The Birds of the Philippine Islands Vol 2 (Part 1 of 2)

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS VOLUME II I

THE BIRDS /

OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS WITH NOTES ON THE MAMMAL FAUNA

'By THE

MARQUESS

~ACHISUKA

F.Z.S., F.R.G.S. Member of the Ornithological Society of Japan; Member of the British Omithologi!ts' Union; Corresponding Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union

VOLUME II PARTS III & IV ACCIPITRIFORMES TO PASSERIFORMES (TIMALIIDlE)

AYALA MUSEUM LII.AI!

H. F.

&

G.

Witherby

326 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON,

w.e.!

2~18

Part III, Pages 1 to 256, published 26th November 1934 Part IV, Pages 257 to 469, published 3 ut JIt/y 1935

PRINTED FOR MESSRS H. F. THE

RIVERSIDE

PRESS

&

G. WITHERBY BY

LIMITED,

EDDIBURGH

PREFACE READERS will observe that the present volume contains about half of the total number of birds recorded from the Philippine Islands.

Remembering that the Archipelago includes r668 named islands, students will probably realize what an enormous amount of field work still remains to be done, and also what a wonderful avifauna exists in this region.

The orders dealt with in this volume are as follows: Accipitriformes (Birds of Prey, comprising Hawks, Eagles and Falcons); Loriidre (Lories, Cockatoos, and a large number of Parrots); Coraciiformes, embracing many distinct suborders, such as Frogmouths, Rollers, large and small Kingfishers, and many endemic genera and species of Hornbills, as well as Bee-eaters, Night jars or Goatsuckers, and the Swifts; the Trogon is a separate order, containing only one beautiful species; Coccyges, including t'he Cuckoos, most of them resident, varying in size, and making and building their own nests; Scansores, represented by two Barbets only, which are characteristic of the Oriental region, and are very pretty little birds; Piciformes, varying greatly in size, from the Pygmy Woodpecker, about the size of a Sparrow, to the Great Slaty Woodpecker, which is about the size of a Common Crow; Eurylremiformes, containing two species belonging to a genus endemic to the Archipelago.

Next we come to the Passeriformes, containing a very large group of birds-in fact it is the largest order known. It is not necessary to repeat in detail what this group contains, but it consists chiefly of Swallows, Flycatchers, Warblers, Robin Chats, Cuckoo-Shrikes, Minivets, Bulbuls and Fairy Bluebirds. Finally we come to that very interesting and characteristic family of what are generally termed Timaline birds, which are very widely distributed in the Oriental region.

The remaining families of this large order of the Passeriformes will be dealt with in Volume III. Once again I would like to repeat what an immense amount of work has been done and has still to be done, both in classification as well as in nomenclature, and in this volume alone I have recognized a number of genera and subspecies new to science.

Among the new genera described, Borisia of the Timaliidre requires particular attention. I might perhaps explain that, like his father, v

VI

PREFACE

King Ferdinand, the present King of the Bulgarians is a very keen student of natural history, especially of ornithology. His Museum and Zoological Garden in Sofia, where His Majesty spends a great deal of his time, are especially rich in the Bulgarian fauna. I have been greatly honoured by His Majesty's personal interest in my work, and he has given me much encouragement and allowed me the privilege of making this genus of Royal commemoration.

I have paid particular attention to a generic appellation which will be reasonably accepted by ornithologists studying the avifauna of the Oriental and Australasian regions. Geographically speaking, the Philippine Islands lie between these two great regions, and clear affinity as is shown by the Philippine avifauna is very valuable in obtaining a true conception of bird life. For this reason I have enumerated allied forms which are not found in the Philippine ' Archipelago, but which are widely distributed in various regions, and occasionally I have dealt with specific and generic affinities.

Students in future will have plenty of opportunities to discover subspecies, and even unknown species, when the hostile interior of a virgin forest or some of the almost inaccessible mountains have been explored. These conclusions will be readily reached by the knowledge that so many rarities are known only by one or by a few examples, and some of these have never been found twice.

In dealing with better-known birds, I regret that so little has been contributed in the way of field notes, such as nesting habits, ecological relationship, and spring and autumn migration. These activities should be undertaken by the resident naturalists, as their opportunities are numerous, and it would furnish a direct contribution to the scientific development of agriculture.

During the preparation of this volume the death has occurred of two brother ornithologists who have done much for the advancement of Philippine ornithology. An account of their active work has already been given in Volume 1., Chapter II. (Ornithological History). The first is Dr. Henry Guillemard, whose death occurred in his eighty-first year, at Cambridge, and the other is Dr. Ernst Hartert, who passed away in Berlin, aged seventy-four. I deeply appreciate the assistance given ' to me by them, and I feel more than entitled to mourn the loss of two very close personal friends, who took much interest in the progress of this work. My close association with Guillemard during my academic terms at Cambridge in the study of books and specimens, and my explorations in North Africa with Hartert, will be a very inspiring memory to me for many years to come.

I would renew my sincere thanks to many gentlemen for their

PREFACE

Vll

kindness and good will in allowing me permission to reproduce for these volumes many beautiful illustrations and text figures, and in this respect I have to offer my sincere gratitude to Mr. Otterwell, the Secretary of the India Office, who has very kindly lent me several of the text figures appearing in the various volumes of the "Fauna of British India (Birds)." Valuable type specimens have been figured in the Ibis, and also in the Transactions of the Zoological Society, and it is through the kindness of the respective publication committees of the two societies publishing these journals that I have had permission to reproduce certain plates in full colour.

Readers will probably recognize some of the fine plates which have been borrowed from various monographs, whose copyright has now expired. I refer to such works as Gould's" Birds of Asia," Sharpe'S "Monograph of Alcedinidre," Elliot's "Monograph of Bucerotidre," and Marshall's" Monograph of Capitonidre."

I would also acknowledge the kind offer of M. ]. Delacour of a plate of an Owl, an also the text figure of an Owl from Mr. G. M. Mathews. Dr. E. Stresemann has contributed a figure of a CuckooShrike. A large number of original drawings, both coloured and uncoloured, have been prepared expressly for the work by Messrs. S. Kobayashi, H. Gronvold and F. W. Frowhawk. Last, but not least, I would tender my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum for the kind assistance and facilities for study which have been continuously extended to me during the preparation of this work.

H. 25 th June I935¡

..

CONTENTS 'P A GE

v

PREFACE LIST OF PLATES

Xl

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES

xix

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XXI

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I

ADDENDA

422

CORRIGENDA INDEX

I

I

ix

LIST OF PLATES FA CIN G PAGE

PLATE

1.

Pithecophaga iefferyi Ogilvie-Grant} Monkey-eating Eagle .

17

"

2.

Heads of Pithecophaga iefferyi OgilVie-Grant} Monkey-eating Eagle

19

3. Haliastur indus intermediu s Blyth ~ Malayan Brahminy Kite (juvenile and adult) Microhierax erythrogenys erythrogenys (Vigors) .

Philippine Pygmy Falcon

"

f

4. Ninox philippensis Bonaparte } Philippine Hawk Owl Pseudoptynxphilippensis philippensis Kaup Luzon Horned Owl

"

"

5. Mimizuku gurneyi (Tweeddale) \ Gurney's Horned Owl f

50

"

6. Strix orientalis wiepkeni (BlaSiUS)} Palawan Barred Owl

68

"

7. Phodilus badius (HOrSfield)} Bay Owl .

70

"

8. Trichoglossus iohnstonice Hartert-} Mrs. Johnstone's Lorikeet

75

"

9¡ Tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis (Linnceus) 1 Philippine Green Parrot D~tcorpsius hcematu.ropygi~tS hcematuropygi~tS

(P. L. S. Muller) Philippine Cockatoo

"

10.

Xl

Heads of Racket-tailed Parrakeets: (a) Prioniturus htconensis (b) Prioniturus discurus platence 1, (c) Prioniturus discurus mindorensis (d) Prioniturus flavicans verticalis (e) Prioniturus flavicans montanus (f) Tail-feathers of Prioniturus l~tconensis

f

82

LIST OF PLATES

xu

PLATE II. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus mindanensis (Steere) Mindanao Guaiabero (male and female) Tanygnathus megalorhynchos (Boddaert) Large-billed Parrot "

12.

l

"ACING PAGE

I

91

I

Group of Hanging Parrakeets: Loriculus salvadorii Hachisuka Salvadori's Hanging Parrakeet (male) Loriculus philippensis regulus Souance Central Island Hanging Parrakeet (male) Loriculus philippensis mindorensis Steere Mindoro Hanging Parrakeet (male) Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus Sclater Cebu Hanging Parrakeet (male)

101

Lyncornis macrotis mindanensis Tweeddale} Mindanao Eared Nigh tj ar

II4

"

13 ·

"

14· 1.

Ceyx melanurus mindanensis Steere Mindahao Kingfisher 2. Ceyx argentatus argentatus Tweeddale Silvery Kingfisher Ceyx lepidus goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant 3· Goodfellow's Kingfisher 4· Ceyx cyanopectus cyanopectus Lafresnaye Blue-breasted Kingfisher (Bottom Left.) Halcyon gularis (Kuhl) White-throated Kingfisher (Bottom Right .) Sauropatis chloris collaris (Scopoli) Philippine White-collared Kingfisher (Bottom Centre.) Halcyon hombroni (Bonaparte) Hombron's Kingfisher

128

15·

Halcyon winchelli winchelli Sharpe } 'iVinchell's Kingfisher (female, type specimen)

140

16.

Halcyon lindsayi lindsayi (Vigors). } Lindsay's Kingfisher (male and female)

142

"

17·

Halcyon hombroni (Bonaparte) } Hombron's Kingfisher (male)

146

"

18. Ramphalcyon capensis gouldi (Sharpe) } Gould's Stork-billed Kingfisher (type specimen)

148

"

19. Ramphalcyon capensis gigantea (Walden)} Philippine Stork-billed Kingfisher

15 0

" "

LIST OF PLATES

Xlll

PLATE 20. A type of Hornbill, called Calao, as drawn by the Moravian priest, G. ]. Camel

" " "

" " " "

"

" " "

.,

"

Frontispiece

2I. Hydrocorax hydrocorax mindanensis (Tweeddale) I Mindanao Hornbill f 22. GymnolamHs marchii (Oustalet) I Palawan Hornbill f

"' ACING PAGE

} 23· Penelopides panini manilla (Boddaert) Luzon Tarictic (or Hornbill) (adult and juvenile) 24· Penetopides panini affinis Tweeddale } Allied Tarictic (male and female) 25· Cranobrontes waldeni (Sharpe) I Lord Walden's Hornbill f

I5 2 I58 I60

I65 I66

} 26. Cranobrontes leucocephalus (Vieillot) White-headed Hornbill (male and female) 27· M erops supercilios~ts philippinus Linnreus I Philippine Blue-cheeked Bee-eater l (male and female) J

I68

28. IVI erops viridis american'us P. L. S. Muller Philippine Chestnut-headed Bee-eater , (juvenile and adult) J

I7°

29 (Upper). Mearnsia picina (Tweeddale) } Tweeddale's Spine-tailed Swift (Lower). H emiprocne comata nakamurai Hachisuka Nakamura's Whiskered Swift (male and female)

I89

I

30. H arpactes ardens (Temminck) .)

Philippine Trogon (male and female) J 3I. Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus (HOrSfield)} Javan Violet Cuckoo 32 (Above). Eudynamys scolopacea mindanensis (Linnreus)} Philippine Koel (male, female and juvenile) (Below). Batrachostomus microrhynchus Ogilvie-Grant Small-billed Frogmouth

I9 2 2IO

2

I

5

33. Lepidogrammus cumingi (Fraser) } Scale-feathered Cuckoo Dasylophus superciliosus (c. Dumont) Rough-crested Cuckoo

226

34. X antholama hamacephala hamacePhala} (P. L. S. Muller) Yellow-chinned Barbet

228

XIV

LIST OF PLATES FACING PAGE

PLATE 35. Dryobates moluccensis fulv1jasciatus (Hargitt) I Hargitt's Pygmy Vloodpecker (male and female) f " 36. Dryobates ramsayi ramsayi (Hargitt)} Ramsay's Pygmy Woodpecker " 37. Dinopium javanense everetti (Tweeddale) , Everett's Three-toed Woodpecker (male and female) " 38. 1. Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus Sharpe Red-faced Golden Woodpecker (male, type specimen) 2. Chrysocolaptes lucidus maculiceps Sharpe Basilan Crimson-backed Woodpecker . (young female) 39. Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus Walden and Layard}' Yellow-headed Golden Woodpecker (male and female) " 40. Lichtensteinipicus fuliginosus (TWeeddale)} Sooty Woodpecker " 41. Sarcophanops steerii (Sharpe) } Steere's BFoadbill (male and female)

-.

J

"

"

"

244

254

1

42 (Upper). Pitta kochi Bruggeman Koch's Pitta (Lower). Pitta steerii (Sharpe) Steere's Pitta J (Right). Pitta e. erythrogastra Temminck Red-breasted Pitta 43. 1. Muscicapula montigena Mearns Mount Apo Flycatcher 2. Male. 3. Female. Muscicapula b. basilanica (Sharpe) Basilan Flycatcher 4. Takatsukasaia platence (Blasius) Platen's Flycatcher 5. Cyornis pallipes herioti Ramsay Blue-breasted Flycatcher 44. Cyanomyias helence Steere Helen's Masked Flycatcher Cyanomyias cCBlestis (Tweeddale) Celestial Blue Flycatcher Cyornis lemprieri Sharpe Lempriere's Blue Flycatcher (Upper, male; lower, female)

262

r

29 6

LIST OF PLATES

xv FACING PAGE

PLATE 45. Rhipidura javanica nigritorquis Vigors Black-and-White Fantail-Flycatcher Rhipidura c. cyaniceps (Cassin) Rufus-bellied Fantail-Flycatcher Rhipidura n. nigrocinnamomea Hartert Black-and-Cinnamon Fantail-Flycatcher Rhipidura superciliaris apo Hachisuka Mount Apo Blue Fantail-Flycatcher Tchitrea periopthalmica (Ogilvie-Grant) Black Paradise Flycatcher Male (top), female (centre), juvenile male (left) "

"

"

46. I. Xeocephus rufus cinnamomeus Sharpe Short-tailed Rufous Flycatcher 2. Neoxeocephus cyanescens (Sharpe) Large Blue Flycatcher

320

}

47. I. Rhinomyias ruficauda samarensis (Steere) Philippine Rufous-tailed Jungle Flycatcher 2. Rhinomyias goodfeloowi Ogilvie-Grant Goodfello 's Jungle Flycatcher (type specimen, female) 3. Rhinomyias insignis Ogilvie-Grant Luzon Jungle Flycatcher (type specimen, female) 4. Rhinomyias albigularis Bourns and Worcester White-throated Jungle Flycatcher

1

48 (Upper). Seicercus neglectus nigrontm (Moseley) Green Flycatcher-Warbler (Lower). Seicercus olivaceus olivaceus (Moseley) Olivaceous Flycatcher-Warbler )

340

49. Edolisoma mcgregori (Mearns) ) McGregor's Cuckoo-Shrike l Edolisoma panayensis Steere J' Visayan Cuckoo-Shrike

354

f

"

"

33 2

50. Pericrocotus flammeus marchesce Guillemard } Guillemard's Philippine Minivet M inodo1'ia striaticeps kettlewelli (Guillemard) Kettlewell's Tit Babbler 5I. Lalage m. melanoleuca (Blyth) Black-and-White Cuckoo-Shrike Eumyias panayensis nigrimentalis (Ogilvie-Grant) Black-masked Verditer Flycatcher

} .

XVI

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 52. Poliolophus urostictus philippensis Hachisuka Southern Wattled Bulbul Chloropsis palawanensis (Sharpe) Palawan Leafbird Chloropsis flavipennis (Tweeddale) Yellow-quilled Leafbird "

"

"

" "

J

372

} 55 ¡ Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli) Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons (Tweeddale) Ashy-fronted Bulbul .

394

53. r. Irena puella tweeddalii Sharpe Tweeddale s Fairy Bluebird 2. Irena cyanogastra melanochlamys Sharpe Black-mantled Fairy Bluebird

I I

f

54. Ixos everetti everetti (Tweeddale) Everett's Yellow Bulbul Ixos philippensis philippensis (Gme1in) Philippine Bulbul Ixos siquijorensis siquijorensis (Steere) Siquij or Bulbul

56. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus caudatus Ogilvie-Grant } Luzon WoodAccentor(drawnfrom type specimen) 57¡ Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus malindangensis Mearns Malindang Wood Accen tor Leonardina woodi Mearns Wood's Bagobo Bird

"

58. Ptilopyga basilanica basilanica (Steere) } Basilan Ground Babbler

"

59. M ixornis gularis cagayanensis Guillemard ) f Cagayan Sulu Tit Babbler

"

1

FACING PAGE

60 . Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe Palawan Ground Babbler . A nuropsis cinereiceps (Tweeddale) Ashy-headed Wood Babbler M inodoria striaticeps cumingi Hachisuka Luzon Tit Babbler

1 I

f.

