Perspektiv Tidsskri f t fo r Ge o g r af i s k I nfo r matio n de ce mb e r 201 5
25
TEMA: Smart City
Perspektiv
Indhold
Geoforum Perspektiv ISSN 1601-8796
Leder - Smart City og geografisk information
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Gode data er fundamentet for Smart Cities Bente Steffensen, Tina Svan Colding, Louise Albæk Jensen, Lasse Borum Lunding
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© Geoforum Danmark samt forfatterne. Ikke-kommercielle udnyttelser er tilladt med tydelig kildeangivelse.
Kan busdata beregne trafik? Erfaring fra Aalborg Kommune med busdata Stine Sørensen
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Making Digital Elevation Models Accessible, Comprehensible, and Engaging through Real-Time Visualization Thomas Kim Kjeldsen, Peter Trier Mikkelsen, Jesper Mosegaard
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BIM & GIS Connectivity paves the way for really Smart Cities Ulf Månsson
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Perspektiver og udfordringer ved at etablere SMART CITY og SMART COMMUNITY-løsninger Thomas W. Møller, Sine Dyreborg
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Smart Cities – 50 mia. ”ting” på internettet – og det skal styres! Jes Bruun Olsen
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Towards smart city democracy Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard, João Fernandes, Mirko Alexander Presser
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Open Data DK skaber vækst og transparens Anna Katrine Mathiassen, Michelle Bach Lindstrøm
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Ements of a Successful Big Data Hackathon in a Smart City Context Thorhildur Jetzek
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Smart Cities Around The World Maria Skou, Nicklas Echsner Rasmussen
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Pris 120 kr. Ansvarshavende redaktør: Line Hvingel COWI LTHV@cowi.dk Redaktionsmedlemmer: Martin Rudbeck Jepsen, KU Peder Klith Bøcher, AU Per Grau Møller, SDU Thomas Theis Nielsen, RUC Per Knudsen, DTU Thorhildur Jetzek, CBS Jakob Fredslund, Alexandra
Geoforum Perspektiv er tidsskrift for G eoforum Danmarks medlemmer Henvendelse om medlemskab mv. kan ske til: Geoforum Danmark Kalvebod Brygge 31, 1560 Kbh V Tlf. 3886 1075, geoforum@geoforum.dk www.geoforum.dk www.geoforum.dk/ perspektiv
2 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
leder
Smart city og geografisk information En af de helt store nye trends inden for byudvikling er det såkaldte Smart City-begreb. Med de eksplosivt voksende mængder af tilgængelige data om snart sagt alle forhold vedrørende borgernes brug af deres by åbnes der i disse år op for hidtil usete muligheder for at skabe effektiviseringer, forbedringer, vækst, energibesparelser og bedre trivsel via nye digitale services. Rigtig mange af de nye data er georefererede. Og eftersom en stor del af den potentielle værdi, som ligger gemt i alle disse data, forventes at blive realiseret gennem sammenstillingen af forskellige datasæt, så vil der blive brug for netop et samlende element på tværs af data; en fælles nøgle eller et fælles
Jakob Fredslund Redaktør Alexandra Instituttet jakob.fredslund@ alexandra.dk
sprog at tale i. Dette fælles sprog vil meget ofte være geografien. Hvad enten det er i det geografiske aspekt, at værdien i sig selv ligger, eller geografien bruges som understøttende værktøj til fx visualisering, så vil der i de kommende år blive større efterspørgsel på løsninger og kompetencer, som indeholder stavelsen ”geo-”! I dette temanummer af Geoforum Perspektiv har vi derfor sat Smart City-begrebet under lup. De forskellige artikler belyser begrebet fra forskelligeperspektiver, og vi synes i redaktionen, at vi er kommet godt rundt om emnet. En afgørende enabler for Smart Cities er data – tilgængelige data.
Line Hvingel Ansvarshavende redaktør COWI LTHV@cowi.dk
Danmark er et foregangsland, når det gælder om at åbne op for de offentlige data, og derfor har vi bidrag fra de initiativer, der er søsat i Geodatastyrelsen og Københavns Kommune (”Gode data er fundamentet for Smart Cities”), Aarhus Kommune (”Open Data DK skaber vækst og transparens”) og Ålborg Kommune (”Busdata kan beregne trafik”). En gennemgående tanke, som ligger til grund for åbningen af det offentliges data, er, at man via åbne data vil inddrage borgere og virksomheder i værdiskabelsen. Borgerne som dem, der kan få mere direkte indflydelse på beslutninger gennem en større bevidsthed om beslutningsgrundlaget, og virksomheder som dem, der kan realisere øget vækst og beskæftigelse gennem de gode nye idéer. Disse perspektiver belyses via cases i henholdsvis ”Towards smart city democracy” og ”From Hackathon to Big Data Startup Elements of a Successful Smart City Initiative”. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 3
Der skabes også i disse år mulighed for at
Men udviklingen er også gået stærkt andre
udstille realtidsdata. At kunne tilbyde borgere et
steder, og i ”Making Digital Elevation Models
opdateret billede af tingenes tilstand kan helt
Accessible, Comprehensible, and Engaging
indlysende give en værdi. Læs om en konkret case
through Real-Time Visualization” demonstreres
om trafikinformation i ”Perspektiver og udford
det, hvordan det nu er muligt at lave visualise-
ringer ved at etablere SMART CITY og SMART
ringer af meget store, geografiske datasæt i en
COMMUNITY-løsninger”.
almindelig webbrowser.
Én ting er visionen, en anden praksis. Skal
I andre lande er Smart Cities selvfølgelig også på
forhåbningerne indfries, skal teknikken også spille
dagsordenen, men interessant nok går man til
med, og der skal være opmærksomhed både på
værks på meget forskellige måder og lægger sit
governance – hvordan forankres fortsat vedligehold af
fokus forskelligt. Temanummeret rundes derfor af
og adgang til de nødvendige data i de relevante
med et perspektiverende kig ud i verden i artiklen
organisationer – og på at sikre størst mulig integrati-
”Smart Cities Around The World”.
on mellem forskellige understøttende platforme og standarder. Det sidste er emnet for ”BIM & GIS
God læselyst!
Connectivity Paves the Way for Really Smart Cities”, mens governance behandles i “Smart Cities – 50 mia.
Jakob Fredslund, Alexandra Instituttet
ting på internettet – og det skal styres!”.
Line Hvingel, COWI
Når det gælder om at få de nye løsninger ud til folket, så er smartphone apps det typiske svar.
4 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Gode data er fundamentet for Smart Cities Lasse Borum Lunding Styrelsen for Dataforsyningen og Effektivisering lablu@sdfe.dk Bente Steffensen Styrelsen for Dataforsyningen og Effektivisering beste@sdfe.dk Tina Svan Colding, Styrelsen for Dataforsyningen og Effektivisering tisha@sdfe.dk Louise Albæk Jensen Styrelsen for Dataforsyningen og Effektivisering loaje@sdfe.dk
Grunddataprogrammet er sat i verden for at løfte kvaliteten af offentlige data og sikre en lettilgængelig og stabil datadistribution. Det kommer private virksomheder, den offentlige sektor og borgerne til gavn i mange sammenhænge. Et eksempel på dette er Smart Cities, hvor data og teknologi kombineret med borgerinddragelse danner grundlag for intelligent byudvikling. Keywords: Grunddata, grunddataprogrammet, datafordeler, Københavns Kommune, Copenhagen Solutions Lab, byudvikling, Smart City, Minecraft
Grunddataprogrammet forbedrer den offentlige sektor og skaber værdi i private virksomheder Formålet med grunddataprogrammet er at sikre frie, ajourførte data, som er nemme at tilgå og som anvendes på tværs af sektorer og brancher. Visionen er, at grunddataprogrammet bidrager til effektivisering, moder nisering og bedre forvaltning i den offentlige sektor. Derudover understøtterde frie data af høj kvalitet innovation, vækst og nye arbejdspladser i den private sektor. Grunddata er de grundlæggende oplysninger, som det offentlige registrerer. Disse oplysninger er: • Geografiske data • Adressedata • Ejendomsdata • Virksomhedsdata • Persondata De offentlige grunddata er frit til rådighed for alle offentlige myndigheder, private virksomheder og borgere (dog med undtagelse af personfølsomme Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 5
Figur 1. Grunddataprogrammet: Data og anvendelse
oplysninger). Dermed er grunddata en fælles digital
webservices med geodata. Alle interesserede fik
ressource, som kan anvendes til kommerciel eller
dermed for første gang mulighed for at afprøve den
ikke-kommerciel brug.
tekniske integration og få indblik i datamodellerne.
Grunddataprogrammet er organiseret i en række projekter, der forbedrer kvaliteten af grunddata, leverer en ny, fælles datamodel og en fællesoffentlig datafordeler, der distribuerer data hurtigt og pålideligt til brugere. Projekterne forventes at være fuldt implemen teret i 2017. Datafordeleren er i luften med de første data Den 30. juni 2014 blev kontrakten med den tekniske
De første data udstilles i følgende webservices: •T re webservices fra Danmarks Administrative Geografiske Inddeling, DAGI. DAGI-datasættet er et standardiseret referencedatasæt, som beskriver og viser landets administrative geografiske inddelinger. •E n webservice fra Danmarks Højdemodel. Danmarks Højdemodel er en digital model af landskabet i tre dimensioner. • En webservice med Skærmkortet. Skærm
leverandør underskrevet, og dermed lød startskud-
kortet er et digitalt topografisk kort over
det til at bygge den fællesoffentlige datafordeler.
Danmark velegnet til visning på skærm med
I efteråret 2015 nåede projektet en vigtig milepæl.
zoomfunktion, baseret på de topografiske
Den 30. oktober kunne datafordeleren nemlig slå
grunddata i GeoDanmark (tidligere FOT
dørene op for eksterne brugere, der fik adgang til fem
Danmark).
6 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
De næste trin i datafordelerens
sektorer, som når data om luftkvalitet bruges til at
udvikling
tilrettelægge trafikken rundt i byen, så der så vidt
I løbet af 2016 etableres de resterende grunddata
muligt tages hensyn til byens luftkvalitet.
på datafordeleren, heriblandt adresse- og ejendoms
Det er en tilgang til byudvikling, der tænker den
data (delprogram 1 og 2 i grunddataprogrammet)
samlede, sammenhængende datamængde som en
samt CPR og CVR.
del af byens infrastruktur. Det kræver tilgængelige,
Og når datafordeleren er i fuld drift i første
nøjagtige og ajourførte data, som er meningsfulde i
halvår 2017, vil der være adgang til alle grunddata
de forskelle sammenhænge, de anvendes i.
via online-opslag, hændelser/abonnement og
Grunddataprogrammet er sat i verden for at skabe
fildistribution. Brugere vil til den tid kunne hente
det grundlag af data, som udviklingen mod Smart
grunddata ét sted på en lettilgængelig, sikker og
Cities kan bygge på.
stabil platform. Desuden vil der være adgang til services, der sammenstiller data på tværs af datasæt.
Udvikling med borgere, virkso m
Efterfølgende udfases de nuværende, eksisterende
heder og vidensinstitutioner
distributionsløsninger.
En Smart City består ikke kun af teknologi og data.
Datafordeleren bygges i første omgang med
Et vigtigt parameter for byerne er at inddrage
henblik på at distribuere grunddata. På længere
borgerne, så man udvikler den by med de services
sigt forventes det, at datafordeleren kan anvendes
og løsninger, som efterspørges, og som er forståe-
til distribution af andre typer data.
lige og nemme at anvende. For at opnå det arbejder Copenhagen Solutions Lab med at skabe såkaldte
Samspillet mellem den digitale og fysiske infrastruktur Gennem grunddataprogrammet får Danmark en
Triple Helix-partnerskaber. Triple Helix-partnerskaber er, når det private erhvervsliv møder de behov, der er i den offentlige
infrastrukturmodel, der definerer, hvordan
sektor, sammen med fageksperter og universiteter-
grunddata, genbrug af data og sammenhængen
ne, der har pulsen på, hvor forskellige teknologier
mellem data i den digitale forvaltning ser ud. Med
er på vej hen. På den måde skabes de bedste, mest
datafordeleren får vi en fælles distributionskanal,
innovative løsninger.
der bl.a. muliggør anvendelse af data på tværs af
Resultatet af partnerskaberne ser man bl.a. i
datasæt. Dette skaber nye muligheder for effektiv
Copenhagen Solutions Labs Smart City Street
dataudnyttelse.
Lab, der tager de første spæde skridt mod en
København Kommunes Copenhagen Solutions
Smart City. Smart City Street Lab er København
Lab udnytter dagligt data til at forbedre forvalt-
Kommunes testområde for intelligent byudvik-
ningen. Med henblik på at skabe en mere
ling, baseret på det prisvindende koncept
intelligent byudvikling bruger Copenhagen
Copenhagen Connecting. Midt i Indre København
Solutions Lab data som den infrastruktur, der dan-
afprøver de den nyeste teknologi inden for
ner rammen om udviklingen mod København som
byudvikling. Det kan f.eks. være sensorer, der
en Smart City.
måler luftkvaliteten eller detekterer ledige
Mange af de data, der er brug for i forbindelse med f.eks. trafikregulering, skybrudshåndtering og
parkeringspladser i byen. Således kan virksomheder se deres løsninger i
affaldshåndtering, er realtidsdata, der viser, hvad
funktion i byrummet og lave proof-of-concept,
der sker i byen. Det er data, som kan bruges i
inden teknologien skaleres til hele København eller
handlingsrettede sammenhænge, og som kan
andre store byer. Og borgere, politikere og andre
bruges til at forudsige, hvad der sker i fremtiden.
kan få et konkret og fysisk billede af, hvad
Og det er data, der går på tværs af typer og
intelligent byudvikling egentlig er. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 7
Geografisk dataanvendelse i
trafikal regulering, der mindsker trængsel af biler,
forvaltningen
cykler og mennesker. Det vil betyde øget trafiksik-
Grunddataprogrammet og datafordeleren har fokus
kerhed og mobilitet og mindre miljøbelastning.
på at anvende og genbruge grunddata på tværs af
Den type digitale løsninger kombinerer gode,
forskellige offentlige myndigheder. Derved kobles
ajourførte og tilgængelige grunddata og data skabt
grunddata på tværs af fagområder og sektorer og
af kommuner, virksomheder, borgere mv. Samtidig
bliver det fundament, mange offentlige og private
forudsætter det en infrastruktur, der samler,
digitale løsninger bygger på. De digitale løsninger
beriger og behandler de store datamængder, som
får deres specifikke udtryk, når andre typer data
eksempelvis grunddataprogrammet og datafor
kobles på: Realtidsdata, domænedata, ustrukture
deleren gør det.
rede data og mange andre typer data er de bygge-
’Der er ingen tvivl om, at der er spændende perspekti-
klodser, som de nyeste teknologiske løsninger inden
ver i offentlige data, som kan bidrage til at løse en række
for intelligent byudvikling er bygget af.
store samfundsudfordringer, som den offentlige sektor står
Intelligent brug af data til udformning af nye
overfor. Dette gælder blandt andet inden for områderne
digitale løsninger vil i fremtiden bl.a. ske ved brug
forsyning, energi, trafik og sundhed. Vi vurderer, at der
af geografisk information. Dynamiske trafikinfor-
her er potentiale i at tilgængeliggøre og udnytte de data
mationer, der kombinerer geografiske grunddata
den offentlige sektor allerede er i besiddelse af, men at det
og positionsdata fra trafikanters GPS eller mobil
også er vigtigt at have fokus på nye og hidtil uudnyttede
telefon, kan åbne for udviklingen mod smartere
kilder til data’, siger Laura Poulsen, kontorchef i
8 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
og trafik med en storskærm og Minecraft. Det er en løsning, der håndterer og formidler store og komplekse datamængder og informationer på en lettilgængelig og forståelig måde, så kommunen kan gå i dialog med borgerne om de rigtige løsninger. Et mere hjemligt eksempel er Viborg Kommune, der har fået lavet en interaktiv
Læs mere På Digitaliseringsstyrelsens hjemmeside, digst.dk, kan du læse mere om visionerne og planerne for grunddataprogrammet. På datafordeler.dk finder du mere info om de fem første webservices, der er i prøvedrift . Du kan følge den videre udvikling på twitter.com/datafordeler og gruppen Datafordeler på LinkedIn.
3D-model af hele kommunen i computerspillet Minecraft – altså deres eget Vibcraft. Hertil er der blandt andet anvendt grunddata i form af data fra Danmarks højdemodel og udvalgte GeoDanmark-data. Vibcraft anvendes både til undervisning i matematik, geografi/geologi og byplanlægning, samt til borgerinddragelse. Her udnytter man 3D-data til at øge borgernes rumlige forståelse af potentielle projekter, som dermed bedre kan komme med input, eksempelvis til byplanlægning.
Politik og Vækst, Styrelsen for Dataforsyning og Effektivisering (SDFE), og tilføjer: ’Noget af det der er afgørende for, at den data, der bliver produceret, skaber værdi, er, at vi arbejder for at skabe de rette rammer både for frembringelse og for anvendelse af data. Dette betyder blandt andet, at vi skal have fokus på at samarbejde på tværs af den offentlige sektor om at gøre data tilgængelige, og at vi samtidig husker at realisere de mange nye perspektiver for øget anvendelse af datadrevet forvaltning’. Et eksempel på, hvordan frie grunddata med en geografisk komponent kan tages i anvendelse, er det danske Minecraft-projekt, hvor Danmark ligger som en virtuel verden i størrelsesforholdet 1:1 i selve Minecraft. I Holland har man ladet sig inspirere og lavet en crowd sourcing-løsning, hvor børn og unge kan bidrage til byens udvikling gennem leg. I Holland har de koblet en klassisk GIS-løsning med geografiske informationer om bl.a. støj, lugt
Figur 2. 3D Urban Planning i Holland med Minecraft
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 9
Kan busdata beregne trafik? Erfaring fra Aalborg Kommune med busdata
Stine Sørensen Aalborg Kommune ss@aalborg.dk
Dagligt transporteres tusindvis af passagerer fra busstop til busstop. Både busser og bilers hastighed afhænger af de samme trafikale forhold og ved at kombinere geografisk data, om blandt andet busstoppesteder, og data fra bussernes sensorer, kan man få nogle meget interessante resultater. Bussernes hastighed kan nemlig beregnes ud fra disse oplysninger og benyttes som indikator for den generelle hastighed i trafikken. Derudover kan der let kobles mere data på, som gør beregningerne endnu mere nøjagtige. Dette er bare ét eksempel på, hvordan kommu nale data kan bruges til at gøre vores byer smartere og mere intelligente. Vi har så meget data i de danske kommuner, og vi har endnu ikke set det fulde potentiale heraf. Keywords: Smart City, geografisk information, intelligente trafiksystemer
Indledning Vi skal tænke smart, når vi arbejder med data – vi behøver eksempelvis ikke at indsamle ny data, for ofte kan det data, vi allerede har, benyttes til at gøre vores byer smartere. I kommunerne har vi rigtigt meget data – og meget af det data bliver i stigende grad stillet frit tilgængeligt via åbne dataportaler, som tilfældet blandt andet er i Aalborg Kommune. Det betyder, at enhver kan bruge data og til et hvilket som helst formål. Det 10 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figur 1. Distancen mellem stoppestederne Vesterbrogade og Jomfru Ane Gade
kan der være stor værdi i, både for erhvervslivet,
vi faktisk via eksisterende data kan beregne netop
kommunen og for borgere. En undersøgelse fra
dette. Vi skal bare huske at tænke smart.
