Global Thinkers: Natural Science 6. Primary. Sample

NATURAL SCIENCE

PRIMARY sample

INDEX

HOW WE ARE FORMED

2

HEALTHY NUTRITION

4 6

HEALTHY REPRODUCTION AND INTERACTION

T HE E ARTH CHAN g E s

M ATTER

W E U s E ENERg Y

• We are living organisms

• We are formed by cells

• Tissues form organs

• Organs form systems

• Cells form tissues

• What is nutrition?

• The food groups and a healthy diet

• Digestion and a healthy digestive system

• Breathing and a healthy respiratory system

• A healthy circulatory system

• Excretion and a healthy excretory system

TERM REVIEW

• The interaction function

• The sense organs and health

• The locomotor system and health

• The nervous system and health

• The reproductive function and health

• The Earth’s structure, rocks and minerals

• Why the Earth’s relief changes

• What causes relief to change

TERM REVIEW

• The specific properties of matter

• Matter and its general properties

• The structure of matter

• Changes in matter

• Pure substances and mixtures

consumption and production

• What is energy?

• Electricity

• Magnetism

• Do we use energy responsibly?

• Energy and motion

• Types of energy sources

TERM REVIEW

consumption and production Gender equality

Responsible

Affordable and clean energy

THE WORLD AND... YOU! • LEARNING SITUATION

In The world and…you! pupils reflect on the importance of donating blood and the different ways it is used in hospitals.

In The world and…you! pupils explore malnutrition, its consequences and ways to raise awareness about this problem.

INTERDISCIPLINARY PROJECT

In The world and…you! pupils evaluate different types of activities for the elderly and assess whether or not there is evidence of gender inequality, as well as how suitable the activities are.

In The world and…you! pupils learn about the ethical issues related to using digital devices that contain coltan.

In The world and…you! pupils explore the consequences of our overuse of plastics and suggest ways of reducing plastic pollution.

In The world and…you! pupils explore the consequences of our use of fossil fuels and evaluate different ways of increasing our use of renewable energy sources.

How we are formed

My objectives are:

• To learn about the characteristics of living organisms.

• To know the three vital functions.

• To study cells.

• To understand what tissues, organs and body systems are.

Watch and learn!

• What do you know about the body systems?

Learning about cells is very interesting!

A long time ago, people didn’t know about microorganisms because they are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

In the 17th century, a Dutchman called Anton van Leeuwenhoek made a huge discovery. He developed microscopes that could magnify objects 300 times. This was much more than the microscopes that already existed.

One day, while he was observing water from a pond in his microscope, he discovered tiny living organisms. He called them ‘animalcules’. Today, however, we know that they were protozoa and bacteria.

It was the first time in history that somebody saw unicellular organisms. Thanks to van Leeuwenhoek’s curiosity, he was also able to observe red blood cells and spermatozoa. Until then, people used to think that animals appeared from nothing.

This caused a great shock and opened a new path for science in understanding how living organisms work.

2 Answer the following questions in your notebook.

a) What scientific object did Leeuwenhoek use in his discovery?

b) Where did he find the protozoa and bacteria?

c) What kinds of human cells did he see with his microscopes?

d) What did people use to think about where animals came from?

Used to People used to think…

3 Find out what other important discoveries scientists made using microscopes. Write a list and share it with a classmate.

Let’s explore

hoW we are formed

We are living organisms We are formed of cells

Cells form tissues

Tissues form organs

Organs form systems

we Are LIVING orGaNISMS

Refresh How many living organisms did you see yesterday?

2 What are living organisms?

Living organisms are made up of cells and perform the three vital functions. They need nutrients to survive, grow and create energy. They also breathe and respire, eliminate waste and interact with their environment. Living organisms also reproduce and die. There are different types of living organisms. Examples include the plants, animals and fungi that we can observe in nature. There are also other living organisms that we can only see through a microscope, like bacteria.

Living organisms are in every habitat on the Earth and they adapt to the environment where they live.

1 Look at the photos above and answer the questions.

a) What living organisms do you see in each photo?

b) What other living organisms could exist in each environment?

2 Look at the photos and write which ones are living organisms in your notebook.

• In your notebook, make a list of the living organisms you can see in your house.

