FEATURE WRITERS Chantelle Doyle (Genomics), Miguel Garcia (History), John Siemon (Horticulture), Professor Brett Summerell AM (Botanical Science), Marion Whitehead (Research)
CONTRIBUTORS David Bidwell, Anne-Marie Bonner, Caitlin Bye, Louise Claridge, Lily Durland, Michael Elgey, Ashley Filipovski, Colleen Fitzgerald, Kate Heywood, Jarryd Kelly, Belinda Moon, Ella Williams
We honour and respect all Elders and Traditional Custodians of the lands on which the Botanic Gardens of Sydney and Foundation & Friends stand. We acknowledge the profound significance of the enduring connection between the First Custodians and this land, recognising their vital care and stewardship for their country and its meaning to all who cherish and share in it.
This page: Paphiopedilum villosum
Cover: Camellia japonica
Winter News
Botanica in bloom
This year’s Botanica was a true celebration of art, nature and the extraordinary work of the Gardens. Thanks to the incredible talents of the artists, the leadership of curators Alissa Cook and Katharine Rogers, and the generous contribution of more than 550 volunteer hours, Botanica generated over $80,000 in artwork sales.
Presented in The Garden Gallery for the first time, which has been newly refurbished, the exhibition looked truly stunning, showcasing artworks of remarkable scientific accuracy that reflected the world-class botanical research and conservation work carried out by the Gardens. Visitors also enjoyed the rare opportunity to view exceptional texts from the Daniel Solander Library, further connecting art, science and history.
Foundation and Friends' exhibitions like Botanica not only celebrate the beauty of nature but also raise critical funds and awareness for the Gardens. This
year’s exhibition welcomed over 4,000 visitors to the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney and helped raise more than $11,000 to support initiatives such as the Education Access Program, providing eligible schools the opportunity to visit and learn at our three Botanic Gardens.
A heartfelt thank you to everyone who visited, supported, volunteered and contributed to Botanica 2025. Special thanks also to our inspiring opening night speaker, Sophie Daniel, who helped set the tone for an unforgettable event. Botanica’s success belongs to you all.
Photos: Jenny Winstanley
From the Executive Director: From Rare Orchids to Growing Minds
As a member of Foundation & Friends, you’re part of a community that champions the extraordinary work happening behind the scenes at the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, work many visitors never even realise is taking place.
One remarkable example is the effort to conserve Australia’s native orchids. Right now, scientists at the Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience (ReCER) are using cutting-edge genomics and even scent detection dogs to locate species so rare they were thought to be lost, like the critically endangered Thelymitra adorata (Wyong Sun Orchid). Their research helps protect over 140 threatened plant species, both in the wild and in the Living Collections.
This is the kind of work your membership helps bring to light. By staying connected, supporting campaigns and spreading the word, you help build the community that makes this kind of science and conservation possible.
This winter, we’re inviting our supporters to help us take the next step. The vision for the Botanic Learning Centre, a collaboration between Foundation & Friends and the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, includes transforming the historic Daniel Solander Library into a welcoming, fully
accessible space for learning and discovery. But it’s not just about restoring a beautiful building. It’s about creating a lifelong learning hub that inspires students, educators, families and visitors of all ages.
I remember my first visit to the Daniel Solander Library and meeting Miguel, our passionate librarian. I’d expected a quiet archive but instead, I found a treasure trove. Miguel opened drawer after drawer filled with exquisite botanical illustrations, some dating back over hundreds of years. It was like the Gardens had a secret gallery, quietly preserving centuries of knowledge, beauty, and discovery. That moment brought home to me just how vital the library is, not just as a collection of rare books and art, but as a bridge between our scientific heritage and the future we’re building.
Thank you for being part of this journey. With your help, we’re not just preserving the Gardens, we’re helping shape their future.
PAUL THORLEY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, FOUNDATION & FRIENDS
Photo:
Caitlin Bye
Supporting our scholars
Foundation & Friends proudly funds scholarships to help staff at the Botanic Gardens of Sydney further their knowledge, research and professional development, all to support the important work of the Gardens.
Applications for the 2025–26 Foundation & Friends Scholarships Program will open on 17 June 2025, offering staff the opportunity to deepen their expertise and contribute even more to conservation, science, horticulture and education across the Gardens.
While our members aren’t eligible to apply, your support helps make this program possible by empowering the talented people who care for and protect our remarkable Gardens every day.
Lending a hand
One of the many benefits of a Foundation & Friends membership is the opportunity to join our Helping Hands volunteer program. You can discover the work that goes into maintaining the Gardens and learn from the horticulture staff, taking direction from the team. Volunteers need to wear sturdy boots and bring a hat, gloves, sunscreen and water. If you are not already a member join online to participate in this exclusive, enlightening, educational and fun activity. See below for upcoming dates and join in the fun!
Royal Botanic Garden: Thursdays on 19 June, 17 July and 21 August
Australian Botanic Garden: Wednesdays on 11 June, 9 July and 13 August
Blue Mountains Botanic Garden: Wednesdays: 4 June, 2 July and 6 August
A visit to the International Camellia Society’s Congress in Japan gave fascinating insights into this much-loved bloom, from perfectly preserved Samurai gardens to wild camellia forests, writes Marion Whitehead, Supervisor Ornamental Gardens and Nursery Mount Tomah.
Arriving as the first light broke, I was enveloped in the dawn chorus of unfamiliar birds, the forest floor blanketed in fallen pink flowers, and the gnarled trunks of camellias reaching skyward.
MARION WHITEHEAD, SUPERVISOR ORNAMENTAL
GARDENS
AND NURSERY MOUNT TOMAH
Japan is the home of the camellia. With over 40,000 cultivars of Camellia japonica derived from native Japanese species, ancient tea ceremonies centered around matcha made from Camellia sinensis leaves, and the Samurai revering the Higo Camellia for its symbolism of strength, the flower is deeply rooted in Japanese culture.
In March, thanks to the Clive and Lorna Backhouse scholarship, Sophie Daniel, Manager of Interpretation and Placemaking, and I travelled to the International Camellia Society’s Congress in Japan. Once there we immersed ourselves in all things camellia, presented on behalf of the Botanic Gardens, and brought new insights back to our own Living Collections.
We began our journey in Kanazawa, where the Congress was officially welcomed to Japan. One of the most memorable moments there was visiting the preserved home of a Samurai, quietly nestled behind the city streets. The house was designed entirely around its garden – every window offering a view into a small, enclosed oasis hidden behind wooden fences. Featuring flowing water, a restrained plant palette including camellias, and a floor of lush moss, it was a living dreamscape. This quiet, green refuge reminded us of the profound role gardens played in the lives of Samurai – as spaces for reflection, discipline, and harmony with the natural world.
A royal welcome
The main Congress featured fascinating papers on groundbreaking genetic work on camellias globally, storied cultivars across Europe, and the many economic uses of the humble Tsubaki. I had the honour of presenting on behalf of the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, sharing our work collating camellias from across Australia and designing bespoke landscapes to showcase them. The cultural significance of camellias in Japan became particularly evident when Her Imperial Highness,
Princess Takamado, addressed the Congress at our welcome dinner. She spoke eloquently of the mejiro – small silver-eye birds – that pierced tiny holes in her camellia flowers as they sipped nectar, resulting in imperfect blooms for her photography during the 2020 lockdown. Her affectionate observation struck a universal chord, connecting the ancient homeland of the camellia to every delegate present.
On behalf of our Gardens, Sophie and I gifted the Princess a pen crafted from turned Wollemi Pine timber, explaining the tree’s ancient lineage and conservation story. A keen conservationist herself, she was captivated. We assured her the tree had not been felled for the pen, but had died of natural causes.
