4 Christian Norberg- Schulz, Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology in Architecture,
. 57.
(diodos.gr).
7 Christian Norberg- Schulz, Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology
13Jonathan Watts, «Concrete: the most
(www.theguardian.com)
14 Aga Khan Program Lecture: Anna Heringer, «Architecture is a Tool to Improve Lives» (www.youtube.com)
15 Grażyna Soczewka, «Earth Architecture- Building the future with Ancient Solutions», CULTURE.PL, 10.07.2014
16
GernotMinke, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture,
17 Minke Gernot, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a
New Gourna. Βλ. Hassan Fathy, Architecture for the Poor, An Experiment in Rural Egypt, Chicago
σελ. 6-9
οικισμών υποδοχής προ-
σφύγων (Κοκκινιά, Ν. Πεύκη,
Μαγικό Ξάνθης κ.ά.) μετά την ανταλλαγή πληθυσμών με τη
Τουρκία το 1922.23
Οι κατασκευές με πηλό της
αρχαιότητας δεν περι-
ορίστηκαν σε μονώροφα
Χαρακτηριστικό
Shibam (Old Walled City of Shibam, 3000 π.Χ.) της Υεμένης,
adobe (πλιθιά,
08: Old City of Sana'a,
24 Gernot Minke, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a
CloughWilliams-Ellis
25 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architectural-review.com)
26 Ό.π.
Το
,
29 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architecturalreview.com)
30 Gernot Minke, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture,
2006, σελ.11
31 Designing Buildings Wiki (www.designingbuildings.co.uk)
32Solid Earth Adobe Buildings, Earthbuilding Construction and Adobe Brick Manufacture (www.solidearth.co.nz)
43
(www.ypaithros.gr)
44 Austin Bailey, «Ηow to make mud bricks, and why you might want to», 17/10/18 (www.heifer.org). 45
46 A Creative Impact: The Stanley Park Earthen Architecture Project (www.youtube.com)
47
49 Jean Dethier «Inhabiting the earth: a new history
(architectural-review.com)
(taniamarkoutsa wordpress com)
50 Jo McCarroll, «Grand Designs UK: Castle built of mud finished... but there's dirty laundry», 30.05 2019 (www.stuff.co.nz).
To Great Mosque of Djenne
51 Jean-Claude Morel, Ali Ali Mesbah, Michael Oggero, Peter Walker, “Building houses with local materials: means to drastically reduce the environmental inmpact of construction” Building and Environement, vol. 36, σελ. 1119-1126, 2001.
52 Institute oh Historic Building Conservation (www.ihbc.org.uk)
Εικόνα
54 Venkatarama R.B.V., Jagadish J.S., Properties of Soil Cement Block Masonry, Masonry International, vol.3, no 2, October 1989, σελ. 80-84.
55 Γεωργία E Μπέη, Raw earth: an ancient and modern building material, Master Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, R. Lemaire, Centre for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Buildings, Lοuvain, Belgium, 1996
56 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architecturalreview.com).
57 Παναγιώτα Σπυροπούλου,
58 Hugo Houben and Hubert Guillaud, Earth Construction
63-64.
Εικόνα 31
60 Ό.π., σελ. 29.
61 Frederick Webster and Leroy Ε. Tolles, “Earthquake damage to historic and older adobe buildings during the 1994 Northridge, California Earthquake”, Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, January 30-February 4, paper no 0628, 2000. Zegarra L., Bartolome AS, Quium D and Garcia GV. ”Reinforcement of existing adobe houses”, Arid Lands Newsletter, issue no 47, The University of Arizona, Tucson, May 2000, p.1-9.
62 Ο Michael Blondet,
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP),
63
64
Εικόνα 33: Preschool, Aknaibich, Μαρόκο, 2014
65 Alyn Griffiths, «Mud bricks and woven rattan used to build an affordable preschool in Morocco», 22.11.2014, (www.dezeen.com).
Rabat
66 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architectural-review.com).
