USA-CANADA EDITION · ISSUE 27 · 2019
Fungi
FREE COPY
FREE COPY
Life Under the Surface
Art by Nicholas Di Genova
HELLIQ,N DE 600-7.50W HPS At 600W setting PPFD = 1200 -1225 umol At 750W setting PPFD = 1500 -1550 umol
S: UPERIO.R DE T:ECHNO.LO.GY FREEDO.M T:O.. MO.VE THAT: WO.NT: CO.O:K YO.UR PLANT:S! ,· -··
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The Hellions can sit comfortably just 45cm above your plant canopy, maximum light penetration without the burn!
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Adjust-A-Wings reflectors are purposefully lightweight.
Air movement in the grow room will gently sway the reflector, lighting areas that static fixtures cannot.
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Set your system up to suit your growing area. A fixture style combination unit or a remote ballast unit.
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CONTENTS
STEALTH SCIENCE PART V
PRODUCT SPOTLIGHTS
9
22 CANNABIS & CHRONIC PAIN
GROWING GINGER IN NORTHERN GARDENS
70 WHO’S GROWING WHAT WHERE
45 40
I N TH IS ISSU E O F GA R D EN C U LT U R E :
62 THE FOLIAR FRONTIER
58
7 Foreword
53 Best of the Blog: Top 5 Flowers to Grow with Veggies
9 Product Spotlight
56 UN’s 62nd Commission of Narcotic Drugs
18 Phytomicrobiom - Fungal Defense
58 The Foliar Frontier
22 Are you out of JADAM mind
62 Cannabis & Chronic Pain
26 Fungi - A Food Forest’s Best Friends
66 Veganic Agriculture
32 5 Cool Finds
70 Stealth Science Part V
36 Detox With Fruit & Fasting
78 Plaintain:The Overlooked Medicinal Weed
40 Growing Ginger in Northern Gardens
83 Ask a Ph.D.
45 Who’s Growing What Where
84 Organic to Synthetic and Shades Between
48 Eagle 20 - A Look at the Known Unknowns
88 Living Organic Soil - Digging a Bit Deeper 5
FOREWORD & CREDITS
FOREWORD
I
’m writing this in my hotel room in Sydney, Australia, after a fantastic weekend at the HHI expo. It is an oppor tunity to meet amazing people, find answers to a couple of my
questions, and create new questions to answer. I love these
· ISSU E 27
WWW.G ARDENC ULTURE MAGAZI
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Eric 3
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Happy Growing,
EDIT
So many of the questions I have about organic gardening are where the ideas for these ar ticles star t — for example, the ar ticle Phytomicrobiom - Fungal Defense, by Florian Henrich. We met at Spannabis; he was so passionate about fungi and told me this fantastic story about how fungal spores move throughout the plant. Now we can share it with you. We are blessed here at Garden Culture to have some of the leading research minds in our industry when it comes to microbiology. In our new series Ask a Ph.D., Colin Bell and his team of researchers at Growcentia (the creators of Mammoth P) will answer questions from you, our readers, about how bacteria and mycorrhizae work, whether it be indoors or out, hydroponics, you name it. Don’t be shy; email your questions to editor@gardenculturemagazine.com.
ADA
But it’s a different story indoors. Maybe my pots are too small, or I’m adding too much or not enough of some critical element. I’m not sure, but I am learning a lot and plan to master it one day. Bacteria and fungus are crucial, but I’m still looking for the door.
ED I TO R Catherine Sherriffs cat@gardenculturemagazine.com
re.org
senatu
echoo
www.w
DESIGN Job Hugenholtz job@gardenculturemagazine.com D I G I TA L & SO CI A L M A R K E T I N G CO O R D I N ATO R Serena Sayers serena@gardenculturemagazine.com +1-514-754-0062 ADVERTISING ads@gardenculturemagazine.com PUBLISHER 325 Media INC 44 Hyde Rd, Mille-Isles QC, Canada J0R 1A0 GardenCultureMagazine.com ISSN 2562-3567 (Print) · ISSN 2562-3575 (Online) Garden Culture is published six times a year, both in print and online.
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D I ST R I B U T I O N PA R T N ER S • Hydrofarm • Rambridge • pHive.8 • Autopot USA • Biofloral USA • Eddi’s • Biofloral
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from 325 Media Inc.
Cover artwork: Original drawing by Nicholas Di Genova @nicholasdigenova
27 · 2019
N - CA
For the past 20 years, I have grown with synthetic nutrients in one hydroponic system or another. I love the control of synthetic nutrients, especially indoors. But I also like the idea of organic growing. The problem is, I’m having a bit of a hard time figuring it out. That doesn’t mean I’m giving up on organic growing. Outdoors, all my gardens are 100% natural. My medical herbs, berries, and vegetables are bumper crops every year and have quality and flavor that you can never find at a supermarket. Nothing beats the sun and really rich, microbially active soil.
N · ISSUE A EDITIO ANAD
Fungi
USA
honing your skills.
USA-C
G WIN GRO OF ART THE
you to rethink the way you do things, experimenting, and
PRESIDENT Eric Coulombe WE eric@gardenculturemagazine.com OSE H +1-514-233-1539 C OTURE A N E XCU T I V E ED I TO R Celia Sayers celia@gardenculturemagazine.com +1-514-754-1539
E TUR CUL
there willing to share their knowledge with us. It motivates
Special thanks to: Albert Mondor, Caroline Rivard, Catherine Sherriffs, Chris Matich, Dr. Colin Bell, Evan Folds, Florian Henrich, Gareth Hopcroft & Ben Blandford, Grubbycup, Jessica Steinberg, Kyle L. Ladenburger, Nico Hill, Rich Hamilton, Simon Hart, Tom Forrest, and Nicholas Di Genova. D E N G A R
events. There are so many passionate, smar t people out
CREDITS
7
to i l i s a F
r
Pure, , d e t ntra Conce ct i n g A t s a and F Exclusively available from Hydrofarm The Flagship of the Aptus Product Lineup, Fasilitor is a patented formula that works by increasing vascular pressure within the plant to heighten mineral translocation throughout its entire structure, resulting in more complete, robust, and quality tissue formation. Unlike other silica products on the market that contain potassium or calcium silicates and take weeks or months to become available, Fasilitor’s monomeric (single molecule) silicic acid is absorbed into your plant within minutes. The patented and stabilized concentration of monomer silicic acid par ticles allows for fast response against abiotic and biotic stress factors (environmental and pests), shor ter internodal spacing, incredible bioavailability, and increased yields all while utilizing natural mechanisms within the plant to gain these benefits. Visit aptus-holland.com to learn more about the entire product line.
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Hydrofarm has partnered with RediRoot to create Commercial Dirt Pots—fabric planters designed for the commercial grower. Available in bulk packs and featuring a sturdy, top-stitched rim for easier filling. Commercial Dirt Pots are recycled, recyclable, and BPA-free. Commercial Dirt Pots come in 14 sizes, from 1 gallon to 200 gallons, and our seven most popular sizes are also available with handles for easy lifting. • No root circling • Breathable fabric means superior drainage and aeration • 100% recycled, recyclable, and BPA-free Go to Hydrofarm.com for more information.
Stackswell A super concentrated growth powder that works well with any base and in all mediums. It can be used by the gram for reservoirs or mixed into a concentrate for dosers and fertigation systems. Stackswell effectively replaces all calcium-magnesium supplements. It is crafted to maximize root and shoot growth stimulation. Visit Hydroponic-research.com for more information.
w ur Gro o Y s i uch How M u? Protect Your Inve o Y o t stment Worth with
A systemic, broad-spectrum bactericide and fungicide specifically created to protect medical cannabis and hemp throughout the growing cycle. Use it all season to prevent and control powdery mildew, bud rot, and root rot. Procidic2® is safe to use up to the day of harvest, with no maximum number of sprays per season. It qualifies for exemption from EPA registration (FIFRA 25b) and is approved under the Washington State Department of Agriculture Organic Food Program for use in organic production. Apply as a standalone or mix with other inputs.
Procidic2
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For more info, visit Hydrofarm.com
9
GARDEN PRODUCTS
Exclusive to
Lucius LED Grow Light Boasting an industry-leading 1,200 μmol, Lucius LED is the cultivator’s first choice for a safe, low heat, energy efficient and easy to use light. The Lucius LED Grow Light is equipped with the latest safety features that protect against overloading, short circuit, over temperature, as well as over and under voltage protection.The Daisy chain option allows you to connect multiple Lucius LED units together and the multipurpose bracket provides many installation options for greenhouses and vertical farms, interlighting and under-lighting applications.
Lucius ReCoKm IT 600W
The cultivator’s complete solution for an efficient and powerful lighting setup. ReCom kits include Lucius ReCom HPS Ballast, the most efficient and powerful Ballast on the market, a Phillips GREENPOWER SE high voltage 600W lamp and the Lucius ReCom focal reflector (compatible with ReCom broad reflector).
l o r t n o C k n a T d l ie if Nu t r ducts 3 New Pro
The Tank Control range now has three new premium products: the EC 2.77 calibration solution for calibrating EC meters, and the pH 4 and 7 calibration solutions for calibrating pH meters. As with all Nutrifield products, the calibration solutions are made according to the highest quality specifications ensuring absolute consistency and accuracy for pH and EC calibration. Gardeners should calibrate their devices regularly to ensure the best results from their plants!
The Lucius ReCom 600W Phillips Kit is the most versatile and efficient HID grow light kit in the horticulture industry. Visit Lucius.com.au for full technical details.
Go to Nutrifield.com.au for more information.
MOUNTA
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H I G H F LO W FANS Mountain Air® EC High Flow centrifugal Fans are the pinnacle of modern-day fan performance. Engineered to excellence by the team at Western Electrical, the fans feature a high-powered DC motor which is attached to tailor-made flow-conditioning fins which minimize turbulence and noise. The device also features forward curved impeller blades which are designed to maximize static pressure performance, therefore, making it ideal for long ducting runs in a demanding environment. Visit MountainAirFilters.com or DomeGarden.com.au for more information. GA R D EN CU LT U R E M AGA Z I N E.CO M
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CK I P S ’ R O EDI T
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Controlling your indoor garden’s environment is 100% up to you. Your success or failure depends on it. In the end, you are only as good as your equipment. I am a huge advocate of environmental controllers, data collection, and understanding as much as possible how the environment influences the health of any par ticular crop. You need the proper equipment to do specific jobs. Based out of St. Pascal, Quebec, Canada, Grozone has been making controllers for Nor th American growers for over 12 years. Great products, better people, and a customer service that is uniquely French Canadian and a pleasure to deal with; an excellent company wor th suppor ting. The TV12 Variable Fan Speed Controller is my top Grozone pick. • Day & Night setting. • Automatically slows down or speeds up centrifugal fans to maintain user selected temperature setpoints (55°F to 95°F). • Idle speed between 25% and 60% of full power. • Cold weather shut off feature • 6-ft temperature probe precise to 2°F/1°C. • Can run intake and outtake fans on one controller, up to 750W, 6,2A Elegant in its simplicity, the TV12 is perfect for any grower that uses centrifugal fans to control their grow room’s temperature.
Private Reserve Airtight Strong keeps y box our pri zed harv est safe
Designed to keep your plant-based products sealed and safe. Airtight, watertight, lightproof, and uncrushable, these Strongboxes are made of food-safe stainless steel to protect the shape and structure of delicate dried plants, with food-safe silicone seals to prevent leaks and contain odors. Sturdy, all-metal latches on all four sides keep your product secure and allow you to remove the entire lid for an easy and thorough cleaning, inside and out. All sizes have a top handle for easier carrying, and the rounded square shape makes them great for stacking and packing large quantities. You can even write on them (use a non-permanent marker) to label what’s inside, then erase and relabel when contents change. Available in four sizes, from 2.5 L to 10 L. Learn more by visiting Hydrofarm.com
and secu
GARDEN PRODUCTS
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Trimpro Unplugged The quietest trimmer ever, the TRIMPRO UNPLUGGED is a light, yet rugged ‘goanywhere’ model designed for the home enthusiast and ideal for use in any situation where a need for noise discretion means power models just won’t do. It gently processes flowers with slim leather fingers, encouraging leaves onto its grate and the razor-edged, stainless steel blades below. Blade height is adjustable as with all TRIMPRO products. And speed, of course, is controlled by your very own hand. For more information, go to Trimpro.com
gs u l P Q i Ho r t
For Be tter Ro ots and He althier Plants
A lightweight, porous growing medium that is designed to germinate seedlings and root cuttings in a closely populated tray system. iHort Q plugs® are made with a proprietary bonded soil and engineered specifically to be transplanted as plants grow, whether that’s into larger containers, growing beds, or even outdoors in open fields. Q plugs® allow you to inspect, move, and also automate the handling of delicate seedlings without disturbing roots or damaging your plants. Inside, the open, porous structure helps maintain an ideal air-to-water balance and superior drainage. Plants root faster, and roots grow better and stronger for healthier plants and increased yields. Q plugs® are available in a large selection of sizes and shapes to meet your specific growing requirements. Visit Hydrofarm.com for more details.
13
MOTHER EARTH BRINGS YOU THE PUREST NUTRIENT
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Bionova has nearly 5 decades of cultivating experience in the Dutch greenhouses. Providing premium nutrients & support to growers in more than 20 countries. Always innovating, in cooperation with growers to meet their needs.
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Evolution by Method Sev en
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The Evolution is a fashion-forward style frame with a concealed flexhinge and premium HPS optics. Presented in a Matte Black color. It was designed by Method Seven Labs for its lightweight style and comfort with their revolutionary Rendition mineral glass lens. Protect your eyes. For more great Method Seven eyewear, visit MethodSeven.com
s SLF-100 ic an rg O e ad sc Ca h ut So ith w Clean up your act With over 18 years of proven success in commercial applications, South Cascade Organics SLF-100 is a 100% organic and OMRI listed enzymatic formula specifically designed to break out salts. Used as a cleanser for hydroponic systems and soilless media, SLF-100 goes to work immediately to keep your system running smooth and free of toxic buildup. SLF-100 is useful in all phases of the growing cycle and is compatible with all nutrients, fertilizers, and rooting compounds. SLF-100 is also compatible with H202. Thanks to a proprietary blend of naturally occurring enzymes, SLF-100 is pH neutral in concentrated form and has NO added sugars or NPK. Keep it clean with SLF-100 from South Cascade Organics! Go to Hydrofarm.com to learn more.
T ri mp
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Trimbox
Designed for smaller producers, the TRIMPRO TRIMBOX is engineered along the same lines as the ‘Original’ model, allowing the same high level of manual control over the trim. Built to last, it is mounted or removed from any workbench in seconds.The lightweight and highly transportable TRIMBOX is efficient and affordable, providing excellent results. As with all TRIMPRO products, the blades are adjustable to meet your specific trimming need or preference and are easily removed for occasional and careful sharpening or replacement. Visit Trimpro.com for the full range of trimming products.
15
COMPOST
Product Spotlights See the most recent Product Spotlights right from your phone or tablet.