3 The three vital functions

Vital functions are the three processes that all living organisms perform to stay alive.

• Nutrition obtains nutrients to grow, get energy and eliminate waste. Heterotrophic organisms get nutrients by feeding on other living organisms. Autotrophic organisms produce their own nutrients.

• Reproduction allows living organisms to create other living organisms. Sexual reproduction requires two living organisms. Asexual reproduction requires only one living organism.

• Interaction relates to how living organisms react to changes in their environment. A living organism detects a change with its sense organs and reacts after receiving instructions from the nervous system.

3 With a classmate, decide which vital function is shown in the following photos.

• Think How would you react if...

a) ... you felt thirsty?

b) ... a tiger was running towards you?

c) ... you were under the rain?

d) ... you felt hot under the Sun?

e) ... you heard a very loud, sudden noise?

Language Bank

Second Conditional

If I felt thirsty, I would drink water.

we Are ForMeD of CeLLS

Refresh What different types of cells are there?

4 What is a cell?

A cell is the most basic unit in living organisms: they are made up of cells. Cells are microscopic and we can only see them with a microscope. Cells perform the three vital functions. Living organisms are unicellular when they are made up of only one cell (such as bacteria and yeast). Other living organisms are multicellular and they are made up of more than once cell. Human beings, for example, have got more than 100 trillion cells. Cells contain the genetic material necessary to keep an organism alive. Cells are different shapes and sizes depending on what type of cell they are.

Bacteria are unicellular.

Plants are multicellular.

1 In your notebook, correct these false statements about cells.

a) All cells are similar in shape and size.

b) Cells do not contain genetic material.

c) All living organisms consist of a variety of cells.

d) Cells are not alive.

• Search online and find microscopic images of cells in different living organisms. Prepare a presentation with the pictures and the name of each living organism.

5 Types of cells

There are two types of cells.

• Eukaryotic cells have got a nucleus which contains the genetic material.

• Prokaryotic cells haven’t got a nucleus. The genetic material is in the cytoplasm.

Parts of a cell

All cells have the same basic components: a membrane, cytoplasm and genetic material.

• The cell membrane is a thin wall that surrounds and protects the cell. It controls the substances that enter and leave the cell.

• The cytoplasm is the fluid that fills the inside of the cell. It contains the organelles, which perform different functions.

• Genetic material controls the cell’s activity.

2 Answer the following questions in your notebook:

a) What is a multicellular living organism?

b) Are bacteria unicellular or multicelullar?

c) What is an eukaryiotic cell?

d) Where is the genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

3 Draw and label a diagram of a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell in your notebook.

4 Explain the function of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the genetic material.

5 With a classmate, identify the basic components in the following cells.

CeLLS ForM TISSUeS

Refresh What types of tissues are there in the human body?

6 Types of tissues: epithelial and muscular

When similar cells group together and perform a function, they form a tissue. Tissues are formed by groups of specialised cells. There are different types of tissue.

The four types of tissues in multicellular organisms are epithelial tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines organs. They are also the main tissue in glands. Their functions include absorbing, secreting and transporting substances.

Muscular tissue is made up of elongated muscle cells in parts of the body that move, such as the heart. Their function is to contract and relax in order to produce movement.

1 Write a definition of tissue, epithelial tissue and muscular tissue.

• Tell a classmate where in your body you can find muscular tissue and epithelial tissue. Point and say the name of the part of the body.

Epithelial tissue

Muscular tissue

7 Types of tissues: connective and nervous

• Connective tissue supports, protects and maintains the form of the body and its organs and transport nutrients between tissues and organs. For example, bone and cartilage.

• Nervous tissue coordinates and controls many of the body’s activities. It is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

2 Write a definition of nervous tissue and connective tissue in your notebook.

3 What type of tissue is there...

a) ... inside the backbone?

c) ... in the wall of the lungs?

e) ... inside the skull?

b) ... in the biceps?

d) ... in the endocrine glands?

f) ... in the femur?

• Look in a reference book to remind yourself what happens during the interaction function. Choose one of the animals in the photograph and describe what’s happening in its body. Which tissues will the animal use in this situation?

Language Bank

Will for predictions

The lion’s muscular tissue will help the lion to move.