2011 viste, at der er et indtjeningspotentiale på op imod 25 milliarder kroner på at udlevere data
Busdata beregninger
fra det offentlige til erhvervslivet (Zangenberg &
I Aalborg Kommune samler vi data om ankomst og
Company, 2011).
afgangstider på vores busser – det gør vi for hvert
En af fordelene ved at udgive data er, at andre
enkelt busstoppested og for hver eneste buslinje.
kan få adgang og bruge kommunale data til noget
Dataene holdes op mod køreplanen, hvorved vi kan
helt nyt. Data er et af det vigtigste elementer i
analysere om busserne er forsinkede. Ved at sammen-
Smart City, da data kan udnyttes til ny viden, nye
sætte disse to datasæt kan det udregnes, om en bus
ideer, løsninger og services. Vigtigst af alt, så kan
generelt er 2 minutter forsinket eller for tidlig i
kommunale åbne data kombineres med andre
forhold til køreplanen. Det er helt normalt, at data
datakilder, hvilket kan give nye og hidtil usete
bruges til netop det formål, således vi hele tiden kan
muligheder.
optimere den offentlige transport. Og det er også
En af de ting, der optager rigtigt mange mennesker, er, hvornår der er kø på vejene. Når
baggrunden for at indsamle akkurat disse data. Netop data om ankomst og afgangstider gav vi
folk kører hjemmefra, vil de gerne vide, om der er
til en studerende fra Aalborg Universitet. Vi
kø – eller endnu bedre: vil de gerne kunne
forventede, at han ville udarbejde en dybde
forudsige, hvornår der er kø. Det interessante er, at
gående analyse omkring vores ankomst- og Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 11
afgangstider, og på den baggrund komme med
vil vi med garanti kunne spotte nogle generelle
ændringsforslag. Den studerende brugte dog
tendenser. Ved at koble data om tidspunkt på
vores data helt anderledes.
dagen, årstid og ferietid bliver udregningen
Via geokoordinater for to busstoppesteder
endnu mere interessant, da vi således kan se,
kunne den studerende beregne den distance,
hvornår der er mest trafik på vejene. En
som bussen kørte. Ud fra vores busdata vidste
yderligeredimension er vejret – hvis det regner,
han præcist, hvornår en bus var afgået fra et
kører busserne så langsommere, fordi flere
busstoppested og hvornår denne bus var ankom-
vælger at tage bilen og antallet af køretøjer på
met til næste stoppested. Med disse to tal kunne
vejene derved øges?
bussens gennemsnitshastighed beregnes. I dette tilfælde er der 950 meter imellem
En anden faktor, som er vigtig at tage forbehold for, er vejens forløb. Eksempelvis er det
stoppestedet på Vesterbrogade og Jomfru Ane
vigtigt at vide, om der er mange lyskryds på
Gade. Ved Vesterbrogade afgår bussen kl 13.59.00.
strækningen, ligesom antallet af sving kan være
Ved Jomfru Ane Gade stoppestedet ankommer
afgørende for bussernes hastighed. Kobles alle
bussen kl 14.03.05. Det betyder, at gennemsnits-
disse nævnte data, kan vi efterhånden sige ret
hastigheden er 14.0 km/t. Sammenligner man
meget om bussens hastighed. Ud fra disse
dette med f.eks. en bus, der afgår kl 08.42.44 fra
beregninger kan vi således vide, om der er meget
Vesterbrogade og ankommer ved Jomfru Ane
eller lidt trafik på vejene. De første resultater
Gade kl 08.49.20, så kan vi se, at gennemsnits
viser, ikke overraskende, at der generelt er mest
hastigheden er 8,6 km/t. To tilfælde er
trafik i morgen- og eftermiddagstimerne.
selvfølgeligikke nok til at kunne sige noget
Resultaterne er endnu ikke tilgængelig for
fuldstændigt om den generelle trafik, men laves
borgerne, men netop dette data, vil måske indgå i
disse beregninger ud fra alle buslinjer hele året,
trafikbrergninger fremadrettet.
12 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Forudsigelser af biltrafik – ud fra busdata Som udgangspunkt følger busserne trafikken – i hvert fald i byerne. Bussernes hastighed er dog ofte lidt langsommere end bilernes, men vi kan stadig, via ovenstående beregninger, finde ud af, om der er meget eller lidt trafik. Det er dog stadig kun et historisk billede af trafikken. Det meste data kender vi på forhånd, og det er nærmest kun data om vejret, som kan variere. Ved at sætte det hele sammen vil vi således kunne estimere trafikken fra dag til dag. Det vil ikke kun være en fordel for dem,
Figur 2. Angiver afgangstid og ankomsttid for to stoppesteder samt distancen mellem stoppestederne
der rejser med bus, det vil i høj grad også være en fordel for øvrigt trafikanter. På sigt vil vi sand synligvis kunne modtage livedata fra busserne og dermed få et realtime billede af trafikken. Det er nemt at forestille sig, at der kan kobles
• Eksisterende data kan kombineres på nye måder og skabe nye løsninger Generelt er der rigtig meget data, som vi endnu ikke har taget i brug, men som kan hjælpe os med
yderligere data på, hvilket blot vil gøre
at forstå trafikken. Og kobles det med noget af alt
trafikbilledetmere nuanceret. Eksempelvis vil vi
det geografiske data, vi har, eksempelvis geokoordi-
også kunne forudsige trafikken, hvis der skal være
nater på p-pladser for både cykler og biler, så syntes
en større kultur- eller idrætsbegivenhed – blot vi
mulighederne nærmest uendelige.
ved det finder sted. Det kan også være, at vi ved, at
Når der forhåbentligt bliver åbnet op for data
universitetet holder en større forelæsning, og ud
fra rejsekortet, så vil vi med garanti se utallige
fra data om vores buspassagerer ved vi, at det
eksempler på, hvordan data kan benyttes til
typisk er studerende, der tager bussen. Det er dog
løsninger, som vi slet ikke havde forestillet os.
åbenlyst, at der er begrænsninger for forudsigelser-
Med rejsekortdata vil vi kunne koble bussens
ne, f.eks. ved pludseligt opståede hændelser,
data med data om vores passagerer, og dermed
eksempelvis et trafikuheld. Men ikke desto mindre
vil det være muligt at udregne langt mere
så kan vores data om bustrafik være en meget
præcise data om trafikken. En simpel ting som
præcis indikator for trafikken.
rejsekortdata vil kunne sige noget om er, hvor passagerer kommer fra, og hvor de skal hen. Det
Konklusion og perspektivering
vil sige, at vi ved hjælp af data kan finde ud af,
Der er rigtig meget data, som kan bruges til
om vi har passagerer, der rejser igennem tæt
mange ting. Ved hjælp af forskellige datakilder
trafikerede strækninger, uden behovet måske er
kan man blandt andet blive i stand til at
der. Det vil ikke alene være banebrydende for
forudsige trafikken endnu bedre i Aalborg
den kollektive trafik, men også få betydning for
Kommune. Det er dog ikke det, der er den
al anden trafik – og så har vi ikke en gang set på
væsentligste pointe med denne artikel. Dette lille
fordelene for miljøet.
eksempel rummer mange perspektiver, hvor åbne data er et vigtigt element; • Vi behøver ikke nødvendigvis at indsamle nye data for at få smarte løsninger
Kilder: •Z angenberg & Company, kvantificering af værdien af åben offentlig data, 2011. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 13
Making Digital Elevation Models Accessible, Comprehensible, and Engaging through Real-Time Visualization
Thomas Kim Kjeldsen Alexandra Institute thomas.kjeldsen@ alexandra.dk
In this paper, we present our initial experiments with the new high-quality digital elevation model, “Danmarks Højdemodel-2015” (DHM) exposed as an interactive 3D visualization on web and in virtual reality. We argue that such data has great opportunities to spawn new business and new insight for the individual citizen if it is accessible, comprehensible and engaging. Keywords: WebGL, Visualization, DHM
Introduction In recent years, a large amount of spatial has been made available as open data Peter Trier Mikkelsen Alexandra Institute peter.trier@alexandra.dk
(Regeringen and KL, 2012). The data is of ever-increasing quality and resolution, but the true value comes from usage. The authors are fascinated by the idea of interactive visualization pushing the possibilities within current hardware and software. We believe this can create new business opportunities for companies offering new experiences and new knowledge from data. In this paper, we give an introduction to some of our experiments with the new height model of Denmark (DHM) (The Danish Geodata Agency, 2015), and the possibilities that arise with fully interactive 3D available in modern web browsers and virtual reality hardware.
Jesper Mosegaard Alexandra Institute jesper.mosegaard@ alexandra.dk
Data in itself is tedious to work with – and cannot do anything in itself. The larger the data set, the more difficult it becomes for human beings to make sense of anything at all. On top of that, many software packages suffer extreme performance penalties when data does not fit into memory. The software slowdown can partially be alleviated by constructing sophisticated algorithms that scale better with regard to input/output (I/O)
14 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figure 1. Denmark’s Height Model in 3D on a webpage (http://Denmark3D.alexandra.dk)
operations – one variant being the streaming
Making data accessible
algorithms used in the present work. When the
To be fair, DHM is actually easily accessible for
questions that need to be answered through data
someone with a bit of a technical background, but
queries are known, the data can be crunched –
can be almost impossible for a novice within IT.
i.e., pre-processed in a way so that answers to the
Users need to be registered, data downloaded, new
given and known types of questions can be given
hard disk drives bought, data downloaded again,
relatively quickly. However, there are many
software found that can read data, software
situations in which the question is not clear or
installed, and finally looking at GIS related
known – and where the human observer needs to
functionality without knowing what to do.
inspect, observe and experience the data in
There could be so many opportunities for the
context. This is especially true in situations with
individual citizen to understand or comment on
strong visual and emotional aspects, for instance
larger decisions of infrastructure within the
“How does that wind turbine affect my home?”
context of their own home, city and region.
We argue that those personal perspectives and the
Examples could be wind turbine projects, city
exploration of data needed can be achieved if data is
planning, highway construction, and geo-located
available as interactive 3D. We believe that those
statistical data.
visualizations should ideally be made easily accessible
Most people are used to simply clicking on a
through simple HTML5 web pages – and that further
new link that someone sent through an e-mail, or
immersion into full virtual reality allows users to
launch that smartphone app that others recom-
fully grasp scale and impact of (changes in) reality.
mend. That is why we decided that DHM should be made easily accessible through a simple web page,
Is DHM data for everyone?
see Figure 1. Visualizing 3D within the browser as
We firmly believe that data such as DHM has a
part of a web page has been made possible recently
basic level of usage for anyone, ranging from “let’s
through the WebGL standard that enjoys wide-
find our house” to “let’s find new business
spread support in all major browsers – even on
opportunities”. Even though the data is available,
mobile devices such as Android and iOS. WebGL
it is not readily accessible, engaging and compre-
allows an application programmer to access the
hensible for the broad audience.
hardware accelerated graphics card through an API Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 15
Figure 2. Caching and Level of Detail in rendering. The upper right corner shows the height map tiles that are streamed into the graphics card memory.
in javascript. And, it allows us to deliver an
is that the height map is only needed at full
experience close to that of a desktop program, with
resolution in a small region close to the camera
the added benefit that no application has to be
position, while the vast majority of the visible
installed or updated, and data can be loaded
terrain can be rendered with a much lower
on-the-fly without requiring huge datasets to be
resolution without affecting the final image
downloaded manually.
quality. When the camera moves through the
Naturally, the large amount of data is still an
world, we continuously stream in new high-
issue that needs to be addressed, and high
resolution data on demand. The height map data is
performance is still a challenge to reach. The main
arranged in a standard Web Map Tile Service layout
problem is that the total amount of data is by far
which makes it easy to request a chunk of data as a
too large to fit in both system memory and
map tile at a certain level of detail. The data tiles
graphics card memory. For example, a height map
that have been streamed in are then stored in
of Denmark (approximately 45.000 km2) with a
graphics card memory in a large unordered pool as
pixel density of 2500*2500 km-2 stored in 4-byte
shown in the top right corner of Figure 2. The main
floating-point format requires around one terabyte
task of the rendering algorithm is then to keep
of memory. However, it is of course not necessary
track of where each tile is located in the pool and
to store the full resolution map of the whole
to fetch height data from the correct tile,
country in order to create highly detailed terrain
dependingon world position and level of detail
rendering locally.
(Mittring, 2008).
Our solution exploits this fact to stream in chunks of the height map in a level of detail
Making data comprehensible
depending on what can be seen at the current
Visualizing data is sometimes thought of as a
zoom level. Figure 2 shows a wireframe model of
direct mapping of spatial data to 3D projections –
the geometry used for terrain rendering. Notice
without any intermediate “manipulation”. Nothing
that the mesh resolution varies with the distance
could be further from the truth. Artistic and
from the observer. The advantage of this technique
technical choices are at the heart of visualization
16 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figure 3. The image shows stereoscopic rendering for each eye. When viewed through the lenses of a VR helmet, sizes, distances and colors will appear as if they were real.
and always include a level of interpretation and
world. Consequently, we also ported our DHM
presentation. One such set of choices concerns the
visualization to the Oculus VR.
more or less realistic shading of surfaces arising from reflections, materials and light. We argue
Making data engaging
that this is one important aspect of giving the user
To engage users, they need to see, explore and
the illusion of seeing something real – which then
experience things that matter to them. One such
becomes comprehensible to him or her.
thing is the construction of wind turbines near
Ideally, we would like the users to be fully
one’s home. We did a prototype utilizing the DHM
immersed in the virtual environment to compre-
dataset to visualize the impact of a wind turbine
hend the environment and really be able to feel the
construction for the individual citizen, see Figure 3.
visual impact and size of large changes in buildings,
This is one case where VR has a great potential
nature and infrastructure. An important upcoming
impact beyond images, videos, and interactive
trend, driven by the computer game industry, is
applications. No screen can give the impression of
virtual reality (VR) where users see a virtual
being there, but VR can. VR allows the user to
environment through head mounted glasses. The
judge true size and distance – and can present the
first VR equipment was built by Ivan Sutherland in
users with scenarios that can otherwise only be
the 60’s, but was never really successful due to
imagined. Thus, we believe that digital modelling
severe limitations in display technology. Since the
of proposed constructions combined with the DHM
successful Kickstarter of Oculus VR in 2012 and the
data and VR can be a useful platform for public
later acquisition by Facebook in 2014, the field has
evaluation of environmental impact assessments. A
been re-booted with new promises of total immersi-
key challenge in the widespread use of VR is that
on in photorealistic virtual environments. As
users are required to purchase head-mounted
computer graphics geeks we finally believe the hype;
displays. These are expected to be adopted widely
the new generation of VR has the necessary low
by gamers but probably not by the average
latency, lightweight headset, and wide field of view
consumer. There are, however, several low cost
in a high resolution to realize a believable digital
products available today, e.g. Google Cardboard Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 17
and Samsung Gear VR, that transform a regular
embracing truly interactive applications with
smartphone into a VR system. Thus, the target
real-time feedback made possible through tech-
audience with access to VR equipment can be
niques such as the those we have described here,
expanded significantly with such products.
and not accept the performance of sluggish desktop applications that try to import gigabytes of
Conclusion & Future work
data for presentation. Finally, we suggest that
Our current VR visualization of the DHM dataset is
Virtual Reality may hold unexplored opportunities
a stand-alone application, not integrated with the
to present “larger-than-life” scenarios in training,
web-based WebGL visualization. A key issue is the
simulation and construction – and that visual
current lack of support for VR in browsers. A new
effects from computer games can be embraced as
standard, WebVR, is available in nightly/
very effective means of visual communication.
experimentalbuilds of Firefox and Chrome and suggests that we might have an easily accessible VR platform in the very near future. Our recommendations for working further with the DHM data are to adopt web-based visualizations as a means to make it easily accessible for people to explore this impressive dataset – and further, to empower both private citizens and businesses with the ability to utilize the dataset as a canvas for many other applications. We also recommend
18 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
References •T he Danish Geodata Agency (2015). Danmarks Højde model, DHM/Terræn. Data version 2.0 – Januar 2015. Geodatastyrelsen. • Mittring, M. (2008). Advanced virtual texture topics. In SIGGRAPH ’08: ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 classes, pp. 23–51. ACM. • Regeringen and KL (2012). Gode grunddata til alle – en kilde til vækst og effektivisering. Rosendahls – Schultz Grafisk.
BIM & GIS Connectivity paves the way for really Smart Cities
Ulf Månsson, Project Manager, SWECO, ulf.mansson@sweco.se.
Today, we see several good examples of Smart City and Geodesign initiatives around the world. They often depend on BIM data (Building informa tion modeling/Bygnings Informations Modellering) and spatial data. However, interoperability is a challenge that must be adressed in a more efficient way. More generally, the question is what is required to take the leap from good examples to broad and mainstream application in urban and regionaldevelopment? In this article, some key success factors for this development and described and the important challenges outlined. The V-Con innovation project addressing these challenges is described as a possible solution. Keywords: Geodesign, BIM (Building information modeling), GIS (Geographical Information Systems), Internet of things, Semantic Web, Smart Cities
Connectivity Way back in time, when I started studying GIS and Remote Sensing, I remember discussions like ”Are you vector or are you raster?”. The idea of combining these features would have been considered revolutionary at the time. Also, if you did choose a GIS-tool, you committed yourself to the vendor of the chosen platform and the system´s proprietary file-storage format. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 19
Figure 1. Achieving connectivity between GIS and BIM, Ulf Månsson
Exchanging data between platforms was hard - if
Smart Cities
even possible at all.
There are many different definitions of Smart City
Since the introduction of connectivity to standard databases and the evolving of the Internet - the GIS industry has come a long way. We have standards like GML, WMS and WFS (Reichardt, Mark E. 2012). Interoperability tools are considered a must in most organizations. ”We do not want vendor lock in” is a common phrase heard in many organizations. The official reasons for the fear of ”vendor lock in”
but the fundamentals are (Wikipedia 2015): •E nhancing quality and performance of urban services. •R educing costs and resource consumption – thus achieving sustainability. •M ore effective engagement with its citizens. A typical future scenario in a Smart City is often
may vary (Verstraete, C. 2015): It can be an economic
exemplified with emergency response (Enbysk, L.
motive. If we invest heavily in a platform from vendor
2013). In a really Smart City, the ambulance
A - the cost can skyrocket if the vendor changes the
personnel not only gets notifications about the
license-model. Also you may be too dependent on a
fastest route to the correct building, considering all
certain expertise. … It can also be a decision about
current traffic-related data. They would also get
Open Source or Proprietary. You may feel safer with
live instructions on which entrance to use and
either side when thinking of the long time aspect.
finding a fire safe way to the correct floor as fast as
Personally, I think the most important fact to consider is none of the above. Focus should be on
possible. To achieve the above, all kinds of data must be
connectivity. Data created, collected and stored by
connected between many different sources and
an organization has greater value if it can be
systems leading to useful information and
connected and combined with other data - coming
knowledge. With regards to spatial areas, cities
from any place. Connectivity is a cornerstone in two
have huge spaces and functionality inside buil-
trending fields, Smart Cities and Geodesign.
dings. As an example, Dan Campbell at the City of
20 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
The Smart City as visualized by August Wiklund, Sweco
Vancouver, explains that just one BIM-model uses
’A design and planning method which tightly couples
¼ of the space of the 3D GIS-model of the entire
the creation of design proposals with impact simulations
city (Safe Software 2015). This means that in many
informed by geographic contexts’ (Flaxman M. 2010)
Smart City scenarios, most data will have to come
Within the geodesign discipline, some of the
from BIM Systems (Building Information Models)
steps in planning and implementing a new
and connect to GIS. Therefore, BIM databases will
residential area could be:
have to evolve to the same state of openness as GIS (Figure 1) to make this feasible. Figure 1 explains how GIS and BIM have evolved during time and how different areas have been embraced. Today, the use of Open Spatial Databases can be considered a de facto standard within GIS. However, BIM focus today is very much on WEBenabling it and not yet on using Open BIM Databases.