Bringing the Outside in
W
ith an Indoor Generation Report finding 90% of all people worldwide spend 22 hours a day inside, it’s no wonder
houseplants are taking off as a significant gardening trend in 2019! People are craving a connection with Mother Nature, and as a result, living rooms, offices, and other indoor spaces have become the new outdoors. Houseplants bring life, color, and fresh air to the home. According to GardenResearch.com, 30% of all American households bought at least one houseplant last year, and Pinterest searches for indoor plants is up 90% with terrariums, cacti, and tropical plants proving to be the most popular. Research has also suggested that the Millennial generation is responsible for the boom in living decor. Why? The New York Times says it might be because much of that age group don’t yet own a house or have children. They are filling that void by becoming plant parents, so to speak, and are making rented spaces feel more like homes. Sources: GardenResearch.com (Garden Trends Report) 3
NEW visit: GCmag.co/Product-Spotlight
16 16
BY FLORIAN HENRICH
Optimizing the phytobiome is the key to sustainable agriculture, satisfying our needs in harmony with nature
Phy tomicrobiom For 650 million years, plants have been driving their roots into the soil searching for symbiotic microorganisms and using them to break down nutrients 18
PHYTOMICROBIOM
W h at T he Hel l A re Mushrooms Doing In M y P o t s ?
P
hytomicrobiom, or phytobiome, is a complicated word for a straightforward thing: the community of fungi, bacteria, and destructors that live in the root area of your plants. An intact phytobiome suppor ts plants in many different ways, but science is only just beginning to understand the connections between them.
Optimizing the phytobiome is the key to sustainable agriculture, satisfying our needs in harmony with nature.
Agriculture, as it is largely practized gan using solid fer tilizers by recycling used here, is based on innovations of the substrates and was overwhelmed by the I began using 19 th and 20 th centuries and is outdated. results, and especially by the quality of solid fertilizers Optimized nutrient uptake, improved the fruits. I worked for several years with tolerance to heat and drought, and advarious solid fer tilizers, until I finally deby recycling used equate protection against insects have veloped the recipe that I now distribute substrates and been guaranteed by companies such as under the name FLO. was overwhelmed Bayer Agrar and Monsanto, but unfortunately, not in an organic way. When conditions are optimal, plants will by the results, For 650 million years, plants have been release up to 25% of their carbohydrate and especially by driving their roots into the soil searchyield to the phytobiome. Incredibly, they the quality of the ing for symbiotic microorganisms and don’t just randomly enrich the soil with fruits using them to break down nutrients. carbohydrates hoping that only useful miFor all of this time, they have been supcroorganisms will multiply. Instead, they plying these microorganisms with the know to feed specific, beneficial organcarbohydrates they generate through isms. They influence the composition of photosynthesis, and in return, receive the nutrients they their phytobiomes and multiply those microorganisms that disneed to live, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. solve the nutrients they need. It is essential to note, however, This relationship is known as symbiosis. that with the help of salicylic acid, a phytohormone, they can induce a kind of fever in cer tain root areas and kill the microSince the late 1970s, it has been assumed that nutrient uporganisms living there. take and the performance of the plants can be improved by dissolving high-purity mineral salts in water with a fixed pH level and then pouring them over the root ball of the plants at regular intervals. After following this approach myself for many years, I had this thought: If you look at the regions with the lushest vegetation on ear th, such as the Amazon Basin, you will not find anyone there correcting the water pH or adapting the composition of nutrients to the separate life phases of the plants. There, the supply of nutrients is ensured through an intact ecosystem that includes living plants, fungi, bacteria, and destructors.
c
After coming to that realization, I star ted to shift my focus from the individual supply of my plants with nutrients to the creation of optimal conditions for fungi and bacteria. My understanding of the relationship between plants and their symbionts has changed fundamentally since then. I be-
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Credit Morning Ear th
PHYTOMICROBIOM
In m y e x p erience, T richoderm a a nd m yc orrhiz a p l ay a cri t ic a l rol e in t he s uc ce s s of orga nic fa r ming
credit: moldresistantstrains.com
Today, I understand plants as complete orThe phytobiome also protects plants ganisms only when they are successfully from pathogenic microorganisms and When conditions connected with their symbionts in a holistic helps prevent soil diseases. Recent are optimal, plants system. Along with living microorganisms, research shows the phytobiome also ear thworms and groundcovers are also used. protects plants from insect pests. will release up The ear thworms loosen up the soil and comFor example, the sucking behavior of to 25% of their bine the organic residues with the silicates in aphids is influenced by the phytobicarbohydrate yield their intestines to form the valuable clay-huome. Various fungi and bacteria, the to the phytobiome mus complexes. so-called endophytes, also grow from the soil into your plants and up in the Typical ground coverers include clover, Luleaf tips. They improve the function of cerne, lupine, chamomile, and more. They are also an excellent the stomata and enable more efficient gas exchange. Other choice for indoor growers, especially clover. The top 5-10cm (2entomopathogenic fungi attack and kill insect pests and sup4”) in plant pots isn’t usually interspersed with roots; it is often ply plants with the proteins (nitrogen) from the carcasses. hard and home to harmful insects or algae. Groundcovers are the remedy, protecting the soil from erosion, loosening and ventilatMycologists (AKA mushroom scientists) repeatedly eming it, and reducing evaporation while also enriching the soil with phasize the impor tance of fungi for an intact phytobiome. nitrogen. Groundcover plants are also known as green fer tilizers. About 30% of living forest soil contains mycelium, such as fungal tissue! To optimize the conditions for the phytobiome, mix 30% coconut with the substrate and make sure it does not dry out. In my experience, Trichoderma and mycorrhiza play a critical When growing with living microorganisms, the soil should always role in the success of organic farming. The length of the be more humid than in conventional cultivation. The result is a mycelium in a single teaspoon of soil can be more than 5km community of plants, fungi, bacteria, organic raw materials, ear th(3 miles), and yet, the length of the plant root itself never worms, springtails, and so much more, making a wonderful home exceeds 20cm (7.8”). for the plants. Trichoderma is a type of mold and decomposes organic raw maFor my garden, I use the best microorganisms I can buy along with terials with the help of aggressive enzymes; the same enzymes high quality, natural, raw materials; the rest is left to the plants used in liquid products in house and allotment gardens. In myand the phytobiome, which can do what they have been doing corrhiza, a distinction is made between those species whose myfor 650 million years. 3 celium grows exclusively on the outside of the plant root, the so-called ectomycorrhiza, and those species whose hyphae grow inside the plant, the endomycorrhiza.
BIO Florian Henrich is the owner of Florian’s Living Organ-
ics, a company that produces high-grade fermented fertilizers from organic resources in Germany. He also writes articles on organic gardening for several magazines in Europe. He wants people to rethink how they feed their plants, improving their yields without using mineral fertilizers and pesticides. 21
BY NICO HILL
JMS (Jadam Microbial Solution) is a solution of water, a highly active natural soil base, IMO’s, and food source; all left to steep together and breed out the biology before applying to your precious crops
22
JADAM
Master Cho’s son has picked up the organic mantle and run with it like some legend
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ant a quick and easy way to jump on the organic bandwagon? JMS, or Jadam Microbial Solution, offers a simple method to extract some of the bounties Mother Nature has to offer. No need for sacks of sugar; grab some spuds and you’re on your way!
That’s right folks; Master Cho’s offspring only went and outdid his Dad in an epic show of Darwin-esque evolution that would put even the most ardent ancient aliens’ theorist to shame. After a lifetime of teaching (and maybe some rambling) from his good old Pa (and not in the slightest phased by the pressures of having to continue the family legacy), Master Cho’s son has picked up the organic mantle and run with it like some legend. In doing so, he has opened up a wonderous cabinet of techniques to boost your organic gardening game in the process.
The aim of the game is to get as much beneficial biology alive and well in that solution as possible
Even if you are a hardened, truncheonwielding hydro enthusiast, I’m guessing a fair few of you have, at the very least, come across the concept of compost teas. If you are even remotely interested in reading this article past the hilariously punned title, then you’re likely to be an organic gardening alchemist, or at least on your way to becoming one. Don’t let the Balrog that is commercial horticulture put you off your epic journey; overcome the salty beast and become a veritable white wizard of organic gardening.
So, what have we got here then? The previous reference to compost teas wasn’t just a tedious link to a below average Lord of the Rings pun, which tends to typify what it is we are talking about here. JMS (Jadam Microbial Solution) is a solution of water, a highly active natural soil base, IMO’s, and food source; all left to steep together and breed out the biology before applying to your precious crops. The aim of the game is to get as much beneficial biology alive and well in that solution as possible. As is always the way with nature, the most diverse and active range of life is always encouraged! The whole point of this type of brew is to take advantage of what your local natural world has to offer. Rather than relying on a man in a lab suit breeding microbes in Petri dishes, then to be packaged up with some cleverly spun advertising campaign, why not give Mother Nature the credit she deserves? She cracked on well enough by herself for millions of years without
our ‘expertise,’ so I’m fairly sure she might have something of significance to offer. That’s probably the same sort of sentiment that inspired Youngsang Cho when he created it in the first place too.
Not like a cup-a-soup for plants Do not be thinking along the nutrient soup line of things when you see the words compost tea. Trigger-happy tea brewers, particularly those new to it all, often believe that chucking loads of things in and going for an NPK boosting hit is the way, but please do not be so hasty, my friend. We want the biology in the solution to breed, not for it to be stifled by an overly saturated amount of dissolved solids. If you have followed previous installments of KNF in Garden Culture, you may already even have some IMO’s that could very well make an excellent addition to this process.
Pre-prepared biology aside, the main ingredient you need to make JMS is some soil from the natural world. The soil you choose is really of utmost importance, so don’t go scooping up the first bit you see from the central reservation on your way home tonight. You may need to go somewhere further afield to acquire organisms more suited for plant life. Look for some forestry areas nearby that are thriving; they will have developed a fantastic amount of microbial biology over their many years. Much unlike all the doggers you have probably rudely disturbed on your way to finding them.
Well that’s just some shit in a bucket, isn’t it? Hey there guys – c’ mon. Just because the main ingredient may have been scooped out of your local woods doesn’t mean we should go around derogatorily calling it the ‘shit in a bucket’ method. Yes, the soil you gather from out in the wild world somewhere is the primary factor here, but as long as you don’t scoop us some fox feces at the same time, you should be ok. So, now you have found a prime example of full living soil from your local woodlands, what else exactly do you need to get this JMS pumping? 23
The whole point of this type of brew is to take advantage of what your local natural world has to offer. Rather than relying on a man in a lab suit breeding microbes in Petri dishes, then to be packaged up with some cleverly spun advertising campaign, why not give Mother Nature the credit she deserves?
24
JADAM
You will need: 1. De-chlorinated water Get rid of that nasty chlorine. It will kill and stifle any biology you try to breed. If you can’t find an easy solution to this, then consider investing in RO filters. 2. Soil From the finest natural regions that you can access. Roughly the same volume/mass as you have potatoes. 3. Some Baked Potatoes Roughly 3 for every 15 liters of JMS 4. Optional additional microbes From your recently prepared IMO’s. 5. Some Salt – 1g per liter With the recent increase in middle-class douche-baggery, obtaining a natural rock salt is a breeze. Head down your local vegan, hippie-chic shop and let them show you their vast range on offer. 6. Two Fairly Large Cheese Cloths Not with a ridiculously fine mesh. Some larger biology will struggle to get through a mesh too fine, put those bubble bags down my friend – the wrong tool for the job! 7. Zip Ties To tie up the cheesecloths. 8. A stick To hang the cheesecloth bags. 9. A big bag To cover the whole thing and insulate it all.
Get cracking with the knacking Now that you have gathered all the bits and bobs that you need and found a lovely bit of soil underneath your local thousandyear-old oak tree, it’s time to take this biology Mother Nature has provided and start to encourage it to breed. No air pump is needed for this process; it really couldn’t be more straightforward for you to get started. •
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Step 1: Place the potatoes into one of the cheese cloths and gather corners to form a makeshift bag. Zip tie to secure, and attach it to your trusty stick. Step 2: Place the same mass of soil on your other cheesecloth (add IMO’s if applicable). Gather the corner of cloth and zip tie into a makeshift bag. Step 3: Hang two cheesecloth bags in water. Step 4: Stir the salt in. Step 5: Gently massage the bag of soil with your hands. Step 6: Vigorously massage the bag of potatoes to get carbs and starches suspended into the water; you need to mush up the potatoes here. Step 7: Hang the bags in the middle of the bucket – this will create a cylindrical type of current in the bucket, keeping everything dispersed and moving gently. Step 8: Cover the lot with your larger plastic bag to prevent random bits falling in and to help insulate it all slightly. Step 9: Keep in warmish temperature. At around 20 or so degrees it will take about two days. Warmer weather and it will be quicker, and if your temps are too cold, you will need to think about warming it to stimulate the microbial activity. Step 10: Use it! When you come back to look at it, the solution will be slightly bubbly, meaning it has become active. Use it at the peak of this activity! Don’t wait another day as it will start to lose its effectiveness.
One thing that is worth noting, especially when you are searching out that magical local humus, is to make sure you don’t pick up a pest/disease infested handful of soil
Done-Diddley One thing that is worth noting, especially when you are searching out that magical local humus, is to make sure you don’t pick up a pest/disease infested handful of soil. The only positive thing that will come from that is the laughter on your friends’ faces when you tell them your woes of how you just gave yourself plant AIDS because some magazine said it would be a good idea. Anyway, you now have yourself an active solution ready to go ahead and inoculate your chosen root ball. So, go ahead and fill your boots – you might be surprised at how useful some shit in a bucket can be for your garden. It’s one of the easiest methods to get going straight away with and doesn’t require many resources. Minimum input, maximum gain. Thanks, Mother Nature. 3
25
BY SIMON HART
The way we farm and develop the land has had wide-ranging effects on fungal populations
A Food Forest’s Best Friends 26
FUNGI
I
t’s not something we think of that often unless, perhaps, you are Paul Stamets, but the mycelium superhighways under our feet are a critical part of our environment. There is growing evidence that fungi drive their environment, influencing what type of ecosystem builds and sustains above and around them.
The main problem in taking advantage of this is the fact that fungi like a consistent, easy going kind of environment, and humans, well, we create more dynamic circumstances. The way we farm and develop the land has had wide-ranging effects on fungal populations.
A food forest is a type of permanent agricultural system than builds a 3-dimensional food-producing space by layering plants together
So how do we square these two ideas? Is there a way to improve the situation for fungi and take advantage of the enormous benefits from having them functioning in our soils? There are ways to reconnect with these fascinating organisms. The first thing to recognize is that fungi are looking for permanence. Most vegetable gardens lead to soil disturbance, so fungi are generally more suited for perennial systems. Enter the food forest - a masterfully intuitive design concept.
The key to a garden is good soil; the key to good soil is biology, and the key to biology is carbon. Many of us are familiar with feeding carbon to bacteria in the form of carbohydrates, like molasses, but fungi are slower and need different types. A wide range of options are available to the avid gardener:
A food forest is a type of permanent agricultural system that builds a 3-dimensional food-producing space by layering plants together, similar to what you would see in a natural environment. It all starts with an open canopy of well-placed trees up to 120 ft high, such as pecans in rural areas, or semi-dwarf pears in the city. Shorter trees and shrubs surrounded by perennials are sprinkled beneath them and enhanced further with vines, root crops, and ground cover. Food forest designs will generally focus on fruit, nuts, fiber, and timber. These types of gardens are slow to build compared to vegetable beds but are more permanent. Because the system is allowed to grow and thrive without much soil disturbance, fungi have a much better chance of flourishing. These fascinating garden dwellers need time to expand, but there are ways to improve their growth.