Exploring wild camellia forests
From Tokyo, we travelled by speedboat to Izu Ōshima, a small volcanic island that last erupted just 35 years ago. The island’s plants rise from dark volcanic ash, and its forests boast three million wild Camellia japonica. Izu Ōshima is also home to three International Camellia Gardens of Excellence within just 90 square kilometres – the highest density of such recognised gardens in the world.
On arrival, our group was quickly ushered to the wild camellia forest at the island’s summit. Sadly, we were allowed only 10 minutes among the towering, ancient camellias. While the Botanic Gardens of Sydney holds a range of beautiful, cultivated camellia varieties, I’m captivated by wild forests where the plants grow freely. Determined to see more, I got up before dawn the next day and ran five kilometres back up the volcanic slopes to return to the forest.
Arriving as the first light broke, I was enveloped in the dawn chorus of unfamiliar birds, the forest floor blanketed in fallen pink flowers, and the gnarled trunks of camellias reaching skyward. I found myself engaging in shinrin-yoku, the Japanese practice of
Bottom right: Camellia japonica 'Momoiro-bokuhan' in Tsubaki-Hana-Garden
Photos: Marion Whitehead
forest bathing – calmly observing nature with all the senses. The run back down was equally inspiring, flanked by wild drifts of mondo grass, clusters of bright red aucuba berries, and the tiny yellow lanterns of earlyblooming Stachyurus praecox. That evening, we were treated to a local opera performance organised just for the members of the Congress – an adaptation of La Traviata, ‘The Lady of the Camellias’ – which featured a magical camellia oil that saves the heroine’s life.
Temples and sacred deer
Our final stop was Nara, Japan’s first ancient capital over a millennium ago. Famous for its bowing deer, grand temples, and Wakakusayama – the mountain burned each spring to honour the dead and mark the changing seasons – Nara offered a reflective end to our journey. We were fortunate to be guided by Hashimura Kōei, the 224th Chief Abbot of the Tōdai-ji Temple, and his
wife. They led us to three ancient camellias gracing the temple grounds, one of which had a grafted scion from a 300-year-old plant. The rootstock was estimated at 500 years old, meaning the genetic material had endured in that sacred place for more than 800 years. I was deeply moved by this living symbol of horticultural continuity, especially knowing our own nursery now uses the same grafting techniques to preserve camellias for the future.
Our trip was a rare opportunity to witness the cultural and botanical depth of camellias in their country of origin. From imperial ballrooms to wild volcanic forests, and ancient temples to local operas, the camellia is revered not just as a flower, but as a symbol of heritage, resilience and renewal. As we continue to care for and share the camellia collection at the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, these experiences will shape how we tell its story – rooted in ancient tradition, but blooming into a vibrant global future.
Left: Manager Interpretations and Placemaking Sophie Daniel in a wild Camellia japonica forest on Ōshima Island
Top right: Members of the congress with the 224th Chief Abbot of Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara, Hashimura Kōei
Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum
Photos: John Siemon
The enchanting world of orchids
Whether admired in the wild, showcased in botanic gardens, or carefully tended in home collections, orchids continue to enchant and inspire, writes John Siemon, Director Horticulture and Living Collections.
Orchids are among the most captivating and diverse plants on Earth, with around 28,000 species found in almost every corner of the world. The Orchidaceae family is the second-largest plant family, only beaten by the Asteraceae (daisy) family.
From the misty cloud forests of South America to the sun-drenched savannas of Africa, these botanical marvels have adapted to thrive in extraordinary environments. Beyond their sheer beauty, orchids tell a fascinating story of evolution, survival and human obsession.
One of the most mesmerising aspects of orchids is the variety of shapes, sizes and colours. Some, like Cattleya, boast ruffled petals and dazzling hues of purple and gold. The diversity of orchids ensures no two species are quite the same, making them a favourite among collectors and horticulturists.
Orchids are not just beautiful – they are cunning. Many species have evolved to mimic the appearance and scent of female insects, luring unsuspecting pollinators into a deceptive trap. Other orchids produce intoxicating fragrances that attract specific pollinators, ensuring their continued reproduction. Vanilla planifolia is the only orchid with edible fruit, as the pods are used for vanilla flavourings and scents. The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney has a number of specimens of this prized and endangered species.
Throughout history, orchids have captivated botanists, explorers, and plant enthusiasts. During the 19th century, a phenomenon known as ‘orchid fever’ swept through Europe, with wealthy collectors paying exorbitant sums for rare specimens. Today, while many orchids are cultivated in nurseries, conservationists work tirelessly to protect wild populations from habitat destruction and illegal collection.
Despite their reputation for being delicate, many orchids can be surprisingly easy to grow. Species like Phalaenopsis, or the Moth Orchid, thrive in indoor environments with indirect light and regular watering. The key to success lies in mimicking their natural
conditions – using well-draining bark-based soil, maintaining humidity, and avoiding overwatering.
The Botanic Gardens of Sydney currently holds 906 species of orchids from South America, Asia, Pacific, Australia, Africa and many hybrid orchid cultivars. Our Living Collection holds representatives of 20 per cent of genera in the Orchidaceae family and is a key collection, representing almost 8 per cent of our total species. The majority of orchid specimens are held in the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, many off public display, in two climate-controlled glasshouses, representing tropical and montane environments.
More than 50 of our specimens are listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) conservation list with seven species critically endangered and eight endangered. In the Tropical collection we currently house approximately 1,600 individual plants. The most represented species are Dendrobium and Bulbophyllum, followed by Coelogyne, Vanda, Epidendrum, and Phalaenopsis. In the Montane Orchid House, we have around 500 individual specimens, with key species including Masdevallia, Dracula, Cymbidium, Pescatoria, and Restrepia
The orchid conservation program, located at the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan’s Australian PlantBank and Nursery, has a full-time scientific officer, Dr Zoe-Joy Newby, and a technical officer, Daniel Kovicz. The team, funded through the Saving our Species program, is currently working on thirteen species across five main projects, including the Willawarrin Doubletail (Diuris disposita) from the hinterland of the mid-north coast and the Lowly Rustyhood (Pterostylis despectans) from the Murray region of southern NSW.
Conservation efforts include annual populations monitoring, pollinator studies, hand pollination, seed collection and storage, propagation and Living Collection maintenance. Dr Newby’s work includes attempting to grow the Eastern Underground Orchid (Rhizanthella spp.) for detector dog training, and micropropagation (a form
of tissue culture), of Calochilus, as germination from seed, to date, has proved extremely challenging.
Maintaining the perfect environment for these delicate plants is challenging. Temperature, humidity, light and nutrition must all be carefully calibrated, and with the changing seasons, this task becomes more complex. Through the generosity of the Foundation & Friends of the Botanic Gardens’ Growing Friends program a brand-new fogging system has been donated to the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney Nursery. This system will significantly improve the curation and care for the tropical orchid collection. Fifty-two high-pressure, fully adjustable nozzles now distribute a micro-fog increasing humidity without wetting the foliage, creating the ideal conditions for our orchids.
The resilience, beauty, and evolutionary brilliance of orchids makes them treasures of the natural world. Through your support we can continue to contribute to global plant conservation initiatives for orchids and all the other incredible jewels in our Living Collections.
To find out more about orchids, follow our Senior Horticulturist Valeriu Pintilie on social media
@Sydney_orchids_R
@valeriurazvanpinti
Planting seeds for the future
A bequest is a meaningful way to preserve and sustain the Botanic Gardens, safeguarding vital green spaces for generations to come.
The Botanic Gardens of Sydney has launched a refreshed and reimagined bequest program – Botanical Guardians – inspired by feedback from our supporters who sought an inspiring, meaningful, and enduring way to leave a legacy.