• Gather information based on existing data such as road-networks, traffic-information, building information, geology etc. • Perform analysis and simulations. (For example; How will traffic be affected with more residents?). • Create proposals based on evaluation models and communicate these for feedback among stakeholders and citizens. (Steinitz C. 2012)
Geodesign
In these steps, we need current data, we also create
Once again, there are many definitions. The
new data and when something eventually is built
following definitions is short and concise enough
we should evaluate on the accuracy of the simulati-
for this context:
ons and predictions. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 21
Relationship between Geodesign and Smart Cities One can see that a well-performed Geodesign- process would benefit from existing Smart City information for well-informed decisions. For example, getting information about traffic- statistics and all kinds of sensors and other Big Data sources. On the other hand, one could also see a well-performed Geodesign-process as funda mentalto a Smart City. If the designs coming out of the Geodesign process are not stored, updated and kept accessible - they won’t help the vision of
Figure 2. Graph model
the Smart Cities. In regard to data, achieving connectivity in these
IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) to be able to
fields has many barriers, both technical and legal.
exchange information in an efficient way (buil-
Fortunately, as more organizations open their
dingSMART 2015). However, it is still very rare that
datasets, there are now less legal barriers. The
you have storage in open databases where data
technical challenges still remain. Many of these are
lives. In the GIS-industry, it can be considered best
well known to the GIS industry, and are linked to the
practice to have a database that owns the informa-
difficulties of combining data from different sources.
tion, and different platforms can access this
Examples of challenges:
database with modern tools such as version-control, integrity rules etc. Other, non-spatial systems
• Reading and writing from different formats
can directly connect to the databases as they use
and sources (including open standards and
the same technology. This can be exemplified by
proprietary).
Microsoft SQL Server and Oracle - databases that
• Combining different types of geometry types.
are widely used and shared between many types of
• Co-ordinate systems and precision.
systems – spatial or not.
• How data is layered or have attributeschemas. The more complex BIM-platforms have not come as far as the GIS-platforms regarding connectivity. This is quite understandable as these models are so complex with their high level of detail and 3D-capabilities. In reality, most BIM-data live in their proprietary systems, and exchanging information is cumbersome. The challenges ahead
The BIM-industry is far from this point. Software tools exist - but they are rarely open for integration (Isaac S et al 2013). Using BIM-data together with GIS-data in reality mostly means: •Y ou export a subset of your BIM-model to your GIS database. •Y ou import a subset of your GIS database into your BIM-model. You very rarely connect these sources on an object level directly.
The vision of smooth Geodesign processes and blooming Smart Cities will benefit greatly if two
Systems understanding systems
specific areas will be addressed.
When we traditionally think of GIS, it is often in the context of seeing and relating to maps
Accessibility of BIM Data
produced for the human eye. That is, the data is
A lot of effort is being made in standards such as
presented in a form that allows a human to make a
22 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
well-informed decision. This also affects the way
object model where you define tables or classes and
data is stored.
relate them together according to predefined rule
BIM is often ”more” intelligent as one of the major purposes is to keep track of details and of
sets or schemas – as most GIS solutions do. However - a key element for the semantic web
how objects are interconnected describing the
is that you store and send information as graphs
topology of a building or complex infrastructu-
(Figure 2). You have nodes, edges and properties.
re-projects. But still - it is humans making most
Communicating in this triplet-way adds meaning
decisions based on what is displayed.
for machines interpreting these connections. As
The Smart City concept relies on complex
a graph can be dynamic, it can evolve during
chains of systems communicating with each other.
time and become more or less complicated. This
In the ambulance example above, several systems
is something that works very well with BIM-
would need to interact. Traffic-information,
models, for instance the IFC-standard that in its
navigation, BIM with building layouts and elevator
complete implementation is very extensive. In
systems would need to understand each other.
most implementations, only subsets of the
The traditional way of achieving this is through
IFC-standard are used. However, during a projects
standard protocols. That is, you ”hard wire”
life cycle, different subsets and parts are being
intelligence into systems to understand what other
adopted. To support these dynamics in an
systems mean. A protocol can both describe the
IFC-model with a relational database is almost
physical means of communications and also the
impossible but far more possible with a dynamic
standards describing the logic of data. So if two
graph database.
systems understand the same protocol - they can
The idea of achieving better connectivity
communicate. The drawback is that operating on
between BIM and GIS systems with help of the
new types of data demands new protocols. So a
above technique is based on the assumptions that:
Smart City getting smarter by connecting new data would demand a lot of new protocols. An exciting alternative to using predefined protocols is the ”Linked Data” approach. Linked Data describes a method to communicate data so it can be interlinked and become useful through semantic queries. The approach uses standard Web technologies but instead of serving web pages it can be read and understood automatically by computer systems. The semantic web
• It’s easier to model BIM-data as a graph than in a relational model • BIM-models change over time – something that is possible to handle with new links in the graph. • Connections between specific BIM and GIS-objects can be maintained with links in the model. (The actual geometries could be stored in the model or it can be links to external storage as physical files. Something called “Hybrid Approach”).
The semantic web concept is complicated so it will
Communicating with a Semantic Web enabled
just be touched upon briefly. A cornerstone is the
system can be done with special query-languages
use of Linked Data. ’The Semantic Web is not a separate
like SPARQL. These languages provide a way to
Web but an extension of the current one, in which
query graphs over the Web and can be utilized by
information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling
different systems.
computers and people to work in cooperation’ (Tim Berners-Lee, Hendler and Lassila, 2001). The more traditional way of storing and communicating information is through the relational or
V-Con paves the way The author is currently participating in the PCP-part of the V-Con project (The Virtual ConstrucPerspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 23
tion for Roads) that aims to improve the efficiency
the chances of the Linked Data approach to be
and effectiveness of the National Road Authorities
adopted throughout the industry.
in Europe. (Read more at http://www.rws.nl/english/ highways/v-con) PCP is an approach for procuring R&D services
If the prototype meets the challenges in phase 2 it might be a candidate for pre-production testing towards the end of 2016. After this it can be
and consists of a funnel of three phases: challenge
released as a solution for the market.
solution design, challenge prototype and pre-pro-
The V-Con project is one example that may pave
duction testing.
the way to broad application of Smart Cities and
This project is managed by the Dutch National
Geodesign solutions. We need more such initiatives
Road Authority at the Ministry of Infrastructure &
in all affected sectors of our society in order to
the Environment. Other participators are the
make BIM and GIS databases better connected and
National Swedish Road & Rail Authority and research
help the vision of really Smart Cities.
institutes from France and the Netherlands. The ground breaking idea in this project is to keep using existing standards in GIS & BIM but also keep the information linked. The foundation for achieving this is envisioned to be via a linked data approach through the semantic Web. It is a very ambitious project and is very technically challenging. V-Con aims at enabling national road authorities to introduce software tools for exchanging/sharing comprehensive road information with commercial parties in the sector. The author is responsible for designing SWECO’s solution idea that was selected in competition with 14 proposals and further developed in phase 1 of the PCP-process. The solution idea has now qualified for phase 2 of the project - meaning that challenge prototyping will begin January 2016. In short, the solution design consists of designing modules adding Semantic Web capabilities to a standard Spatial Data Integration platform (FME by Safe Software). This platform already supports reading and writing most BIM and GIS standards but currently doesn’t have Semantic Web functionality. Adding these new Semantic Web capabilities to an already wide spread integration platform will hopefully increase
24 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
References •b uildingSMART (2015). IFC Overview summary, at http:// www.buildingsmart-tech.org/specifications/ifc-overview • Enbysk, Liz (2013). How smart transportation systems reduce emergency response times, saves lives. Smart Citiescouncil, at http://smartcitiescouncil.com/article/ how-smart-transportation-systems-reduce-emergency-response-times-saves-lives • Flaxman, Michael (2010), quote from Geodesign Summit, Redlands, California. Amended by Stephen Ervin (2012) • Isaac S., Sadeghpour F., and R. Navon (2013), Analyzing building information using graph theory, Proceedings of the 30th ISARC, Montréal, Canada at http://www.iaarc. org/publications/proceedings_of_the_30th_isarc/analyzing_building_information_using_graph_theory.html • Reichardt, Mark E. (2012). Driving geospatial inter operability - communities of interest, 2012 NGAC Meeting, at https://www.fgdc.gov/ngac/meetings/april-2012/ open-geospatial-consortium-activities-reichardt.pdf • Safe Software (2015), How to Create BIM & GIS Interope rability, http://www.safe.com/webi • Steinitz, Carl (2012). A Framework for Geodesign, Redlands, Esri Press • Verstraete, Christian (2015). You don’t want vendor lockin...but aren’t you always lockedin?,ITPeerNetwork,at https://communities.intel.com/community/itpeernetwork/blog/2015/03/11/you-dont-want-vendor-lock-inbut-arent-you-always-locked-in • Wikipedia (2015). Smart city, at https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Smart_city
Perspektiver og udfordringer ved at etablere SMART CITY og SMART COMMUNITY-løsninger Erfaringer fra Vejdirektoratets projekt om realtidstrafikdata baseret på bilisters GPS-oplysninger.
Thomas W. Møller Devoteam Consulting A/S thomas.moeller@ devoteam.com
Danmark har igennem mange år haft en førende position inden for digitalisering, og de første SMART CITY-initiativer er ved at blive realiseret. Vejdirektoratet har sammen med Devoteam siden 2014 arbejdet for at etablere en SMART CITY-trafikløsning med realtidsdata fra billister. Denne artikels ambition er at dele vores erfaringer fra projektet med andre, der står – eller kommer til at stå - med de samme udfordringer. SMART CITY eller SMART COMMUNITY (herefter: SMART CITY) er nogle af de termer, der anvendes til at beskrive en trend i de store internationale bysamfund såsom Rio, London, Barcelona, München, Tokyo og København. Trenden går ud på at gøre bysamfundene mere ”intelligente” ved at opsamle, analysere og anvende information om og fra byrummene. Et af fundamenterne i SMART CITY er digitalisering. 1
Sine Dyreborg Vejdirektoratet sjl@vd.dk
Keywords: Smart City, digitalisering, geografiske information, intelligente trafiksystemer
1
SMART COMMUNITY betegner anvendelse af smarte teknologier til at fremme vækst og udvikling i landdistrikter og mindre byer
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 25
SMART CITY – definition af begrebet
organisatorisk muligt at skabe smarte løsninger,
og den aktuelle udbredelse af SMART
der giver gevinster. Det sker ved tilrettelæggelsen af
CITY i Danmark
en strategi, der identificerer de forretningsmæssigt
Begrebet, SMART CITY, er et rummeligt begreb, der
”rigtige” udviklingsprojekter og dernæst etablerer
indeholder alt fra smarte cykelparkeringer, skæve
den grundlæggende datamodel og infrastruktur.
skraldespande, bycykler, trafikstyring, effektiv
Et eksempel på et udviklingsprojekt, der ligger
affaldshåndtering, parkeringssystemer, energiplan-
indenfor ambitionen i SMART CITY, er realtidsdata-
lægning mv. Ambitionen i SMART CITY er at skabe
projektet i Vejdirektoratet. Devoteam har hjulpet
et godt bysamfund med økonomisk vækst, der
Vejdirektoratet med at indkøbe data til pilotprojek-
anvender optimal ressourceudnyttelse, yder god
tet. Pilotprojektet har til formål at optimere
borgerservice og samtidig er bæredygtig samt
trafikinformationen ved at opsamle realtidsdata
omstillingsparat i forhold til forandringer.
fra billister for at skabe et større overblik for både
Mange teknologier såsom stedbestemte
trafikanterne og Vejdirektoratet.
realtidstrafikdata, tracking systemer og sensorer, der indgår i SMART CITY-initiativer, er nu tilstræk-
Anvendelse af bilisters realtidsdata
keligt modne til at kunne omsættes kommercielt i
Vejdirektoratet gennemførte, med hjælp fra
de løsninger, som markedet udvikler. Der er i
Devoteam, henover vinteren 2014/15 et EU-udbud
Danmark stort fokus på at skabe SMARTE byer og
med formålet at indgå kontrakt med en leverandør
landområder - i 2014 viste en analyse fra Ministeriet
om realtidstrafikdata. På baggrund af en konkur-
for By, Bolig og Landudvikling , at hovedparten af
rencepræget dialog med tre bydende blev der i juni
kommunerne i større eller mindre grad allerede
2015 indgået kontrakt med Inrix der kunne levere
arbejder med SMART CITY-initiativer (Ministeriet
det økonomisk mest fordelagtige tilbud. Inrix
for By, Bolig og Landudvikling, 2014).
leverer GPS-baserede realtidstrafikdata, statistiske
Mange private og offentlige aktører har i de
data for det strategiske vejnet og for de øvrige
seneste år været med til at sætte SMART CITY på
statsveje. Aftalen indeholder en option hvor
dagsordenen. For eksempel har Realdania haft et
kommunerne kan købe de samme data de næste to
strategisk fokus på SMART CITY klimatilpasnings
år. Kontrakten kan forlænges i to gange et år.
initiativer, hvilket har igangsat udvikling af mange
Trafikdata har tidligere været baseret på bl.a.
nye byrum i kommunerne. Tendensen ses også hos
statistisk information fra trafikanternes køretøjer
private parkeringsudbydere, hvor f.eks. EasyPark
- indsamlet via vejsideudstyr eller spoler i vejen få
har skabt sammenhængende parkeringsløsninger
steder i Danmark (København, Århus og i Trekant-
på tværs af næsten alle kommuner, der har
området), se figur 1 på side 27. Data fra dette
resulteret i landsdækkende standarder samt
vejudstyr har givet nogle meget præcise data om
datamodeller for parkering og afregning. Nu er der
antallet af biler samt hastigheden. Disse statiske
også erfaringer fra arbejdet med bl.a. smarte
data har givet Vejdirektoratet mulighed for - på
hospitaler og smart trafik, hvor Region Hoved
disse få strækninger - at lave analyser af motorvej-
staden og Vejdirektoratet har designet, gevinst
strafikken, undersøge trængselspletter osv., som
estimeret, udbudt, indkøbt og implementeret store
kan anvendes statistisk og i fremtidig planlægning
mobility-, sporings- og positionsdatasystemer.
af vejstrækninger og vejarbejder.
Projekterne har alle til formål at skrabe atraktive
Målet med at indkøbe og anvende realtidsdata er
bysamfund, med optimal ressoruceudbyttelse og
at få en bredere dækning af trafikdata og hermed et
god bogerservice.
mere dækkende billede af, hvordan trafikken
Erfaringerne fra både de offentlige og private
forløber. Som det fremgår af højre side af figur 2 på
projekter viser, at det er teknologisk, økonomisk og
side 28 – skaber realtidsdata for det statslige vejnet
26 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
De udvidede muligheder med realtidsdata projektet er følgende: •
information om rejsetid
•
rejsetidsprognoser
•
trafiktilstande
•
ekstraordinær kø
•
hændelsesdetektering
Vejdirektoratet prioriterer højt, at trafik information om ekstraordinære kødannelser kan komme hurtigt frem til trafikanterne, så de tidligst muligt kan blive adviserede om kødannelser, der normalt ikke kan forventes på det pågældende tidspunkt. På denne måde vil trafikanterne få et ret præcist billede af deres rejsetid og mulighed for at Figur 1. Eksempel på nuværende dækning.
søge alternative ruter. Realtidsdataene om hastigheder vil kunne
bedre mulighed for Vejdirektoratet for hurtigt at
bidrage til, at Vejdirektoratet kan yde en bedre
agere – alt sammen med henblik på at forbedre
indsats ved f.eks. uheld på motorvejene.
fremkommeligheden. I tillæg til realtidstrafikdata
Vejdirektoratetkan meget hurtigere end tidligere
får Vejdirektoratet også flere data om trafikken til
sende beredskabet og genskabe fremkommelig
statistiske anvendelser f.eks. til analyse af trængsel
heden på f.eks. et ulykkessted.
og hvordan trafikken omkring større vejarbejder
Planen er, at realtidstrafikdataene skal flyde ind
bedst kan forløbe – g enerelt giver flere statistiske
i Vejdirektoratets Trafikcenter primo november
data forbedret grundlag for analyser.
2015, hvor der køres test på dataene. Her er målet,
Realtidstrafikdata modtages fra en bred flåde af
at det stilles til rådighed for trafikanterne via
køretøjer, som har indgået aftale med Inrix. Det kan
Vejdirektoratets trafikinformationstjenester inden
eksempelvis være data fra erhvervsdrivende med
udgangen af året.
større flåder af køretøjer, bilister med smartphones, udbydere af GPS-baserede smartphonenavigations-
Ny læring/udvikling i Vejdirekto
tjenester og leverandører af navigationsudstyr til
ratet som følge af projektet
køretøjer og bilfabrikanter. Vejdirektoratet har
For at Vejdirektoratet kan modtage de nye realtids-
sikret, at persondatalovgivningen overholdes ved at
trafikdata, har direktoratet skullet udvikle nogle
lægge strenge krav ind i kontrakten om, at alle
nye webservices og systemer for at kunne modtage
kilder skal være anonymiserede.
og parametersætte disse data. Vejdirektoratet har
Som det ses på figur 2 modtages data fra et
hele grundsystemet og servere på plads, da
større geografisk område end tidligere, men nu
Vejdirektoratet tidligere har modtaget statistiske og
kun for en delmængde af køretøjerne på stræk
live-data fra vejsideudstyr.
ningen. Dermed adskiller data sig væsentligt fra
Vejdirektoratet har mange års erfaring i at
traditionel detektering via vejsideudstyr, hvor al
modtage og analysere statistiske data fra vejsideud-
trafik måles fra ét punkt.
styr, hvilket har givet et bredt vidensgrundlag i
Dataene dækker det strategiske vejnets tre
forhold til hvilke krav, der skal sættes til dataenes
niveauer 1, 2 og 3 samt øvrige statsveje i 2015 -
kvalitet. Vejdirektoratet har udviklet et omfattende
og fra 2016 udvalgte væsentlige kommuneveje.
testsystem til datakvaliteten med mulighed for Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 27
Figur 2. Eksempel på fremtidig dækning.
bod, hvis Inrixs data ikke lever op til de stillede krav. Inrix og Vejdirektoratet har arbejdet intensivt på
Fotogrammetriske geodata har i mange år været indkøbt på markedet hos en leverandør som følge af en veldefineret specifikation for data og
at få alle tekniske systemer til at fungere og ser frem
omfattende kvalitetssikring. Så erfaringerne herfra
til, at data flyder ind til gavn for de danske bilister.
dokumenterer, at det er muligt. Fotogrammetriske
De næste to år er et pilotprojekt, hvor der skal laves
data har dog en lang statisk horisont (flere år) og
grundlæggende analyser og evalueringer. Disse skal
kan i den sammenhæng ikke direkte sammenlig-
vise, om dette er løsningen for en fremtidig kilde til
nes med realtidsdata.
hændelsesdetektering og trafikinformation.
Realtidsdata, der indkøbes via en leverandør, som måske trækker på mange underleverandører,
Perspektiver for SMART CITY, realtids
minder på mange måder om en crowd-sour-
data og den offentlige sektor
cing-model. Crowd-sourcing på dette område går i
Teknologiske perspektiver
grove træk ud på, at mange bidrager med indsam-
Både realtidsdata og SMART CITY-initiativer stiller
ling, ajourføring og vedligeholdelse af data. På
teknologiske krav til håndtering af data. Som
denne måde kan man indsamle og vedligeholde
erfaringerne fra Vejdirektoratet viser, er der
massive mængder af data for meget små omkost-
løsninger til rådighed. Modenheden i de anvendte
ninger og på relativt kort tid.
systemer og hos leverandørerne er fuldt ud til stede ift. Vejdirektoratets løsning.
De nye måder at anskaffe data stiller krav om fast og sikker overvågning af datakvaliteten i forhold til de aftalte standarder/dataspecifikatio-
Datakilder og perspektiverne
ner. For at kunne opretholde autoritative myndig-
I forhold til SMART CITY-udviklingen kan man
hedsdata, der gør en forskel i forhold til ikke-auto-
forestille sig, det ikke kun er én leverandør men
ritative data – bliver det afgørende at kunne
potentielt mange leverandører, der leverer data til
dokumentere kvaliteten.
en løsning. Ydermere kan data være realtidsdata eller statiske data. 28 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Erfaringerne fra realtidsdataprojektet bliver spændende at følge. Det er kun fantasien, som
sætter grænserne for, hvilke datakilder der kan anvendes til SMART CITY-initiativer.
