FT A
D R
_VERTICAL everyone ages
_CITIES _ASIA
seoul, south_korea
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16_APRIL_2013
VERTICAL CITIES ASIA everyone ages
Research Book 16 / April / 2013
Studio Leader Mitesh Dixit
Department of Architectur Technical University of Delft The Netherlands
Henco Bekkering/ Luisa Calabresse
Department of Urbanism Technical University of Delft The Netherlands
Fransje Hooimeijer / Alexia Luising PHD Water Technical University of Delft The Netherlands
CP 2
Complex Projects Chair: Prof. ir. Kees Kaan
Table of contents
MSc3
VCA (Vertical Cities Asia) 4. Competition brief 6. Data and facts Seoul 9. Water Seoul 52. Grid studies 68. Programming masterplan 89. Winning masterplan competition VCA 104.
MSc4
Existing Yongsan station 112. Scale comparison existing modern stations 123. Program analyses modern stations 132. Urban analyses masterplan 138. Layers 144. Entrance railway station 150. Structure and Materials 156. Flora and Fauna 170. Drawings 178. Diagrams plaza 186. Biography 208. Literatrure 209.
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Vertical Cities Asia Seoul ‘ The Vertical Cities Asia International Design Competition is organised by the National University of Singapore (NUS) School of Design and Environment (SDE), and is sponsored by the World Future Foundation (WFF) and Beijing Vantone Citylogic Investment Corporation. The competition was launched on 1 January 2011, premised on the belief that a new paradigm of high density compact urban development was necessary for rapidly urbanising Asia, which is besieged by massive ruralurban migrations. Either existing urban architectural models will continue to be recycled to accommodate increasing populations with devastating effects on land, infrastructure, and the environment or new models of urban architecture will be formed to take on the specifics of Asian urban development.’ They have formed an alliance of 10 universities that have agreed to undertake these series of competitions for a period of 5 years. Every university is allowed to send two teams to Singapore to present their work. In our case it was the winning project ‘Open ended city’. They became first together with an other team from the TU Delft. In our architectural thesis for the fall, the open ended city will be used as the base for the master plan.
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Source: www.verticalcitiesasia.com
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‘Everthing Ages’ ‘Every year a one square kilometre territory will be the subject of the competition. This area, to house 100,000 people living and working, sets the stage for tremendous research and investigation into urban density, verticality, domesticity, work, food, infrastructure, nature, ecology, structure, and program - their holistic integration and the quest for visionary paradigm will be the challenges of this urban and architectural invention. This new environment will have a full slate of live-work-play provisions, with the residential component making up to 50% of the total floor space. In the second of this series of competitions, the theme of “Everyone Ages” will be explored. Population aging is unique in Asia given the speed at which it is occurring and the immense social and economic changes that the region is experiencing at the same time. All across Asia, the number of people age 65 and above is expected to grow dramatically over the next 50 years. For the region as a whole, the population in this age group will increase by 314 percent - from 207 million in 2000 to 857 million in 2050. Changes that occurred over 50 years in the West are being compressed into 20 to 30 years in Asia. The competition seeks innovative design solutions for a balanced environment for urban life addressing and anticipating the challenges of a rapidly ageing society. It encourages new positive approaches to ageing 6
society that identify opportunities for maintaining capacities and well-being over the life course. Concepts such as “active ageing” and “ageing in place” with new approach to accessibility, social care and support for elderly are expected to affect design solutions and programs which exceed the standard community club repertoire and incorporate a range of opportunities to activate the elderly and bring them back to workforce, and to develop appropriate environments, especially the built environment, for both older and younger generations, which is crucial to successful ageing within the community. Key issues of concern are: how to create an influential imagery and new concepts of living reflecting the destigmatized stand on elderly and ageing; how to encourage ‘active ageing’ and build up the competency and ability of the elderly to stay independent by providing holistic approach to supportive environments; how to allow ‘ageing-in-place’ through inclusive and integrative design.’ The site is located in Yongshan, part of Seoul Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea. The location is geograficly in the city center of Seoul. Daniel Libeskind recently won the competition for the Yongshan area. His plan is called “Dreamhub”. For more information visit www.dreamhub21.com Source: www.verticalcitiesasia.com
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Research Seoul First of all its important to collect data about the city of Seoul. To understand how the cities works and what kind of problems the city is struggling with. This chapter gives an overview of data about Seoul and his population.
