Água Mole Pedra Dura - Thesis Project

Água Mole Pedra Dura A bathhouse in the quarry

Gloria Maria Schönburg

P r o f. E n r i q u e J e r e z P r o f. M a r i o n a B e n e d i t o P r o f. M a t a n M a y e r P r o f. R a f a e l I ñ i g u e z P r o f. M o n i c a G a r c i a P r o f. J u a n E l v i r a

P FG T h e s i s P ro j e c t IE University 2022 Madrid, Spain

Manifesto Água Mole Pedra Dura is a bathhouse located on the hills of the quarry of Can Baró in Barcelona. There is a 100m height difference from the top of the hill to the bottom, conferring the limestone walls a sense of power over the surroundings.

The central element is the water flow which avails the existing steepness of the topography to connect the different spaces. Starting on the bunkers, these waterways flow down, appropriating the site’s slopes and approximating the ruins at the top from the open space at the bottom. A filter structure followed by a hydro botanic pond serve as natural treatment for the water, which later flows into various pavilions excavated onto the quarry wall. The pavilions are divided into inward and outward programs, meaning that some are made to be enjoyed as a group and others in a close company or solitude. The entrance is through what used to be a parking lot, right at the center of the quarry. This area is now transformed into a stepped plaza which also serves as a water square, collecting rainwater into an underground cistern. Hidden gutters are spread throughout the slope of the quarry maximizing the rainwater collection and reducing the amount of erosion to protect the water channels.

The pavilions are built into the stone walls merging architecture with nature. The natural and the human-made contrast when the wall touches the rough rock. The limestone taken from the quarry is used in several steps of the construction process, including the pavilions’ facade, made of trencadis panels. The limestone, formed during a process of 400 million years in this exact place, finds a new use yet maintains its role as a base for life to unfold.

The name comes from a Brazilian saying which goes: “Água mole pedra dura, tanto bate até que fura.”, meaning “Soft water on hard stone, hits until it bores a hole.”.

In the project, the water shapes the quarry as much as it is shaped by it. Stone and water are the main elements; in union through architecture, they transform a space into a place. Its path then connects the pavilions, which are spread throughout and carved out of the stone.

Table of contents Territorial analysis

5

Concept & strategy

15

Project presentation

23

Water systems

31

Pavilions

43

Territorial analysis

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Cont ex t

Nou Barris Sant Andreu Horta-Guinardó

Sarrià-Sant Gervasi

Av .E sta tu

Sant Martí

Gràcia

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Project’s site

Parc del Guinardó

Parc del Carmel

Sant Pau hospital

Parc de les Aigües

Map of Horta-Guinardó

Map of Barcelona

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The district of Horta-Guinardó is located in the northern area of Barcelona and figures between the city’s the three most extensive ones. Due to its uneven topography, it contains heterogeneous neighborhoods which adapt to the diversified terrain. The lack of ample flat areas restricts the construction of public infrastructure and makes public transport and building more difficult. It is a mainly residential district incorporated into the city at a later stage. The industrialization of the 19th century barely affected this area which only started to significantly be urbanized during the 50s with the arrival of immigrants. The rapid demographic growth resulted in an unplanned and unregulated urban landscape.

Important urban elements of the district include the Vall d’Hebron medical complex and the Sant Pau hospital. Água Mole Pedra Dura

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Cont ex t

Parc del Guinardó

Turó de la Rovira

Turó de la Creueta del Coll

Project’s site

Turó del Carmel

Parc de la Creueta

Parc Güell

Parc des Tres Turons

Horta-Guinardó Gràcia

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There is a plan to create a parc, the Parc des Tres Turons, which would work as a “green lung” for the city. It encompasses three hills - Turó de la Creueta del Coll, Turó del Carmel and Turó de la Rovira - the latest one serving as a location for the project’s site.

The plan to create this parc was made in 1953 and has not yet been concretized. The park would unite already existing parks and englobe areas which are now inhabited. Resistance coming from neighbors’ associations which oppose the planned expropriation of some houses, has contributed to the delay and not fulfillment of the project.

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Cont ex t

200

155 201

209

257

246 235

234

144

259

235

255

187

164

219 230 200 220

172 195

169

158

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180 164

154

151 178

Site Plan 1/2500

The site lies on the hills of Turó de la Rovira having a height difference of around 100m from the bottom part (a parking lot) to the top (the bunkers). This hill used to be a limestone quarry, and the current topography is artificially created by the human extractivist activity. Nowadays, there is some typical mediterranean vegetation on the flatter areas of the quarry, which was planted as part of the actions taken by the government to transform the area into a park.