LIST OF PLATES

XVll FACING PAGE

PLATE 61. Zosterornis striatus Ogilvie-Grant Striped Tree Babbler Malacocincla rufifrons (Tweeddale) Rufous-headed Babbler Zosterornis whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant Whitehead's Tree Babbler iosterornis pygmceus Ogilvie-Grant Pygmy Tree Babbler "

62. Borisia dennistouni (Ogilvie-Grant) King Boris's Tree Babbler Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale Beautiful Roughtemple Borisia capitalis (Tweeddale) Rufous-crowned Tree Babbler Borisia n. nigrocapitatus (Steere) Black-crowned Tree Babbler

J

b

420

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES PAGE

Head of Spizaett-t-s cirrhatus " "Spilornis cheela " "Elanus cceruleus "Pernis ptilorhyncus " Foot of Pandion haliae:tus Head of Otus bakkamcena " "Ninox scutulata Genus Tyto showing wing formula Heads of (a) Loriculus p. regulus (b) Loriculus p. chrysonot'bts (c) Loriculus p. apicalis (d) Loriculus p. philippensis (e) Loriculus p. mindorensis Head of Batrachostomus javensis " "Lyncornis macrotis " "Eurystomus orientalis Right foot and head of Alcedo bengalensis Head of Sauropatis chloris " " Halcyon pileata " "Ramp halcyon capensis Heads of (I) Hydrocorax h. hydrocorax (juvenile)} (z) Hydrocorax semigaleatus (adult) (3) Hydrocorax h. mindanensis (adult) (4) Hydrocorax h. hydrocorax (adult) Montano's Hornbill, Limnophalus montani Tail-feathers of various subspecies of Penelopides panini:' (I) Penelopides p. mindorensis (type specimen) (z) Penelopides p. manillce " (3) Penelopides p. panini (type specimen) (4) Penelopides p. samarensis (type specimen) (5) Penelopides p. leytensis (type specimen) (6) Penelopides p. basilanica (type specimen) (7) Penelopides p. affinis (type specimen) Head of M erops superciliosis Bill, wing and tail of M earnsia picina Left foot of T achynautes batasiensis xix

I

16 zo

30 3z

45 53 64 7z

99

IIO IIZ lZZ

124 136 143

148

153 157

161

169 187 188

xx

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES PAGI1:

Head of Colletoptera affinis " "Cu,culus canorus " "Penthoceryx sonneratii " "Eudynamys scolopacea (male) Right foot of Genus Centropus .

Head of Dryococcyx harringtoni . " "X antholcema hcemacephala " "Chrysocolaptes lucidus .

"T hriponax javensis " Foot, head and bill of Delichon urbica Foot of Riparia riparia .

Bill of H emichelidon sibirica " " Alseonax latirostris " " Hypothymis azure a Head of Cyanomyias helence Heads and bill of Cyanomyias ccelestis (male) Head of N eoxeocephu cyanescens (male) Bill of T chitrea paradisi .

Tail-feathers of Edolisoma mcgregori Head of Poliolophus urostictus

I9 I 202 20 9

2I4 2I7 225

228 242 249 27 2 274 28 5 28 9 3I I 3I 3 3I 5 32 4

33 0 357

388

DISTRIBUTIONAL CHARTS I.

2.

Distribution of the various subspecies of Loriculus philippensis through the Philippine Archipelago Distribution of Genus Chrysocolaptes throughout the Philippine Archipelago

95

24I

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS VOLUME II Family F ALCONIDlE PAGE

Circus spilonotus spilonotus Kaup .

192. Circus melanoleucus (Forster) 193. Circus ceruginosus ceruginosus (Linmeus) 194 . . Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus (Horsfield) 195. Astur soloensis (Horsfield) .

196. Accipiter gularis (Temminck) 197. Accipiter virgatus conjusus Hartert .

198. Lophotriorchis kienerii jormosus (Stresemann) 199. Spizaetus nipalensis philippensis Gurney 200. Spizae¡tus cirrhatus limnceetus (Horsfield) 201. Pithecophaga fefferyi Ogilvie-Grant .

202. Spilornis cheela palawanensis Sc1ater 203. Spilornis holospilus (Vigors) 204. Butastur indicus (Gmelin) .

205. Cuncuma leucogaster (Gmelin) 206. I cthyophaga ichthycetus ichthycet~ts (Horsfield) 207. Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth .

208. Elanus cceruleus hypoleucus Gould .

209. Pernis ptilorhyncus ptilorhyncus (Temminck) 210. Pernis celebensis steerei SClater 211. 4viceda ferdoni magnirostris (Gray) 212. Aviceda ferdoni leucopais (Sharpe) .

213. Microhierax erythrogenys erythrogenys (Vigors) 214. Microhierax erythrogenys meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant 215. Falco peregrinus calidus Latham 216. Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe 217. Falco severus severus Horsfield 218. Cerchneis tinnunculus faponensis (Ticehurst) 191.

Family 219.

220.

4 5 6

7 9 9

13 14

15

17 20

22

23

25 27 28 30 31 32 34

35 36 37 38

39 41 42

PANDIONIDlE

Pandion haliaetus haliaetus (Linnreus) Pandion haliaetus cristat~ts (Vieillot) XXI

2

44

45

XXll

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS Family

STRIGID.£ PA G E

221.

222.

223.

224.

225.

226.

227.

228.

229.

230.

23I.

232.

233.

234.

235.

236.

237.

238.

239.

240.

241.

242.

243.

Pseudoptynx philippensis philippensis Kaup Pseudoptynx philippensis mindanensis Ogilvie-Grant Mimizuku gurneyi (Tweeddale) Otus rufesctms burbidgei Hachisuka .

Otus bakkamcena whiteheadi (Ogilvie-Grant) Otus bakkamcena boholensis McGregor Otus bakkamcena everetti (Tweeddale) Otus manadensis sibutuensis (Sharpe) Otus manadensis steerei Mearns Otus cuyensis cuyensis McGregor Otus cuyensis romblonis McGregor Otus longicornis longicornis (Ogilvie-Grant) .

Otus longicornis mindorensis (Whitehead) Otus calayensis McGregor .

Ninox scutulata scutulata (Raffles) .

Ninox philippensis Bonaparte Ninox spilonota Bourns and Worcester Ninox spilocephala; spilocephala Tweeddale .

Ninox spilocephala mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant Ninox spilocephala e eretti Sharp€i Ninox spilocephala reyi Oustalet Strix orientalis wiepkeni (Blasius) Phodilus badius badius (Horsfield)

Family TYTONIDJE 244. Tyto longimembris amauronota (Cabanis) 245.

Trichogloss~ts

Family LORIID.£ johnstonice Hartert

Family KAKATCEID.£ 246. Ducorpsius hcematuropygius hcematuropygius (P. L. S. MUller) 247. Ducorpsius hcematuropygius mcgregori (Hachisuka) 248.

249.

250.

251.

252.

253.

254.

255.

Family PSITTACIDJE Prioniturus luconensis Steere Prioniturus discurus discurus (Vieillot) Prioniturus discurus platence Blasius Prioniturus discurus mindorensis Steere Prioniturus discurus waterstradti Rothschild Prioniturus discurus malindangensis Mearns Prioniturus discurus suluensis Blasius Prioniturus flavicans montanus Ogilvie-Grant

48

49 50 5I

53 54 55 56 57 58 59

60 6I 6I 63 65 66 67

68 68 69 69

7I 73

75 77 77 79 79

80 8I 8I 82 82 83

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XXlll PAGK

256.

257.

258.

259.

260.

261.

262.

263.

264.

265.

266.

267.

268.

269.

270.

Prioniturus flavicans verticalis Sharpe Tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis (Linnreus) Tanygnathus lucionensis paraguenus Hachisuka Tanygnathus lucionensis koikei Hachisuka Tanygnathus lucionensis moro Hachisuka Tanygnathus mulleri everetti Tweeddale T anygnathus mulleri freeri McGregor Tanygnathus mulleri burbidgei Sharpe Tanygnathus megalorhynchos (? subsp.)

Bolbopsittacus lunulatus lumtlatus (Scopoli) Bolbopsittacus lunulatus intermedius Salvadori Bolbopsittacus lunulatus mindanensis (Steere) Loriculus philippensis philippensis (Muller) Loriculus philippensis mindorensis Steere Loriculus philippensis bournsi McGregor 27I. Loriculus philippensis panayensis Tweeddale 272. Loriculus philippensis regulus Souance 273. Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus Sc1ater 274- Loriculus philippensis worcesteri Steere 275 . .Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis Steere 276. Loriculus philippensis apicalis Souance 277. Loriculus philippensis dohertyi Hartert 278. Loriculus philippensis bonapartei Souance 279. Loriculus salvadorii Hachisuka 280. Loriculus galgulus (Linnreus) F amity 28I.

282.

283.

284.

285.

• 286.

287.

288.

289.

290.

291.

292.

293.

86 86 87 87

88 88

89 90 91 91

92 93 94 94 94 96 97 97 98

99 100 101 102

PODARGIDJE

Batrachostomus microrhynch~ts Ogilvie-Grant Batrachostomus septimus menagei Bourns and Worcester Batrachostomus septimus septimus Tweeddale Batrachostomus javensis adspersus Bruggemann Batrachostomus affinis Blyth Family

83 85

ro6 107 109

IIO III

CAPRIMULGIDJE

Lyncornis macro tis macrotis (Vigors) Lyncornis macrotis mindanensis Tweeddale .

Caprimulgus affinis griseatus Gray .

Caprimulgus affinis mindanensis Mearns Caprimulgus macrurus macrurus Horsfield Caprimulgus macrurus manillensis Walden .

Caprimulgus macrurus delacouri Hachisuka Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Temminck and Schlegel

112

II3 II4 II5 II6

II7 II9 120

XXlV

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS Family CORACIIDk: PAGE

294. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis (Linnreus)

I22

Family ALCEDINIDk: 295· Alcedo atthis bengalensis Gmelin 296 . Alcedo meninting meninting Horsfield 297· Ceyx cyanopectus cyanopectus Lafresnaye 29 8. Ceyx cyanopectus nigrirostris Bourns and Worcester 299· Ceyx rujidorsus Sharpe 300 . Ceyx melanurus melanurus Kaup 3 0I . Ceyx melanurus samarensis Steere 3 02 . Ceyx melanurus mindanensis Steere 3 03. Ceyx argentatus argentatus Tweeddale 3 04. Ceyx argentatus flumenicolus Steere 305. Ceyx lepidus margarethce Blasius 3 06 . Ceyx lepidus goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant 307. Sauropatis chloris collaris (Scopoli) .

308 . Halcyon coromanda bangsi (Oberholser) 309. Halcyon coromanda ochrothorectis (Oberholser) 3 IO . Halcyon gularis (KuHl) 3 I I . Halcyon winchelli winchelli Sharpe .

3 I2 . Halcyon winchelli nigrorum Hachisuka 3I3. Halcyon pileata palawanensis Hachisuka 3I4. Halcyon pileata pileata (Boddaert) 3I5. Halcyon lindsayi lindsayi (Vigors) 3I6. Halcyon lindsayi moseleyi (Steere) 3I7. Halcyon hombroni (Bonaparte) 3I8. Ramphalcyon capensis gouldi (Sharpe) 3I9. Ramphalcyon capensis smithi Mearns 3 20 . Ramphalcyon capensis gigantea Walden

I24 I26 I27 I28 I29 I3 0 I3 0 I3 I I3 2 I33 I33 I34 I35 I3 8 I39 qo I4 I I4 2 I4 2 I43 I44 I45 I46 I47 I4 8 I49

Family BUCEROTIDk: 32I. 322.

323.

324.

325.

326.

327.

328.

329.

Hydrocorax hydrocorax hydrocorax (Linnreus) Hydrocorax hydrocorax mindanensis (Tweeddale) Hydrocorax hydrocorax basilanica Hachisuka Hydrocorax semigaleatus (Tweeddale) Limnophalus montani (Oustalet) Gymnolcemus marchii (Oustalet) Penelopides panini manillce (Boddaert) Penelopides panini subnigra McGregor Penelopides panini mindorensis Steere

I.5 I I5 2 I54 I54 I5 6 I5 8 I59 I60 I60

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

xxv PAGE

330.

33I. 332.

333.

334.

335.

336.

337.

338.

Penelopides panini ticaensis Hachisuka Penelopides panini panini (Boddaert) Penelopides panini samarensis Steere Penelopides panini leytensis Hachisuka Penelopides panini boholensis Hachisuka Penelopides panini affinis Tweeddale Penelopides panini basilanica Steere Cranobrontes waldeni (Sharpe) Cranobrontes leucocephalus (Vieillot) Family

MEROPID.<E

339. lVI erops superciliosus philippinus Linnreus 340. Merops viridis americanus P. L. S. Muller Family

162 162 163 164 164 164 165 166 167 168

17 0

HEMIPROCNID.<E

34I. Hemiprocne comata maJ'or (Hartert) 342. Hemiprocne comata nakamurai Hachisuka 343. Hemiprocne comata comata (Temminck)

17 2 172 173

Ji amily MICROPODID.<E

344.

345.

346.

347.

348.

349.

350.

35I. 352.

353.

354.

355.

356.

357.

358.

359.

360.

36I. .362.

Collocalia lowi palaw . nensis Stresemann Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant Collocalia whiteheadi tsubame Hachisuka Collocalia whiteheadi origenis Oberholser Collocalia whiteheadi apoensis Hachisuka Collocalia vestita vestita (Lesson) Collocalia fuciphaga amelis Oberholser Collocalia francica germ ani Oustalet Collocalia troglodytes Gray .

Collocalia marginata Salvadori Collocalia esculenta isonota Oberholser Collocalia esculenta bagobo Hachisuka Hirundapus giganteus giganteus (Temminck) Hirundapus celebensis celebensis (Sclater) Hirundapus celebensis dubius (McGregor) M earnsia picina (Tweeddale) T achynautes batasiensis pallidior (McGregor) Micropus pacijicus pacijicus (Latham) Colletoptera affinis subfurcatus (Blyth)

Family

175 175

176 176 177

178 179 180 181 182 182

183 184 185 185

186

188 18 9

191

TROGONID.<E

363. Harpactes ardens (Temminck)

192

xxvi

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS F amity

CUCULIDA': PACE

364.

365.

366.

367.

368.

369.

370.

371.

372.

373.

374.

375.

376.

377.

378.

379.

380.

381.

382.

383.

384.

385.

386.

387.

388.

389.

390.

391.

392.

393.

394.

395.

Clamator coromandus (Linmeus) Surniculus lug~tbris minimus Baker Surniculus lugubris velutinus Sharpe Hierococcyx sparverioides (Vigors) Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor (Blyth) .

Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine .

Cuculus optatus kelungensis Swinhoe Cuculus micropterus micropterus Gould Cacomantis merulinus merulinus (Scopoli) Cacomantis merulinus everetti Harted Penthoceryx sonneratii venustus (Jerdon) Chalcites xanthorhynchus amethystinus (Vigors) Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus (Horsfield) Chalcites lucidus malayanus (Raffles) Eudynamys scolopacea paraguena Hachisuka Eudynamys scolopacea onikakko Hachisuka Eudynamys scolo'Pacea frater McGregor Eudynamys scolopacea mindanensis (Linnceus) Centropus bernsteini mindorensis ~Steere) Centropus bernsteini arpenteri Mearns Centropus steerii Bourns and Worcester Centropus unirufus uniru!~ts (Cabanis and Heine) Centropus unirufus polillensis Hachisuka Centropus melanops melanops Lesson Centropus melanops banken Hachisuka Centropus sinensis bubutus Horsfield Centropus sinensis anonymus Stresemann Centropus viridis (Scopoli) .

Centropus bengalensis javanensis (Dumont) .

