - dividing - homogeneity

Concept statement: the concept generated from the harmony of the mountains surrounding the site and the Varity of the topography levels in addition to the hierarchy of the cracks between the mountains, this features will reflect on the building in the elevations skyline and the zoning separation.

As the cracks between the mountains in the site will be integrated to the design of the building’s skyline, Moreover, these cracks in the mountains can be analogies to a separating elements to divide the building into the main three zones in our project as shown in the following sketch

Because of the importance of making our building as green as possible, the separating elements between the main zones and the top of every zone in the sketch will have a large openings and greens coming out from it , to ventilate the building and reduce the solar gain in the whole building

Fig (8.3.12) mountains in St. Catherine, Data source (google earth, 2022)

Fig (8.3.13) mountain analogy sketch, illustrated by the author

Fig (8.3.14) green between cracks , Data source (Heatherwick, 2017)

The following sketch shows the main elevation of the building which is clearly slows using hierarchy in the heights as the main zone of the concourse hall is the highest zone and also it is located in the center to confirm its importance and to distinguish it. Beside the diversity of the heights the sketch shows the use of the mountain’s cracks in addition to the sharp edges and the cracked skyline similar to the mountain’s sky line.

Inspiration :

Inspired from the topography of the mountains surrounding the site like mousa mountain and its cracks and sharp

Topography, cracks and hierarchy in the heights

Sustainability :

Sustainability will be achieved in our project in its tree terms as shown:

Environment Sustainability:

Will be achieved by using materials from the site’s desert nature, in addition to using huge openings and green elements in the cracks of the roof and the elevations

Economic Sustainability:

Achieving economic sustainability by reducing the cost as a result to using large openings and greens in the building which reduce the exposure to solar radiation and the need of using air conditioning

Social Sustainability:

The social sustainability is archived in the building is the used materials is from the site so it will be familiar to the residents of St. Catherine

Fig (8.3.15) schematic elevation sketch, illustrated by the author

Fig (8.3.18) nspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

Fig ( 8.3.16) mousa mount, Data source (moheb wessa, 2019)

Fig ( 8.3.17) topography , Data source (designbysml, 2019)

8.3.6. Concept III

Slogan:

Integration

Keywords: Harmony - overlap – merging - differentiation - rendezvous point

Concept statement: the concept depends mainly on a merging process between different element to create a harmony and connectivity between them, and gathering them at a point in the middle.

When we talk about the hub the two elements would be the types of transportation that integrates in the central concourse hall .

In our project the two elements is the bus terminal and the air side both of them will be integrated to create a complete function hub with a central zone represent on the concourse hall in the meddle of the project

Inspiration :

Inspired from the harmony of connecting to masses with different functions

Fig (8.3.20) integration sketches, illustrated by the author

Fig (8.3.19) inspiration, Data source (site less book, 2008 )

Fig (8.3.21) integration,Data source (future architecture, 2018 )

Fig (8.3.22) integration,Data source (arch daily , 2013 )

Design issues :

The main design issue in the form of this concept is the interaction between two different elements. Its important to achieve a successful interaction and integration in this project as we are dealing with different functions for the zones in addition to different users and cultures and finally different destinations and means of transportations therefor, it is important to pay attention to achieving this design issue as it will have a direct impact on the project.

8.3.7. Technological studies

• Invisible solar harvesting technology :

Transparent glass is utilized in the invisible solar harvesting system to act as solar panels without blocking the view from inside or outside, this technology called luminescent solar concentrator (LSC).”

The new LSC technology is made transparent by targeting wavelengths of sunlight that are not in the visible spectrum. The LSC technology uses small organic molecules to pick up ultraviolet and near infrared wavelengths that then 'glow' at another wavelength in the infrared This infrared 'glow' is directed towards the edge of the plastic where it is converted by thin strips of photovoltaic cells into electricity.

Fig ( 8.3.25) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig (8.3.26) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig (8.3.24) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig ( 8.3.23) interaction concept ,Data source (afr.com, 2014 )

Transparent LSC technology has many benefits in addition to being aesthetically pleasing. Firstly, it could be used in a variety of applications and has the potential to be scaled to both commercial and industrial applications at an affordable cost, from windows to cell phone screens Secondly, the technology can be used to manage solar heat gain since it specifically targets infrared wavelengths. According to Lunt, “There are already window film technologies that aim to reject infrared light such as low-E coatings. We aim to have a similar functionality while also generating electricity.”

• Evaporative cooling

Evaporative cooling systems supply a cost-effective, sustainable, and efficient alternative to the regular air conditioning, it works by moving warm outdoor air through a desorption zone, where energy is transferred and a significant reduction in air temperature is achieved

It is a natural process of cooling, similar to wind flowing across a lake Evaporative air cooler delivers 100% fresh filtered cool air at much lower cost than a refrigerated air conditioner Thus it is the most viable & economic option for cooling large & open areas. Moreover ,There is no need to shut doors & windows. In fact, when doors & windows are left open, it works more efficiently.

Some of the advantages of these Evaporative cooling system are that they use up to 60-80 percent less electricity than refrigerate units. Evaporative air cooler require very little space for installation and feature revolutionary directly coupled motor technology that can cool your entire home or working space measuring up to 1500 sq.ft. with just 1.1 kw electric power.

Fig ( 8.3.27) Invisible solar harvesting technology , Data source (Anthony Cuthbertson,2017)

Fig ( 8.3.28) Evaporative cooling , Data source (Apogee Interactive,2022)

Fig (8.3.29) Evaporative cooling , Data source (evapoler.com,2021)

Fig ( 8.3.30) Evaporative cooling , Data source (bonaier ,2019)

ChapterIX 08.4

MarwaHany

8.4.1.Vision

The proposed mission's future vision, "transportation center in St. Catherine," aligns with the government's intentions for expanding St Catherine, as well as linking it to other areas via the two modes of transportation proposed (planes-buses).

8.4.2. Mission

This project aims to make a connection between St. Catherine and rest of cities by a well-thought-out transportation network that works in conjunction with the state's plan to develop St. Catherine, and design a new landmark to grab tourists.

8.4.3. Objectives

• Provide transportation for St. Catherine from multiple areas.

• Flourish the region of St. Catherine.

• Design a landmark in our site to grab tourists.

• Improve the tourism in St. Catherine.

8.4.4. Concept I

Slogan:

The flourish ofYarrow

Keywords: flourish, shell structure, nature, identity

Concept statement:

This concept is inspired by the yarrow which is herbal plant grown in St. Catherine only. That the St. Catherine cultivate 2 specific types from many types of yarrow. So, this concept used the yarrow in its flourish to the flourish of St. Catherine region after design a transportation hub according to the project’s objectives. Using this analogy in structure system of the building designing a shell structure

Fig (8.4.1 ) the yarrow, Data source(herbalorganic,2017)

Fig ( 8.4.2 ) the yarrow sketch , Data source(askhatgilyakhov,2019 )

The form of the building is inspired structure will separate the zones into

Inspiration :

Using the flower in its opening to achieve the concept and structure system

Structure system:

Tree column

Using the tree column structure system by doing analogy of the yarrow’s truncks

Fig (8.4.3 yarrow concept, Data source(Author )

Fig (8.4.4 yarrow concept, Data source(Author )

Fig (8.4.5 ) azalea eco-bus stop, Data source(100architects)

Fig (8.4.8 ) tree column , Data source(Steph, 2020)

Fig (8.4.9 ) tree column structure, Data source(northernarchitecture, Dec 2020)

Fig (8.4.6 ) Innsbruck, Data source(cntravelle)

Fig (8.4.7 A pavilion, Data source(dezeen)

8.4.5. Concept II

Slogan:

The Hub

Keywords: connection, centrality, spokes, attach

Concept statement: This concept is inspired by the hub meaning that link or attach many spokes together and meet in one point, and the sand motion is inspired from the site context

Using sand motion to connect between 2 different means of transportation (planes-buses)

Inspiration :

Fig (8.4.10 ) hub, Data source(author )

Fig (8.4.11)hub, Data source(author )

Fig (9.4.12 ) hub with sand motion, Data source(author )

Fig (8.4.15 ) Zahner Factory Expansion, Data source(archdaily,2011 )

Fig (8.4.14)Zahner Factory Expansion, Data source(bustler,2020 )

Fig (8.4.13)Zahner Factory Expansion, Data source(bustler,2020 )

8.4.6. Concept III

Slogan:

The St. Catherine ups and downs

Keywords: timeline, development, stepped level, dynamic

Concept statement: This concept is inspired by timeline of St. Catherine (past, present & future) that its past has a high religious position which has the Mousa mountain, Deer St. Catherine, the shrine of the prophet Haroun, and the mosque of Hakim b Amr Allah Then in present St Catherine was neglected in touring, economic, safety, and urban. So according to our mission and objectives the future should be a prosperous and full of developments

Inspiration :