I traditionelle Business Case-modeller er mindskede udgiftsbudgetter/besparelser en forudsætning for at få en positiv business case, men
Organisation og ledelsesperspektiver
man kan også have en tilgang, hvor man ser den
Nye datakilder og eksterne dataleverandører kan
samfundsmæssige nytte af at gennemføre et projekt.
potentielt stille krav til en ny organisatorisk
Her vil det typisk kræve en business case-model, der
selvforståelse og rolle for den organisation, der
medregner gevinsterne for samfundet som helhed
udstiller data. F.eks. at en organisation går fra at
– en Business Case hvor f.eks. sparet rejsetid hos
være dataproducent til at være en organisation, der
borgerne skaber et øget nytte for samfundet eller
distribuerer en ekstern leverandørs data. Dermed
hvor ny frie data om trafik og rejsemønstre giver
foregår produktionen af data ikke længere inhouse,
virksomheder mulighed for at forbedre logistikken
hvor man kan følge, sikre og garantere kvaliteten i
og dermed sikre en øget vækst i virksomhederne og
form af nøjagtighed og aktualitet. Og at håndtere
i samfundet som helhed.
det giver nye organisatoriske udfordringer. Medarbejdere og brugere af data træffer på
Konklusion
daglig basis beslutninger på baggrund af de
Som ovenstående case om realtidsdata viser, findes
offentlige data. Hvis der er en risiko for, at data kan
der eksempler på SMART CITY-teknologier, hvor
give f.eks. forlængede rejsetider, uforudsete
organisationerne/ledelsen, datakilderne og økonomi-
kødannelser og dermed øgede udgifter, så stiller det
en - og dermed den samlede løsning – er veltestede og
krav til en ny kommunikation og formidling af de
modne, og at der kan realiseres flere nye løsninger.
forudsætninger, der ligger til grund for data. Det er i
Mulighederne er mange og potentialerne store.
den forbindelse centralt, at data får en større
Der kan de kommende år være behov for en større
dækning og kommer i realtid på tværs af hele landet
koordinering af indsatserne, således at den ”dybe
– og at der samtidig opnås en høj kvalitet af data.
tallerken” ikke skal opfindes på ny hver gang af alle myndigheder – i staten, i regionerne og i kommuner-
Økonomi og business case i SMART
ne. Koordineringen kan være på mange niveauer og
CITY-projekter
på mange måder – det kan være som fælles løsninger,
SMART CITY-initiativer har været beskyldt for at være
som læringsnetværk, som fælles arkitektur eller som
politiske ”trofæprojekter”, hvor business casen nogle
fælles standarder og datamodeller.
gange har været mindre troværdig. Eksempelvis en bænk i Københavns Kommune til 1 mio. kr. (BT, 2012) Rationaliteten i realtidsprojektet i Vejdirektora-
Hvor SMART CITY initiativer tidligere har været teknologisk drevet – er der nu en begyndende trend mod en bredere tilgang. En tilgang hvor både
tet er dog baseret på det faktum, at Vejdirektoratet
organisation, økonomi, data og teknologi sammen
ønsker at udvide dækningen af realtidstrafikdata
skaber SMARTE løsninger - der giver gode bysam-
inden for en overskuelig økonomisk ramme. Dette
fund med økonomisk vækst, med optimal ressour-
var ikke muligt med de nuværende systemer, så
ceudnyttelse, god borgerservice og samtidig er
som vejsideudstyr og spoler, da dette er dyrt at
bæredygtige og omstillingsparat.
opstille og vedligeholde. Derfor var man nødsaget til at undersøge nye muligheder for at få tilvejebragt data - og en ekstern leverandør endte med at blive løsningen. Fagligt er det vigtigt at understrege, at med de rigtige værktøjer og modeller er det muligt at lave
Referencer •B T, 2012 http://www.bt.dk/danmark/pris-for-denne-baenk-1-mio.-kroner Ministeriet for By, Bolig og Landudvikling, 2014, SMART CITY I DE DANSKE KOMMUNER - STATUS OG INITIATIVER
business cases for alle projekter. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 29
Smart Cities – 50 mia. ”ting” på internettet – og det skal styres!
Jes Bruun Olsen Atkins A/S Jes.Olsen@atkinsglobal.com
Smart Cities er det nye sort i større byer og er sat på dagsordenen i et stort antal kommuner på tværs af Danmark. Visionerne og målene er mange, og projekterne er mangfoldige. Som med alle andre hypede tiltag fører det en masse ny teknologi med sig, nye platforme, nye gadgets, dinge noter, sensorer, nye applikationer og et nærmest uendeligt behov for kapacitet. Vi skubber data generering og dataopsamlingen ud i omgivel serneog i det yderste af vores organisation. Men er vi, som organisationer, klar til at håndtere denne udvikling i de eksisterende organisationer med de nuværende roller? Keywords: Smart City, Geografisk information, IoT, governance
Indledning Smart Cities er det nye sort i større byer og er sat på dagsordenen i et stort antal kommuner på tværs af Danmark. Visionerne og målene er mange og projekterne er mangfoldige. Som med alle andre hypede tiltag fører det en masse ny teknologi med sig, nye platforme, nye gadgets, dingenoter, sensorer, nye applikationer og et nærmest uendeligt behov for kapacitet. Vi skubber datagenerering og dataopsamlingen ud i omgivelserne og i det yderste af vores organisation. Men er vi klar til at håndtere denne udvikling i de eksisterende organisationer med de nuværende roller? Artiklen er blandt andet skrevet med udgangspunkt i mine erfaringer og refleksioner om, hvordan vi fremover skal håndtere de udfordringer, vi står 30 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
overfor, med den accelererede udvikling som
• I nternet of Things, hvor ting, redskaber,
Internet of Things repræsenterer. At problemstil
sensorer, tøj og biler m.v. kobles til internettet
lingen er reel, og at det er nødvendigt seriøst at
med henblik på at etablere grundlaget for nye
adressere den nye kommende kompleksitet, har jeg
services, anvendelser m.v. Dette flytter
fået bekræftet gennem arbejdet med kvalitets
dataindsamling til et hidtil ikke set decentralt
sikring af et projekt omkring etablering af en
niveau. Det forventes, at der er 50 mia. ting på
intelligent parkeringsløsning i Norge. Resultatet af
internettet i 2020 – altså lige om lidt.
mine refleksioner er desuden blevet præsenteret i et oplæg på Kortdage 2015. Som digitaliserings- og forretningsansvarlige
På et lidt andet niveau er der fra den kommunale organisations side fokus på at øge effektiviteten og
omgiver vi os med denne til stadighed mere
skabe nye værdifulde services, opgaveløsninger m.v.
komplekse virkelighed. Dét sætter vores evne til at
gennem anvendelse af:
styre og koordinere udviklingen under pres. Samtidig skal det alt sammen give en betydelig gevinst til vores organisation. Denne artikel gennemgår nogle af de styrings– og koordineringsmæssige udfordringer, kommunerne står overfor, og anviser en model til en start på denne, for mange, påkrævede forandringsrejse: En ny governancestruktur, der
•V elfærdsteknologier, som fokuserer på at understøtte opgaver, forpligtigelser og services over for borgerne gennem anvendelse af nye teknologier (blandt andet mobile platforme, internettilsluttet udstyr og sensorer) •D esign, projektering, udførelse og drift og
modner processer og organisation i forhold til
vedligeholdelse af bygninger og anlæg
systematisk at arbejde med strategisk alignment,
gennem anvendelse og integration af Cad, GIS
værdigenerering og styring, sikkerhed og risici,
og Asset Management løsninger.
styring af ressourcer og performance.
•M obilitet. Udvikle og flytte borgernes egen service og støtte til de mobile platforme
Fremtiden – er nu! Der er en række teknologiske principper/mega
Generelt set øger disse trends kompleksiteten i
trends, der i øjeblikket er med til at definere og
kommunernes IKT-anvendelse, da initiativ,
danne grundlaget for udviklingen af nye services:
udvikling og anvendelse flyttes fra centrale
• Mobile platforme (Smartphones, tablets etc.), hvor services for borgere og medarbejdere udvikles og implementeres i en lind strøm både som en supplerende adgang (udover eksisterende pc-baserede løsninger) og som serviceudvidelser. Teknisk betyder udvik lingen en markant stigning i antallet af applikationer (apps), udvidelser i grænse flader og integrationer, nye platforme m.v.
initiativer til et meget decentalt niveau – ud i den skarpe ende af organisationen. Det er her effekti viseringsdagsordenen skal løses. Udfordringen I gennem de senere år har vi set fremkomsten af nye teknologier, koncepter for teknologiudnyttelse m.v. som har medført et nødvendigt opgør med den vante måde at håndtere og styre IKT-anvendelsen på. Dels er initiativet flyttet fra
• Big data, hvor sammenstilling og behandling
en central styring (de fælles administrative
af store, tilgængelige mængder af data giver
kerne- og infrastrukturløsninger) til et mere
mulighed for udvikling af nye services,
forretningsdrevet perspektiv, hvor forretnings
effektivisering af servicekanaler m.v. Frigivelse
enhederne selv tager initiativ til afprøvning,
af grunddata er et af eksemplerne på denne
udvikling og implementering af nye IKT-baserede
trend.
løsninger. Udviklingen inden for anvendelse af Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 31
velfærdsteknologier er et godt eksempel herpå. Man havde egentlig meget godt styr på infra-
IKT-afdelinger. Deres udbredelse kom især fra det pædagogiske område, hvor de i starten var et
strukturen. Man havde et fåtal af leverandører af
individuelt redskab, men hurtigt blev gjort til et
kommunale IKT-løsninger og alle udviklet til at
strategisk pædagogisk læringsværktøj. I mange
kunne understøtte den kommunale sikkerheds- og
kommuner var Skole-it allerede en del af den
driftsmodel. Dette kom under pres og i det efter
centrale IKT-afdeling, og her havde man så
følgende gives et par eksempler til at belyse dette.
pludseligt en ny udfordring med et nyt produkt, på
PDA’er gjorde fremtiden håndholdt, og man så
en selvstændig platform, som ikke passede ind i det
hurtigt en måde at understøtte decentrale,
normale sikkerheds- og driftsmiljø. Det gjorde det
steduafhængige opgaver på med en IT-baseret
ikke nemmere, at der også bredte sig et ”behov” fra
løsning. De udgjorde kun en begrænset udfordring
byrådene om at kunne anvende disse tablets til
i IKT-mæssig forstand, da de ofte var ”født” som
effektivt at understøtte byrådsarbejdet. Det betød
frontend for en given systemløsning (eksempelvis
hurtigt, at de kommunale ledergrupper tog tablets
til opslag og registrering af informationer i
til sig for at kunne være med på den samme
borgernes sundhedsjournaler m.v.) og dermed var
platform som byrådene.
en del af sikkerhedsmodellen. SmartPhones tog over og var i starten et anarki-
I løbet af relativ kort tid var man nødt til at bruge ressourcer på at etablere en ny serviceplat-
stisk redskab dels på grund af deres mangfoldighed
form (og -arkitektur) for at kunne understøtte både
og deres tilgængelighed (udbredelse,grænseflade,
SmartPhones og tablets.
pris etc.). Udover at være mobile telefoner er de
BOYD (Bring Your Own Device) I sidste halvdel af
født til at kunne benytte et utal af app’s, specialud-
00’erne og i starten af 10´erne tog anvendelse af
viklede applikationer, informationssøgning,
digitale medier fart i de danske skoler, og presset
internetopkobling, GPS og et utal af styresy-
på anvendelse af netværk m.v. blev hurtigt en
stems-platforme. Man så dem hurtigt som en måde
flaskehals mange steder, som følge af de mange
at få de decentralt organiserede medarbejdere
elever der skulle på ved starten af hver lektion. I
(lærere, SOSU-personale etc.) understøttet i forhold
mange kommuner havde IKT-afdelingen overtaget
til deres administrative opgaver (tidsregistrering,
driften af skole-it fra de enkelte skoler, og havde i
kørselsregnskab, mail, kalendere, informations
effektivitetens navn og for at reducere investe
tjenester m.v.), og som en platform til ”smart” at
ringerne i området koblet dem på kommunens
understøtte deres opgaveløsning. En konsekvens
netværk. Resultatet var en sikkerhedsmodel, der
var, at IKT-afdelingen kom under pres, da disse
gjorde det umådeligt tungt med pålogningstider
enheder blev anskaffet decentralt og ikke var født
på 5-10 min. Absolut uacceptabelt. Næste skridt,
som en naturlig del af kommunes sikkerheds- og
som følge af nationale mål om at styrke anvendelse
adgangsregler, ligesom opdatering, distribution og
af it i undervisningen og sikre hurtigt Internet, var,
vedligeholdelse af applikationsporteføljen ikke var
at de fleste kommuner indførte den såkaldte
standardiseret og dermed krævede ekstra ressour-
BOYD-model, hvor eleverne ikke nødvendigvis
cer. Det tog et par år og så var IKT-afdelingen klar
skulle forsynes med it-udstyr men kunne med
til at lukke dem inden for i den sikre verden, som
bringe og benytte deres eget. Det ændrede behov
er et grundlæggende paradigme i den kommunale
udløste en massiv investering i trådløse netværk
IKT-anvendelse. Som en konsekvens fik man i
med høj kapacitet, frigjort fra den kommunale
forretningsenhederne måske ikke realiseret den
sikkerhedsmodel. Og igen startede initiativet
forventede nytte af teknologien, så tidligt som man
decentralt og blev en udfordring for IKT-afdelingen.
havde forudset. Og det gav frustrationer. Tablets kom på tilsvarende måde bag på de fleste 32 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Fra få til mange – og komplekse anvendelse af sensorer (og internetkoblet udstyr - Internet of Things) i
forhold til indsamling af data, styring af aktiviteter
ningerne og lokale specialapplikationer m.v. Selv med
m.v. eksploderer i disse år. Mobilteknologien har
nye veldefinerede arkitekturer vil det blive en opgave
gjort anvendelse af sensorer billig og tilgængelig. Vi
af holde styr på alignment mellem løsninger og
anvender stort set alle sensorbaseret teknologi i dag
integrationer, kontrakter m.v. Dette arbejde bliver
i større eller mindre grad på hjemmefronten, i vores
ikke mindre i fremtiden i forbindelse med den øgede
fritidsliv m.m.. Det har givet nogle udviklingsper-
kompleksitet.
spektiver (og et marked) som kan udnyttes og som
Alt i alt eksempler på hvordan IKT-afdelingens
kan medvirke til at øge effektiviteten i vores
politikker, strategier og handlingsplaner, samt
serviceudbud (opsamling af data i forbindelse med
økonomiske finansieringsmodeller, er blevet (og
sundheds- og omsorgsydelser, driftsovervågning af
stadig bliver) overhalet af en udvikling, skabt i
anlæg, bygninger, arealer m.v., anvendelse af
forhold til at løse problemstillinger andre steder i
faciliteter, opsamling af miljødata). Værdien vil
organisationen, eller hvor en forretningsenhed ser
komme fra anvendelsen af mange forskelige typer af
en værdimæssig (effektivisering) fordel i at tage nye
sensorer installeret fysisk i natur, beklædning,
teknologier etc. i brug.
apparater, bygninger, køretøjer m.v. Men data skal være tilgængelige, behandles, analyseres, og anvendes. Og deri ligger også en række udfordringer. Endelig har monopolbruddet, hvor kommunerne
Fra forretningsenhedernes side er der ikke altid den store fokus på helheden. Ofte er fokus primært på at optimere i forhold til egne mål. På tilsvarende vis er erfaringerne med forretningsområdernes
under KOMBIT-paraplyen i de kommende år udskifter
pilotprojekter, at de er gode til at starte dem, men
store dele af deres kerne-løsninger fra én leverandør
knap så gode til at bringe dem i mål og få dem
(KMD) med løsninger fra nye leverandører medført et
modnet til drift. Så alt i alt må der være et fælles
øget behov for at kommunerne opruster i forhold til
behov for at ændre på tingenes tilstand.
styring af kontrakter, integrationer mellem kerneløs-
I forbindelse med kvalitetsikring af et SmartCity Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 33
projekt, der drejer sig om etablering af en ny samlet
• Den fremtidige service- og supportmodel
løsning omkring styring af trafik og parkering i en
herunder, hvem der har ansvar og hvilke
stor norsk by, kan man konstatere disse udfordrin-
roller der skal varetages. Også mere specifikt;
ger i højeste grad. Pilotprojektet gennemføres af en
hvordan skal support- og servicemodellen
projektgruppe i en faglig enhed (By og Miljø).
indrettes for de teknologikomponenter, der
Projektet er teknisk i front og adresserer – isoleret set, alle de relevante emner, for at kunne gennemføre pilotprojektet og sikre, at der ligger en realiserbar løsning, eksempelvis: • Kortlægning og digitalisering af parkeringsmuligheder • Klassifikation af parkeringspladser, steder m.v. • Anvendelse af nye teknologier: sensorer, intelligent skiltning m.v. • Udvikling af relevant forretnings og it-arkitek tur, for egne mål • I ndsamling og bearbejdning af data – realtid m.v. • Udvikling af parkeringspolitikker og strategier i en større miljøpolitisk kontekst • Udvikling af en Business CaseHvad projektet ikke umiddelbart adresserer er: 34 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
ikke naturligt i dag er en del af IKT-afdelingen • Sikkerhedsaspekter (kobling til kommunens netværk, uønsket adgang m.v.) • Integrationer og snitflader til andre relevante løsninger (eks. Vejområdet, private p-operatører, administrative løsninger) • Udvikling af apps (value-added service fra markedet etc.) • Realisering af nytte/benefit m.v., herunder hvem tager investeringen, og hvem og hvor realiseres nytten/gevinsten • Kompetencer i forhold til de fremtidige opgaver. • Overensstemmelse og sammenhæng med kommunes øvrige digitaliseringsstrategier og initiativer. Det er forhold, som rækker ud i den resterende del af organisationen og eksternt, herunder også
IKT-afdelingen, som det nødvendigt at have styr på,
Forandring i roller og ansvar -
hvis projektet skal realisere sine mål og blive klar
starten på den nye rejse
til drift.