Dryococcyx harringtoni Sharpe Dasylophus superciliosus (Dumont) Lepidogrammus cumingi (Fraser) Family

I95 I96 I97 I99 I99 201 203 204 205 206 209 210 2II 212 213 214 215 215 217 218 218 219 219 220 221 221 222 223 223 225 226 227

CAPITONIDA':

396. Xantholcema hcemacephala hcemacephala (P. L. S. Muller) 397. Xantholcema rosea intermedia Shelley Family

228 229

PICIDA':

398. Dryobates moluccensis validirostris (Blyth) 399. Dryobates moluccensis maculatus (Scopoli) 400. Dryobates moluccensis menagei (Bourns and Worcester)

231 232 232

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XXVll PAGE

401.

402.

403.

404.

405.

406.

407.

408.

409.

Dryobates moluccensis leytensis (Steere) Dryobates moluccensis fulvifasciatus Hargitt Dryobates moluccensis apo Hachisuka Dryobates ramsayi ramsayi (Hargitt) Dryobates ramsayi siasiensis (Mearns) Dinopium javanense everetti (Tweeddale) Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus Sharpe Chrysocolaptes lucidus hcematribon (Wagler) Chrysocolaptes lucidus grandis Hachisuka 4IO. Chrysocolaptes lucidus rufopunctatus Hargitt 4I1. Chrysocolaptes lucidus lucidus (Scopoli) 4I2. Chrysocolaptes lucidus maculiceps Sharpe 4I3. Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus Walden and Layard 4I4. Lichtensteinipicus funebris funebris (Valenciennes) 4I5. Lichtensteinipicus fuliginosu,s (Tweeddale) .

4I6. MuUeripicus pu.lverulentus p ulverulentus (Temminck) 4I7. Thriponax J'avensis confusus Stresemann 4I8. Thriponax javensis pectoralis Tweeddale 4I9. Thriponax javensis multilunatus McGregor 420 . .Thriponax javensis suluensis Blasius 421. Thriponax javensis hargitti Sharpe .

422. Thriponax javensis mindorensis Steere 423. Thriponax javensis philippinensi s Steere Family

24~

243 244 245 24 6 24 6 247 249

25 0 25 0 25 I 25 I 25 2 25 2

EURYLJEMIDJE

424. Sarcophanops steerii (Sharpe) 425. Sarcophanops samarensis Steere Family

254

255

PITTIDJE

426. Pitta erythrogastra erythrogastra Temminck 427. Pitta erythrogastra propinqua (Sharpe) 428. Pitta erythrogastra yairocho Hachisuka 429. Pitta kochi Bruggemann 430. Pitta sordida sordida (P. L. S, Muller) 431. Pitta sordida miilleri (Bonaparte) 43Ia.Pitta persola Brodkorb 432. Pitta steerii (Sharpe) 433. Pitta moluccensis (P. L. S, Muller) Family

233 234 235 23 6 237 23 8 239 240 242

258 259 259

260 26 3 264 422 266 267

HIRUNDINIDJE

434. Delichon urbica dasypus (Bonaparte) 435. Riparia riparia ijimce (Lonnberg)

27 2

274

XXVlll

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS I' AGE

436.

437.

438.

439.

Riparia paludicola brevicaudata (Horsfield) Hirundo rustica gutturalis Linn~us .

Hirundo javanica abbotti (Oberholser) Hirundo daurica striolata Temminck and Schlegel

275 27 6 27 8 279

Family M USCICAPIDJE 440.

441.

442.

443· 444.

445.

446.

447 · 448.

449· 450.

451.

452.

453.

454.

455 .

456.

457.

458.

459.

460.

461.

462.

463 .

464.

465.

466.

467.

468.

469.

470.

471.

472.

473.

474.

475.

Hemichelidon sibirica sibirica (Gmelin) H emichelidon griseisticta griseisticta Swinhoe Hemichelidon griseisticta habereri (Parrot) Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgson .

Alseonax latirostris (? subsp.)

Cyornis rufigaster litoralis Stresemann Cyornis rufigaster mindorensis Mearns Cyornis rufigaster philippinensis Sharpe Cyornis lemprieri Sharpe Cyornis paUipes herioti Ramsay Takatsukasaia platence (Blasius) Muscicapula hyper thra luzoniensis Ogilvie-Grant Muscicapula hyperythra calayensis McGregor Muscicapula hyperythra mindorensis Hq.chisuka M uscicapula hyperythra nigror~tm \iVhitehead Muscicapula montigena Mearns Muscicap~~la basilanica basilanica (Sharpe) .

Muscicapula basilanica samarensis Bourns and \iVorcester M uscicapula melanoleuca westermanni Sharpe M uscicapula melanoleuca apo Hachisuka Gerygone sulphurea simplex Cabanis Zanthopygia narcissina narcissina (Temminck) Cyanoptila cyanomelana cyanomelana (Temminck) Hypothymis azure a azurea (Boddaert) Cyanomyias helence Steere .

Cyanomyias ccelestis (Tweeddale) Rhipidura superciliaris superciliaris (Sharpe) Rhipidura superciliaris samarensis (Steere) Rhipidura superciliaris apo Hachisuka Rhipidura cyaniceps cyaniceps (Cassin) Rhipidura cyaniceps sauli Bourns and Worcester Rhipidura albiventris (Sharpe) Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea nigrocinnamomea Hartert Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea hutchinsoni Mearns Rhipidura javanica nigritorquis Vigors Xeocephus rufus ruf~ts (Gray)

285 286 287 287 288 29I 292 292 293 295 296 297 298 299 299 30I 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 3IO 3I3 3I4 3I5 3I6 3I6 3I7 3I8 3I 9 320 320 32I 322

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XXIX PAUl

476.

477.

478.

479.

480.

481.

482.

483.

484.

485.

486.

487.

488.

489.

490.

491.

492.

493.

494.

495.

496.

Xeocephus ruf~£s cinnamomeus Sharpe Neoxeocephus cyanescens (Sharpe) .

Tchitrea periopthalmica (Ogilvie-Grant) Tchitrea paradisi affinis Blyth Rhinomyias insignis Ogilvie-Grant.

Rhinomyias albigularis Bourns and Worcester Rhinomyias goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant Rhinomyias rujicauda samarensis (Steere) Rhinomyias rujicauda rujica't£da (Sharpe) Rhinomyias rujicauda ocularis Bourns and Worcester Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis (Swainson) Culicicapa helianthea panayensis (Sharpe) .

Seicercus montis xanthopygius (Whitehead) .

Seicercus neglectus nigrorum (Moseley) Seicercus neglectus mindanensis (Hartert) Seicercus neglectus malindangensis (Mearns) Seicercus olivaceus olivaceus (Moseley) Seicercus olivaceus. cebuensis (Dubois) Eumyias panayensis nigrimentalis (Ogilvie-Grant) Eumyias panayensis~anayensis Sharpe Eumyias panayensis nigriloris (Hartert) Family

497.

498.

499.

500.

501.

502.

503.

504.

505.

506.

507.

508.

509.

5IO. 511.

512.

513.

514.

SIS.

324 325 326 329 331 332 333 334 334 335 336 337 339 339 340 341 342 343 344 344 345

PERICROCOTIDlE

Coracina striata difficilis (Hartert) .

Coracina striata striata (Boddaert) .

Coracina striata mindorensis (Steere) Coracina striata panayensis (Steere) Coracina striata cebuensis (Ogilvie-Grant) Coracina striata kochii (Kutter) Coracina striata guillemardi (Salvadori) Edolisoma ccerulescens ccerulescens (Blyth) Edolisoma ccerulescens alterum Ramsay Edolisoma panayensis Steere Edolisoma mcgregori (Mearns) Edolisoma morio elusum McGregor.

Edolisoma morio mindanensis (Tweeddale) Edolisoma morio ·everetti Sharpe Pericrocotus igneus Blyth .

Pericrocotus flammeus novus Ramsay Pericrocotus flammeus leytensis Steere Pericrocotus flammeus J'ohnstonice Ogilvie-Grant Pericrocotus flammeus marchesce Guillemard

347 348 349 349 350 350 35 1 354 354 355 35 6 357 35 8 359 360 361 362 363 3 63

xxx

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS PAGE

516.

517.

518.

519.

Pericrocotus divaricatus divaricatus Raffles Lalage melanoleuca melanole1>tca (Blyth) Lalage melanoleuca minor (Steere) .

Lalage nigra schisticeps Neumann .

Family

520 .

52I. 522.

523.

524.

525.

526.

527.

528.

529.

530.

53I. 532.

533.

534.

535.

536.

537.

538.

539.

540.

54!.

542.

543.

544.

545.

546.

547.

548.

549.

550.

PYCNONOTIDÂŁ

.lEgithina tiphia cequanimis Bangs Chloropsis palawanensis (Sharpe) Chloropsis flavipennis (Tweeddale) Irena puella tweeddalii Sharpe Irena cyanogastra cyanogastra Vigors Irena cyanogastra ellce Steere Irena cyanogastra melanochlamys Sharpe Microscelis amaurotis batanensis (Mearns) Microscelis amaurotis fugensis (Ogilvie-Grant) Microscelis amaurotis camiguinensis (McGregor) Ixos everetti everetti (Tweeddale) Ixos everetti haynaldi (Blasius) Ixos siquijorensis siquijorensis (Steere) Ixos siquijorensis cinrreiceps (Bourns and Worcester) I xos siquijorensis monticola (Bourns and Worcester) Ixos philippensis philippensis (Gmelin) Ixos philippensis mindorensis (Steere) Ixos philippensis guimarasensis (Steere) Ixos philippensis saturatior (Hartert) Ixos rufigularis (Sharpe) Ixos striaticeps (Sharpe) Poliolophus urostictu.,s urostictus (Salvadori) Poliolophus urostictus philippensis Hachisuka Poliolophus urostictus basilanicus Steere Brachypodius atriceps atriceps (Temminck) Criniger flaveolus frater Sharpe Criniger finschii palawanensis Tweeddale Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli) Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis Mearns Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons (Tweeddale) Pycnonotus plumosus plumosus Blyth.

Family

366 368 368 36 9 372 374 374 375 377 378 378 379 379 380 382 382 383 383 384 384 385 385 386 386 387 388 389 389 390 39 1 393 394 395 395 396

TIMALIIDÂŁ

55!. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus caudatus Ogilvie-Grant .

552. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus unicolor Hartert 553. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus malindangensis Mearns .

398 399 400

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XX Xl PAGE

554- Leonardina woodi Mearns 555. Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe 556. Ptilopyga basilanica minuta (Bourns and Worcester) 557. Ptilopyga basilanica mindanensis Blasius 558. Ptilopyga basilanica basilanica Blasius 559. M inodoria striaticeps cumingi Hachisuka 560. Minodoria striaticeps boholensis (Hachisuka) 561. Minodoria striaticeps mindanensis (Steere) 562. Minodoria striaticeps montanus (Mearns) 563. Minodoria striaticeps striaticeps (Sharpe) 564. Minodoria striaticeps kettlewelli (Guillemard) 565. Mixornis flavicollis woodi Sharpe 566. Mixornis gularis cagayanensis Guillemard 567. Malacocincla rujifrons (Tweeddale) .

568 . Anuropsis cinereiceps (Tweeddale) .

569. Zosterornis whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant 570. Z osterornis striat~s Ogilvie-Grant 57!. Zosterornis pygmce\ s Ogilvie-Grant 572. Borisia dennistouni (Ogilvie-Grant) 573. Borisia nigrocapitatUis affinis (McGregor) 574- Borisia nigrocafiitatus nigrocapitatus (Steere) 575. Borisia capitalis (Tweeddale) 576. Borisia plateni (Blasius) 577. Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale

402 40 3

40 4 40 5 40 5

406 40 7 40 7 408 408 40 9

4IO 410 412 41 3

414 41 5 416

41 7 418 418

41 9

420 420

Birds 01 the Philippine fslands, Vol. ff .. Plate 20.

Frontispiece I see p. 151 J.

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)" ,: 1\ , .. _

,

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I:. I

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J

I , ;1./

~'1! 1 1lrt'

Calao

f(u.'(( C)n..

j'

HI I 'It

Y

UJ

":' u':(0 7'l01l1' 61</

I ~ lVI'V

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I R eproduced by the courtesy 01 the British Museum .

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS SUPPLIED THE MATERIAL FOR THE EARLIEST MEMOIR ON EXOTIC BIRDS THAT HAS COME DOWN TO US, AND WRITI'EN BY G . J. CAMEL THE MORAVIAN PRIEST. IN 1703. THE DRAWING REPRESENTS A TYPE OF LUZON HORNBILL, CALLED CALAO IN THE TAGALOG DIALECT, AND DRAWN BY CAMEL HIMSELF. THE COLLECTION OF HIS MANUSCRIPTS IS NOW KEPT IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. CAMEL'S RESEARCH MATERIAL WAS SENT TO A WELL-KNOWN ENGLISH NATURALIST. JAMES PETIVER. IN LONDON. WHO DESCRIBED SEVENTY-ONE SPECIES, MADE KNOWN TO US IN THE PHfLOSOPHfCAL TRANSACTIONS UNDER THE TITLE OF .. DE AVIBUS PHILIPPENSIBUS." CALAO IS AN ONOMATOPCELO NAME UNIVERSALLY USED IN MALAY AND ELSEWHERE WHERE LARGE HORNBILLS ARE FOUND. IT WAS EMPLOYED AS A GENERIO TERM. AND ALSO ADOPTED AS THE FRENOH VERNACULAR NAME.

V

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT-Continued

Orde1' ACCIPITRIFORMES Eagles, Hawks and Falcons BILL strong, upper mandible considerably longer than the lower, culmen much curved, end of bill hooked and its tip perpendicular; basal portion of bill covered by a membrane or cere, in which the nostrils are situated; legs large; feet very strong, claws curved and sharp; general plumage compact; wings long and powerful; tail nearly square, rarely forked or wedge-shaped.

Suborder ACCIPITRES This suborder includes all the Hawks and Eagles, except the Osprey of the genera Pandion; its members are distinguished by having the outer toe not reversible and all of the claws moderately curved, that of the middle toe describing much less than a semicircle; concave or under side of each claw hollowed or grooved instead of rounded.

Family FALCONIDÂŁ Characters same as those given for the suborder.

(A)

1

Subfamilies Tarsus and toes longer and more slender.

(A)

2

Tarsus and toes shorter and stouter.

ACCIPITRIN1E, p. 1.

AQUILIN}E, p. II.

Subfamily ACCIPITRINÂŁ Outer toe connected to middle toe by an interdigital membrane; tibia and tarsus to all intents equal in length, the difference between them not so great as the length of hind claw.

300 200

Genera " .

(A) 1 Hinder aspect of tarsus with many hexagonal scales; wing, mm. or more.

CIRCUS, p. 2.

(A) 2 Hinder aspect of tarsus without hexagonal scales; wing, mm. or less. (b) 1 Middle toe without claw about twice the culmen from ASTUR, p. 6. anterior margin of cere. (b) 2 Middle toe without claw more than twice the culmen ACCIPITER, p. 8. from anterior margin of cere.

II.-A

I

2

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Genus CIRCUS Lacepede, " Tab!. Ois.," p. 4, 1799. Type, by subsequent designation (Lesson, " Man. d'Om.," i., p. 105, 1828) : Falco ceruginos1ts Linnreus.

Bill moderate or weak, somewhat compressed; margin of upper mandible slightly sinuate but not toothed; wing very long and pointed, first primary short, about equal to sixth; secondaries much shorter than primaries; tail long, slightly graduated or nearly square; tarsus long and slender, feathered at the base and overhung for about half its length by the long thigh-feathers; front of tarsus with transverse plates, sides and most of the hinder aspect with hexagonal scales; toes long, nails long and much curved; behind ear-coverts and sometimes across the throat a "ruff" of short, rather stiff feathers, most conspicuous in the young of C. melanoleucus and not very evident in the other species.

The Harriers or Marsh Hawks are noticeable among birds of prey for their slender form, long slender legs and slow flight. Adult birds can be easily identified, but the immature specimens present considerable difficulty.

191.

Circ~ts

Circus spilonotus spilonotus

Eastern Marsh Harrier spilonotus Kaup, Isis, col. 953, 1847: Asia, restricted to East

Siberia.

Circus Philippensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Philipp.," p. 7, 1890 : Mindanao (type, male, H. Cuming, in British Museum).

Swann, " Mon. Bds. Prey," pt. iii., p. 130, pI. figs. I and 2, 1925.

Native Names.-La-uin', Manila; ma-na-o', Calayan, all species of small Hawks.

Distribution.-Batan, Calayan, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, Sulu.

Description.-Male.-Above black, nape and hind neck narrowly streaked with white; feathers of lower back and rump tipped with ashy grey or white; sides of head and ear-coverts black, lower parts white; chin, throat and br~ast with bold black shaft-streaks; primaries black, white for basal third; alula, primary-coverts and secondaries ashy white with blackish shafts; secondary-coverts black, more or less mixed with ashy white; under wing-coverts and axillars white; tail ashy white; upper tail-coverts white. Iris bright yellow; legs dull yellow; cere waxy green; bill and nails black.