Nervous tissue

Connective tissue

TISSUeS ForM orGaNS

Refresh What is the biggest organ in a human being?

8 What are organs?

Organs are formed of a combination of different tissues. Organs perform a particular function. There are internal and external organs, depending on whether they are visible on the outside of the body or located inside the living organism.

Each organ has got a specific task to perform. For example, the heart is an organ that pumps blood around the human body. Other organs, such as the stomach, play a role in nutrition and digestion. Many organs are protected by bones.

1 Classify these human organs as external organs or internal organs in your notebook.

a) The brain

c) The skin

e) The mouth

g) The heart

2 Match the sentence halves in your notebook.

1. The heart is an organ which….

2. In the stomach, ….

3. The brain is the organ which…

4. Without the muscles, ….

b) The nose

d) The kidneys

f) The ears

h) The lungs

a) controls the nervous system.

b) pumps blood.

c) there would be no movement.

d) food is digested and processed.

An insect’s eye is an organ.

The rib cage protects the lungs.

The lungs are organs. The brain is an organ.

9 Types of organs

Depending on the type of living organism, organs can have different sizes, shapes and functions. Plants and animals haven’t got the same organs because they perform living functions in different ways. Plants get their energy from the process of photosynthesis, for example, but animals obtain energy by digesting food.

Animal organs

The major organs in animals are the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, stomach, intestines, skin and reproductive organs. They have got a specific function.

Plant organs

The main organs in plants are the leaves, roots, stem and reproductive organs. Like with animal organs, plant organs have got a specific function.

3 Make a word cloud with the names of all the organs that appear in this section and any others that you know. Use green to write the names of plant organs and red for animal organs.

• Write the animal and plant organs next to the function they perform in your notebook. Some may perform more than one function. Can you add more organs to each function?

Lungs Stomach

a) Obtain oxygen

b) Obtain nutrients

Kidneys Ear

Intestines Root

Flower Leaves Ovaries

c) Create new living organisms

d) Receive external information

e) Eliminate waste

Plants perform photosynthesis in their leaves.

Animals digest food they obtain from other living organisms.

orGaNS ForM SYSTeMS

Refresh How many body systems does a human being have?

10

What are organs?

Some organs in the human body work together to perform a specific function. These groups of organs are called systems. Each system contains two or more organs that work together to achieve a common objective, such obtaining nutrients.

The major systems in the human body are the respiratory system, the digestive system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, the reproductive system, the nervous system and the locomotor system.

The respiratory system

The excretory system

The digestive system

The reproductive system

The circulatory system

The nervous system

1 Correct the sentences in your notebook.

a) Systems are tissues that work together.

b) Each system is made up of only one organ.

c) Systems haven’t got a specific function.

2 Copy the table in your notebook and classify the following organs. Then add as many more organs as you can to each system.

Blood vessels

Diaphragm

Testicles

Nerves

Kidneys

Uterus Ovary

Heart

Large intestine

Bronchi

Pancreas

Penis

Vein Brain

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Excretory system

Respiratory system

Nervous system

? ? ? ? ?

3 Label the photos with the correct system and the correct vital function in your notebook.

1 Look at the picture of Pip’s aunt. She is a doctor. She works at a hospital and she is very worried that they cannot treat some patients because there is not enough blood in the blood bank.

2 What do hospitals need blood for? Write the answers in your notebook.

a) For surgery, like removing an appendix.

b) For treating people who have had a serious accident and are wounded.

c) For treating people with the flu.

d) For taking X-rays of broken bones.

e) For treating people with some illnesses, such as anaemia.

3 In pairs, do some research. Can a person receive blood from everybody? Find information about the different blood types. Which ones are the least common?

4 Ask your parents what your blood type is. Then carry out a survey in your class to find out how many people have each blood type. Organise the data in your notebook in the form of a pie chart.

THInk!

5 Blood comes from donors, people who choose to give some of their blood so that other people can be treated and cured. The number of blood donations is very low. Why do you think people do not give blood more often?

6 In small groups, try to think of ways to motivate and persuade people to give blood. Explain why it is so important. Share your ideas with the class.

7 Your class is going to organise an event to make people aware of the importance of donating blood. In pairs, think of an activity that you could do on that day. It has to be persuasive, informative and fun!