Det er givet, at forandringen må ske ved, at alle par-
Man må forudsætte, at udviklingen vil
terne i denne udvikling erkender deres nye roller
accelerere og tage betydelig fart efterhånden, som
og ansvar. Det gælder både forretningsenhederne
implementering af de nævnte megatrends
og IKT-afdelingen, men i højeste grad også
modnes. Det vil øge kompleksiteten og behovet for
beslutningstagerne (ledelsen og politikerne).
en fleksibilitet, der kan understøtte denne udvikling. Vi kan opsummere de områder, hvor IKT-afde lingen vil være udfordret i fremtiden:
Strategisk set sker der et paradigmeskifte i fokus fra i dag, hvor man leverer services (provider), til man fremover i højere grad også skal tænke på at muliggøre services (enabler). Dette gælder i
• Overblik over initiativer og drivere af
relationen mellem IKT-afdelingen og forretnings
digitaliseringen, der udspringer fra
enhederne men også i relationen mellem forret-
forretningsenhederne (eksempelvis Miljø,
ningsenhederne og eksterne parter (borger,
Veje, Sundhed og Omsorg, Park og Anlæg,
virksomheder, serviceleverandører m.v.). Trenden
Transport)
ses blandt andet udmøntet i åbning af adgang til
• Antallet af leverandører (af data, services, ”ting”, applikationer etc.) • Integration fra og til andre løsninger, inhouse og eksterne, udstilling af services • Vedligeholdelse og opdatering m.v. der er alignet • Sikkerhed – formål, segmentering af nettet, sikkerhedsmodeller, nye netprotokoller • Kompetencer – forretning, teknologi, anvendelse m.v. • Realisering af benefits – hvor og hvem skal realiserer gevinsten, og hvordan sikres IKT-afdelingens økonomi • Investeringer – i platform/infrastruktur og udstyr • Kontraktstyring (mere udstyr, flere typer, apps etc. og flere leverandører) • Strategier og arkitektur, som understøtter lokale formål, men som skal hænge sammen med de overordne strategier.
grunddata, hvor der i dag er mange serviceudby dere (ikke offentlige virksomheder), der bygger løsninger oven på de tilgængelige data og udstillede services (eks. DinGeo). For forretningsenhederne handler det specifikt om at få sat fokus på nedenstående områder for at blive i stand til at udnytte de nye muligheder og sikre fleksibilitet i forhold til det fremtidige samarbejde om effektiviseringsdagsordenen: • Infrastruktur: arkitektur, båndbredde, standarder • Integration og grænseflader til interne og eksterne services • Sikkerhed (adgang) • Kontraktstyring • Service- og supportstruktur og tilgængelighed • Driftsstabilitet og -sikkerhed • Kompetencer For IKT-afdelingen er behovet at konsolidere og
• Modningsprocesser fra ide, pilot til drift
koordinere forretningsenhedernes og eget behov
• Kultur (Hvor træffes beslutningerne centralt
på følgende områder, hvis det skal være i stand til
eller decentralt, koordineret eller ikke) Alt i alt vil kompleksiteten stige betragteligt, og hvis ikke IKT-afdelingen skal være en hindring for forretningsenhedernes realisering af nye
at understøtte udviklingen: • En opdateret arkitekturmodel for at sikre support af fremtidige forretningsbehov • Øget fleksibilitet i netværksstruktur og
effektive tiltag, eller at der opbygges parallelle
segmentering (forskellige netværk, sikkerheds-
(IKT-)organisationer, skal der ske noget.
niveauer, stabilitet, tilgængelighed m.v.) Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 35
Figur 1. Governance Model
• Styring af leverandører, kontraktstyring m.v. • Håndtering af øget kompleksitet i forhold til drift, service m.v. • Kompetencer
forskelligartede behov. Samlet set er der behov for: • F orbindelse mellem forretningsområdernes ønsker og behov og IKT-afdelingens muligheder - alignment •E n fælles proces for behandling af IKT-udvik-
Forretningsdrevet IKT-Governance
ling og aktiviteter og forretningsudvikling,
En umiddelbar løsning på problemstillingerne er
herunder realisering og fordeling af gevinster,
at udvikle og etablere en (ny) governancestruktur, der modner processer og organisation i forhold til samlet og systematisk at arbejde med de problemstillinger, der er nævnt ovenfor. Dette skal ske i en mere struktureret og tematiseret form eksempelvis ved at adressere strategisk udvikling og alignment, værdigenerering (business cases, gevinstrealisering etc.), sikkerhed og risici, styring af ressourcer (investeringer og menneskelige), samt opfølgning og evaluering af resultater. Mange kommuner har allerede Governance-modeller på plads, men de er fokuseret på, at det er på
investeringsmodeller etc. •B alance mellem anvendelse af IKT og ressourcer, kompetencer m.v. •V eldefinerede og klare ledelses- og styringsmål og strukturer •E n ansvarlig og effektiv udnyttelse af IKT-ressourcer •H åndtering af risk og sikkerhed i et forretningsmæssigt perspektiv Ovenstående figur er et eksempel på en model, der beskriver de nødvendige styringsområder. Strategisk aligment: Sikre at der er ovensstem-
IKT-afdelingens præmisser, hvor det ofte handler
melse mellem organisationens strategi, ikt-strategi-
om at styre udviklingen i takt med IKT-afdelingens
en og forretningsenhedernes strategier, koordinere-
ressourcer og behov, og i mindre grad om at være i
de handlingsplaner, at roller og ansvar er forankret
stand til at håndtere forretningsområderne meget
og implemeteret.
36 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figur 2. Tilpasset governance model
Gevinstrealisering: Behandling af Business Ideas, Business cases, styring og koordinering af gevinstrealisering, fokus på en effektiv udnyttelse af den samlede IKT i organisationen. Sikkerhed og risikostyring: Behandling af risici
governanceproces, så man sikrer et modent fundament for at kunne møde de nye tendenser. Det er ikke nødvendigvis afgørende hvordan man organisatorisk indretter sig, men derimod er det væsentligt at man fastlægger et forløb (årshjul),
og sikkerhedsproblematikker med udgangspunkt i
der sikre at der er en systematisk forberedelse og
organisationens behov, vedtagelse af sikkerhedspo-
behandling af de relevante teamer, og at der er
litikker, drift og vedligholdelsesplaner m.v.
seriøs og konsekvent deltagelse af de tre parter i
Ressourcer: Fokus på organisering og processer, forretnings- og ikt-arkitektur, behandling af investeringsportefølje(r), kompetencer, styring af leverandører og kontrakter (koordninering m.v.) Performance: Opfølgning på resultater og
governancestrukturen: Ledelsen, IKT-afdelingen og Forretningsenhederne. Erkendelsen af behovet for at skabe de rammer, der skal til i form af politikker, samarbejdsfora, understøttende processer for koordination og
fremdrift af IKT-projekter, gevinstrealisering,
opfølgning, vil hjælpe den enkelte organisation med
forbedringstiltag m.v.
at øge paratheden til den fremtidige nye orden:
Realisering af modellen sker ved at styringsom-
forandringsparatheden, nye roller og ansvar, agilitet
råderne (de fem temaer) omsættes til politikker,
i forhold til nye teknologier, en fælles rammearki-
metoder og standarder, som alle forretningsenhe-
tektur, håndtering af kompleksitet.
derne arbejder udfra, også IKT-afdelingen. En sådan model vil kunne anvendes som skabelon for en
Og så er 50 mia. ting på nettet ikke længere en helt så stor trussel, - men en mulighed!
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 37
Towards smart city democracy
Lasse Steenbock Vestergaard Alexandra Instituttet A/S lasse.vestergaard@ alexandra.dk
JoĂŁo Fernandes Alexandra Instituttet A/S joao.fernandes@ alexandra.dk
In this article, we discuss the current state of smart cities from a technological perspective. We argue that smart city developments are in a state of transition going from being technology-focused to now putting emphasis on the humans living in the cities. The transition is still latent in the smart city deployments, and we argue that quite a few existing as well as new smart city deployments are still relying on the old technology-focused approach to smart cities. We elaborate our own experiences in this particular field, and provide two concrete cases on how we are approaching citizen-empowering smart city technologies. Finally, we discuss how smart city technologies should respond to citizen needs. Keywords: IoT, Smart city, empowering citizens, empowerment
Introduction The Smart City concept has been around for some years now, aiming at establishing a digital layer alongside the urban infrastructure to make data Mirko Alexander Presser Alexandra Instituttet A/S mirko.presser@ alexandra.dk
about the city available to citizens, city authorities and industry. This digital layer allows the different city stakeholders to improve and create new innovative city services that ultimately aim at improving the experience and the way citizens live in the city context. The core digital layer is important as it gives the basis for building and improving these city services. The process
38 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
of creating these services must be as “democratic”
deployment of sensors and building of IT infra-
as possible, i.e. with the close involvement of the
structures has been in focus. This approach can be
city stakeholders including its citizens. This way,
seen in cities like Barcelona in Spain, Chicago in
the impact of the envisioned services is optimised
US, and Songdo in South Korea. However, this
as we are addressing the real needs of the end-users
technology-driven approach has proven not to
of such digital services.
reach its expected impact, as it lacks a bottom-up approach where the city stakeholders have a much
Humans emerge in smart cities
more close involvement in this process. Cities
In recent years, the term smart city has emerged
should not just be instrumented with sensors or
and is now widely (world-wide) used as a branding
smart technological infrastructures, if there is no
and marketing concept. The Smart City Expo in
assessment of the citizens’ needs/barriers and
Barcelona is the latest example of this trend (Expo
therefore no certain impact on their quality of life.
2015). Up until now, the concept of smart city has
Lately, this technology-focused approach has
primarily been evolving around technology, where
been shifting its focus into including the citizens Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 39
as a key element causing a change in the way we
emptied. Intelligent street lighting is all about
understand and approach smart cities. In essence,
reducing municipal costs, by replacing light bulbs
we have begun to initiate smart city activities by
with LEDs, and sensing people roaming the streets.
approaching citizens, and take this point of
The latter is another cost reduction feature, that
departure in a citizen participation paradigm. This
makes lampposts only use electricity when it is
particular approach is already on the European
mostly needed, i.e. when a human is near.
agenda, and several EU projects are now getting
One could argue that the existing smart city
funding for doing research into this neo smart city
infrastructures act mostly as cyber physical systems
approach. The Horizon2020 project OrganiCity
(a network of interacting technological devises
(OrganiCity 2015) is a relevant example.
reacting to in- and output from each other), where
In the early days of smart city development, a
the only innovative part is that technology has
large number of sensors have been deployed for the
succeeded in reducing humans to objects that can
typical Smart X application, e.g. smart parking,
be measured, and used as inputs for the system to
smart irrigation or smart transportation (eg.
react according to a predefined behaviour. A
around 20.000 sensors in the city of Santander in
natural consequence of this is that citizens actually
Spain), and numerous IT infrastructures have been
become disempowered. Before intelligent street
built. Some people have marked this “first wave” of
lighting was deployed, citizens could rely on
smart cities as “smart city classic”, and it actually
lighting; if the street was lit, then it would stay
seems that quite a few cities now have a valuable
that way, and if it was dark it would stay like that.
Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. Recognising
As a human, it was possible to make a decision
that a lot of effort has been put into deployment,
based on the visual information, and one could
we can now move into the domain of how to actual-
decide whether one would take the risk of walking
ly exploit the smart cities for the common good. As
in the dark – or one would maybe even prefer
a consequence, we have chosen to focus on the the
walking in the dark (for some this might feel more
human-centered approach to smart cities in this
secure – ’if I cannot see them, then they cannot see
article. We argue that we are currently in a
me either’). This type of decision-making is no
transition phase, where the smart city classic
longer possible. The street can be pitch dark when
approach is still prevalent in most of the existing
looking at it from a distance, but it will light up
and new smart city initiatives. In the following we
when a human approaches – the city becomes
elaborate this argument further, and discuss
completely unreliable, as the system reacts in a
pitfalls and opportunities.
default way without taking into account the preferences of each of the citizens. And, what
Humans in cyber physical
about the person who wanted to walk in the dark?
smart cities
He would be “caught” by the light. Being placed at
In the neo smart city paradigm, one of the main
the epicentre of a light source can actually make
points is citizen empowerment – how do we make
you more vulnerable, because it becomes harder to
cities better for citizens on their terms. Looking at
see what is going on in the dark while people in
existing smart city technologies that have found its
the dark easily can locate you.
way into the built environment, like intelligent
This is of course an extreme view of the smart
street lighting and trash bins, it becomes clear that
city deployments, but most of the current deploy-
the smart city classic approach has been the way to
ments primarly consider humans as binary inputs
go. A trash bin do not take humans into account, it
to the system - not necessarily adding direct value
only focuses on whether it is full or not, and sends
to the citizens’ everyday life. Our critique is not a
a notification to the utility when it should be
novel discovery, and Rob Van Kranenburg already
40 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
in 2008 referred to the tale of two cities: The story
into the realm of humans, and provide two
elaborates two possible outcomes of instrumenting
examples of our approach.
the city with technology. One is how technology can be used to create a city of surveillance – the
Power to the people
all-seeing eye – which monitors and autonomously
As already discussed in the previous sections,
adjusts the society. The other is about how
citizen empowerment has come into focus, but
technology is used as a support and help for the
technology developers are still caught up in the
citizens themselves – e.g. they can access street
smart city classic paradigm. We therefore have a
cameras directly and scout for missing kids or
gap between smart city deployments, and citizen
check if someone is hiding around the corner
empowerment. From our experiences we have
(Kranenburg 2008).
learned that user empowerment emerges through
Researchers and companies have started
transparency, flexibility, and adaptation to
working on solutions that fit better the human-
individuals’ needs. This means, that a user should
centric smart city approach. Concrete examples are
be able to understand what is going on, the
the open source Geiger counter from Safecast
technology should be capable of taking into
(Safecast 2015), which empowers citizens to
account the heterogeneity of the environment, and
measure and make background radiation from e.g.
it should be possible for the user to adjust a
Fukushima publicly available, and the recent
specific technological deployment. The latter is not
emergence of open data platforms (Ckan 2015).
just about enabling users to change color on a
Despite the fact that the human-centric approach
screen or subscribe to a newsletter - it is way more
of smart cities is emerging and becoming stronger,
profound. Users should be able to make the
we still see quite a few technology deployments
technology support their explicit needs here and
that adhere to the smart city classic approach. In
now. This means that a user should be able to turn
the following section, we will discuss how to move
on or off the street lighting, right now at this Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 41
specific location. He should be able to get the route
this particular case, users can participate by sharing
home following the path of least pollution (not
and being notified of events happening in the city
predicted pollution, the actual real-time pollution
(Pulse of the City), as an example sharing informati-
measurements). And it should be possible for him
on about a cultural event in a particular location in
to seamlessly tap into the abundance of infrastruc-
the city, a traffic jam or even a problem that needs
tures and services right at hand (ex. using car
to be fixed. Also connected to this event-based
sharing or couch-surfing).
platform are the Municipality of Santander and a
We need to go to the next level of smart city
local newspaper, which in the first case are
technologies and now focus on citizens as being a
connected to the platform in order to collect
rich reflective resource, and we need to co-create
information about complaints/problems happening
future solutions with them, not for them. It is the
in the city and react upon it by sending someone to
citizens who constitute the cities, and they should
investigate and fix it. For the second case, the
also have the key to unlock and manage it. At the
newspaper uses the platform both to publish the
Alexandra Institute, we are focusing on how to
local news, as well as to retrieve the information of
empower users through technology, and we are
relevant events published by others as sources of
actively engaged in creating applications that
information that can lead to new news articles. This
foster real power to the people. In the following
application, called ”Pace of the City” (SmartSantan-
sections, we will elaborate further on two examples
der 2015a), is available for both Android and iOS
of projects and applications that demonstrate the
platforms and has been used actively by many
work that has been carried out in the scope of our
citizens of Santander. What is most interesting and
smart city activities.
unique about this approach is the involvement of the citizens by giving them a voice to participate in
SmartSantander
the city’s maintenance and development. They are
As mentioned above, SmartSantander is an FP7 EU
essential in the smart city context and have the
project (SmartSantander 2015b) proposing a
empowerment and the responsibility of participa-
city-scale experimental research facility that also
ting in a democratic way in their cities.
supports applications and services in a smart city context. The project envisioned the deployment of
Vote a lamppost
20.000 sensors among different cities such as
The concept Vote a lamppost (vlp) evolves around
Belgrade (Serbia), Guildford (UK), Lübeck (Germany)
citizen empowerment, and our preliminary
and Santander in Spain. Different services and
prototype is evolving around a voting system. A
applications have been developed during the
user can connect to the Vlp system, and provide a
project. The different covered use cases (Santander
suggestion for changing the state of a lamppost. All
2012) include for instance smart parking, environ-
other users can then vote the suggestion up or
mental monitoring and augmented reality
down. If more than 50% votes up, the lamp will
scenarios.
change state. By empowering citizens through
One of its most relevant services that has had a
providing a democratic ability to control street
large impact has been the ”Participatory Sensing
lighting, the aim of vlp is to foster a different way
Service” (Gutiérrez et al. 2013). In this service,
of thinking about and acting in the city. It
mobile phones of citizens are considered as
transforms the existing street lighting infrastruc
resources that can both provide sensory data, such
ture from something that just exists in the
as accelerometer, noise, temperature and location,
background to an active platform that shifts the
but also the users can feed the system with their
current municipality-citizen relationship, and in
input/knowledge, all in a fully anonymised way. In
this manner moves away from the service provider-
42 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
consumer relation to making it more equal
in the asphalt of a bike lane, the municipality need
(Brynskov et al. 2014), which again fosters hyper
to act reasonably fast and fix the problem. This trust
local social engagements. When people get power
and credibility relationship needs to be built (this is
they also get responsibilities, which forces them to
especially the case in southern Europe) and is
reflect and act intelligently (Foucault 1977). Since
paramount for the future developments of smart
vlp is democratic there has to be an agreement on
cities.
the state of a unique lamppost. One neighbor
As an addition to the citizen-municipality
might want the light turned off (he is going to bed)
relationship, smart city technologies can be seen as
while another wants it turned on because her
support for the citizen engagement. By adapting to
daughter is coming home late. Decision-making is
individual needs, and by providing direct control
not only a question about optimization (reducing
to the citizens, ownership and responsibility will
power consumption or making the streets safer),
emerge. A consequence is a shift in the municipa
but also about human convenience.
lity-citizen relationship, which results in levera-
Vote a lamppost is yet another intelligent street lighting application. The difference is that we have
ging the, yet unexploited, resource of reflective and acting citizens.
chosen to move the intelligence away from the lamppost, and instead put it into the hands of the citizens. We argue that street lighting should respond to immediate needs of citizens, and not just an intelligently thought out algorithm. Now that street lighting is becoming truly intelligent we can hand over the power to citizens – they can decide when they want their hyper local lamppost to be on, off or just dimmed. Towards technological democracy in smart cities The two above-mentioned applications are examples of developments that focus on the citizens as being reflective individuals who act and live in the city. What has become clear to us during our work is that there might be a gab between how decision-makers and citizens perceive the city. From the municipal perspective, it seems that focus is on efficiency – how to reduce costs. From the citizens’ perspective, it seems to be more about convenience and liveability. Through different smart city projects, we have seen that citizens actually care about their city, and they like participating in the making of the city if it creates an actual impact. By giving citizens a voice in the city, they become more engaged. This also puts quite a lot of responsibility back on the municipality, since citizens need to feel that they are making a difference. If a citizen reports a crack
References •B rynskov, Martin, Juan Carlos Carvajal Bermúdez, Manu Fernández, Henrik Korsgaard, Ingrid Mulder, Katarzyna Piskorek, Lea Rekow, and Martijn de Waal. 2014. Urban Interaction Design - Towards City Making. Urban IxD Booksprint. • Ckan. 2015. “Ckan - The Open Source Data Portal Software.” Accessed November 25. http://ckan.org/. • Expo, Smart City. 2015. “Smart City Expo World Congress | Home.” Accessed November 24. http://www.smartcityexpo.com/en/. • Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books. • Gutiérrez, Verónica, JoseA. Galache, Luis Sánchez, Luis Muñoz, JoseM. Hernández-Muñoz, Joao Fernandes, and Mirko Presser. 2013. “SmartSantander: Internet of Things Research and Innovation through Citizen Par ticipation.” In The Future Internet SE - 15, edited by Alex Galis and Anastasius Gavras, 7858:173–86. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38082-2_15. • Kranenburg, Rob Van. 2008. The Internet Og Things. Amsterdam: Network Notebooks. • OrganiCity. 2015. “OrganiCity.” Accessed November 24. http://organicity.eu/. • Safecast. 2015. “Safecast.” Accessed November 25. http://blog.safecast.org/. • Santander, Smart. 2012. “D4.2 SmartSantander – WP4 Working Document D4 . 2 Description of Implemented IoT Services.” • SmartSantander. 2015a. “Participatory Sensing Applica tion.” Accessed November 24. http://www.smartsantan der.eu/index.php/blog/item/181-participatory-sensingapplication. • 2015b. “SmartSantander.” Accessed November 24. http://smartsantander.eu/.