Wing, 4IO; tail, 230; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 92; middle toe with claw, 63.

Younger male.-Colour pattern similar; upper parts brown; white streaks on head and neck more numerous; under parts white

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

3

with wider streaks of reddish b~own, which are also present on flanks and abdomen; primaries black, some of them barred with ashy white; wing-coverts brown with less white than the adult; primary-coverts and alula ashy white but with blackish brown bars; under wing-coverts white streaked with blackish brown; axillars white streaked and barred with reddish brown.

Wing, 400; tail, 235; culmen from base, 32; tarsus, 80; middle toe with claw, 6r.

Female.-Above brown slightly shaded with ashy, the dorsal feathers obsoletely margined with dull rufous; crown and hind neck tawny buff, paler on the neck, all the feathers mesially streaked with brown; scapulars and wing-coverts margined and barred with tawny or fulvous, the least wing-coverts more conspicuously margined with rufous; quills brown narrowly tipped with whitish, externally shaded with ashy grey, the secondaries less distinctly, and all barred across with darker brown; under surface of wing white, the dark bars showing very distinctly; lower back and rump brown, the feathers distinctly tipped with pale rufous; upper tail-coverts pure white; tail ashy grey tipped with fulvous and crossed with five blackish bands, the subterminal one much the broadest, the ashy grey interspaces inclining to or replaced by pale tawny on the outer feathers; lores as well as a distinct eyebrow and ear-coverts buffy white; sides of face and of neck, as well as the facial ruff, rufous buff streaked with dark brown; under surface of body creamy buff, with central pointed marks ' of rufous brown to the feathers, more distinct on the fore neck and under wing and tail-coverts; flank-feathers and axillars rufous brown, with large rounded spots of creamy buff on both webs; under wing-coverts and thighs creamy buff, with irregular central streaks of rufous brown occupying the major part of the greater under wing-coverts.

Wing, 415-420; tail, 279; culmen, 31-32; tarsus, 79; middle toe with claw, 61-63.

The young birds so closely resemble those of C. ceruginosus as to be indistinguishable at times. The pale head- and neck-feathers are always striated in C. spilonotus, but the body, wings and tail are uniform brown or variegated with buff on the wing-coverts, back and breast. Generally, though not invariably, traces of bars will be found on some of the tail-feathers of C. spilonotus, but this occasionally happens in C. ceruginosus also.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 : C. s. spilonotus Kaup

1

Eastern Siberia; in winter to China, IndoBurmese countries, Malay Archipelago, New Guinea

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 267,

193 1 .

4

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

An odd specimen collected in New Guinea, called by Salvadori C. sp£lothorax, cannot be recognized.

C. s. maillard£ Verreaux Reunion Island C. s. macroscel£s Newton Comoro Islands, Madagascar 192.

Circus melanoleucus

Pied Harrier Falco melanoleucus Forster, in Pennant, "Ind. Zool.," ii., p. 2, pI. 2, 1769: Ceylon.

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. iii., p. 134, 1925.

McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 322, pI. I, 1907.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Calayan, Guimaras, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Sibay, Sulu, Ticao.

Description.-Male.-Upper parts glossy black; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the latter with two or three broad cross-bars of black or ashy grey, the former also shaded with grey; wing-coverts silvery grey margined with white, with a broad band of black feathers extending from the bend of wing parallel with its margin and joining the median-coverts, which are also black; primaries black; primarycoverts and secondaries silvery grey, except the innermost, which are black; tail entirely silvery grey tipped with white, below and on the inner webs white; sides of face and neck, throat and chest glossy black; rest of under surface, including under wing and tail-coverts, pure white. Bill and cere black; feet yellow; iris yellow.

Wing, 356; tail, 216; culmen, 25; tarsus, 76; middle toe with claw, 47-48.

F emale.-Above dark brown, the feathers of the crown and neck with rufous edges, those of the nape broadly bordered with white; a well-marked ruff of small white or buffy white feathers with brown shaft-stripes; around eyes whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts dirty white or pale rufous with brown streaks; smaller coverts along forearm white (in younger birds rufous), with blackish brown shaft-stripes; median-coverts brown with grey or white spots and bars; larger coverts dusky grey, with a broad subterminal blackish band and another near the base; primaries outside blackish brown; secondaries grey with blackish cross-bands, beneath all are greyish or whitish with dark bands; upper tail-coverts white, sometimes with rufous brown drops or bands; tail grey with dark brown cross-bands; lower parts white with dark brown shaft-stripes, broad on the throat and breast, narrower and sometimes disappearing on the abdomen.

Wing, 368; tail, 228; bill from gape, 30; tarsus, 81; middle toe with claw, 48-50.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

5

Y oung.-More uniform brown above than the adult female and have no grey on the wings or tail, which are brown with darker bands; the ruff is ill-marked at the sides, but there is a large white brownstreaked nuchal patch and another patch of buff-edged brown feathers on the throat; the lower parts generally are rufous brown, faintly streaked darker.

General Notes.-The adult male of the Pied Harrier is a very beautiful and graceful bird; the female and young are dull brown and unattractive. This species is fairly abundant in the lowlands, where it frequents open country.

Extralimital Range.-The present species has no races. It is widely distributed over E. Siberia and Mongolia, and migrates in winter to East and South India, Ceylon, Burma, French Indo-China, China, Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

I93. Circus cerug'tnosus cerug'tnosus Marsh HaITier Falco ceruginosus L~nreus, "Syst. Nat.," loth ed., i., p. 91, 1758: Europe; restricted type locality, Sweden.

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. ii., p. 124, 1925.

Distribution.-Cagayan Sulu, Luzon, Mindoro. .

Description.-Male.-Head, neck and breast buff or pale rufous, with dark brown shaft-stripes, broader on the breast; back and most of the wing-coverts dark brown; scapulars still darker, sometimes grey towards the base; smallest coverts along the forearm whitish, with dark brown shafts; outer greater-coverts, primary-coverts and all quills except first six primaries dark silvery grey, remaining coverts and very often the tertiaries dark brown; first six primaries black, with the basal portion white; upper tail-coverts white with rufous and brown mixed in various ways; tail grey above, isabelline below; abdomen and lower tail-coverts ferruginous brown, more or less striped darker. Bill black; cere and base of bill greenish yellow; iris yellow, brownish yellow in females and young; legs and feet rich yellow.

Wing, 406; tail, 241; culmen, 27-30; tarsus, 86; middle toe with claw, 58.

Female.-Dark brown except the crown, nape, chin and more or less on the throat, which is buff with brown stripes. There is sometimes a patch of buff on the breast; the wing-coverts and back have buff edges, and the upper tail-coverts are rufous.

Wing, 390-430; tail, 238-258; culmen, 28-31; tarsus, 85-90; middle toe with claw, 60.

6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The young of both sexes resemble the female, except that the buff on the head is sometimes unstreaked and more limited in extent, being confined in some cases to a nuchal patch, or even wanting altogether.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 C. ceo ceruginosus (Linnreus)

C. ceo harterti Zedlitz

:

Europe, central and south Russia, Turkestan, W. Siberia; winters in tropical Africa, India, Malay Peninsula, China, Japan and Formosa Southern Mediterranean countries and South Spain

A closely allied species is : C. ranivorus ranivorus (Daudin) S. Africa, north to the Transvaal C. r. cequatorialis Stresemann E. Africa, from Uganda to Nyasaland Genus ASTUR Lacepede, " Tabl. Ois.," p. 4, 1799. Type, by subsequent designation (Vigors, Zool. Jo~trn., i., p. 326, 1824): Falco palumbarius Linnceus= F. gentilis Linnceus.

Bill small and compressed, upper mandible with a deep notch or a strong sinuation near its tip; first primary short, third or fourth longest; tarsus rather long and with transverse plates in front and behind, but the division lines between plates very obscure.

I94. Astur tril1irgatus rufltinctus Large Crested Goshawk Spizaet~ts rufitinctus Horsfield, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1839, p. 153 : Banks of the Bramaputra, Assam.

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. iv., p. 204, 1925.

Distribution.-Balabac, Leyte, Mindanao, Palawan, Samar.

Description.-Male.-Above slaty grey, the upper tail-coverts blackish and tipped with white; head and neck clearer slaty grey, including a conspicuous occipital crest, the sides of the neck somewhat tinged with rufous; quills browner than the back; primaries with rufescent shafts, barred above with dark brown, much plainer underneath, where the quills are white at the base of the inner web; tail ashy brown, paler at tip, crossed with four bands of dark brown; throat white, with a distinct black moustachial streak on each side and a broad median line; chest clear tawny rufous; rest of under surface 1

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 266, 1931.

â&#x20AC;˘

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

7

white, broadly banded with pale rufous, each bar of this colour having a conterminous brown bar, the thighs thickly barred with ashy brown without any rufous tinge; under tail-coverts white; under wingcoverts white, spotted with brown or rufous brown, and the axillars similarly barred. Cere orange-yellow; bill black, lead-colour at base; cheeks and orbits orange; feet yellow; iris orange-yellow.

Wing, 198; tail, 160; culmen, 27; tarsus, 56; middle toe with claw, 47.

Female.-Wing, 246; tail; 205; culmen, 29; tarsus, 68; middle toe with claw, 60.

Young.-Above brown, with a fully developed occipital crest; upper tail-coverts banded with darker brown and tipped with white; quills and tail much as in the adult, the latter with five cross-bands of darker brown; under surface of body white, the throat with the three characteristic streaks like the adult; the breast broadly streaked with pale rufous, inclining to dark brown in the centre of the chest; the lower breast and abdomen barred with pale rufous, the bars narrower and darker on the thighs; under tail-coverts white, with a few narrow, nearly obsolete, cross-bars; under wing-coverts buff, spotted and barred with dark brown.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 A. t. trivirgatus (Temminck)

A. t. rufitinctus (Horsfield)

:

Hilly parts of southern India and Ceylon, also Malay Archipelago E. Himalayas to Assam, Khasia Hills, Burma, Indo-China and Formosa

195. Astur soloensis Chinese Goshawk (or Horsfield's Goshawk) Falco soloensis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 137, I82I: Java.

Nis~ts manillensis Meyen, Beit. Zool. in Verh. Leap. Car. Acad., xvi., Supp., Zool., p. 69, I834: Manila (type in Berlin Museum).2 Astur cuculoides Temrninck, McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 218, I909.

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. iv., p. 225, I925.

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. M ,Lts., i., pI. 4, fig. I, I874.)

Distribution.-Basilan, Cagayancillo, Luzon, Mindanao.

Description.-The adult plumage appears to be gained by a gradual mersion of the rufous stripes on the breast. Above light bluish grey, some of the feathers margined with darker grey; sides of face and neck grey like the head, but a little more dingy; under surface of the body pale buffy vinous, the throat, flanks and thighs as 1 2

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., pp. 216-217, 193 1 .

Cat. Bds. Brit. lV/US., i., p. 151, footnote, 1874.

8

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

.vell as the under wing and tail-coverts white, with a slight greyish shade on the sides of the breast; quills black externally, shaded 'with ashy grey, under surface white at base of inner web, but having no distinct bars above or below; tail dull bluish grey above, ashy white beneath, with four or five indistinct cross-bands of dark brown, a little plainer underneath, but these not strictly continuous. Cere yellow; gape and orbits yellowish; bill black, lead-colour at base; feet yellow; iris yellow.

Male.-Wing, 190; tail, 132; culmen, 18; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 28.

Female.-Wing, 200; tail, 137; culmen, 19; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 33-36.

Y oung.-Above brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, a little broader on the upper tail-coverts, the sides of the neck washed with rufous, the nape mottled with white; crown blackish; an illdefined eyebrow and fore part of the cheeks white narrowly lined with blackish brown; the ear-coverts brown slightly washed with dull rufous; throat buffy white, with a moustachial line on each side and a median streak of brown; rest of under surface buffy white, the chest broadly streaked, and the breast and flanks barred with pale rufous; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts clear buff, the lowest ones spotted with blackish; quills dark brown slightly tipped with whitish, very indistinctly barred above with darker brown, underneath buffy white at the base of the inner web, indistinctly barred with dark brown, visible only on the inner webs; tail ashy brown, whitish at tip, crossed with five bars of darker brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the cross-bars more distinct except on the outer web, where they are almost obsolete.

Extralimital Range.-This species is found in China, Corea, Formosa and Indo-China; in winter to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, south to the Moluccas and New Guinea. Temminck's race, A. cuculoides, from Java is proved to be not recognizable.

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson, " Om.," i., pp. 28,310,1760. Type (by tautonymy): AccÂŁpÂŁter accipiter Briss. = Falco nisus Linnreus.

This genus is closely related to Astur, but the plumage is always more or less mottled or barred and the middle toe is relatively longer; culmen from front margin of cere less than half the middle toe without claw; notch in upper mandible less pronounced.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT I

9

96. Accipiter gularis Japanese Sparrow-Hawk

Astur (Nis~ts) gularis Temminck and Schlegel, "Faun. Japon. Av.," p. 5, pI. 2, I850: Japan.

Grant, Ibis, I896, p. I04.

Accipiter virgat~ts (Temminck) McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.,"p. 220,I909.

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. V., p. 329, I926.

Distribution.-Calayan, Cebu, Fuga, Mindanao, Palawan.

Description.-Above, including wings, blackish slate, the bases of the feathers pure white, with a tendency to show on the nape; earcoverts and sides of neck slaty grey, the feathers edged with rufous; sides of face slate lined with white; chin and throat white with blackish shaft-lines; breast and sides vinous chestnut; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; quills blackish, inner webs white basally; secondaries and inner primaries barred with blackish; under wingcoverts and axillars pale ochraceous; tail ashy brown crossed with five bars of blackish brown, seven bars on outermost pair.

M ale.-Wing, I90; tail, I24; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 45 ; middle toe with claw, 33.

Female.-Wing, 205; tail, 148; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 34.

Immature.-Upper parts dark brown, most of the feathers edged with rusty or earthy brown; under parts white with wide bars of light rusty brown. This plumage is followed by one in which the under parts are white with wide shaft-streaks of blackish brown. The fore breast sometimes streaked, and the hind breast, sides and flanks barred and with individual feathers both barred and streaked. The acquisition of adult plumage probably takes some time-two or three years.

Extralimital Range.-This bird is distributed over Japan, North China, Formosa, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, and is known in Burma in winter, but is only an occasional winter visitor to the Philippines.

I97. Accipiter virgatus confusus Philippine Sparrow-Hawk

Accipiter virgatus con/usus Hartert, Nov. Zool., xvii., p. 20g, Ig1O; Laguna de Bai, Luzon (type in Lord Rothschild coil., American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Swann, " Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. v., p. 326, Ig26.

Nisus manillensis Meyen, N. A. Ac. Caes. Leap. Car., xvi. (supp!.), p. 6g.

Tab. ix., I834: Manila.

Accipitermanillensis (Meyen) McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 220, IgOg. Distribution.-Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros. ? Palawan.

Description.-Male.-Above brown; head, neck and mantle with

IO

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

an ashy blue wash, basal portion of feathers white or with one or two large white spots; back, rump and tail-coverts brown without hidden white spots; sides of head brown; chin and throat white, with a narrow median brown line; remainder of under parts rich reddish brown or rusty chestnut, most intense and uniform on breast and sides, each feather barred with dark brown and white, the barred portion hidden more or less by wide reddish brown tips; crissum white; wings brown; primaries barred with grey on distal part of inner webs and with ochraceous on basal part; secondaries barred with ochraceous on inner webs; scapulars with two or more large white spots, all concealed; axillars and wing lining faint ochraceous barred with brown; tail brown, crossed by five darker brown bars.

Wing, 156; tail, II4; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 35.

F emale.-Differs from the female of A. gularis in having the chest, breast and sides nearly uniform light red in the most adult birds, while in somewhat younger examples the middle of breast show distinct cross-bars of reddish brown and white; the under surface on the quills washed with rufous. Bill blackish, bluish at base, cere peagreen; iris and eyelids bright yellow; skin about eye and base of bill dull green; nails very dark brown; legs and feet light yellow.

Wing, 175-178; tail, 137-139; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 5253; middle toe with claw, 44.