7 Make a list of all the activities mentioned in class and organise a program. Design a leaflet to hand out to promote the event that includes the activities and the times. Remember to include the reason why you are organising this event: becoming a blood donor is important.

Language Bank

Present continuous for future plans

At 8.30 we are explaining to other pupils why it is important to become a blood donor.

STory TIMe!

Erm…what are you doing?

Tai Chi! It’s a slow martial art. It's good for the body and the mind.

It strengthens muscles, improves circulation and calms the nervous system. How?

Can I join in?

Of course! Anyone can start their day in a healthy way. Follow my movements.

Ah, I think I had better stick to playing football!

Whatever works for you! Everyone can find their own way of caring for their body and mind.

1 Why do you think Pip is confused?

2 What is Tai Chi? Have you ever tried Tai Chi or anything similar?

3 How does Tai Chi benefit the body?

map Your IDeaS!

1 Complete the mind map in your notebook.

LIVInG orGanISMS

Are made up of

CELLS

Cells form

TISSUES

Tissues form

They can be

They contain

?

Prokaryotic

Membrane ?

Nucleus

Connective ?

?

Organs form

They can be

Nervous ? ?

SYSTEMS

They can be

They perform

The major systems in the human body are the

External

Vital ?

Respiratory system ?

Digestive system

Circulatory system ? ?

LeT’S revIew!

1 Copy and complete the table with the words in the box in your notebook.

Mouth Intestine

Liver Digestive Neuron Veins Bacteria

Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Excretory

Eye

Muscle cells

Cell Tissue Organ System

? ? ? ?

2 In your notebook, classify these living organisms as autotrophic or heterotrophic.

a) butterfly

c) apple tree

e) fern

g) lion

b) grass

d) eagle

f) rose bush

h) human being

3 Look at the crossword and write the definitions for each word in your notebook.

1 Find the words.

a) Living organisms that produce their own nutrients.

b) Living organisms that feed on other living organisms.

c) The smallest unit in living organisms.

d) When a living organism has got only one cell.

e) When a living organism has got more than one cell.

f) The part of the cell that contains genetic information in eukaryotic cells.

g) The fluid inside the cell.

h) A group of cells that perform the same function.

i) A group of tissues that perform the same function.

j) Two or more organs that work together to perform a function.

2 List the three vital functions of all living organisms in your notebook. Give an example of each one.

mY proGreSS

• I can explain what a cell is.

• I know the difference between different types of cells.

• I can name the main parts of cells.

• I can name the different systems in the human body.

• I can explain what a tissue, an organ and a system are.

• I understand the three vital functions of all living organisms.

Copy the sentences in your notebook. Draw a smiley

Healthy nutrItIon

Have you ever heard of Dr André Briend? Do you know what RUTF paste is? Thanks to Dr Briend, the world is one step closer to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3: Good health and well-being. UNICEF uses Dr Briend’s invention of ready-to-eat food called RUFT to help thousands of children who haven’t got enough food. In these parts of the world, many children die before the age of five. Thanks to this invention, these children have got access to good quality nutrients that keep them alive and healthy.

RUFT is short for ‘ready-to-use therapeutic food’. It is made from powdered milk, peanuts, butter, sugar and a mix of vitamins and minerals. Each sachet provides young children with 500 calories and lots of nutrients. It does not need to be cooked or stored in the refrigerator, so it is easy to transport. Children can eat it directly from the package and they love it. RUFT is also called Plumpy’Nut and it is very important because it has helped many people that suffered from severe malnutrition. It is a lifesaver!

2 Answer the following questions in your notebook.

a) What does the acronym RUFT stand for?

b) What is RUFT made of?

c) Why is Plumpy’Nut important?

3

Let’s explore

Language Bank

To be made of RUFT is made of...

With a classmate, decide how we can help people who suffer from malnutrition.

What IS nUtRItIon?

Refresh Can you name any parts of the digestive system in human beings?

Nutrition

Human beings need nutrients, water and oxygen to stay alive. Our body systems transform these nutrients into energy. This process is called nutrition.

• The digestive system obtains the nutrients our body needs.

• The respiratory system takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide.