Built around the powerful idea that a legacy gift helps protect and nurture the Gardens in perpetuity, the program honours those who choose to remember the Gardens in their will. The new name reflects the vital role our supporters play in safeguarding the future of these treasured green spaces.
“Every person has a unique and deeply personal reason for supporting the Gardens,” says Louise Claridge, Head of Philanthropy. “Legacy giving isn’t just about financial support – it’s about hope and belief in a future they may never personally see, one in which plants thrive.”
Gifts in wills help sustain and grow the Botanic Gardens’ vital work – from pioneering scientific research and preserving native flora, to educating over 26,000 students annually and providing green spaces that welcome nearly 12 million visitors each year.
“The Botanic Gardens are more than just a beautiful space – they’re a living legacy of knowledge, conservation and connection,” says Paul, one of our Botanical Guardians.
“Leaving a bequest felt like the right way to give back to something that has given me so much. I know my gift will directly support vital projects, from conservation efforts to nurturing future horticulturists. It’s comforting to know that, even after I’m gone, I’ll help ensure the Gardens continue to thrive and inspire,” he adds.
Whether you love the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney and the Domain Sydney (Gadigal), Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan (Dharawal Country) or Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah (Darug Country), leaving a gift in your will ensures that future generations will enjoy the beauty, knowledge and renewal the Gardens provide.
To learn more about becoming a Botanical Guardian contact alexandra.power@botanicgardens.nsw.gov.au
Connecting to nature
Experiencing the wonder of nature should be accessible for all children, which is why the Botanic Gardens of Sydney is investing in a new Botanic Learning Centre.
We talk to Kate Heywood, Head of Education, about nature-deficit disorder and the work being done to ensure all schoolchildren have the opportunity to enjoy our Botanic Gardens and the natural world.
In an age where green time is increasingly replaced with screen time, many children are growing up feeling disconnected from the natural world. This disconnection is known as nature-deficit disorder – a term that resonates deeply with educators and environmentalists who see first-hand the value of outdoor learning.
At the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, a dedicated Education Program is working to help reverse this trend, providing transformative, hands-on experiences in nature for more than 7,485 school children and 18,525 students each year – and counting. Now, through the End of Financial Year campaign, the Gardens are fundraising for a new, fit-forpurpose Botanic Learning Centre – a vital new space to nurture lifelong connections with nature and meet the growing demand for immersive environmental education.
What is nature-deficit disorder?
Coined by author Richard Louv in his book Last Child in the Woods, nature-deficit disorder refers to the psychological, physical and cognitive costs of a life spent indoors and away from the natural world. Compared with
previous generations, when bike rides, tree climbing and backyard adventures were staples of childhood, today’s children are far more likely to spend the majority of their free time online.
“Outdoor play fosters skills and provides a context for learning things that are difficult to teach in the classroom,” says Kate Heywood, Head of Education at Botanic Gardens of Sydney. “Things like risky play, paying close, quiet attention to the details of something in nature, like the veins of a leaf or the patterns in the bark of a tree and learning how to really look at a plant are all things that can ideally be experienced in a botanic garden.”
The power of outdoor learning
At the heart of the Botanic Gardens’ approach is the belief that early exposure to nature lays the foundation for environmental stewardship later in life. Through programs like Early Years, School Holiday Programs, and culturally rich initiatives like Connection & Country, children are encouraged to engage in fun and educational outdoor activities.
Having positive experiences in nature is important for little learners
Photo: Botanic Gardens of Sydney
“I have seen the impact of nature-based learning both first-hand and in research,” Kate says. “Just recently, I saw a group of Kindergarten children laughing and squealing as they threw the fallen leaves from a deciduous tree around, including at their teacher! What a wonderful memory they are making – connections with their teacher and each other and with the tree and the grass; a beautiful experience on its own, but imagine the wonderful conversations and writing that could happen following this when they are back at school too.”
These programs are not only fun, they’re educational too. They align across a range of Key Learning Areas and Cross Curriculum Priorities, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures. “The majority of our programs are focused on cracking open some of the big concepts in Science, like adaptation and diseases that affect plants. But we also have programs that incorporate Visual Art, Geographical concepts and First Nations knowledges,” Kate says.
The Botanic Learning Centre
Currently, the existing Education Centre at the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney welcomes more than 26,000 visitors a year, including 7,485 school children. But demand continues to grow – and the space is nearing capacity.
That’s where the new Botanic Learning Centre comes in. Designed to be an inclusive, interactive and engaging gateway to the Gardens, the Centre will dramatically expand access to nature education, increasing capacity by an additional 100 students per day.
“An updated Learning Centre will mean that we can provide even more nature-based learning experiences to visitors of all ages,” Kate says. “My hope is that it will provide a welcoming, engaging ‘landing point’ for visitors who are coming for our learning programs, and which pays respect to the Country that it sits on. We’re really focusing on creating a space that connects the indoors with outdoors, that is inclusive, interactive and encourages people to connect with plants.”
Addressing access and equity
As cost-of-living pressures rise, many schools are finding it harder to justify excursions. “We’ve seen a bit of a drop in the number of children coming to our Gardens,” Kate says. “Overwhelmingly, teachers are telling us that the cost of transport has become prohibitive.”
But access to outdoor learning shouldn’t depend on a school’s postcode or budget, which is why the Education Access Program is so important and why further funding would help reach even more students and schools, creating greater impact.
“We are also currently in the process of incorporating transport costs into the Access program, meaning we can reach even more children to experience the awe and wonder of the plant world,” Kate says.
Creating lifelong Impact
From potting seedlings and building shelters in school holiday workshops to learning how Aboriginal people use
Top: The Education Access Program gives students the opportunity to have fun and make connections
Bottom: School holiday programs include a wide range of outdoor activities
Photos: Botanic Gardens of Sydney
plants in First Nations-led programs, every activity is designed to cultivate curiosity, confidence and care.
“Our Early Years Programs are all about play and being playful in nature,” Kate says. “They include elements of Garden discovery, interactive games and nature-inspired stories. We really want our littlest learners to have a positive experience in nature and be comfortable with interacting with plants and animals.
“We run programs during school holidays as well, which have a focus on being outdoors and having fun – and hopefully some learning along the way! Children engage in activities like potting seedlings, water play and building shelters. Our First Nations programs are very soughtafter and give children the opportunity to learn about how Aboriginal people used and still use plants for different purposes, as well as their special connection to Country.”
Rewilding the future
Nature-deficit disorder may not be an official diagnosis, but its symptoms are real, and the effects are farreaching. By investing in outdoor education and equitable access, the Botanic Gardens of Sydney is tackling the problem head-on. And with your help, even more young Australians can grow up with an appreciation for the great outdoors and our planet.
“With the Botanic Learning Centre, we’re building a hub for environmental learning. It’s a chance to expand our reach, deepen our impact, and nurture the next generation of environmental stewards.“
KATE HEYWOOD, HEAD OF EDUCATION
HOW YOU CAN HELP
As the End of the Financial Year approaches, donations to the project will go directly toward bringing this vision to life. It’s an opportunity for individuals, families and businesses to make a tangible difference for future generations.
$15: Provide tools for a young explorer
Number of schools booked:
How the Access Education Program makes a difference 32 1,835
Could supply a child with a nature journaling kit, including art materials, to record what they see, hear and feel while learning in the Gardens.
$50: Equip a future scientist
Could fund a magnifying lens/soil tester/plant ID kit for use by school students in the interactive science education laboratory.
$100: Sponsor a student’s holiday program
Number of students booked:
Subsidised excursions to the value of:
Ages of students:
$30,699
5-18yrs
Could fund 4 students to attend a 1.5-hour school holiday program, including hands-on activities, games, or guided tour with an education officer in the Gardens.