The bunkers on the top are a popular touristic attraction due to the 360º views it offers from the city, making it a great spot to watch the sunset.

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Green areas Public infrastructure Water infrastructure Project’s area of intervention Bunkers

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Cont ex t

+258m 5% slope +239m 50% slope +226m 30% slope

+197m 61% slope +210m 27% slope

+178m 29% slope

+173m 3% slope

+153m 37% slope +158m 2.3% slope

+237m 8% slope

+230m 11.3% slope +219m 24.8% slope

+201m 72% slope

+174m 24.5% slope

+160m 2% slope

PFG 2022 +147m 11% slope

+150m 1.4% slope

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Territorial analysis - History

Quarry of Can Baró

1700 - 1900 First mentions of the quarry date back to 1712, in a deed of agreement between the monastery of Sant Jeroni de la Murtra and Mr. Ramon-Fèlix d’Ivorra Salvà. The main extraction products were jasper and lime.

1910 In the decade of 1910s, with the arrival of artificial cement, the search for limestone decreased, and so did the activity in the quarry. By mid-1910, the action in the quarry was very low, and the profit was practically non-existent.

1920 - 1930 With the arrival of immigrants to the area, cheap workforce was suddenly abundant.

The new owner - Anselm de Riu - saw this as an opportunity to reactivate the quarry.

Although it started as a legal business, the mining activity quickly became irregular, with drilling methods that caused damage to the territory and surrounding constructions.

1930 - 1950 The neighborhood association of Can Baró was created in 1924 in an attempt to fight the irregular activity on the quarry and product the houses of the area. After years of conflict with neighbors and a gradual decrease in extraction, activity in the quarry faded until its eventual stop, of which the exact date is unknown.

Site Plan 1/2500 Project’s area of intervention Quarry

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Workers on the quarry during the 1950’s.

Source: http://totbarcelona.blogspot.com/2016/04/canteras-de-can-baro.html

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Territorial analysis - History

History Anti-aircraft battery The ruins at the top of the hill, popularly known as “Bunkers”, are actually an anti-aircraft battery built during the Spanish Civil War in an attempt to protect the city from Italian and German attacks, which were allies of Franco’s army.

The battery, built in 1937, benefitted from vast views from every part of the city. Due to the systematic bombing the city suffered between 1936 and 1939, the only thing left nowadays are ruins which serve as a spot to watch the sunset and enjoy the views. Part of the ruins was transformed into a museum, the Museu d’Història de la Ciutat, which focused on the history of the bunkers and the quarry.

Source: http://www.bunkers.cat/es/history

Informal settlements After the Spanish Civil War and WW2, many immigrants arrived to the city and settled their homes in the neighborhood. With the rapid influx of people, the hills of the quarry and the open green spaces started being occupied by informal settlers. The barracks covered most of the hill, sometimes placed in dangerous zones with steep topography and risk of collapse.

The place became known as ‘Chabolas de los Cañones’, making reference to the anti-aircraft battery, over which some of the settlements were built.

During the 90s, when the city was being prepared for the Olympics, most of the barracks were demolished, and its inhabitants relocated to other zones.

Source: https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/benestaranimal/es/noticia/homenaje-a-los-vecinos-de-las-barrac as-del-carmel-y-can-baro_486375

Nowadays The neighborhood passed through an important process of remodeling after some houses collapsed in 2005 due to excavation works on the metro line. It caught the media’s attention which created the necessary pressure to initiate a series of projects to improve the life quality of its inhabitants.

Site Plan 1/2500 Project’s area of intervention Chabolas de los Cañones Bunkers

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Wat e r

BESÒS BASIN Vallès Oriental

Vallès Occidental

Maresme

Barcelonès

LLOBREGAT BASIN

Barcelona

Baix Llobregat

Water supply Most of the water that supplies the city of Barcelona comes from the basins of the rivers Llobregat and Ter. There are also more than 60 pits distributed along the Llobregat delta and the Bèsos basin. Finally, a smaller part of the water supply comes from a desalination plant on the southern end of the city. After being collected, the water passes either through the purification plants, which work on a larger scale or through the potable water treatment plants. From there, it is directed to one of the 150 deposits spread throughout the city. They store the water before forwarding it to a smaller net of pipes from which the water arrives at the houses of the consumers.

The project’s site lies close to two main water pipe,s and although it rests on a steep and uneven topography, it has the benefit of having a water reservoir right next to it.