Structure system : Exposed structure

Fig (8.4.16 ) timeline, Data source(author )

Fig (8.4.17)timeline 3D, Data source(author )

Fig (8.4.18) drawing by SamanthaGrillo, Data source(SOAS LIBRARY 2018)

Fig (8.4.19 ) hatched pyramid , Data source(siteless )

Fig (8.4.20 ) Exposed Structural Steel Columns for Library Curtailwall System, Data source(shboindustrygroup )

Fig (8.4.21 ) courtesy of Skidmore, Data source(continuingeducation.bnpmedia)

8.4.7. Technological studies

• Green walls & roofs

The section that is green is the roof and the wall If the urban surfaces are part of the sustainability, and that surfaces can help absorb solar heat and these layers shield the building and waterproof membrane, and also decrease urban temperature and give some enhancements to air pollution, and also add to relaxing and feelings to the spaces, and there are two types of green roofs: the intensive green roof, which can use to sustain trees and passageways and complicated support, and the extensive green roof, which can use to sustain trees and walkways and provide some enhancements to air pollution, and the extensive green roof

• low tech-materials parametric facade

• Double glazed window

Natural daylighting and better views are made possible by the automated shading. This system eliminates the need for artificial lighting by acting as a responsive system that opens and closes in response to the sun path, improving visibility while reducing solar heat gain and glare. This automated shading system is known as Mashrabiya or dynamic s, and it also functions as a curtain wall because it is located about two meters outside the building.

The double glazing window is composed of 2 panels of glass with a gap between them of 12mm to 16mm, and this gap can be filled with normal air or argon gas The idea behind the glazing is that the two panels of glass declaration as a layer of insulation, reducing the percentage of heat or cold transfer from the outside to the inside, making the window more energy efficient. Double glazing also provides security because it is very difficult to break.

Fig (8.4.25 ) dynamic facade, Data source(re-thinkingthefuture,)

Fig (8.4.22) green roof, Data source(re-thinkingthefuture,)

Fig (8.4.23) green roof, Data source(re-thinkingthefuture,)

Fig (8.4.24) green wall, Data source(udsarchitects)

Fig (8.4.26 ) double glazed windows , Data source(hopsonglass)

ChapterIX 08.5

MirnaAhmed

8.5.1. Mission

This project intends to create a transportation network that connects St. Catherine to the rest of the cities and co - operates with the state's strategy to develop St. Catherine.

8.5.2.Concept1

Accelerating Leisure feeling during travelling.

The concept is inspired from the dopamine hormone Its released usually during Traveling or doing something-you like for our case Traveling is our basic activity that we focus on but also its found to be released not only during traveling but also during hiking

Fig (8.5.1 ) Dopamine Compound, Data source(ISTOCK)

Fig ( 8.5.2 ) Dopamine Compound,sketch , Data source(Author )

The curve represent the arrival and departure

Fig (8.5.3 ) DopamineCompound Plan sketch , Data source(Author )

Fig (8.5.4 ) Dopamine Compound Plan sketch , Data source(Author )

8.5.3. Concept 2

Saint Catherine is known to of top cold cities and it snows most of the year So I used the mold of snow . Column combine with ceiling Create a sense of rhythm in the roof

8.5.4.Inspiration

8.5.5.Concept 3

Transportation hub is an integration between 2 or more modes of transportation. Inspired the shape from Smith chart which is used in navigation of planes and its waves .

9.5.6.Inspiration

Fig ( 8.5.5 ) Snow Mould ,sketch Elevation and Column , Data source(Author )

Fig ( 8.5.6 ) Snow Mould ,Interior , Data source(Arcdaily )

Fig ( 8.5.7) Snow Mould , Elevation and Column , Data source(Arcdaily )

Fig (8.5.11), Satigao Caltevara Folds Data source(Pinterst)

Fig (8.5.10 ) Smith chart, sketch , Data source(Author )

Fig ( 9.5.9 ) Smith chart, sketch , Data source(Author )

Fig (8.5.8 ) Smith chart , Data source(Electro.)

8.5.7.Technological studies

SITA Smart Path Gates are selfservice passenger makes solution that helps save costs while also improving the passenger experience while travelling. Selfboarding, lounge access, security, and border control are just a few of the roles they can perform

Adjustable ventilation or moveable solar shade, which are used to optimise the amount of solar heat gain and visible light that is let into a structure, or daylight lighting systems, which can help to maximise natural daylight, are examples of macro responsiveness. Skylights and connecting ceiling which made of glass “zippers” provide natural light and dramatic evening desert views

8.5.8.SustainabilityApproach EconomicApproach

Local materials and natural resources will be used to achieve economic sustainability.

Using Solar Panels which were installed to meet the building's electricity requirements. improving the facility from an economic standpoint and lowering the building's operating costs

Environmental Approach

Reduce the need of artificial light by allowing plenty of natural light into the interior Natural ventilation, which helps people and their moods by reducing the need of active heating and cooling systems and refreshing the indoor air.

• Reducing the use of non-renewable beneficial resources

• Improving the natural environment

• Eliminating or reducing pollution

SocialApproach

• Assess to and provision of services as the passenger can find the kiosks and information desks easily

• Features Of green design

Fig (8.5.12 )SITA smart path, Technology , Data source(Sita.com)

Fig (8.5.15)Zippersin roof , Technology , Data source(HOK)

Fig (8.5.14 )Zippers in roof , Technology , Data source(HOK)

Fig (8.5.13 )Adjustable ventilation , Data source(Pinterst)

ChapterIX 08.6

MonaNabil

8.6 Mona Nabil

“As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially unknown.”

Norman Foster

8.6.1 Mission

Facilitating user access will have a significant impact on the city, as it will enhance community and visitor interaction with the project and its marketing in the declining city of Saint Catherine and its transportation. This will increase tourism in the city, strengthen the community, and raise the standard of living for the people. Exploration of tourist and religious attractions will create interaction between settlements and business opportunities. This leads to the upgrading of the city's economy by enhancing its accessibility which will balance income, stable prices and the growth of the city's dynamic economy.

8.6.2 Objective

Culture

Reviving this forgotten city with its religious monuments and tourist attractions by rehabilitating access to it

Awareness

Increasing the awareness of the city's residents about its tourist and religious importance

Increased interest in environmentally friendly construction and green spaces, especially in the desert environment

The social environment is improved by the interaction of many cultures

Environmental Tourism Economy

Improve the city's economy By stimulating tourism and increasing the working percentage of the city's population

Fig(8 6.1) Mission, ( google photos), (Author,2021)

Fig(8 6.2) Objective, (Author,2021)

8.6.3 Concept 1: Yellow to Green

• Inspiration: • Statement:

Because the main goal of the project is to revive the civilization of the place, it is also necessary to revive the green nature to balance the desert nature that dominates the place, which will help change the visitor’s view of the city and modify the arid climate in the site

Fig(8.6.7) Façade,(archdaily)

Fig(8.6.3) ,jewel Changi Airport,(travelandleisure)

Fig(8.6.4) , green ShoppingCentre for China,(arcdaily)

Fig(8.6.5) , WINNING SUSTAINABLE AIRPORT,(yankodesign)

Fig(8.6.10) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,

Fig(8.6.8) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,2021)

Fig(8.6.6) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,2021)

Fig(8.6.9) Façade,(archdaily)

Technological Studies:

• Green Roof System

Because our project's major goal is to revitalise the legacy, which includes agriculture, so that the green roof may be employed. The roof gardens must reduce the building's temperature, which is one of the key reasons for their use. Second, it will be utilised as a buffer zone for residents and visitors to exchange their experiences As a result, the structure should have numerous layers to protect it from the effects of the roof gardens.

• Interactive Walls

Use Interactive1walls in the building to have User1 interact with displays in different surrounding 1 and not just static1displays. A massive wall is a large touch screen that people can interact with in a direct way, or it can have LED lights that change behind the screen that are programmed to create shapes and depict words.

Fig(8.6.14), Green Roofs & Terraces, (icazar, 2019)

Fig(8.6.11), Installation of Green Roofs, illustrated by (Authors, 2019).

Fig(8.6.12), Green Roofs & Terraces, (icazar, 2019)

Fig(8.6.13), Green Roofs & Terraces, (icazar, 2019)

Fig.(8.6.16), Interactive wall (Google, 20

Fig(8.6.15), Interactive wall (Google, 2021)

8.6.4 Concept 1: Sand Dunes

• Inspiration:

• Statement:

The nature of life creates moments that make people feel amazed especially seeing sand dunes. The fluidity of the sand dunes created an image of integrating the nature of Saint Catherine in the project, and in the interior design of the structural system using biomimicry represented by the trunk and branch of the tree with its stages of growth, which enhances the connection of the nature of the place with the building

Fig(8 6 17) Mission, Saint Catherin and Dunes,( google photos)

Fig(8 6 18) One Main Office Renovation, (archdaily)

Fig(8 6 19) Zahner Factory Expansion, archdaily

Fig(8 6 20) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,2021)

Fig(8 6 21) Façade,(archdaily)

Fig(8 6 22) A manifesto for Medellín,(archdaily)

• Technological Studies:

Use of vertical garden & a canopy , trunk skin like structure with an ETFE material that act as glass

It is made up of prefabricated units that are attached to a central concrete core independently. The exterior and inner layers are separated into eight panels, each of which is made up of circular sectors that overlap to form a structure with a high level of support.