$500: Equip a learning space
Could fund ‘flexi desks’ and a storage unit for an indoor education classroom to create a space where children and adults can participate in handson learning programs, even in wet weather.
If you want to donate to the Education program you can do it today by using this code.
Saving the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub
A group of passionate golfers and volunteer bushcarers are working with geneticists to determine why wallum banksia, Banksia aemula, is not growing in the critically endangered Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub, writes Chantelle Doyle, Restoration Genomics Outreach Coordinator.
Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub (ESBS) is a critically endangered ecological plant community restricted to the Sydney Basin. Due to land clearing, less than 3 per cent remains, restricted to small fragments in Council reserves, National Park estate and, importantly, private areas such as golf courses. In Sydney’s eastern suburbs one such golf club, Bonnie Doon, is undertaking dedicated restoration of critical ESBS remnants.
Led by Course Superintendent, Aaron Taylor assisting a passionate and dedicated volunteer Bushcare (and golfing) team, Bonnie Doon Golf Club has developed a plan to restore, regenerate and replant Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub. In doing so they are championing Sydney’s native vegetation and educating other players about the plant and animal biodiversity occurring on the course. Sue Baigent from Bonnie Doon Bushcare says the team have had considerable success with regenerating the area. “I just love being out here, seeing the dwarf tree frogs hiding in the lomandra, and the jacky dragons
scurrying under the log piles we create,” she says. “But the biggest thrill is new plants coming back. We were so excited when the orchids emerged last year and this year, we had Persoonia seedlings, something we haven’t seen recruit naturally before.”
It isn’t all good news however, as Sue and the team have noticed some plant species are not recruiting or producing seedlings. “One of the plants we are really worried about is the wallum banksia or Banksia aemula,” she says.
Banksia, as the name implies, are characteristic of Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub, but on Bonnie Doon the wallum banksia, one of a few banksia species associated with ESBS, seems to be slowly dying with no seedlings to replace it. In a collaboration with the Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience (ReCER) at the Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Bonnie Doon have been using genetics to help identify if inbreeding, caused by fragmentation of habitat, might be one of the causes.
Searching for a solution
Dr Marlien van der Merwe from ReCER, who led the program, says that when they heard about the problems Bonnie Doon were having, they wanted to help. “Many plants such as banksia need disturbance like fire to help seeds germinate, but this relies on the mother plants producing viable seed. If plants are too inbred or too closely related, this can limit seed quality,” she explains. Along with researchers Alix Laplaud and Saphira BloomQuinn, Marlien created a project to understand the genetic diversity of Banksia aemula, not just in Bonnie Doon, but also across ESBS remnants and all along the
“If we want biodiversity to be retained, we will need to think of creative ways to help reinvigorate natural regeneration.“
DR MARLIEN VAN DER MERWE, SCIENTIFIC OFFICER AT RECER
New South Wales east coast. By looking at sections of DNA known to have different forms of the same gene (alleles), the team were able to identify genetic similarities and differences between the populations. They were also able to identify how closely related individual plants were to one other. And what they discovered didn’t initially surprise them.
“Banksia aemula occurs all along the east coast of New South Wales, as well as in Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub,” Marlien says. “We found strong evidence for a gene flow between populations all along the New South Wales coast. This isn’t surprising if you think that historically pollen was transported between overlapping populations, often by birds.”
Encouraging diversity through cross pollination
The evidence of historic geneflow is important because today, in fragmented landscapes, geneflow from pollinators is often missing and bush regenerators are only working with plants from the local neighbourhoods. When Alix, Saphira and Marlien looked at the local genetic diversity of Banksia aemula in ESBS remnants, they found mixed genetic health.
“Some Banksia populations were surprisingly still genetically diverse, which we measure by calculating the heterozygosity, that is how many different alleles or variants of the same gene occur in a population,” Marlien says. “But other fragments, such as the patches at Bonnie Doon, showed evidence of inbreeding.”
Inbreeding is evidenced through many plants having the same alleles of gene variants, meaning they are homozygous. In plant populations, just like animals,
inbreeding can be detrimental, resulting in reduced reproduction or poor health of seeds and seedlings. This inbreeding might be the reason that wallum banksia has low reproduction and recruitment.
To test this theory, Marlien recommends pollinating the Bonnie Doon Banksia aemula with pollen from less related plants in nearby ESBS, such as along Malabar headland. If inbreeding is the cause of low seed production, then Club staff and the Bushcare team would expect to see much better seeds forming after cross pollination, or genetic mixing.
“The fact that we had a question and can be part of solving the problem is really getting the team interested and enthusiastic to do more,” Sue says. “These results are so exciting for us – we hope this work can be extended to other species across ESBS.”
The results found by Marlien and the ReCER team might only be related to one plant species, but they have far-reaching consequences. In urban, fragmented landscapes, it is difficult for natural processes to occur.
“If we want biodiversity to be retained, we will need to think of creative ways to help reinvigorate natural regeneration,” Marlien says. As a result of this pilot study, the ReCER team are planning a much larger study across other ESBS species.
In the past, a penchant for exotic plantings in golf courses meant their benefit for biodiversity was unrealised, but as pride increases in the ‘natural aesthetic’ and golf clubs around Australia begin to champion their local plant species, biodiversity will return. Sometimes it just takes a few passionate, persistent individuals to be part of driving the change.
Opposite page: Dr Marlien van der Merwe from ReCER with Sue Baigent from Bonnie Doon Bushcare
Right: Banksia aemula
Photos: Chantelle Doyle
A botanical history
Established in 1852, the Daniel Solander Library is Australia’s oldest botanical research library, and holds an important visual record of the gardens throughout the years, writes Miguel Garcia.
When walking through the Royal Botanic Garden, you immerse yourself in the wondrous diversity of plants from all over the world, admire the vistas of the harbour and cityscape through the lens of the greenspace and you can sense the history of the place. The Gardens have been here since the beginning of the colony.
At the Daniel Solander Library, we have a visual record of the gardens through time in our Historic Photographs Collection. Photographs that span the time from the 1850s through to the present day.
One of the earliest images is that of two women and a boy next to Victoria Lodge, looking westwards over Farm Cove. Though no date accompanies the photo, the crinoline dresses and the Lodge itself, which was built in 1865, give the answer. The photo also demonstrates
the allure of the gardens as a place of visual and sensual enjoyment and as a social meeting place.
Photographs can also record historic events. One image shows a large family picnic around August 1908. How do we know the date? We were able to identify the ships in the background, one of which was the four-funnelled HMS Powerful, the flagship of the new Australian fleet which took part in the celebrations welcoming the arrival of the American ‘Great White Fleet’ (one ship of which can be seen to the left of HMS Powerful) which was visiting Sydney.
As well as capturing historic events, photographs can chronicle buildings which no longer exist. In November 1879, the Sydney International Exhibition began, which utilised much of the Gardens and Domain. Its centrepiece was the Garden Palace, an enormous building which was constructed in eight months, built almost completely of timber and having the distinction of being the first construction in Sydney fitted with electrical wiring and lighting. The photograph dramatically puts the Garden Palace into perspective with the environment around it. Just to the left and slightly below the Palace is Government House and beneath that, Fort Macquarie (on whose site the later Opera House is now located) with its foreshore filled with crowds. Both structures are dwarfed by the Palace.
Sadly the Garden Palace burned down in 1882. At the time the investigations could not ascertain the cause of the fire and this mystery fuelled many urban myths; the Palace was burned down to hide the convict origins of certain old Sydney families, or that it interfered with the harbour views of citizens living on Macquarie Street. It is more likely, rather than these fanciful tales, that the electrical wiring and the largely timber construction of the Palace were the primary causes. Today the Garden Palace is only a memory, survived by a handful of artefacts and the Sunken Garden whose position marks the centre of the great dome.