Garraf

Llobregat river Main water network Llobregat’s desalination plant Potable water treatment plants Water purification plants (ETAP) Waste water treatment plants (EDAR) PFG 2022

Project’s site

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Wat e r Water infrastructure

1867 Creation of the “Compagnie des Eaux de Barcelone”, Lieja, Belgium

Dipòsit dels Altures (2)

1868 Drying up of the Dosrius lake and construction of 52km of iron pipes leading water from the Dosrius basin to the city 1868 Construction of Sant Martí de Provençal deposit, Parc de les Aigües

Dipòsit dels Altures (1) Electric station pumps water up

1886 Capacity: 16000 m3

Creation of streets and pipe infrastructure Construction of first part of Dipósit des Altures 1 , Turó de la Rovira Water pipe from Dosrius basin (37km away)

Capacity: 1000 m3

1961 Extension of Dipósit des Altures 1, Turó de la Rovira

Dipòsit de Sant Martí de Provençal Electric station pumps water up

1966 Construction of Dipósit des Altures 2, Turó de la Rovira

Site Plan 1/4000 Project’s area of intervention

Capacity: 3000m3

Water infrastructure

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Source: https://adosrius.wordpress.com/2016/06/12/la-ruta-de-laigu-recorregut-per-laqueducte-de-dosrius-a-barcelona/

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Te rr i tori al ana ly sis - Acce ss i b i l i ty

El Carmel metro 18 min walking

Accessibility The neighborhood had its urban conditions greatly improved in the last two decades. There are three metro stops at a distance of under 20min walking, and with the bus, it is possible to get reasonably close to the bunkers. Cars can reach even closer, but it is impossible to reach the top without having to walk throughuneven terrain with stairs and ramps.

A pedestrian trail leads the arrivers from the parking lot to the bunkers, and that crosses the quarry at the Mühlberg bridge. Without the bridge, access from the parking lot to the top would be more lengthy and demanding. It takes approximately 20-25min to walk from the parking lot to the bunkers.

Guinardó/Hospital Sant Pau metro 18 min walking

Alfons X metro 12 min walking

Site Plan 1/2500 Project’s area of intervention Mühlberg’s bridge Vehicles streets Pedestrian’s access to the bunkers Bus stops

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Concept & Strategy

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Concep & St ra t egy - Fi rs t i n tu i ti o n

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Water vs. people flow

Flat areas

The topography of the site is one of its main attributes, and there was an intent to explore it within the project. Intuitively two flows arise - water, which follows gravity and flows downwards, and people, alive and energy generating, which flow upwards since the natural arrival to the site happens through the parking lot at the bottom.

Locating the flatter areas intermingled with the steep topography show where water could accumulate and create ambients of pause. The contrast between flat and steep regions yields opportunities for the creation of spaces that play with the movement and stay of water.

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Concep & St ra t egy - Fi rs t i n tu i ti o n

CAPTION R E T WA

WATER CAPTATION

R AT E

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•A DO RA L E P ASURE • Y TI R E E V • O SE CO UR S N I A U L S T D I I T R Y I A • SE • • SP N NS TIO SE IO U N A A TAT I O N • O B S LE EDI ER V •M A N Y • S E N S UA L I T Y • T I L O N VE R •C

CAPTION

TIO

W CT TROSPE ION • DISCO • IN V E RY ITY UA •P AL • SENS LIT Y • IN T L IT Y SU R EA O AL S EN PE S ION • RELAXA TU CT ANT T RI L I O PI N MP •C TE TION • ADOR RSA A ON VE E • SPIRIT TIO UA ON E AN S L • C • S E N S AT I ON E UR

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CAPTION

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ION • CLEANSE • S P X AT I R ITU ELA AL •R I T N • R E L A X AT I O ON N Y O I • T C TI •S LEA AN VAT I O N • AN N PL OBSER L S E I E SU EM N• •S R N T AT I O E •C IT ASURE • SENSA T I PLE R E • LAXA ON • Y• TION TIO C ERY • PLEA N S

RE •C ON R V E A S T B I O O N • • TE N L O E I I T S M UR PL I TA D E A D • O R N E A O I •C TIO S AT N• R •M E O V N ME ON S P EC T I O N • D I S D CO • C INTRO N V • R E • CON TY EISU TE •L LI M N O TI S P EC T I O N • O DI TR IN

W

W A WATER STORAGE

LEISU

The way the water flows down the quarry creates a beautiful set of pathways that embody the concept of the project: water drizzling and shaping the stone. The concept model represents the stream that is consolidated in the project.

The program arises at the moment between the beginning and the end of the water cycle. The water path creates the program and all activity is encapsulated between the water caption - be it from the rain, be it from a municipal source - and the water storage.