Trunk skin LED light

Fig(8 6 23), Vertical greenery system For energy efferent, (Arcdaily)

Fig(8 6 24), Canopy skin and trunk, ( archello, 2019)

Fig(8 6 25), canopy and skin trunk environmental analysis, (offgridworld, 2019)

• Technological Studies:

Photo Voltaic Louver and hydro-collective system

The site's position and orientation both reflect two energy collection locations The South Face Solar Photo Voltaic Louver was created with a dual purpose in mind: as a secondary energy source collected in the roofing system, as well as natural heat, sunlight, and support. Hydro energy is recycled through a hydro-collective system with moisture and rain water collectors to offer a refrigeration system for the waiting visitors

Fig(8 6 27), The flexible formwork Prefabrication (citytech)

Fig(8 6 26), The flexible formwork (archdaily)

Fig(8.6.29), the flexible formwork (archdaily)

Fig(8 6 28), neon LED lights(everydaychina)

8.6.6 Concept 2: Renovation

• Inspiration:

• Statement:

The concept is the philosophy of revival and development for the city of Saint Catherine, which will affect the shape of the building through the idea of starting with the old airport building as the zero point and rising from it to the top of the watchtower inspired by the borders of the mountains and their gradations .. In application of this philosophy, the building will be considered modern landmark of the city, which It will affect the trend of tourism in the place because the present time.

Fig(8.6.35) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,

Fig(8.6.34) Façade,(archdaily)

Fig(8.6.33) Sketches showing the façade outline, (Author,2021)

Fig(8.6.32) Façade,(archdaily)

Fig(8.6.30), Saint Catherin and mountains,( google photos)

Fig(8.6.31) Royal Ontario Museum, Canada,(bbc)

Technological Studies:

• Transparent Concrete

It is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due nonembedded light optical elements usually optical fibres Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore, the fibres have to go through the whole object This results in a certain light pattern on the other surface, depending on the fibre structure. Shadows cast onto one side appear ash silhouettes through the material (theconstructor.org,2019).

• Mechanism glass

Photovoltaic

PV Glass generates free, renewable electricity

The sun's account

Multifunctional

PV Glass offers traditional access to light; Also provides sound and warm security, and99% unhealthy UV radiation, up to and including channel sir radiation is 95 percent

Fig(8.6.36), Translucent concrete material in interior spaces, (icazar, 2019)

Fig(8.6.38), PV Glass, (ResearchGate, 2019)

Fig(8.6.39 (ResearchGate

Fig(8.6.37), PV Glass, (ResearchGate, 2019)

ChapterIX 08.7

8.7.1 Mission

The project intends to connect St. Catherine to the rest of Egypt's cities with a wellmaintained transportation network that works in tandem with the government's plan to develop St. Catherine city. Therefore, the main mission is to put St. Catherine back on the map of concern among the world. This will help in increasing tourism.

8.7.2 Objective

• Improve the tourism in St Catherine

• Provide more job opportunities for St. Catherine habitants

• Provide an ease transportation for and from St. Catherine.

• Flourish the urban development in the city.

8.7.3 Concept I:Path of Collation Experience Concept Statement

St. Catherine is famous for having different levels, such as levels between the mountains and zero level streets. As a result, having different lines from the natural topography. The concept is combine all of this different lines to create a skyline inspired from this combine and the topography

Fig(8.7.3) The interaction between St. Catherine mountains, buildings skyline and street line, Data source (planetware, 2021)

Fig(8.7.2) Objectives, Data source (Authors, 2021)

Fig(8.7.3) The interaction between St. Catherine mountains, buildings skyline and street line, Sketched By (Authors, 2021

8.7.5 Concept II:Artwork Differentiation Concept Statement

Women in St. Catherine take farm animals daily for mountain hikes, and weave using their hair and/or wool to produce textiles used as ceilings/partitions in their Beit Sha’ar (tent/wool house). There are many different variations of styles that are well known in St. Catherine's result of this concept is the use of one of those patterns to put a character of the city in the project and the use of different colors.

Fig(8.7.4) Saint-denis pleyel railway station, Data source (Asia Pacific, 2021)

Fig(8.7.5) Concept Illustration, Sketched By (Authors, 2021)

Fig(8.7.5) St. Catherine Patterns, Data source (Nashwa Ibrahim, 2010)

Plan

8.7.7 Concept III: Solar Envelope Concept Statement

In St. Catherine courtyards are very important and are one of the primary elements of the Bedouin residence. As it may provide semiprivate as well as semi-outdoor areas, it can provide a comparable quality of moving from one room to another on a seasonal basis.

Fig(8.7.7) Concept Illustration, Sketched By (Authors, 2021)

Fig(8.7.6) Owensboro-Davies County Convention Center, Data source (Archdaily, 2021)

Fig(8.7.7) St. Catherine Bedouins, Data source (getdrawings, 2018)

8.7.8 Inspiration

8.7.9 Technological Studies

Double Skin Façade

Double-skin façades are a problemsolving architectural solution that provides plenty of energy-saving benefits. In the winter, heated air from the double-façade cavity rises to the top of the solar chimney, providing free warmth for the structure. The chimney sucks hot air from the façade cavity rooftop in the summer (Façade glass, 2020).

Solar Panels

Solar panels produce direct current electricity by using sunlight as a source of energy A PV panel is a collection of PV modules, while an array is a system of PV panels A photovoltaic system's arrays provide solar power to electrical devices (Adams, William Grylls, 1899)

Pavegen Tiles

It generated renewable energy from footstep by converting kinetic energy into electricity. It used in outdoor spaces and also indoor spaces (Portaltwentyone.com, 2018)

Fig(8.7.9 ) Solar Panels, Data source (Adams, William Grylls, 1899)

Fig(8.7.9 )Double Skin Façade, Data source (Façade glass, 2020)

Fig(8.7.9 ) pavegen tiles, Data source (Lifegate

Fig(8.7.8) Jewel Airport, Data source (Archdaily, 2021)

8.7.10 SustainabilityApproach

EnvironmentalApproach

• The use of double skin façades which provides plenty of energy-saving benefits.

• The use of solar panels to reduce the direct sunlight and generate solar energy.

• Reduction of artificial lighting elements.

• Natural ventilation through courts and louvers.

Economical Approach

• The use of solar panels for reduction of non-renewable energy sources with high cost

• Reduction of artificial lighting elements and use the natural light.

• Use Pavegen Tiles which generated renewable energy from footstep by converting kinetic energy into electricity.

• Use of natural sources

Social Approach

• To achieve social sustainability in the building it will contain social and entertainment activates for the passengers and visitors

• Create interaction between victors and the building

• Development of students and children skills by introducing them an educational training.

Double Skin Façade Solar Panels Reduction of artificial lighting Natural ventilation

Pavegen Tiles Solar Panels Reduction of artificial lighting Natural ventilation

Fig(8.7.10 )Social Sustainability, Data source (

ChapterIX 08.8

Rodinamohamed

8. Rodina Mohammed

“

1. mission

Egypt has always been a huge icon in the Middle East and around the world, known for its history, events and monuments. Since the definition of heritage and culture can vary between subjects, When it comes to architecture, however, the strength and function of the building speak silently to determine the story to be observed every building should have story to increase the user experience . Therefore , the building will reflect the identity of the place and the entire country on the building to visualize the heritage of Egypt and its sites .

2. objectives Touristicapproach

touristic approach is the main direct objective needed to be achieved as the project will be full of hologram remarkable places , activities, narrative story telling space by the , bazars that will target huge number of visitors to tell this story to their countries and make the airport is a new landmark with its technology and its simple design

Community approach

It aims to indirectly improve both the workforce and the economy of Saint Catherine , as the participants of this project will have the opportunity to increase their knowledge of the city in which they live.

Economy approach

The interior design and identity of the nature and buildings around us promotes the city's economy as part of a sustainable process that attracts tourists, providing economic boost and later to cities with more room. Reached an improvement that has a positive impact

Culturalapproach

When the tourism will be motivated the residents of the city will come back to their jobs and also their identity so that gain back its true cultural identity

Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.” – Leonardo da Vinci

8.8.3 concept I slogan

Make the airport and bus terminal is the city brandingplace.

8.8.4 statement

I need create a chance to see multiple places as Luxor , the great museum , and pyramids...etc. in a sort of hologram and make all this remarkable places under the same roof this would reflect the image of Egypt to the tourists and this will motivate the tourism to the city.