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A Food Forest
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1
Canopy Understory Shrubs Herbs Roots Groundcover Vines
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Compost – a standard bullet-proof soil amendment. Compost, worm castings, and insect frass can all provide biology and organic matter rich in carbon. Organic fertilizer – an organic fertilizer will also help with soil carbon levels. Humic acid – the remnants of decomposed plant material, this carbon source is the foundation of any soil system. Wood chips – make sure to age them to let biology start working before putting it into the soil. Wood chips are fantastic for fungi and will generally be full of mycelium in less than a year. They can be spread on the surface or worked into the soil. Biochar – persistent carbon that will not break down over time. If you can find it, biochar will outlast every tree in your garden, staying intact for hundreds of years. It’s like catnip for mycorrhizae. Coarse woody debris – any wood is good wood. If a neighbor is chopping down an old cherry tree, see if you can stick it in your garden. Did some big branches fall off a tree in your yard? Find a place to bury them in the garden. Wood will break down slowly and provide food and habitat for growing fungi for many years. Logs – if you have space and the resources, logs are nature’s nursery, not only supporting fungi but providing multiple benefits to your soil. Whether under the surface or laying on the ground, logs in the garden are second to none for habitat.
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The key to a garden is good soil; the key to good soil is biology, and the key to biology is carbon I have been creating a food forest of my own for 13 years now, and I have used wood in several different ways to build fungi in my 3-acre sanctuary. I was lucky to have an actual forest in the place where I wanted to grow food. The unfor tunate fact was that this meant cutting multiple 120 ft+ trees. The sadness of doing this was tempered by the idea of recycling this carbon into the growth of a new type of forest while keeping the remaining forest healthy. I have built habitat out of wood piles and forest soil; I have buried logs under my pathways and raised beds; I have left logs and stumps exposed to act as nurse logs and have even star ted growing fruit directly in them; I chipped all the branches for wood chips to be top dressed or mixed with soil.
Most vegetable gardens lead to soil disturbance, so fungi are generally more suited for perennial systems There are now eight types of nuts and over 40 types of fruit growing in the forest, alongside more than 200 native plant species (existing and purchased). These are complemented by at least 26 types of fruiting fungi. The wood has done its job by building fungal mass, improving soil quality, and providing habitat for numerous forestdwelling species beyond fungi, such as native bees. I even had an otter spend a few weeks in a woodpile near the creek one year! It’s possible to have a garden that embraces fungi no matter where you live, but it involves being creative (no wood? Maybe straw can help), thinking about carbon (brown layer in a compost pile), and low impact gardening (sell the roto-tiller). Focus on perennial polyculture (lots of variety) and on a multi-story canopy (different types of plants that fit different niches), and the fungi will come naturally! 3
Bio
Simon Hart has been gardening for over 40 years, including work in the 1980s with nutrient film technique and tissue culture. As a garden experimenter, Simon has taken various skills over the years and applied them to his plants, focusing on observation and soil health both indoors and out. Practical hands-on experience has been combined with post-secondary science-based agricultural programs, and in addition to sharing his knowledge with Garden Culture Magazine, Simon continues to guest lecture at local universities and other establishments on a variety of garden topics. Follow Simon @BentleyGrove
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with Fruit & Fasting
Humans overeat. Where did the idea that we should eat three meals a day come from, anyway? 36
FRUIT & FASTING
I
n case you haven’t noticed, the world is broken. I don’t mean to be dramatic; I’m serious. We might live longer, but do we live better? The developed world eats more than ever, and yet, we grow sicker. We grow plenty of food, yet people go hungry. The U.S. spends more money on health care than any other country,
yet we rank towards the bottom in results. We are more connected through the computers in our pocket, yet lonelier than ever. Something big is wrong.
The problems are apparent; they are “open secrets”, but the solutions are few. We have made things so complicated that we have to compar tmentalize them to be able to engage and digest them. The result is “specialization”, a focus on the tree at the expense of the forest. We’re all in the same room, but we don’t know how to talk to one another.
The developed world eats more than ever, and yet, we grow sicker. We grow plenty of food, yet people go hungry
The realization I have come to after many years of contemplation and experimentation is that the way we eat is the most powerful tool we have to fix the world. We all need to grow our food to change the food system and change the world. As Wendell Berry said, “Eating is an agricultural act.” Humans overeat. Where did the idea that we should eat three meals a day come from, anyway? The reality is that we are conditioned to eat food in a cer tain way. Here’s an insight I have come to: regenerative health is not about what you eat; it is about what you don’t eat. Over 70% of the average American diet is processed. More than 50% of what Americans eat is “ultraprocessed,” which delivers 90% of the sugar. Our diets are killing us slowly, and progressively faster as we create generational weakness in our foods. Today, one in two people will get cancer in their lifetimes. According to Dr. Zach Bush, 46% of children are now diagnosed with a chronic health condition. It’s hear tbreaking. So, “not eating foods” means avoiding things such as fast food or any processed food, but it also means eating less in general. Fasting has now been proven to be of serious medical benefit. One of the main benefits is detox. In the modern world, even the most health-conscious humans are toxic without intention. It comes from seemingly
everywhere; the air, our water, food, you name it. Do a quick internet search for “benefits of fasting.” Fasting also improves immune function and overall health in a holistic way. Fasting allows the body to regenerate itself from the onslaught of the standard American diet (SAD).
I have eaten no meat other than occasional f ish for over f if teen years. But recently, I have taken my diet experimentation to a new level. Since November 2018, I have been practizing different types of fasting and following a raw diet consisting of around 90% fruit. Trust me, it sounded crazy to me as well when I f irst considered it, but the results have been incredible, and the clarity and knowledge I have gained through the experience to date have been profound. Through the work of Dr. Rober t Morse, I became aware of the impor tance of the lymphatic system. There are two dominant interstitial fluids in the human body – blood and lymph. The volume of lymph in the body is 3-4 times larger than blood, and it doesn’t move naturally like the blood. This is one of the reasons why exercise and techniques such as yoga or rebounding are so crucial to the body. The blood is maintained at all costs at a pH of 7.4, or we die. Everything that might disrupt this balance is moved to the lymphatic system to be removed, along with other acids and cellular breakdown through apoptosis. In the body, the blood is the kitchen, and the lymph is the sewer system. Most of the health symptoms that humans deal with are a result of a compromised lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is excreted out of the body through the kidneys and the urine. The skin is the third 37
There is a big difference between simple sugar and complex sugar kidney, so when the lymphatic system is backed up, we can see a range of skin conditions like war ts, pimples, psoriasis, eczema, etc. A compromised lymphatic system is also the root of inflammation, which is at play behind almost all of the degenerative and autoimmune disease that are at all-time highs. Do the research.
Fruits are higher in antioxidants and astringents and will move your lymphatic system far better than vegetables
Fruits are higher in antioxidants and astringents and will move your lymphatic system far better than vegetables. This is why one sees a lymphatic response when fruit is consumed. This was the basis of my diet experiment, and I want to share with you some myths that have been busted for me. Myth #1: We need protein to be healthy. Protein is made up of amino acids. Nine essential amino acids are not produced by the body and are required from our food. Longer chain proteins from animal products are more complex and difficult for the body to digest than plants, and one of the central tenets of a detoxification diet is to mitigate the responsibility the body has to digest what we eat. To detox and regenerate, we need the body to rest. It can take us 3-4 hours to digest meat, vegetables, 1-2 hours, and fruit, less than an hour for most varieties. Sure, you can get all of the essential amino acids from one bite of meat, but you can get the same amino acid profile from a variety of fruits. The goal of detox is to take the burden off of the body. Myth #2: A “square meal” consists of meat, starch, and vegetable. It turns out that the rates of digestion in the stomach have a great determination on the body being able to absorb the nourishment. Eating foods that digest at different rates can contribute to malabsorption. One
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way to counter this is to separate fruit from veggies and meat and eat them at different times. Try “mono-meals” where you eat only one thing, preferably fruit. You will feel better and notice an improvement in your digestion.
Myth #3: There is too much sugar in fruit. This is a difficult burden to carry due to our hyper-focus on single ingredients. In other words, the studies that demonize fructose are typically done with artificial fructose or fructose that has been isolated, not delivered through fruit with everything else that makes up a fruit. Rarely do we stop to consider how the entourage effect influences bioavailability and nutrition. There is a synergistic action that fructose has when combined with glucose, polyphenols, antioxidants, fiber, structured water, etc. that is not very well understood. As they say, trust your gut. There is a big difference between simple sugar and complex sugar. Fruit contains fructose, which is a simple sugar. All fruit contains fructose and glucose, but the balance of fructose is highest in fruits relative to veggies. Unlike glucose, the sugar found in abundance in bread and more complex carbohydrates, fructose does not require insulin or extensive digestive enzymes to process. There is also often confusion between fructose found in fruits and high fructose corn syrup. They are not the same. I would love to have a simple explanation as to why all fructose is not the same, but suffice it to say that sugar from Nature is not the same as isolated man-made sugar. Similar to the difference between the poisonous nature of NaCl table salt in comparison with the lifegiving proper ties of sea minerals. Besides, sugar is the main requirement of the human body. Sugar = carbon. That is why we call foods high in sugar, carbohydrates.
FRUIT & FASTING
Over 70% of the average American diet is processed Myth #4: Food is anything that tastes good and maintains life and growth. This doesn’t mean good food should taste bad; only that food science has done a wonder in confusing the human palate.
Pasteurized orange juice from a shelf in
Pasteurized orange juice from a shelf in the grocery is not juice; it is flavored sugar water. You would be saddened to know how often this is happening in our food supply.
the grocery is not
So, my diet has busted some myths, but To illustrate this, let’s look at it has also solidified some truths. One juice; it is flavored orange juice. You may have is that fruit is the best water we have sugar water noticed the term “pasteurized” available. All water is not the same. Dr. on orange juice labels. It is a nice Gerald Pollack and his “exclusion zone” word for irradiation, which is (EZ water) theory offer a possible necessary to make sure the juice does not contain any explanation for why hydration from plant cells is the ideal way to harmful microbes at the point of sale. The problem is hydrate the body. I can tell you for sure that when you eat lots of that the pasteurization process breaks down much of fruit, you don’t carry around a water bottle anymore. the benefit of the raw juice. Keep in mind, that real juice would spoil in a matter of days on a shelf, which would be Since energy is at the core of all healing, we must choose bad for business. foods to eat that are high energy, high vibration, have high astringent qualities to pull on the lymphatic system The book Squeezed by Alissa Hamilton is an amazing and digest quickly to allow the body the time and energy expose of the orange juice industry. The author describes it needs to clean itself out, strengthen and rebuild, and how most of the “Florida Gold” comes from Brazil, heal. Fruits measurably have the highest amount of how the sugar water left as a result of pasteurization is energy of all the foods. The more energetic the foods are reconstituted with custom coloring, mouthfeel, flavors, that you eat, the more vibrant and healthy you become. and even scents formulated by perfume companies. This is how orange juice brands maintain such rigid Fasting and a high fruit diet is an ideal food for detoxing the individualization and consistency. body and regenerating health. I’m committed to six months of detox, and then we will see where things go. I’m not going Beyond this, the FDA allows for ascorbic acid, that is to be eating 90% fruit forever, but I have most definitely made ar tificially in a lab, to be called “Vitamin C.” As changed the way I eat for the rest of my life. a result, orange juice brands can make claims that they have 100% of your daily Vitamin C per serving in a bottle. What we think, we grow. What we eat, we know. 3
Bio
Evan Folds is a regenerative agricultural consultant with a background across every facet of the farming and gardening spectrum. He has founded and operated many businesses over the years - including a retail hydroponics store he operated for over 14 years, a wholesale company that formulated beyond organic products and vortex-style compost tea brewers, an organic lawn care company, and a commercial organic wheatgrass growing operation. He now works as a consultant in his new project Be Agriculture where he helps new and seasoned growers take their agronomy to the next level.What we think, we grow! Contact Evan at www.BeAgriculture.com or on Facebook and Instagram @beagriculture 39
BY ALBERT MONDOR, HORTICULTURIST AND BIOLOGIST
Growing
To grow ginger, you only have to buy a flesh rhizome from a supermarket or a health food store
ginger in a Northern
garden G
inger is recognized for its exceptional medicinal and culinary properties, but unfortu-
nately, is a rather expensive commodity. If you want to grow your own ginger, either to save money or for fun of it, the technique is relatively simple, even if you live in Northern USA or Canada!
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GROWING GINGER
Ginger is recognized for its exceptional medicinal and culinary properties Growing Tropical Ginger in a Container To grow ginger, you only have to buy a flesh rhizome from a supermarket or a health food store. Plant the rhizome in a large container filled with a rich potting soil made of compost and sphagnum peat moss. Be sure to place the rhizome on top of the soil mix, so that its upper side is slightly out of the ground. A ginger rhizome will only grow a few leaves that will reach about two to three feet in height. A 40 cm (16”) pot easily holds three to four average rhizomes. Ginger planting is ideally done outside in late spring or early summer, but can also happen indoors in late winter or early spring. It is essential not to leave this tropical plant out during the cold season because it cannot withstand temperatures below -10ºC or 14°F (zone 8). Once fall begins, bring your potted ginger into your house and place it somewhere with filtered sunlight.
Growing Perennial Ginger in the Ground If you prefer to cultivate ginger in the ground, two perennial species do well in northern climates. Canada wild ginger, also called Canadian snakeroot, is a North American native plant that produces a small rhizome that tastes like Asian ginger. This rather unusual perennial bears a strange solitary brown-colored flower which can be found by spreading out its velvety, heart-shaped leaves.
credit: Albert Mondor
credit: Albert Mondor
Ginger is a tropical plant that loves heat (22-25°C or 71-77°F) and constant humidity. However, to keep it from rotting, do not give it too much water before it has taken root. During this period, water only when the soil surface is dry. When the stems fully develop, you can give it a drink more often - up to two times a week.
After about four to five months, you can start stealing little bits of rhizomes from the plant. Do this by carefully snapping out some pieces at the side of the clump. Keep in mind that the flavor of the young ginger is never as strong as the mature one. The best time to harvest the whole bunch of rhizomes is eight to ten months after plantation. If you’ve potted your ginger in April, that means it’ll be ready just before Christmas. You don’t have to dig up the rhizomes; just tip out the whole thing.
Canada wild ginger 41
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GROWING GINGER
Canada wild ginger, also called Canadian snakeroot, is a North American native plant that produces a small rhizome that tastes like Asian ginger
The other perennial ginger that grows in northern areas is a close relative of the Asian ginger. Coming from East Asia, Japanese ginger is hardy in zone 4 and can grow up to 80 cm (31.5”) high. Apart from its rhizomes, its stalks and flowers are also edible.