Concept model

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Concep & St ra t egy - S i t e p l a n

Site Plan 1/2500

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Concep & St ra t egy - Prog ram

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Afternoon shade

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Morning shade

Inw

Wa t e r t r e a t m

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6:30

8:15 17:30

Sun incidence

Winter

Program distribution Water path

Summer

Pedestrian path

The water flow inspired the program: a bathhouse encrusted on the hills of the quarry. The hill’s opening faces South, enabling a high sun incidence on the site. The program was laid out using the sun path and the topography as the main guiding factors. The water channels are placed in a way to make use of gravity in leading the water downwards. They create a connective string that encircles the project and bridges the 100m height difference between the top and the bottom. Water holds everything together and through the pedestrian pathways, visitors are guided through the pavilions spread across the site.

The bathhouse is divided into two types of pavilions: inward and outward. The inward pavilions are more secluded and offer individual and personal activities such as massage or cleanse. They are placed facing East to take advantage of the morning sun. The outward pavilions offer more social programs, such as the hammam and the sun areas, in which people can interact. They are placed facing the West side so as to be hit by the afternoon sun.

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Concep & St ra t egy - M ai n e lem en ts

Pedestrian pathways

Water channels

Pavilions

The project is composed of four main elements that bring together the different stages of the water cycle. The pavilions are spread across the quarry and constitute the bathhouse which is accessible through the pathways. The water channels lead the water from the bunkers through the natural water treatment to the pavilions, where it can be enjoyed by the visitors. The rainwater collection system is present on the central plaza and as gutters scattered around the steep walls of the quarry. The plaza serves both as a water square, during the rainy season of Barcelona, and as a space for rest and interaction during the rest of the year.

Rainwater collection

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Concep & St ra t egy - Wat e r c y c l e

1. The water is sourced from the deposit on top of the hill - the beginning of the cycle is the water mirror

3. Rainwater collection (depends on the season)

2. Natural water treatment

5. Water pumping from greywater collector back up

4. Water distribution to the pavilions

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Concep & St ra t egy - Vi s ual i z a ti o n

Atmospherical collage

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Project presentation

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Project present a t io n - P l an s Roof plan 1/800

1.

1. Reflecting pool embedded in the ruins

10. Introspection pavilion

2. Water treatment 1: filter

11. Sun pavilion

3. Water treatment 2: hydrobotanic pond

12. Hammam

4. Water quality control & water pumps

13. Leisure pool

5. Contrast therapy pools: hot & cold water

14. Pool preparation room

6. Cleansing pavilion

15. Sportive pool

7. Sauna pavilion

16. Services pavilion

8. Elevator passage

17. Rainwater collection cistern

9. Massage pavilion

18. Greywater collector * underground

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4.

10.

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9.

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18.* 13.

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17.*

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Project present a t io n - P l ans Intermediate floor plan 1/800

1.

1. Reflecting pool embedded in the ruins

10. Introspection pavilion

2. Water treatment 1: filter

11. Sun pavilion

3. Water treatment 2: hydrobotanic pond

12. Hammam

4. Water quality control & water pumps

13. Leisure pool

5. Contrast therapy pools: hot & cold water

14. Pool preparation room

6. Cleansing pavilion

15. Sportive pool

7. Sauna pavilion

16. Services pavilion

8. Elevator passage

17. Rainwater collection cistern

9. Massage pavilion

18. Greywater collector * underground

2.

4.

5.

10.

9.

4.

11.

8.

12.

16.

3.

6.

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18.* 13.

14.

17.* 15.

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Project present a t io n - P l an s Ground floor plan 1/800

1.

1. Reflecting pool embedded in the ruins

10. Introspection pavilion

2. Water treatment 1: filter

11. Sun pavilion

3. Water treatment 2: hydrobotanic pond

12. Hammam

4. Water quality control & water pumps

13. Leisure pool

5. Contrast therapy pools: hot & cold water

14. Pool preparation room

6. Cleansing pavilion

15. Sportive pool

7. Sauna pavilion

16. Services pavilion

8. Elevator passage

17. Rainwater collection cistern

9. Massage pavilion

18. Greywater collector * underground

2.

4.

5.

9.

10.

4.

11.

8.

12.

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16.

18.* 13.

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17.* 15.