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10
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25.4%
33.1%
5,792,287 m2 rest manufacturing finance it goverment
1,471,240 m2 1,917,246 m2 915,181 m2 967,311 m2 521,305 m2
9% 16.7%
15.8%
major domestic companies, news agencies, law firms and financial institutions including domestic and international insurers
CBD
10% 10.3%
YBD
14.2% 65.5%
1,979,664 m2 finance manufacturing it rest
1,296,679 m2 281,112 m2 203,905 m2 197,966 m2
bank headquarters and other financial institutions including, securities and asset management companies, as well as finance-related government agencies, such as the Korea Exchange and Financial Supervisory Service
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0
3km
6km
GBD 30.9%
15.1%
27.7%
26.3%
3,495,264 m2 it finance construction rest
968,188 m2 919,254 m2 527,784 m2 1,080,036 m2
IT, manufacturing, consumables and pharmaceuticals, for overseas cosmetics, luxury goods and fashion-related companies
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15
Airports Seoul
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18
19
20
21
yongsan station
rail yard
yongsan station
electronic market
22
high rise housing
low rise housing
namsam mountain
yongsan park
river park
23
26 24
27 25
Percentage working woman
26 28
27 29
Ageing
Shifting Demographic
100% 90%
9,49%
8,84%
80%
11,30%
15,61% 24,28% 32,45%
10,78%
38,15%
15,78%
70% 16,47%
60%
50%
15,39% 14,54% 63,04%
62,31%
40%
56,21% 47,88%
30%
41,88%
38,42%
20%
10%
18,63%
15,60%
12,40%
11,36%
10,31%
2020
2030
2040
8,89%
0 2006
> 65 55-64 15-54 0-14
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2011
2050
Aging
life expectancy
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0
2009 1978
‘22% increase in the last 30 years’
Source: OECD
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Economy. shift to service economy
‘The East Asian miracle’
100%
80%
35,4%
43,5% 54,5% 69,0%
60%
75,4%
76,6%
17,4%
16,4%
10,6%
7,2%
7,2%
2000
2008
2009
14,3%
22,5% 40% 27,6% 50,4% 20,4%
20%
30,0% 17,9%
1970
1980
1990
Service sector Manifactoring sector Agricultural
30
Source: Factsabout Korea - Korean Culture and Information Service (2009)
Urbanization/ rapid growth of cities
100%
11,7%
18,5%
72,3% 50%
88,3%
81,5%
2000
2005
27,7%
1960
Cities Country site
Source: Factsabout Korea - Korean Culture and Information Service (2009)
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32
Due the economic growth cities expaned
‘Korea is the 13th worlds largest economy.’
Source: kostat.go.kr
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20
Population growth of Seoul
0.3 million
34
1920 I 0.3 million people
60
2.4 million
1960 I 2.4 million people
35
0
8.3 million
36
1990 I 8.3 million people
0
10.5 million
2010 I 10.5 million people
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‘Rebuilding happens every 30 years, because there are strong incentives for landowners to rebuild to make money.’
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Partner, McKinsey & Company Seou, Sotuh Korea
Urban housing is dissappearing, and apartment blocks are rising
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living space per household
Housing types
3.71
living space per household (sqm) 3.34
65.7 63.0 3.12
57.4
2.88
average size of households (people) 51.2
1990
40
1995
2000
2005
percentage of housing type
52.7%
58.3%
apartments
47.7%
detached house
new houses, multi family houses 1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
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housing block
housing tower
housing tower
office building
11 m 36 m 390 m2
30,270 m2 3500 m2 FAR: 8.8
1,155 m2 2,270 m2 FAR: 2.0
16,200 m2 3215 m2 FAR: 5.0
6,240 m2 510 m2 FAR: 12.2 40 m
32 m 36 m 1,024 m2
756 m2
32 m
540 m2 46 m
28 m
13,050 m2 1,350 m2 FAR: 9.7 35 m 37 m
1,187 m2
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existing typologies
education
hospital
retail
logistics
15,400 m2 13,790 m2 FAR: 0.9
12,060 m2 29,462 m2 FAR: 2.4
195 m2 346 m2 FAR: 1.8
201,920 m2 50,480 m2 FAR: 4.0
10 m 196 m
10 m
18 m
4,907 m2
173 m2 50,480 m2
3,446 m2 18 m 117 m
287 m 106 m
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Green Land use map
31.9% 19,420 ha
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Water Land use map
8.1% 4,924 ha
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Commercial and Business Land use map
5.9% 3,564 ha
46
Transportation and Industrie Land use map
11.7% 7,108 ha
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Mixed residential Land use map
13% 7,909 ha
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Residential Land use map
18.9% 11,480 ha
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Water research Seoul This chapter is made to understand the water issues that the city is dealing with. Our proposal statement is derived from this water issues that the city is dealing with.