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 43
Open Data DK skaber vækst og transparens
Anna Katrine Mathiassen Aarhus Kommune ankm@aarhus.dk
Michelle Bach Lindstrøm Aarhus Kommune mbm@aarhus.dk
Vores digitale verden består af nuller og et-taller og i takt med den øgede digitalisering, bliver mængden af data større og større. Derfor er et af de nyeste buzzwords Open Data, som åbner for et helt nyt forretningsområde, hvor kernen er tilgængelig data. Men hvad er Open Data, hvad kan det bruges til og af hvem? Det offentlige har enorme mængde data, og det kan være en god ide at dele dem. I juni 2015 blev Open Data DK samarbejdet lanceret. Det har til formål at sætte Open Data på den nationale dagsorden, understøtte datadreven vækst og fremme transparensen i det danske samfund. Denne artikel vil beskrive Open Data området og tydeliggøre fordelene ved arbejdet gennem eksempler. Derudover beskriver vi, hvordan der bliver arbejdet med Open Data i Danmark. Keywords: Open data, geografisk information, smart city, digital forvaltning
Open Data Open Knowledge Foundation (www.okfn.org) er en non-profit organisation for personer, der arbejder med eller er interesserede i Open Data. De definerer begrebet åben således: ’...the data must be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable
44 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
reproduction cost, preferably by downloading over the
Open Data kan anvendes til at få indsigt i,
internet. The data must also be available in a convenient
kopiere/ distribuere, mixe/ genbruge data i andre
and modifiable form.’
sammenhænge eller helt modificere dem til at
De uddyber deres føromtalte definition med, at
eksempelvis indgå i et produkt.
dataejere ikke må lave restriktioner på, i hvilke sammenhænge dataen må bruges, eksempelvis at
Open Data som en del af Big Data bølgen
det ikke må bruge i reklamesammenhæng eller
Open Data er ikke nødvendigvis det samme som
kun må bruges til undervisning.
Big Data, men mange ideer/tanker samt erfaringer
Danmark er et af de lande i verden, hvor der er
overlapper, og således influerer begge begreber
mest gennemsigtighed i den offentlige sektor i
hinanden. I denne artikel defineres Big Data som et
forhold til informationer - for eksempelvis fra
begreb, der udspringer af den eksplosive vækst i
byrådsmøder, møder i Folketinget, national statistik
data, der følger af digitaliseringen af data. Big Data
og offentliggørelse af økonomi - og dette har i
beskrives som oftest som forholdsvis store datasæt
mange år været en tradition i den offentlige sektor.
eller med udgangspunkt i de tre V’er: Volume
Alle interesserede har mulighed for at overvære
(mængde), Velocity (hastighed) og Variety (mangfol-
møder hos beslutningstagerne eller hente oplysnin-
dighed).
ger om indholdet af deres møder. Dette er tidligere
Når virksomheder kombinerer egne Big Data
foregået manuelt på arkiver, men i takt med
med Open Data, understøtter Open Data Big Datas
digitaliseringen er al information blevet tilgænge-
indflydelse i samfundsøkonomien. Det sker, fordi
ligt i andre formater. Det er den tradition, Open
Open Data skaber gennemsigtighed, udstiller
Data DK er med til at bygge ovenpå ved at skabe over-
variationsmuligheder kombinationsmuligheder og
blik over al tilgængelig åben data på én platform.
gør det muligt for virksomheder og andre aktører
Eksempler på Open Data kan være kommunale datasæt om trafikinformation, oplysninger om
at eksperimentere med data forholdsvis omkostningsfrit.
begivenheder i byerne, oversigter over kommunale bygninger og tilbud, tilbud i naturen, oplysninger
Open Data som en del af delekulturen
om sundhedsverdenen, kommunernes arealer, virk-
Internationale succeser som boligleje- og boligbytte-
somheder i kommunen mv.
ordninger er eksempler på fremvæksten af en ny Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 45
delekultur, der ændrer den måde, vi som samfund
Potentiale ved Open Data
forbruger, arbejder, rejser og lever på. Specielt i
Der er mange forskellige måder, hvorpå data kan
byerne vækster delekulturen, og deletendensen ses
bruges, samt forskelligartede former for vækst det
som værende den nyeste trend i byerne, hvor det at
afstedkommer. Nedenstående er en række
udnytte ejendele og information på den bedst
eksempler på dette.
mulige og mest effektive måde er blevet gjort muligt på baggrund af den øgede digitalisering, den
Open Data afføder social og økonomisk vækst
teknologiske udvikling samt fokus på nye forret-
Open Data har indvirkning på den økonomiske
ningsmodeller.
vækst, hvor eksempelvis transportsektoren kan
Et eksempel herpå er organisationen Creative
nyde godt af at tilbyde nye services om transport-
Commons, der tilbyder en række simple værktøjer,
planlægning, parkeringspladser, vejfinding m.m.
der giver kunstnere, forskere og andre mulighed for
– services som også har en positiv social betydning
– helt eller delvis – at dele deres værk med andre.
i samfundet, idet det giver bedre fremkommelig-
Creative Commons har lavet en licens, hvor afsende-
hed for borgere og bilister.
ren kan skræddersy en ophavsret efter behov. Dermed deler afsenderen sit værk/arbejde med brugerene. Dette stemmer overens med definitionen af
En ny type firmaer, der tilbyder databehandling og konsulentarbejde ser også dagens lys, og firmaer af alle størrelser begynder at kombinere åbne data
Open Data, da tankegangen om deling er den
med egne data til at forbedre deres produkter og
samme (jf. definitionen fra www.okfn.org.).
udviklingsarbejde.
Modtageren skal således have fri mulighed for at
Dette ses fx hos firmaet Geoboxers (http://www.
arbejde med data, og på den måde kan Open Data
geoboxers.com/), som bruger en frittilgængelig 3D
siges at arbejde for delekulturen.
model af Aarhus i computerspillet MineCraft, og
Open Data som genstandsfelt placerer sig
spillerne kan således gå rundt i et virtuelt Aarhus.
således i mellemrummet mellem Big Data og
GeoBoxers har hentet oplysningerne til den
delekulturen, og erfaringer med disse to felter kan
virtuelle by på Aarhus Kommunes Open Data
anvendes i arbejdet med Open Data.
platform www.odaa.dk.
46 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Et andet eksempel er EU-projektet RADICAL5,
Flere rapporter viser, at der er enorme poten tialer i Open Data: • Europakommissionen beregnede i 2012 et
som sætter fokus på affald i hele Aarhus Kommune.Dette projekt er også baseret på
årligt økonomisk potentiale på 140 mia. € i de
affaldsdata, som er tilgængelige på Open Data
27 EU-lande i form af vækst for erhvervslivet
Aarhus 6. Her kan alle finde oplysninger om affald
og effektivisering 1
efter postnummer, ligesom der er forskellige
• I Danmark forventes det danske grunddata-initiativ at have en samfundsmæssig gevinst på 800 mio. kr. om året fra 2020, når initiativet er fuldt indfaset 2 • En finsk undersøgelse viser, at IT-virksom heder i lande med en vedtaget Open Data politik har en omsætning, der er 13% større end i lande, der ikke har 3 Erfaringer og analyser fra udlandet viser
oplysninger om renovation i byen med en forhåbning om, at bedre viden om miljø på sigt skaber bedre adfærd. På Miljøportalen.dk finder vi endnu et eksempel på, at Open Data forbedrer resultatet af et arbejde. Digitalisering og udstilling af data om spildevand og vandprøver har betydet, at udarbejdede vandplaner er blevet bedre, hvilket igen betyder et bedre miljø, idet medarbejderne har et bedre udgangspunkt. Læs mere om projektet her 7.
således, at jo mere Open Data er forankret, desto mere værdi kan der skabes.
Ovenstående viser, at Open Data skaber nye tiltag, innovation, nytænkning og udvikling rundt
Data er interessante for erhvervslivet, fordi de
om i byerne, hvor borgerne har mulighed for at
kan bruges som råstof i udviklingen af eksempelvis
tage initiativ til udvikling af services baseret på
applikationer, tjenester og ydelser. Data er således
deres behov. Derved påvirker Open Data borger
en ressource, der kan anvendes både til at skabe
inddragelse i en positiv retning.
nye services eller en mere effektiv forretning med vækst og arbejdspladser til følge. Qua de sidste års digitalisering af den offentlige
Open Data styrker demokratiet Open Data giver borgerne mulighed for at følge
sektor samt samfundets brug af sociale og digitale
med i, hvad det offentlige bruger dets ressourcer
medier er den samlede mængde af data steget. For
på og skaber mere transparens. Ligeledes kan de få
erhvervslivet kan man se data som et råstof, vi har,
informationer om, hvordan Folketinget og
og som vi skal bruge til at udvikle nye services
regeringen er struktureret, læse lovforslag eller
baseret på bl.a. vores digitale vaner.
følge folketingsmedlemmernes stemmehistorik. Virksomheden Buhl & Rasmussen har udviklet en
Open Data muliggør nye offentlige services
hjemmeside baseret på åbne data fra Folketingets
Open Data kan også skabe nye og mere effektive
egen hjemmeside (www.hvemstemmerhvad.dk ),
services inden for det offentlige. Det offentlige kan
hvor man kan se afstemninger og stemmefordeling
eksempelvis udnytte åbne data til effektivisering af
inddelt på parti, alder, køn eller storkreds. Niels
interne processer myndighederne imellem, lave
Erik Kaaber Rasmussen fra Buhl & Rasmussen
oversigt over kommunale legepladser eller
udtaler om projektet:
4.
’Arbejdet med folketingets data er et forsøg på at skabe
trafikken i byen . Sidstnævnte er udarbejdet af Aarhus Stiftstidende baseret på data fra www.odaa.
øget politisk transparens og lette adgangen til vigtige
dk, og viser trafikken i Aarhus.
politiske data’.
1
( European Commission, 2012) (Regeringen, 2012) 3 (http://www.etla.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/dp1260.pdf) 4 (http://www.opendata.dk/viden-om/use-cases/saadan-ser-trafikkenud-lige-nu)
5
2
6 7
ttp://genbrug.smartaarhus.dk/recycling.html h http://www.odaa.dk/dataset/affald-fra-genbrugsstationer (http://www.opendata.dk/blog/aabne-data-bekaemper-miljoesvineri)
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 47
Arbejdet med data kan bruges aktivt i forhold til folketingsvalg, og efter valget om patentdomstolen i maj 2014 afholdt interesseorganisationen Open
IKT, i Innovation og Forskning fra Region Midtjylland og medlem af Open Data DK siger følgende: ’Det offentlige sidder på en lang række data, som
Knowledge Denmark en workshop med stemmere-
potentielt kan medvirke til at øge væksten hos virksom
sultaterne. Til deres overraskelse fandt de frem til,
heder, skabe mere transparens og bedre services for
at der på Taarbæk Skole var byttet rundt på ja og
borgerne samt bedre løsninger til/af myndighedsopgaver’.
nej svarene, da den endelige indberetning blev
Han placerer dermed Open Data som en ny
sendt af sted. Fejlen blev rettet, men det ville måske
måde at tænke data, hinanden og byens ressourcer
ikke være blevet opdaget, hvis ikke workshoppen
på. Open Data DK tror på, at åbenhed og gennem-
havde fundet sted 3.
sigtighed i den offentlige sektor skaber mulighe-
Overstående eksempler viser, at arbejdet med Open Data eksempelvis kan bruges til at give nem adgang til det offentlige arbejde samt kontrollere selvsamme, hvilket i sidste ende styrker demokratier.
der, så borgere og virksomheder kan blive mere aktive medspillere i lokaldemokratiet. De førnævnte kommuner er alle i gang med Open Data arbejdet, og samtidig arbejdes der på statsligt niveau med bl.a. at fritstille grunddata jf.
Open Data DK – en by er ikke et
kommunernes fælles digitaliseringsstrategi, som
marked
bliver udgivet i 2016.
I foråret 2015 startede portalen www.opendata.dk
Open Data DK er baseret på Open Source
som er et tværkommunalt samarbejde mellem
software-platformen CKAN, som er et datamanage-
Aarhus, København, Vejle, Aalborg og Odense
mentsystem, der muliggør deling og søgning,
Kommune samt Region Midtjylland med et formål
ligesom platformen kan kommunikere med andre
om at sætte Open Data på den nationale dagsorden
sider, som bruger CKAN. Således kan kommuner og
samt at skabe en landsdækkende portal, hvor data
andre organisationer, der har egne CKAN-installati-
fra offentlige instanser og private virksomheder
oner, integreres på én fælles platform og dermed
samles. Bo Fristed, Formand for Open Data DK og
skabe et overblik for brugerne. Systemet er
IT-chef i Aarhus Kommune udtaler følgende om
internationalt anerkendt og anvendes af et flertal
samarbejdet:
af andre internationale Open Data initiativer som
’Open Data DK er et stort og vigtigt skridt for arbejdet med Open Data i Danmark og er med til at sikre en sammenhængskraft kommunerne imellem. Det er
eksempelvis data.gov.uk, Englands nationale Open Data indsats. Open Data DK er en ny form for netværk for
skelsættende, at Danmark nu får en samlet portal for Open
videndeling og samarbejde på tværs af kommunale
Data - og helt uden sidestykke internationalt’.
grænser og sektorer. Open Data er således et helt
Tanken bag Open Data DK er at skabe overblik over tilgængelig data i landet på én national platform, hvor interesserede borgere eller virksom-
nyt mindset både i forhold til brug af data og tværkommunalt arbejde. Bo Fristed fortæller: ’Samarbejdet er begyndt som uformelle møder mellem en
heder kan hente data til fri afbenyttelse, som kan
række Open Data-entusiaster og er et billede på, at der kan
danne rammen om nye applikationer, tjenester,
opnås væsentlige resultater ved at arbejde nedefra og op’.
services eller være afsæt i analyser mv. På denne
Samarbejdet er således udsprunget af en fælles
måde bliver der dannet nye, uforpligtende
interesse for Open Data, hvorfor deltagerne
partnerskaber med iværksættere/ virksomheder/
arbejder mod et fælles mål. Det er ikke kun til gavn
borgere og landets kommuner.
for de respektive byer, men ligeledes for hele
Jesper Algren, Projektleder for Digitalisering og
3
landet. Arbejdet med at gøre data frit tilgængelige
http://www.version2.dk/artikel/aabne-data-afsloerer-valgfejl-ja-og-nej-stemmer-blev-byttet-om-58873
48 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
er i høj grad både på den internationale og den nationale dagsorden. Open Data DK er således med i Open & Agile Smart Cities (OASC) et netværk af nationale by-samarbejder. Formand Martin Brynskov siger følgende: ’Visionen er at skabe et globalt Smart City marked bygget på behov, styrke konkurrenceevnen og skabe løsninger med respekt for lokale faktorer og jobskabelse’. Hermed er målet et internationalt netværk af Smart City byer, som alle arbejder med individuelle samt skalerbare løsninger, der passer til deres egen by. OASC fordrer således videndeling og sparring byerne imellem. Alt arbejde i Open Data DK er drevet af initiativer både i kommunerne og blandt de virksomheder, som er med. Således bæres arbejdet frem af lysten til arbejde med Open Data, dog er der enkelte barrierer som kan hæmme virksomheder-
afholder vi gerne, i samarbejde med andre
nes og kommunernes motivation til at arbejde med
partnere, såkaldte hackathons, hvor data bringes i
data. De beskrives i det følgende.
spil. Alt sammen for at udbrede viden om data og brugen heraf.
Manglende tilgængelighed og overblik Datadreven forretningsudvikling er tæt forbundet
Manglende information om
med adgang til data. Erhvervsstyrelsen beskriver, at
sikkerhed/privacy
der er mulighed for yderligere vækst i det danske
For at kunne udvikle services, applikationer og
erhvervsliv, såfremt tilgængeligheden af åbne
kunne skabe forretning baseret på Open Data
offentlige data øges. Offentlige data kan supplere
kræves der fra virksomhedernes side en ensartet
virksomhedernes egne data - eksempelvis kan data
rådgivning om brug af data samt en gennemsigtig
om personer og geografi bruges til at segmentere
og klar licens. Open Data DK tilstræber qua
og analysere virksomhedernes kunder. Ved at have
samarbejdet med OASC at ensarte brugen af
én portal, der giver overblik over Open Data i
licenser, og som udgangspunkt opfordres de
Danmark, understøtter Open Data DK data som
deltagende dataejere til at benytte dokumentet
vækstfaktor i det danske erhvervsliv.
”Vilkår for brug af danske offentlige data” lavet af Digitaliseringsstyrelsen. Vilkårene er i overensstem-
Manglende viden om data
melse med PSI-loven (Lov om videreanvendelse af
Danmark er et digitalt foregangsland, og der findes
den offentlige sektor informationer). Open Data DK
en række data- frontløbervirksomheder, men på
vil vejlede virksomheder og organisationer om den
trods af det, er der stadig en stor usikkerhed om de
bedste brug af data.
potentielle gevinster ved datadreven forretningsud-
Når der arbejdes med Open Data, er det vigtigt
vikling. Flere virksomheder har et behov for at
at have styr på de nødvendige love og regler, der
databegrebet afmystificeres. Open Data DK
gør sig gældende ved offentliggørelsen af data.
afholder løbende workshops og arrangementer,
Flere kommuner udtrykker en usikkerhed, når de
ligesom der deles alle de gode og relevante use
skal fritstille data, fordi de nærer frygt for at frigive
cases, der gør brug af Open Data. Derudover
personfølsom information. Data på Open Data DK Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 49
frigives inden for Persondatalovens rammer,
vores lokaldemokrati. Sammenholdt med rappor-
ligesom vi løbende undersøger nye muligheder for
terne fra EU og Erhvervsstyrelsen er det således
at sikre og anonymisere data - eksempelvis har vi
tydeligt, at Open Data er en del af fremtiden inden
udviklet en CPR-scanner der sikrer, at CPR-numre
for nytænkning af data og jobskabelse, og arbejdet
ikke kommer ud. Vi har yderligere udarbejdet en
er godt på vej.
rapport, hvor dataejere kan læse om de lovmæssige
I skrivende stund er der over 340 datasæt på
aspekter, der er relevante at have for øje; juridisk
Open Data DK-portalen fra hele Danmark omhand-
dokumentation om persondataloven, licenser,
lende alt fra natur til trafik, begivenheder m.m.,
personhenførbare oplysninger og ophavsret.
som alle er klar til at blive anvendt til applikationer og services. I øjeblikket arbejder Open Data DK
Opsummering
på at frigive så mange sammenlignelige datasæt fra
Der er flere potentielle gevinster for kommuner og
medlemmerne af Open Data DK som muligt. Det
virksomheder i at arbejde med Open Data.
gøres ved at inddrage virksomheder, uddannelses-
• Overblik over egne data på tværs af organisati-
institutioner m.fl., så der i fællesskab kan findes de
onen: Ved at få indblik i, hvilke ressourcer
data, som giver bedst mening at stille til rådighed
kommunen bruger hvor, kan de effektivisere
for offentligheden.
og optimere brugen af disse. • Optimering ved at kombinere egne og
Kunne du tænke dig at høre mere om Open Data DK eller være med?
