A New Type of Sport
A look into how drone soccer is impacting sports and STEM Education
Sunday, May 18, 2025
Jayden DeViera and Samantha Whyte are just a few of the driving forces behind Guyana’s growing drone soccer scene (Samuel Maughn photo)
Creativity Behind the Lens
By By Michel Outridge
THE art or practice of taking and processing photographs can be defined by this young and budding self-taught photographer, Mansoor Cave, who is in the habit of upgrading his skills to become the best.
The 26-year-old has made a name for himself through his work in photography. Locally, he is well-known among his peers as the photographer often seen on Main Street, Georgetown, taking portraits of people during the festive season or at events.
Even though he doesn’t possess any formal certification in photography, Cave told Pepperpot Magazine that he is always willing to learn and strives to give customers what they need — quality over quantity — by capturing memories through photos.
He is a resident of Mocha Arcadia, East Bank Demerara, who did not complete his sec-
ondary education due to personal setbacks. Cave reported that he was a student of Diamond Secondary School, and while in the Fourth Form, he used to play football. During one of those games, he suffered a broken arm and had to be away from school for months since his arm was in a cast. This injury hampered his success in formal education.
However, all was not lost.
Although dejected, Cave rose to the challenge and began exploring new possibilities.
In 2018, his aunt, who lives abroad, gifted him an old Nikon camera model.
Cave used it to take photographs — mostly of his family in the yard — and did it for free, just practising at first.
After some time, he realised that he liked it, and his favourite subjects became landscapes, butterflies, flowers, and people.
His fascination with photography deepened, and he upgraded to a Sony point-andshoot camera, another gift —
this time from one of his sisters in 2020.
Cave eventually turned to YouTube and became a selftaught photographer after watching many photography tutorials. He gained confidence after a while, and when he felt he was ready to take on professional work, he embarked on his journey as a photographer.
Today, Cave is the official photographer for Slingerz Football Club and also does freelance photography as a side hustle. He takes photos of players during games and at practice sessions on weekends.
In addition, Cave does both indoor and outdoor photography and photoshoots for events and all occasions. Although he does not yet own a studio, he is working toward achieving that goal.
At times, he has to rent studio space by the hour for indoor photoshoots with customers. Having his own studio at a fixed location would be ideal.
Cave told Pepperpot Mag-
azine that he is hoping to have a spot close to home, in Mocha Arcadia, for his photo studio.
The young man related that when he was just starting out as a photographer, he would go to the seawalls and take instant photographs of people for a reasonable fee. He would do the same when there were activities on Main Street, Georgetown.
During the festive period — from the second week in December up to the first week in January — he sets up a stall along Main Street Avenue to take photos of people.
Being self-employed is a blessing for Cave, who appreciates the flexibility to fulfil his role as a photographer covering various events.
“Although I do not have any form of certification, I would never say or prevent myself from learning. Every day brings a new experience to enhance my skills as a budding photographer who by no means knows it all,” he said.
Cave reported that he currently uses a Sony A7 II digital camera, which is a 2013 model, for his small photography business. He especially likes the features of the camera,
which is mirrorless — perfect for him to handle and to deliver professional photography that gains customer approval.
He told Pepperpot Magazine that status in society means nothing when you are not capable of delivering on the job. With that said, he is aiming to be among the best in photography in the near future.
This photographer became well-known for his presence in the community and on social media, partic ularly on TikTok and Facebook, for posting snippets of his work, which are widely liked.
He gets jobs based on recommendations and has repeat customers who appreciate his service. This week, he will be busy photographing a wedding
and has two indoor photoshoots scheduled.
Cave is known for his creativity, personality, and the image of a respectable young photographer who is willing to learn while earning a living.
Photography literally means 'drawing with light', derived from the Greek photo, meaning light, and graph, meaning to draw. Photography is the process of recording an image — a photograph — on light-sensitive film or, in the case of digital photography, via a digital, electronic, or magnetic memory.
Locally, we have many photographers — some professionals and others who are advancing with their unique approach and talent behind the lens, just like Cave.
Mansoor Cave, the photographer
A sample of his photography
Photo by Mansoor Cave
A New Type of Sport
A look into how drone soccer is impacting sports and STEM Education
By Shaniya Harding GUYANA’S
development in technology has given rise to a number of new sports, ideas, and ambitious ventures. One of the most unique has to be Drone Soccer, a little-known but internationally recognised e-sport. It is also one of the sports that Guyana has been making its mark in, with a team competing in the Academic Drone Soccer World Cup last year.
This week, to better understand the game of drone soccer, Pepperpot Magazine sat down with Jayden DeViera and Samantha Whyte, both from STEM Guyana. Focused on the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, STEM Guyana aims to introduce children from the age of seven to the various areas of STEM, in an attempt to use creativity to solve real-world problems. Currently, STEM Guyana hosts a number of after-school programmes, with more than 100 children focusing on areas such as programming, artificial intelligence, and drone operation.
Long-time STEM participant and now teacher, Jayden DeViera says that STEM is more than all fun and games, and is one of the only ways he sees children learning to use teamwork, maths, and science to solve problems.
“STEM is something I’ve always had an interest in. Because it is practical problem solving, I like to say. You know, in school we just, you know, we put the problem on a board and we have to put it in our books. But in STEM, you
know, there’s a problem in the world, and then we put the solution into the world,” he shared.
The programmes offered by STEM Guyana aim to help children develop a love for STEM, beginning with having them work with LEGO bricks and eventually moving on to complex computer programming.
“I’ve been doing the teaching here for almost a year now. There are different courses. The introduction course is like LEGO-looking stuff to build. Then they move on from that into more coding. So they use Arduino boards to code. Then, from there, they move on to artificial intelligence. They learn the basics of artificial intelligence, the theory and concept behind it. And then they move on to Python, the basics of Python, which would allow them to create AI algorithms,” Jayden said.
Although a lover of STEM and now a drone soccer teacher, Jayden says when he first heard about the sport, he was not a fan of the idea.
“When I first heard about drone soccer, my first thought was: nerdy. Like it was something for people who could not play real soccer. But yeah, that was my first thought. I still think it’s nerdy, but that’s not a bad thing.”
He added that he soon discovered drone soccer requires far more skill than he thought.
“It does take skill. A very huge misconception is that it doesn’t. It takes a lot of skill to fly the drone, one. And then not only to fly the drone, but to fly it into the drone
been a part of the team for the last two years, says the after-school programmes offer so much more than just STEM.
"We see so many shy children when they come here. We want kids to express themselves, not to be afraid to be their own person."
like it's an escape from home, but you're still learning something. It's an escape from school."
STEM Guyana does not ignore the basics of traditional subjects, but rather finds new ways of implementing them.
soccer goal — and work along with other drones as well, flying in the air.”
Simply put, drone soccer is a team-based sport where players pilot small, lightweight drones inside protective cages, aiming to score points by flying their drone through a "goal" hoop suspended in the air. The game prioritises teamwork and tactics to make for an exciting, fast-paced experience.