Immature.-Male.-Upper parts earthy brown; head and mantle slightly bluish ash; feathers of wings, mantle, rump and upper tailcoverts edged with rusty brown; median line on throat incomplete; breast and abdomen white with very wide, seal-brown, shaft-stripes; sides and flanks with some reddish brown cross-bars; thighs white barred with brown; wing lining ochraceous with large blackish brown spot.

General Notes.-On examination of the Everett specimen,l in the British Museum collection, taken in February r894, collected on the island of Palawan, it is doubtlessly a male specimen of A. gllla1'is.

Therefore McGregor's bird, No. 180, Accipiter virgatus, in his" Manual," does not exist in the Philippines, and No. 18I, Accipiter manÂŁllensis, is dealt with here as A. v. con/usus.

Zimmer saw a small Hawk at Catatugas, Palawan, on 4th April.

Although he did not secure the specimen he is certain of his identification.

Allied Forms and their Range 2 A. v. ru/otibialis Sharpe

:

. Borneo (type) and Sumatra

This race is known only from a very few specimens.

1 Accipiter virgatus Everett. Ibis. 1895. p. 38; McGregor. "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 220, 1909.

2 Peters, " Birds of the World," i.. p. 222, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT A. v. virgatus (Temminck) A. v. besra Jerdon A. v. affinis Hodgson

Java

II

(type)

and probably Lesser Sunda Islands South India and Ceylon Breeds from the western Himalayas to western China, Yunnan, south to Assam, and hills of northern Burma. Winters over the greater part of northern India, southern China, Hainan, Formosa and French Indo-China Subfamily AQUILINJE

Outer toe only connected to middle toe by membrane; tarsus more than half the length of the tibia, but the difference between them exceeding the length of the hind claw, the tarsus being reticulate on hinder aspect; bill festooned but not toothed.

Genera (A) 1 Tail nearly square or slightly forked; or, if decidedly graduated, the wing oveF 350 mm. (b) 1 Bill without a distinct tooth on its cutting edge; first primary much shorter than second or third. (c) 1 Feathers of lores and circumocular region not scale-like; lora! bristles present. i) 1 Tail not forked. (e) 1 Tarsus covered to the toes with short, thick-set feathers. (/) 1 Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries much greater than length of tarsus.

LOPHOTRIORCHIS,

e)

2

(1)

2

(1)

2

p. 13.

Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries much less than length of tarsus.

SPIZAETUS, p. 14.

Tarsus not feathered to the toes.

(1) 1 Nostril a vertical slit; bill extremely compressed; culmen curved throughout its length; size large.

PITHECOPHAGA,

p. 17.

Nostril round or oval; bill not greatly compressed.

I2

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(c)

2

A

full, circular, occipital crest; plumage of under parts with numerous round white spots.

SPILORNIS, p. 20. (g) 2 Crest scanty or wanting; plumage not spotted. (h) 1 Back of tarsus covered with hexagonal scales; wing, 330 to 380 mm. (i) 1 Tarsus with hexagonal scales in front; wing falling far short of tip of tail; lower plumage whitish, barred or spotted with brown.

BUTAsTuR, p. 23. (i) 2 Tarsus with transverse scales in front; wing very long, extending beyond end of tail; pI umage chest nu t and white in adult.

HALIASTUR, p. 28. (h) 2 Back of tarsus with large transverse plates. (i) 1 Wing about 520 mm.

CUNCUMA, p. 25. (i) 2 Wing about 450 mm.

ICTHYOPHAGA, p. 27. (d) 2 Tail slightly forked, middle feathers about 10 mm. shorter than outermost; unfeathered portion of tarsus covered with small round scales.

ELANUS, p. 30.

Feathers of lores and large circum ocular area short and scale-like; no hairs about the bill ; tarsus covered with long feathers for more than half its length, unfeathered portion with small PERNIS, p. 3I. hexagonal scales on all sides. (g)

1

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (b)

13

Bill with one or two well-developed teeth on its cutting edge; first primary nearly as long as second and usually longer than third. (c) 1 Head crested; tarsus feathered for half its length.

AVICEDA, p. 33. (c) 2 Head not crested; tarsus feathered at base only and covered with hexagonal scales. (d) 1 No tubercle in nostril; length less than 200 mm.

MICROHIERAX, p. 36. (d) 2 A tubercle in centre of nostril; length more than 250 mm.

FALCO, p. 37.

(A) 2 Tail distinctly graduated; bill shorter; feet smaller and weaker; middle toe without claw two-thirds to three-fourths of tarsus; wing less than 250 mm.

CERCHNEIS, p. 42.

2

Genus LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., i., p . 255, r874. Type: Astur kienerii Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.

Cutting edge of bill sinuate; a narrow occipital crest about 60 mm. long; wing mo.derate in length; first primary very short, third and fourth sub equal ; inner web of first four quills abruptly and deeply cut; legs closely feathered to base of toes, which are covered with small hexagonal scales; claws strong and curved.

19B. Lophotriorchis kienerii formosus Lesser Rufous-bellied Hawk Hieraaetus kienerii jormos2ts Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsb ..

XXXll.,

p. r08, r924: North Celebes (type in Berlin Museum).

Distribution.-Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Panay, Sibuyan.

Tablas.

Description.-Above black, with an occipital crest 60 mm. in length; ear-coverts somewhat mixed with whitish; cheeks, throat and breast pure white, with a few narrow black shaft-lines on the side of the latter; rest of under surface, including under wing and tailcoverts, tawny rufous streaked with black shaft-stripes, rather broader on the flanks, where they are more merged; wings black, some of the feathers externally brownish, the inner lining of quills whitish ashy, . with a few blackish .bars on the inner web of the primaries; the secondaries narrowly tipped with white; tail black, very slightly tipped with whity brown and with indications of brown cross-bands under certain lights, the lower surface of the tail ashy white, with a subterminal brown bar. Cere yellow; bill leaden blue; feet yellow, claws black; iris brown.

14

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

lJ-I ale.-Wing, 340; tail, 190; culmen, 34; tarsus, 72; middle toe with claw, 64.

Female.-Wing, 360; tail, 210; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 66 ; middle toe with claw, 68.

Immature.-Upper parts earthy brown, lighter on crown, the feathers tipped with white; forehead all white; long crest-feathers blackish brown; a black patch in front of and over eye; wing-coverts like the back; primaries and secondaries blackish brown tipped with white; tail blackish brown tipped with white and crossed by about nine lighter bars; entire under parts, except a brown patch on each flank, pure white.

McGregor quotes the following measurements, which appear very large: Wing, 370; tail, 225; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 69; middle toe with claw, 72.

Allied Forms and their Range. 1-The present genus consists of two species only: L. isidori (Des Murs) Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia L. k. kieneri Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. . India, Ceylon, Malay States L. k. fo rmosus Stresemann Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, etc.

Stresemann's race can easily be distinguished from the typical race, which no doubt will be found in all the islands of the East Indies.

Genus SPIZAETUS Vieillot, " Analyse Nouv. Om.," p. 24, 1816. Type (by monotypy) : F alco ma~tduyti Daudin.

Bill compressed; culmen rapidly curved from base to tip; edge of upper mandible sinuate; nostril large and oval; occipital crest short and slightly pointed; wings moderate, fourth or fifth quill longest; secondaries long, falling short of primaries by about length of middle toe without claw; tarsus covered to the toes with short, thick-set feathers; top of toes covered with small irregular scales.

199. Spizaetus nipalensis philippensis Philippine Hawk Eagle Spizaet'Us Philippensis Gurney, Gould. "Bds. Asia," i., pt. xv., text to pI. 10, 1863: Philippine Islands (sugg. Luzon) (type in British Museum).

(Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., pt. ii., p. 141, pI. 24, 1877.)

Distribution.-Basilan, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Siquijor.

Description.-The general colour of the upper surface in this speCIes IS a dark umber-brown, but the base of the feathers of the 1 Peters, "Birds of the 'World," i., p. 252, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

IS

crest is white and the margins of the other occipital feathers are of a light yellowish brown. Some of the scapulars and other alar feathers (especially the latter) are slightly tipped with the same; the tail, which is of a somewhat lighter brown than the back, is tipped with a very narrow edging of white, and is also crossed by seven blackish brown bars, the upper one, however, being somewhat indistinct, and the two lower being separated by an interval which is twice the breadth of the spaces between the other bars. The throat has a broad blackish band running down the centre, with two similar and nearly parallel bands proceeding from the corners of the mouth, the three bands all merging in a cluster of dark brown lanceolate marks upon the upper portion of the breast, the intervals between these markings, and also the whole sternal and abdominal regions, being tinged with a yellowish rufous; the under tail-coverts are barred with brown and white, the former bars being much broader than the latter; and the thighs and tarsi are marked throughout their length with narrow, equidistant, transverse bars of the same colour.

Wing, 375; tail, 292; culmen from base, 38; crest, 63; tarsus, 89 ; middle toe with claw, 76.

General Notes.-This species is very rare and found only in forests.

Allied Forms and their Range 1

:

S. n. orientalis Temminck and Schlegel Japan, Corea S. n. fokiensis W. L. Sclater S. China, Indo-Burmese countries and Tenasserim, Hainan and Formosa S. n. nipalensis (Hodgson) Breeds in Himalayas (2000-7000 ft.) from Kashmir to E. Assam and the Lichiang Range, Yunnan. Wanders in winter to the plains of India Hills of Mysore, Nilgiri Hills south to S. n. kelaarti Legge Malabar coast, Travancore, Ceylon Mountains of southern Tenasserim to S. n. alboniger (Blyth) the Malay Peninsula and southwestern Siam, Sumatra, Borneo Mountains of West Java S. n. bartelsi Stresemann . Celebes and Sula Brsi S. n.lanceolatus Temminck and Schlegel \ .

zoo. Spizaetus cirrhatus limnceetus Javan Hawk Eagle Falco Limnceetus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. I38, I8zI: Java.

Distribution.-Calamianes, Lubang, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan.

Description.-Above and below deep chocolate-brown, inclining to 1

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., pp. 248-249, 1931.

r6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

blackish on the head and back; the quills and tail blackish, the shafts of the latter brownish, the inner webs of the quills clear ashy; tailfeathers below ashy white, brownish towards the tips, penultimate ones with remains of irregular â&#x201A;Źross-markings. Cere yellowish; feet pale yellow; iris bright yellow; nails black.

Wing, 406; tail, 279; culmen, 43; tarsus, 104. y oung.-Above clear brown with faint terminal margins of fulvous brown, the buff-coloured bases showing very conspicuously on

Head of Spizaetus cirrhat'lts. all the upper parts, but especially distinct on the wing-coverts, which are also broadly margined with buffy white; quills deep brown; the secondaries lighter and more purplish brown, broadly tipped with buffy white and indistinctly barred with darker brown, plainer on the inner web, especially underneath, where it is ashy white on the primaries and greyish on the secondaries; lower back and rump pale brown, the upper tail-coverts brownish buff; tail brown tipped with buffy white and crossed with six equidistant bands of darker brown; head and neck whitish buff, the sides of the latter washed with sandy rufous, and mottled with dark brown in the centres of the feathers; under surface of body buffy white, washed with pale fawn-colour on the sides of the body and thighs, with a few indistinct spots of the same on the chest; under wing-coverts white spotted with dark brown, the spots larger on the greater series. Iris brownish.

Wing, 394; tail, 255; culmenA1; tarsus, 94; middle toe with claw, 58.

Nestling.-Covered with snow-white down, the crown of the head inclining to fawn-colour, the sprouting feathers blackish brown, the greater wing-coverts tipped with white; the few breast-feathers visible white, with broad blackish cross-bars.

General Notes.-This species is an inhabitant of deep forests and is seldom seen.

Allied Forms and their Range. 1-The present species is distinguished from any other species of the genus by its large size-wing, 374 mm.; crest, 63 mm. Above dark umber-brown; crest with base of feathers white; tail paler brown, with seven darker bands; throat 1

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 249, I931.

SYSTEMA TIC ACCOUNT

I7

as in S. c. cirrhatus (India); below yellowish rufous; cl:est heavily marked with dark brown lanceolate spots; thigh and under tail-coverts barred with brown and white.

S. c. c.zrrhatlls (Gmelin) .

S. S. S. S. S.

Indian Peninsula (except Travancore), north to Central Provinces c. ceylonens1's (Gmelin) Ceylon and Travancore c. andamanensis Tytler . Andamans c. limnceet2ts (Horsfield) N. India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo c. floris (Hartert) Lesser Sunda Islands c. lanceolatus Temminck and Schlegel . Celebes and Sula Besi Genus PITHECOPHAGA

Ogilvie-Grant, B~tll. Brit. Orn. Club, vi., p. 16, 1896. monotypy): Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant.

Type (by

Bill deep, greatly compressed; depth of upper mandible twice its width at edge of cere; culmen greatly curved for its entire length; nostril in a vertical slit near margin of cere; a very full crest of long feathers; wings roun(ied, rather short; inner webs of primaries slightly narrowed from mj.ddle to tip; tarsus slightly feathered in front at base; a row of transverse plates in front; sides and back with small hexagonal scales; feet powerful; tail-feathers wide and slightly graduated. This genus is confined to the Philippines.

20I.

Pithecophaga jefferyi

Monkey-eating Eagle (Great Forest Eagle) (Plates I and 2) Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi., p. 17, 1896. Monotype: Samar (type, male, 15th June 1896, J. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Pithecophaga philippensis Shufeldt, "Emu," xxi., p. 296, 1922, nom. nud. (ante, I., p. 40).

Hachisuka, L'Oiseau, Rev. Franr. d'Ornith., ii., No. I, p. 97, 1932 (col. pl.).

Swann and Wetmore, "Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. viii., p. 486, 193 0 (col. pl.).

Shufeldt, ante, I., pp. 136, 139.

(Fig. Ibis, 1897, p. 214, pI. 5, text figs., 1-4¡) Distribution.-? Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Samar.

Description.-Top of head pale whitish buff with dark middles to the feathers, which are rather narrow and pointed, especially those on the occiput, which form a long, full crest; general colour above rich brown, most of the feathers with paler margins, especially the quillfeathers and wing-coverts; tail-feathers dark brown, the two median II.-B

18

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

pairs with ÂĽiide dark bands; shafts of quills and tail-feathers creamy white; under parts uniform creamy white; thighs and long fiankfeathers with reddish brown. shaft-stripes. Fourth, fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest, first primary 75 mm. shorter than second, the latter shorter than third and about equal to seventh.

Iris, dull creamy brown with an outer ring of brownish red, the two colours melting into one another and not sharply defined, also stated to be pale blue; face and base of bill dull french-blue, tip of bill black, also stated to be deep plumbeous, base of bill greyer; legs and feet dull yellow; claws black.

Wing, 525; tail, 38r; bill, greatest depth, measured from base of cere to ridge of culmen, 38; from base of cere to tip, 38; tarsus, II8 ;

Hinder aspect of right tarsus of Pithecophaga jejJeryi (nat. size). middle toe without claw, 68; claw, measured in a straight line from base to tip, 37; hind toe without claw, 46; claw, 5I. General Notes.I-Systematic relationship of the Monkey-eating Eagle is quite an interesting subject. Seth-Smith,2 who studied a live bird in the Zoological Gardens in London, thinks it reminds one somewhat of a large Goshawk.

Shufeldt,3 who has made an exhaustive study in osteology and other subjects, writes that Pithecophaga is nearest to Harpia harpyja of South America. The same author does not agree with classifications of this group followed by Sharpe in his handlist.

The depth of the bill is greater than that of any known bird of prey, except Pallas's Sea Eagle (Haliaelus pelagicus), while in such extreme narrowness, in comparison with the depth, birds of this group are quite unique. It is also among some Parrots, such as the Black Cockatoo (1\.1 icroglossus) , that we find a bill approaching this type, but in none of these is it laterally compressed to the same extent. The high, vaulted nasal opening, set almost vertically, is another character. The naked tarsi and feet approach those of the Harpy Eagle (Harpia 1

'Vhitehead, Ibis, r899. p. 90: notes on habits, etc.

2 Ante,1., p. 132.

3 Ante, 1., p. 136.

Eleven interesting photographs are reproduced

Birds 01 th e Ph,ltppine ..

Islands, Vol. II ., Plat e 2.

~

HEADS OF Pith ecophaga iet! .

MONKEY_EATINeGry, OGILVIE-GRANT EAGLE. .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

19

harpyja 1) in size and strength, and the scaling of the tarsi is remarkably similar.