• The circulatory system transports substances around our body.

• The excretory system eliminates waste from our body.

1 Look at the pictures above and explain how the body systems participate in the process of nutrition.

14 What are nutrients?

A nutrient is a substance that our body absorbs from the food we eat. The cells in our body use nutrients to perform their vital functions. Different types of food give us different types of nutrients. These are the main groups of nutrients:

Carbohydrates

Give us energy

Fats

Give us energy and insulate us from the cold

Proteins

Help form cells and tissue

Vitamins and minerals

Regulate and protect our body

Water

Essential component of cells and blood

Examples: grains and starches

Examples: healthy oils and animal fats

Examples: meat, dairy products and pulses

Examples: fruit and vegetables

Examples: water

2 Explain what a nutrient is and what our body uses them for.

3 What food must you eat to obtain...

a) ... vitamins and minerals?

b) ... carbohydrates?

c) ... proteins?

d) ... fats?

Language Bank

Modal verbs of obligation

To obtain fats, you must eat...

a Healthy DIEt

Refresh What is a healthy diet?

A healthy diet

Having a healthy diet means that we take in the right nutrients to keep our body working properly. Each type of nutrient has got a different function and we need to have a balanced diet to give our body what it needs.

The food wheel tells us how much of each group we should eat. We need to consume the foods in the red and yellow parts of the wheel less frequently than those in the green part of the wheel.

1

Read the descriptions below. What should they eat?

Create a balanced diet for one day for each person.

a) A 10-year-old child who is growing.

b) A retired man who likes gardening and reading.

c) A 15-year-old athlete who trains every day.

Language Bank

Relative pronouns

A 10-year-old child who is growing should eat...

• In groups, create a healthy meal plan for this weekend. Consider your needs and adapt the nutrients to them.

Good-quality nutrients

To be healthy, the nutrients that we take in must be of good quality. It is important to buy food that is produced locally because it takes less time to transport it from the farm to the shop. These products will be fresher and their nutrients will be of a higher quality.

It is important to check the food label. This tells you where a product is from, its ingredients and often its nutritional score. Each product has got a letter, which goes from A (for the healthiest product) to E (for products that we should eat only sometimes).

2 In pairs, identify the good-quality nutrients in the box below.

Tomatoes grown at home Eggs from the local farm Imported potato crisps

Sweets from the United States

Bread from your local baker Meat from your local market

• Collect some labels from different foods that you have got at home or at school. In groups, decide how healthy each of the foods is.

a Healthy DIGeStIVE SYStEM

Refresh How many glasses of water should you drink every day?

Digestion

When we have got food and water, we provide our cells with what they need to perform their functions. The nutrients from these substances are obtained thanks to the digestive system.

1. In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva to make a bolus.

2. The bolus travels down the oesophagus and reaches the stomach. It mixes with gastric juices which help break down the food and becomes chyme.

3. In the small intestine, pancreatic juice and bile from the liver continue breaking down the chyme and extracting nutrients. They are absorbed by blood capillaries and enter into the blood stream.

4. Water is absorbed in the large intestine and your gut bacteria finish the process of digestion.

5. Anything that remains or absorbed forms the faeces, which is expelled through the anus.

1 Copy and complete the sentences in your notebook.

a) The food enters the digestive system through the … .

b) In the stomach, … help break down the bolus.

c) The chyme is combined with … and bile to complete digestion.

d) Nutrients are absorbed by … in the intestine.

e) … are formed from the waste material and they get expelled.

18

A healthy digestive system

There are many organs involved in digestion, each one with a specific function. The digestive tract are all the organs that food goes through from when it enters the body until it leaves. It is formed by the mouth, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the stomach and the small and large intestines. There are also some accessory organs which produce substances that are essential for the digestive process, such as the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas.

In order to keep your digestive system healthy, you must eat good-quality nutrients, have a balanced diet, drink a lot of water and go to the toilet regularly.

2 Draw a diagram of the digestive system in your notebook. Label the parts of the digestive tract in blue and the accessory organs in red.

3 Write some questions about digestion to ask your classmates. Can they answer your questions correctly?

What happens in the mouth? How do nutrients get into the bloodstream?

Healthy reSPIRatORy

Refresh What makes you breathe faster?