Giving further insight, Jayden stated, “Essentially, it’s two teams, two teams of five. And then there’s this giant goal hoop hanging. One player, one drone in the team is labelled a striker. And when that goes through the goal, it’s a point.”
Drone soccer is just
the newest addition to the growing list of e-sports the world — and now Guyana — has seen. Jayden believes that more sports like it are needed; not just as new hobbies, but as new realms for creative people and children to explore.
“Guyana definitely needs more e-sports. Because, you know, it shows another realm for persons that want to play something competitive. They might not be athletic, but they might be good with video games and stuff like that. So this is definitely a realm that they need more of.”
Operations Analyst at STEM Guyana, Samantha Whyte, who has
She further added, "Public speaking is something that we try to promote, because I think we know what it's like. Most kids nowadays, they're not afraid to say their mind. So we love."
STEM Guyana’s lessons focus on blending creativity with problem-solving and, eventually, complex subjects like mathematics. As Samantha explained,
"And then when they do realise it, we've got to find different ways to make children like something. It's not the same. We've got to find a different teaching style for students. We don't want them to come here and feel like, oh, it's school. When you come here, you feel
"You're still learning something. This is what we want it to be. We don't want it to be a normal, regular lesson. Like, oh my God, I can't believe my mum would bring me here. When you come through that door, you must be excited to do and build a robot coded from another thing we like to do. So I really like showing them. Maybe they might not learn that in school, but they come here and they're learning that."
As drone soccer and other innovative activities gain traction, the work being done at STEM Guyana is helping shape a new generation of thinkers, builders, and future professionals. And for many of these young minds, it all starts with a flying robot in a hoop.
Jayden DeViera, drone soccer instructor at STEM Guyana, focuses as he pilots a drone through the goal hoop during practice (Samuel Maughn photo)
Samantha Whyte, Operations Analyst at STEM Guyana, showcases one of the lightweight drones used in their innovative drone soccer programme (Samuel Maughn photo)
The Shining Star
Nismes Secondary School Headteacher going the extra mile to contribute to society as an educator
By Michel Outridge
WHILE some sit and find excuses without realising their true potential in upgrading themselves and their academic status, Lashaun Williams has been doing the opposite — quietly working behind the scenes to fulfil her personal goals.
A native of Danielstown, Essequibo Coast, she attended Suddie Primary School in the region, where one particular teacher stood out to her — Sir Beashan Bhagwandas. She grew up admiring him: his technique in teaching, his ability to command attention, and his natural will to motivate his students.
She aspired to emulate that teacher, who made a significant impact on her life. Williams, a mother of one, told Pepperpot Magazine that Sir Bhagwandas made her believe that it didn’t matter where you came from — what
mattered was where you were heading and what you would become.
Coming from humble beginnings, this belief resonated within her and motivated her to become a self-starter in life.
Now 44 years old, she stated that Sir Bhagwandas instilled in his students the notion that whatever you dream can be achieved.
He had a zest for his job, adored his students, and gave of his time freely, both inside and outside the classroom.
After formally completing secondary school, Williams set her eyes on becoming a teacher and enrolled at the Cyril Potter College of Education (CPCE) in 1999. She began her teaching career the year
before, in 1998, at the Agricola Practical Instruction Centre.
“Sir Bhagwandas had a simple motto — CAS: confidence, accuracy, and speed. He instilled that in us daily during classroom sessions and quizzes, and we adapted that motto, which guided us to success,” she said.
Williams also taught at Johanna Cecilia Community High School and was instrumental in guiding the first batch of students to sit the Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) exams in 2002. A trained teacher by then, she also prepared the school’s students for their first-ever participation in Mashramani celebrations. Their excellent performance at the drama festival earned her awards as Best Actress and Best Producer.
It was during this time that her passion for poetry and drama blossomed. She founded a dramatic poetry club at the school, which gave students a space to express themselves through performance, especially during the calypso segment of Mash celebrations.
Williams shared that her academic journey advanced further after she graduated from the University of Guyana (UG) in 2010 with a Bachelor’s Degree in Education, specialising in home economics.
As a member of the President’s Youth Award Club, she served as a liaison from 2002 to 2005 and participated in various volunteer ventures, including with the Peace Corps during that period.
In 2005, Williams relocated from the Essequibo Coast to Georgetown to attend UG. She began teaching at Kingston Secondary School while also pursuing her studies. After graduation, she was promoted to teach at North Ruimveldt
Secondary School, where she became Head of the Home Economics Department.
In 2013, she decided to challenge herself and signed up for the Guyana National Cadet Corps in the Guyana Defence Force (GDF). Unfortunately, she
was injured and had her leg in a cast, which prevented her from attending the in-person interview.
Her dream later materialised when the Guyana National Cadet Corps programme was launched at North Ruimveldt Second-
ary by Lieutenant Colonel Eon Murray, then CEO. The programme was reintroduced in six schools. Williams and a few other teachers enrolled in the programme after being impressed by Officer Murray’s vision and structure. She explained that training took place on weekends and holidays — a demanding commitment that at times made her want to give up. However, she was encouraged to persevere, especially as the training could not occur during school hours.
Head Teacher for Nismes Secondary School, Lashaun Williams
Nismes Secondary School
New building – The construction of the new Nismes Secondary School
Between Oceans
The short film challenging the myth of racial harmony with raw realism and bold storytelling
By Shaniya Harding
Guyana is no stranger to cultural differences and the challenges that stem from racial bias. Often, the topic of race is addressed through songs, speeches, and imagery promoting unity and acceptance. But for some, these messages may feel unconvincing. Breaking the mould, Rae Wiltshire’s short film Between Oceans approaches racism from a different angle. Shot in black and white by a team of young Guyanese creatives, the film explores the relationship between an interracial couple in Guyana. Starring Marisa Morgan-Bonie, Mark Luke-Edwards, and Latiefa Agard, Between Oceans examines racial bias through a realistic lens, forcing its audience
perpot Magazine about the inspiration behind the concept and what it took to bring it to life.
"It was a bit tricky," Rae shared. "We had a really fast turnover time, because the ERC basically gave us—I think I saw the thing within a month, or two weeks. And if you know anything about production, you know you have to write a script, you have to cast—there's a lot of stuff—and it was a very short time. So that was very difficult."
Though real-life events and scenarios inspired the film, its unique approach to exploring the contrast between tolerance and acceptance came from Rae’s personal perspective. An experienced filmmaker and writer, Rae chose to highlight the harsh realities of racism in Guyana and beyond—realities that
to ask: What does acceptance truly mean?