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Project present a t io n - S e ct i o n s Longitudinal section 1/800 1. Reflecting pool embedded in the ruins

10. Introspection pavilion

2. Water treatment 1: filter

11. Sun pavilion

3. Water treatment 2: hydrobotanic pond

12. Hammam

4. Water quality control & water pumps

13. Leisure pool

5. Contrast therapy pools: hot & cold water

14. Pool preparation room

6. Cleansing pavilion

15. Sportive pool

7. Sauna pavilion

16. Services pavilion

8. Elevator passage

17. Rainwater collection cistern

9. Massage pavilion

18. Greywater collector

1.

2.

3.

11.

10.

5.

12.

8.

4.

9.

16.

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18.

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Project present a t io n - S e ct i o n s Cross section 1/800 1. Reflecting pool embedded in the ruins

10. Introspection pavilion

2. Water treatment 1: filter

11. Sun pavilion

3. Water treatment 2: hydrobotanic pond

12. Hammam

4. Water quality control & water pumps

13. Leisure pool

5. Contrast therapy pools: hot & cold water

14. Pool preparation room

6. Cleansing pavilion

15. Sportive pool

7. Sauna pavilion

16. Services pavilion

8. Elevator passage

17. Rainwater collection cistern

9. Massage pavilion

18. Greywater collector

1.

2

4.

3.

11.

5.

6.

12.

8.

4.

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9.

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16.

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Project present a t io n - M od e l 1 / 2 5 0

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Project present a t io n - M od el 1 / 5 0 0

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Water systems

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Water system s - Bat hhous e o n th e ra i n

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Axonometric 1/750

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Water system s - Sys t e ms

Water wheels produce energy

A rainwater collection system reduces the water demand

Natural water treatment ensures chemical-free clean water

Three systems constitute the water infrastructure of the project. They work in cooperation to ensure the functioning of the water cycle. Each one plays an important role in making the water use more sustainable and achieving a closed loop in which the water is constantly reused and re-treated. The water wheels allow the used water to be pumped back up through the use of energy generated by the water flow, the rainwater collection system reduces the need for water sourced from the municipality, and the natural water treatment ponds allow the water to be cleaned without the use of chemicals that may harm people and environment.

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Water system s - Sys t e ms

Water mirror ingrained in the ruins

Water treatment I Sprinklers & filter

As water flows down it turns the wheels

Water that will be used

Water treatment II Hydrobotanic pond

Water that was used

Turning of the wheels mecanically pumps water up

Water testing

Hot & cold baths Earth line

Rainwater cistern

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Greywater collector

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Water system s - Wat e r whe e l

Earth line Water flow makes the wheel turn

Water wheels

This rotation moves two steel bars to left and right

Greywater collector

Clean water

The water wheel is an ancient device used to create energy out of the water flow. In this project, the water wheel is connected to a piston pump which brings water from the greywater collector, located on the underground space of the plaza, up to the beginning of the cycle. The falling water rotates the wheel, which, in turn, moves the pistons and pumps the water up. No electricity is needed in this process, maintenance costs are low and, no qualified workforce is needed to install it. This device can pump water up 300m, so the 100m height required by the site is not a problem. There are three water wheels in total, allowing each to have a smaller size, seeing that the dimension of the wheel depends on the water flow and on how much height and distance need to be covered by the pump.

Attached to the bar there are two pistons that physically push the water up

Greywater

Smaller reservoirs avoid the water from running back downhill

Source: https://baiadoconhecimento.com/biblioteca/conhecimento/read/307252-como-funciona-a-bomba-de-roda-dagua

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Water system s - Rai n wat e r c o l l ec ti o n

A system of gutters directs more rainwater to the cistern

Stepped plazas with a specialized drains on the bottom efficiently collect rainwater

Underground pipes lead water to cistern

The topography of the hill is constantly being taken advantage of with the intention of making the project become part of the quarry. The rainwater collection system comprises two parts: the gutters carved on the rocky slopes and the water squares on the flat open areas. The gutters are placed right above the water channels, preventing some of the slope’s runoff from falling directly into them. The water squares serve as plazas when it is dry and fill with water when it rains.

The water is harvested through drains on the bottom of the water squares and led to underground cisterns which store the water. From this cistern, the stored water is led to the greywater collector and, mixed with the used water, is pumped up to restart the cycle. It passes through the natural treatment and can be appreciated by the visitors clean and fresh.

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Greywater collector

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Rainwater cistern

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Water system s - Rai nwat e r c o l l ec ti o n Longitudinal section 1/600

Bathhouse in numbers: How much rainwater can be harvested?

Daily water use: 3 700 m3 Daily water loss: 111 m3 Yearly water loss: 40 515 m3 Rainwater captation calculation: yearly rainfall (mm) x collection surface area (m2) = water harvested (L)

How much water can be collected per year?