19 How do we breathe?

Our cells need oxygen to perform their vital functions. When we breathe, we get oxygen from the air and expel carbon dioxide. When we do an activity that is intense, our bodies need more oxygen.

1. Inhalation: the diaphragm contracts and the lungs expand. Air enters through the nose or the mouth.

2. Air travels to the lungs though the respiratory tract.

3. In the lungs, oxygen passes through the alveoli into the bloodstream.

4. At the same time, carbon dioxide travels from the blood, through the alveoli into the air in the lungs.

5. The diaphragm relaxes and the lungs contract.

6. Exhalation: air containing with carbon dioxide is expelled.

1 Order the steps of breathing in your notebook.

• Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the lungs.

• Air containing carbon dioxide is expelled.

• Air travels to the lungs through the respiratory tract.

• The diaphragm contracts, the lungs expand and air enters.

• Oxygen passes through the alveoli into the bloodstream.

• The diaphragm relaxes and the lungs contract.

• Will you need extra oxygen if you are...

a) … reading?

c) … climbing a mountain?

b) … sleeping?

d) … running after a bus?

20

The respiratory system

The respiratory system is made up of the respiratory tract and the lungs. When air enters through our nose, it is filtered and warmed. Some microorganisms and harmful substances are prevented from entering the body. The respiratory system:

• Regulates the temperature of inhaled air to match body temperature.

• Filters the air that enters our lungs.

• Delivers oxygen to the cells in our body.

• Eliminates carbon dioxide from our body.

2 Identify the true sentences and correct the false ones.

a) The respiratory system is made up of the digestive tract and the lungs.

b) Air is cooled when it enters our nose.

c) Some harmful substances and microorganisms in the air enter our body.

d) The exchange of gases takes place in the trachea.

e) Oxygen leaves the body and carbon dioxide enters the blood stream.

a Healthy CIrCulatORy SYStEM

Refresh What happens when you cut your skin?

21 The circulatory system

The circulatory system is a network of blood vessels filled with blood pumped by the heart. It moves nutrients, water and oxygen around the body to all the cells, tissues and organs. It also transports waste. There are two circuits that blood follows in the circulatory system. The pulmonary circuit starts at the heart. (1) Blood high in carbon dioxide and waste substances is pumped from the heart to the lungs. In the capillaries in the alveoli, it deposits carbon dioxide and collects oxygen.

(2) Oxygenated blood travels back to the heart. It is pumped into the systemic circuit.

(3) It goes to the organs, tissues and cells in the body through arteries and capillaries. (4) Blood delivers oxygen and collects carbon dioxide and returns to the heart through veins.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries exchange substances between the cells and the blood.

Heart Arteries transport oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

• Draw the circulatory system on a piece of card. Use bottle lids, containers, pipe cleaners and strings to recreate the journey that blood makes.

The heart

The heart is a muscle and pumps blood around our body. The heart contracts and, as the blood moves, it produces a beat. This is your heartbeat, or pulse.

Each heartbeat involves two movements: diastole and systole. In diastole, the heart fills with blood. In systole, the heart contracts and blood leaves the heart.

The blood

Blood is the fluid that circulates around the body through the blood vessels. It collects oxygen and nutrients and transports them to all the cells in the body and it removes carbon dioxide and waste substances.

Blood has got plasma, a liquid made of water and other substances, such as salts, nutrients and cellular waste. It has got three types of cells: red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

1 Answer the questions in your notebook.

a) What is the heartbeat?

b) What happens during diastole?

c) What happens during systole?

d) What is plasma?

• Press two fingers to the side of your neck or your wrist to find your pulse. For 15 seconds, count how many times your heart beats. Now do twenty jumping jacks and count your heart beats again. Do you notice anything different?

Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body.

White blood cells protect us from infections.

Platelets form blood clots to close open wounds.

Venae cavae

Refresh How does your body eliminate waste?

23 The excretory system and the urinary system

Excretion is the process of eliminating waste from our body. Waste is all the substances that our body does not need and that can be harmful for our health if they accumulate inside the body.

The excretory system is formed by the urinary system and the sweat glands. The urinary system consists of the following organs:

• Kidneys: there are two kidneys. They have got an outer layer that filters blood plasma. They are formed by tubes that extract waste from the blood and turn it into urine.