Fig(8.8.1) Landmarks of Egypt (Authors, 2020).

Fig(8.8.2) hologram for the Egyptian monuments pyramids and Luxor in exciting international airports

Fig(8.8.3) hologram for the Egyptian monuments the citadel in exciting international airports

Fig(8.8.4) hologram for the Egyptian monuments Cairo tower in exciting international airports

8.8.4 technological studies

The hologram is a photographic image capable of capturing the light field, rather than the image created by the lens, and used to view a captured three-dimensional image without special glasses. It is also unintelligible when viewed under diffused light and. It can respond by showing the image of Egypt by make the remarkable places as a story teller first , And also the information places will have this feature where it guides customers without human intervention to the places . if all to motivate the tourism second to make an interaction between the building and the visitors.

MovableWalls:

The idea of movable partitions could be used in more than one space in order to create non-static framing, either inward or outward. They would be used as internal partitions, and the technique would also be extended to external frames and walls. So that it will achieve part of the interactive and interaction .and also it mainly will be used in the bus terminal to It will be to know the flights offered by the company, as well as the timings of the buses, pictures of the possible landmarks to visit, and an overview of Egypt in general and Saint Catherine in particular.

Fig(8.8.4) An Interactive Hologram, Illustrated by (Authors, 2021).

Fig(8.8.6) Movable Walls, Illustrated by (Authors,

Fig (8.8.5) Movable Walls, Illustrated by (Authors, 2029).

8.8.5 concept II slogan

less is more (minimalist)

“Mies van der Rohe’’

Silence in the presence of beauty is beauty

“NizarAlkabanay’’

8.8.6 inspiration

8.8.7 statement

The basic idea of the project is how to respect the nature surrounding the building and how to reflect the image of the mountains and the surrounding nature. It will be a building that is transparent so that you can see from behind the nature without dispersal, and in the middle of it there is a court and interaction area in the form of a pyramid, which is the place where people gather and people interact with each other This pyramid, being in the midst of the mountains, will give the building the look of an abstaining plain and a difference in the sky line, and at the same time it will reflect the beauty of nature. Also the interior space ( the interaction space ) is abstracted from the dove The reason I chose the dove is that it is a place where the three religions gather with three different culture represented in the end of peace.

Fig (8.8.9) Concept illustrations, ( author,2020)

Fig (8.8.8)Concept illustrations,

Fig (8.8.7)Concept illustrations and visualize the building , ( author,2020)

8.8.8 statement

the interior space ( the interaction space ) , and the structure system is abstracted from the dove . The reason chose the dove is that it is a place where the three religions gather with three different culture represented in the end of peace.

The structure system

As dove wings and vaulted ceilings pierced with skylights that draw in diffuse daylight and create an open, lofty volume with clear lines of sight. Focused beams of sunlight illuminate key areas in the terminal, such as check-in, security, customs and retail areas

8.8.9 technological studies

translucent facades

Interactive materials will help reflecting the concept of the interaction and the on the exterior of the building. Translucent facades will be used to maximize and control the natural light that enters the building. It will also emphasize the idea of continuity and the image of the building, specially at night time, since the interior lights will be transferred to the outside through the translucent facades This will be achieved by using Light glazing panels that will help to protect the exterior facade from weather, humidity, erosion. Etc These panels are made of Polycarbonate microcells of which a certain color and brightness can be chosen

Pavegen FloorTiles:

This Pavegen floor tiles is a technology used in the flooring that uses the pedestrian kinetic energy and transfer it into electrical energy. And as the people step on the surface the generators below the tiles sense the weight and start to rotate, generating power by electro-magnetic induction. The generators then produce about 3 joules per footstep or about 5 watts of continuous power while there is someone walking. The energy produced can be either stored in batteries or used to power local applications like sensors or lighting.

Fig(8.8.10) the look of the translucent facades and its detailed panel, , illustrated by (Authors,2020)

Fig(8.8.11) Diagram of Pavegen floor tiles and how it used (2020)

8.8.10 concept II slogan

“Architecture is able to make you feel like traveling) physiological ) with the presence of the zoning and circulation

8.8.11 inspiration

8.8.12 statement

It is almost impossible to think of a bus terminal with an airport complex without being restrained by the countless feelings linked to the word travel , whether it is the desire , the longing , lived memories or even the simple experience of being on the road . _That's whytake as a concept this word , traveling , which even though so unique , encompasses so many experiences , emotions and sensations . The project proposes to materialize all of this in a spatial way in a single point , bringing the reflection that architecturedoes not need to be just a place of passage throughout this process , but rather an active and belonging element at the same time .

8.8.13 technological studies

Green Roof System:

Cause the main objective of our project is to renovate the heritage of saint Catharine , which include the agriculture, so that the green roof is used. Two main reasons of using it first, the roof gardens must lower the building's temperature. Second, it will be used as a buffering zones to share experiences either with locals or tourists. Therefore, in order to protect the building from the effects of the roof gardens, it should have multiple layers.

Dynamic façade and wind turbines

Today's buildings motionless state does not reflect real lives of individuals, where everything changes continuously. Thus, use of dynamic facades that rotate in multiple angles controlling the natural light gain as it is environmental responsive. In addition to the use of wind turbines, similar technique that work on gaining energy from the air movement that surrounds the building and save it for the building where it can be used later internally.

ChapterIX 08.9

ShimaaNashat

8.9 Shimaa Nashat Soliman

8.9.1Abstract:

The transportation hub proposed is in Saint Catherine , Egypt and The bus terminal is supposed to be an international bus terminal and domestic airport through Egypt.

8.9.2 Mission :

▪ Connect between Saint Catherine, rest of cities of Egypt and Nuweiba

▪ Solve problem of transportation.

8.9.3Concept 1: Desert fluidity

Because we are not near the sea and the environment is desert, the design is inspired from the movement of sand dunes, which are an organic shape that we can see in the area.

Nature and sand dunes plays biggest part here in forming architectural form and zoning plan

Project will use Saint Catherine's local colors and natural features. “Inspired by the colors and textures of the desert landscape,”

Structure

Zoning, illustrated by author

3d form, illustrated by author2021

Fig(8.9.2), Airport in Saudi Arabia ,(daily news),2021

zoning, illustrated by authors2021

Fig(8.9.1), Free form, (daily news) ,2021

8.9.4Concept 2

Inspired by the edges of mountain.

Structure: Using Tree structure

Inspiration

Fig(8.9.3), Helsinki Airport , Data source(Archdaily).

Fig(8.9.4), Jewel Changi Airport , Data source(Channel NewsAsia).

Fig(8.9.6), Mega food walk , Data source(landscape collaboration).

Fig(8.9.5), Jewel Changi Airport , Data source(Channel NewsAsia).

Fig(8.9.7), Dulles Airport , Data source(Archdaily).

8.9.5 Concept 3

Hub connects two different modes of transportation . Saint Catherine in center of Sinai Peninsula connects rest of cities of Egypt.

Inspiration

8.9.6 Technical studies

Wind turbine

Because of the strong winds in St. Catherine, it must be exploited by installing a series of high-altitude wind turbines that will provide energy and electricity

Kinetic Tiles

It consists of three components:

1-Electro magnetic generator

2-Single triangular tile

3-And You

Walking on the tiles feels like walking on an athletic track because each tile bends by around 5 millimeters when you step on it, which is enough to generate power that can be utilized immediately or stored in a battery for later use .

Kinetic tiles produce between 2 and 8 watts every step in terms of energy generation. This is especially impressive when you consider that each step takes around half a second.

Fig(8.9.8), Qatar stadium , (Channel NewsAsia).

Fig(8.9.10), Pave gen tile, data source(the switch).

Fig(8.9.9), wind turbine, data source(the switch).

8.9.7 Sustainability

Economic Sustainability: Reducing energy consumption by: Using renewable energy resources such as wind turbines

Environmental Sustainability: Using curtain walls and atriums to reduce the use of artificial lights at some zones in the project. Collect rain water , recycle it and reuse it in toilets

Fig(8.9.11), Pave gen tile, data source(the switch),2021

Fig(8.9.12), Pave gen tile illustration, data source(the switch).

Fig(8.9.13), Pave gen tile illustration, data source(the switch).