The best time to harvest the whole bunch of rhizomes is eight to ten months after plantation
Japanese ginger ‘White Arrow’ credit: Albert Mondor
Hardy in zone 3, Canada wild ginger forms a very dense groundcover that grows to 20 cm (7.8”) high if planted in rich and moist soil in partial or full shade. In my garden, where it is planted under mature spruce trees and Norway maples, it does very well. Robust and vigorous, this plant resists the worst conditions: dense shade, drought, and competition with the roots of mature trees do not prevent it from establishing itself.
A Japanese ginger cultivar named ‘White Arrow’ can be distinguished from the species by its green and white lanceolate foliage. I planted it in my Japanese inspired garden recently, and it successfully survived two winters. It is best grown in the shade or part shade in a moist but well-drained humus-rich soil. 3
BIO Passionate about environmental horticulture, urban agriculture and extreme landscape design, Albert Mondor has practiced his craft for over 30 years and created numerous gardens in North America. In addition to teaching courses and lecturing at conferences across Canada, his weekly gardening column has appeared in the Journal de Montréal and the Journal de Québec since 1999. In April 2018, Albert Mondor published Le nouveau potager, his tenth horticultural book. He is a regular guest and contributor to radio and television programs and his hosting The Trendy Gardener spots broadcasted on Météo Média and online. You can also read his blog called Extreme Horticulture at albertmondor.com. Follow Albert on Facebook: fb.com/albert.mondor 43
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Credit: Newton Farm
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Credit: Big Green
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Tellico Plains, TN
Credit: Topiary Joe
Outdoor Living Who hasn’t thought about building themselves an outdoor shower? Joe Kyte is often referred to as the modern-day Edward Scissorhands; there’s nothing he can’t create using living plants! From showers and 3D wall sculptures to living logos, and giant animals, Kyte’s company, Joe Topiary, can do it all. The bigger, the better. Kyte says he’s currently building a 62’ tall chicken topiary that will even house an Airbnb room. The massive living sculptures are supported by steel frames bent and welded to size, and the type of plants used depend mainly on the topiary’s region and country. Using nature to create art that is larger than life. Learn more: topiaryjoe.com 3
47
BY KYLE L. LADENBUGER
A Look at the Known Unknowns The introduction of recreational cannabis has brought stricter testing requirements since the safety of a higher number of the general public is at stake
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MYCLOBUTANIL RISK
M
any people go through life embracing the idea that nothing is wrong
Myclobutanil
unless they get caught. Unfortunately, many people grow by those words, leading them to use illicit or potentially dangerous products
on their plants. It has been going on for decades, but as legalization spreads and regulations tighten, these types of growers are being exposed.
Generally speaking, the first medicinal cannabis programs in most states were lax and very trusting of growers when designing the framework for what would be required in final product testing. The introduction of recreational cannabis has brought stricter testing requirements since the safety of a higher number of the general public is at stake. On the lists of required testing, pesticides and their residues are right up at the top, and some of the most illicit materials they are looking for are products that contain the chemical compound myclobutanil. One of the most popular of these products is the brand Eagle 20 from the Dow AgriScience company.
Myclobutanil, the main active ingredient in Eagle 20, is a fungicide used to control and prevent fungal diseases such as powdery mildew
Myclobutanil, the main active ingredient in Eagle 20, is a fungicide used to control and prevent fungal diseases such as powdery mildew. These products are currently applied to a long list of edible crops, including grapes and apples. The EPA has studied the risks of using Eagle 20 and other myclobutanil products on edible plants, and when applied correctly, they are of very low toxicity to humans. However, Eagle 20 has never been approved for use on tobacco, the most common smokable crop; potential risk levels have not been assessed when myclobutanil is applied to plants that will be put through high heat combustion and inhaled. Eagle 20 works to stop fungal spore growth by blocking a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of the cell wall membrane, which leads to abnormal growth and eventual death of the fungus. Eagle 20 and other myclobutanil products are referred to as systemic fungicides, meaning they are absorbed on contact and distributed throughout the rest of the plant. This process is much different compared to contact killers that destroy the pathogens directly and do not become mobile within the plant. Since Eagle 20 is a systemic chemical, the myclobutanil cannot be removed from the treated plants by washing them.
However, the residue found in the tissue will decrease over time, depending on the rate and timing of the application. As earlier stated, Eagle 20 is not approved for use on tobacco in the USA. The EPA is responsible for setting limits on the number of pesticides that can remain in food crops sold to consumers. These limits are referred to as tolerances. The tolerances are based on the potential risks to human health that the pesticide poses and are determined by using actual and estimated residue data, as well as by studying non-human toxicity trials. At this time, there is not enough data to assess the risks of using Eagle 20 on smokable crops like tobacco and cannabis.
In China, however, myclobutanil is approved for use on tobacco plants. Still, the Chinese government has done little in regards to studying the amounts of residue remaining upon harvest and at what rate they dissipate from plant tissue. An independent study (2012) of Chinese tobacco repor ted that 10% or more of the active pesticide remained on the leaves up to 21 days after treatment. The research doesn’t even take what remains within the plant tissue into account. With tobacco as a model for possible pesticide retention, it’s not a far leap to presume that a considerable amount of myclobutanil may remain in the cannabis plant for several weeks after application. Considering that the majority of cannabis is grown indoors with a relatively shor t growth cycle, this should be something of concern. So, why is Eagle 20 considered safe by the EPA for use on food crops? It all has to do with the digestion process. When myclobutanil-treated foods are digested, they are metabolized by gut enzymes in the stomach lining before entering the bloodstream. Metabolization chemically reduces myclobutanil to a form that the 49
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MYCLOBUTANIL RISK
Many states are now offering a comprehensive list of pesticides that they will allow in the production of cannabis
EPA, through careful data review and studies, has determined to be safe. When myclobutanil is absorbed via inhalation, it enters the bloodstream directly through the lungs and is not properly metabolized.
The consumption of concentrated cannabis extracts is becoming more potential risk levels popular in the recreational market, so it is essential to examine whether have not been the myclobutanil in Eagle 20 is assessed when present in the end product. In studies myclobutanil is done with two similar fungicides, tebuconazole and propiconazole, the applied to plants Another critical point to look at results show the chemicals are cothat will be put is that myclobutanil’s chemical extracted during the production of through high heat composition changes in warmer essential oils or concentrates. Also, temperatures, which can the extraction and concentration combustion and potentially be harmful. The safety process cause the pesticide residues inhaled data sheet (SDS) for Eagle 20 to accumulate at levels up to 250 states that myclobutanil is stable times higher than the starting at room temperature, but when material itself. Myclobutanil is highly heated past 205° C (401° F), it can soluble in most of the solvents used release dangerous decomposition products and toxic in cannabinoid extraction, such as ethanol, butane, and even gases, including hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Exposure carbon dioxide, so the potential risks are compounded even to low levels of HCN may not be instantly fatal but can further. cause severe neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular, and thyroid problems. The SDS also shows that, in compliance People who use cannabis products, be it concentrated with California Proposition 65, myclobutanil is known oils or dried flowers, need to be confident that the to cause congenital disabilities and other reproductive product they are consuming is safe. Growers must follow harm in humans. While the scorching temperatures at the responsible path and avoid using potentially harmful which Eagle 20 produces HCN as a toxic decomposition chemicals and pesticides. Many states are now offering product may seem high enough not to warrant much a comprehensive list of pesticides that they will allow concern, that is not the case. in the production of cannabis. By utilizing this list and maintaining an impeccably clean growing environment, In the last several years, the most common methods of growers can design a carefully thought out integrated cannabis consumption have become vaping or smoking pest management program that eliminates the use of illicit “dabs” of concentrated cannabis oils and other extracts. products. These methods of use require temperatures that are as high or even higher, so it is possible to inhale toxic Over the last 10-15 years, the requirements for final gases like HCN. Even butane lighters can reach these product testing have not been stringent enough. But with temperatures! Smoking the dried flowers with a standard the increased popularity of recreational cannabis, we are issue lighter can reduce the risk, but only small amounts star ting to see the regulations tighten. It is a crucial step of HCN from myclobutanil can cause health issues. to take; our health is on the line. 3
BIO Kyle L. Ladenburger is a freelance garden writer who has worked in the gardening and hydroponics industry for over a decade. As an avid indoor and outdoor gardener, he is well versed in nearly all types of growing methods with an overall focus on sustainability and maintaining healthy soils. He holds a strong conviction that growing one’s own food is a powerful way to change our lives and our world for the better. 51
FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES
BY CATHERINE SHERRIFFS
GardenCultureMagazine.com
Feeling torn between growing vegetables and flowers? Why only focus on one? Planting them together is often the answer to high yields in the veggie patch! Find this blog and other growing-related content at GCMag.co
best of
the blog
Top 5 Flowers to Grow with Veggies
Flowers and Vegetables
Make Perfect Garden Buddies
T
here is so much emphasis these days on growing our food that flowers are sometimes forgotten or pushed to the background on our proper ties. But consider this: flowers are one of the many organic ways of achieving a delicious edible garden that delivers fresh produce all growing season long.
Many varieties are not only beautiful to look at but also make the perfect neighbors in the veggie patch. Lisa Mason Ziegler, author of Vegetables Love Flowers: Companion Planting for Beauty and Bounty, offers some great tips on the process of interplanting.
Flowers are one of the many organic ways of achieving a delicious edible garden that delivers fresh produce all growing season long
She recommends designating two small spaces in the vegetable garden for growing annual flowers. The blooms will attract pollinators to the area, who will more than likely also make their way over to the vegetable crops.
A selection of annual flowers will bloom steadily from spring to fall, and if you continuously cut the blooms as new ones begin to appear, you’ll have a fresh supply of color in the garden and at the dining room table throughout the summer!
Nasturtiums
Gorgeous, cascading clumps of nasturtiums are the perfect flower for borders, containers, and even ground cover. Bright orange, red, and yellow, these flowers love full sun and are the ideal attractor for essential pollinators such as bumblebees and hummingbirds. Trimming dead and faded flowers will prolong the blooming period, although gardeners typically enjoy them throughout the entire summer and fall. Start seeds indoors for an early start, but be warned they grow very quickly! Beans and peppers love having these beauties nearby. It’s important to note that both the leaves and flowers of nasturtiums are also edible, and make a great addition to summer salads.
Zinnias Similar to many fruits and vegetables, these colorful blooms are happiest in hot, all-day sun. When conditions are too shady, zinnias will produce fewer flowers, grow leggy, and be prone to mildew. They’re great in containers and will attract bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, songbirds, and some beneficial insects to the garden. Better yet, they are deer resistant! Seeds can be started indoors for an early start, or sow them directly into the garden after the last frost. There are many varieties available; choose the kind that makes you happy - harvest when all of the flower petals are open. Tomatoes and squash grow very happily alongside zinnias.
Zinnias 53
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FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES
Marigolds
GardenCultureMagazine.com
Butterflies, bees, hummingbirds, and other beneficial insects will come rushing to the garden when marigolds are part of the mix. Extremely rich in pollen and nectar, these are some of the earliest blooming flowers of the season. They attract aphids, but that’s not necessarily a bad thing when growing alongside edible crops; marigolds will often act as a distraction to the unwanted pests. Also deer resistant, these flowers are excellent in containers and prefer at least six hours of sun a day. Start seeds indoors for an early start and to reap all of the benefits earlier in the season. Beans enjoy this flower’s company, as do tomatoes. Marigolds have been found to repel whiteflies and kill bad nematodes, keeping our beloved food safe from unwanted garden pests.
best of
The blooms will at tract pollinators to the area, who will more than likely also make their way over to the vegetable crops
the blog
Nasturtiums Bee Balm Bee Balm, or Monarda, makes an excellent garden buddy for all fruits and vegetables. Its flowers are adored by bumblebees, hummingbirds, butterflies, and other beneficial insects. A quick grower from seed to bloom, the Monarda hybrida is deerresistant and extremely drought tolerant. They do well in at least six hours of sun a day and also seem to enjoy containers. Harvest the flowers anytime after its petals start to turn somewhat pink. Flowers will continue to open and will do well in a vase with fresh water for a week. The leaves and flowers of bee balm are also edible and make a great addition to teas or salads.
Marigolds Snapdragons A successful tomato plant can often be a sign of greater things in life; mainly, one’s gardening abilities. People take tomatoes seriously, and that’s why snapdragons are the perfect addition to a vegetable garden. These flowers are an absolute favorite of bumblebees, which are essential to strong tomato pollination. Plant them close to fast-growing, early radish seeds; once the radishes have been harvested, the snapdragons will take over their space and bring more pollinators in just on time for the tomatoes. Start seeds indoors to take advantage of the flower’s multiple benefits all season long. They require at least six hours of sunlight per day and will grow quite tall; support netting will be necessary. Harvest the blooms at least twice a week when the first few flowers on the bottom of the stem have opened. Blooms will last 7-10 days in a vase.
Happy gardening! 3
Bee Balm
Snapdragons
Sources: • Vegetables Love Flowers: Companion Planting for Beauty and Bounty (Lisa Mason Ziegler) • The Old Farmer’s Almanac: almanac.com/plant/ nasturtium# 55
BY JESSICA STEINBERG
THE UN’S
nd
I
nside the walls that represent all flags, during the 62nd Commission of Narcotic Drugs (CND) at the UN, there was a buzz going around about cannabis. It was
a predictable tee-off between cannabis the killer (and arrest those who use it) versus cannabis the medicine (and regulate its use). From the criminalized Filipino— Russian side to the legalized Uruguayan—Canadian side of the spectrum, it defined nations united by divided views on cannabis.
COMMISSION OF
NARCOTIC
DRUGS
(CND)
This year was meant to be a pivotal point evaluating a decade of progress since the ‘2009 Political Declaration and Plan of Action’. Although a lot has changed over the past ten years, the institutional structure cannot seem to keep up with modern times. The drug policy conversation at the UN is a bit like listening to a broken record picked up from a baby boomers’ closet; policies stuck in that era of prohibition. Without fail, delegations repeat their allegiance to the conventions, as they are ‘the cornerstones of the international drug control regime’: the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Single Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the 1988 Single Convention Against Illicit Traffic of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. When it comes to cannabis, countries such as Uruguay, Canada, and several states in the U.S. are often singled out, as their regulatory frameworks for adult-use cannabis technically violates the treaties, thus ‘undermining the integrity of the international system.’ Pointing fingers about treaty violations release the bull into the ring. Other countries, such as Russia and the Philippines, are then accused of human rights violations. This playground chat often gets lost in a mix of national agendas and foreign affairs. Drug policies become the veil for deeply entrenched political issues and domestic matters. The banter distracts from advancing dialogues and often becomes a blast from the past, which was the case when some ambassadors referred to ‘cannabis as the devil’s poison.’ It’s mind-boggling that some conversations have been static in time and that critical drug control treaties remain stagnant as well. However, this year, the cannabis conversation began to shift, and the world was watching the 62nd CND with particular attention. The World Health Organization (WHO) conducted
56
CANNABIS POLICY
its first-ever critical review on cannabis and its derivatives, resin, and extracts, CBD, THC, and isomers of THC, and provided recommendations to schedule the plant at the international level. In December 2018, the WHO announced recommendations for other substances under critical review (e.g., Tramadol, Pregabalin), yet recommendations for cannabis were only announced at the end of January 2019. It was an unprecedented action. It is necessary to note that cannabis for medical and scientific purposes has always been, and continues to be, permitted under the international drug control system. Countries have the right to implement regulatory frameworks for cannabis, whether it be for medical or research/scientific purposes, but many have argued that the current scheduling has restricted access to research and cannabis for medicine. Changing the schedule of cannabis reflects the medicinal value of it. Several changes to the conventions were recommended including the following points: • • • •
CBD should not be subject to international scheduling Remove THC (and isomers of THC) from the 1971 Convention and list it in 1961 under Schedule I List cannabis and resin in Schedule I of the 1961 Convention and remove it from Schedule IV Remove extracts and tinctures from Schedule I of the 1961 Convention
Expectations were high. Results were underwhelming. High-level debates occurred primarily behind closed doors, whereas politicized statements were shared in the main plenary. The primary cannabis consensus this year, despite some strong opposition from delegations with regulated cannabis markets, was to postpone the vote on scheduling cannabis and its derivatives until March 2020 at the 63rd CND. It is expected that a series of informal conversations, formal meetings, and other sessions will be conducted over the next year. Activists have been waiting for this historic moment and, unfortunately, they’re still waiting for formal adoption of the outcome. If cannabis were treated like any other substance and if all international agencies upheld their mandates, then the situation may be very different. At an informal session during the CND, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) addressed civil society and made a statement regarding what constituents medical cannabis, which excluded smoking cannabis for example. With plans to also provide cultivation guidelines for medical marijuana, the INCB seems to take on more than it has been mandated to do.