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West 8 won the competition to design a park on the former milatary base near to the Yongsan area. Water plays an important role in their proposal.
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‘Seoul offers only 5.6 m2 of green for every inhabitant’
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Suraksan 637m
Buramsan 507m Buramsan
source: http://blog.sustainablecities.net/2011/07/13/how-many-metres-of-green-space-does-your-city-have/ http://blog.sustainablecities.net/20 lecities.net lec es.net/20 /2011/ /2011/07/ 11/07/ 07/13/ 07/13/how-ma 07/ 13/how-ma 13/ -many-met -many-metres-of-green -ma metres met res-of-green res een-space een ace-do ace-do -doeses-you esyour-c you r-city-have/ r-city ity-ha ity -have/ -ha ve/
with mountains
without mountains
18.6 m2 green p.p.
5.63 m2 p.p.
55 53
Amount of rainwater
400 350
Precipitation (mm)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
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Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
495 mm of rain in the Seoul region during a two-day span
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
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Section site
Geography of Seoul
Section scaled 10x
Gwanaksan Gwanaksan
site site 56
The city Seoul is surrounded by mountains. The city its growh happend between the mountains. Our location is also in one of the vallies of Seoul. The section shows the location near the Han River. An important river for the rainwater that leaves the surrounding mountains. This leads to flodding problems allong the Han River. Ground water level will be on 12 meters below sea level.
Bukharsan Bukhansan
800m 800m
200m 200m
100m 100m
0m -12m ground 57
58
59
60
61
s
u Zone6
b
s To RIver
b
b Zone7
u b s
b b Zone5
To Han RIver
b
Water storage buildings
u s
Underground water storage flood controle Subway metro stations Water direction
62
Zone1
Zone3 Zone2
u Zone4
u
From Han RIver
u u
To Han RIver
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Grid analyses of urban complex cities
In this chapter research have been done on different grids from different cities. Lowrise and highrise cities. To get an idea of scale for streets, buildings and open areas in the city.
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1.8 km
2.4 km2
site area
65
Paris
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New York
68
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Tokyo
70
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Chicago
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Grid By analysing different grids from different cities, the scale of the project becomes more and more clear. The sence of block and street dimensions play an important role to create a masterplan. Our grids are based on low-, midand high rise. Low and highrise areas have different grid sizes. Looking at our location surrounding elements became important. To make an new masterplan it had to connect with the existing tissue of the city. This lead to different compositions with different grid sizes and building plots.
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Hongdea, Seoul - Low rise area - High dense area - No public squares Hongdea- Seoul - Streets are public areas
low rise high dense areas streets are public areas
FAR 1.9
70x 80 m street 10 m
FAR: 1.96 5,600 m2 11,000 m2
FAR 1.9
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Yongsan, Seoul - Old urban fabric demolished - Multiple towers on one plot seoul towers north yongsan new towers - Low dense areas, high rise area - Public space between the towers
multiple towers on one plot
low dense high rise areas public space on the plot
FAR 5.7
FAR: 1.09 78,000 m2 84,990 m2 street 7.5 m
FAR: 5.47 19,950 m2 109,050 m2
FAR: 5.47
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Paris - Mid/ low rise urban tissue - High density - Typology is the block - Streets are public, courtyards are private Paris
paris is midrise high dense city it is a typology in between seprate housing and towers, the building block streets are public space courtyard are private space
FAR 3.5
street 17 m
FAR: 1.2 22,400 m2 26,300 m2
140x160 m
FAR: 3.5
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Manhattan- NY
Manhattan, New York - One plot, multiple buildings - Different height restrictions - Collective space, high rise courtyards New York Manhattan - Openings to the street one plot multiple buildings different heights collective space (courtyards) opening to the street
street 20 m
FAR: 24.5 8,400 m2 206,000 m2
FAR 7.4 70x 120 m
FAR 7.4
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Chicago - One plot one building - Midrise building high - Every plot has his own public space chicago
one plot one building one building high squares on plot
FAR 8.0 street 25 m
FAR: 9.3 12,000 m2 112,000 m2
100x 120 m street 30 m
FAR 8.0
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4140 sqm plot 2702 sqm built 0.65 built/ unbuilt 16212 sqm GFA
FAR: 3.9
6 floors 2701 sqm 16212 sqm residential
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5885 sqm plot 5004 sqm built 0.85 built/ unbuilt 30644 sqm GFA
FAR: 5.2
12 floors 756 sqm 9072 sqm office
3 floors 2524 sqm 7572 sqm retail 3 floors 2524 sqm 7572 sqm retail
8 floors 820 sqm 6560 sqm office
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Conclusion Due the fact that there is almost no green in the city and the city itself is almost paved, rain water is not allowed to infiltrate into the ground. Our proposal is to make a masterplan that deal with this heavey rainflows and set an example for the city. Together with the Yongsan Park, the proposal uses a water system that can retain and collect rainwater. Water means al lot for the people in Seoul. It is also part in their flag. One of the symbols means water. Looking at older Korean buildings, we discoverd that they where surrounded with water. Due the city expension the water streams had to go and became highways. This created the flood problems that the city is deal with every day. 84
new buildings
existing buildings
railway and station
total road structure
water
terrain
85
86
Program distribution new proposal masterplan
The next diagrams showing how the program is distributed inside the masterplan.