• Ureters: are tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. They are made of muscle tissue that contracts to move the urine along.

• Bladder: this is an organ that stores the urine until it is expelled. It sends a signal to the nervous system when it is full.

• Urethra: the tube that connects the bladder with outside the body so that urine can be released.

1 Write the correct organ for each definition.

a) This is where urine is kept until it leaves the body.

b) This organ extracts waste from the blood.

c) This is the tube that takes urine outside the body.

d) This tube connects the kidneys to the bladder.

• Create Make a mockup of the urinary system using recycled materials. Label its parts.

Urethra

Kidneys

Ureters

Bladder

The sweat glands

The skin contains sweat glands, which are organs that produce a waste substance called sweat. These glands are all over the skin, but they are more abundant in some areas, such as the palms of the hands, under the arms, the groin and the face.

The main purpose of sweat is to help regulate our body temperature. However, it also plays a role in excretion.

Blood capillaries take blood to the sweat glands, where waste and water are extracted. The combination of these two substances in the glands makes sweat. Filtered blood returns to the blood capillaries and sweat leaves our bodies through the pores in the skin.

Blood vessels

2 What role do sweat glands play in excretion?

3 Discuss how kidneys and sweat glands perform their function. Are they similar or different? Why?

4 Find and write the function of these organs in the process of excretion.

a) Lungs

c) Bladder

e) Alveoli

b) Intestine

d) Skin

f) Kidneys

Capillaries

Sweat gland

Sweat gland

Pores

1

Malnutrition is one of the biggest problems in the world. Look at the following picture. Does it show a child with signs of malnutrition? Discuss with a classmate.

2 Read the following definitions of malnutrition according to the WHO (World Health Organisation). Use them to write your own definition of what malnutrition is.

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient intake or imbalance of essential nutrients and energy.

Malnutrition means ‘poor nutrition’ and can refer to undernutrition (not getting enough nutrients) and overnutrition (getting more nutrients than needed).

Malnutrition comes from a deficiency or excess in the intake of calories and nutrients or when these nutrients are of bad quality and rich in fats and sugars.

thInk!

3

In small groups analyse the malnutrition definitions that you wrote. What conclusions can you make? Talk and share your ideas with the rest of the class.

4 The problem with malnutrition is the consequences it has got on people’s health. Look at the list of health problems and do some research to find out which ones are directly caused by a bad diet.

a) Heart disease

b) A lack of energy

c) A headache

d) Type 2 diabetes

e) Anaemia

f) The flu

g) Eye infections

aCt!

5 Your class is going to organise a campaign to promote the importance of a healthy diet containing the right amount of nutrients in young children. What do you need to consider? Look at the list, choose and add what you think is important.

• Type of shop

• Where they live

• Quality of nutrients

• Food wheel

Year 6 will create healthy meals for Year 1. There is a prize for the emptiest plates at the end!

We will never get year 1 to eat a full plate of fruit or vegetables.

Look what I’ve got! Rainbow kebabs! Strawberry, orange, pineapple, kiwi, blueberry and grape!

All your plates are empty! How did you do it?

That’s cheating!

Only a little. Who wants one?

Who wants to try my game? Guess the vegetable while wearing a blindfold!

Easy. I promised them a desert if they ate their vegetables.

1 Why do you think the students are worried about getting year 1 to eat a plate of fruit or vegetables?

2 Why is the first snack called ‘rainbow kebabs’?

3 Which body part and which sense do the children use to guess the fruit or vegetable?

Map YOUr IdEaS!

1 Complete the mind map in your notebook.

?

Breathing

Blood circulation

Types of nutrients

The digestive system

• Carbohydrates

• ?

• Proteins

• Vitamins and ?

• ?

• ?

• Mouth

• Stomach

• ?

• Liver and ?

The ? system

The circulatory system

• The ? circuit

• The systemic circuit

• Respiratory tract

• ?

• Alveoli

The ? system

• Blood vessels

• ?

• Kidneys

• ?

• ?

• Urethra

Excretion

Sweat

let’S REVIeW!

1 Make word clouds in your notebook, one for each type of nutrient, including examples of foods from each group. Use different colours for each word cloud.