67 Schroeder Horst, Sustainable Building with Earth Springer International Publishing, 2016, σελ. 157-158
adobe
71 Minke Gernot, Building with earth:
72 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture
(architectural-review.com)
Pritzker Prize,
Wang
Shu στην Κίνα, με το Wa Shan Guest House στο
Hangzhou campus (2013) και ο Renzo Piano, με
Uganda (2019).73
Οι DUST architects, σχεδίασαν στην πόλη Tucson,
2012. H
73 Jean Dethier, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architectural-review.com).
74 Tucson mountain retreat-DUST (www.archdaily.com)
75 terra-award.org
(livingsystemsarchitecture.com). 77 Form
(www.greenhomebuilding.com)
Το
Burkina
Gold Global Holcim Award
Secondary School of Gando
“This beautiful school is not only an elegant design solution, but it also delivers training and employment, uses local building materials, and – with simple means – creates an outstanding environment from a social viewpoint and also in constructive terms” 83
81 Francis Kéré Diébédo, «Secondary School with passive ventilation system», 04.03.2012, (www.archilovers.com)..
82 Karissa Rosenfield «Global Holcim Award 2012 Winners Announced», 02.04.2012, (www.archdaily.com).
83 Enrique Norten, I
(Mexico/USA)
των το Gold Global Holcim Award 2012, Karissa Rosenfield «Global Holcim Award 2012 Winners Announced», 02.04.2012 (www.archdaily.com).
Εικόνα
Nader Khalili,
Cal-Earth (The California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture)
90fysiki-domisi.blogspot.com
Fernando Soneghet
92 Mark Gibson, «W., A couple use sandbags to beat the mortgage trap», 3 July 2018 (www.perthnow.com.au).
υπάρχουνστομείγμα.Επίσης,προστέθηκε10%ασβέστης,
a Shamballa: A call to save the world”.
Open Thesis Fabrication research (OTF).
(greenagenda.gr).
Εικόνα 66: Pylos Project
Το βιβλίο τους Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, ITDG, London, 2008
International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
Architecture Research Center (VARC),
Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture
Grenoble
Craterre, το AVEI School of Earthen Architecture
Anna Heringer
Martin Rauch,
Storming»
Εικόνα 70: ΤP Architects, «Porto Kale | The Rammed Earth Towers»
Porto Kale: The Rammed Earth Towers
ΒΙΒΛΙΑ
Fathy Hassan, Architecture for the Poor. An Experiment in Rural Egypt, Chicago, 1973
Houben Hugo, Hubert Guillaud, Earth construction: a comprehensive guide, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1994.
Minke Gernot, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, Birkhäuser –Publishers for Architecture, Βερολίνο 2006
Norberg- Schulz Christian, Genius loci: Towards a phenomenology in Architecture, Rizzoli International Publications, 1980
Rapoport Amos, Φιλιππίδης
Rapoport, Μέλισσα, 2010
Schroeder Horst, Sustainable Building with Earth, Springer International Publishing, 2016
SumerAll Alexander, Building a Cob House A Step By Step Guide, This Cob House LLC, 2015
Tomazevič Miha, Earthquake–Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings, Imperial College Press, 1999
Walker Peter, The Australian Earth Building Handbook, Australia International, Sidney, 2000
Γαβριήλ
Abreu E Lima Pilar, Marques Joana, Pimenta Do Vale Clara, Terra Lyon, CRAterre, 2016
Bailey Austin, How To Make Mud Bricks And Why You Might Want To, heifer.org, 17.10.2018
Dethier Jean, Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture, architectural-review.com, 31.01.2020
G. A. Blengini, T. Di Carlo, The changing role of life cycle phases, sub systems and materials in the LCA of low energy buildings, Energy and Buildings Vol 42, 2010
Griffiths Alyn , Mud bricks and woven rattan used to build an affordable preschool in Morocco, dezeen.com, 22.11.2014
Jakupovic Anes, 3DPrinthuset, PLYOS PROJECT – REPORT, Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia (IaaC)
Mark Gibson, WA couple use sandbags to beat the mortgage trap, 3.07.2018
McCarroll Jo, Grand Designs UK: Castle built of mud finished, stuff, 30.05.2019
Miller Brandon , 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rammed Earth, greengarageblog, 23.05.2020
Morel C. Jean, Mesbah Ali Ali Mahmud, Oggero M., Walker Pete, “Building houses with local materials: means to drastically reduce the environmental inmpact of construction” Building and Environment, vol. 36, 2001.