600mm x 6 600m2 = 3 960m3 This equals to approximately 10% of the total water loss.

Average rainfall in Barcelona: 600mm/year.

Current collection surface area: 6 600m2

Water parks reuse 97% to 98% of their water system. Daily water consumption relfects this 2% to 3% that is lost on a daily basis.

Source: “Is water conservation in water parks considered oxymoronic?” by Eric B. Hansen, AIA, ISHC.

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Source: https://www.nationalpolyindustries.com.au/2018/06/14/calculating-the-amount-of-rainwater-capturable-from-your-roof/#:~:text=To%20calculate%20how%20much%20rainwater,you%20can%20expect%20to%20collect. and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ombrotermic_Barcelona.png

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Water system s - Rai n wat e r c o l l ec ti o n

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Harvested rainwater stored in the cistern

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Water system s - Rai nwat e r c o l l ec ti o n

1. Sail shade

3. Connection to cistern 9.

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4.

Cistern’s interior

2. Rainwater collection drain 6.

4. Raingarden

5.

13.

2% slope

14.

17.

18.

15.

16.

7.

8.

10.

9.

2% slope

9.

1. HDPE fabric 2. Eye bolt 3. Steel column ø 6cm 4. “D” Shackle 5. Metal grating 6. Lead sheet flashing 6mm 7. Concrete floor 20cm 8. Waterproof membrane 9. PVC pipe ø 8cm 10. Gravel layer 11. Silicon sealant 12. Concrete 40cm 13. Filter media Loamy sand 180cm 14. Submerged zone Sand&carbon source 30cm 15. Transition layer Coarse sand 5cm 16. Drainage layer Gravel 15cm 17. Protetcion mat 7mm 18. Concrete support 10cm

Details 1/10 PFG 2022

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Water system s - Nat u ral water trea tm en t

Phase I Filter bed

Phase II Hydrobotanic pond 38% of total water volume

The Borden Park Natural Swimming Pool, by gh3* Architects, was used as main reference to support the use of natural water treatment in a large scale pool.

This project, located in Edmonton, Canada, is the first outdoor public pool in the country to use chemical-free, natural water treatment.

It uses sand and stone filters to remove particles from the water and a constructed wetland with hydroponic plants to clean the water from organic impurities.

All the water used in the pools of bathhouse passes through a natural treatment process, which is divided into two parts to ensure high quality water. First, it is sprinkled over a filter bed with sand and gravel to remove impurities and dirt particles. Plants growing on this bed create a biofilm that absorbs phosphate and ammonia. After that, the water flows down to the hydrobotanic pond, in which water plants produce an ecosystem that allows nitrifying bacteria to grow and clean the water from excess algae and organic contaminants.

After passing through the pavilions and being stored in the greywater collector, the water restarts its cycle and goes through the treatment process again. Before reaching the pavilions, it passes through a control center that monitors its quality.

The way the water cycle is projected allows it to be in constant movement, which is necessary for its proper treatment. This flow gives the visitors a sense of being part of the ecosystem that is being created. The ever-moving water loop recalls a being, always breathing, alive.

PFG 2022 Source: Natural Swimming Pools: Inspiration For Harmony With Nature by Michael Littlewood (Schiffer Design Books, 2005)

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Water system s - N at u ral water trea tm en t

What plants can be used in the hrydrobotanic ponds?

Submergent plants High oxygen content

Common waterweed Elodea canadensis

Hornwort Ceratophyllum demersum

Sago Pondweed Stuckenia pectinata

Sagae Hosta Hosta fluctuans

Swamp Sword Lily Iris pseudacorus

Common Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia

Emergent plants Fast growing

How does the process work?

1. Untreated water is led to treatment stations through gravity.

Floating plants Provide surface cover to reduce algae accumulation Water Lily Nymphaeaceae nymphaea

Common Water Hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes

Common Duckweed Lemna minor

2. Water is sprinkled over a planted gravel bed.

4. The height difference also helps to oxigenate the water preventing it from becoming stale.

3. Three layers of sand followed by three layers of gravel in increasing sizes filter the water. It then passes through a porous cloth and is lead to the pipe.

PFG 2022 Source: https://www.aquigarden.com/how-natural-swimming-pool-work/

6. Clean water flows through the water channels to be used in the bathhouse.

5. After being filtered, the water passes through a hydrobotanic pond in which bacteria can grow and clean the water. A slight inclination of the tank helps it flow and not get mixed with the new incoming water.