It was a predictable tee-off between cannabis the killer (and arrest those who use it) versus cannabis the medicine (and regulate its use)
The INCB’s treaty-mandated role was a key point of contention at the CND this year. A resolution, sponsored by Russia, remained in informal sessions until the end of the week. Prepared to bring the resolution to the plenary for consideration to adopt, no matter the cost, was rather unprecedented. It appears that this specific resolution indirectly hoped to frame the cannabis conversation with a potential roadblock. What happened at the UN this year reveals that cannabis is controversial, which is not news to most of us. The mere fact that the recommendations are controversial also shows that cannabis policies have the potential to disrupt the system as we know it. With the opportunity to create new regulatory frameworks welcomes the opportunity to develop new structures, rather than recreating structures that already exist. Think small farmers, smaller countries with equal, fair opportunities. Topics such as fair trade and sustainability are being discussed before the international framework is in place. Even if the regulatory shift is at a standstill, at least for the next few months, it gives the global community time to seriously consider how to come together through interstate agreements and national frameworks. We’ve been living in prohibition our entire life. The past few years of cannabis reform prove that anything is possible, even in the most unconventional of ways. While we may have to wait one full year for a legitimate vote, there is still a lot that could happen between now and then. Right now, there’s diplomatic consensus and localized agreements. We’re looking at a future where that diplomatic consensus could reflect the localized agreements of relaxed cannabis laws. Enjoy the grey space for just a wee bit longer. 3
BIO Jessica is a Ph.D. student at the University of Oxford researching
the legal cannabis industry. She is Managing Director of international cannabis consultancy, The Global C, and co-founder of entOURage Network, an organization to empower and connect women in the European cannabis industry. Her work brings her to the UN and WHO, and speaks globally about her research and work, as well as the charity that she founded when she was 13 years old, Giveable Giggles.
57
BY RICH HAMILTON
The Foliar Frontier G IVE YOU R PL ANTS TH E E D G E
58
THE FOLIAR FRONTIER
If you wa n t a n edge in t he worl d of grow ing, consider f ol i a r f eeding
M
any growers are searching for nutrients that can give plants a certain edge. Is there something that can make them bigger, stronger, and deliver higher yields? There are always new products and fertilizers on the market, but very few of them are original.The wheel is constantly being reinvented. If you want an edge in the world of growing, consider foliar feeding.
“ Root s are leaves in the ground and leaves are root s in the air.� - Alan Chadwick
Foliar feeding involves spraying the plant with fertilizer, which is then absorbed through the stomata and epidermis of the leaves and into the plant’s system. The process fast tracks nutrients, allowing them to bypass the root vascular system and can be 100-900 times more effective than feeding through the roots alone! Research done in the 1950s at Michigan State University found that fertilizer absorbed through the leaves traveled at a rate of about one foot per hour to all parts of the plant.
The process fast tracks nutrients, allowing them to bypass the root vascular system and can be 100900 times more effective than feeding through the roots alone
Not only is it faster, but foliar feeding also provides about 95% of nutrients to the plant compared to only about 10% from soil applications. When feeding via the roots, the plant is at the mercy of many variables that can reduce nutrient absorption, such as transpiration, leaching, pH, temperature, water, pests, and diseases. Foliar feeding also allows the grower to dose the plants accurately, and just a small application can deliver a significant number of nutrients. The method is so effective that it is routinely used in most commercial growing environments as a solution for nutrient deficiencies. In the world of hydroponics, growers typically try to correct that problem via the root system. It would, however, be better to treat it through a foliar spray first, and then through the roots.
Probiotics For Your Plants If your plants are already very healthy but you would still like to get an edge on yield, there are multiple options available to you. The top three, in my opinion, would be fulvic acid, kelp seaweed, and fish emulsion, which all promote increased microbial activity and encourage stronger, healthier growth.
It has been shown that applying these active compounds in foliar form results in rapid nutrient absorption along with the correction of specific shortages during critical growth periods. Kelp seaweed extracts alone are between 8-20 times more effective when applied to the leaves than when poured into the medium. Fulvic acid is a beneficial fertilizer and an essential building block to all carbon-based life on Earth; it is created by microbes that break down decaying organic matter in the soil. Fulvic acid is a soil-based organism that produces and releases powerful enzymes to purify the earth and support plant growth. It also provides specific nutrients necessary to accelerate plant development and reproduction. Each fulvic acid molecule contains 60 or more minerals and trace elements that easily bind with other particles from both organic and inorganic materials, transforming them into a soluble form that is much easier for a plant to take up. 59
THE FOLIAR FRONTIER
F ol i a r sp r ay ing t he l e av e s w i t h f ish emul sion gener at e s more c a rb oh y dr at e s t h at a re t r a nsp or t ed dow n t o t he roo t s a nd rel e a sed a s e xudat e s in t o t he s oil Fulvic acid allows for elements such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous to enter plant tissue much faster and makes for an excellent foliar feed as it is “transcellular,” meaning it can be absorbed directly into the plant through the stomata in the leaves. Once inside, it ensures as many nutrients are absorbed as quickly possible. Fulvic acid can be used at all stages of plant development and is organic.
Foliar feeding is hugely effective on many different crops including fruit and vegetables like cucumbers, tomatoes, grapes, spinach, lettuce, and many grains
Kelp seaweed is also a soil-based organism and produces and releases enzymes. It is a product of nutrient-rich oceans, containing over 70 minerals, vitamins, and macro and micronutrients including nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, iron, and potassium, which together, encourage plant growth, overall health, and yield.
Kelp also contains traces of natural plant hormones that perform and control some particular jobs within the plant. These hormones include auxins, which regulate the speed of growth and the lifecycle of the plant, and cytokinins, which initiate and activate growth processes, provide protection from frost conditions of up to -3°C and help to slow down the aging process. Betaines are also present, which help to increase water uptake in dry conditions. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer made from whole or parts of fish. It provides a dense dose of bacterial microorganisms, and boasts a typical NPK ratio of 5-2-2, meaning that it is often used in the foliar form as a nitrogen boost. Additionally, it contains traces of micronutrients including calcium, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, and sodium. Foliar spraying the leaves with fish emulsion generates more carbohydrates that are transported down to the roots and released as exudates into the soil. This stimulates micro-
bial life around the plant’s roots, which produce more nutrients for the plant to take up. Kelp seaweed and fish emulsion have so many benefits for a wide range of crops if applied at the right times. These benefits include improvement of growth and yield, promoting additional budding, extending shelf life of fruits and vegetables, and lengthening the life of cut flowers. It can also be used as a rooting solution for cuttings or watering when planting.
Foliar feeding is hugely effective on many different crops including fruit and vegetables like cucumbers, tomatoes, grapes, spinach, lettuce, and many grains. It is also an effective treatment for turf on golf courses and football fields, encouraging lush, green growth and helping to prevent frost and drought damage. It combats pests by reducing aphid and spider mite numbers and keeps mold at bay. Feeding your plants regularly through both the roots and leaves could revolutionize your crops health, quality, deficiencies, and yield. As Alan Chadwick (1909-1980), English master gardener and leading innovator of organic farming techniques once said, “Roots are leaves in the ground and leaves are roots in the air.” 3
An industry veteran with over 20 years experience in a variety of roles, Rich Hamilton is currently a business development manager for a large UK hydroponics distributor.The author of Growers Guide book series, Rich also writes on all aspects of indoor gardening, as well as being an independent industry consultant working closely with hydroponic businesses worldwide.
Bio
61
BY CHRIS MATICH
Ca nn a bis &
Chronic Pa in T he E nd o r p hin C o n ne c t i o n In 2018, Pennsylvania became the first state in the U.S. to offer medical marijuana to those suffering from opioid addiction
62
CANNABIS & PAIN
Ac c ording t o t he N at ion a l Cen t er f or He a lt h S tat is t ic s, 1 in e v ery 4 A mer ic a ns s uf f ered f rom chronic pa in in 2 006, ac c oun t ing f or 76.2 mil l ion p eop l e
H
umans have used cannabis for pain relief for a thousand year s, but only recently have we garnered evidence from controlled, experimental studies regarding its efficacy for treating and helping those with chronic pain.
Chronic pain is extremely prevalent, both in the U.S. and Canada. According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 1 in every 4 Americans suffered from chronic pain in 2006, accounting for 76.2 million people. In their 2011 NCBI repor t, Schopflocher, Taenzer, & Jovey found that 18.6% or just under 6.4 million adult Canadians suffered from chronic pain. Many chronic pain sufferers have begun turning to medical cannabis for relief. In a study evaluating why patients choose medical marijuana and whether these reasons were evidence-based, Kevin Boehnke et al. found that chronic pain made up 62.2% of all patient-repor ted qualifying conditions. Amid the opioid epidemic, chronic pain sufferers have begun choosing cannabis over traditional narcotics in record numbers. In their 2019 repor t for the American Pain Society, a group of doctors, led by Boehnke, held an observational analysis of cannabis substitution amongst chronic pain sufferers. Of the 1,321 par ticipants, 80% repor ted using cannabis for pain relief; 53% from that group made the switch from opioids, leading to speculation that cannabis could help fight opioid addiction. In 2018, Pennsylvania became the first state in the U.S. to offer medical marijuana to those suffering from opioid addiction.
We’ve known for quite some time that cannabinoids within the cannabis plant, such as THC and CBD, have healing proper ties, and in par ticular a specific efficacy for analgesic relief. In his 2006 literature review, Dr Ethan Russo studied various clinical research regarding approved synthetic forms of cannabis, like Marinol and Nabilone in the U.S., and Sativex in Canada. Sativex, a cannabis-based medicine with a 1:1 ratio of THC to CBD, became the first ever drug derived from active cannabis to be approved by the FDA in 2018. Russo’s review found that “numerous randomised clinical trials have demonstrated safety and efficacy for Sativex in central and peripheral neuropathic pain.” Russo also concluded that “cannabinoid analgesics have generally been well tolerated in clinical trials with acceptable adverse event profiles.” While encouraging, Russo’s review concerned what he called, “cannabinoid analgesics,” or the isolated synthetic forms of only one or two of cannabis’ vast array of phytocannabinoids. So, how do these synthetic, incomplete plant forms compare to smoked cannabis flower? In an experimental study comparing synthetics to natural cannabis, both Marinol and whole plant cannabis showed to be an effective analgesic. In their 2013 study, Cooper, Comer, & Haney utilised a doubledummy, double-blind procedure to compare the extent of the analgesic benefits daily marijuana and Marinol users experienced using an experimental model of pain. Par ticipants were given the cold pressor test, and their pain sensitivity, tolerance, and subjective experience of pain were recorded. When compared with a placebo group, par ticipants in both the marijuana and Marinol groups demonstrated decreased pain sensitivity (3.56%; 20 mg), an increased pain tolerance (1.98%; 20 mg), as well as decreased subjective ratings of pain intensity. While Marinol and regular cannabis didn’t differ in terms of pain sensitivity, Marinol produced longer lasting analgesic effects.
With the signif icant rise in opioid-related overdose fatalities, medical cannabis is an alternative to those with chronic pain. 63
#FERTILZERFORTHEFUTURE
#FERTILZERFORTHEFUTURE
c a nn a binoid s deri v ed f rom c a nn a bis c a n hel p m a sk nocicep t ion, t he p roce s s by w hich t he b ody sign a l s pa in sens at ion t o t he br a in
Medical Cannabis interacts with your body’s natural pain relief system, releasing feel-good chemicals similar to endorphins.
So, how does marijuana fight chronic pain on a biological level? The more researchers discover about marijuana’s many active cannabinoids, the more they learn about cannabis’ pharmacokinetics or the effect the human body has on the drug, and this is no different when it comes to chronic pain. New studies show that pain relieving proper ties in cannabis can be accredited to its interaction with the endogenous endorphin system. When marijuana enters the body, it interacts with the endocannabinoid system, or ECS, which serves as a regulatory framework. According to Komorowski & Stepeiń (2007), the ECS produces chemicals that help maintain homeostasis, including those for pain relief. The ECS is made up of two types of receptors; CB1 and CB2 respectively. You can find these receptors throughout the entire body. They work alongside bodymade chemicals to regulate many critical physiological processes. According to Olaizola et al., these include but are not limited to hunger, memory, wakefulness, seizure reduction, and pain sensation. These chemicals, called endocannabinoids, interact with the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Two of these endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG for shor t), bind and block ECS receptors. They work in sequence as regulators for bodily processes.
CANNABIS & PAIN
New studies show that pain relieving properties in cannabis can be accredited to its interaction with the endogenous endorphin system
credit: Nature Reviews I Cancer
Ergo, cannabinoids derived from cannabis can help mask nociception, the process by which the body signals pain sensation to the brain. By acting as an antinociceptive, cannabis removes physical awareness of the painful stimulus without the need for harmful opioids. When you smoke cannabis, chemicals like CBD, THC, and others act upon your endocannabinoid system and increase the action of feel-good chemicals, similar to endorphins; your body’s natural analgesic system. This explains why so many medical marijuana patients use cannabis for chronic pain, and why more studies on chronic pain and medical cannabis are needed in the future. 3
Cannabis can help improve the endocannabinoid system’s response to pain. In terms of chronic pain, the ECS releases anandamide, producing feel-good effects similar to that of an endorphin. After a certain amount of time, fatty acid amide hydrolase, or FAAH, gets released into the synapse, as depicted above.
Sources: • • • • • • • •
In his 25 year review of endocannabinoid functioning, Mauro Maccarrone (2017) described that FAAH metabolises anandamide, acting as a breaker, switching its feel-good effects on and off. Cannabis chemicals, or cannabinoids, however, may keep anandamide going strong, providing longer lasting analgesic effects.
• •
According to Rodriguez-Murrillo’s 2017 report in CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, when cannabinoids like THC and CBD bind to the ECS, some of them block FAAH, keeping it from absorbing anandamide. This extends anandamide’s endorphin-like effects, providing a medical pathway for chronic pain relief that is only a toke away.