An interesting account of this Eagle was given to me by Dr. Alfred Worm, a zoological collector residing at Bambang, Manila, which is as follows: " As far as the island of Luzon is concerned, I met Pithecophaga in the early part of I907, when an Army officer who had been hunting back of Montalban, which at that time was not yet a water reservation, brought back the head and two feet of a very large eagle, that in Manila was identified as those of Pithecophaga. A month later I was camping and collecting specimens at what now is the Bozo-bozo water reservation, and my carcadores-which were N egritos-told me of a large nest in a big tree. I went there, and sending one of my N egritos up he brought down the broken shells of two eggs, which on examination revealed that they had not hatched but had burst by the gases which had formed inside, as under microscopical examination later the dried tissues of an early embryo glued to the inner shell walls were revealed.

Undoubtedly the Army officer had killed the breeding female, and the widowed male had strayed away, as during all my years of travelling and camping in that locality and the Pacific Coast mountains I never saw a Pithecophaga again, and my Negritos, who for years were my companions, assured me that no more of these birds are there.

"From September I927 to June I928 I was collecting through Samar . . . and went sometimes a considerable distance from the coast into the interior, but had not the luck to see a Pithecophaga, and people knew nothing about that bird, though it is still possible that in the high mountains of the interior there are some pairs."

McGregor records five examples from Luzon and Mindanao in I92I. Recently known specimens have all come from Mindanao and were shipped from Davao. My two specimens were secured in the province of Davao, while I know of one other from there purchased by an American private collector. About twenty specimens are known to exist, and certain individual variations seem to occur. Some specimens have rusty-coloured under parts. The same type of variation was found among Bearded Vultures (Gypaetus).

One Mindanao example was brought to Manila, where it lived for some months, and became fairly tame. It was fed on meat and fish.

The bird was sick for two or three weeks before it died, in January I9 20 .

The owner brought it to the Bureau of Science for mounting. The body was found to be heavily infested with peculiar nodules whose nature has not been ascertained. Some trematodes taken from the intestines and preserved by Professor Frank G. Haughwout, of the 1

Fig. Swann and Wetmore, .. Mon. Bds. of Prey," pt. ix., col. pl., 1930.

20

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Bureau of Science, have been described as Phagicola pithecophagicola, a new genus and new species.1 The discovery of the present bird by Whitehead is recorded in Vol. I., p. 40.

Several coloured plates 2 have been pubJished, where one can obtain a good idea of individual variations.

Genus SPILORNIS Gr:::.y, " List Genera Birds," p. 3, 1840. Type (by original designation) : Falco bacha " Shaw "=Falco bassus J. R. Forster.

Culmen straight to edge of cere, from there strongly curved to tip; cutting edge of bill without notch or sinuation; a large nearly naked space between eye and bill; occipital crest full; first primary short, fifth longest and but little longer than secondaries; tarsus feathered in front for a short distance, covered throughout with hexagonal scales.

202.

Spilornis cheela palawanensis

Palawan Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela palawanensis Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xl., p. 38, I919: Palawan (type, female, Feb. I 894, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

Spilornis bacha (Daudin) McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 227,1909.

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan.

Description.-Head largely crested, jet-black with white bases to the feathers; upper surface of body brown, the wing-coverts with a few minute spots of white on the margins of the feathers; quills black; primary-coverts and secondaries narrowly tipped with white, the primaries somewhat shaded with ashy grey externally and crossed with two brown bands, one broad Head of Spilornis cheela. and very distinct, the other basal and nearly obsolete, these bars less distinct above on the secondaries, but rather plainer below; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown slightly tipped with whitish, the latter crossed with a broad median band of pale ashy brown, with indications of a second basal one visible only below; sides of head and throat blackish, cheeks 1 E. C. Faust, Phil. Journ . Sci., xvii., pp. 627-633, pI. I, 1920.

Faust considers this new worm so distinct that he makes a new subfamily, PhagicolinCE. 2 Ibis, 1897, pI. v.; Ibis, 1910, pI. iv.; "Monograph of Birds of Prey," pt. viii.,

193 0 .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

21

somewhat shaded with ashy grey; remainder of under surface of body brown, the chest uniform, the breast with distinct oval spots of white on both webs, more numerous on thighs, and inclining to bars on flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts paler brown, thickly varied with oval spots of white, larger and farther apart on the axillars and greater-coverts. Cere yellow; bill black, horn-coloured at tip; feet orange-yellow; iris yellow.

Male .-Wing, 406; tail, 254; culmen, 36; tarsus, 86; middle toe with claw, 5I. Female.-Wing, 4I9; tail, 267; culmen, 38; tarsus, 95; middle toe with claw, 5I.

Allied Forms and their Range 1

:

S. c. cheela (Latham) S. c. albidus (Temminck)

Himalayas, A sam; in winter to N. India East, Central and South India, from As am southward except to Travancore Ceylon, ? S. Travancore s. c. spilogaster (Blyth) .

H ainan, French Indo-China, Burma s. c. rutherfordi Swinhoe . Siam s. c. floweri wann S. China to Upper Burma s. c. ricketti Sclater Formosa S. c. hoya Swinhoe .

Riu Kiu Islands s. c. pel'plexus Swann Southern Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, s. c. baSS1lS (J. R. For ter) Sumatra . Java S. c. bido (Horsfield) Bawean Island, . of Java S. c. bawea11.us Oberholser Mts. Kinabalu and Dulit, in Borneo S. c. ki11.abalue11.sis Sclater S. c. pall1·dus 2 vValden . Lowlands of Borneo (Sarawak to Sandakan) S.W. Borneo S. c. richmondi Swann Nias Is. (W. Sumatra) and Bunguran S. c. salvadorii Berlepsch or Great Natuna Is., N.W. Borneo Andamans S. c. davisom· Hume Simalur Island S. c. abbottt· Richmond S. c. burmanicus Swann from Burma is probably inseparable from S. c. rutherfordi Swinhoe.

The races floweri, baweanus, richmondi, perplexus and abbotti have not been examined critically by myself.

Swann in his synopsis (I922) considers the paler and smaller birds from the Little Nicobars (minimus) and Great Nicobars (klossz) as distinct species, while Baker (I928) considers them as races of rheela.

1 2

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 271, 1931.

Fig. Cat. Bds. Byit. Mus., i., pI. ix., 1874.

22

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

A small species, elgini, from the Sipora, Andaman and Islands is probably the nearest species to cheela.

203 .

~icobar

Spilornis holospilus

Philippine Serpent Eagle

Buteo holospilus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 96: Manila (type in British Museum).

Spilornis Panayensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 7, 1890 : Concepcion, Panay (type, male, 12th January 1888, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. lIO. Native Name.-Si-cub', Bohol.

Distribution. - Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Catanduanes, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above pale brown with a purplish gloss and the feathers irregularly spotted or margined with white at their tips; hind neck and interscapulary region lighter than the rest of the back, the feathers tipped with pale rufous and ocellated with large rounded spots of white; head ashy black, and well crested, the feathers slightly margined with rufous and spotted with white; sides of face and throat ashy grey, the latter varied with oval markings of whitish; under surface of body very light tawny, ocellated all over with spots or halfbars of white, the latter more distinct on the under tail-coverts; the thighs and under wing-coverts a little darker and more thickly spotted with white; wing-coverts dark brown minutely spotted with white; primaries brown, whitish on inner web, black at tip, and crossed with a black bar about the middle of the feather; secondaries pale brown like the back, with white tips and faint indications of obsolete whitish bars on the feathers; upper tail-coverts brown, darker before the tips, which are white, having remains of rounded white spots concealed or obscured by the brown colour of the feathers; tail pale brown narrowly tipped with whity brown and crossed with two broad bands of blackish brown, one subterminal and the other about the middle of the tail, a band of light brown before the lower black band, and a broad band of whity brown between the two black bands.

Wing, 368-386; tail, 254-272; culmen, 46; tarsus, 86--go; middle toe with claw, 62.

Y oung.-Above brown, the feathers tipped with pale rufous, the white bases very conspicuous, especially on the wing-coverts, which appear lighter than the back; head largely crested and hind neck rufous, the feathers buffy white at the base, with a chestnut-brown subterminal spot; ear-coverts and sides of face uniform dark brown;

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

23

throat white; rest of under surface of body fulvous washed with rufous, more especially on the breast-feathers, which have dark brown shafts; under wing-coverts fulvous washed with tawny rufous; primaries dark brown; secondaries rather lighter like the back, and tipped with buffy white, all the quills white at base of inner web and barred with darker brown, showing more plainly underneath, as the interspaces are whitish ashy; tail brown washed with rufous near the base, and slightly tipped with fulvous, crossed with four or five bars of dark brown, the basal ones indistinct and more or less dissolved into mottlings.

General Notes.-S. panayensis is a pale individual variety known from the following localities: Bohol, Guimaras, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Sibuyan and Tablas. Its head is black, feathers of crest sulphur-white at base, then black narrowly edged with whitish; rest of upper surface with wings light ashy brown, all the feathers edged with whitish. Tail broadly tipped with white, and with two broad whitish bars and part of a third basal one; throat bluish ash, unmarked; rest of under surface pale cinnamon shaded with ash and spotted li\,nd banded as in S. holospilus.

Both holospilus and so-called panayensis (Lord Rothschild specimen) are found in Davao, M~danao. There is a specimen in the British Mllseum and also another in my col~ection from Mindanao showing pure white on throat, lower brea$t, under tail-coverts and also part of the wing-coverts. I t is extremely symmetrically marked, but the two specimens already show variation6 in the quantity of white feathers.

Spilornis holospilus is the Philippine representative of the genus, except the Palawan subregion, where the Indian species cheela occur.

Genus BUTASTUR Hodgson, jMtrn. As. Soc. Bengal, xii., p. 3II, I843. Type (by original designation): Circus teesa Franklin.

Bill small, its edge slightly sinuate; wings moderate; primaries cut on inner web; first primary short; secondaries much shorter than primaries; tarsus feathered in front for a short distance, a row of large hexagonal scales in front, rest of tarsus with small hexagonal scales.

204.

Butastur indicus

Eastern Buzzard Hawk (or Tic-Wee Buzzard)

Falco indicus Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., pt. i., p. 264, I788: Java (ex Latham).

Native Names.-Lim-bas', Manila and Lubang; tic-wee', in general; cu-yab', Calayan.

Distribution.-Balabac, Basilan, Batan N., Bohol, Cagayancillo,

24

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Calayan, Cebu, Cuyo, Fuga, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Sibay, Siquijor, Sulu, Tawi Tawi, Verde.

Description.-Above brown inclining to ashy on the head and upper back, and to rufous on lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts, the latter of which are plainly barred and broadly tipped with pure white; forehead white; sides of face clear ashy grey; sides of neck ashy brown, uniform with the interscapulary region; wing-coverts rufous brown mottled with clearer rufous; primary-coverts rufous, externally mottled and broadly tipped with black; quills rufous, narrowly tipped with buffy white; primaries brown externally and towards their tips, also barred with dark brown on their inner webs; the secondaries ashy brown, inclining gradually to whity brown at their tips, washed with rufous and barred with dark brown; the lovver surface of the wing creamy white on the inner webs of the quills, somewhat washed with rufous; tail ashy brown, whity brown at tip and crossed with three or four broad bars of blackish brown, the lower surface ashy white, the bars showing more plainly except on the outermost feather, where t~ey are obsolete; throat white, with a mesial line of ashy brown, as weil as two not very distinct moustachial streaks; upper breast ashy browN washed with rufous, the lower breast and abdomen barred with white and rufous brown, the latter bars decreasing towards the vent and thighs, and totally absent on the under tailcoverts; under wing-coverts with ¡slight cross-markings of pale rufous.

Bill leaden black, yellow at base; cere and feet yellow; iris yellow.

M ale.-Wing, 333 ;' tail, 201; culmen, 28; tarsus, 61; middle toe with claw, 52 .

F emale.-Wing, 345; tail, 213; culmen, 30; tarsus, 62; middle toe with claw, 56.

Y oung.-Considerably different from the adult. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts washed with rufous and tipped with dull white, the greater ones with rufous or rufous white spots on both webs, giving a mottled appearance to these parts; forehead and eyebrow creamy white; crown and hind neck brown, the feathers margined with creamy white, giving a striped appearance, the latter also slightly washed with rufous; sides of face ashy brown streaked with darker brown, the fore part of the cheeks white; under surface of body creamy buff, the throat with a central blackish streak on the lower part; centre of chest streaked wi~h dark brown, the breast with pale chestnut, becoming spade-shaped spots on the flanks, but narrowing to small streaks on the thighs, and disappearing altogether on the under tailcoverts, which are creamy buff; under wing-coverts creamy buff, with a few rufous brown marks on the lower series, and bars of the same on

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

25

the axillars; upper tail-coverts brown, white at the base and at tip and having the outer margin also white; tail ashy brown tipped with pale rufous brown and crossed with five bars of darker brown, the subterminal one broader; quills dark brown, the secondaries paler, the base of the inner web white, with remains of ashy bars on the inner secondaries. Cere and feet yellow; bill black; iris yellow.

General Notes.-This species is the commonest Hawk in the Philippines and is most abundant about scattered trees in open fields.

Allied Species and their Range. 1-The genus contains the following specIes: B. indicu s (Gmelin) Ussurilan d, J apan, China ; wint ers in Burma, the Malay Peninsula and islan ds, south t o Celebes B. teesa (Franklin) I ndia, Burma French I ndo-China, Great Sunda Is., B. liventer (Temminck) Celebes Tropical Africa B. rufiPe1~nis (Sundevall)

Genus CUNCUMA HodgsoD, j o'ltrn. As. Eoc . Bengal, vi. , p. 367, 1837. Type (by original designation): Cztncllma albipes=F alco leucoryphlts Pallas.

The present genus differs from Haliceetus chiefly in having a small bill and a rounded or oval nostril, which is placed obliquely. Culmen straight at base, then greatly curved , with a long, overhanging hook, edge sinuate; tail rounded , its feathers wide and pointed ; tarsus heavy, feathered for a short dist ance in front, a r ow of large transverse plates in front, a row of large h exagonal scales behind. sides covered with small hexagonal scales.

2 05.

Cuncuma

le~tc ogaster

Whi te-breas ted Sea-Eagle Falco le~tcoga ster Gmelin, " Syst. Nat. ," i., pt. I, p. 257, 1788: restricted

to New South Wales.

Blagrus Blyth, journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xv., p. 369, 1846. Type (by moootypy) : Falco leucogaster Gmelin.

Native Name.-Ma-na-ol', Ticao, Manila.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilao, Batan, Bohol, Bongao, Calamianes, Calayan, Camiguin N. , Cebu, East Bolod, Fuga, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde, Y'Ami. Description.-Entire head, neck and lower parts white, many of 1

Peters, " Birds of the world," i., p. 243, 193 1 .

26

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the feathers with blackish shafts; tail blackish, its terminal third white; primaries blackish with white bases; axillars and wing lining white; remainder of wings and upper parts bluish slate-grey, 'with a slight mixture of brown. Iris dark; bill at base and cere horn-blue; bill at tip and nails black; legs and toes white.

M ale.-Wing, 550; tail, 230; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 9I ; middle toe with claw, 84.

Female.-Similar to male but slightly larger. Wing, 588-606; tail, 208-260; culmen, 48-55; tarsus, 92-99; middle toe \vith claw, 86.

Young.-Head, chin and throat buffy or pale yellowish white, more or less streaked with light brown; general colour brown, darker 'a bove, many of the feathers with lighter brown or whitish shaft-lines, which widen at the tips; primaries black with whitish bases; end of tail brown, basal two-thirds white mottled with brown.

General Notes.-The White-breasted Sea-Eagle is widely distributed, but nowhere in the Philippines is it abundant. In adult plumage it is easily identified by its white under parts. Its nest consists of a mass of sticks and is usually supported by the branches of some large tree. Islets on which there are but few trees are in particular favoured by this species. The eggs are usually spheroidal and white, with a few faint markings of reddish brown. This bird is found all along the seashore, and is frequently seen perching on the fish-pens of the natives, where it secures abundant food.

Allied Species and their Range 1 : C. leucogaster (Gmelin)

.

C. 'leucorypha (Pallas)

C. vocijeroides (Des Murs) C. vocijer (Daudin)

Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula to Australia. The races pallida and oceanica do not appear to be separable European Russia, Turkey, Asia Minor, northern India, Burma, Mongolia, S. Siberia, N. China Madagascar and probably Mauritius Senegal and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, south to Cape Province

The nearest genus is the true Sea-Eagle (Haliceetus), with its two species albicilla (widely distributed in the Palrearctic region) and leucocephalus, which confines itself to North America. The third species is Steller's Sea-Eagle (H. pelagicus) from E. Siberia, Kamschatka, southward through Japan and Amur region to Riu Kiu Islands. It is found also in Alaska.