A large family picnic at the Gardens, c. August 1908
Coinciding with the International Exhibition, the Director of the Gardens at the time, Charles Moore, had constructed a building in 1878, housing a lecture hall and museum of economic botany. The Museum cost over 1,000 pounds and housed a large collection of some 800 botanical specimens. It later expanded in 1899 with the enlargement of the original building to house a Herbarium. The Museum came to boast 7,000 items including botanical specimens mounted on paper and in spirits, timber, nuts, seeds, educational models of plants, posters, framed illustrations and portraits of botanists and botanical curios ranging from frankincense and myrrh to the large seeds of the Coco de Mere. As with many Victorian era museums, the Museum shown in the photograph looks cluttered to us today but was visited by thousands of people every year until it closed in 1941.
Another interesting – but no longer seen – structure located in the Domain, just above Mrs Macquarie's Chair
is the Masked Battery. It was erected in 1856, along with Fort Denison, around the time of the Crimean War (18531856) as a response to the fears of Russian invasion. It was equipped with eight artillery pieces and these were arranged above and behind Mrs. Macquarie's Chair. The Battery was composed of a rammed earth and concrete defilade (wall) fitted with embrasures. It was commonly referred to as ‘the little fort’. By 1870, the concern over foreign invasion had all but dissipated, the antiquated guns removed and the whole structure buried. The site was uncovered in the 1980s for archaeological study and once again buried, in order to keep it safe from vandalism and erosion. Today, covered by a hillock grass, no sign of it remains.
You can support the Daniel Solander Library by donating to our end-of-financial-year appeal. See the back page for more information.
The Garden Palace c. 1879, before it sadly burned down in 1882.
Protecting our native plants
Professor Brett Summerell AM, Chief Scientist and Director Science, Education and Conservation, talks about the importance of protecting our native plants from Phytophthora root rot, and the preventative steps the Botanic Gardens is taking.
One of the major threats to the survival of Australian plants, is the impact of root disease caused by Phytophthora species. These plant pathogens, which are not fungi but Oomycetes, include one species, Phytophthora cinnamomi, which is listed as a key threatening process in both Federal and New South Wales legislation.
As soilborne micro-organisms attack root systems of susceptible plants they are impossible to observe, difficult to detect and diagnose, and by the time symptoms can be seen in affected plants it is often too late. The number of plant species affected by Phytophthora is enormous, spanning species in the natural environment, exotic species in our gardens and parks and a range of agricultural and horticultural crop species. This disease is listed as a threatening process for many threatened species including the iconic Wollemi Pine.
Working towards a solution
At the PlantClinic the most common request we get is to determine the presence of Phytophthora in soil samples or on the roots of trees and shrubs with dieback symptoms. Traditionally this process was timeconsuming, involving baiting soil with plant parts such as lupins, the seedling leaves of Eucalyptus or apple or pear fruit for 5-7 days. The soil needed to be flooded to enhance sporulation and growth of the pathogen, placed on agar media to grow out the pathogen, which was then transferred to another plate of media, grown and identified down the microscope. All of this took a month or more and was dependent on very specific expertise – which was unfortunately inefficient and not very sensitive.
Over the years we have enhanced this process replacing the plant baits with consistent, easily produced agar-based baits and microscope identification replaced with DNA based identification tools that are highly sensitive and allow us to definitively differentiate different species of Phytophthora. This latter factor is critical as there are hundreds of species globally with over 90 recorded in Australia – of these some are very aggressive pathogens; some are specific to different plant species, and some are even native and apparently benign. It is also critical that we are monitoring for any new incursions of further exotic species, and one species in particular, Phytophthora ramorum – the sudden oak death pathogen currently devastating forests on the west coast of the USA – is a major biosecurity concern for Australia.
Irrigating potting mix to extract any possible Phytophthora infestation.
Photo: Sarah Dunstan
These enhancements have improved our capacity to detect Phytophthora, but it was still a time-consuming, laborious process to extract the pathogens from soil. We have been working with our partner, Ecopath Solutions, to develop a scalable extraction process that allows us to process tube stock, potted plants, soil and water samples, and bulk batches of potting mix constituents. The system works in a sealed chamber made from an intermediate bulk container (IBC – a 1000 litre container supported by an aluminium or steel frame) with a computer-controlled irrigation system built into the top of the IBC.
The computer controls are programmed to mimic the irrigation conditions which maximise the production and release of the motile zoospores (small swimming spores that initiate infection of the plant) of the pathogen. These zoospores are captured in the leachate flowing out of the IBCs and are concentrated in a trap where nutrient-rich agar baits attract the zoospores. In the laboratory the agar baits are added to a solution of nutrients and incubated for several days to enrich the amount of biomass of the pathogen.
Once this happens, we can either directly extract the DNA and determine the presence and species make up or use a lateral flow test that is specific for the most important species of Phytophthora. This is similar to a COVID-19 test and takes the same amount of time to give a result which is a huge time saver. All of this means we are now able to cut the diagnostic time down from weeks to 5-7 days, improve the sensitivity of detection by factors of 10 and accurately differentiate species of Phytophthora with precision. The system also allows us to batch-test multiple plants at one time, dramatically reducing costs.
Looking to the future
Currently we are looking to implement a testing station at each of the Botanic Gardens for all plants that come into the gardens, to ensure the potential for any pathogens to be introduced into our estates is eliminated. A focus area has been to carefully test threatened plant populations we are growing up to reintroduce back into the wild or to be used in translocations to avoid introducing a pathogen into such sensitive and important plantings. We have also done some regular testing of Growing Friends Plant Sales stock with excellent results and no positive detections – another good reason why you should get your plants there!
Our future plans are to roll this system out to the nursery and restoration industries. Our previous research has shown that the proportion of plants produced for urban greening projects that have Phytophthora can be as high as 30 per cent.
It is possible to reduce this through careful attention to hygiene practices and manage all stages of the propagation process – clean irrigation water, clean potting mixes, growing off the ground – but this can only be facilitated by a rapid, cost-effective testing scheme. We believe we have now developed such a system and are looking to deploy it in partnership with nurseries to enhance the production of clean healthy plants that have a head start on life.
Diseases like Phytophthora not only have a detrimental effect on the health of plants affected by them but also on all the forms of life that in turn depend on those plants, on the communities of people that need resilient green spaces to moderate urban heat effects and ultimately on all of us who need a green and healthy environment in which to co-exist.
Symptoms of Phytophthora root rot in Xanthorrhoea plants in the Blue Mountains National Park.
Photos: Professor Brett Summerell AM
Scientist Sarah Dunstan preparing plants for testing for Phytophthora in the leachate system.
Leaving a Legacy
A long-time visitor to the Royal Botanic Garden, supporter Jenny Crivelli has chosen to leave a bequest to help protect the Gardens in the future. Her gift will support the Gardens’ ongoing work and ensure they remain a place everyone can discover and enjoy for many years to come.
Jenny Crivelli first became involved with Foundation & Friends 20 years ago, when she attended an event at the Royal Botanic Garden. She has been a keen supporter and donor ever since, and more recently decided to leave a bequest to the Gardens in her will. She talks about her favourite spaces at the Gardens and how she hopes her gift will impact future generations.
What inspired you to include the Botanic Gardens in your legacy?