eksterne data: Kommunernes egne data om fx
Så følg med på www.opendata.dk
trafik kan kombineres med trafikforskning,
og på twitter @OpenDataDK
hvilket kan bruges i byens fremtidige trafikplaner og -udvikling. • Datadreven innovation: På baggrund af kommunernes egne data kan borgere udvikle services baseret på borgernes egne behov, hvilket kan resultere i innovative løsninger, som dataejerne ikke selv ville have udviklet. • Øget vækst og forretningspotentiale blandt virksomheder: Før beskrevne eksempler om GeoBoxers og Buhl & Rasmussens brug af Open Data viser, at private kan skabe ydelser og produktioner af tilgængelige data, som i sidste ende kan afføde vækst. Open Data som borgere og virksomheder i hele Danmark nemt og gratis kan tilgå, vil altså kunne bruges som råstof i udviklingen af applikationer, tjenester og services eller være afsæt for analyser, tendensvurderinger, forskning osv. Samtidigt vil Open Data kunne understøtte gennemsigtigheden i den offentlige forvaltning, så borgere og virksomheder kan blive endnu mere aktive medspillere i
50 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Referencer • European Commission (2012), Digital Agenda • Regeringen/KL (2012), Gode Grunddata til alle • www.hvemstemmerhvad.dk • www.version2.dk/artikel/aabne-data-afsloerer-valgfejl- ja-og-nej-stemmer-blev-byttet-om-58873 • www.erhvervsstyrelsen.dk/sites/default/files/big-data-som-vaekstfaktor.pdf • www.opendatanow.com/2013/11/new-big-data-vs-opendata-mapping-it-out/#.VhznNyuVAaI • www.mckinsey.com/insights/business_technology/open_ data_unlocking_innovation_and_performance_with_ liquid_information • http://www.opendata.dk/viden-om/use-cases/saadanser-trafikken-ud-lige-nu • http://genbrug.smartaarhus.dk/recycling.html • http://www.opendata.dk/blog/aabne-data-bekaemper-miljoesvineri • www.okfn.org • www.geoboxers.dk Yderligere • www.opendata.dk • www.odaa.dk
reviewed
Elements of a Successful Big Data Hackathon in a Smart City Context
Thorhildur Jetzek Department of IT Management, Copenhagen Business School tj.itm@cbs.dk
This paper presents a case study of a Smart City initiative in Lyngby-Taarbæk municipality, which has successfully applied the triple helix model to create an informal collaboration between academia, government and private industry. The study recounts how a group of university students, participating in a big data hackathon, managed to create a Smart City solution prototype based on open data in only 48 hours. The solution offers to make the municipality more cost efficient and improve citizen services, while simultaneously contributing to reduced CO2 emis sions, thus addressing a difficult societal challenge. A special attention is paid to how the Smart City vision, based on the triple helix model, is used to align interests and enable an informal collaboration between heterogeneous stakeholders. This collaboration represents an underlying value network, where value generation is moving beyond the simple profit-driven mechanisms of the markets. The paper identifies three main roles in the triple helix based value network: The Influencer, the Facilitator and The Implementer. Keywords: Smart city, big data hackathon, innovation contest, energy efficiency, spatial data
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 51
Introduction
while simultaneously addressing a societal
For the past two decades, information and
challenge, namely climate change. The case data is
communication technologies (ICTs) have been
based on 5 interviews with participants from
exerting a growing influence on the nature,
different sectors, including follow-up; as well as
structure and enactment of urban infrastructure,
analysis of online content and documents provided
management, economic activity and everyday life
by the interviewees. A list over organizations
(Kitchin, 2014). This has led to a growing interest in
interviewed is provided in Appendix A. The case
the concept of Smart City. The Smart City concept
context is that of a Smart City, however the case
can be viewed as an overarching concept that
includes many other new and interesting concepts
describes a city’s ability to use data and technology
such as big data, innovation contests and open
for improving the livability and wellbeing of its
government data. The case offers insight into how
citizens1. Concurrently, there has been an increa-
different motivations can be aligned through the
sing focus on societal challenges that are reflected
triple helix model, i.e. how to motivate and enable
in our societies’ inability to sufficiently address
heterogeneous stakeholders to collectively
complex problems, such as the refugee crisis and
contribute to a common goal. Moreover, I discuss
climate change (OECD, 2011). I propose that Smart
how value can be created in a value network,
City initiatives based on informal collaboration
moving beyond the simple profit-driven mechanis-
between stakeholders in different sectors offer a
ms of the markets towards a complex network of
new model for solving these grand challenges. The
aligned interests.
key to success is a Smart City project’s ability to encourage and activate more members of society to
Urbanization and the Smart City
collectively address societal challenges. History
Urbanization, the demographic transition from rural
tells us that silo structures, which oftentimes
to urban, is associated with shifts from an agricultu-
characterize governmental organization, are poorly
re-based economy to mass industry and more
suited to tackling complex problems across sectors.
recently, technology and service. If these trends
Moreover, the market by itself lacks the incentive
continue as projected, the percentage of people living
structure and appropriate business models needed
in urban areas will increase to 70% before 20502. The
to solve societal challenges. And stakeholders with
trajectory of the rapid urban population growth is
interest and drive, such as civil society or universi-
not just an interesting fact but also requires a
ties, might lack the capital, skills and resources to
demanding imperative for sustainable development
take promising ideas to scale (Murray et al., 2010).
and better livability (Nam and Pardo, 2011). As an
In order to successfully address societal
example, although cities currently occupy less than
challenges, it is necessary for all of these stakehol-
two percent of the landmass of the earth, urban
ders to leverage their individual strengths and
residents consume over 75% of the world’s natural
capabilities. However, in order to incentivize a
resources and are primarily responsible for gre-
diverse group of people to collaborate on finding
en-house gas emissions (Marceau, 2008). Urbanization
and implementing solutions, it must be acknowled-
is also changing how we need to approach problems.
ged that their motivations and goals may vary
Multiple diverse stakeholders are now sharing a
widely. In this paper, I study a case where a loosely
physical space, which results in high levels of
organized collaboration between different
interdependence, competing values, and social and
stakeholders and sectors has succeeded in enabling
political complexity(Dawes et al., 2009; Weber and
individual participants to create and capture value,
Khademian, 2008).
1 2
http://tti.tamu.edu/group/transit-mobility/files/2013/05/3-Definitions-of-livability-handout.pdf http://www.who.int/gho/urban_health/situation_trends/urban_population_growth_text/en/
52 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Making a city smart is a novel way to approach
municipality. Lyngby-Taarbæk is a host to many
such challenges (Nam and Pardo, 2011). But what is
technology and information driven companies as
a Smart City? Bolici and Mora (2015) define Smart
well as one of the most respected technical
Cities as urban areas in which information and
universities in Europe, The Technical University of
communication technologies (ICTs) are used to
Denmark, DTU 4. The municipality has identified
solve their specific problems and support their
Lyngby-Taarbæk as a City of Knowledge & Urban
sustainable development in social, economic and/
Development. Their City of Knowledge vision
or environmental terms. The Lyngby-Taarbæk City
includes attracting and retaining knowledge-based
of Knowledge initiative defines Smart Cities as
businesses, developing Lyngby-Taarbæk into a
digital and inclusive cities that seek to optimize
university town, creating urban life, forming
how the city functions by creating synergies
networks, furthering social innovation and
between the physical and the social in the digital
internationalization, inspiring entrepreneurship,
space. According to their definition, a Smart City
and broadening municipal services to the busines-
should support relationships between authorities,
ses and citizens in Lyngby-Taarbæk 5.
businesses, organizations and citizens, mainly
The City of Knowledge initiative is designed as a
through sharing of data and information across
triple helix model (Etzkowitz, 1993; Etzkowitz and
organizational boundaries. Wikipedia3 offers this
Leydesdorff, 1995; Ranga and Etzkowitz, 2013). The
definition: A Smart City uses digital technologies
Triple Helix thesis is that the potential for
or information and communication technologies
innovation and economic development in a
(ICT) to enhance quality and performance of urban
Knowledge Society lies in the hybridisation of
services, to reduce costs and resource consumption,
elements from academia, industry and government
and to engage more effectively and actively with its
to accelerate production, transfer and application
citizens. It is safe to say that a Smart City is an
of knowledge. The City of Knowledge & Urban
emerging phenomenon and as such has no precise
Development includes stakeholders from all three
definition. However, what all of these definitions
sectors and is governed by an independent
have in common is a focus on the digital space and
organization that is jointly funded by all of the
how new technologies and new means of collabora-
sectors. The participating stakeholders all agree on
tion can facilitate and accelerate how we address
the common vision for the City of Knowledge &
many of the societal challenges that result from
Urban Development, and presumably expect to
increased urbanization.
benefit from this collaboration. However, their motivations for collaborating vary considerably.
The City of Knowledge: Lyngby-
The key to success in the triple helix model is to
Taarbæk‘s Smart City Vision
create a win-win-win situation where each of the
There are a number of Smart City initiatives in
partners can focus on their own benefits while
Denmark. Perhaps the most prominent one is
their individual contributions will add value to the
Copenhagen Smart City Initiative which has won
larger ecosystem in which they operate. Figure 1
awards like the World Smart Cities Award in 2014.
shows an example of a triple helix model.
Additionally, various smaller municipalities have
Academiamainly contributes through knowledge
started their own Smart City initiatives, although
creation which is disseminated through teaching
some of them might not explicitly use the Smart
and research. Government contributes to a healthy
City concept. One of them is Lyngby-Taarbæk
environment for innovative collaboration, creating
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city DTU is listed number 43 in Thomson Reuter’s list of the World’s most innovative Universities, and counts number 7 of all the European Universities on the list. See: http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/09/15/idUSL1N11K16Q20150915 5 http://www.vidensby.dk/English.aspx 3
4
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 53
policy and supplying necessary services, e.g. through funding organizations or open data platforms. Industry contributes through wealth generation, and provides the capital and work processes, necessary for scaling up promising ideas and introducing them to markets. The Big Data Hackathon The independent City of Knowledge & Urban Development organization governs and facilitates different networks where members develop ideas and common projects. One of these networks has a focus on climate and green technology. Network members showed an interest in gaining improved access to Lyngby-Taarbæk’s data for supporting the
Figure 1. The Triple helix model. Loosely adapted from Farinho and Ferreira, 2013.
development of data-driven smart city solutions, such as Intelligent Energy Systems. The idea to
and provided many interesting solutions. Intere-
support an innovation contest, or big data
stingly, an emerging literature on innovation
hackathon, was originally raised by DTU Compute
contests in the open data literature has shown that
department but the City of Knowledge agreed to
such contests are in many cases poorly attended
partner in the organization of the event, together
and do not produce sustainable solutions
with representatives from Lyngby-Taarbæk
(Hjalmarsson et al., 2014). However, for this
municipality and IBM, which provided IT tools to
hackathon, the results were considered as a huge
the participants. Lyngby-Taarbæk municipality
success by all participating stakeholders. Thus, I
agreed to give the hackathon participants access to
have attempted to extract the potential success
some of their data, as well as providing a descrip
factors of this hackathon from the interview data:
tion of some of the problems or challenges the
•T here was an introductory meeting where
municipality was faced with, in a hope for a
students could show up and form teams. A
potential (partial) solution. The hackathon was
positive result of this event was that the
hosted by DTU Compute in the new DTU Skylab
meeting gave the students a chance to meet
building on the18th and 19th of November 2014.
others with complementary qualifications
Simultaneously, DTU hosted a big data conference
and the resulting teams offered more diversity
where the prizes were to be awarded. The first three winning solutions were to get prizes of a
of knowledge and skill. •T he municipality not only contributed data
total of DKK 55.000, which were sponsored by
but also formalized some questions or
Danske Bank, a private company in the munici
problems they were facing. An overarching
pality. Moreover, the EU climate innovation
theme was to create a solution which would
initiative, Climate-KIC, contributed a special prize
make the lives of the citizens in Lyngby-Taar-
of DKK 10.000 for the idea providing the most
bæk easier and contribute to a more sustai-
climate friendly solution.
nable environment (special prize). This gave
Invitations were extended to university students
the participating students, who had little or
in various Danish universities, mainly through
no prior knowledge of the societal challenges
Facebook sites and student organizations. In short,
faced by municipalities, a starting point from
the hackathon was a success with 65 participants
where to develop their solutions.
54 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
• The technical and business related requests
data to the Danish elevation model, which is
for the solutions also helped the students
provided as open data by the Geodata Agency
think more broadly in terms of future
(Geodatastyrelsen). The geolocation thus has a very
applications. The solutions were required to
important function as a key identifier, making
make use of big data, have a novelty value, be
diverse sets of data interoperable.
user-friendly, scalable and have commercial potential. • The students were somewhat motivated by the
Having access to the property data gave them information about the age of the building and from that they extrapolated the type of insulation
cash prize but even more motivated by the
in different houses. From the thermal images they
fact that prominent members of industry
could draw conclusions on the relationship
were a part of the panel of judges. Other
between the insulation and how well the house
industry stakeholders were supporting the
retained heat. Based on (openly available) data
hackathon with IT solutions and prizes. As
from several providers of insulation material they
many of the participating students were just
could calculate the potential cost of insulating an
about to finish their studies, they needed
old house to a modern standard. They looked at
industry contacts.
(provided but closed) data on heating sources and expenses for the properties owned by Lyngby-
From Hackathon to a Startup Company
Taarbæk, and from combining all these data, they
The winning team consisted of 6 individuals, 2
could deduce how cost-efficient it would be to
with computer science skills, 3 with mathemati-
insulate different houses and the magnitude of
cal modelling and machine learning skills (all
possible environmental effects (reduced CO2). The
five from DTU) and one student from CBS with a
interesting thing about how these students
business administration background. They had
approached this task is that they did not only
an opportunity to meet once before the hackat-
utilize a single dataset provided by the municipali-
hon to brainstorm, but all of the real work
ty as has been shown to be the case in many open
happened in the 48 hours of the hackathon
data applications, but rather combined the
itself. In the following, the solution itself is
datasets provided with openly available data from
described.
other sources.
Lyngby-Taarbæk provided a number of data
Afterwards, the winning team calculated for
sources from different departments in the
each property whether or not it would be
municipality. The choice of data was more or less
cost-efficient to implement solar panels. For this
ad hoc, based on which data could easily be
they used the elevation model to find the angle
provided. The winning team arrived to the contest
and orientationof the roof, information about
with a semi-structured idea in mind from the
yield based on angle and orientation (from
brainstorming meeting. They started by looking at
various sources), open data on yearly solar
data on buildings owned by the municipality and
radiation from Danish Meteorological Institution
thermographic images of houses in Lyngby-Taar-
(DMI) and available information from different
bæk. Next, they created a program that could link
solar panel vendors (prices pr. m2, efficiency pr.
the addresses of buildings owned by the municipa-
m2, efficiency guarantees etc.). From their
lity (provided in an excel spreadsheet) to a geolo
knowledge about roof sizes (provided open data),
cation. From this geolocation they could link the
energy costs (open data) and composition of
addresses to the map of thermographic images and
energy sources (provided closed data), they could
see which houses were losing most heat. They
also calculate the eco footprint for individual
could also use the geolocation to connect these
houses. As the group had access to data on Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 55
Figure 2. The winning team (Source: www.DTU.dk)
current energy sources for the municipality´s
open data literature shows that many of the
own buildings, they could present a solution that
solutions that have been developed in open data
could make the municipality more cost- and
innovation contests are not sustained, in the sense
energy efficient. While they did not have such
that they fail when it comes to scaling up and
detailed data for all the privately owned property
developing the solution for the market. A
in the municipality, they could calculate the
suggested reason for this is that the public sector
energy efficiency of solar panels based on the roof
participants that often plan and execute such
size and direction and then calculate estimated
contests do not have the capabilities or the funds
energy savings. Hence, the solution delivers
required to function as innovation incubators
openly available content, which can help the
and/or accelerators. While Lyngby-Taarbæk
citizens of Lyngby-Taarbæk municipality make
municipality has committed some funding to
informed decisions about how to influence their
further the development of the product for use in
own energy costs and eco-footprint. The solution
the municipality, the winning team‘s dream was
was simultaneously addressing the need for more
to develop the solution further and make it ready
cost efficient municipality, the need for improved
for general marketing. However, such develop-
citizen services and the ability to improve energy
ment requires f unding and support. The winning
efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
team founded a company, Picodat, and continue
One of the sponsors of this contest was
to develop their solution. They are currently
Climate-KIC, EU’s main climate innovation
working on a more general solution which can be
initiative. Climate-KIC has an acceleration
marketed for other municipalities in Denmark
program for entrepreneurs in Denmark and their
and hopefully later in Europe as well.
representative encouraged the winning team to apply for funding so they could develop their
Discussion and Findings
ideas further. This is a very important element for
In this section, I discuss some of the main findings
further development of data-driven products. The
that emerged from the case data analysis.
56 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figure 3. A screenshot of the winning solution. (Source: Picodat)
Different roles of stakeholders in the triple
minate knowledge to society. Accordingly, they like
helix model
to test some of their new ideas and methods with
The idea that the university, industry and govern-
real data and applications. DTU acted as the thought
ment are relatively equal interdependent and
leader or the driver behind the hackathon, mostly to
interacting institutional spheres is the basis of a
raise awareness of how data and data science could
triple helix society (Etzkowitz et al., 2007). However,
contribute to society. While the other partners (from
these spheres are not only autonomous but
the municipality and industry) did not previously
overlapping, not entirely distinct but not completely
have any structured data-related initiatives, they
merged either (ibid). Thus, I conceptualize three
were happy to go along with ideas and initiatives
stakeholder roles, moving away from the instituti-
leading in this direction. Thus, in this triple-helix
ons themselves and their roles in society, and
constellation, the academic stakeholder has the role
towards the individual stakeholders that represent
of Influencer.
these organizations within a triple helix collaborative initiative. Doing so, I propose, will provide an
Government
extra layer to the triple helix model, representing a
Lyngby-Taarbæk does not yet have an open data
value network of aligned interests, where roles can
strategy or a specific open data initiative, so they did
be switched or spheres can provide more than one
not function as influencers in this particular triple
role, which can explain how they overlap.
helix setup. However, the municipality was willing to experiment and provided access to data in the
Academia
hackathon and information on problems in need of
The academic partner in this particular triple helix
solving. Moreover, the role of Lyngby-Taarbæk’s City
model was the stakeholder that originally came up
of Knowledge organization as a coordinator between
with the idea of a big data hackathon. The Universi-
the different stakeholders was very important for
ty’s organizational role is to do research and to disse-
keeping all the partners aligned. For this case, I Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 57
propose that government acted as the Facilitator as
ment data, and perceived the hackathon as a
their contribution was important for creating the
potential venue to raise awareness to this issue.
right environment, including aligning the incenti-
The stakeholders from the municipality were
ves of different participants.
interested in seeing a practical example that could demonstrate how their own (siloed) data
Industry
could be used more effectively, for increased
The presence of industry in the panel of judges in the
efficiency and improved services. The stakeholder
hackathon itself, as well as industry’s contribution to
from Climate-KIC was primarily motivated by the
winning prizes, clearly created an incentive for the
prospect of supporting solutions that could
students to participate. However, industry played a
contribute to reducing CO2. Other industry
larger role in the development of the final product.
sponsors were motivated by having access to
The panel of judges contributed important knowled-
future talent or present their products and/or
ge regarding commercial potential and scalability of
services. The participants in the hackathon were
the solutions presented. Moreover, Climate-KIC
mainly university students. While cash prizes and
ultimately provided the funding necessary to take the
just having fun were most likely strong motivatio-
idea to the next level, contributing to a sustainable so-
nal factors, some of them were motivated by the
lution6. I propose that industry played the role of
prospect of getting industry contacts and others
Implementer. Hjalmarsson et al. (2014) argue that only
by their wish to start their own company. The
a limited number of results from contests successfully
members of the City of Knowledge & Urban
reach the end user market. Having implementers on
Development were motivated by the potential of a
board increases the chance of promising ideas being
successful outcome, which could also promote
implemented in practice, thus, this role might have
Lyngby-Taarbæk as a Smart City.
been missing in some earlier open data hackathons
Interestingly, while different stakeholders
that did not provide sustainable solutions. Moreover,
exhibited different motivations and drivers, they
after a company is founded (in this case Picodat), the
collectively addressed a societal challenge through
participants in the hackat hon become Implementers
the hackathon, i.e. climate change. As this wasn’t
themselves.
the primary goal of any of the stakeholders besides Climate-KIC, this finding is presented as evidence
Value network
of the usefulness of such a triple helix setup for
Through this case study I want to contribute to
creating an environment where complex societal
knowledge on how a constellation of heterogene-
challenges can addressed through synergies that
ous partners in a Smart City context can collecti-
arise when strengths of individual sectors are
vely generate new value from existing data. One of
combined. The City of Knowledge and Urban
the findings is that different stakeholders in a
Development has created an environment where
triple-helix constellation not only have different
the interests of different stakeholders with
roles, they are also differently motivated. The
different motivations are successfully aligned,
academic stakeholders were interested in
ultimately creating a win-win-win situation, which
stimulating interest in big data, in order to
made the resulting outcome possible. Ultimately,
further research, develop new methods and
all of the interviewed stakeholders shared the
contribute to knowledge. Moreover, they were
notion that the success of the winning team,
interested in getting access to more open govern-
Picodat, equaled their own success.