Wind Turbines

ChapterIX 8.10

YasmeenKhaled

8.10.1 0mission

The mission is to create a project that help saint Catherine make the transportation easy from anywhere to saint

8.10.2conceptl statement l:Fractions

the fractions of the mountain will be used to form the plan which help the space

Fractions

8.10.3 inspiration

8.10.4 technicalstudies:

In the winter, the temperature in St. Catherine is below zero, which leads to snowfall, and on the basis of that, I will use a thermal roof in my project that works to moderate the weather inside the building and works on the melting of snow and turning it into water, and thus it is possible to reuse this water and this is how we will be We achieved sustainability

Fig(8.10.1),fractions

Fig(8.10.2),mountain, illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8.10.3),fractions in plan, illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8.10.4),elevations, illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8.10.5),Milan, illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8.10.7), Herzog & de Meuron's Actelion Business Centre,data source(phaidon) illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8 10 6),pitched roof , illustrate by (authors)

Fig(8 10 8),pitched roof

Fig(8.10.9),Heat pitched roof

8.10.5 concept ll: visual lighting

The outline of the fabric roof are similar to the outline of the mountains, and the intersection between each one using skylight and using visual light to guide people

9.10.6inspiration

Fig(8.10.11),Heating system ,illustrate by (author)

Fig(8 10 10),ice dam

Fig(8 10 12),fabric roof ,illustrate by (author)

Fig(8 10 14),Denver airport, data source(architonic)

Fig(8 10 13),Denver airport data source(architonic),illustrate by (author)

Fig(8 10 15),Denver airport, data source(architonic)

8.10.7 technical studies:

Roof material allows to percent light of visible light to pass through, using solar light

8.10.8 concept lll:integration

Saint Catherine's Monastery is one of the most important religious monuments in the city of Saint Catherine and it is called the religion complex so I will take the features of monastery and integrate with modern features

8.10.9 inspiration

Fig(8.10.16),Denver airport, data source(architonic)

Fig(8 10 17),fabric roof

Direct light Diffused light Direct view of sky

Fig(8.10.18),saint cathriene monastery, data source(egymonuments)

Fig(8.10.20),residential house,data (sourceartfasad)

Fig(8.10.19)saint cathrienemonastery, data source(egymonuments)

ChapterVIII 08BIBLIOGRAPHY

List of figures

List of figures

Chapter I

• Fig (1 0), The smart hub holds different mode of transportation, data source (Elshater, 2014), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (1 1), Transportation System in Concept, data source (Tony, 2006), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (1 2),) Point-to-Point vs Hub and Spoke Systems, data source (Woxenius and Tony, 2006, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Chapter II

• Fig(2.1) Saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.2) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.3) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.4) Topography of saint Catharine, data Source (Climate Consultant , 2021)

• Fig(2.5) Al-Sisi briefed on the proposal of the “Altagli Alazam” project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.6) Moussa mountain, data Source (masrawy, 2021)

• Fig(2.7) Dair saint Catharine, data Source (Gate al-Ahram, 2021)

• Fig(2.8) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.9) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.10) Taba Naiwbaa, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.11) Taba Naiwbaa Road, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.12) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project Road, 2021)

• Fig(2.13) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.14) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.15) St Catherine Airport, data Source (civil aviation, 2021)

Chapter III

• Fig (3 1 1) Fluid geometry appears in the side elevation of Heydar Aliyev Center, (Zaha Hadid,2012) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3 1 2) Horizontal circulation (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.1.3) Rectangular geometry appears (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(2.1) Saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.2) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.3) Private transportation in saint Catharine, data Source (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(2.4) Topography of saint Catharine, data Source (Climate Consultant , 2021)

• Fig(2.5) Al-Sisi briefed on the proposal of the “Altagli Alazam” project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.6) Moussa mountain, data Source (masrawy, 2021)

• Fig(2.7) Dair saint Catharine, data Source (Gate al-Ahram, 2021)

• Fig(2.8) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.9) Tagli project, data Source (yom7, 2021)

• Fig(2.10) Taba Naiwbaa, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.11) Taba Naiwbaa Road, data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.12) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project Road, 2021)

• Fig(2.13) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.14) Wadi Saal - St. Catherine Road , data Source (Egypt project map, 2021)

• Fig(2.15) St Catherine Airport, data Source (civil aviation, 2021)

• Fig(3 1 4) Direct Circulation, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3 1 5), Cross path, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3.1.6) Private circulation, data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (3 1 7) difference between public and privet circulation , data source(Pinterest, 2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.8) ,liner circulation(l-2-design,2016), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.9), central circulation (researchgate,2019), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.10), grid circulation (Researchgate,2019), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.11), airport circulation(bulter,2017), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.12), Airport Hall (bulter), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.1.13), airport circulation (bulter, 2018), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.2.14), Fluid geometry appears in the side elevation of Heydar Aliyev Center, (Zaha Hadid,2012) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(3.2.15), Rectangular geometry appears , (2015) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(3.3.16), Interaction, (Andreea Cutieru,2020)

• Fig (3.3.17), Nonverbal Communication, data source (Track Mind), illustrated by (authors, 2021)

• Fig (3.3.18), Social Exchange, data source (Dora), illustrated by (authors, 2021)

• Fig (3.3.19), Social Intensity, data source (Archdaily)

• Fig (3.3.20), Unplanned Activates, data source (Track Mind)

• Fig (3.3.21), Greeters In Airport, data source) (CNN)

• Fig (3.3.22), Jewel Forest Village,, data source (Safire Architects)

• Fig(3.4.23), architecture Security, data source (Dreams time, 2015)

• Fig(3.4.24) Playground Security , data source (dreamstime, 2015)

• Fig(3.4.25), Security, data source (business traveller)

• Fig(3.4.26), Zurich International Airport, data source (myswitzerland)

• Fig(3.4.27), Security, data source (istockphoto)

• Fig(3.4.28), Airport passenger screening, data source (Reliance)

• Fig(3.4.29), passenger access control, data source (istockphoto)

• Fig(3.4.30) Security bollards, data source (Reliance)

• Fig(3.4.31), CCTV system in airports, data source (istockphoto)

• Fig(3.4.32), CCTV system in airports, data source (nimbleplanet)

• Fig(3.4.33), The security of one-way corridors, data source (istockphoto)

• Fig (3.5.34) Rectangular geometry appears , (November 19, 2018)

• Fig (3.5.35) Pattern geometry appears in the elevation of HUB concert hall (,2012)

• Fig (3.5.36) Pattern geometry appears in the elevation of HUB concert hall (,2012)

• Fig (3.5.37) separate the zones (constructionspecifier, 2014)

• Fig (3.5.38) sound insolation tiles , (archdaily,2021)

• Fig (3.5.39) Sound absorbing blankets , (the constructor, 2015)

• Fig (3.5.40) the celling and curtain wall of Madrid Barajas airport (architonic,2012)

• Fig (3.5.41) the celling of Madrid Barajas airport, (architonic,2012)

• Fig (3.5.42) the celling of Madrid Barajas airport, (architonic,2012)

• Fig(3.6.43), Durability , data source (archdaily), January 23, 2019

• Fig(3.6.44), Durability Materials, data source (archdaily)

• Fig(3.6.44), Durability Materials, data source (archdaily)

• Fig(3.6.45), Durability Structure, data source (Tuf-barf)

• Fig(3.6.46), Moisture, data source (archdaily)

• Fig(3.6.47), Moisture, data source (archdaily)

• Fig(3.6.48), wear and tear, data source (archdaily)

• Fig(3.6.49), Denver International Airport, data source (cmtsllc)

• Fig(3.6.50), The Amherst College New Science, data source (payette)

• Fig(3.7.51), safety house Personal protective , data source (worldarchitecture, 2019)

• fig (3.7.52) clark airport earthquake ,(2019)

• Fig(3.7.53), The Amherst College New Science, data source (payette)

• Fig(3.7.54), safety and health Personal protective , data source (pngwing)

• Fig(3.8.55), comfort aspects, illustrated by author

• Fig(3.8.56), comfort in architecture (re-thinkingthefuture, july 16, 2021)

• Fig(3.8.57), comfort in architecture (Jeong Tai Kim, 2000)

• Fig(3.8.58), thermal comfort (ecophon, 2015)

• Fig(3.8.59), thermal comfort (warmup, July 20th, 2015)

• Fig(3.8.60), Proper ventilation ,(metalera ,2020)

• Fig(3.8.61), visual comfort,(KiyoshiSaitoc,October 2019)

• Fig(3.8.62), visual comfort, (Archdaily,2015)

• Fig(3.8.63), visual comfort, (Archdaily,2015)

• Fig(3.8.64), natural lighting, (designingbuildings,2020)

• Fig(3.8.65), Olfactory comfort, (Archdaily,2015)

• Fig(3.8.66), Olfactory comfort, (Archdaily,2015)

• Fig(3.8.67), replacing the stale air with fresh air (greenbuildingadvisor,2021)