The Botanic Gardens have always given me pleasure, particularly the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney with its historical significance, connection to the city and how it enhances the natural beauty of the Farm Cove site. The statues scattered throughout the Botanic Gardens add to the space's character and storytelling. I enjoy seeing visitors' joy and fascination as they explore the Botanic Gardens. There's something wonderful about watching people of all ages connect with nature in the heart of Sydney. One of my favourite spots is the Mare and Foal Lawn on the water's edge. It's a place of quiet beauty and I always feel a sense of peace when I'm there.
How do you hope your gift will impact the Gardens and future generations?
I hope my gift will support the maintenance and development of the Royal Botanic Garden, ensuring it remains a beautiful and accessible space for everyone. Just as importantly, I want to contribute to the research programs led by the Australian Institute of Botanical Science. Their work is crucial – not only for the preservation of plant life but also for deepening our understanding of biodiversity and conservation.
will only become more crucial. They provide a place of serenity and tranquility, a retreat from the fast pace of city life. I hope that future generations will treasure the Botanic Gardens as much as I do - that they will come here to learn, find peace and experience the incredible diversity of plant life. My wish is for the Botanic Gardens to remain not just a place of beauty but also a space for knowledge, inspiration and connection.
By leaving a bequest for the Gardens in your Will, you will help to preserve and sustain the Botanic Gardens of Sydney as places of enjoyment, education and scientific research for tomorrow's generations.
To learn more about becoming a Botanical Guardian. Contact alexandra.power@botanicgardens.nsw.gov.au
“As
Sydney grows, these spaces will become even more valuable, offering a sanctuary for nature, learning and reflection. My gift will help protect this legacy, ensuring the Gardens continue to inspire and educate future generations.“
Plants in the Gardens
Discover more about the wonderful plants to look out for next time you visit the gardens.
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN SYDNEY
This winter, I encourage you to enjoy the Garden as it showcases the incredible diversity and adaptability of the plant kingdom. Across this landscape, each species tells a story of resilience, evolution, and environmental harmony. Among them, the Araucarias stand tall – both literally and symbolically. These ancient trees, with their striking forms and architectural presence, draw the eye and spark curiosity. I’ve mentioned before how they dominate the skyline, but in winter, their silhouette becomes even more dramatic against the bare branches and muted tones of the season.
I invite you to take a walk to Lawn 25, where our Araucaria collection is proudly displayed. Here, you’ll find eight species, with some repeated plantings to help us showcase more than 10 significant and intriguing representatives of this remarkable genus. These conifers are living fossils – plants that have changed little since the time of the dinosaurs. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, Araucarias were widespread across the globe, forming vast forests and shaping prehistoric ecosystems.
Today, their range is mostly limited to the Southern Hemisphere, with species native to South America, Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea. This shift in distribution tells a story of continental drift, climate change and survival against the odds. At the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, we’re fortunate to hold one of the world’s most important collections of Araucaria, providing not just beauty and interest, but also an opportunity to connect with deep time and global biodiversity.
Speaking of prehistoric plants, the Jubaea chilensis, commonly known as the Chilean wine palm, is one of the thickest palms in the world, with trunks growing up to 1.5 metres in diameter and reaching heights of up to 25 metres. It is also remarkably tolerant of
cold climates and is the only palm species endemic to Chile. Belonging to an ancient group of palms, fossils of related species have been found dating back millions of years. Once widespread across South America, it now exists only in fragmented populations due to human impact and climate shifts. We have a few of these amazing palms in the collection, and I encourage you to visit the specimens in Bed 31 (Middle Gardens) or on Lawn 46a – both are truly impressive.
Of course, I can’t write about winter without reminding everyone of our globally significant camellia collection. A couple of years on from celebrating 200 years of camellias in Australia, I encourage you to take time enjoying species linked to the Belle Époque era. The Belle Époque (French for ‘Beautiful Era’) was a period of Western European history, particularly in France, spanning from the late 19th century (around 1871) to the start of World War I in 1914. It was marked by relative peace, prosperity, and cultural flourishing – especially in the arts, science and technology.
The most notable Camellia species cultivated during this era include C. japonica, C. sasanqua, C. reticulata, and C. sinensis. I encourage you to spend time exploring the variety of cultivars from this period displayed in Bed 3.
Bed 60 also continues to thrive. The new camellias added to our collection over the past 12 months are beginning to establish themselves. These varieties are well-suited to sub-tropical conditions and are expected to flourish for many years to come. While still relatively small, these significant plants are beginning to show glimpses of the beauty to come. Recent landscape enhancements and the planned addition of a boardwalk in this area reflect our commitment to evolving this space into a vibrant and enduring feature of the Garden.
JARRYD KELLY, CURATOR MANAGER, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN, SYDNEY
Jubaea chilensis, commonly known as the Chilean wine palm.
BLUE MOUNTAINS BOTANIC GARDEN
At Mount Tomah, winter is the time of the bulb. With one of the largest displays in Australia, the cool temperate climate is perfect for coaxing up masses of inquisitive and playful blooms from the frosty ground. This year, the bulbs have more room to have fun than ever, thanks to the tireless efforts of our horticulturists who have planted thousands throughout the gardens in preparation for this season. The Brunet Meadow alone boasts 2,000 new Daffodils, creating a bold, bright yellow display that spills over its boundaries to the Cornus tree line.
While the larger blooms may steal the show with their brightness and colour, the tiny geophytes are holding their own this year. Scattered across the Residence Lawn like stars in the Milky Way, the delicate crocus are a sight to behold. Their fragile flower is so enchanting that it's hard to decide which winter beauty is more captivating.
As the competition for attention among the blooms continues, ranunculus (adorably translated in Latin as 'Little Frog'), tulips and hyacinths can be found in unexpected pockets throughout the gardens. Their sudden bursts of colour are a delightful surprise around every corner.
In fitting with the theme of the daffodil – new beginnings – the Mount Tomah Cafe will again be open to visitors during the cooler winter visits. The cafe is the perfect location to view the rolling hues of grey over the mountains during this season from a snug and sheltered position. We look forward to seeing you there.
ASH FILIPOVSKI, CURATOR MANAGER, BLUE MOUNTAINS BOTANIC GARDEN
Narcissus cv 'My Gracious' daffodils in the Brunet Meadow
Throngs of daffodils at the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden.
Photos: Jaime Plaza
AUSTRALIAN BOTANIC GARDEN
Winter is the perfect time to experience the ancient beauty of Australian cycads at the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan. As the cooler months usher in a stunning display of cone production in many cycad species, there’s no better season to witness these fascinating plants.
Several Australian cycad species, such as Macrozamia, Cycas and Bowenia, are known to cone during the winter months, making this season particularly special. Notable species like Macrozamia communis, M. johnsonii, and M. macdonnellii stand out for their impressive winter cone production. These spectacular cones are a vital part of the reproductive cycle of cycads, and winter provides a unique opportunity to observe them in full display. At Mount Annan, you can see these iconic plants in action, with cones that add a striking touch to the winter landscape. The season offers a rare glimpse into the cycads’ seasonal rhythms, showcasing their resilience to Australia’s harsh conditions – especially given that many of our cycads grow outside their natural ranges at the Australian Botanic Garden under the careful curation of our Conservation Horticulturist.
This winter, we are also continuing our efforts to deepen our understanding of the cycad collection. Our team is conducting a thorough stocktake to assess and record details around the sex of individuals, population representation from wild collection which will infer gaps in our collection. This will allow us to prioritise how we undertake future collection building of this amazing group of plants.
Our cycad collection is spread across multiple garden areas, with a particular focus within Connections. One species that has captivated both myself and the team is Macrozamia macdonnellii – the MacDonnell Ranges cycad. With its bold structure and striking blue-glaucous foliage, this plant is an incredible specimen. Currently, our male M. macdonnellii
plants, located in the newly re-landscaped Arid Garden, are expected to cone again this winter.