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Program distribution
GFA 6,000,000 m2 Hotel
240,000 m2
3% 4%
Culture
180,000 m2
Office
900,000 m2
15 % Education 300,000 m2
Retail
300,000 m2
5% 5% 5%
Health
300,000 m2
Housing
3,780,000 m2
63%
Parking 720,000 m2
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12%
89
Housing
3%
+150 m2
penthouse
15%
+90 m2
4 bed appartment
35%
75-90 m2
3 bed appartment
35%
50-70 m2
2 bed appartment
35-40 m2
1 bed appartment
25-30 m2
studio
7% 5%
90
Retail
9%
electronic market
12%
daily (food, personal care)
36%
non daily
12%
restaurants
6%
cafe
25%
ohters
91
Education
92
ducation
35%
university
25%
high school
13%
middle school
17%
elementary school
10%
day care
lture
Culture
30 %
70 %
culture - theaters - musea - cinema - library
sports - swimming - tennis - football
93
Health
94
65%
hospital
24%
others
4% 3% 2% 2%
fysio therapist dentist pharmacy general practitioner
Office
20%
research center
70%
office space
10%
meeting center
95
Hotels
5%
5 star hotels
60%
3-4 star hotels
35%
96
1-2 star hotels
Building heights
0 -25 m 25-50 m 50-75 m 75-100 m 100-125 m 125-150 m 150-175 m 175-200 m 200-250 m
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TEAM 4 TEAM 3
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Legenda 1. Yongsan Station 2. Yongsan Park (former Millitairy base) 3. Electronic Market 4. Han River 5. Island 6. Cultural strip 7. Leisure strip 8. National Museum of Korea 9. War Memorial Museum 10. Residential district 11. Hyochang stadium 12. Namsam Mountain 13. Yeoudi Business Center
3
1
7 6
13
4
5
100
12
9
2
8
10
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Two student teams from Delft win shared first prize Vertical Cities Asia 16 July 2012 by Web editors M&C
In this competition architecture students studying at 10 different universities worldwide design a square kilometre of a city with a fast growing population. This year’s theme was ageing. The TU Delft student teams won with their designs called Open Ended City and Lifetime City. The jury praised the process oriented approach, the developed programmes and the clear vision of the future in both plans. From this masterplan we continue working on our own master thesis for the fall. 102
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Concept From the research and design brief the design was made. Based on elderly person with a radius of 400 meters. This lead to four communities on the location. Every communitie has his own program and is related to the direct urban context surrounded. Every neighborhood is provided with a hybrid center. This is a building that provides the need for elderly and childeren. By analysing the city they discovered that streets are very important in Seoul. Streets are places where social interaction happends. This because of the lack of open spaces in the city. The only open place in the city are schools that have play yards. The strange thing is that these schools are connected with informal streets. An important element that will return in the proposal that they made. These informal street are space where only pleople can walk or go by bike. These kind of spaces are very important in Korea. In these streets Korean people start local stores and do there shopping things. 106 104
Community Every community belong to a surtain part of the city. This area is the bay community. It was important to create a strong connection with the water, Green Boulevards that flow from the community continue down all the way towards the water edge, providing residents with easy access to all the water front activities. A lot of spontaneous activities will happen in the pedestrian streets that are carved between all the blocks, away from the traffic and busyness of the main roads.