6 It might be controversial to include Climate-KIC in the Industry category as they are a PPP which include industry partners, academic partners and public/not-for-profit organizations, thus representing a triple helix setup on their own. However, as they are 50% business, 30% academic and 20% public and not-for-profit, they are included with industry. http://www.climate-kic.org/about/how-we-are-organised/
58 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Other findings related to use of open/big data
they utilized calculations that require some
Research has pointed out that there are five
in-depth knowledge of concepts such as energy
main dimensions that contribute to the state of
efficiency. Moreover, they used a variety of
openness of individual datasets (Jetzek, 2015).
available information to draw conclusions
These are: strategic dimension (availability),
(increase their knowledge) about the cost-efficien-
economic dimension (affordability), legal
cy of different approaches. The team needed to
dimension (reusability), conceptual dimension
pitch their solution to the committee of judges
(interoperability) and technical dimension (usabi-
and explain why it had potential to generate value
lity, accessibility and discoverability). In the case
for the municipality. Besides technical skills, they
of Picodat, the availability dimensions is quite
also needed, and made use of, business perspecti-
important as the team could find a number of
ves. It is encouraging to see how the students
available datasets online that were not provided
managed to capitalize on the diversity of their
by the Hackathon. The same goes for affordabili-
group and utilize this diversity in their efforts to
ty, it would have been a barrier if they had been
generate a solution that is both easy to under-
forced to pay for access to these data. As for the
stand but at the same time quite sophisticated.
other dimensions, Picodat did not comment on
Hopefully their solution will not only help reduce
open licenses or lack thereof. However, their
CO2 emissions in Lyngby-Taarbæk, but all around
dependence on open licenses might increase
Europe in the future. I personally hope that this
when they start to commercialize their solution.
will be one of many initiatives that will drive
Interoperability between heterogeneous datasets
more open access to an increasing number of data
did not seem to be a barrier in this case either, as
sources, which can later be used to address
all the different datasets were linked through
societal challenges through improved information
the geolocation, which functioned as a common
dissemination and scientific knowledge, as well as
identifier. The technical dimension did not seem
commercial products and services.
to be very important for this prototype work, although some of the data that were used were
Conclusion
discovered through web searches and therefore
The case of Picodat is a case of a successful
depended on the discoverability of the respective
hackathon that resulted in a new big data startup
data sources. Some of the data weren’t provided
company and a solution that offers a potential for
or available in very user friendly formats,
Lyngby-Taarbæk to increase their own energy
however this did not discourage Picodat from
efficiency and improve citizen service. Moreover,
using them. Admittedly, this sentiment might
the solution contributes to the important goal of
change when they try to scale up their solution
addressing climate change by reducing CO2
and make it more re-usable across different
emissions. The City of Knowledge and Urban
municipalities. Moreover, it should be noted that
Development managed to align the interests of
Picodat had direct access to the custodians of
different stakeholders through use of the triple-
most of the data, which might not be the case
helix model, despite quite different motivations
when they develop the solution for other
and goals. In this case I have identified three
countries.
stakeholder roles for the triple helix model: The
Picodat made good use of all the talent in their
Influencer, the Facilitator and the Implementer.
team and their ability to use complex mathema
For future research, it could be interesting to
tical modelling is considered as an important
analyze and compare successful and unsuccessful
factor in the success of their solution. Moving
big data hackathons and search for existence of
beyond the mashing-up of different sets of data,
these different roles. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 59
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•N am, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. In Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times (pp. 282-291). ACM. • Murray, R., Caulier-Grice, J. & Mulgan, G. (2010). The Open Book of Social Innovation. Available: http://www.nesta. org.uk/publications/open-book-socialinnovation • OECD: Fostering Innovation to Address Social Challenges. Workshop Proceedings (2011), http://www.oecd.org/sti/ inno/47861327.pdf • Ranga, M., & Etzkowitz, H. (2013). Triple Helix systems: an analytical framework for innovation policy and practice in the Knowledge Society. Industry and Higher Education, 27(4), 237-262. • Weber, E. P., & Khademian, A. M. (2008). Wicked pro blems, knowledge challenges, and collaborative capacity builders in network settings. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 334-349. Conducted interviews • Interview 1: CEO, Picodat • Interview 2: Project Manager, Lyngby-Taarbæk City of • Knowledge and Urban Development • Interview 3: Entrepreneurship Lead, Climate KIC • Interview 4: CIO, Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality • Interview 5: Associate Professor, DTU (Follow-up also included a professor at DTU)
Smart Cities Around The World
Maria Skou Innovation Centre Denmark in Seoul Ministry of Foreign Affairs marisk@um.dk
Nicklas EchsnerRasmussen Innovation Centre Denmark in Seoul, University of Copenhagen, nicech@um.dk.
Smart Cities are much more than fast internet connection, big data, and interlinked applications. The key is to set the human – both as a user and a citizen – at the core of the smart solutions, and keep the local context firmly in mind in order to gain most from the technology. In order to unleash the potential of Smart Cities in Denmark, it is obvious to learn from experiences from abroad in relation to what it means to be a smart and digital city, and where the synergies with Danish strongholds are to be found. The Innovation Centre Denmark is located in six of the biggest and most technology-oriented mega hubs in the world: Silicon Valley, Shanghai, Munich, Sao Paolo, New Delhi and Seoul. We have spent some time investigating how smart cities develop, which policies are implemented and who the major stakeholders are. This article outlines some trends and policies taking a point of departure in North American, South Korean and German projects and decisions. Keywords: Smart City, Spatial Data, Innovation, ICT, Infrastructure, Energy Efficiency, Government, Policies, U-city
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 61
Introduction
hosting 325 headquarters of IoT companies,
Just like cities are not made up by the bricks but by
smaller start-ups as well as enormous tech
its inhabitants, Smart Cities are much more than
companies such as Cisco, Google, Apple and Intel.
fast internet connection, big data, and interlinked
Forecasts predict that no less than 75 billion IoT
applications. The key is to set the human – both as
units will be connected in 2020, pushing the
a user and citizen – at the core of the smart
development of city 2integration . The decreasing
solutions, and keep the local context firmly in
price of sensors as well as improved wireless and
mind in order to gain most from the technology.
cloud-based solutions has let the technologies
Smart Cities has been a buzzword for a number
diffuse into people’s everyday lives.
of years, and it is stated to contain endless
In terms of innovation capability and technolo-
opportunities for growth and welfare. Although
gical research, the U.S. is clearly the nation
full-scale Smart Cities and real market opportuniti-
spearheading global R&D and innovation. The
es are only emerging slowly, it is an area that not
development is driven primarily by the private
only Denmark seeks to exploit and benefit from; it
sector, which underlines the key characteristic
is also an area within which Denmark has better
behind the American leading position: Innovation
conditions for excelling than most other countries.
has been achieved on the background of beneficial
In order to unleash the Danish potential,
legislation enabling conducive public-private
develop, and capitalize from smart city technolo-
partnerships and a thriving entrepreneurial
giesit is paramount that we understand how the
community. Nowhere is this more evident than in
rest of the world positions itself in relation to what
Silicon Valley.
it means to be a smart and digital city, and where
At the same time, however, the greater San
the synergies with Danish strongholds are to be
Francisco area is also the best example of the
found.
paradox that the US presents us with. New
The Innovation Centre Denmark is located in six
technologies, smart solutions, and innovative
of the biggest and most technology-oriented mega
business models are abundant, but Smart City
hubs in the world: Silicon Valley, Shanghai,
infrastructures are conspicuously few. In terms of
Munich, Sao Paolo, New Delhi and Seoul. We have
the ICT infrastructure, only 7,7 % of the population
spent some time investigating how smart cities
in the US has optical fiber internet (the fastest and
develop, which policies are implemented and who
highest quality available), and San Francisco ranks
the major stakeholders are. This article will outline
a low number 208 out of 408 cities in terms of city
some trends and policies taking a point of
3
departure in American, South Korean and German projects and decisions.
connectivity . The potential has been recognized by the
Obama administration in the latest Smart Cities Initiative, released in September 2015, wherein
Case 1: USA
“the opportunity to be a global leader” is acknow-
In many ways the US is the absolute leader within
ledged. In terms of federal spending, $ 45 million is
the field of smart cities technologies. One of the
allocated to new grants and proposed investments
most prominent trends is using Internet of Things
to build a research infrastructure for Smart Cities
(IoT) as the next level in smart cities development.
by the National Science Foundation and National
1
According to IoT Analytics seven of the top-10
Institute of Standards and Technology, as well as an
Internet of Things (IoT) cities in the world are
additional total of $ 115 million to find new
located in the US, with San Francisco as no. 1
solutions to public policy challenges. Also,
http://iot-analytics.com/top-15-internet-of-things-cities/ http://www.slideshare.net/GridPoint 3 http://onesanfrancisco.org/wp-content/uploads/Agenda-Item-4-DT-Connectivity-Presentation-Revised.pdf 1 2
62 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figure 1. The World’s Leading IoT hubs
initiatives and policies including investment grants
impeccable ICT infrastructure. Ultra-fast LTE
dedicated to Smart Grid projects totaling $ 3.4
network (4G) is accessible in most of South Korea,
billion have been launched by the current admini-
making it the most connected country in the
stration. The grants follow an industry matching
world. There is a 100 % LTE penetration rate in
model, meaning that every private investment
Seoul with 831 free wi-fi zones provided by the
made will be matched by federal grants. This is an
local government, and one of the major banks in
unparalleled investment scheme and one that
South Korea has funded mobile phone chargers at
underlines the fact that the current government
these Wi-Fi spots, so everyone can access the
wishes to maintain and develop the American
internet and get their phones charged at designa-
leading position within smart cities. As the
ted spots in the city. In January 2014, the South
U.S.-model represents the most market driven
Korean government announced that it will
approach to smart cities, it will be of huge interest
upgrade the country’s wireless network to 5G by
to see what solutions and business models will be
2020 making downloads about 1,000 times faster
developed in the coming years, both in large
than with the current LTE (4G) network. Moreover,
corporations as well as in small and medium sized
in September 2014, the European Union and South
companies. This will have a global impact on the
Korea agreed to cooperate on developing ultra-fast
perception and development of smart cities.
fifth-generation wireless communications networks, i.e. 5G. The agreement covers govern-
Case 2: South Korea
ment, research and educational institutes and
Since 2003, South Korea has retained its top spot in
private companies, and aims to forge a consensus
the United Nations E-Government Development
on key functionalities for the new standard by the
Index, which among other things is due to its
end of 2015. The big telecommunications compaPerspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 63
U-City
Smart City
Purpose
Solutions to urban problems, improvement of quality of life, job creation, use of data, system efficiency
Solutions to urban problems, improvement of quality of life, job creation, low-cost and high efficient space
Concept
Physical capital ICT centric Digital city
Physical + social capital Digital + knowledge city Intelligent city
Target
New towns System integration basis Service system
Old & new towns Solution basis Smart grid
Agent
Central and local governments
Private firms (Cisco, IBM, etc.), institutions and universities
Means
Government driven U-city world forum U-city road show
Global city alliances Governments, academia, NGO, City protocol society
Tabel 1. The different U-city and Smart City concepts
4
Source: Korean Planning Association
niesand the South Korean government agreed on a
national development and national safety measu-
roll-out plan for 5G network starting from 2017.
res. Additionally, the second plan seeks to support
Thus, South Korea will maintain its technological
private companies in developing U-city technologi-
front runner status and prepare for future ICT
es and promoting overseas business through
functionalities, also in the smart cities’ area.
international cooperation. Target countries are
Unlike the smart city concept, which originated
among others Mongolia and Malaysia.
in Western countries, the South Korean U-city
The most prominent U-city example is the
(Ubiquitous City) is driven by establishment of
creation of the U-city Project in the Incheon Free
ubiquitous ICT systems in new towns mostly
Economic Zone (“IFEZ”), also called New Songdo
through government/local government top-down
City. The gross area is total 209 km2 including
measures; Smart city is a concept centered around
Songdo, Yeongjong and Cheongra, which are all
physical, intellectual and social capital in existing
areas reclaimed from the shallow waters of the
cities (see table below). This implies that the South
Yellow Sea. Each area has a different development
Korean central government and local governments
concept, such as international business and
are the main drivers to U-cities development in
high-tech industry for Songdo, logistics, tourism
South Korea.
and leisure for Yeongjong, and international
The South Korean Government established a
finance and sport leisure for Cheongra. IFEZ is the
first phase of the U-city plan from 2009 to 2013,
leading U-city project and runs from 2006- 2020
and a second phase plan is running from 2014 to
with a budget of approximately $ 490 million. The
5
New Songdo City is built to be smart from the
2018. The first plan focused on setting up the
basic infra-structure for U-city, the second plan is
beginning. A key element is the Operations Centre
trying to combine U-city with various national
which manages a large number of wireless CCTV’s
agendas such as urban regeneration, balanced
to monitor and overview the city in terms of for
4 5
http://cityprotocol.org/ Korean Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation
64 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
Figure 2. Infrastructure in Seoul, Korea
instance safety and security (disaster, fire and crime), traffic and transportation information. Many other U-city projects in Korea are heavily
results in uncertainty of on-going projects. The viability of the Korean U-city concept will be tested in the coming years with the emerging IoT
focused on the traffic sector. Bus information
technologies, the focus on healthy living and
service applications are common and are created
citizens, as well as the efforts to export to countries
via using open data. A well-known example is the
where lack of ICT infrastructure is a key factor.
Daum Kakao’s taxi app Kakao Taxi, which has
Most importantly, however, is Korea’s ability to
proven to become the ‘Korean Uber’. Kakao Taxi
keep being the main developer of future ICT
finds the fastest available cab based on the
infrastructure, which is widely considered to be
distance, traffic, and ETA. After identification, it
the main competitive advantage of the Korean
sends the driver’s name, photo, phone number and
U-city concept.
car information to the passenger. The passenger can also send notification messages to friends
Case 3: Germany
telling the ride information. As the ride is finished,
In Germany, the main element of smart cities is
both the passenger and the driver can rank their
sustainable growth and transportation, and how
service and experience. In the near future, Daum
smart solutions can improve energy management
Kakao is planning on adding its payment service
and achieve energy-efficiency. The Federal govern-
Kakao Pay or Bank-Wallet Kakao to Kakao Taxi.
ment launched the 2010-plan to phase out nuclear
The challenge with the Korean U-city concept is
power, which puts heavy emphasis on developing
that it is mainly driven by the government. Several
renewable energy technologies as well as energy-ef-
Korean ministries are involved in the national
ficient solutions. Grounded in historical reasons,
U-city scheme and they sometimes fail to coordina-
Germany has a huge interest in privacy and data
te their planning of policies and budgets. Moreover,
protection – perhaps to the furthest extent in the
U-city projects are highly up to political decisi-
world. Hence, this is a prerequisite for the develop-
on-making, thus a possible change of government
ment. Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 65
Figure 3. Map of Smart cities and energy efficient regions
Thus, ”Efficient Energy Use” plays a crucial role
counties, municipalities, regional associations and
in Germany’s smart cities’ conceptualization. Many
cities in Germany that are following this goal. The
municipalities and regions in Germany have set
project supports committed actors in the regions
the goal of Renewable Energy Self-sufficiency
through communication, transfer and networking
(RESS). Main drivers are Munich, Berlin, Hamburg,
services. In addition, the contest ”Energy-Efficient
and Mannheim. The Federal Ministry of Economics
City” of the Federal Ministry of Education and
and Energy therefore promotes research on energy
Research aims at increasing the target energy
efficient cities and energy efficient heating and
efficiency in cities and municipalities geared
cooling networks. In addition to the energetic
towards the climate protection targets of the
optimization of individual buildings, the aim of
Federal Government and the relevant municipal
raising energy efficiency depends crucially on a
structures and functions.
comprehensive approach to urban areas as well as
“Elektromobilität” (e-cars) is another major
to local and district heating networks. This
focus area for the German government. It is
potential is improved significantly via intelligent
expected that Germany will have one million
use and networking of innovative technologies
e-vehicles by 2020 and 6 million in 2030, meaning
with research and pilot projects.
that Germany will be a leading provider and a
Germany launched a project called “100 %
leading market for electric mobility by 2020.
Erneuerbare-Energie-Regionen”. This project
Germany had 24,000 electric vehicles on its roads
identifies and monitors regions, municipalities
in 2014. The Federal Ministry of Transport,
and cities that want to convert their future energy
Building and Urban Affairs has implemented a
supply entirely to renewable energy. At present,
program named “Electro-mobility model regions”
there are already more than one hundred and forty
in Germany. The electric mobility scheme is
6
https://us.drive-now.com/#
66 • Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015
financially supported in eight German metropoli-
only vaguely opened the black box that the concept
tan regions and the funding comes from funds
of Smart Cities constitutes. However, we see some
from an economic stimulus package. Another
distinct characteristics of the continents embodied
aspect of smart transportation and ‘Elektromobi-
by the three countries.
lität’ is the DriveNow software 6program . The
While the U.S. is heavily favoring the involve-
connected car integration enhances the consumer
ment of the private sector in development of smart
experience by connecting the DriveNow users’ daily
cities, the South Korean U-city approach is much
needs across content categories as well as providing
more top-down and government controlled.
access to real-time information and a personalized
Expanding the view to include a wider range of
view of their surroundings. This interactive
Asian countries one would find that South Korea is
solution dovetails with BMW’s overarching goal to
actually very liberal compared to China or Japan.
become the leading provider of electric mobility.
Germany also has a strong government
The program received recognition from media
involvement in Smart City initiatives but with a
outlets including Wired.
specific aim to reduce energy consumption and
On the R&D side, the research foundation
generate a shift from fossil fuels to renewables. A
Fraunhofer has launched the Fraunhofer Morgen-
bold strategy backed by the industry and research
stadt, which is a large-scale project addressing the
institutions paving the way for many comprehensi-
various challenges and opportunities of Smart Cities.
ve solutions with a potential global impact. The
The Morgenstadt program explores how district-level,
article has furthermore highlighted the difference
municipal and regional demonstration and innovati-
between an infrastructure and application focus.
on projects, which integrate clean technologies with
Again, this is a distinction that would stand out
business models, can result in Cities of the Future
even more if we include for instance India or
with net-zero emissions, minimal waste and
Brazil, where basic infrastructure still is a major
7
maximum quality of life for its citizens .
challenge. In a country such as the U.S. the ICT
In Munich, the “Smart Cities and Communities
backbone is still not aligned between urban and
solutions integrating energy, transport, ICT sectors
remote rural areas, whereas South Korea has an
through lighthouse (large scale demonstration
impeccable infrastructure and a strong focus on
– first of the kind) projects” started in 2014-2015.
functionality and technical systems, and now needs
The total budget for the projects is approximately €
to shift their priorities and put the user at the core.
200 million. The plan stems from the Munich City
This is where the Danish focus on user-friendliness
Council decision “Climate Protection Program
and human utility comes into the picture. Danish
2013”, which includes more than 60 individual
smart city solutions are unique and the leading
measures in eight actions fields. The scope is to
principle seems to be that the more inclusive we can
identify, develop and deploy replicable, balanced
make our solutions the better they will fare.
and integrated solutions in the energy, transportati-
This is something valuable that Danish busines-
on sectors, and ICT actions through partnerships
ses, municipalities and researchers can bring to the
between municipalities and industries. The projects
table, if they want to collaborate internationally.
will be lighthouse projects as identified by the Com-
Likewise, the private initiative, the strong strategic
munication on Smart Cities and 8Communities .
aims and the focus on ICT systems from the three countries described are strongholds that also Danish
Conclusion
partners could learn from. The combination and
This brief presentation of policies and trends has
innovation of smart cities has only just begun.
7 8
http://www.morgenstadt.de/en.html http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-Gesundheit-und-Umwelt/Klimaschutz_und_Energie/Klimaschutzstrategie/IHKM.html
Perspektiv nr. 25 • 2015 • 67
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