In the winter of 2022, we collected pollen from these spectacular plants and shared it through our Living Collections exchange program to pollinate a female plant. This successful pollination has resulted in several seeds, which are now being germinated in our conservation nursery. We hope these seeds will one day produce plants that will play a key role in our ongoing conservation efforts for M. macdonnellii. This work is crucial in ensuring the future of the species in our collection and contributing to the broader conservation of these remarkable plants.
Winter is the ideal time to explore the beauty and resilience of Australian cycads. Whether you're drawn to the winter cone production of various species, keen to discover the diversity of our collection, or simply want to enjoy the backdrop of the newly renovated Arid Garden, there’s plenty to uncover this winter.
MICHAEL ELGEY, CURATOR MANAGER, AUSTRALIAN BOTANIC GARDEN MOUNT ANNAN
Australian cycads at the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan
Photos: Michael Elgey
Five plants for the winter garden
From delicate blooms to striking evergreens, these seasonal standouts prove that winter gardens don’t have to be dull. Whether you're after bold colour, elegant texture, or resilient greenery, these expert picks from the Growing Friends team will brighten up your outdoor space all season long.
Strobilanthes dyeriana (Persian Shield)
Foliage can be used to bring colour into the winter garden and Strobilanthes dyeriana, also known as the Persian Shield, has spikes of violet flowers from autumn to winter. This eye-catching plant thrives in bright, indirect light and free draining, slightly acidic soil. Water regularly, keeping the soil moist but not soggy, and fertilise monthly during the growing season. A light prune helps to maintain its shape. Protect from frost and allow for good air circulation to prevent disease.
Hippeastrum papilio (Butterfly Amaryllis)
In late winter, Hippeastrum papilio, commonly known as the Butterfly Amaryllis, produces large funnel-shaped flowers with unusual pale green petals and dark burgundy veins and markings. It can be grown in the garden or in pots in bright, indirect light. Plant with one third of the bulb above the ground, in free-draining soil. Water sparingly until growth starts, then regularly to keep the soil moist but not soggy. Fertilise regularly during the growing season to ensure a spectacular display of flowers.
Chaenomeles Japonica (Flowering Quince)
waterlogged conditions. Prune to maintain shape after flowering and for best results, fertilise in early spring.
2 3 5 4 1 2 4 5 3
In the dead of winter, Chaenomoles flowers appear on naked branches bringing a pop of colour into the garden. This ‘old fashioned’ shrub has flowers in colours ranging from red, orange, pink and white (depending on the cultivar). It is tolerant of many growing conditions but prefers well-drained, slightly acidic soil and full sun for optimal growth. It will survive in most environments, including frost but dislikes
Pieris japonica
(Lily of the Valley Bush)
Sometimes referred to as Pearl Flower, this decorative evergreen shrub produces sprays of white, bell-shaped flowers from late winter to spring followed by striking new growth of copper-coloured leaves. It requires a mildly acidic, well-drained soil with high organic content. For a longlasting floral display, plant in partial shade and water regularly, especially during dry periods. The removal of spent flowers to keep the plant tidy and maintain its natural form, is all that is required as the shape is rarely improved by pruning. Fertilise with a balanced, slow-release fertiliser in early spring.
Helleborus orientalis (Winter Rose or Lenten Rose)
One of the most beautiful flowers in the winter garden, Hellebores come in a wide range of colours from lime green to cream, pink, maroon to almost black. The foliage is decorative, and the flowers are longlasting. This hardy evergreen perennial thrives in partial to full shade in welldrained, fertile soil. It prefers cool, moist conditions, preferably beneath tall trees casting dappled shade. Planting in autumn or early spring is ideal. Regular watering is essential but avoid over-watering. Remove spent flowers after blooming and old leaves in late summer to allow for new autumn growth and to maintain plant health.
BELINDA MOON, GROWING FRIENDS SYDNEY
Strobilanthes dyeriana (Persian Shield)
Photo:
Botanic Gardens of Sydney
What’s On
These are just some of the experiences you can enjoy across the three Gardens this winter. From engaging events and fascinating exhibitions to guided walks, tours, and interactive workshops, there’s something for everyone.
With activities tailored for every age group, from curious kids to life-long nature lovers, it’s the perfect season to explore and connect with the beauty of our Gardens.
For more information about our events, and to book, visit botanicgardens.org.au/Whats-On scan the QR code or phone 02 9231 8182
Walks and talks
ASTRONOMY AT THE CALYX
A night of stargazing
The Calyx, Royal Botanic Garden
Tue 3 June, 7 - 9.30pm
Join us for a night of astronomy and stargazing at The Calyx in the heart of the Royal Botanic Garden. Over a glass of wine, understand the cultural significance of the night sky with First Nations educators, before exploring space to see these mysterious planets far from Earth. More than 4,000 planets have been discovered around other stars. Dr Angel Lopez-Sanchez will take you on a journey to these strange 'other' worlds.
Suitable for age 12+. From $42.
SUNSET SPOTLIGHT
Experience the Garden at night Woolloomooloo Gate, Royal Botanic Garden Wed 9 July and Wed 16 July, 6 - 7.30pm
Experience the Garden and its fascinating nightlife on this adventure by torchlight. We'll wander garden pathways and visit biodiversity 'hotspots' such as the ponds to look for nocturnal animals – some who fly in for the night, others who are long-term residents. We'll use our senses and tech gadgets used by our scientists to help us locate animals and plants that have special nocturnal adaptations. We may see Golden Orb spiders, Brush-tailed Possums, Microbats, Flying Foxes or Tawny Frogmouths.
Suitable for age 7+. From $20.
TEN PLANTS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
Foundation & Friends Terrace, Royal Botanic Garden
Wed 13 July, 10am – 12pm
Join us for a fascinating stroll through the Royal Botanic Garden, where we will explore Ten Plants That Changed the World. Discover the incredible stories behind plants that have shaped global history, influenced trade, medicine, politics and culture. You'll hear about the mighty social and economic impact of plants like maize, sugar, cloves and cotton. Don’t miss this chance to experience the power of plants. Morning tea will be provided.
From $40.
CAMELLIA WALK
Learn about these garden favourites
Foundation & Friends Terrace, Royal Botanic Garden
Sat 2 August, 10 – 11.30am
For more than 200 years camellias have been cultivated at the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, becoming a beloved staple of the garden's history. Join our guides for a stroll through the lush, vibrant displays as you discover the fascinating stories behind this iconic plant. Learn more about our growing collection, featuring rare Australian cultivars, endangered species, and a spectacular array of flowering varieties. This walk will deepen your appreciation for these perennial garden favourites.
From $30
ASTRONOMY AT MOUNT TOMAH
Learn about the night sky
Visitors Centre, Blue Mountains Botanic Garden
Sat 30 August, 5.30 – 8pm
Over a glass of wine, learn about the cultural significance of the night sky with one of our First Nations educators. Travel through space with Dr Angel Lopez-Sanchez as he takes you on a journey to another world. Learn about some of the more than 4,000 planets which have been discovered around other stars and look through telescopes to see a glimpse into the celestial realm.
Suitable for age 12+. From $55
Classes & workshops
FUNGI IN BOTANICAL ART WITH ANNA VOYTSEKHOVICH
Maiden Theatre, Royal Botanic Garden
Wed 11 – Fri 13 June, 9.30am - 4pm
Learn botanical art from Anna Voytsekhovich, a professional scientist, scientific illustrator, botanical artist and wildlife illustrator. During the workshop, you will be given an example of main groups of fungi and shown the difference in their morphology and ecology. Anna will demonstrate various watercolour techniques that can be used in botanical art and explain the difference in materials and styles. Refreshments and lunch provided daily.