•
A 2018 investigation by Donvito et al. confirmed this potential route of administration, describing that, “cannabinoid receptor agonists as well as inhibitors of endocannabinoid-regulating enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase produce reliable antinociceptive effects, and offer opioid-sparing antinociceptive effects.”
•
•
•
National Center for Health Statistics: rebrand.ly/q010pt The Prevalence of Chronic Pain in Canada: rebrand.ly/u916l9 Health Affairs: rebrand.ly/qskxjv M Health Lab: rebrand.ly/nln2i2 Opioid Overdose Crisis: rebrand.ly/88lhcx Science Direct: rebrand.ly/9zqh9h Philly Voice: rebrand.ly/t74wum Cannabinoids in the Management of Difficult to Treat Pain: rebrand.ly/ x1zapm Forbes: rebrand.ly/2n89p5 Comparison of the Analgesic Effects of Dronabinol and Smoked Marijuana in Daily Marijuana Smokers: rebrand.ly/gog84v The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Endocrine Function and in the Control of Energy Balance in Humans: rebrand.ly/ tpipjt Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years: rebrand.ly/ba7xpw The Endocannabinoid System Modulating Levels of Consciousness, Emotions and Likely Dream Contents: rebrand.ly/mticrp The Endogenous Cannabinoid System: A Budding Source of Targets for Treating Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain: rebrand.ly/7t66wj
BIO Chris Matich is a professional writer, journalist, SEO spe-
cialist, and editor living in Pittsburgh, PA. Chris blogs for Schenley.net. His writing interests include LGBT+ people/issues, sports writing, and cannabis. Chris currently writes for SEO purposes for cannabis clients, as well as creative pieces about medical cannabis, and cannabis lifestyle. He writes fiction and creative nonfiction in his spare time.
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BY CATHERINE SHERRIFFS
Veganic
Agriculture
N
ot a day goes by where we are not warned to take accountability for our actions and change our ways.
Change the way we eat, the way we move, and the way we treat the environment around us. We live in a time where the consequences of years and years of abuse are now becoming very clear; we’re being told to act now, or there is no going back.
An Interview with Bio Nova’s Eric van Vlimmeren 66
VEGANIC AGRICULTURE
“We live in a time where a new veggie burger on a fast food chain menu or supermarket shelf can make headline news”
People are once again beginning to genuinely care about what we put into our bodies and surroundings. The trend is to live ‘cleaner’ and use only the ‘purest’ things possible. New products emerge every day claiming to be all-natural and organic; national dietary guides are being revised to include more plant-based foods and less meat and dairy. As a result, vegan, vegetarian, and flexitarian ways of eating are heavily promoted. In today’s world, a new veggie burger on a fast food chain menu or supermarket shelf can make headline news. The Economist is calling 2019 ‘The Year of the Vegan’, with more and more of us jumping on the bandwagon. Although veganism is one of today’s top trends, growing like one is anything but new. Veganic agriculture may not be mainstream, but its gentle approach has long been used to produce fruits, vegetables, grains, and even cannabis.
The foundation of veganic growing is to garden or farm in a way that respects the environment, animals, and human health. Like organic agriculture, the method steers clear of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and GMOs. But it breaks the mold by eliminating the use of any product obtained from confined animals. According to the Veganic Agriculture Network, fertilizers, manure, blood meal, feather meal, and fish emulsion can all be used when growing organically, but they’re often sourced from CAFO’s and slaughterhouses. Veganics focuses instead on plant-based techniques to improve soil fertility; think mulch, vegetable compost, green manure, wood chips, crop rotation, and polyculture. The motto is “feed the soil, and the soil will feed the plants.” Proponents of the veganic method say the reward is a living soil chockfull of microorganisms that can deliver long-term fertility. It is sustainable farming at its very best.
A Love For Plants “Everything you treat with love grows well. I love plants and always have.” Eric van Vlimmeren has dedicated his life to growing sustainably. He is the founder of Bio Nova, a Netherlands-based company that has been creating nutrient additives and fertilizers for cannabis since the 90s. Although not a vegan himself, van Vlimmeren says veganic growing is his passion.
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Veganic
Agriculture
“We can feed the crops minerals, but they’re usually full of chemicals,” he says. “Feed them organics, and that’s fish slop. So, four years ago, we started building vegan nutrients, which is the purest possible.” With so much focus on ‘clean’ eating these days, van Vlimmeren doesn’t see why the same principals shouldn’t be applied to growing cannabis. Those crops, he says, should also be free of what he calls ‘garbage’ from the animal industry. “If you want to make medicine, it should be as pure as possible,” he says. “If you take CBD and you smoke your joint, it gets into your body and your mind, so it should be pure. I strongly believe in that.” Especially now, with many parts of the world becoming more liberal when it comes to cannabis. The 59-year-old van Vlimmeren has seen the industry evolve tremendously since first entering it at the age of 16. First, the medicinal market opened up in the United States, followed by the legalization of recreational pot in Canada, something he says will have a ripple effect around the globe. “If I look back in Holland, [some] lunatics broke the industry down,” he explains. “When it becomes legal, the criminals stop working, so what Canada has done is very smart. Many countries will likely follow Canada’s lead.” With the UK now venturing into the medicinal market and more people being able to access cannabis, the Bio Nova founder says it’s more important than ever to treat the plant respectfully. The company’s ‘Veganics’ line of products contain food grade, organic, and animal-free ingredients only, yielding high-quality plants. The feedback has been positive, with many growers telling van Vlimmeren they notice improved terpenes, a cleaner taste, and general pureness of the effects. More importantly, the veganic method is all about being gentle on the environment, a value that is very dear to van Vlimmeren. Through everything he does at Bio Nova, he keeps Mother Nature in mind. All of the lights at the company have recently been changed to LEDs; a costly investment, but van Vlimmeren says he’ll get it back in four years. The company runs entirely on wind energy and heats with natural gas, and waste products are carefully sorted and recycled. “It all starts with ourselves,” he says. “We are always voting in all kind of politicians, but that doesn’t make such a difference.”
“If you take CBD and you smoke your joint, it gets into your body and your mind, so it should be pure. I strongly believe in that.” To see that difference, van Vlimmeren believes we need to make small changes together. He hopes to see the ever-expanding cannabis industry set an example when it comes to sustainability in the world of agriculture, and predicts there will soon be more demand for biologically-grown cannabis that is as natural as it can be as it enters the body. “I’m a very positive thinker, and I believe in the future, people are going to pick up this way of growing.” Veganic agriculture is a mindset, and whether applied to cannabis or other crops, the world could use a little more sustainability. 3
Sources: • The Economist, “The World in 2019”: rebrand.ly/vmmbix • Veganic Agricultural Network: goveganic.net/article19.html 69
BY TOM FORREST
Plant Hormones W elcome back to the final edition of Stealth Science! In this issue, we
get to the juicy par t of cultivation:
plant hormones and how they control growth and development.
Photosynthesis, nutrition, and both water and ionic relations are all critical to the structure, ecology, and survival mechanisms within our plants, especially under stress. When plants are exposed to varying environmental conditions, it influences their production and use of hormones, thus changing the physiological processes at work.
Hormones inhibit or enhance growth and development while different metabolic activities are simultaneously occurring. They tell the plant when organ development is required and in which direction it should grow. By current scientific definition, ‘plant hormones are natural and synthetic compounds that elicit growth, differentiation or metabolic responses, and they must be active at very low concentrations’. There are only five discovered and isolated hormones and even modern science doesn’t fully understand them. The field of plant biology is always studying ‘new’ hormones with the hopes of adding more to the bunch, but for now, the five main plant hormones are auxins (1880 Darwin), gibberellins (1926 Kurosawa/Brien), cytokinins (1941 Skoog), abscisic acid (1965 Wareing) and ethylene (1924). Auxins were identified by Darwin in the 1880s as he and his son first documented phototropism. They recognized that coleoptiles only bend towards the light when their tips are exposed, meaning the tips must contain the photoreceptor cells. Chemical messengers (auxins), move down the dark side of the shoot to encourage growth. The naturally occurring hormone responsible for phototropism is now known to be indoleacetic acid (IAA).
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IAA occurs in the highest concentrations, but there are several other known natural auxin compounds (IAN, PAA, 4-CL-AA) and their structure is very similar. You might be more familiar with indole butyric acid (IBA), a synthetic auxin
This five-part series delves into plant science to help you understand why a garden flourishes or flops. Over the course of five issues, we have been discussing the important topics relating to plant biology and physiology, structure and function, covering roots to shoots and everything in between! Understanding the science behind the art of horticulture ensures we can cultivate beautiful, healthier, and more sustainable crops. The Five Classes: • Plant Morphology and Anatomy (see last issue) • Water Interactions • Plant Food and Ionic Relations • Photosynthesis and Phloem • Plant Hormones: The control of growth and development
that is the most commonly sold rooting hormone product in garden stores. It’s quite similar to IAA but has a much better shelf life and light resistance, which makes it commercially viable. There are several other identified synthetic auxins, including NAA, 2.4-D, and Dicamba. Interestingly enough, these can be used as powerful horticultural growth hormones (NAA mostly in tissue culture or rooting stimulants), or as dangerous herbicides (2,4-D and Dicamba), depending on the concentration ratio. Auxins are produced in the growing tissue (the meristematic regions) of the plant and transported via the phloem. They cause a variety of different physiological activities within the plant depending on internal and external variables. Cell enlargement, phototropism, and apical dominance are all directly linked to auxin production. There is a constant movement of auxins within the stem helping the plant to determine organ and tissue differentiation. The accumulation of auxins in rooting hormones leads to the distinction of root cells and the development of ‘adventitious roots’ at the base of the stem. The next group of hormones was discovered in 1926 when Kurosawa studied foolish rice disease. The rice infected with the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi showed excessive elongation of internodes and the plants grew tall and fell over. In 1934, scientists first extracted this fungus gibberellin (GA3), and in 1956, the first plantextracted gibberellins were discovered.
DEFINING STEALTHORGANIC SCIENCE
Control of Growth and Development
credit: https://journals.plos.org
Hormones inhibit or enhance growth and development while different metabolic activities are simultaneously occurring.
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STEALTH SCIENCE
There are only five discovered and isolated hormones and even modern science doesn’t fully understand them Today, there are over 136 known gibberellins, and most common plants have around 15-20 different types identified. All the diverse forms are quite similar in chemical composition to gibberellic acid (GA3), and the commercial sales of GA are predominantly from fungus extracted forms. Gibberellins are produced in the meristematic parts of the plants and are transported bi-directionally in the xylem and phloem. Their mechanisms cause rapid cell expansion and the induction of enzymes, leading to increased growth rates. Cell enlargement instigates elongation of the stem and can even induce flowering in some cases. In commercial applications, GA is used to increase tenderness and length in sugar cane and celery, while Anti-GA compounds are used to keep plants short, such as alliums, azaleas, and chrysanthemums. Applications of GA can help certain plant species overcome juvenility or induce flowering, but it drastically varies according to the plant species and application methods. It’s worth remembering that GA and auxins are the ‘go’ hormones, while ethylene and ABA are the ‘stop’ hormones. Still, they closely relate and antagonize each other. Let’s take a look at the history of the ‘stop’ hormones and how they can influence your crops. Amazingly, in 1965, two compounds were discovered simultaneously on opposite sides of the globe. In the UK, Wareing was looking at something that caused the induction of dormancy in winter buds of deciduous trees, while in the USA, Aldicott was looking at the abscission of cotton fruits. Incredibly, they were both investigating the same thing! It’s now called abscisic acid (ABA); it’s not the hormone that induces abscission (that’s ethylene), but it does accelerate it. Abscission is the natural detachment of parts of a plant; usually dead leaves or ripened fruit. ABA induces senescence, the aging and deterioration processes of a plant and dormancy in certain species (picture aging leaves on deciduous trees or unhealthy plants). Senescent (aging) organs contain high levels of ABA and are seen in chlorotic or necrotic symptoms of nutrient deficiencies. Organs under stress (e.g. water stress) will produce ABA and transport it bi-directionally (like GA), where it is metabolized to ‘dihydrophaseic acid’ at the action site.
Dormant leaf/flower/bud organs in certain plant species have high levels of ABA and accumulation can prevent seeds from germinating. For commercial purposes, this can replace cold/ short-day requirements in buds and seeds, allowing nurseries to grow certain plant varieties outside of their regular seasons. Both GA and ABA are produced from the precursor mevalonic acid (MVA), and these two hormones act in a closely related correlation for a variety of plant processes. Likewise, auxins (go) and ethylene (stop) have an essential and complex interconnected relationship. Ethylene was used initially to ripen cold-stored fruit from the 1920s. Scientists realized they could pick fruit green, then transport and expose it to ethylene so it would mature closer to market. It wasn’t until the 1970s that Daphne Osborne discovered that it had several other interesting properties. Although it’s a gas that occurs in normal levels in our ambient air (around 5-50ppb v/v), ethylene is still technically a hormone due to its plant growth mechanisms. It is produced in any wounded or senescent tissue and transported via diffusion throughout the plant. Ethylene acts by stimulating degrative enzymes (e.g., amylase to increase sweetness). It also affects the chlorophyll breakdown, which causes the color to change in plants. Interestingly, in varying concentrations, ethylene can be used to break seed dormancy in some larger seeds and induce flowering in pineapples! Its role in organ tissue differentiation prevents photomorphogenesis from occurring, showing a ‘dark’ morphology in light-grown plants.
Credit: BioNinja
ABA is also involved in the induction of flowering, stomatal closure in water-stressed leaves, enzymatic effects, and organ/tissue differentiation. The role of ABA in stomatal closure is a complex and unique property; a high concentration causes the K+ pump to stop, triggering a loss in turgor and the stomata close.
There is a continuous interaction between the hormones and the actions of ABA. These reactions depend on the concentrations of the other hormones that cause the various responses within a plant.
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STEALTH SCIENCE
It’s an incredibly exciting time to be a botanical enthusiast; the advances in scientific knowledge are helping gardeners grow superior crop The final formal hormone we need to discuss is the unique collection of cytokinins. In 1941, Van Overbeek was exploring tissue culture in his laboratory in Holland and found that cells would expand but not divide. In the 1950s, Skoog et al. started to examine the role of cell division using coconut milk and how to cause differentiation in roots and shoots. They bought barrels of herring sperm DNA (yes, herring sperm DNA, commonly used as a blocking agent in nucleic acid hybridization experiments). Skoog and Miller identified the first cytokinin, kinetin, and Miller went onto isolate zeatin from corn, which instigated a surge of research in this field. All cytokinins were learned to be substituted adenine derivatives, and there are more than 100 known so far. The production of cytokinins is mostly found in root tips of plants, but also leaves, fruits, and seeds. The compounds are transported through the xylem in the direction of high auxin concentration. Cytokinins bind to ribosomes, which are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. This mechanism is involved in the synthesis of polypeptides, but unfortunately, that’s more than we can cover in a brief overview article. However, we can look into the different physiological activities of cytokinins and how these are used in modern commercial agriculture. After recognizing their role in cell division, the primary use developed into commercial tissue culture applications. We also understand that cytokinins play a crucial role in organ and tissue differentiation; auxins or kinetins alone will have no effect, but when combined will cause rapid meristematic cell division. The required ratio of auxins/cytokinins varies according to the plant species cultivated. Cytokinins are also involved in preventing senescence and abscission, meaning it has an anti-ABA and anti-ethylene action. Applying cytokinins (organically found in sea kelp) will help to retain chlorophyll and delay senescence. This means there are potential uses for slowing deterioration in leaf crops sold in shops. The last physiological role of cytokinins involves its potential release of apical dominance, the process of more energy being sent to the different apical meristems, or tops. It can interact with lateral buds to encourage a more even distribution of growth.