Pappagallo Linda, First Earth Architecture festival in Iran would make Nader Khalili proud, greenprophet.com, 03.04.2015
Perlin John, Let It Shine: Solar Design in Ancient Greece, 12.11.2013
Reinbold Joan, How to Make Weatherproofed Mud Bricks, Hunker
Reiner-Roth Shane , Ηome 3D printed from locally sourced clay takes shape in Italy, Archpaper, 03.04.2020
Sheldon Jess, Grand Designs 2018: ‘Insane’ giant cob castle to make history?, EXPRESS, 31.10.2018
Soczewka Grażyna, Earth Architecture- Building the future with Ancient Solutions, CULTURE.PL, 10.07.2014
Venkatarama R.B.V., Jagadish J.S., “Properties of Soil Cement Block Masonry”, Masonry International, vol.3, no 2, October, 1989
Watts Jonathan, Concrete: the most destructive material on Earth, The Guardian, 25.02.2019
Webster A. Frederick , Tolles E Leroy, “Earthquake damage to historic and older adobe buildings during the 1994 Northridge, California Earthquake”, Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, January 30-February 4, paper no 0628, 2000
Zegarra Luis, Bartolome San Angel, Quium Daniel and Garcia Villa Gladys, ‘”Reinforcement of existing adobe houses”, Arid Lands Newsletter, issue no 47, The University of Arizona, Tucson, May 2000
Μπέη E. Γεωργία, Raw earth: an ancient and modern building material, Master Thesis, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, R. Lemaire, Centre for the Conservation of Historic Towns and Buildings, Lοuvain, Belgium, 1996 Μπέη
craterre.org (CRAterre, Γαλλία)
el.wikipedia.org
iaac.net (Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia) pylos.iaac.net terra-award.org
www.3dprintingprogress.com
www.3dwasp.com (World’s advanced saving project) www.archdaily.com
www.builditbackgreen.org
www.calearth.org (California Institute of Earth Architecture)
www.cob.gr
www.designingbuildings.co.uk (Designing Buildings Wiki) www.earthbagbuilding.com
www.earthbag-construction.blogspot.com
www.elinyae.gr (Ελληνικό
www.formfreebuilding.com
www.fysiki-domisi.blogspot.com www.greenhomebuilding.com www.greenprophet.com
www.ihbc.org.uk (Institute oh Historic Building Conservation) www.liberal.gr
www.livingsystemsarchitecture.com
www.nzdl.org (The New Zealand Digital Library)
www.rammedearthconstructions.com.au
www.sprattonhistory.org (SPRATTON LOCAL HISTORY SOCIETY)
www.solidearth.co.nz (SOLID EARTH ADOBE BUILDINGS, Earthbuilding Construction and Adobe Brick Manufacture)
www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/rammed-earth www.enviro.org.au (Τhe Environment Society of Australia)
ΠΡΟΤΥΠΑ - ΚΑΝΟΝΙΣΜΟΙ
Hνωμένο Βασίλειο: Καθοδηγητικό Έγγραφο «UK Rammed Earth Design and Construction Guidelines»
Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες: Καθοδηγητικό Έγγραφο ASTM E2392 / E2392M - 10(2016) - Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems (www.portlandoregon.gov)
Ινδία: Πρότυπο «IS 13827:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings»
Νέα Ζηλανδία: Πρότυπο «NZS 4297 (1998): Engineering design of earth buildings» (pdf)
Περού: The Peruvian Building Code for Earthen Buildin, The Peruvian Adobe Seismic Design Code
Πολιτεία του Νέου Μεξικού: 2015 New Mexico Earthen Building Materials Code, CHAPTER 7 - BUILDING CODES GENERAL (164.64.110.134/nmac/T14C007)
ΟΠΤΙΚΟΑΚΟΥΣΤΙΚΟ
A Creative Impact: The Stanley Park Earthen Architecture Project (www.youtube.com )
Aga Khan Program Lecture: Anna Heringer, “Architecture is a Tool to Improve Lives” (www.youtube.com )
Anna Heringer, “The warmth and wisdom of mud building”, TED2017 (www.ted.com/)