Between Oceans: Racism Through a Realistic Lens
Unveiled last week at the Ethnic Relations Commission (ERC) and winning first place, the film has resonated deeply with Guyanese audiences, many of whom praised it for its authenticity and raw realism. Producer and director of the film, Rae Wiltshire, spoke with Pep-
along with the other entries in this year’s ERC film competition, reflects the growth of Guyana’s filmmaking industry. This year’s event saw 14 entries. Rae’s film had a dedicated and passionate team, both on and offscreen. Behind the scenes, Kevin Garbaran and Jaheim Jones handled sound; cinematography was done by Shakeem Walcott and Joshua ‘Tujay’ Macey; and Akeen King worked as the colourist. The team aimed to deliver a professional production with a distinct creative style.
Like many of Guyana’s leading filmmakers, Rae transitioned from theatre to film. It was in the theatre space that he encountered some of the country’s most inspiring creatives. Despite the field’s growth, filmmaking remains a challenging industry, especially financially.
“One of the hardest parts of filmmaking is getting money to do it. Just not having that financial resource is the most difficult thing. You also have to ask people for favours so you can complete your film,” Rae shared. He added, “We didn’t have no money to make Between Oceans. I had money, like $30,000, that we spent on catering.”
Training is another challenge facing the industry. While Guyana has no shortage of passionate and talented individuals, Rae believes more structured training could help nurture and expand the pool of emerging filmmakers.
Unveiled last week at the Ethnic Relations Commission (ERC) and winning first place, the film has resonated deeply with Guyanese audiences, many of whom praised it for its authenticity and raw realism. Pictured here is the cast of the film alongside the CEO of the Ethnic Relations Commission, Gomin Camacho (ERC photo)
with new festivals and fresh faces, Rae offers some advice to aspiring filmmakers: immerse yourself in literature as a foundation for film, explore cinema from around the world, and do it for passion, not fame.
“Understand every aspect of production that
you're in. Even if you're not going to be working in it, you have to communicate with people who work in that department.
The more you know, the better you'll be able to communicate, and the better your film is going to be,” he said.
Between Oceans is
currently available on YouTube alongside the other winning films from this year’s ERC competition. If you’re looking for a thought-provoking watch with familiar faces and relevant themes, give Between Oceans a look, and ask yourself some hard questions.
often defy the ideal of unity. The short film follows husband and wife duo Isaiah (played by Mark Luke-Edwards) and Vanessa (played by Marisa Morgan-Bonie). The plot centres on the real-life tension between Vanessa’s mother and her husband, Isaiah—a reflection of the subtle and overt racism many face in their own homes.
The Team Behind Between Oceans Between Oceans,
“If we had funding and training of individuals and these kinds of things, that would’ve been really good,” he said. He also noted, “I’ve taken it upon myself to train filmmakers in this endeavour. When I made Eating for Power, it was just me doing a lot of roles. I got almost burned out—well, I did get burned out. And I told myself, okay, you can’t do this on your own.”
As the local film industry continues to expand
Behind the scenes of Between Oceans
Turning Awareness into Action
Clinical Psychologist, Dr. Moses John Roderique, Shares Practical Tips for Coping with Stress, Understanding Depression, and Reclaiming Your Peace in the Age of Social Media
By Shaniya
Harding
THE world is moving faster than it ever has, and with the rise of social media, information about our fast-paced reality is being shared at lightning speed. While this influx of content can be helpful, it isn’t always positive. Throughout May, Guyana continues to observe Mental Health Awareness Month under the theme, “Turn Awareness into Action.” This week, The Pepperpot Magazine sat down with Dr. Moses John Roderique, a licensed clinical psychologist, to explore what mental health really means, why it demands our attention, and what practical steps we can take to stay grounded amid the chaos.
Stress, Depression, and Mental Health
Antigua-born and now practising in Guyana, Dr. Roderique is a seasoned clinical psychologist who operates a private practice. He shared that a large portion of his patients experience high levels of stress.
"On a clientele basis, I've seen a max — let’s
say, every day — 75% of persons who come to consult because they think they have depression, that they are stressed out, that they are in distress. So it's mostly all of the clients on a daily basis. Stress slash anxiety,” he shared.
Though stress may resemble depression, Dr. Roderique emphasised the importance of understanding the distinction between the two, and seeking professional help for proper diagnosis.
"Stress in its very basic look, of course, will be really intentional, physical or emotional tension. Why?
Because of a situation, an event or a thought. I want to debunk that stress and depression are not necessarily the same thing. Depression is a clinically diagnosable disorder, and stress is actually something that leads to that disorder," he explained.
He added that many people mistakenly equate minor stress with clinical depression, often due to a lack of understanding.
"Some persons, they don't really know what mental health is. So they loosely use the word of, ‘Hey, I'm depressed,’ when they have a little stress. So they think they're depressed. And I always tell clients and patients, well, hey, you don't want to really say that unless you're evaluated," he stated.
The Real Impact of the Virtual World
Social media is inescapable. From joyous milestones to global tragedies, we’re constantly exposed to a barrage of content, some of which we’d rather not see. Dr. Roderique explained that this exposure can have serious mental health consequences.
"Just imagine, we see many events online every single day. You wake up in the morning, you see an event happen, an accident, you will see a murder, you will see global instability, you will see certain things very, very much clear when you just swipe through Facebook or whichever soc ial media platform. And so it's the body's response. So they definitely will feel a bit of stress because it's a natural response," he said.
The key, he explained, lies in moderation and awareness of how we engage with these platforms.
"Social media in the way of how we handle it, or its use, would make it even better for us. If we know we are people who cannot deal with spontaneous events being popped up before our very eyes in the morning or in the night-time, then we would want to have some self-control to not look on social media at different intervals."
He added, "Getting to the point of exposure — that hey, this is going to be seen — is definitely something that we ought to consider."
While social media can offer community and support, it also presents a flood of distressing content. Dr Roderique’s advice? Spend more time away from your phone.
"Social media — the use of words can be positive or negative, right? Self-control is important when addressing social media — that's the line I address things with when it comes to social media."
He continued, "If you know that, of course, you cannot deal with certain things, then social media will want to be of its limited use on your end.”
Tips for Better Mental Health
Given how much time people spend online, disconnecting can feel daunting. But Dr. Roderique said that simple offline activities can make a meaningful difference.
"One of the practical ways to spend less time on social media and have better mental health would be to engage in physical activities, a hobby or interest that you like, a game that you like, a sport that you like. to actually engage with it and
to move forward with being physically healthy, which is intrinsically linked to being emotionally healthy."
He also recommends mindfulness practices that involve pausing and reflecting — something social media rarely encourages.
"Another thing, of course, is deep breathing, mindfulness techniques — where you would actually ensure that you can pause and reflect and think, or pause and breathe. Sometimes you just need to breathe, sometimes you just need to pause and have some connectors as to: is this really worth it? Is it something I can handle? Where do I go from here? And you do some exercises where that is concerned,” he said.
And while reducing phone usage is helpful, Dr. Roderique said that technology can still play a productive role.