There is advancing study about all of the different functions of plant hormones, and even today, we don’t fully understand the hypothesized ‘flowering hormone’ or florigen. It has been recognized since the 1930s that there are hormones at work when plants flower, but we are just starting to understand the flowering relationship with polypeptides, amino acids, and proteins. Grafting experiments have shown that florigen is common between long-day and short-day plants and is produced in receptive tissues (leaves). It is transported through the meristem to begin transitioning into a flowering bud, although the exact nature of florigen is still a mystery. Photoperiodism and photomorphogenesis both influence phytochromes and hormones within a plant, but unfortunately, these processes and the advanced role of light spectrums is a topic for a future article. ‘New’ hormones such as salicylic acid are not yet regarded as part of the formally discovered and isolated hormone class. Salicylic acid is naturally produced (alongside other auxins) in willow tree bark and has been proven to produce defense proteins and protect against pathogens. Other recent hormone discoveries have shown that jasmonic acid is produced when insects attack a plant, causing a variety of metabolic activities. Different and continuous interactions between hormones mean it is difficult to isolate their individual effects. The control of growth depends on the balance of hormones and the receptiveness of tissue at the site. The quantities of other hormones will drastically influence the effects of applying any further hormones. These also interact with the environmental conditions and individual plant genetics, making it a little bit confusing for farmers. But do not fret; having an understanding of the processes at work will allow you to better recognize symptoms and potential problems in your grow before they become a real issue. It’s an incredibly exciting time to be a botanical enthusiast; the advances in scientific knowledge are helping gardeners grow superior crops. This is the final article for our series of Stealth Science. I hope it’s helped you to better understand your floral friends at home. For further information and some friendly gardening banter, please feel free to contact me via Stealth Garden Supplies (Australia) social media pages or our website. . 3
BIO Founder of Indicated Technology Pty Ltd, Tom is a certified horticulturalist and paid consultant working in the Australian medical cannabis industry. After finishing studies in production horticulture (hydroponics) and plant biology; Tom has spent the past 6 years working in the protected cropping space. Tom is passionate about sustainable yet economic cultivation methodologies and also teaches cannabis cultivation as part of university and private education programs. Tom is also the Communications Manager for Stealth Garden wholesale supplies. 75
BY CAROLINE RIVARD
The Overlooked Medicinal Weed The exotic, rare, high-potency herb that grows only once in a blue moon is favored over the ever yday weed that grows abundantly on the lawn or between the majestic rows of our gardens
78
GARDEN WEEDS
S
ometimes, we cannot see wonderful things that are right under our noses. Many gardeners are looking for plants that are unique and exquisite. This is often
the case with medicinal herbs; the exotic, rare, high-potency herb that grows only once in a blue moon is favored over the everyday weed that grows abundantly on the lawn or between the majestic rows of our gardens. It’s time to look
Plantain is dull in appearance and as a result, gardeners of ten choose to rip the weed out of the soil
at weeds from a new perspective, appreciating the simple plants that are well within reach and full of potent medicine.
Powerful Plantain No matter where you live in the world, whether the city or countryside, you likely have already seen this humble weed. The genus Plantain includes several species; the most common is Plantago major (also known as broadleaf plantain, ribwor t, or greater plantain), as well as the narrowleaved one, Plantago lanceolata (English plantain or lambs tongue).
Plantain can be your first line of defense against insect stings and bites, scratches, first-degree sunburns, minor wounds, Poison Iv y, or itchy, irritated skin
The modest-looking plant was brought to Nor th America by the European settlers, eventually given the name “White man’s foot” because plantain was found everywhere along the paths of the white man. The weed has very few demands, growing happily between two slabs of concrete or in the freshly tilled soil of the gardens.
Not All Is What It Seems
degree sunburns, minor wounds, Poison Ivy, or itchy, irritated skin. All you have to do is chew on one or two fresh leaves, apply them directly to the affected area, and let the plantain do its magic. The medicinal weed will soothe and cool the skin, but plantain also holds proper ties that will draw things like splinters, dir t, stingers, or even venom, poison, and other infections from the body.
The plant’s anti-bacterial and antiinflammatory proper ties disinfect and help kill pathogenic organisms, speeding up the healing process and repair of damaged tissues. The really good news? Plantain grows in abundance and is a free, extremely safe medicine.
Plantain is dull in appearance and as a result, gardeners often choose to rip the weed out of the soil. It is essential that we begin to look past its bland, green, rubbery leaves, and see the superhero powers they have within them.
If you’re planning on doing any outdoor activities, the tough leaves of the all-terrain plantain can be your first line of defense against insect stings and bites, scratches, first-
Plantago lanceolata (English plantain or lambs tongue)
credit: Biological Records Centre
The First-Aid Kit
79
GARDEN WEEDS
Plantain grows in abundance and is a free, ex tremely safe medicine Plantago major
Internal Repair Plantain is not only an incredible medicinal herb for external conditions; it also works wonders for the body’s internal organs. From the roots to the seeds, the entire plant is edible and is a wonderful ally of both the gastrointestinal tract and the digestive system!
The next time you encounter the plantain weed in your garden, instead of harshly sentencing it to the compost pile, rejoice, dry the plants, and make some wholesome medicine for the year to come! Plantain is a staple of the herbal apothecary; it’s a wonderful gift from Nature. 3
The small, young leaves, as well as the immature shoots and green seeds, can be enjoyed as a delicious vegetable. The leaves contain vitamins A, C and K, beta carotene, silica, calcium, and potassium. As for the seeds, they are an excellent source of protein and fiber. When the seeds are mature and brown in color, they can be used similar to psyllium seeds, which are produced by their not so far cousin, Plantago ovata. Plantain seeds are packed with mucilaginous components, just like pectin. Once the seeds are hydrated, they will form the precious mucilage, a process called myxospermy. •
Take 1-2 tbsp of dried plantain seeds and soak them in a glass of hot water until the mucilage forms. Then, drink to soothe and lubricate the whole digestive system.
Taken as a tea, dried plantain leaves will detoxify the body, working well to treat colds and flu, bronchitis, and bladder infections. It is also an excellent treatment for inflamed tissues. Plantain is a demulcent and will relieve minor discomfor t and irritation by forming a soothing film over the affected mucous membrane. •
Infuse 1/4–1/2 tsp (1–3 grams) of the dried leaves in a cup of hot water for 10-15 minutes. Drink up to three cups a day to reap the benefits.
A therapist and healer for over 15 years, Caroline’s passion for medicinal plants only began after leaving the city for the quiet country life in Quebec, Canada. Eager to learn, she’s never looked back, using forests and wildflower fields as her classroom ever since. In a time where reconnecting with plants and nature is badly needed, she spreads her love for herbalism by holding teaching workshops about the powers of medicinal herbs and natural remedies.
Bio
81
Working in Partnership with
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ASK A PH.D.
Garden Culture’s
Ask A Ph.D.!
Question: Is there a fungal group that is best suited for use in agriculture?
Answer from: Dr. Colin Bell, Co-founder and Chief Growth Officer of Mammoth Microbes
Arguably, one of the most essential fungal groups to support plant growth in agriculture systems is arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
Arguably, one of the most essential fungal groups to support plant growth in agriculture systems is arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. These symbiotic fungi function by infecting the outer layer of the root, penetrating the cortical layers and developing arbuscules (i.e., exchange) sites within the host plant root cells. At these arbuscule exchange sites, fungi consume the labile carbon exudates that the plants produce to support fungal growth, while the fungi provide excess phosphorous to the plant that they have scavenged from the surrounding environment. Under optimal growing conditions, it takes a minimum of 15 days for colonization to occur. This symbiotic relationship is an exchange of nutrients; carbon from the plant to the fungi, and phosphorous from the surrounding soil environment through the fungi to the plant. Glomus is the largest genus of AM fungi, with over 200 known species. Approximately 80% of plant species on Earth have AM fungal associations. Scientists believe that these symbiotic interactions originated over 400 million years ago as these ancient free-living fungi evolved to support both plant and fungal success. It is unclear whether these fungi have plant species-specific relationships. However, only one AM fungal species known as glomus intradecies infect cannabis sativa. AM fungal growth is sensitive to environmental shifts in temperature, pH, and ion (i.e., fertilizer) concentrations. For example, AM fungal infection rates have been
shown to decline significantly with increased phosphorous availability within the rhizosphere. This suggests an active feedback loop corresponding to environmental conditions, which is deterministic of the success of the symbiotic relationship with plants when AM fungi are used in agriculture management practices.
The environment regulates all biology. When using natural solutions in agriculture, it is crucial to understand the function of biology as well as the environmental limitations to maximize success. 3
credit: Western Sydney University
Soil fungi are filamentous, microscopic, hair-like organisms that grow through the soil’s decomposing organic matter and supporting plant growth in both natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Bio
Colin Bell is the co-founder, co-inventor and Chief Growth Officer at Mammoth Microbes. Colin is passionate about science, and received his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences, specializing in soil microbial ecology and plant-microbe interactions. He left his academic position at Colorado State University in March 2015 to launch Mammoth Microbes.When he’s not traveling the world interacting with and learning from cultivators, there is nothing Colin enjoys more than teaching and working with the team at Mammoth Microbes.You can find Colin on Instagram: @colinwbell 83
BY GRUBBYCUP
Organic to Synthetic and Shades Between
84
ORGANIC TO SYNTHETIC
I
t is pretty rare that gardeners grow either completely organically or entirely synthetically, although how one defines these terms makes
a big difference.
Completely Organic An ideal organic setting would be one in which the plant grows naturally, without any intervention from that pest that walks on two legs. In their native habitat, plants can sprout, grow, reproduce, and expire organically with only mother nature to provide for them. It would be fair to say that in a completely natural setting where plants live in the wild is as organic as a plant can be grown. It might be organic and natural, but it also tends to be inconvenient. For example, the natural response to drought is for many plants to die. This can be troublesome for folks that want to consume the future harvest. Simple irrigation such as hand watering can reduce losses, and “improve” on nature. Competition from weeds can be reduced by pulling and removing unwanted plants. Nature isn’t concerned with what plants are desired, merely which plants survive. Humans, however, definitely have preferences, which is why a garden of tomatoes and squash is preferred over a garden overrun with stinging nettles and star thistles. There is also a competition for harvesting the plants. There are bugs and animals which will happily feast on plants regardless of intention for human consumption.
In their native habitat, plants can sprout, grow, reproduce, and expire organically with only mother nature to provide for them
Putting up a fence to dissuade nearby cattle from snacking on the plants may be wise, but it isn’t entirely natural. Usually, even the most staunch organic gardening suppor ter will allow for such practices as growing in nonnative environments, watering, and weeding. Much of the emphasis on organic versus synthetic gardening is put on what additional inputs are allowed beyond water.
Organic Enough Nitrogen is vital for plant growth. While there is plenty of nitrogen in the atmosphere, it is in the form of a gas (N2) which the plants cannot use directly because the pair of nitrogen atoms are held together with a triple bond and are hard to separate once joined. To supply plants with nitrogen to grow, they must get it in a form they can use. What is used as a nitrogen source is a determining factor in how organic it is. There are natural and organic paths to supply nitrogen in a form plants can use. Nitrogen-fixing with lightning strikes or bacteria are organic methods, and so is making use of nitrogen in other plants and animals. Lightning strikes have enough energy to break the bonds between nitrogen atoms, forming nitrous oxides which 85
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ORGANIC TO SYNTHETIC
Much of the emphasis on organic versus synthetic gardening is put on what additional inputs are allowed beyond water
form nitrogen acids when exposed to water (such as rain). This falls to the ground where it becomes a nitrogen source for plants. Lightning is notoriously hard to control, however, so isn’t generally a part of a garden’s nutrition plan. Certain bacteria can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (or similar). Some common nitrogen-fixing bacteria are Azotobacter which lives in the soil, Rhizobacteria which lives in root nodules of certain plants (such as legumes), and Trichodesmium which lives in the sea. Living plants and animals contain nitrogen. They share this nitrogen by producing waste products while living (shedding leaves or releasing urea) and as part of decomposition after they have died. Organic nutrients often try to emulate this by being made from naturally occurring materials with minimal processing. One advantage to this is that they can often be collected cheaply (i.e., leaves, lawn clippings, livestock manure, etc.), and require little processing before use, often just maturing or composting. Many organic products use this method in forms such as manures, guanos, ground meals, and composts. Nitrifying bacteria can make natural sources of nitrogen available to plants. Ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4) is converted to nitrites (with an “i” a.k.a. NO2) by bacteria such as Nitrosomonas, which is then converted into nitrates (with an “a” a.k.a. NO3) by bacteria like Nitrobacter. Nitrates are the form preferred by many plants (although some trees can do well by skipping steps). One example would be an organic gardener putting alfalfa meal on a garden plot. The meal decomposes releasing its nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Then the ammonia is converted first into nitrites and then nitrates by bacteria. The nitrates are taken up by the plants. After harvest, the leftover plant material is composted, which can be used to feed new plants, and the cycle repeats.
Synthetics An alternative is to fix nitrogen using artificial (human activity based) methods. Ammonia (NH3) can be manufactured from nitrogen gas (N2) by applying heat, pressure, and an iron catalyst. This eliminates the need for a biological source for the starting nitrogen. Synthetic ammonia can be chemically converted into nitrates which eliminate the need for nitrifying bacteria since that means the steps of ammonia to ammonium, ammonium to nitrites, and nitrites to nitrates can all be skipped. By skipping ahead in the cycle, the plant can have access to the nitrogen in a form it can use quicker. It also means that the nitrifying bacteria won’t have a food source so they won’t be around to help out. The further one takes the synthetic path, the more biological steps can be skipped for a variety of nutrients. Monitoring pH becomes more critical as fewer living microorganisms are used since they aren’t adjusting their local pH to suit themselves. Monitoring electrical conductivity and precision dosing becomes more important as synthetic nutrients can be more potent and susceptible to nutrient burn than their milder organic counterparts (and EC is better suited for monitoring salt based solutions).
Completely Synthetic Wind, rain, temperature, nutrients, atmosphere, and lighting can all be supplied synthetically. With enough equipment, plants can even be grown off the planet in a completely artificial environment, using no natural resources at all.
Balance Most gardens are somewhere between the two extremes. A garden that relies on biological helpers to grow plants tends to be on the organic side. There is less control, but more assistance, and generally, a larger margin for error. Synthetic methods can be more precise, but with that control comes more responsibility and reliance on the gardener’s judgment as there aren’t as many (or in some cases any) biological agents working alongside them to tend to the health of the plant. 3 87
BY GARETH HOPCROFT AND BEN BLANDFORD, PHOTOGRAPHY: BEN BLANDFORD
Part 2
Digging a Bit Deeper (Or not at all in our case!) 88
LIVING ORGANIC SOIL
I
n the first part of this series, we explored the new wave of indoor organic growing using living soils and how this cultivation style can achieve superior results while also being environmentally sustainable. Now, we will more closely examine the components of a living soil mix, how it works, and what can be done to improve it further over time.