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Water system s - Vi s u al i z at io n

Sunny day vs. rainy day

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Pavilions

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Pavi l i ons - B at h hous e on a th e s u n

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Axonometric 1/750

44

Pavi l i ons - Prog ram & C i rcu l a ti o n

Introspection pavilion Massage pavilion

Sun pavilion Hammam

Cleansing pavilion

Sauna pavilion

Services pavilion

Pool pavilion

Pavilions

Circulation

Inward pavilions Outward pavilions

The bathhouse is divided into six pavilions lodged onto the quarry walls. The way to reach them is by passing through the central plaza and, from there, choose between a more individual or more social experience. Some pavilions are meant to be enjoyed in solitude or only with a few other people and offer services which make one connect to themself and experience the moment. Others host a social environment where the company of others is appreciated and enriches the atmosphere. The architecture creates a contrast to the rough quarry and nests the water coming from the heights of the bunkers. The smooth walls of the interiors pinpointed here and there by surfaces of untreated rock foster a cave-like space in which visitors can disconnect from the outside world and appreciate the relaxing effects of water and stone on their bodies and minds.

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Pavi l i ons - Cons t ruct i on p ro c ess

1. Delimitating the zone of excavation

2. The extracted limestone is used in several parts of the bathhouse

4. Pouring the concrete over the reinforcment on the floor

5. Adding the formwork and pouring the concrete for the walls

6. Adding the formwork and pouring the concrete for the roof domes

8. Adding the soil layer of infill and the trencadiz panels for the facade

7. Adding the insulation for the roof, the flooring, the heating and the layer of crushed limestone for the infill

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3. Adding a layer of gravel, a drainage pipe, leaning concrete and the insulation boards

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Pavi l i ons - Li me s t on e u s e

Where is the limestone used in the bathhouse?

Water (10%)

Cement (15%)

Sand (25%)

Limestone mixed into the gravel (50%)

In the trencadis facade

As an aggregate in the concrete

In the first layer of infill over the pavilions In the flooring tiles

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Pavi l i ons - Tre n cad i s facad e

70cm

150cm

Crushed limestone on mortar Gaudí’s lizzard in Parc Güell

0.8cm Casa Batlló in Barcelona

Precast concrete panel

Limestone trencadís in Al Hamra Tower in Kuwait

The facade comprises precast concrete panels with an external layer of trencadís. The trencadís method was created in Barcelona by Antoni Gaudí as a continuation of mosaic techniques that go back to 2400 B.C. Originally it used pieces of vitrified ceramic that were broken randomly. These pieces are laid out to form a drawing and held together by a layer of mortar. In this project, the technique was adapted to the site conditions, and instead of vitrified ceramic, crushed limestone pieces were used instead.

This type of coating suits well to curved surfaces such as the domes or some of the walls of the bathhouse. Additionally, the limestone absorbs solar radiation contributing to reducing the interior temperature.

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

16.8m 15.8m

0.5m

3.6m

2.7m

4.5m

13.4m

4.9m

Plan massage 1/75 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

1.

10.

32.

30. 1. 2. 3.

31.

1.

17.

23.

29.

7.

28.

29.

2.

3.

1. Reinforced concrete 35cm ø 12/24 2. Waterproofing membrane 3. XPS insulation board 10cm 4. Drainage pipe 5. Protection mat 7cm 6. Crushed limestone pieces 7. Quarry wall 8. Gravel layer

18. Acrylic cupola 19. Metal sheet 20. Glass enclosure 21. Polycarbonate diffuser panel 22. Acrylic frame 23. Cement layer 5cm 24. Solar panel 25. Chain drive mechanism Electric motor 26. Double glazed glass 2cm

9. Lean concrete 10cm 10. Limestone flooring 5cm 11. Floor heating 12. Silicon joint 13. Infill soil 14. Filter 6cm 15. Gutter 16. Protection grid 17. Aluminum frame

27. Insulation curb 28. Metal supporting pedestal 8cm 29. Precast concrete panel 5cm Trencadis exterior layer 30. Ventilation pipe 31. Double glazed glass door 4cm 32. Water body

Details 1/20 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

16.8m 4.6m

2.1m 2.4m 4.9m

1.3m 0.9m

0.4m 0.3m

0.4m

0.8m

1m

0.8m

1.3m 13.4m

3m

4.2m

2.5m

2.5m

5.8m 20.9m

1.4m 3.7m

The pavilions have a neat and organized geometry with curves created from circles. There is a “bounding box” which holds the curved shapes inside. The interior walls are massive and grow as if they were part of the cave. This pavilion has four corners that mirror from each other. The water body goes through the middle regulating the simmetrical essence of the space.