"Nobody wants to write, but I even made it a bit crafty for my clients and patients. Everybody has
a phone now, everybody wants to text, but they don't want to write. So there are some online journals that you can use just for mental health, of course — that is private — so that's another one."
He added,
"Because we're technologically advanced, there are some mental health apps particularly helpful for the young population. So these are some that can actually help as tips when it comes to stress."
A Second Dimension of Health
Dr. Roderique believes that mental health should be viewed as an equal partner to physical health, not as a lesser priority.
As Guyana continues to “Turn Awareness into Action” this Ment al Health Awareness Month, Dr. Roderique’s insights serve as a timely reminder: our minds need just as much care as our bodies, and it starts with understanding, action, and balance.
The Shining...
FROM PAGE IV
She told Pepperpot Magazine that they were also required to participate in community outreach, including medical outreach activities. It was then she realised how much she enjoyed assisting others. Upon completion of the programme, she was awarded the position of Staff Sergeant.
Meanwhile, Williams was promoted to Head Teacher of Nismes Sec -
ondary School last year. In addition to her teaching duties, she has been doing a lot behind the scenes to assist others, especially children of immigrants who attend the school. Some live in dire conditions, and care packages have been arranged for them. She revealed that Nismes Secondary School, formerly a Primary Top, was officially gazetted in September 2024 and has since been elevated to a
Grade A school — a transformation made possible through the dedication of both students and teachers.
Williams explained that some students are slow learners, have speech impediments, domestic issues, or cannot read or write properly. The school has implemented literacy programmes to support their development.
These efforts are already bearing fruit: students who were once slow
learners are now excelling and recently competed in the Biennial Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) competition. They placed third in three categories — a proud moment for the school and its students.
Although the school has struggled with a stigma as a “low-grade” institution, Williams said they are breaking barriers and striving for academic ex-
cellence on par with other schools across the country. Her learning journey continues. She recently completed an Education Management Certificate with the Ministry of Education and is now pursuing a Master’s in Management, Leadership, and Supervision through the GOAL scholarship programme and another organisation.
Currently, a new building is under construction to house the students of
Nismes Secondary School. The old facility still accommodates Grades 5 and 7 only, with 12 teachers. Once completed, the new two-storey structure will serve over 800 students and further cement the school’s Grade A status. Lashaun Williams has been in the teaching profession for more than 20 years, and her drive to uplift others through education remains as strong as ever.
Dr. Moses John Roderique, a licensed clinical psychologist
Rewriting the Routine
Guyanese Doctor Avlon Jeffery makes history with ground-breaking surgery in Cuba, hopes to return home to make a lasting change
By Shaniya Harding
WITH steady hands, a profound sense of resolve, and a passion for medicine, Guyanese doctor, Avlon Jeffery, has been breaking new ground and hopes to rewrite the cardiology
came the first foreign resident at his level to independently perform a successful valve replacement surgery at the institution.
After leaving Guyana just five years ago to further his studies, Dr Jeffery aims to return home
landscape in Guyana. A fifth-year resident currently studying at Cuba’s Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, one of the country’s premier teaching institutions, Dr Jeffery made history on April 9 of this year when he be-
and resume his post as a cardiologist, where he believes Guyana has the potential to become a leader in cardiovascular care.
Although he continues to clear new hurdles, Dr Jeffery is no stranger to the field of cardio -
vascular surgery. Before embarking on his current journey, he served as a general practitioner at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC), where he worked to make cardiovascular surgeries in Guyana routine rather than rare. He first left Guyana at just 17 years old to study abroad and returned as a young practitioner in a field with many limitations. GPHC treats patients with heart attacks, heart failure, congenital heart disease, and valvular heart disease, with over 1,000 patients scheduled for heart-related visits annually. However, the hospital cannot yet conduct routine heart surgeries, something Dr Jeffery has long hoped to change. Today, he is one step closer to realising that goal.
Speaking to Pepperpot Magazine from
Cuba, Dr Jeffery said that transforming Guyana’s cardiovascular landscape remains his passion.
“I often have to remind myself why I started this journey in the first place. It's to bring routine, specialised cardiovascular care to my country. I also leaned on the values instilled in me growing up — the importance of resilience, adaptability, and the belief that every challenge is a new opportunity to learn and grow. Knowing that I am working toward something bigger than myself carries me through the toughest of days. I'm still a resident. I'll soon be finishing up here, and thereafter, I'll be heading home,” he shared.
Cardiovascular Care and a Defining Moment
Cardiovascular care is arguably one of the most complex branches of medical science, and
Guyanese Doctor, Avlon Jeffery, made history as a fifth-year resident currently studying at Cuba’s Hospital Ameijeiras. He became the first foreign resident at his level to independently perform a successful valve replacement surgery at the institution
undoubtedly one of the most vital. That’s why the tense atmosphere, the thoughts of worry, and the intense focus in the operating room on that historic day are easy to
understand. Dr Jeffery not only made history as a Guyanese but also as the first international student at the institution to perform such a proce-
Dr Jeffery believes that Guyana has the potential to be a leader in cardiovascular care
THE ENGAGING PAGEANTRY OF REFLECTING ON THE STAINED FOOTSTEPS OF OUR FATHERS & MOTHERS
MAY DAY is celebrated wherever workers’ rights—both financial and humane treatment—became a struggle for which bloodstained footsteps were the only option towards achieving some level of being acknowledged as human.
Some years ago, I was told of a struggle that had commenced in Georgetown, one that became significant in the years that followed. A brother and sister were shot by state forces. I was told their surname was Braithwaite, but their first names escape me now, and all the teachers who once shared this are gone. Somehow, they still haunt me—this event does. I raised it once, but perhaps I was distracted, and yes, over the years, other things overpowered the details of those memories.
This incident occurred in 1905. Possibly it was spoken of and I was distracted, because the first mention of the 1905 incident that woke me up to those memories did not come from a trade unionist, but from my friend Kemani Nehusi, then with a different name, Francis Drakes, through the Turkeyen History Gazette publication, 1990 on the causes of the protest of 1905. That publication enticed me with the clarity of the social framework at the time, allowing me to understand it in very clear language.
However, the causes were the obvious depres-
sion that the subjects of British Guiana were going through. But it was Walter Rodney’s incredible book, A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881–1905 (1981), that truly spiralled my interest. Rodney definitely had more access to archival records; he outlined the facts in detail and supported his references with comments made by co -
lonial authorities. The gist of this article details the 1905 incidents with respect to the assumption that they remain seemingly obscure from the public dialogue of the current discourse. In honour of enlightening the current working class—and those who now walk the soil where these events occurred, involving all genders—1905 must not
be forgotten.
1905 cannot be outlined in a column; its depth is far too complicated. However, what was significant were the conditions that prevailed, which propelled what evolved into an eruption that reached other colonies. What we learnt from 1905 was that Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow was about 21 years old then,
and that he motivated the boys (young men) on the wharf to join the protest.