A living soil mix is quite different from a standard potting soil, which is often just a blend of peat, perlite, and synthetic or organic base fertilizer designed to last only a few weeks. The ingredients for a standard potting soil are selected mostly based on cost and to allow a smooth production process without any real concern for the quality of inputs. Although a living soil may use peat and perlite as well, the critical ingredient is a high percentage of quality compost. When blended with natural organic inputs and minerals, the mix is allowed to ‘cook,’ enabling microbial activity to bring everything to life. This process takes several weeks – not an easy feat for commercial production – and requires specialist knowledge, skill, and attention over this period.
Anything added should be carefully considered as the quality is of the utmost importance. Do not add something unless absolutely necessary. Keep it simple, and nature will provide
Building the Basis of Living Soil A quality living soil structure needs a right balance of water retention and air space, but also must be able to drain freely and dry evenly. There are three components to build a good soil structure: compost, aeration, and organic growing medium. Compost sources will either be from thermophilic compost or vermicompost. Thermophilic compost is made by mixing and building piles of green and brown plant material, and sometimes manures and other natural by-products as well. This helps to encourage biological activity from aerobic bacteria. The compost piles are regularly turned to avoid overheating caused by the feeding and reproduction of the microbial colonies and then, once stable, they mature, allowing a diverse range of microorganisms to develop. Vermicompost uses similar ingredients but incorporates the action of worms to break down the organic material without any heat generation. High-quality vermicompost often uses finished thermophilic compost as a proportion of the inputs. The constituents of compost and how the process is managed are both essential as they form the engine that drives everything else. Compost is a powerhouse of nutrients and microbes and is the life source of your living soil mix. Aeration is vital when building a new soil mix. Aeration additives provide small air spaces throughout the mix to allow root respiration and healthy microbial activity. A functional aeration additive will also add structure to the blend to avoid compaction over time. The most popular options are perlite, pumice or lava rock. Some growers also opt for crop by-products such as rice or buckwheat hulls. Finally, we need an organic growing medium to enable both the roots to grow and microbial processes to occur. Sphagnum peat moss is the most popular choice with growers, but coco coir is also a good option. Peat, however, is acid and needs to be pH buffered with the addition of limestone, whereas coco coir doesn’t.
Buckwheat Hulls
When building your living soil, an excellent ratio to start with is ⅓ compost, ⅓ aeration, and ⅓ peat or coco. Tweaks may be needed depending on the water-holding characteristics of your compost and aeration additive, and the grade of the peat or coco. You can always make a small mix and see how it feels and acts once in a pot. A good rule of thumb is to grab a slightly damp handful, squeeze it, and look for minimal runoff. It should also break apart again quickly when you release your grip. This will encourage strong root development to support vigorous, healthy plants. Once the structure is complete, some additional inputs are required to help achieve a good nutritional balance. It’s essential to use amendments that break down at different speeds and contain a diverse range of nutrients. Some of the best ones are kelp (seaweed), crustacean and neem meal, rock dust, limestones, and gypsum. There are options such as fish meal, alfalfa, comfrey, nettle, and insect frass as well to boost the soil even further. Some growers turn to animal by-products to 89
Building living soil
build their soil nutrients, such as blood meal, bone meal, hoof and horn for a quick and cheap fix, but it is important to check the sources of these materials as they will often come from non-organic GMO fed livestock, full of antibiotics and growth hormones. A good soil mix can obtain the nutrient sources from plants and the sea, and when in balance, the nutrients will be released slowly throughout the growth cycle.
Basic Recipe • 1-2 parts kelp/alfalfa/comfrey meal • 1-2 parts neem/Karanja meal • 1-2 part crustacean/fish meal • 6-8 parts basalt rock dust • 2-3 parts gypsum This should be all mixed together then used at 200-400g per 50L of base soil. If using peat in your base soil mix, you will need to use some limestone to raise the pH, around 4-6g per L of soil mix. 90
The nutrition in living soil comes from the microbes in the compost that start to feed on the inputs and break them down to their mineral forms so the plants can use them. Until the bacteria have done their work, the minerals are locked up in the amendments, and therefore, the plants do not get overfed. The plants release something called “root exudates” into the soil to attract the different microbes they need to release the minerals they want. It is a trade between plants and microbes - exudates for minerals - working together to help each other. This type of exchange is what soil scientists and ecologists call “mutualism.” When growers bottle-feed organic nutrients, they create a similar blast of microbial activity that causes a flash of nutrition, but it is gone as fast as it comes. A well-made living soil will have continuous availability of nutrition.
LIVING ORGANIC SOIL
When building your living soil, an excellent ratio to start with is ⅓ compost, ⅓ aeration, and ⅓ peat or coco
credit: Left Coast Wholesale/GeoPots
Most living soil growers use a mulch layer to cover the surface of the soil, keeping moisture in and allowing root and microbial activity to occur right at the soil surface. Popular materials for mulches are chopped straw, hay, and even stalks and leaves from the previous crop’s waste trimmings. If you can create a good layer of composting nutritious mulch, it will feed the soil as you water. If you have worms in your soil, they will consume the decomposing mulch and create vermicompost on the soil surface. Worms consume decomposing mulch and create vermicompost Soil cooking with microbial growth Another benefit with real organic living soil is that you can introduce worms to your containers and use them as a team of composters and aerators working 24/7 to keep the cycle of nature moving. They don’t eat and digest, but rather filter the decomposing organic matter into its mineral forms and coat it with enzymes that help with the availability of the nutrition. With worms, you can re-use the same body of soil over and over, just like in nature.
With worms, you can re-use the same body of soil over and over, just like in nature
If growing no-till style with mulch and worms, you will also develop a population of other insects that are beneficial to the living soil system. Don’t be put off by these insects; they will protect your plants and keep things in balance. The most common is hypoaspis miles (now called stratiolaelaps scimitus), which feed on fungus gnat larvae and thrips pupae. They often build up good populations and also commonly come from the compost source, helping you by patrolling for bad guys. There are many other specialist predator species you can use to combat common grow room pests as well to avoid the need for sprays and pesticides.
Worms can help you re-use soil. 91
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LIVING ORGANIC SOIL
To get the soil life working well, having more than one plant species growing in the pot can help. Living soil growers often cultivate a ‘cover crop’ such as clover, peas, millet, vetch, and buckwheat. These plants establish quickly and can help fix nitrogen while promoting the establishment and continued growth of mycorrhizal fungi. Cover crops can grow through the mulch layer and help form a living mulch. Once the plant canopy is well established, a common technique is to ‘chop and drop’ the cover crop, allowing it to decompose and become food for the soil microbes and worms.
It’s essential to use amendments that break down at different speeds and contain a diverse range of nutrients. Some of the best ones are kelp (seaweed), crustacean and neem meal, rock dust, limestones, and gypsum
To get the soil life working well, having more than one plant species growing in the pot can help If growing long term in containers, a regular top dressing of amendments and a fresh layer of compost at the start of bloom and again at the end of each cycle keeps everything status quo. If adding some different inputs that you didn’t have in the soil initially, then top dressing is also ideal. Compost teas have been widely used and recommended within the no-till scene. If using compost teas, we suggest making a compost extract instead of a brew. Add compost to water, agitate thoroughly, then apply straight away. This allows the microbial development to happen in the soil, not in a tub of bubbly water. The same can be said about instant microbial teas, which are equally effective.
Cover crops can grow through a mulch layer and help form living mulch
Depending what you’re using in your soil mix and the pot size, some growers like to supplement additional inputs throughout the cycle. The easiest and most effective way is often to top dress; this means dusting the soil surface with whatever you choose to use, and then let it get drenched into the soil as you water. Top dressing the same balanced blend of organic inputs and minerals used for the original soil mix is ideal, or you can use other straight dry amendments such as malted barley powder, insect frass, or comfrey powder.
You can also use liquid additives such as seaweed extract, liquid fish hydrolysate or emulsion, amino acids, humic and fulvic acids, coconut water and Aloe Vera extract to name a few. If you are keen on using bloom boosters, be sure to do your research and find out what’s in them. You don’t need to apply PK booster with living soil, but some organic bloom boosters made from fermented plant extracts are compatible. Many no-till growers tend to make their fermented plant extracts using Korean Natural Farming (KNF) techniques. Of course, anything added should be carefully considered as the quality is of the utmost importance. Do not add something unless absolutely necessary. Keep it simple, and nature will provide.
Top Dressing
It is recommended to use four 40L to 50L pots per square meter to provide an adequate reservoir of nutrition for your plants. That’s a total of 160-200L of living soil per square metre of the canopy! Choosing fabric pots with handles is a good option, as the plants remain fairly portable if required. Some growers like to plant cuttings or seedings directly into these final pots, but if it is a new soil mix, then it is often best to have plants already established in smaller containers with a good root ball ready to adapt to its new home. 93
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LIVING ORGANIC SOIL
Mulch layer creating compost
Watering Living Soil The key to living soil is the moisture level; it is essential not to over or underwater the containers. Because they are much larger than that which growers may be used to, they can hold water longer, and if the plant is still small, it may cause overwatering. When starting with living soil, you need to ease the plant in gradually by watering little and often. A good rule of thumb for watering after planting is 5-10% of the total pot volume (40L pot = 2-4L of water). Watch how they use that water by checking the soil surface over a couple of days, then steadily increase the water volume the more they transpire. Keep the top wet without water-logging the bottom. Water will sink to the bottom of the pot, which means there is a risk of overwatering while trying to keep the top moist. You may need to use a pump-sprayer or fine rose watering can to moisten the top layer regularly, rather than drench the whole container. While the plants are small it is best to be extra careful, but once in full bloom, they will be able to drink much more. Typically, a grower using 40L pots will be watering each pot up to 2-4L per day, but some plants may even need a bit more every few waterings. With timer and pump-powered drip irrigation systems, it is highly recommended you know exactly how much water the soil needs in your growing environment before switching to full automation. Autopot irrigation systems that are fed by a valve in the bottom tray or other sub-irrigated planter systems are also suitable for living soils. With systems like this, it’s still important to get the living soil volume per M2 correct (160-200L). It is also best practice to water by hand from the top until the plants need watering every day, then you can automate the bottom feeding. Perhaps the most attractive aspect of growing using living soil and no-till methods is what happens at the end of the growing cycle. Rather than throwing away the soil or adding it to outdoor beds, growers can retain the same containers of soil for re-use. That means no tipping out containers, no dust, and no re-filling. If you look after the soil, it will improve over time, and your harvestable goods will also get better. If intending to re-use the soil from the start, you should already have worms doing their work and a mulch layer creating a compost effect from the top. This way, all that is needed is the addition of new plants as space becomes available. Just dig a little hole and go again!
Reinvigorating Living Soil If you didn’t plan to re-use the soil but still want to, all you need to do is remix it with some fresh compost or vermicompost, along with a few other amendments. Most growers start with the 40L pots and then end up with 50L once they have added around 10% more compost plus the amendments. When remixing, you will need to empty the container, but don’t worry about removing any root mass, as it will get consumed by the microbes. Depending on the pot size the new mix goes into, it may heat up and feel warm to the touch. This is where the microbes are breaking down the quick release inputs for some immediate nutrition, but it will then start to cool down after 7-10 days and be ready to use. Planting a cover crop and waiting to see if it comes up green and healthy is an excellent way to tell if the soil is ready for the main crop. Some companies now sell amendment kits that include everything you need to re-amend used living soil, but remember; it is important to start with highquality living soil, not just regular potting soil. When the soil life is well-fed and in harmony, the plants will grow themselves. Use what is available locally and don’t over complicate anything unnecessarily. Just remember to start with high-quality organic soil, and you will already be halfway to having abundant, glorious produce for your effort! 3
BIO Gareth Hopcroft is a certified plant geek and all
round organic gardening devotee. Gareth has been involved in the UK hydro industry for 15 years and is currently the owner of Ecothrive; known mostly for bringing frass to the UK scene through his product ‘Charge’. When he’s not talking about indoor growing or microbes, you’ll find Gareth getting his hands dirty on his allotment or falling off his skateboard. Follow Gareth @ecothrive Ben Blandford is an organic warrior leading the campaign against toxic food and medicines via his company, Indoor Organics, which focuses on helping growers use real soil, natural inputs, worms and microbes to grow plants without the need for man-made fertilizers, herbicides or pesticides. An experienced grower with a passion for the ultimate quality in the final product, Ben is dedicated to pushing the standards, always trusting that nature knows best! Follow Ben @Indoor_Organics 95
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Beautiful
Mallow
COMPOST
I
f looking for a vibrant, self-seeding bloom that flowers from early spring to mid-fall, look no further than the common mallow (Malva neglecta). With abundant, wavy leaves,
this annual or biennial plant grows anywhere from 6-24” tall and comes in shades of purple, blue, pink, and white. Its strong taproot allows the plant to survive even the harshest conditions, making it an excellent addition to drought-tolerant gardens or xeriscaping projects.
Spotted:
World’s Largest Bee
L
ong believed to be extinct, the world’s largest bee has been rediscovered in an Indonesian rainforest. Wallace’s giant bee (Megachile pluto)
has a wingspan of 2.5 inches and is about the length of a Despite its beauty, mallow is considered to be a weed by some gardeners due to its invasive qualities. The plant reseeds throughout the season, and therefore, mallow can often be found popping up in various spots throughout the property. Some seeds will even remain dormant for a decade before germinating! Regardless, unwanted mallow plants are easily dug up and transplanted elsewhere, and its ability to spread provides excellent coverage in barren areas that don’t necessarily have the greatest soil. Common mallow has traditionally been used in medicine for its many anti-inflammatory properties. An excellent source of iron, zinc, and other vitamins, many cooks have used the plant’s leaves as a substitute to spinach in soups, salads, and more. One gardener’s weed is another gardener’s treasure!
stag-beetle that she uses to collect tree resin for her nest, typically found in active arboreal termite mounds. Initially discovered in 1858 by British entomologist, Alfred Russel Wallace, the species has not been seen since 1981. She was found again in January by a team of North American and Australian researchers in the North Moluccas. During hot and humid conditions and torrential downpours, the team saw dozens of potential nesting sites, leading to hope that more giant bees are living in the region’s forests. But conservation efforts are badly needed to keep them from disappearing forever; according to Global Forest Watch, Indonesia has lost 15% of its trees to agricultural development since 2001. The researchers hope the rediscovery sparks new studies so they can better understand and protect Wallace’s giant bee.
Wallace’s giant bee: credit: wired.com
Sources: Gardening Know How: bit.ly/2BreqTh Permaculture: bit.ly/2cqYchr 3
human thumb! The female insect has massive jaws like a
Sources: Science Daily: bit.ly/2GZy5yb 3
Natural history photographer and his Indonesian guide, Iswan, as they rediscovered a nest of Megachile pluto or Wallace’s giant bee. credit: WPXI.com
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