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

All pavilions have the same construction method and materiality. They are composed of concrete walls with insulation on the exterior side to obtain interior walls without finishing, showcasing the concrete structure. The facade is attached to the insulation boards and held by metal supports. All pavilions are partially underground with an infill of crushed limestone and soil. The presence of plants on the roof transforms what would be loose soil into gardens colored by the flowers of bougainvilleas, yellow jasmines and roses.

The domed roof was chosen to support the forces applied by the infill since it works well in compression. Apart from that, it refers to the typical bathhouse morphology present in Spain.

+6.4m

+4.3m

+3.7m

+3.0m +2.7m

0.0m

-0.6m

Longitudinal section 1/50 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n 13.

17.

18.

19.

2.

14.

1. Reinforced concrete 35cm ø 12/24 2. Waterproofing membrane 3. XPS insulation board 10cm 4. Drainage pipe 5. Protection mat 7cm 6. Crushed limestone pieces 7. Quarry wall 8. Gravel layer 9. Lean concrete 10cm 10. Limestone flooring 5cm 11. Floor heating 12. Silicon joint 13. Infill soil 14. Filter 6cm 15. Gutter 16. Protection grid 17. Aluminum frame

18. Acrylic cupola 19. Metal sheet 20. Glass enclosure 21. Polycarbonate diffuser panel 22. Acrylic frame 23. Cement layer 5cm 24. Solar panel 25. Chain drive mechanism Electric motor 26. Double glazed glass 2cm 27. Insulation curb 28. Metal supporting pedestal 8cm 29. Precast concrete panel 5cm Trencadis exterior layer 30. Ventilation pipe 31. Double glazed glass door 4cm 32. Water body

25.

24.

26.

27.

17.

28.

15.

7.

6.

23.

20.

21.

22.

4.

6.

13.

16.

29.

2.

3.

25.

14.

5.

4.

3.

2.

15.

1.

1.

2.

3.

26.

1.

12. 10. 11.

1.

10. 11. 12.

2.

3.

8.

9.

10.

11.

10. 11. 12.

1.

7.

8.

2.

4.

4.

9.

Details 1/20 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n M o del 1 / 5 0

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n Enviro n m e n t al s t ra t e g ie s

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

Plan 1/150

Cross section 1/150

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Isometric 1/150

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

Elevation 1/50 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - M ass ag e p avi l i o n

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - S au na p avi l i on

The sauna pavilion is the only one in which the trencadis faces comes to the inside. The pavilion has two saunas, and a central space that leads to the water body at the end. This main space is open, and so the exterior facade is brought in. There is an opening that brings in light to the back part, which is subterranean.

The water falls over the untreated rock to create a small pool where visitors can refresh after sweating in the sauna.

Isometric 1/75 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - S auna p avi l i on 5.

4.

1.

2.

3.

5.

6.

4.

7.

1.

8.

9.

2.

1. Reinforced concrete 35cm ø 12/24 2. Waterproofing membrane 3. XPS insulation board 10cm 4. Metal supporting pedestal 8cm 5. Precast concrete panel 5cm Trencaids exterior layer 6. Double glazed glass 2cm 7. Aluminum frame 8. Waterstop 9. Quarry wall 10. Gravel layer 11. Lean concrete 10cm 12. Limestone flooring 5cm

1.

12.

11.

10.

Details 1/20 PFG 2022

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Pavi l i ons - S au na p avi l i on

B’

A’

Entrance

Section B’ 1/100

Plan 1/100

Section A’ 1/100

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Pavi l i ons - S auna p avi l i on

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - Hammam

B’

A’

Plan 1/250

Section A’ 1/250

Section B’ 1/250

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Isometric 1/250

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Pavi l i ons - Hammam

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - S u n p avi l i on

B’

A’

Plan 1/250

Section A’ 1/250

Section B’ 1/250

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Isometric 1/250

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Pavi l i ons - S un p avi l i on

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - Int ros p e ct i on p a v i l i o n

A’

B’

Plan 1/200

Section A’ 1/200

Isometric 1/200

Section B’ 1/200

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Pavi l i ons - In t ros p e ct i on

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - C l eans i ng p avi l io n B’

A’

Plan 1/100

Section A’ 1/100

Isometric 1/100

Section B’ 1/100

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Pavi l i ons - C l ean s i ng p avi l io n

Atmospherical collage

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Pavi l i ons - M od e l 1 /1 0 0

Process

Process PFG 2022

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Atmospherical collage

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Água Mole Pedra Dura A bathhouse in the quarry

Gloria Maria Schönburg IE University PFG 2022