BigDeltaWASP 12m (www.youtube.com)
Hassan Fathy’s New Gourna Past-Present-Future, World Monuments Fund και Community Consortium (vimeo.com)
Pylos- Large scale 3D Printing by IAAC (www.youtube.com)
The home made from sandbags for $35,000 (Today Tonight, facebook.com, 21.02.2019)
ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ
Ερώτηση:
ΠΗΓΕΣ ΕΙΚΟΝΩΝ
Εικόνα 01: Φωτογράφος: James Morris, Butabu, Woman's living quarters, Tangasoko, Burkina Faso (www.jamesmorris.info/portfolio/butabu/)
Εικόνα 02: Φωτογράφος: André Stevens, The sensually shaped domes of Iran, Sustainable Lessons from “The Art of Earth Architecture”, 11.02.2020 (www.design-talking.com)
Εικόνα 03: Φωτογράφος: James Morris, Butabu, House, Djenne, Mali (www.jamesmorris.info/portfolio/butabu/)
Εικόνα 04: threader.app/thread/1123864337439965184
Εικόνα 05: WIS, “Anna Heringer: What is architecture?”, 17.03.2020 (www.whatisarchitecture.cc)
Εικόνα 06: World map illustrating the worldwide use of earth construction, CRAterre/ ENSAG, 2012 (file:///C:/Users/Hp%20User/Downloads/craterre_2013_07_presentationchaireeng_hgbrmc% 20.pdf)
Εικόνα 07: Overhanging Great Wall, (m.visitourchina.com)
Εικόνα 08: apkpure.com/ar/old-city-sana-a/net.OldcitySanaa.imappark#net.OldcitySanaa.imappark-2
Εικόνα 09: Shibam, Yemen, peace-on-earth.org, 29.03.2009, (www.flickr.com)
Εικόνα 10: onedio.com/haber/sibam-colun-manhattan-i-454768
Εικόνα 11: Shibam: Το “Μανχάταν της ερήμου”, 20.11.2015 (www o-klooun com)
Εικόνα 12: Old Shibam Yemen Painting (gr.pinterest.com/pin/560557484850446427)
Εικόνα 13: lastsecond.ir/blog/7798-the-manhattan-of-the-desert-shibam
Εικόνα 14: Φωτογράφος: Almasy, Paul, Buhen - Fortress in the Middle and the New Kingdom( about 1200 B.C.), UNESCO, 02.02.1960 (en.unesco.org)
Εικόνα 15: Vyncke Johan, Kupers Laura, Denies Nicolas, “Earth as Building Material – an overview of RILEM activities and recent Innovations in Geotechnics”, MATEC Web of Conferences, January 2008 (Fig 4: tanzaniagoesmud.wordpress.com)
Εικόνα 16: Spratton Local History Society (www.sprattonhistory.org)
Εικόνα 17: Owen Geiger, Casa de barro, 05.07.2015(naturalbuildingblog.com)
Εικόνα 18: Becky Bee, The Cob Builders Handbook, 1997, σελ. 13
Εικόνα 19: www.onecommunityglobal.org/cob-village
Εικόνα 20: Jo McCarroll, Grand Designs UK: Castle built of mud finished... but there's dirty laundry, 30.05.2019 (www.stuff.co.nz).
Εικόνα 21: Ό.π.
Εικόνα 22: Jess Sheldon, «Grand Designs 2018: ‘Insane’ giant cob castle to make history», 31.10.2018, www.express.co.uk
Εικόνα 23: Dethier Jean, «Inhabiting the earth: a new history of raw earth architecture», 31.01.2020, (architecturalreview.com)
Εικόνα 24: Kundai Mugwanda-Nyamutenha, Τhe Great Mosque of Dejnne in Mali, (thisisafrica.me)
Εικόνα 25: Προσωπικό Αρχείο
Εικόνα 26: Προσωπικό Αρχείο
Εικόνα 27: Underwood Archives Onia, Indians Making Adobe Bricks, 12.01.2015 (fineartamerica.com)
Εικόνα 28: Minke Gernot, Building with earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture, Birkhäuser – Publishers for Architecture, Βερολίνο 2009 σελ.64
Εικόνα 29: www.earth-auroville.com
Εικόνα 30: madeinearth.in/topics/techniques/adobe/
Εικόνα 31:
Εικόνα 32: Φωτογράφοι: Frank Stabel, Thomas Joos, Kristel Pelliet, Nicolas Coeckelberghs, Preschool of Aknaibich / BC architects + MAMOTH, 2014, (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 33: Alyn Griffiths, Mud bricks and woven rattan used to build an affordable preschool in Morocco, 22.11.2014, (www.dezeen.com).