1

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 257, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

27

H. pelagicus is generally put in under the genus Thalassocetus Kaup, and H. niger from Corea has been considered either as a species or subspecies, but owing to the plumage changes, observed by the author, during the period of five years in confinement, he inclines to believe that in all probability niger is nothing but a melanistic form of pelagicus.

Genus ICTHYOPHAGA

Lesson, Echo du Monde Savant, ser. z, vii., No. i., col. I4, 5th January Type (by monotypy): I cthyoPhaga javana Lesson = Falco ichtkycehts Horsfield.

I843.

Bill decidedly compressed, width of upper mandible at nostril less than its depth; primaries obliquely and slightly cut on inner web and exceeding secondaries by less than tarsus; back of tarsus smooth, with plate divisions obsolete.

206.

Icthyophaga ichthycetus ichthycetus Grey-headed Fishing Eagle

Falco ichthycetus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. I36, I82I: Java.

Pistribution.-Basila\l, Bongao, Calamianes, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar.

Description.-Above brown, paler on the interscapulary region and darker on the wings; primaries blackish; under surface of wing leaden brown, with a whitish spot at base of primaries; tail white, with a broad terminal bar of brown; entire head and neck all round clear ashy grey; breast brown, a little lighter than the back; belly, vent, thighs, lower flanks and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts uniform ashy brown. Cere and bill blackish; feet dirty yellowish white; iris brown.

M ale.-Wing, 457; tail, 254; culmen, 58; tarsus, 95; middle toe with claw, 96.

Female.-Wing, 518; tail, 265; culmen, 46; tarsus, 99; middle toe with claw, 100.

Young.-Above brown glossed with ,chocolate, most of the feathers of the upper surface with paler brown margins; feathers of the head and hind neck mesially streaked with fulvous; sides of face a little paler than the head, but streaked in the same manner; under surface of body pale brown inclining to rufous, and longitudinally streaked with whitish down the centre; thighs white, much mottled with rufous brown; lower: abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts pale brown plainly streaked with white, the greater series almost entirely white, with a few brown markings; quills brown,

28

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

white at base of inner web, the white extending farther on secondaries, which have ashy brown cross-bars; tail fulvous brown, mottled all over with dark brown, except at the tip, which is uniform dark brown, forming a very distinct band.

General Notes.-This bird is less common than C uncuma leucogaster, but it frequents the same localities. Celestino obtained a pair of young birds in northern Mindanao.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 I. i. ichthycetus (Horsfield)

I. i . plu?nb~'ceps Baker 1. humilis humilis (MUller and Schlegel) I. h. plmnbea

(J erdon)

:

India, Assam, Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago Ceylon, ? Travancore Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, to Sumatra and Celebes Himalayas from Kashmir to Eastern Assam and Upper Burma, wintering in south

Genus HALIASTUR

Selby, Cat. Gen. 51.tbgen. Types Aves, p. 2 (note), p. 3, 1840. Type (by original designation) : Haliastur pondiceriamts=Falco indus Boddaert.

Bill moderate, compressed, with a long, overhanging tip; culmen well curved, cutting edge slightly sinuate; wings long, extending beyond tip of tail; inner webs of primaries abruptly cut; tail nearly square; tarsus feathered in front for about half its length, the lower half with large transverse plates, its sides and back with variously shaped scales; claws strong and well curved.

207.

H aliastur indus intermedius

Malayan Brahminy Kite (Plate 3) H aliastur intermedius Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 28 : Java.

Native Names.-La-uin', Lubang, Manila; ba-nog', Bohol, Ticao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Buluan (off Mindanao), Calamianes, Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Maestre de Campo, Malanipa, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao.

Description.-Entire head and neck, chin, throat and breast white, with narrow black shaft-lines; rest of the plumage rich chestnut, 1

Peters, " Birds of the 'Vorld," i., p. 259, 193I.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

29

the shafts of the feathers blackish, the chestnut most intense on mantle and back; primaries black with light rufous bases; axillars and wing lining chestnut; tail chestnut tipped with grey.

M ale.-Wing, 410; tail, 210; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 53 ; middle toe with claw, 53.

Female.-The measurements average a little larger than males.

Young.-Above deep brown, the interscapulary feathers inclining to dull maroon towards their tips, the rest of the feathers of the upper surface tipped with rufous, and most of them externally shaded with ashy grey; head and neck pale rufous, with buffy white centres and tips to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance as in a young JYIilvu s ; forehead, lores and sides of face white, with narrow black shaft-lines to the feathers; ear-coverts slightly washed with brown; chin whitish; rest of under surface pale rufous brown, the shaft-stripes distinct, all the feathers with central streaks of buffy white, the chest-feathers darker and washed with brown on both margins; thighs and under tail-coverts inclining to maroon; under wing-coverts and axillars clear brown tipped with rufous or maroon and centred with black shaft-streaks.

General Notes.-The eggs of the Malayan Brahminy Kite are of an elongated elliptical form and plain white, and show no trace of gloss.

They measure respectively 49路5 x 35路5; 49路5 x 40.6 mm.

This bird, which is extremely common, is abundant about shipping in the harbours, where it feeds on refuse thrown overboard from the ships, and is often seen feeding over the surface of fresh-water streams as well. It may also be met with hawking over open fields at some distance inland.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 :

H. i. indus (Boddaert) H. i. intermedius Blyth H. i. girrenera (Vieillot)

Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Burmese Provinces, Annam, Siam, S. China Indo-Chinese Provinces, Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands Celebes (where sometimes intermediate birds between leucosternus and 1路ntermedius are met with), southwards to Australia

The only other species of the genus is H. sphenurus, from Australia and New Guinea, also a race H. s. johannce is found in New Caledonia.

This species is very unattractive, and resembles a juvenile indus and even the genus Milvus. The Formosan Black-eared Kite, Milvus lineatus jormosanus Kuroda, is found in Formosa and Botel Tobago, but not in any other southern place. The species M. lineatus is considered 1

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 205, 1931.

30

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

by some authors as a subspecies of 11-1. mÂŁgrans, but Delacour found both together in Indo-China.

Genus ELANUS

Savigny, Descr. Egypte, Syst. Ois," i., p. 69, 1809. Type (by monotypy): Elanus CceS1:US Savigny= Falco cceruleus Desfontaines.

Bill moderate, edge gently sinuate; culmen strongly curved; wings long, extending beyond tip of tail; primaries not cut on inner webs; tail slightly forked; tarsus feathered in front for half its length, remainder of its surface covered with minute roundish scales. tt

208.

Elanus

ccerule~ts

hypoleucus

Black-winged Kite Elanus hypoleucus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 127: near Macassar, Celebes (type in Norwich Museum).

Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs, ii., p. 291, pI. 13, figs 3, 1902.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Calamianes, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte/ Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Sibuyan, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above pearl-grey, paler on head and fading to pure white above eyes, on forehead and sides of neck; lores and a narrow line above eye black; entire lower parts, including under surface of wings and tail, white; median and lesser-coverts black, but a few of the inner lesser-coverts white; a few small black feathers near edge of wing; primaries and secondaries tipped with white and mostly white Head of Elanus cceruleus. on inner webs, primary-shafts black; tail-feathers white, except central pair, which are grey above. Iris bright red; legs and feet yellow; nails black; bill black, except cere and gape, which are bright yellow.

Wing, 300; tail, I43; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 50.

Female.-Not fully adult is ashy grey above, scapulars and quills plainly tipped with white and washed with rusty brown, especially 011 the interscapular region; crown white, the hinder part inclining to ashy grey, plainly streaked with rusty brown; wing ashy grey; primaries darker, all the quills as well as the coverts tipped with white; the lesser and median coverts black, forming a conspicuous shoulder-patch; tail white, shaded with ashy towards the tip, the two centre feathers

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

31 entirely ashy grey; under surface of body entirely white, including the under wing-coverts; under surface of quills deep ashy grey towards the tip, whitish at base. Cere yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris red.

Wing, 305; tail, 157; culmen, 28; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw,5I. .

General Notes.-The Black-winged Kite is abundant about the open fields, but is difficult to shoot. The egg is a blunt oval, smooth and devoid of gloss. It is white, thickly smeared, especially at the large end, with two shades of brown, and measures 41'9 X3I¡7. Collected 14th December, in Mindoro, by Everett.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 E. c. cceruleus (Desfontaines) E. c. vociferus (Latham) .

E. c. hypoleucus Gould .

:

Entire Africa, Madagascar, Palestine, S. Europe India, Ceylon, Burma, Yunnan, Assam, Indo-China Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Sula

The present genus is represented by two species, E. notatus and E. scriptus (both described by Gould), in the Australian region, and

by E. leucurus (Vieillot) in southern United States to South America, except the extreme south.

Genus PERNIS

Cuvier, "Regne Animal," i., p. 322, 1817. Type (by monotypy) : Falco apivorus Linnreus.

Bill smail, elongate, the cutting edge regular or slightly sinuate ; nostril a narrow slit; side of head covered with short close-set feathers; no bristles or hairs about base of bill; wings long; primaries obliquely cut on inner webs; tail composed of long wide feathers; tarsus feathered in front for its upper half, its remaining surface covered with small scales.

209.

Pernis ptilorhyncus ptilorhyncus Crested Honey Buzzard

Falco ptilorhyncus Temminck, "PI. Col.," livr. 8, i., pI. 44, 1821:

Java and Sumatra.

Pernis ptilonorhyncus Stephens, " Gen. Zoo1.," xiii., pI. 35, 1826.

Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs, ii., p. 293, pI. 14, fig. 4, 19 02 .

Distribution. - Cebu,

Luzon, Mindanao, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Sulu, Tablas.

1

Mindoro,

Peters, .. Birds of the World," i., p. 193, 1931.

Palawan,

32

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Description.-Upper parts brown, many of the feathers white basally; top of head, neck and sides of neck light brown, with heavy black shaft-lines; long crestf eat her s black; scale-like feathers of lores and sides of head ashy grey; chjn, throat and breast white, with black shaft-lines and many feathers with long wide terminal spots of black or dark brown on the Head of Pernis ptilorlzyncus. throat, forming a median and two lateral stripes; abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts light brown barred with white; under surface of primaries and secondaries light grey banded with dark brown, the basal bars broken; axillars and wing lining tawny brown, the latter mottled with white; tail from above light brown, with five or SL,{ wide bars of dark brown; from below the tail is light grey crossed by dark brown bars. Bill black, its base bluish; iris bright yellow; legs dull yellow; nails black.

Wing, 390; tail, 285; culmen fr m base, 33; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 78.

Allied Forms and their Range 1

:

P. p. ptilorhyncus (Temminck)

? Siam, ? Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo P. p: ¡yujicollis Lesson .

Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, Assam, Indo-China, ? Burma Two other species of this genus are to be found in the Palcearctic region. The European P. a. apivorus is to be found breeding as far east as Ural and Asia Minor, and is found wintering in Africa. The eastern Siberian P. a. orientalis winters in South China.

210.

Pernis celebensis steerei

Steere's Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis celebensis steerei Sclater, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xl., p. 41, 1919: San Antonio, Negros (type, male, 17th February 1888,]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Basilan, Luzon (Molino, Isabela, La Trinidad, Benguet, Manitoe, Albay) , Mindanao (Daliaon, S.E., Daras) , Negros (San Antonio), Samar (Paranas).

Description.-Above chocolate-brown, the head blackish; feathers of hind neck margined with rufous; lores and feathers round eye grey; 1

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 198, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

33 throat white, with distinct black shaft-stripes, and black moustachial and central streaks; chest tawny rufous, with broad central streaks of black; below white barred with blackish brown; tail brown with five bars of darker brown and remains of other bars on the interspaces, the tip whitish. Resembling P. c. celebensis, but with a long crest composed of one or two elongated feathers, usually measuring about 65 mm. and coloured black with white at the base. As a rule it is not so richly coloured as P. c. celebensis, the transverse banding on the belly and under tail-coverts brown and white, not black and white, and the black on the under wing-coverts also paler. Crown of the head black, or black mingled with. tawny, or whitish in the young birds, the characteristic blue-grey of the head of the Indian species being confined to the side of the face. Known from seven skins in the British Museum.

Wing, 372-392; tail, 265; culmen, 31; tarsus, 50; middle toe with claw, 57.

General Notes.-The occurrence of two species of Pern1's in the Philippines was first- noticed by W. L. Sclater, who then described steerei. Former writers seem to have overlookeQ. the present species, and all the specimens of celebensis in the British Museum were previously labelled pt1¡lo1,hyncus. It is evident that both species occur in many islands.

James Peters, in his" Birds of the World," i., p. 198, 1931, considers the Honey Buzzard as one species, apivorus and its five geographical representatives. His view cannot be accepted as he does not mention tweeddalei.

Allied Forms and their Range: P. c. celebensis Walden P. c. tweeddalei Hume

Celebes Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra

Gemts AVICEDA

Swainson, "Classif. Bds.," i., p. 300, r836 (diagnosis; no included species). Type (by subsequent designati0>n): A viceda cuculoides Swainson.

Bill stout, culmen well curved; cutting edge with two teeth, in young birds there is often a single tooth; cere small; nostrils narrow, slightly oblique; crest long and narrow; wing moderate, third or fourth quill longest; tail square; tarsus short, feathered in front for half its length, naked part reticulate.

II.-C

34

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ZII.

Aviceda jerdoni magnirostris

Philippine Cuckoo-Falcon Baza magnirostris Gray, "List Bds. Brit. Mus. Accip.," p. 19, r844(1$0 111 . nud.) ; Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343 : ex Gray, South Luzon (type, male, H. Cuming, in British Museum). .

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., i., pI. 10, 1874.)

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindanao.

Description.-Nearly adult female.-Crown and long occipital crest black; feathers over eye as well as the sides and back of the neck tawny rufous, the latter spotted with black; sides of face greyish washed with rufous; upper surface of body brown with a gloss of purplish brown, some of the feathers also shaded with greenish in certain lights; quills brown tipped with whitish barred with purplish brown; secondaries very much paler brown, against which the bands of darker brown contrast strongly, especially the subterminal one, which has a distinct purplish gloss; under surface of quills greyish \vhite with dark brown bands, pure white near the base; tail brown tipped with whity brown and crossed by three bands of dark purplish brown, the subterminal 0 e being very broad and glossed with greenish; under surface of tail greyish white like that of the wings, the subterminal band distinctly marked, the basal ones very faintly, excepting on the outermost feathers, which have a patch of dark brown on the outer web, extending on to the inner one also; under surface of body whitish, broadly streaked on sides of throat and chest, banded on breast, and spotted on under tail-coverts with pale rufous, darker and more inclining to rufous brown on the flanks, sides of body and axillars ; down the centre of the throat, extending to the fore neck, a broad black streak; under wing-coverts buffy white spotted with pale rufous, the lower ones barred with this colour. Bill horn-black, browner on lower mandible; feet yellow.

Wing, 3I2; tail, 206; culmen, 38; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 48. l\tfale.-Differs from the foregoing in not having so stout a bill, in the sides of the face being more conspicuously grey, this shade also extending over the throat and breast, the former of which is narrowly streaked with greyish down the centre; the crown of the head is blackish, feathers of the forehead being edged with rufous; the sides and hind part of the neck similarly marked, producing a striped appearance; occipital crest black, with a narrow white tip to one or two of the feathers; the bands on the breast very broad and pale rufous.

Wing, 292; tail, I90; culmen, 34; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 46.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

35

General Notes.-The Philippine Cuckoo-Falcon is one of the rare endemic Hawks collected by only four naturalists-viz. Platen and Goodfellow from Mindanao, by Cuming from Luzon, and the last record was by McGregor. A specimen was collected on Agusan river in northern Mindanao (Philip. Journ. Sci., xix., p. 699, 1921).

2I2.

Aviceda jerdoni leucopais

Whi tehead 's Cuckoo-Falcon Baza leucopia Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 195 : Palawan.

Baza leucopais Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 43, pl. juvenile specimen, in British Museum) .

2:

Palawan (type,

Sharpe's original name is a misprint, the original author of leucopais is still Sharpe and not Whitehead.

Dis tribution.-Palawan , Romblon, Samar.

Description.-Young female.-General colour above brown, with whitish brown margins to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts brown, the inner ones rufous with brown centres; median and .greater coverts pale rufous, white externally towards the end and round the tips; alula dark brown, externally rufous; primary-coverts uniform dark brown; quills dark brown, fringea. with white round the ends and crossed with blackish brown bars, four in number, one subterminal; secondaries paler brown, externally rufous; upper tail-coverts tawny rufous, edged with white and with dark brown centres; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly fringed with white at the ends and crossed with blackish bands, the subterminal one very broad, but not nearly so wide as the preceding interspace; a crest of white feathers, the long ones freckled with brown; head, nape and hind neck, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck and entire under surface of body pure white, slightly washed with rufous on the head and hind neck; the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts washed with creamy buff; the sides of the body and flanks with slight indications of spots of pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillars like the breast; quills below ashy grey with blackish bars on the primaries.