From $440
STILL SUNDAYS WITH CHARLOTTE THODEY
Maiden Theatre, Royal Botanic Garden
Sun 22 June, 9.30am – 4pm
An art escape. No distractions. Just you, the canvas and the quiet hum of creativity. This class will guide you through composition, drawing, and painting a still life using acrylics, with a selection of fruit, vegetables, foliage, books, fabric and china to inspire your work. Bring your own supplies or buy a package on the day. All skill levels welcome.
From $170
A WINTER TABLE WITH CHARLOTTE THODEY
Maiden Theatre, Royal Botanic Garden
Wed 13 and Thurs 14 August, 9.30am – 4pm
Immerse yourself in the world of still life painting over two inspiring days. This hands-on workshop invites you to explore your individual style with an emphasis on composition, tone and colour. Explore a range of techniques from a loose open brush to finely detailed work. You'll be making use of a carefully selected array of seasonal fruit, foliage, vegetables, china and linen as props. Learn to make big decisions about small things and clear the mind. Lunch and refreshments provided daily.
From $340
GARDENING IN SMALL SPACES
Maiden Theatre, Royal Botanic Garden Sat 28 June, 9.30am – 12.30pm
Join Greg Lamont and Liz JeavonsFellows who will share their passion and broad knowledge of horticulture to get you excited about gardening. Living in small spaces is not a barrier to creating a beautiful, lush and sustainable garden. A delicious morning tea will be provided.
PROPAGATION WORKSHOP
Maiden Theatre, Royal Botanic Garden Sat 23 August, 9.30am – 12.30 pm
Join our Growing Friends’ Greg Lamont and Liz Jeavons-Fellows for a morning of top gardening advice and hands-on propagating. You’ll learn the fundamentals of potting mixes and plant care as well as lots of tips on propagating plants at home. Included is a walk around the Gardens to discuss cutting selection. Morning tea provided.
From $70
From $70
Kids activities
SEEDLINGS NATURE SCHOOL
Enjoy nature-based activities in the Garden
Join experienced Early Years nature educators in the Garden for play-based activities and nature experiences for you and your little one. Seedlings Nature School allows young children to explore, grow and develop in nature. Children will build, discover, play and engage their senses in the natural world. Each week’s program will be a captivating combination of nature-based activities, games and stories in the Garden.
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN
Tue 6 May – 24 June, Thurs 8 May – 26 June, 10am – 12pm.
AUSTRALIAN BOTANIC GARDEN
Wed 7 May – Wed 25 June 2025, 9.30 – 11.30am.
FIRST NATIONS HOLIDAY PROGRAM
Bush medicine
Try some of the oldest medicines in the world at the Botanic Gardens Sydney! Join your First Nations educator, as you walk through the garden, learning about ancient knowledge and remedies. On this 1.5 hour tour, kids will get the chance to make their very own native first aid kit to take home.
ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN
Tue 15 , Wed 16, and Thurs 17 July, 1 – 2.30pm
BOWDEN CENTRE, AUSTRALIAN BOTANIC GARDEN MOUNT ANNAN
Wed 9 and Wed 16 July, 1pm – 2.30pm
Term pass $139, casual pass $21 per child per session. Suitable for age 5+. Elders are free. From $18.50.
CRAFTING WITH NATURE
Have fun creating in the Gardens
Take your craft outdoors this winter school holidays! Discover the ways artists and crafters team up with plants to make inspiring textile creations. Join experienced guides as you explore the beauty of the Gardens in winter, try your hand at nature craft to take home.
RATHBORNE LODGE, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN
Tue 8, Wed 9, Thurs 10, Mon 14, Tue 15 and Wed 16 July, 10.30am and 1pm.
BOWDEN CENTRE, AUSTRALIAN BOTANIC GARDEN MOUNT ANNAN
Tue 8, Thurs 10, Tue 15 and Thurs 17 July, 10am.
WARATAH ROOM, BLUE MOUNTAINS
BOTANIC GARDEN
Tue 8 and Thurs 10 July, 10.30am.
Suitable for ages 5-12. From $19.
GHOSTLY GARDEN FOR KIDS
Discover the gardens at night
Do you dare enter the Garden gates after dark? Come on a journey along shadowy tree-lined paths, creep past gloomy ponds and tiptoe through eerie grottos. Bats will flit above your head and night-creatures will stare from the treetops. On this unforgettable tour of the 'ghostly garden', you'll hear spooky and kooky stories of the past, and visit the Garden’s oldest haunted houses.
WOOLLOOMOOLOO GATE, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN
Fri 25 July and Fri 29 August, 5.30 – 7pm
Suitable for 8+. From $23.
BOOK TODAY
A BLOOMING B TANICAL
Growing Friends Plant Sales nursery is a hidden gem within the Botanic Gardens, run by a passionate team of knowledgeable volunteers who propagate and sell plants from the Gardens’ Living Collection .
Volunteer with the Gardens
Ignite your passion for nature and make a lasting impact
By volunteering with Foundation & Friends, you’ll play a crucial role in preserving our beautiful gardens and help raise vital funds to continue important scientific and conservation work at its green heart. Your time and energy will help preserve vibrant spaces and inspire visitors of all ages.
Our nine volunteer programs include: Special events, exhibitions, Growing Friends Plant Sales, catering and more.
READY TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
We need your help. Join us now.
To get involved, Foundation & Friends on (02) 9231 8182, or visit botanicgardens.org.au
Remembering Randy Sing
Randy Sing was a long-time staff member at the Royal Botanic Gardens and oversaw a large-scale pruning operation for dozens of old figs in the Domain. He sadly passed away recently and will be much missed, writes David Bidwell.
Randy Sing was a much-loved and long-serving member of the horticultural team at the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Over his 34-year career, Randy played a vital role across the Gardens, most recently as Nursery Supervisor.
Back in the late 1990s and early 2000s, arboriculture operations in the Botanic Garden and Domain were run by Randy. There had been considerable disquiet over several sequential and high-profile limb failures from old fig trees around the estate, particularly in the Domain, and the arboriculture team, led by Randy, were tasked with assessing and mitigating the risk from those trees.
A large-scale pruning operation was organised for most of the dozens of old figs in the Domain, which as the principal events venue was – and still is – the main risk concern. Randy donned a hard hat and Hi-Viz to lead a large team to bolster the small team of arborists.
He drew from all his staff resources, supplemented by external consultants and a large hired elevating work platform to carry out a major pruning operation over two weeks, to lighten the load on many of the very old trees, prior to the upcoming season of major public events.
This is just one of countless examples of how Randy creatively encouraged collaboration within his teams and encouraged many of us to work on tasks that were outside our usual work areas.
Randy was a driving force behind every exhibition at The Calyx since its launch in 2016, with his quiet leadership and deep expertise helping bring each display to life. Randy also rebuilt our Amorphophallus titanum collection, making last year’s spectacular bloom of ‘Putricia’, the corpse flower, possible. The bloom drew 27,000 visitors to The Palm House and reached over a million people online.
Randy passed away suddenly not long after retirement, and he will be very much missed by myself and so many of his current and former colleagues at the Botanic Gardens going back over several decades.
He was a loved friend and colleague to many, and made a significant impact at the Gardens, especially on the young apprentices he nurtured and motivated. His legacy will continue to resonate through all those whom he influenced. Heartfelt condolences go to Randy’s partner, Maureen, and their family. A Life Celebration was held in late March.
Randy Sing with an Amorphophallus Titanum
Photo: Botanic Gardens of Sydney
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The Botanic Learning Centre is a collaborative development project between Foundation & Friends of the Botanic Gardens and Botanic Gardens of Sydney featuring a beautifully refurbished and fully accessible Daniel Solander Library.