‘plot coverage of 80% creates 20% public space’
107 105
Event Core The element that should bind all the communities together is they even core. Yongsan will primarily be catering to two large user groups: The residents of the communities and the leisure seekers that will come to enjoy the outdoor activities in the park as well as the water front. As Yongsan becomes the point of arrival for the two main outdoor destinations, it is important that there are interesting cultural programs, entertainment and shopping areas that are strategically placed to encourage people to linger and have a good time.
108 106
The event core will serve as a mixing ground and a palce of exchange between the residents of Yongsan and the leisure seekers, creating an exciting environment with its own unique bled of warmth and vibrance.
Train station The train station is one of the most important buildings in the Yongsan area. It is connected to a large railway network that will lead to the south of South-Korea. It has also direct connection to the airport on the edge of Seoul. It is located in the hart of the site and is one of the important element in the ‘event core’. The current station is no longer usefull. It is a building that acts as a city within a city. Everything could be found inside this building. If you arrive by train you do not even have to leave the trainstation because all the shops could be found inside this building, even a cinema.
What they propose for the station is an open connection with the rest of the site. To make a better connection between the two side of the Yongsan area. This could be done by spreading the functions that belongs to the current station to this new ‘event strip’ where people can shop and relax.
109 107
Rialto bridge, Venice, Italy Fasination
One of the first images that popped-up thinking about stations was the Rialto bridge in Venice. It forms a connection for the city between two sides. The power is that you never experience the river that you cross. This is deu the fact of the shops on the bridge and the high density of people in the streets. This will be something that I try to achieve in my design of Yongsan station. 108
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Analysing the existing Yongsan station
To understand the existing building in a better way analyses are made to find out the positive and negative points of the existing building.
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112
yongsan station
Yongsan, Seoul, South Korea Fasination
Yongsan station is east sided orientated. In this image the rail yard is still there. The goverments is planning to make replace the rail yard outside the city. This area will provide space for a new busisness hub for Seoul. This plan is made by Daniel Libeskind. 113
Yongsan Station, Seoul, South Korea This is the current situation of the railway station in Seoul. It is hard to find out if it is a station. Only the signe indicates that there should be trains. The building looks more like a shopping mall.
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Stations becoming shopping malls. Equipped with all comforts. It is a city within a city and as a result the city with all its qualities will never be experienced. The station of the future is a building that guides you into the city. To experience all its qualities that the city offers.
Seoul Station, Seoul, South Korea
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Culture Store - Book store - Sports - Leisure - Musical Instruments
CGV Westreet - Restaurant - I’park Culture Center
Digital Specialty Store - e-Sports stadium - Computer & Game - Digital Home Appliance - Digital Electronics Information - Mobile Communication
CGV Westreet - Restaurant - Beauty Salon - I’park Culture Center - Cinema
Living Store - Imported Luxury Furniture - Bed & Living Furniture - Bank - Design Furniture - House & Bathroom ware Airship - Restaurant - Ladies fashion - Fitness Club (basement)
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Eastreet - Restaurant - Entrance Yongsan station
Fashion Store - Ladies fashion - Kids fashion - Young Casual - Men’s fashion
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Scale comparison existing railway stations
These analyses show existing railway stations around the world. To get an impression of the dimensions of the stations itself inside the locations.
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124
125
126
127
128
129
Program analyses of existing modern station
In the analyses new and relevant stations have been analysed. This to find out if stations have been changing. One remarkeble thing was that trainstation now are going back to the old. There going back to the basics of transportation!!
130
Yongsan Station
Rotterdam Station
GFA 103,500 sqm
GFA 20,000 sqm
9%
E-markt
4%
KTX train/ logistics
10% 14%
food & beverage
42%
commercial space
21%
parking
62%
train/ logistic
6%
service
12%
food & beverage
4%
commercial space
16%
parking bicycles 131
Breda Station
Berlin Station
GFA 95,165 sqm
GFA 175,000 sqm
34%
132
train/ logistics
21%
platforms
14%
circulation
6%
housing
4%
service
10%
food & beverage
10%
food & beverage
21%
commercial space
34%
commercial space
2%
bicycle parking
27%
car parking 17%
parking
Shanghai South station
Antwerpen Central Station
GFA 60,000 sqm
GFA 95,000 sqm
platforms 26%
platforms
19%
circulation
4%
service
12%
food & beverage
19%
commercial space
34%
circulation 22%
service
7%
food & beverage
8%
commercial space
14% 20%
parking
3% 12%
bicycle parking parking 133
Platforms 6 platforms; 13 tracks; - 2 KTX lines - 2 Express lines - 2 local lines monorail 2lines metro line yongsan station could connect to line 4 (under main street)
Service technical space ticket machines information point service loge toilets traffic controle space technical space for tracks Kantine staff railway benches lost objects
Commercial space
134
The final program for Yongsan plaza station consists out of 50% railway and 50% service area. The program is defined by analysing existing train stations. Every part of the program is specialized to make clear what kind of spaces a train station needs. Next to the programbar the program will be explaned in more detail.