Chapter IV

• Fig(4.1), Kila 2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4 2), Kila 2 & Kila airport, data source (google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4 3), Kila 2 & Kila airport, data source (klia2.info), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.4), mall in level3, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.5), Busses in terminal kila2 , data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig (4.6), Busses in terminal kila2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.7), Connection of space trusses, data source (hlarchitecture), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.8), Structure system of kila2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.9), Roof of kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.10), kila2 transportation hub, data source (google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.11), kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.12), kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.13), Level 1 transportation hub kila 2, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.14), Main Elevation of kila 2 airport , data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.15), Front Elevation of kila 2 airport, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.16), Section of kila 2 airport, data source (hlarchitecture), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.17), Guiding signs , data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.18), Guiding signs, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.19), Security bollards, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.20), gates of kila2 transportation hub, data source (hlarchitecture, 2015), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.21), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.22), 3d view, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.23), contextual layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.24), concept, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.25), 3d Zoning, data source (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.26), layout Zoning, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.27), Circulation, data source (unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.28), Section for structure, data source (Unstudio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.29), Conceptual diagram, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.30), Indoor green , data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig(4.31), Void in plaza, data source (Un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.32), Main façade, data source (Un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.33), back façade , data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.34), Section façade, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.36), Circulation, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(4.37), Flexibility, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.39), Solar cells in the roof, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.40), Outdoor Landscape, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.42),shanzhenbao’an international airport, data source (Shenzhen-airport),illustratedby (authors,2021)

• Fig(4.43),shanzhenbao’an international airport concept, data source (Shenzhen-airport),illustratedby (authors, 2021)

• Fig(4.44), Shenzhen bao’an international airport, data source (arch daily) ,illustratedby (authors 2021)

• Fig(4.45), structuresystem Shenzhen bao’an international airport,data source (arch daily),illustratedby (authors 2021)

• Fig(4.46),ShenzhenBao'anInternationalAirport, datasource(google earth),illustratedby (authors2021)

• Fig(4.47),ShenzhenBao'anInternationalAirport, datasource(google earth),illustratedby (authors2021)

• Fig(4.48),AirportGround Plan, datasource(Shenzhen-airport),illustratedby (authors2021)

• Fig(4.49),AirportFirst Plan, datasource(Shenzhen-airport),illustratedby (authors2021)

• Fig(4.50),connectionbetween airportand station,datasource(Shenzhen-airport),Illustrated by (authors2021)

• Fig(4.51),connectionbetween airport ana station,datasource(Shenzhen-airport),Illustrated by (authors2021)

• Fig(4.52),AirportsPlans, datasource(Shenzhen-airport),Illustrated by (authors2021)

• Fig(4.53),AirportsPlans, datasource(Shenzhen-airport),Illustrated by (authors2021)

• Fig(4.53),AirportsPlans, datasource(wikiwand), Illustratedby (authors2021)

• Fig(4.55) The first securityrobot works at Shenzhen airport,data source(wiki wand),illustratedby (authors,2021)

• Fig(4.56) The locationof Shenzhenairport, data source (google maps), illustrated by (authors, 2021)

• Fig(4.57)section of interior Shenzhen airport,data source (wiki wand), illustrated by (authors2021)

• Fig(4.58)section of Shenzhen airport,data source (wiki wand), illustratedby(authors2021)

• Fig(4.59)Shenzhenairport, data source (Fuksas), illustrated by(authors2021)

• Fig(4.60), Wellington Airport, data source (Architecture now), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.61), Wellington Airport Covered Parking, data source (stuff), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.62), Wellington Airport, data source (Architecture now), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.63), Wellington Airport, data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.64), Site Accessibility, data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.65), Wellington Airport Plan, data source (wellington airport), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.66), Wellington Airport Circulation, data source (wellington airport), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig (4.67), Wellington Airport façade, data source (Architecture now), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.68), Wellington Airport Section, data source (Pinterest), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.69), Wellington Airport, data source (warrenandmahoney), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.70), Wellington Airport, data source (Naylor love), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.71), Wellington Airport, data source (Naylor love), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.72), John transportation hub , data source(Wickiwand). illustrated by author.

• Fig (4.73), John transportation hub , data source(google earth). illustrated by author.

• Fig(4.74), John transportation hub , data source(google earth). illustrated by author.

• Fig(4.75), OR tambo transportation hub transportation hub, data source(arup)

• Fig(4.76), Layout Zoning, ortambo-airport,(springerlink), illustrated by author.

• Fig(4.77) Terminal B level 3 Plan, ortambo-airport,(springer link), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.78), Or tambo hub elevation , data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig (4.79), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.80), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.81), CTB elevation, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.82), CTB atrium, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.83), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.84), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.85), Or tambo hub interior, data source(issue), illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.87), Hongqiao transportation hub Layout ,data source(China air line travel), illustrated by authors(2021)

• Fig(4.88), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source(Asia green buildings),illustrated by author(2021).

• Fig(4.87), Hongqiao transportation hub Layout ,data source(China air line travel), illustrated by authors(2021)

• Fig(4.88), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source(Asia green buildings),illustrated by author(2021).

• Fig(4.89), Hongqiao transportation hub, data source ( Asia green buildings), illustrated by (author2021)

• Fig(4.90), Hongqiao transportation hub Layout, data source(research gate),illustrated by author

• Fig(4.91), Hongqiao transportation hub Plan ,data source(China airline travel), illustrated by author

• Fig(4.92), Hongqiao transportation hub circulation, data source(China airline travel), illustrated by author

• Fig(4.93) , Hongqiao transportation hub section ,data source(research gate),illustrated by (author2021)

List of figures

• Fig(4.94), Hongqiao transpoortation hub elevation ,data source(research gate).illustrated by (author2021).

• Fig(4.95), Hongqiao transportation hub elevators , data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (author2021)

• Fig(4.96), Hongqiao transportation hub hall, data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (author2021)

• Fig(4.97), Hongqiao transportation fire safety, data source ( Asia green buildings),illustrated by (author2021)

• Fig(4.98), Zadar Airport, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by(Zadar Airport-hr)

• Fig(4.99), Zadar Airport, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by(Zadar Airport-hr)

• Fig(4.100), Zadar Airport , data source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by(Zadar Airport-hr)

• Fig(4.101), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo), illustrated by( Air mondo )

• Fig(4.102), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo ), illustrated by( Air mondo )

• Fig(4.103), Zadar Airport, data source (Air Mondo ), illustrated by( Air mondo )

• Fig(4.104), Zadar Airport, Layout,data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.105), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.106), Zadar Airport ,Sections ,data source (Zadar Airport-hr ), illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.107), Zadar Airport ,Elevation, data source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.109), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.110), Zadar Airport ,Ground Floor main Building source (Zadar Airport-hr ) , illustrated by(Author)

• Fig(4.111),Hiroshima airport, data source (hij.airport) ,illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.112),Hiroshima airport, data source (mhs.) ,illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.113),Hiroshima airport, data source (mhs.) ,illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.114),Hiroshima airport layout , data source (archdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.115),Hiroshima airport layout, data source (google maps), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.116),Ground Floor Plan, data source (hij.airport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.117),First floor Plan, data source (hij.airport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.118),Elevation, data source (mhs.co),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.119),Second section, data source (authors),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.120),Hiroshima airport interior, data source (wikiwand) ), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.121),Hiroshima airport interior, data source (MHS), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.122),Hiroshima airport interior, data source (MHS) ,illustrated by (authors)

List of figures

• Fig(4.123), Hiroshima airport interior, data source (MHS) ,illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.124), Hiroshima airport interior, data source (MHS) ,illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.125), .Dubai Airport Layout, Data source (Airport Supplies)

• Fig(4.126), .Dubai Airport Layout, Data source (Airport Supplies)

• Figure(4.127), Terminals 2, Data source (Maplets), Illustrated by ( Author)

• Figure(4.128), Terminals 2, Data source (Maplets), Illustrated by ( Author)

• Figure(4.129), Terminals 2, Data source (Traveller), Illustrated by ( Author)

• Figure(4.130), Terminals 2, Data source (alamy), Illustrated by ( Author)

• Fig(4.131), Dubai Airport Circulation, Data source (Your Dubai Guide), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.132), Dubai Airport, Data source (blogspot), Illustrated by ( Author,2021)

• Fig(4.133), Dubai Airport, Data source (blogspot), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.134), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Portcalls), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.135), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Takenaka), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.137), Changi Map, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.138), Changi Map, Data source (Changi Airport), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.139), Changi Map, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.140), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.141), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.142), Changi Airport, Data source (antonettavanhaalen), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.143), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (mero), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.144), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (mero), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.145), Changi Airport, Data source (cocnuts), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.146), Changi Airport, Data source (Callisonrtkl), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.147), Changi Airport, Data source (Construction Education Center), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.148), Changi Airport Terminal 2, Data source (Coolyar), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.149), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.150), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.151), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(4.152), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.153), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.154), Reagan National Airport, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.155), Reagan National Airport, Data source (Google Earth), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.157), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.158), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.159), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.160), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.161), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.162), Reagan National Airport, Data source (worldairportguides), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.163), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.164), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.165), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.166), Reagan National Airport, Data source (wtopnews), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.167), Reagan National Airport, Data source (tclf), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.168), Reagan National Airport, Data source (tclf), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.169), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ggwash), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.170), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.171), Reagan National Airport , Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.172), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.173), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.174), Reagan National Airport, Data source (ncpc.gov), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.175), beihing daxing international airport, Data source (airport-technology), Illustrated by (Author,2021)