2 Look at the following images and identify what they are. Write the name of the organ, which system it belongs to and its function.

3 Write the name of the organ from the circulatory system described in these sentences.

a) A muscle that is divided in two halves, called atrium and ventricle. Blood comes to collect oxygen and is pumped out again.

b) Blood vessels that carry blood high in carbon dioxide to the heart.

c) Thin vessels that connect blood and cells so they can exchange oxygen and substances.

d) Blood vessels that transport blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body.

4 Copy and label the picture with the types of blood cells.

a) Tiny sacs in the lungs that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

b) Substance released by the liver to break down food food and separate nutrients.

c) Tiny blood vessels that exchange substances between the cells and the blood.

d) A tube through which blood circulates around the body.

e) Food that is chewed and mixed with saliva.

f) Group of nutrients that provide the body with energy.

g) Mass of partially digested food that leaves the stomach.

h) Muscle located below the lungs that helps in the process of breathing.

i) Process to eliminate waste from the body.

j) Waste material that is not used after digestion.

k) Substances in the stomach that help digest food.

l) Process of taking nutrients and transforming them into energy.

m) The liquid component of blood that transports blood cells

n) Blood cells that help open wounds stop bleeding.

o) Substances that are useless for the body and have to be eliminated.

MY ProGRESS

• I can explain the process of nutrition.

• I know what body parts play a role in digestion.

• I understand what a balanced diet is.

• I can name the different types of nutrients and food groups.

• I know how we breathe.

• I can explain how the circulatory system.

• I can explain how the excretory system and the sweat glands work.

1 Write the name of the vital function that is described:

a) Using substances to help the organism grow, stay healthy and eliminate waste.

b) Reacting to stimuli and responding to changes in the environment.

c) Creating new living organisms.

1 Copy the drawings of these cells and label them in your notebook.

3 Match the types of tissues with their definition in your notebook.

1. Epithelial a) It allows movement.

2. Nervous b) It lines organs.

3. Muscle c) It plays a role in transmitting impulses.

4. Connective d) It connects or separates other tissues.

Think 4 Complete the table with the organs. Some may go in more than one column.

• Stomach

• Kidneys

• Nose

• Heart

• Lungs

• Mouth

• Bladder

• Oesophagus

• Pancreas

• Trachea

• Sweat glands

• Arteries

• Alveoli

• Intestines

• Urethra

• Liver

• Veins

• Ureters

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM EXCRETORY SYSTEM ? ? ? ?

5 Copy and correct the sentences in your notebook.

a) Red blood protect against infection.

b) White blood cells transport oxygen around the body.

c) Platelets are the most numerous cells in our blood.

d) Platelets transport carbon dioxide.

6 Which organ…

a) ... produces gastric juices?

b) ... helps oxygen enter into the bloodstream?

c) ... pumps blood so that it is in constant movement?

d) ... stores urine until it is expelled from the body?

7 Classify the following foods as energy-giving foods, body-building foods or protective and regulatory foods.

PROJECTS THATLEAVE ANIMPRINT

I MYSTERIES OF THE MAGIC BOX

Do you know how important your mental health is? It’s amazing what your brain can do!

Can you create some fact sheets about mental health?

2

Your brain is really important:

• What does it do? What parts has it got?

• What does each part do?

• What is mental health? What is mental illness?

• How do I know if my mental health is getting worse? What do I need to do?

• Make a list of some recommendations about good mental health.

You are going to create a space to teach people more about the human brain and about mental health. This will help them look after their physical and mental wellbeing.

Share the results of your research in class.

Can you believe how amazing your brain is?

What are your conclusions?

How can we look after our mental health?

3

4 MAKE

5 CHECK C OMPRUEBA PRESENTA CONSTRUYE

Reach agreements and share out the work.

Your fact sheets can be printed or digital. Use pictures to help people understand and to support the information. You can make fact sheets for different levels.

We need to look after our brain all throughout our lives.

It’s time to present your space about the ‘magic box’.

Organise the space into information areas, e.g. parts of the brain, their functions, fun facts, mental health, advice etc.

Invite your friends and family to visit the space to discover the secrets of the mysterious ‘magic box’.