flower store newspaper store office space atm machine
Circulation
Yongsan plaza station 43,000sqm
29,6%
platforms
21%
circulation
7%
service
10,1%
food & beverage
12,7%
commercial space
19.6%
parking
entrance escape exits lounge entrance gates waiting areas meeting points passage vertical transport railway tracks load and unload area (logistics) taxi place kiss en ride public entrance
Food & Beverage Terras foodstore coffee store
Parking car parking in and out put car parking
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Urban analyses masterplan These analyses show the structure and layers of the masterplan that is designed for the competition Vertical Cities Asia. It shows layers as buildings, green, streets and public transport.
136
The lack of green in the city of Seoul is one of the topics in the masterplan. The plan is connected to Yongsan Park. This opens op the green area. Also the green belt along the Han River will be activated by program.
The build area shows a high dense masterplan. In the red square the railway station is located. It is on the crossing of different neighborhoods that are made inside the masterplan.
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138
139
SHOPPING ROUTE
LEISURE ROUTE 2134 meters 25 min walking
2177 meters 26 min walking 2237 meters 27 min walking
140
3180 meters 38 min walking
FOOD/ PARK ROUTE
CULTURAL ROUTE
The plaza is connected to every neighborhood in the city. There is a shopping, leisure, culture and park route. Every route takes you along comunity centres. These centers could be seen as the hart of every neighborhood.
141
Layers These analyses show the structure and layers of the masterplan that is designed for the competition Vertical Cities Asia. It shows layers as buildings, green, streets and public transport.
142
PAVILIONS_ 파빌리온
LIGHT SHAFT_ 빛축
FUNCTIONAL GRID_ 기능 그리드
STATIONS_ 역
MAIN AXES_ 주요 축
WATER_ 물
CONTEXT_ 문맥
PLATFORM_ 플랫폼
143
GENERAL FRAMEWORK
IMPLIED ACES
146 144
SURFACES
building foodprint hard surface soft surface generic surface
int
NEWSPAPER PAVILION
CAFE
FLOWER PAVILION
NEWSPAPER PAVIL
PLAYGROUND
FLOWER
PARK
S
EMERGENCY EXIT
STATION OUTDOOR THEATRE
BUSSTATION
OU
EXHIBITION
LIGHT SHAFT LABYRINTH
PICKNICK AREA MARKET
OUTDOOR CINEMA FLOWER PAVILION
GRASSLAND
COFFEE PAVILION
ELEMENTS TO PRESERVE
LEISURE DISTRICT
EXISTING ROOMS
FLOW
GREENH
NEWSPAPER PAVILION
CULTURAL DISTRICT
VOIDS IN PATCHWORK
147 145
Existing context
Main axes
148 146
Tree strips
Garden strips
149 147
Park area
Shopping area
150 148
Cultural area
Leisure area
151 149
Major elements
Water strip
152 150
Activity area
153 151
Entrance railway station The entrance is based on old buildings. They all recognize the round shape of a sphere.
152
rtners, astana
, ledoux chaux
153
Square analyses Buildings creating a wall when people steanding on this square. This difines the square as a rectangle. On the other hand the buildings that creates a wall a closing up to the neighborhoods that are connected to the plaza. Opening up. By opening and leaving buildings behind this square opens up to the surrounds.
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In this way the plaza connects to the surrounding neighborhoods.
Station Entrance
ings. The statement says everything. Why making an emty box above ground level. Why not make the staTo make an entrance to the underground station the shape and place on tion as a mystirical place where you can travel to different destinations. the plaza are very important. This results in an important place on the plaza. The shape of the entrance is a second element that needs attention. Two shapes are place on the plaza to find out how they react on the surround-
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Pit analyses The statement says everything. Why making an emty box above ground level. Why not make the station as a mystirical place where you can travel to different destinations.