• Fig(4.176),beihing daxing international airport, data source (researchgate),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.177),beihing daxing international airport, data source (airport-technology),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.178),beihing daxing international airport, data source (googlemap),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.179),beihing daxing international airport, data source (googlemap),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.180), Beijing daxing,First floor, data source (Beijing daxing),illustrated by (authors)

List of figures

• Fig(4.181), Beijing daxing, Third floor, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.182), Beijing daxing, Fourth floor, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.183), Beijing daxing, Circulation, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.184), Beijing daxing, Elevation, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.185), Beijing daxing, Sections, data source (Arcdaily),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.186), Beijing daxing, Sections, data source (airport-technology),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.187),sydney international airport, data source (airport-technology),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.188),sydney international airport, data source (thinkingthefuture),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.189),sydney international airport, data source (google earth),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.190),sydney international airport layout, data source (google earth),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.191),sydney international airport, layout, data source (Sydney,Airport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.192), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.193), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.194), sydney international airport, plan, layout, data source (SydneyAirPort),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.195),sydney international airport, Layout, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.196),sydney international airport,plan, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.197), sydney international airport,plan, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.198),sydney international airport, Elevation, data source (Sydneyairport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.199),sydney international airport, Elevation, data source (ABCairport),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(4.200),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.201),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.202),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.203),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Layout data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.204),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.205),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.206),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.207), Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.208), Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

List of figures

• Fig(4.209),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Interior , data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.210),Kayseri West City Bus Terminal, Interior , data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.211), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.212), Intercity bus terminal , data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.213), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.214), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009) , illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.215), Intercity bus terminal, Layout, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.216), Intercity bus terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.217), Intercity bus terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.218), Intercity bus terminal, Section, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.219), Intercity bus terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.220), Intercity bus terminal, Elevation, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.221), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.222), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.223), Intercity bus terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.224), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.225), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.226), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.227), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (GoogleMap), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.228), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, data source (GoogleMap), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.229), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.230), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.231), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.232), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.233), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.234), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.235), Nevsehir Bus Terminal, Plan, data source (Archdaily,2009), illustrated by(Author )

• Fig(4.236), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.237), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.238), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (modern) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.239), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Arcdaily) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.240), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Arcdaily) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.241), Lüleburgaz Bus Station, data source (Googleearth), illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.242), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

• Fig(4.243), Elevation, data source (Archdaily), illustarted by(Authors)

• Fig(4.244), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

• Fig(4.245), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

• Fig(4.246), Elevation , data source (Archdaily) , illustarted by(Authors)

• Fig(4.247), Section , data source (Arch daily) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.248), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by(Authors)

• Fig(4.249), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by(Authors)

• Fig(4.250), Lüleburgaz Bus Station , data source (Google maps) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(4.251), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safaribay) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(4.252), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.253), Eltorgman bus station, data source (siwawi), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.254), Eltorgman bus station, data source (Googleearth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.255), Eltorgman bus station, data source (Google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.256), Eltorgman bus station, data source (Google Maps), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.257), Eltorgman bus station, data source (authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.258), Eltorgman bus station, data source (authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.259), Eltorgman bus station, data source (Google earth), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.260), Eltorgman bus station, data source (authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.261), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.262), Eltorgman bus station, data source (foursquare), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.263), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.264), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (4.265), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

List of figures

• Fig (4.266), Eltorgman bus station, data source (safirway), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Chapter V

• Figure (5.1) Building Condition map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.2),St. Katherine Health Office, data source (Google) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.3), St. Katherine Tourist Village , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.4) Land Use map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.5),St. Katherine Monastery , data source (7th day) , illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.6), St. Catherin Hospital, data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.7) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.8), St. Katherine Hotel , data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.9), Monastery of St. Katherine , data source (Katherine) , illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.10) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.11), St. Katherine snowing, data source (akhbarelyom), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.12), city of St. Katherine, data source (propertyfinder), illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.13) Building Height map, source by (Google earth,2021) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.14), St. Katherine Roads, data source (Authors), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.15), St. Katherine Protectorate, data source (youm7), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(5.16), topography of Saint Catherine, illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.17) Temperature, Data source (meteoblue), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(5.18) Precipitation, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig( 5.19) Relative Humidity, Data source (championtraveler)

• Fig (5.20) Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue) Fig(5.21) Wind Rose, Data source (meteoblue) Fig(5.22)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue) Fig(5.23) site analysis , Data source (authors), Fig(5.24)Wind Speed, Data source (meteoblue)

• Fig(5.25), Saint Catherine residents, data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.26), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.27), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.28), St. Catherine Monastery, data source (sinaimonastery), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(5.29), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)` Fig(5.30), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.31), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(5.32), Saint Catherine residents , data source (africanworldheritagesites) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.33), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.34), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.35), Saint Catherine residents, data source (sinaimonastery) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(5.36), Saint Catherine residents , data source (dreamstime) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.37), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig(5.38), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019) , Illustrated by (Authors,2021) Fig (5.39), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.40), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.41), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.42), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.43), Environmental Analysis, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.44),Wood Roofing, Data source (academia) Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.45)Foundation, Data source (academia), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (5.46), Walls, Data source (academia) ), Illustrated by (Authors,2021)

Fig (5.47), Roofing, Data source (academia) Illustrated by (Authors,2021

• • Fig(5.48),residential building, Data Source (maadicontracting),illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.49), mosa mountain, Data Source (PhotoDirectLink,2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.50),saint Catherine hospital, Data Source (hioportsaid,2014), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.51), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

Fig(5.52), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.53), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.54)Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.55), Saint Catherine residents , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.56) , Saint Catherine school,( elwatannews ), illustrated by (authors)

List of figures

• Fig (5.57), transfiguration project,( elwatannews ), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.58), Saint Catherine map , data source (google earth, 2019) , illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.59), Catherine Monastery, data source (egypttailormade) , illustrated by (Authors) Fig(5.60), Sand Soil, data source (quora) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(5.61), Sand Soil, data source (Authors) , illustrated by (Authors)

• Fig(5.62), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.63), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.64), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(5.65), Saint Catherine transportation , data source (st-katherine.net, 2019), illustrated by (authors) Fig(5.66), St. Catherin map , data source( Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021)

• Fig(5.67), site map, data source( Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021)

• Fig(5.68), Building height map, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021) Fig(5.69), Building height map, data source(Google Map),) illustrated by (author, 2021)

• Fig(5.70), Building condition map, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021) Fig(5.71), Street hierarchy map, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021) Fig(5.72), Solid and void map, data source(Google Map), illustrated by (author, 2021)

Chapter VI

• Fig (6.1) Baggage Claim, Data Source(Neufert)

• Fig (6.2)Space Req. Chart, Data Source(Advisor Circular)

• Fig (6.3)Baggage Claim Types, Data Source(Metric)

• Fig (6.4) Baggage Claim Types, Data Source(Metric)

• Fig (6.5) Baggage Handling Types, Data Source(Metric)

• Fig (6.6)security layout, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.7) queue , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.8) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.9) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.10) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.11) AIT , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig (6.12) AIT , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

List of figures

• Figure (6.13) Barriers , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.14)Barriers , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.15) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.16) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.17) X-Ray, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.18) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.19) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.20) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.21) 2nd screening, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.22) passenger inspection , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.23) passenger inspection , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.24) composure bench, data source (transportation security administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.25) mini in-line system , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

• Figure (6.26) medium-volume in-line system, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

• Figure (6.27) stand-alone eds, Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA), October 10, 2007

• Fig(6.28), Bus dimension, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.29 ), Space Requirement for Platform, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.30 ), Space Requirement for Platform, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.31), Space Requirement for Platform, data source (Neufert),

• Fig(6.32), Space Requirement for Platform, data source (Neufert),

• Fig (6.33 )platform, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.34), platform, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.35), platform, data source (Neufert

• Fig(6.36), platform, data source (Neufert

• Fig(6.37), platform, data source (Neufert

• Fig(6.38), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

• Fig(6.39), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

• Fig(6.40), Platform, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture)

List of figures

• Fig(6.41), Layout, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.42), Layout, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.43), Layout, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.44), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.45), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.46), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.47), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.48), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.49), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.50), Turning radius, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.52), ticket office, data source (Neufert)

• Fig(6.53), bus station layout, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.54), bus station layout, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.55), bus station layout, data source (Metric-Handbook-Architecture), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(6.56) Seating area, and minimum dimensions (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.57) Seating area, and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.58) Where to place structure columns and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.59) Seating area for square tables and Dimensions needed (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.60) Seating area for Circular Table and Dimension needed(Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.61) Program and Circulation of Restaurant (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.62) Checkout counter with conveyer belt (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.63) Dimensions of Counter and shelves (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.64) Shops and stores and its circulation (Neufert,2009)