Εικόνα 34: Φωτογράφος: Elizabeth FelicellaWomen’s Opportunity Center by Sharon Davis Design, 03.10.2013 (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 35: Ό.π.
Εικόνα 36: madeinearth.in/topics/techniques/rammed-earth/
Εικόνα 37: DAB810 Fictional Architecture-Rammed Earth Construction (dab810fictionalarchitecture.blogspot.com)
Εικόνα 38: Ό.π.
Εικόνα 39: Φωτογράφος: Norman Muller, Ηοuse Gulm-Aicher Ziviltechniker GmbH, 16.05.2013 (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 40: Φωτογράφος:: Bill Timmerman, Desert Outpost in Paradise Valley, 17.09.2016 (homeworlddesign.com)
Εικόνα 41: Φωτογράφος: Luis Gordo, Tafline Laylin, Rammed Earth and Stone Buildings Make Up Oaxaca School of Plastic Arts, 29.07.2011 (inhabitat.com)
Εικόνα 42: Artist: sugatak (www daz3d com)
Εικόνα 43: Φωτογράφος: Jeff Goldberg/Esto, Tucson mountain retreat-DUST, 08.05.2013 (www archdaily com).
Εικόνα 44: terra-award.org
Εικόνα 45: Ό.π.
Εικόνα 46: Ό.π
Εικόνα 47: Hugo Houben and Hubert Guillaud, Earth Construction – A comprehensive guide, London 1994, ITDG Publishing, σελ.185
Εικόνα 48: Secondary school with passive ventilation system, Gando, Burkina (www.lafargeholcimfoundation.org)
Εικόνα 49: Karissa Rosenfield «Global Holcim Award 2012 Winners Announced», 02.04.2012, (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 50: Lafarge Holcim Foundation, Prize Winning Projects in Sustainable architecture (www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/secondary-school-with-passive-ventilationsystem-gando-burkina)
Εικόνα 51: Karissa Rosenfield «Global Holcim Award 2012 Winners Announced», 02.04.2012, (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 52: www.earthbagbuilding.com
Εικόνα 53: cargocollective.com/decastroalves/Earthbag-Village-Mali
Εικόνα 54: Justina Blakenry, Cast Earth Shelter for All, 21.02.2018 (blog.jungalow.com)
Εικόνα 55: Akio Inoue, A Manual for Building an Earthbag Shelter, (www.earthbagbuilding.com)
Εικόνα 56: Φωτογράφος: Chris Grava-Kavo R Photography, Hana Abdel, Langbos Children’s Centre, 22.06.2020 (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 57: www.earthbagbuilding.com
Εικόνα 58: Owen Geiger, Alternative Bond Beam For Curved Structures, 05.04.2010 (www.naturalbuildingblog.com)
Εικόνα 59: Mark Gibson, W., A couple use sandbags to beat the mortgage trap, 3 July 2018 (www.perthnow.com.au).
Εικόνα 60: Φωτογράφος: Chris Grava-Kavo R Photography, Hana Abdel, Langbos Children’s Centre, 22.06.2020 (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 61: www.3dwasp.com/en/giant-3d-printer-bigdelta-wasp-12mt
Εικόνα 62: www.3dwasp.com/en/3d-printed-house-gaia
Εικόνα 63: Ό.π.
Εικόνα 64: www.3dwasp.com/en/3d-printed-wall
Εικόνα 65: Δημήτρης
Εικόνα 66: Ό.π.
21.11.2016 (greenagenda.gr)
Εικόνα 67: Μaurizio Corrado, Una scuola in terra cruda a Rudrapur, 08.2019 (larchitetto-nella-forestadesign.blogautore.repubblica.it)
Εικόνα 68: Φωτογράφος: Edward Birch, Luigi Rosselli, The Great Wall of WA, (www.archdaily.com)
Εικόνα 69: www.boisbuchet.org/workshop/clay-storming
Εικόνα 70: karchlab.com/2019/11/11/pirgoimani_rammedearth
Εικόνα 71: Προσωπικό