I thought about this because Jonathan Adams related to me that the story of the namesakes I have mentioned he had read of in the archives in Jamaica.
This is relevant now because a march around town does not impact the way actors and a nar-
rative would impact a generation that has only a minuscule idea of, or about, where the whole idea of workers’ institutions emerged.
The history of workers’ rights is diminished by the absence of a modern vision from those engrained in its activities. It should change—and enrich—its tremendous worth.
Invest in Your Children’s Development
Section 1: Singleness
SINGLENESS is a condition that everyone passes through. Adults can decide to remain single, and they do not have to justify their choice to others. Singleness has its benefits. Those who are single may enjoy their singleness until they choose to seek a companion.
Many people identify their skills during their singleness. Those who are single have opportunities to do what they like without hurting anyone’s feelings. Single women can maintain the figure they want. Those who have chosen to start a family may lose their figure, because each child may cause a major change to a woman’s appearance.
Single women must make education a priority in their lives. Education empowers them to make good decisions. Too many women rush into a relationship at a young age and realise only later that they still need to educate themselves.
Many mothers send their daughters to school because they want them to be edu -
cated and independent. Education for girls is the same as that for boys, so girls must persevere until they complete their educational development.
Girls must be involved in sports. At the beginning, they may struggle. However, if they are persistent, they will improve, and soon many people will admire their skills. When girls participate in sports, they often have the support of their entire family.
Before a young lady leaves the home, she should learn as much as she can from her parents. There are many skills that children must learn from their parents while they still live with them. Many mothers are willing to teach their daughters how to care for the family.
Mothers should also teach their daughters to cook and keep the house clean. Some children may resent their parents’ teaching, but these are important life skills that they will need when they start their own families.
As young ladies grow older, they may become interested in a companion. Sometimes they might not need to look for a companion, but are themselves sought after. Once they know that they are ready for a relationship and have found a person who is suitable for them, a relationship can progress.
Courtship still has its importance and may be a good thing to engage in before progressing to the next stage of the relationship. Young adults must be willing to
engage their parents in their considerations of a companion and courtship. Children must learn from the wisdom of their parents before deciding on their companion.
SECTION 2: MOTHERHOOD
When a young woman transitions from singleness into a relationship, this has the potential to make her a mother. Many women wish to become biological mothers, but cannot for various reasons. Those who are fortunate enough to be able to be mothers must count this as a blessing.
Once fertile eggs and sperm combine, it becomes very likely that another human being will enter this world within nine months. A
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Rewriting the...
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dure at his level.
Recounting that day, he said:
“That day in the operating room was unlike any other for me. As I was scrubbing in, I could feel the weight of the moment. I felt the responsibility to my patient, to my mentors, and to myself, especially to myself, because it was a moment of self-evaluation. It was a moment to see where I was, how competent I was, if I could stand on my own. Because we prepare theoretically, but can you do it? Can you actually do what's called for? And so it was very much a moment of self-evaluation. The atmosphere in the OR was focused, yet calm.”
The historical weight of the moment was not lost on him.
“I could hear the steady rhythm of the monitor, which somehow mirrored my own resolve, because I had to get into a state of zen-focused, relaxed. My mind was entirely on the procedure, and I went through every step in my head. Every step that I had studied and practised in great detail. At the same time, I was aware of the moment — the historic significance of the moment — both for my residency programme and for my country.”
The intensity did not end in the OR.
“I didn't actually breathe a sigh of relief until 24 hours after, when the patient was extubated. I found that she had minimal bleeding. She woke up and, you know, she wasn't a vegetable. That is when I relaxed. That is when, you know, I felt, okay, you did something here. I think as surgeons, we're careful not to celebrate too soon.”
Guyana’s Cardiology Challenges and Potential
Countless doctors across the Caribbean have studied in Cuba, which is praised for its robust health system, practices Dr Jeffery hopes to bring back to Guyana.
“Cuba has a unique approach to resource allocation, which initially required me to adjust how I thought about patient management and surgical planning. It taught me the importance of flexibility and innovation, how to work within constraints, which I think will help me throughout my career,” he said.
Another lesson Dr Jeffery gained was the deep sense of community between patients and healthcare professionals.
“The relationship is built on mutual trust. I've seen colleagues see patients in the clinic, and it's not like in Guyana. In Guyana, you see patients, you're objective, you do what you have to do, and that's it. Here, there is a sense of family, a sense of care, and this made me realise that medicine is as much about humanity as it is about science. This unique perspective has shaped the way I practise medicine and how I connect with people.”
With changes happening across all sectors, Dr Jeffery believes that Guyana’s medical landscape is no different, and that the country has the potential to be a leader in cardiovascular care.
“First and foremost, there is a need for significant investment in the necessary infrastructure, including specialised facilities equipped with modern technology for cardiac procedures. Alongside that, we need ongoing training and development of local medical professionals to cultivate a team skilled in cardiovascular surgery, cardiovascular anaesthesia, post-operative cardiac care — people
like cardiac intensivists, post-op cardiologists, and specialised nurses.”
He added:
“Secondly, I think it would be proactive to establish international partnerships with institutions and experts who have been doing this for a long time, where we can share knowledge, transfer skills, and eventually develop a programme tailored to Guyana's unique
healthcare system to address the needs of the Guyanese population.”
Coming Home to Build Something New Armed with new knowledge and invaluable experience, Dr Jeffery is optimistic about returning home. For him, coming home is not just about resuming a routine — it’s about building new systems.
“Coming home means
returning to my roots, reconnecting with my community — the community that shaped me, that made me who I am. It's an opportunity to bring back everything I've learned and achieved to Guyana. It's not just about my personal growth, but to give back.”
He added:
“For me, coming home is about con -
tributing to the development of Guyana's healthcare system when it comes to cardiovascular surgery. It's about working to ensure specialised cardiac care becomes accessible. It's about being a part of something larger than myself, creating a legacy for myself and for my country when we talk about cardiovascular surgery.”
FROM THE STREETS TO A CASTLE
Written from the perspective of a dog
I STOOD at the side of the road and looked one way, then the other.
It was a long stretch of road with strange people passing on bikes, in cars and a few big trucks that caused the road to vibrate, scaring me.
It was an unfamiliar place and I cried quietly, shuddering with fear, not seeing my home and the familiar neighbourhood where I lived.
“Where am I? Where are you, Mum and Dad?”
I had a family since I was a baby, a young couple who loved me for my small size, my cuteness, bronze fur and soft brown eyes. I was cared for and happy, and I made nice friends with the neighbour’s cat, Ginger, and
a white poodle named Otis. He often escaped through the gate and ran down the road, sometimes falling into
the drain and getting muddy. Life was good for me, I never got into trouble, but as I grew older, I got less atten-
tion and cuddles. My mum and dad sometimes argued and got into little fights, and during those times, I was pushed aside and spoken to with impatience. It made me feel sad, and there were nights when I was left alone for long hours in the dark, hungry, but I comforted myself with the thought that they would come home, because it was home.