Hallidie plaza, San Fransico
To figure out how underground stations work, I have investigated different entrances of metro stations. Interesting is that all these underground entrances exists out of different layers called the 2nd layer. Another element is the ‘element of attraction’. This element is used as an attraction point for people to know where the entrance is.
2nd ground layer
element of attracting
2nd ground layer
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Apple store, Shanghai
Rockefeller plaza, New York
2nd ground layer 2nd ground layer
element of attracting
element of attracting
element of attracting
2nd ground layer
element of attracting entrance building
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Structure and materials Structure plays an important role for the railway station. The station is know for it large spans.
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Ground Level
Cable structure
Truss structure
Beam structure
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Structure The station consists out of three structural elements. There is the glass bowl that acts as the roof above the station. There is the truss construction that allows a clear span allong the platforms below. And the final structural part of the station are the floors for parking. The exploded view shows the different structural elements needed to construct the station. The bowl will be a steel structure combined with glass. More details can be found later on in the booklet.
The truss structure is needed to support the glass bowl. It consists out of two truss structures hanging between the concrete walls. On these two truss structures hangs the cylinder shape truss structure. This allows the cylinder shaped truss structure to equally divided the forces on four points of the total structure. Two points at the concrete wall and two points at the truss structure between the concrete walls. Together with the floor this part of the structure will act as a stable element. The last structural element are the steel beams and columns. The are linked to the concrete floor and walls that makes the structure stable. This structure is a very basic structure.
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Inspiration: Pier Luigi Nervi_Orvieto aircraft hangar_1935-38
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1. pattern with two sizes glass panels. 2. pattern that Pier Luigi Nervi design The structure can be made out of one for his Palazzetto Dello Sport. The size steel beam. center point is very closed area. The transparentsy is lost by the construction.
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3. venz pattern with two sizes glasspanels. Every beam for this structure can be produced four times. The beams are turned 60 degrees.
4. One size glass panel. Structural there is a primairy and secondary grid system. The transparency is everywhere the same.
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Cable structure To make the glass bowl different structures are investigated. One of this was a cablenet structure. This structure provide a minimal construction. The problem that this construction is not possible for my bowl is the vibration inside the steel cables. Due the wind the net will vibrate this causes the glass panels to break. Because of the tension inside the glass panels. To make the structure of the bowl stable, the bowl shape must act like one solid plate. This requires a solid structure. Made of steel beams that support the glass.
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Cable network, minimal construction (Velodrome, London, Hopkins Architects)
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Steel structure To let the bowl act as a solid plate steel beams are necessary. Every steel beam will be welded to make a torque tightened node. With the glass on top of the steel structure the bowl will act as one stiff plate.
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1. Mies van der Rohe, Gallery Berlin, steel structure black creating square ceiling 2. screen printed glas, diversity of gradient depanding on the function that is behind the glass. 3. Pier Luigi Nervi, Orvieto Hangars (Orvieto, 1935), steel structure holding the glass bowl 4. Metadecor, parkeergarage catalyst TU-Eindhoven, balustrade 5. FraunhoferInstitute TZA / JSWD Architekten, perforated steel with acoustic 6. Solar glass panels, accommodate with a gradient for transparency. Inside glass bowl 7. Plaza Eindhoven, Belgian stone, al transport areas will be cladded with this stone. 8. Sun protection glass, outside of the glass bowl to reduce the heath inside the station. 171
Flora and Fauna Fauna of South Korea is related closely with that of China, Japan and southern Manchuria. In South Korea there are about 379 species of birds. Out of these 379 species, 62 species are drifters. Out of the other 316 species, 266 are migratory birds and 50 are lasting (permanent) residents. In winter out of the 266 migratory birds 111 species comes in Korea every year. In summer more than 64 species of birds visits this country. Besides the other 90 species comes in spring and autumn.
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Source: mapsofworld.com/south-korea/geography/
Plants
Trees
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This is Seoul now! Hard pavement that allows rainwater not to infiltrate. Trees al lined with hardly any fress ground around them. Plants placed in buckeds so that they don’t take to many space. And this is then a ‘green’ street in Seoul. And this hard pavements and buildings causes the flood problems in Seoul.
Pavement Seoul has al lot of problems with rainwater during the summer months. Because of the expension of the city, the rainwater could not infiltrate the ground. This leads to problems as flooding. The Han River is not capable to lead all the rainwater that is coming from the mountains back to sea. On the Yongsan plaza materials will be used to help with this rain water problem. One of the sollutions is infiltration. This meens that rainwater should be able to absorbe into the ground. This can be atthifed with open structured pavement.