• Figure (6.65) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.66) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Figure (6.67) WTMD , Data source (Transportation Security Administration (TSA),2014

• Fig(6.68) Room arrangement for offices (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.69) Offices and Workstation Dimensions (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.70) Office Management Dimensions(Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.71) Prayer dimensions (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.72) Zones of Mosques (Neufert,2009)

List of figures

• Fig(6.73) Check in Counter Dimensions (Airport terminal planning and design ,2009)

• Fig(6.74) Check in Counter Dimensions (Airport terminal planning and design ,2009)

• Fig(6.75) Public Toilets (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.76) Public Toilets (Neufert,2009)

• Fig(6.77) Dimensions for handicap Toilets (Neufert,2009)

• Figure (6.78) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.79)elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.80) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.81) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.82) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.83) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.84) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.85) elevators, Data source (the metric),1999

• Figure (6.86) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.87) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.88) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.89) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.90) escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.91)escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure(6.92)escalator, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.93) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.94) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.95) Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.96)Walls, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.97) ramp, Data source (neufert),2012

• Figure (6.98) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

• Figure (6.99) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

• Figure (6.101) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

• Figure (6.102)travelator, Data source (metric),1999

• Figure (6.103) travelator, Data source (metric),1999

Chapter VII

• Fig(7.1) Sustainability, data Source (researchgate), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.2), Sustainable Building Design, data source (paintingvalley), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.3), Sustainable Building Design, data source (mdpi), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.4), Airport East Integrated Hub, data source (unstudio)

• Fig (7.5), Airport East Integrated Hub, data source (unstudio)

• Fig(7.6), Section façade, data source (un studio,2020), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.7),Social Sustainability, Data Source (Pinclibart)

• Fig(7.8), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

• Fig(7.9), Indicators of Social Sustainability, Data Source (Woodcraft et al), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.10), Framework of Social Sustainability, Data Source (Woodcraft et al ), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.11), Jewel Airport, Data Source (Jewelairport)

• Fig(7.12), Jewel Airport, Data Source (Jewelairport)

• Fig(7.13), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

• Fig (7.14) Tourist shops and market ,Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.15) Roof panels ,Data source(kirbyinternational), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.16), Roof panels ,Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors, kirbyinternational2021)

• Fig (7.17) East Integrated hub, Data source(Jack Sullivan), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.18) East Integrated hub layout ,Data source(Arcdaily), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.19) East Integrated hub layout ,Data source(Arcdaily), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.20) Sustainability, Data source(flaticon), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.21), Sustainability Pilers, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

• Fig(7.22), Sustainability, Data Source (flaticon) ,illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.23), Sustainability, Data Source (flaticon) ,illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.24), Galapagos, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(7.25), Galapagos, data source (Neufert), illustrated by (authors)

• Fig(7.26), Sustainability development, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

• Fig(7.27), Sustainability development Goals, Data Source (Auothers,2021)

List of figures

• Fig(7.28), Galapagos Ecological Airport, airport ix ), illustrated by (Author, 2021)

• Fig(7.29), Boston Logan airport ,Data Source ( airport ix ),illustrated by (Author 2021)

• Fig (7.30), Sustainable Building Design, data source (slideteam, 2021), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig (7.31), Sustainable Building Design, data source (slideteam, 2021), illustrated by (Authors,2021)

• Fig(7.32), LEED credit categories, Data source (LEED certification guide, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.33), LEED Rating system, Data source (LEED certification guide, 2011), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.34), GPRS Logo, Data source (GPRS Green pyramid rating system ), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.35) Table showing GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.36), Table showing the comparison LEED AND GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.37), GPRS Logo, Data source (GPRS Green pyramid rating system ), illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

• Fig(7.38), LEED Logo, Data source (LEED certification guide, 2011) illustrated by (Authors, 2021)

List of Tables

• Source: By author based on The Modern Airport Terminal: New Approaches to Airport Architecture

•

•

Fig(7.35) Table showing GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

Fig(7.36), Table showing the comparison LEED AND GPRS categories weight by (Authors, 2021)

References

References :

• Azmi, M. (2021, September 7).Amenities performance on transportation hub: Acase study of medium-sized non-centered state. Journal of critical reviews. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.academia.edu/51466625/AMENITIES_PERFORMANCE_ON_TRANS PORTATION_HUB_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_MEDIUM_SIZED_NON_CENTERED _STATE?email_work_card=view-paper

• (PDF) from typology concept to Smart Transportation Hub. ResearchGate. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544817_From_Typology_Concept_to_S mart_Transportation_Hub

• Author links open overlay panelMuna NorkhairunnisakUstadiNor Atiqah MohammadShopi, NorkhairunnisakUstadi, M., MohammadShopi, N.A., & Abstract Apublic transport hub is a place where the passengers are exchange between vehicles or transport modes. Public transport hubs form as the areas for easily accessed by the residential. The location of hub should be close with other interconnected . (2016, March 4).Astudy towards the efficiency of public transportation hub characteristics: Acase study of northern region, Peninsular Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2212567116000757?token=857BB686CE78 11660719783C6DBAE487B63339EF41BD396EFE019DB9CC14E45C4AA7549E1F 0EA0E2EACC46C030517DE0&originRegion=eu-west1&originCreation=20211219181041

• Liu, R., Chen, Y., & Wu, J. (2018, March 1). Mapping spatial accessibility of public transportation network in an urban area †“ A case study of Shanghai Hongqiao Transportation Hub ScienceDirect

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1361920918300245

•Shaimardanova, C. (2021, June 18). The emergence and development of transport hubs in Russia | E3S Web of Conferences. Edpsciences. https://www.e3s-

conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2021/50/e3sconf_stcce2021 01004/e3sconf_stcce

References

•M. Elshater, A., & Ibraheem, F. (2014, January 4). From Typology Concept to Smart Transportation Hub. ScienceDirect.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275544817_From_Typology_Concept_to_S mart_Transportation_Hub

•O. D, P., & R.V, F. (2020, January). Research of Transport Hubs: Evolutionaryfunctional Approach. Researchgate.

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333430874_EvolutionaryFunctional_Approach_to_Transport_Hubs_Classification

• Architectural standard - ernst & Peter Neufert -Architects' data : Free download, Borrow, and streaming. Internet Archive. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://archive.org/details/Architectural_Standard_Ernst_Peter_Neufert_Architects_D ata/page/n17/mode/1up?view=theater

• Doveil, F., Doveil, F., Bellocchio, D., Bellocchio, D., Dardana, C., & Dardana, C. (2020, June 15). How do we define whether a building is eco? concepts and examples of sustainable architecture. LifeGate. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.lifegate.com/sustainable-architecture-definition-concept-projectsexamples

• 7 airport and airline sustainability initiatives to reduce environmental impact. Future Travel Experience. (2019, July 26). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.futuretravelexperience.com/2019/07/7-airport-airline-sustainabilityinitiatives-reduce-environmental-impact/

• Admin. (2020, March 4). The relationship between architecture and environment. IEREK. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2016/04/13/the-relationship-betweenarchitecture-and-environment/

• Environmental sustainability. Definition of Environmental Sustainability. (n.d.).

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https://www.thwink.org/sustain/glossary/EnvironmentalSustainability.htm

• Take online courses. earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/environmental-sustainability-definition-andapplication.html#:~:text=Environmental%20sustainability%20is%20defined%20as,fo r%20long%2Dterm%20environmental%20quality

• Going to siwa by bus from Cairo. Siwawi. (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://siwawi.com/en/landing/going-to-siwa-by-bus

• KulArchitects. (2016). Gallery of nevsehir bus terminal / Bahadir Kul architects - 20.

ArchDaily. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from

https://www.archdaily.com/640716/nevsehir-bus-terminal-bahadirkul/5577a24fe58eceaa2a0001d9-nevsehir-bus-terminal-bahadir-kulsketch?next_project=no

• KulArchitects. (2016). Gallery of nevsehir bus terminal / Bahadir Kul architects - 20. ArchDaily. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/640716/nevsehir-bus-terminal-bahadirkul/5577a24fe58eceaa2a0001d9-nevsehir-bus-terminal-bahadir-kulsketch?next_project=no

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Thanks and appreciation

At the beginning, we thank God Almighty, who helped us and strengthened our resolve to complete this research in order to make this project a knowledge that benefits all.

After that, We truly appreciate your time and effort. It was wonderful experience studding under you guidance and supervision

We extend our sincere thanks and appreciation with all the affection and love to the doctors and professors who helped and supported us and gave us advice in supervising this research

Dr. Omar fawzy

Dr. Rania El Meseidy

Dr. Ibrahim EL-Dmary

Dr. Doaa Esmat

Dr. Eman Salah

And we express our gratitude and appreciation and special thanks to Dr. Tarekk AbdelSalam

for his support and advices in supervising this research.

And finally ,we would like to thank all the lecture and teacher assistants, especially Eng. Mona Mostafa.