Things did not get any
better when, after one of their fights, my mum left home with just a fleeting glance at me. I was left with Dad alone for an entire week, and when he drank, he forgot to give me food. Mum returned, and things got back to normal. I felt happy again, but months later, Dad decided to leave. That left Mum so grieved, she couldn’t care for me, and her friend decided to keep me until my mum was
ready to take me back. Time passed, and she did not come for me, but I waited with hope, though I was feeling sad and lonely. I missed my home, and I wished Dad hadn’t walked away. The friend wasn’t quite an animal person, and she did not treat me kindly, forgetting often to give me food and water. I grew weak and one night, whilst I slept,
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Invest in Your Children’s...
FROM PAGE X
pregnant woman experiences many challenges. So many, in fact, that some women wonder if there are other options for childbearing. Young women may not understand the challenges that their mothers went through during pregnancy until they experience them firsthand.
Each pregnancy is unique. Some women experience fewer challenges than others, but no woman is immune to the challenges of pregnancy. Vomiting is a common experience for some pregnant women. Sometimes it is because of regular vomiting after eating or smelling certain food scents or perfumes, or because of feeling excessively tired, that some women realise that they are pregnant.
Labour is an experience that some women will not want to remember. While they are in the labour room, they think of the dead and the living. Some women have sworn not to get pregnant again after their pain in the labour room.
Caring for a child is also not easy. Caring for physically challenged children will often be more challenging than caring for a child whose physical condition is normal. Mothers are wonderful people who do not want their children to be hungry; a mother might give her last meal to her children to keep them from hunger. As children grow, parents need increasingly more money to provide for them. Sometimes parents may have to work two jobs just to make
sure that they can meet their children’s needs. Family planning is important for parents to consider.
Some mothers will independently choose to stay at home, while others will be asked by their companions to stay at home. Those who stay at home may have more time to spend with their children and their companion. However, some mothers work; there are many important reasons to do so. Working mothers may have more ways of learning from others, allowing them to improve their mothering skills.
Parents must be willing to attend Parent-Teacher Association meetings for their children. These meetings are essential for parents to get to know their children’s teachers and to learn about their
children’s progress in school.
Anniversaries for mothers must be celebrated. Most people celebrate birthdays and Mother’s Day as anniversaries for mothers, but there are other important anniversaries. Every mother must be celebrated for the sacrifices she has made. She must be honoured in a great way.
SECTION 3: A MOTHER TO OTHERS
As children grow older and find companions, they move away from their childhood home and start families of their own. This may be a great challenge for their mothers, who miss them. Mothers are often concerned about their children, who are now in relationships. Some mothers want to know that their child’s companion is
taking good care of them and that they are eating properly.
When a woman becomes a mother, she becomes concerned about the well-being of her children. Regardless of age, she always sees her children as babies and wants to protect them from anyone who may want to mistreat them.
The transition from a mother to a grandmother is another phase in a woman’s life.
Many grandchildren love and connect with their grandmother. Grandmothers often adopt their grandchildren as their children, and may treat some grandchildren better than they had treated their children. Some grandchildren are allowed to visit their grandparents and spend weekends and holidays with them. If the parents live far away from a school, they
may make arrangements for their children to attend school from their grandparents’ residence (if the grandparents live closer to a school than they do).
Some grandmothers adopt birds and animals as pets, and lovingly care for them. While most pets cannot speak, grandmothers can still communicate with them. Pets who are cared for often respond positively to their owner.
For more information about Geary Reid and his books, please use the following contact information: Amazon: http:// www.amazon.com/author/ gearyreid, Website: www. reidnlearn.com, Facebook: ReidnLearn, Email: info@ reidnlearn.com, Mobile #: 592-645-2240.
FROM THE STREETS TO A...
FROM PAGE XI
I felt hands picking me up. I was too weak to react, but I heard a voice saying, “She can’t take him back, and I don’t want him.”
I awoke in the morning on the strange road.
I now had no home and no family.
What do I do?
Where do I go?
I was hungry and thirsty, and not far off I saw a couple of men eating food. I managed to get close enough, and noticing me, they threw a few scraps my way, and I ate hungrily.
“Nice little fella,” one of them said.
And so, it was now life in the streets for me among other dogs who hadn’t a home or family.
“I had one,” I cried, “but now they have left me.”
I survived on scraps of
food, and I learnt to keep a safe distance from the bigger dogs to avoid getting beaten up. I found shelter from the sun and rain under trees, cars and trucks, but I did not leave the road, just in case Mum or Dad came looking for me.
Days and weeks passed with no change, as I continued longing for a warm home and loving family.
“Where do I find that?” I wondered.
One day, I walked a good way along the road, not sure where I was going. I finally reached a wide bridge and stood there uncertainly as cars turned onto the bridge, driving into the compound.
But one car slowed, then stopped, and the young woman driving looked at me curiously. She got out and approached me cautiously, but I was kind of scared,
wanting to turn and run back up the road. The sound of her voice stopped me, for it was a gentle tone, and it gave me a feeling of hope.
“Hey, you, where have you come from?”
I wagged my tail a little, for I recognised the kindness in her voice. She patted my head, and she said, “Come on, you look hungry.”
She got into her car and drove into the compound as I ran slowly behind. She gave me some food and water and said to me, “Find somewhere to relax, I have to work.”
And so it began, a beautiful friendship. And though she had to leave for home in the afternoon, I knew I had found someone special who was an animal lover. I now had a place to stay, though not a home, but better than the streets.
I was given regular baths
and became like a poster boy for her workplace, I guess because of my cuteness. As I played around, I saw another dog, who was also a stray and usually came into the compound for food. She was white and light brown, bigger than me, but we got along nicely and soon we became close friends. A mother cat and her kittens were also taken care of, and the girl had to buy food for all of us.
It was clear she loved animals and that gave me a happy feeling, but she knew I needed a permanent home and she tried to get me adopted. That took a long while because she needed to be sure the people interested in adopting would give me a forever home with care and comfort. She couldn’t find anyone suitable and finally decided to take me to her home.
I was quite excited and felt sorry about leaving my friend, but this was what I wanted since I was abandoned on that strange road.
The girl lived in a beautiful, quiet area in a big house that stray animals like me can only dream of.
Her mother was just as kind and loving, for she was already taking care of three other rescue animals – two dogs and a cat. There was a big, white, and handsome family cat in the house, who looked at me warily, not quite liking the idea that I was there in the house.
The other animals were more outside than in, because they seemed to prefer the outdoors in the garden.
But she did a good thing, though, in bringing me back from time to time to spend a day with my friend. I wondered if she would ever get a home of her own, and if the mother cat and her babies would also find good homes. There are so many animals in the streets, unwanted, and I was lucky that an animal lover saw me and rescued me, giving me a forever home.
From the streets to a castle.