Open-joint pavemen
Open pavement
Gravel
Woodchips
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trip
Strips The plaza consists out of different strips that all have there own function and relation to the city. The quality of the strips is there for also different. The green strip for example is made from woodchips and rip
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oak trees. Will the art strip is a hard pavement with statues on top of it. All these strips are connected by the main route and the waterstrip.
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GREEN HOUSES
TREE STRIP
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MAIN ROUTE
WALKING STRIP HEDGE STRIP
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Drawings Plans and sections showing all the elements in the design. It starts from the masterplan all the way to the smallest part of the building. Every scale tells a little bit more about the project.
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1. Outdoor Catwalk
2. Outdoor Exhibition
3. Basketball field
4. Monorail
5. Pavilion
district: Shopping pavement: hard typology: Outdoor catwalk is to show the new collections of clothing that could be found inside the shopping disctrict
district: Culture pavement: hard typology: Outdoor exhibition wall that shows the art that could be found inside the art centers.
district: Park pavement: hard typology: Playcourd for people to play inside the park district. This district is orientated for sport and food facilities.
district: Shopping pavement: hard typology: The monorail is a station above ground level. This rail brings people around the city.
district: pavement: typology: There are th pavilions. Coffee, flower pavilions. These pavilion commercial products tha buy.
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hree types of r and newspaper ns provide small at people can
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16. Bus station district: Culture pavement: Hard typology: This building is a place where people can transfer from the bus to the train or monorail.
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15. Market
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district: Park pavement: Hard typology: The market is a place where people can by and sell things that they produced in the green houses. It is a local market.
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14. Labyrinth district: Culture pavement: Soft typology: The maze is part of the playground for people to enjoy. It is made of green hedges.
13. Green houses district: Park pavement: Soft typology: In the green houses people can growth their own vegetables and sell them on the market close by. 12. Terras
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district: pavement: Hard/Soft typology: Terras is linked to the surrounding buildings. In these buildings functions as bars and restaurants can be found. 11. Playground district: Leisure pavement: Soft typology: The playground is for childeren to hang and play a round. The landscape is made of soft materials as grass. 10. Theater/ Cinema district: Culture pavement: Soft typology: This theater or cinema can be used as an outdoor activity during the cultural seasons.
6. Garden
7. Light shaft
8. Emergency exit
9. Window
district: pavement: soft typology: Garden strips are the connectors between both sides of the city. These green elements provide people to picknick or to relax.
district: pavement: typology: Lightshafts could be found on different areas on the plaza. They provide daylight into the parking garage and the railway station.
district: pavement: typology: These glass boxes are staircases that leads people from the railway station to the plaza in case of emergencies.
district: Shopping pavement: typology: The windows are small glass boxes to show shops what kind of fashion the sell during the different seasons.
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Climate changes These drawings show different solutions dealing with the climate elements of the city Seoul. We know that a lot of rainwater is coming down in July and August. This water can be stored and filtered by the water strip. After it is filtered it could be used by the sturrounding buildings providing toilet flusses or cooling down the buildings. During a summer day, sunlight can be collected by the bowl. The glass is accomodate with solar panels. Providing energy for the station and surrounding buildings. Anohter issue is that the sun heats up the air inside the station. Because hot air rises the station needs to ventilate. The hot air is allowed to go outside following the shape of the bowl. This will give a plessent climate inside the station.
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Diagrams plaza To understand Yongsan plaza in a better way, diagrams are made to read the plaza. Because of its infrastructural hub the plaza contains a lot of different traffic flows. The diagrams help to explain the possibilitiets that Yongsan plaza has to offer.
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Rain diagram Rainwater diagram shows the way how rainwater can be collect and filtered. This filtered rainwater can be used to cool the building or fluss the toilets of the buildings.
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Pedestrian flow diagram The plaza is only accesiable for pedestrians. They are free to walk. The cross in the center leads people directly to the trainstation.
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Public transport diagram The plaza is know for its infrastructural hub. Train, bus, car and monorail comming together in this proposal. There is a trainstation underground with car parking. On ground level cabs and busses can be found. And raised the monorail. 194 192
Car flow diagram Surrounding the plaza there are roads. From these road car parking can be found underneve the plaza.
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Garden strip_Leisure
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Main axes_Station
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2013 Frank Zijlstra