In that home, there was comfort, warmth and love, but I missed my friend in the compound, wondering how she was doing. The girl noticed that my friend was sad, missing me too, and decided to take me back to spend a day with her. We were both so happy to see each other, and we spent the day playing and sleeping in our favourite spots. But in the afternoon, when the girl came off from work, I had to go back with her, for now, I have a home and family.
Truths Meant for Us
THE universe truly only exists in the way that we are capable of seeing it. Perspective is the sculptor of reality, and what each person views as important is vastly different. So, every single person who goes through life is experiencing the world in a slightly different manner. Each colour is different. Each memory, each fragrance, each sunrise and each day is completely unique when it exists in the mind of the people who have experienced it. Regardless of how different our perspectives of the world are, we all seem to inevitably find ourselves in pursuit of the same thing: truth.
In the same way that all of the planets revolve around the sun, our lives seem to revolve around a strange but ultimate truth. As we all compete to survive in a reality that is shaped by fickle human perspectives, we soon realise that there is a truth, which is objectively real, that guards the universe. There are some who intentionally search for it, while most others seek it in the form of happiness, success and love. However, we all meet our version of this objective truth during the course of our lives only when we are meant to, and it will change us for the
better.
In the meantime, we spend our days uncovering smaller, easier truths. For instance, we dive into oceans to find pearls in the centre of clams. Then we probe into the pearls until we discover that their centre is made of a grain of sand. Similarly, we part clouds with the aluminium wings of our aircraft just to find that there is more sky behind the clouds. We have scoured the deep seas and uprooted forests of trees for the sake of discovery – for the sake of truth. Yet, we have never stopped to wonder whether we really ought to be looking for these truths in the first place, or what we are failing to remember in our pursuit of new truths.
Every few years, a new generation begins to take over the world from its predecessor. Along with control over the world, the generation inherits stories and culture that it must pass on to the generation that comes after it. However, it has become an unfortunate fact that over the past few decades, we have lost much of our history and culture during the process of these transitions. Languages have died away, traditional clothing and dishes have disappeared, and
Environmental Sustainability Is Only a Label for Some Businesses
— The Concept of “Greenwashing”
THE intersection of consumerism and climate consciousness is growing. As more consumers become aware of the environmental impacts of climate change, their spending habits are increasingly influenced by the current state of our planet. In marketing, words like “sustainability,” “eco-friendly,” and “recyclable” are highly
profitable, leading consumers to purchase supposedly eco-conscious products. However, are these labels truly meaningful and reliable, or are they simply market-
ing strategies?
Greenwashing, a term coined in the 1980s, refers to the deceptive marketing of products as sustainable or environmentally friendly. This practice is prevalent across all business industries. For instance, the oil industry funds cleanup campaigns to divert attention from the toxic nature of their by-prod-
ucts. Similarly, business moguls may launch recyclable packaging while still using private jets for travel. Another example is a beauty company that
Environmental Sustainability...
FROM PAGE XV
labels its products as natural, yet the ingredient list and packaging contain toxic chemicals.
Greenwashing is dangerous, and I believe penalties should be imposed for certain levels of it. It deceives consumers into believing that their purchases of certain items are responsible for creating a cleaner and safer world. This creates a false sense of progress and utilises consumerism to boost company profits rather than prioritising environmental sustainability. In reality, consumers may unknowingly cause more harm to the envi -
ronment by purchasing certain “green-labelled” products.
Let’s consider the beauty industry as an example. Many companies now label their products as “cruelty-free,” “dyefree,” “paraben-free,” or “green packaging.” Initially, consumers may purchase these products because they believe they not only work well but also reduce plastic waste and toxic chemicals in the world. However, these labels may not be entirely transparent about the business’s full operations.
For instance, many beauty businesses rely on “sweatshops” with
inhumane working conditions. The by-products or chemicals produced during these operations may contaminate waterways. Additionally, the CEO and head of operations may travel in private planes or personally purchase animal-cruelty products. So, I ask: how honest and transparent is such a business model when the entire business and its people are not environmentally friendly?
Unfortunately, greenwashing is often successful within businesses, which is why many continue to use it. Consumers often purchase certain products based solely
on the label, lacking the time or energy to investigate the companies or ingredients further. This is a known fact, and many companies exploit it to their advantage. They employ various tactics, and I urge you all to be aware of how you can fall into their traps. Greenwashing often uses colour schemes like green and earthy tones to create the illusion of a “green product.” They also use symbols like the recycling logo, a picture of a tree, and easy-to-read labels with environmentally friendly language. While it’s important for consumers to research and take responsibili -
ty for the products they purchase, it shouldn’t be their sole responsibility. Governments and relevant authorities should implement stricter regulations and policies on environmentally friendly labelling. Additionally, I urge all climate and environmental organisations to continue advocating for the exposure of deceptive green labelling. I hope this article sheds light on a controversial practice among businesses worldwide and inspires Guyanese-owned businesses to stop greenwashing. It’s high time businesses prioritise sustainability for our environment rather
than using it as a marketing tool.
The next time you purchase a product with a “green label,” I urge you to ask questions and research further. Who certifies these products? What evidence is there that this product is truly green? What are the long-term goals of this business? Who owns it? Is the manufacturing process transparent? Many powerful business moguls use greenwashing to market their products, but the future of our planet is at risk if we continue to allow them to deceive us.
Truths Meant for...
FROM PAGE XIV
important stories have faded away with time. While there are many
reasons for this saddening issue, the root lies in the fact that we have begun to value
undiscovered truths more than we value the discovered truths. That is, we have begun to
place more effort into seeking new discoveries than we do conserving our history and our
culture. As members of a younger generation, we are naturally attracted to the new and undiscovered. We are drawn towards mystery and novelty. Yet, there is beauty that lies in the old and mundane things that we often neglect to explore. There are truths worth seeking in the folk tales that our older family members share. There are memories worth revisiting, which are ingrained in the music and clothing that our parents enjoy. Even if we do not adopt these small traditions, we have the responsibility of passing them on to the next generation so that they may at least have a chance to know that they existed. In order to do so, we must know that they existed in the first place.
It is easy to be en-
ticed into a journey of discovering new things, new stories and new cultures. However, these new truths ultimately become meaningless when they are used to replace information about our history rather than build on it. After all, what is the use of discovering new things if they, too, will be forgotten when newer knowledge is found?
The most important truths in life are not discovered, but shared. If there is truly an ultimate truth, then trust that you will meet it without needing to search for it. As we wait, let us not forget to remember and pass on those stories, lessons and truths that our own ancestors found and hoped to preserve in the traditions that have managed to survive today.
STUDY SUCCESS
Dear Student, Welcome, dear reading friend. We continue to focus on enhancing your reading skills. Sometimes an unknown word-part
prefix or suffix (affix), a base word, or a root word, can trip your full understanding of the text message. Again, we say, the dictionary and other reference aids, like the in-
ternet, are good for word usage and such. Use them. Also, practise strengthening your understanding of implied and stated information which comes through comparing infor-
May 18, 2025
mation contained in texts. Be wise.
Love you.
IMPROVING WRITING
Reviewing what entail formal letters
Definition of a Formal Letter
Formal Letters, also called business letters or professional letters, are letters that are written in a strict and specific format. They are inherently more formal than friendly letters. Formal letters may be composed for a variety of purposes, including these four:
• to express your concerns while working in a professional setup
• to share official information throughout your workspace
• to order goods, to apply for employment, etc.
• to the Editor of a newspaper addressing the problems faced by various groups of people in different areas, etc.
Types of Formal Letters
To write a formal letter, first understand its purpose. This position underscores the structure of the letter which changes depending on the type of letter. Every sentence should be well thought out and laid down in such a way that the message you want to convey is precise and clear.
Types of Formal Letters
Different types of formal letters can generally be labelled under the following terms: i) Business, ii) Application, iii) Letters to Newspapers.
Business Letters
Business letters should be terse, clear and to the point. There is no room for any kind of stories in a business letter.
Before you start to write a business letter, there are a few things you should keep in mind:
i) Use plain, everyday language to convey the message clearly instead of using complex vocabulary. ii) Never use jargon that is commonly used in business when you write a business letter.
iii) Avoid using abbreviations as much as possible. iv) The modes of address vary according to the type of letter and the receiver.
v) Clear and exact descriptions of the articles necessary with the expected quality and quantity should be listed with utmost care
THOUGHT FOR TODAY
To burn always with this hard, gemlike flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. WALTER PATER Conclusion(1839-1894)
especially when you write a letter to order and/ or replace goods. vi) Always quote the date of the letter you are responding to and its reference numbers (if any).
vii) The letters of business include letters from an employer to the employees and vice versa. viii) These also include letters of serious concern to an officer of higher rank, letters of complaint, etc.
Read the passage carefully: Study the situation presented below and then complete the task that follows.
You are the manager of an exclusively run pictorial museum, ancient and modern, in the heart of the city. You are to inform patrons via the museum’s mailing list of the recent changes at the museum following the start of recent remodelling in parts of its interior.
One of the changes to be implemented is the hours of business. The museum will now be open Monday to Thursday from 8:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. The rates at the museum will also change.
Adults will now pay $20.00 and children under 12 will pay $10.00. The museum’s offerings will now include guided tours, which can be organised for parties of five but no more than seven, and the viewing of exhibits of “The World of Van Gogh 1853-1890” in the museum’s West Wing. Patrons of the museum will now be able to purchase tickets online at the museum’s website. The security of patrons will be enhanced with the installation of closed-circuit television cameras.
Your task: Write a letter which will be sent to the patrons informing them of the changes.
Please note that your answer will be assessed on how well you handle the following aspects of your letter – how you: º formatted your letter, º selected relevant
and complete information, º organised and expressed the information in your letter, º used appropriate grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary, spelling and punctuation, and º Your use of continuous prose.
GRAMMAR Vocabulary and spelling
A.. Which of the three words following each phrase, is closest in meaning to the word bracketed at the end of each sentence?
1. Unobtrusive lighting. precise, regular, unnoticed. (unobtrusive)
2. Volatile temper. violent, changeable, stable. (volatile)
3. Provincial attitude. positive, elevated, narrow. (provincial)
4. Articulate speaker. distinct, humorous, controversial. (articulate)
5. Minute detail. tiny, simple, unnecessary. (minute)
B.. Where are apostrophes needed in the following sentences?
1. Theres no way we can believe that the estate is completely theirs.
2. Its about time for the jury to announce its decision.
3. Theyre all taking their gifts. Where are yours?
4. Whose notebook is this?
5. Theres a three-week trial period before the warranty goes into effect.
D.. Correct any agreement errors you see in the following sentences.
1. Neither of the deputies are eligible to join the retirement plan until June 2024.
2. A college principal always finds that they must observe strict time-management principles in order to be effective.
3. No one, in my opinion, should invest more in stocks than they can afford to lose.
4. We are now seeking a group leader who knows how to manage his or her time well.
Headaches and dentistry
SHOULD someone who complains of constant headaches be referred to a dentist as part of that person’s final diagnosis and treatment? The answer is yes. Remember that the face is a part of the head, and the oral and peri-oral structures are part of the face, and pain can be referred to anywhere along the nerve’s path. Pain felt in the face can be concealed by a headache, with serious consequences if not explored and treated.
Dentists occasionally encounter patients who suffer from agonising pain somewhere in the mouth, which often includes areas of the face and neck. After routine examination, however, there is nothing to justify the patient’s agony. Sometimes, the dentist may prescribe analgesics, not being sure what is causing the pain. But frequently, the pain either subsides mildly or not at all. The frustrated patient then seeks the help of another professional, only for the process to be repeated. However, any astute dentist will know that, in general, the diagnosis of facial pain is a complex process, and frequently the patient may be referred to a general medical practitioner.
The initial step in the diagnosis of facial pain is a thorough medical history, which should include a complete review of systems, family history, social history, and a cursory psychological evaluation. Special emphasis should be placed on disorders involving the head, neck, nose and throat because disorders affecting any of these areas may present with facial pain.
There are thirteen systemic disorders associated with facial pain and headache. Ischaemic heart disease, for example, produces pain that may be referred to the left side of the jaw, especially causing the molars to
ache. People with high blood pressure, when undiagnosed or uncontrolled, experience vascular headaches which often radiate to the neck region.
A nervous disease called multiple sclerosis often results in neuralgia, a condition which is common. However, the most significant positive findings involving connective tissue disorders are arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. These can affect the joints and muscles of the jaw, resulting in myalgia (muscle ache) of the muscles involved in chewing. Arthritic involvement of the jaw joints and cervical spine can cause headache, neck pain and facial pain.
Significant historical findings involving the endocrine system include thyroiditis and low blood sugar. Common signs of thyroidism are muscle stiffness and myalgia. When undiagnosed, this disease might act as a perpetuating factor in chronic facial pain.
Certain factors may aid in diagnosis. Pain that occurs after a traumatic or stressful episode often implies that the cause is related to emotional factors. Neuralgia is mainly found in people over the age of 50, although younger people can be affected. Jaw joint disorders mostly affect people between the ages of 20 and 40 years.
It must be emphasised that the diagnosis and consequent management of headaches accompanied by facial pain is not necessarily a simple matter. A careful assessment should be made. Patients need to understand that the dentist may question psychological status (social stresses, etc.) and medical conditions (heart diseases) to ascertain the exact condition and to arrive at the appropriate treatment. Finally, whenever a person has a pain that they believe is
coming from a tooth, but they are not sure which tooth it is, they should consider that the pain may not
originate from a tooth at all and, therefore, the treatment may never be indicated in a definite manner.