Iris, legs and feet yellow; nails black; bill black, slaty at base; bare flesh of head greenish yellow.

Male.-Wing, 274; tail, 178; culmen, 29; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 40.

Female.-Wing, 305; tail, 208; culmen, 26; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 43.

General Notes.-The present species is very rare and shy, and only a few specimens have been collected. It is known to feed on crabs.

I have not examined a fully grown adult specimen.

36

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Allied Forms and their Range. I -The genus extends over the

tropical and subtropical part of the Old World. About five species can be recognized. The present species has the following races: A. j. jerdoni (Blyth) Sikkim to Eastern Assam, south to Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Ceylon, Travancore A. j. ceylonensis (Legge) A. j. borneensis (Sharpe) Borneo A. j. celebensis 2 (Schlegel) Celebes and Sula Island Genus MICROHIERAX

Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus ., i., p. 366, 1874. Type (by original designation): Falco fringillarius Drapiez.

Bill strong; edge of mandible with a double notch forming a sharp tooth; cere small; no crest; first primary nearly equal to second and third, which are the longest; secondaries short; tarsus and feet strong; plumage black and white; length less than 200 mm.

M icrohierax erythrogenys erythrogenys

213.

Philippine Pygmy Falcon (or Falconet) (Plate 3)

Hierax erythrogenys Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 96: near Manila (type, H. Lindsay, in British Museum).

Falco sericeus Kittlitz, "Kupfert," pt. i., p. 4, pI. 3, fig. 3, "Philippine," 1832; Mem. presentes Ii l'Acad. St Petersb., ii., pts. i. and ii., p. 2, pI. I, 1833: Luzon.

Falco gironnieri Eydoux et Souleyet, "Voy. Bonite, Ois," p. 71, pI. I, "Luc;on," 1841.

Distribution.-Bohol, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros.

Description.-Above, including wings and tail, black with a dark green gloss; below white; sides, thighs and under tail-coverts black.

Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs dark blue.

Wing, 108; tail, 68; culmen, 13; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 2I. Y oung.-The immature male resembles the adult, but the inner webs of primaries are barred and mottled with white.

General Notes.-This species is extremely local in its habits and is often found perching on a dead limb at the top of a tree, and may be met with in exactly the same place day after day. It feeds on insects, and often leaves its perch on short flights in pursuit of its prey, promptly returning. When shot at but not killed it usually takes but a short flight and returns at once to its favourite perch.

Small flocks are frequently found together.

1

3

Peters, " Birds of the World," i., p. 195, 1931.

Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., I, pI. 10, fig. 2, 1874.

Halias/lir indlis intermedilis Blyth.

Malayan Brahminy Kite.

(Left) Jlivenile (Righi) adult

PHILIPPINE

Johl'lBaJe.Sorw 6. Olru.t'l'Ot\LtJ LlmW:m

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 3.

Microhierox ~!yjhrogยง!!y.ยง yyJhrogยง!1y.ยง. (Vigors).

Philippine Pygmy Falcon.

BIRDS OF THE

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

37

M icrohierax erythrogenys meridionalis

2I4.

Grant's Pygmy Falcon Microhierax meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1897, p. 220: male type, Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, male, April 1878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Cebu, Mindanao, Samar.

Description.-Similar to the typical northern race, but can be distinguished by its larger size. Under wing-coverts and inner webs of primaries as a rule uniform black in males; belly, vent and under tail-coverts washed with pale fulvous.

Male.-Wing, II3; tail, 66; culmen, I3; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 3I. F emale.-Wing, II7; tail, 77; culmen, I3; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 32.

General Notes.-Locally common in Mindanao, and does not appear to be shy. .

Allied Species and their Range.l-The genus Mic1 0hierax has the following species : 1

}.II. ccerulescens (Linnreus) with two races Lower slope of Himalayas to S. Assam M. melanoleucos (Blyth) with two races Assam, Cachar to S. China M. JringiUarius (Drapiez) S. Tenasserim to Borneo Confined to N. Borneo M. latiJrons Sharpe

The above species are all in coloration steel-black and white, with the under parts sometimes chestnut-brown; it is a well-defined genus, and the nearest known is Polihierax from Africa, which has the plumage different in colour and is altogether a much bigger bird.

Genus FALCO

Linnreus, "Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p. 88, 1758. Type (by subsequent designation), "Amer. O. U. Check List," 2nd ed., p. 193, 1886: Falco sub buteo Linnreus.

Rhynchodon Nitzsch, " Obs. Av. Art. Carot. Comm.," p. 20 (preÂŁ. Indes Sept.), 1829. Type (by subsequent designation), " Amer. O. U. Check List, N. Amer. Bds.," 2nd ed., p. 194, 1886: Falco peregrinus.

Bill stout, culmen strongly curved from front of cere to tip; a well-marked tooth in edge of upper mandible; wings long and pointed, second primary longest, the first and third but little shorter; first primary with a deep notch near its tip; legs, feet and claws strong, 1

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., p.

282,

1931.

38

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

middle toe long; tarsus covered on all sides with small hexagonal scales. The Falcons are powerful birds, strong and rapid in flight, and easily recognized by the rapid motion of the wings.

215.

F alca peregrinus calidus

Eastern Peregrine Falcon Falco calidus Latham, "Ind. Om.," i., p.

McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 240, I909.

4I,

I790:

India;

Distribution.-Batan, Calayan, Camiguin N., Catanduanes, Fuga, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan.

Description.-Above bluish grey, darker on the head and nape, pale on rump and upper tail-coverts; feathers of the head and nape, the scapulars and sometimes other parts of the upper plumage darkshafted, and all feathers except those of the head and hind neck with dark cross-bands; forehead whitish; a broad cheek-stripe from beneath eye black; primaries blackish, the inner webs, except near the end, closely barred with white; secondaries ashy grey with darker cross-bands; tail dark grey or blackish, with numerous ashy grey cross-bars, closer together and paler towards the base, extreme tip and borders near tip whhish; lower parts white with a rufous tinge, a few brown or black spots on lower breast and middle of abdomen, and narrow dark bars on flanks, lower wing-coverts, thighs and under tail-coverts.

Fernale.-Wing, 360-368; tail, I95; culmen, 30-33; tarsus, 53-55 ; middle toe with claw, 57-68.

Male.-Is much smaller, wing measures about 3I7.

Y Dung birds.-Are very dark brown above, the feathers edged with rufous, the buff bases of the feathers showing about nape; tailfeathers with about six transversely oval rufous spots on each web, forming imperfect cross-bars; primaries as in adults; cheek-stripe narrower; lower parts white, buff or rufescent, spotted except on the throat, with broad brown elongate median stripes, becoming broad spots on the flanks.

After the first moult Peregrines are brownish grey above and gradually acquire a pure slaty grey back. The spots and bars on the lower parts are much broader at first and grow smaller and narrower with age, the drops on the breast become narrow lines and ultimately disappear altogether, the bands fade off the under tail-coverts and in very old birds only small scattered specks remain on the abdomen and triangular markings on the thigh-coverts. The general tint of the lower surface varies from almost white to light rufous. Bill bluish, black at tip; cere yellow; iris brown; legs and feet yellow.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

39

General Notes.-This large-sized and pale Peregrine Falcon is a Pal~arctic migrant; one may usually expect to find them during the winter months. Former collectors have found Peregrine Falcons in the above-mentioned localities, but it is doubtful whether they have been rightly identified as those of the present race or that of F. p. e1' nesti.

As is indicated, the present race is found more in the northern islands than any other parts of the Archipelago.

ZI6.

Falco peregrinus ernesti

Hose's Peregrine Falcon Falco ernesti Sharpe, Ibis, 1894, p. 545: 1400 metres on Mt. Dulit, Borneo (type, Ernest Hose coli., in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 530.

Falco metanogenys Gould,l McGregor, Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 241, 190 9.

Distribution.-Luzon, Negros, Sibuyan, Siquijor.

Description.-The present race is distinguished from other Peregrine Falcons by having the breast occasionally washed with fulvous, the sides, flanks and belly are dark slate-grey or bluish grey, It

1 Two specimens of the Peregrine Falcon supposed to belong to the present race were sent from Manila by Mr. F. Maitland-Heriot. Wardlaw Ramsay writes as follows in the IMs, 1886, p. 156: "A fe ale Falcon, noil quite adult, is identified by Mr. J. H. Gurney as belonging to this sp cies. The doubt expressed by the late Marquess of Tweeddale, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 139 ("Memoirs," p. 306,1881), as to the occurrence of this species in the Philippines is thus removed." ''''' ith reference to this specimen and another, said to have come from the same islands, in the Norwich Museum, Mr. Gurney writes in epist. as follows: "Both these Philippine Falcons are in the very characteristic plumage of the immature F. melanogenys; but it would be interesting to obtain, if possible, a full adult Philippine Island example. These two are a little longer in the wing than Australian specimens; the largest Australian female, of which I have a note,has a wing measurement of 13.50 inches, the Norwich example has it 13.70 inches, and your specimen 13¡90 inches, whilst that of the female of F. peregrinus ranges from 14.10 to 14¡75 inches."

Tweeddale's remark is as follows (Trans. Zoot. Soc., ix., p. 139, 1875): "An example of each of the two following species of Falcons, said to have been obtained in the Philippines, is contained in the Museum at Norwich. Although there is nothing absolutely impossible in either, or both, of these species occurring in the Archipelago, I refrain from treating them as authentically ascertained Philippine species, the evidence in favour of their Philippine origin requires confirmation."

Falco peregrinus Gm., an adult female, " Mainila " ?

Falco melanogenys Gould, a female, not quite mature, " Philippines" ?

Through the kindness of the Director of the Norwich Museum I have received ten skins of Falco peregrinus, including the supposed F. melanogenys immature female from the Philippines.

On comparison with the British Museum series the Norwich specimen in question belongs to the same race as the adult specimen collected by Maitland-Heriot at Manila, and they undoubtedly belong to F. p. ernesti. It is quite clear, as the Marquess of Tweeddale remarked in 1875, that F. melanogenys does not exist in the Philippines and was due no doubt to the erroneous identification.

I am indebted to Mr. N. B. Kinnear, of the British Museum, for his help in the study of this question, on which we have arrived at the same conclusion.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

40

and the whole of the under surface below the crop is thickly covered with rather wide, close-set black bars, giving these parts a very dark appearance.

Wing, 295; tail, I40; culmen, 25-30; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 70.

General Notes.-The present race is a resident Peregrine Falcon in the Philippine Islands, and can easily be distinguished by its smaller size and darker shade from the northern F. p. calid/ls.

Allied Fonns and their Range 1 : F. p. peregl'inus 2 Tunstall F. p. calidus Latham

F. p. peregrinator Sundevall

F. p . pealei Ridgway F. p . fruitii Momiyama 3 F. p. ernesti Sharpe F. p. macropus

4

Swainson

Europe, north of Mediterranean, east to Urals, winter to Africa Breeding throughout N. Asia, and migrating south in winter to Formosa, India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Burma, E. Europe, Egypt and N. Africa India, Burma, from the subHimalayas to Ceylon and T oungoo and the hills of South and Central Burma, also Formosa. It is also to be found in the Yangtse Valley and Southern China; the birds from this country being inseparable from individuals from Assam and from Dharmsala, except that on the whole they are much less ferruginous below and more blue-grey on the abdomen, vent and posterior flanks Pacific Coast of N.W. America, Commander and Kurilelslands . Vulcan Island, Japan Greater Sunda Islands, south to New Guinea Australia and Tasmania

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., p. 288, I93I. Fig. Dresser, "Bds. Europe," vi., pI. 372, I87I. 3 Swann, "Synop. Accip.," pt. iv., p. 199, footnote, 1922; Momiyama, "Annot.

Om. Orient.," i"., No. I, p. 71 (in Japanese), 1927; Baker, "Faun. Brit. Ind .," v ., p. 34, 1928 ; Kuroda, Nov . Zool., xxxvii., p. 402, 1932.

4 Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," i., pI. 8; Mathews. "Bds. Austral.," V., pI. 254.1915.6.

1 2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT F. p. anatz,mt Bonaparte F. p. cassini Sharpe F. p. brooke1' Sharpe

N. America, south to West Indies South America Mediterranean countries and islands F. p. perconjusus Collin and Hartert Tropical Africa F. p. 1 adama Hartlaub .

Madagascar, Comoro Island The above races are all well established; several others have also been described.

1

217.

Falco severus severus Burmese Hobby

Falco severus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. I35, I82I: Java.

Falco g~tttatus Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist., xi., p. 37I, I843: Philippines (type, H. Cuming, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Calamianes, Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Romblon, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Female.-Above black, with a slight slaty grey shade, more distinct on the lower back, rump and tail, the bars on the latter being obsolete; cheeks and ear-coverts entirely black, like head; under surface of body uniform bright chestnut; throat and sides of neck creamy whi e, the latter with a slight wash of chestnut; under wing-coverts chestnut like breast, some of the lower ones barred with black; primaries black, with a few rufous bars near the base.

Cere, orbits and feet yellow; bill bluish black, yellow at base; iris dark brown.

Wing, 231; tail, II7; culmen, 20; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 45.

Mate.-Similar to but smaller than the female.

Wing, 216; tail, II4; culmen, 18; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 39.

Young.-Similar to the adult, but the breast covered with median tear-shaped black spots on each feather, the tail broadly banded and tipped with rufous, as also are the primaries; nape slightly varied with rufous; throat purer white than in adult.

General Notes.-This species is a very rapid flyer and usually seen on the wing. It is much detested by the Spaniards and natives on account of its depredations on their dovecotes and poultry-yards.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 F. s. rufipedo1'des Hodgson

1

:

Himalayas from K umaon to Western Assam, north of the Brahmapootra, winter in Oudh, Calcutta, Punjab, Travancore

Peters, "Birds oftheÂĽ.lorld," i., P . 292, 1931.

42

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

F. s. severus Horsfield

F. s. papuanus Meyer and Wiglesworth

Assam, Cachar, Manipur, Arakan, Kachin Hills, Tenasserim, Siam, Cochin-China, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes New Guinea and New Britain

Genus CERCHNEIS Boie, I sis, 1826, col. 970. Type (by monotypy): Falco mpicolus Daudin.

Smaller than Falco but tail slightly graduated or wedge-shaped, and actually longer than in the Peregrines; first primary a trifle longer than fourth and decidedly shorter than third, the second longest; tarsus feathered for a short distance in front, the bare portions covered with hexagonal scales, large in front, small on lateral and posterior aspects.

Structurally 'the present genus differs but little from Falco, but the latter includes a large number of species, and it is convenient to keep Cerchneis separate.

218.

Cerchneis tinnunculus japonensis

Japanese Kestrel Falco tinnunculus japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, Siebold's" Fauna Japonica, Av." p. 2, Taf. r and I B, 184 : Japan.

Falco tinmmcuhts japonensis C. B. Ticehurst, B,ttll. Brit. Orn. Club, L, p. 10, 1929; new name for japonicus.

Distribution.-Luzon, Palawan.

Description.--Male.-Upper parts brick-red, with a few arrowhead markings of black, larger on the inner secondaries; primarycoverts and quills dark brown, the former narrowly margined with rufous, the primaries notched with white, for about two-thirds of their length, the inner primaries and outer secondaries narrowly edged and tipped with buffy white; head and neck clear blue-grey with narrow black shaft-stripes; forehead and narrow eyebrow buffy white; cheeks silvery grey, inclining to blackish below the eye and on the fore parts of the cheeks, forming a tolerably distinct moustache; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts and tail clear blue-grey, the latter tipped with ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band of black; throat and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted; remainder of under surface rufous-fawn; the chest-feathers mesially streaked with black, these dark centres being larger and more oval in shape on flank-feathers; thighs clear rufous unspotted; under wing-coverts white, spotted with black. Bill bluish horn-colour, black at tip, yellowish at base; cere, orbits and feet yellow; iris brown.

Wing, 234; tail, I70; culmen, Ig; tarsus, 4I; middle toe with claw, 38-4°.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

43

Female.-Similar to the male underneath, but not so deeply coloured. Upper surface entirely rufous, banded with black, with a faint bluish shade on the rump; upper tail-coverts inclining to buff ; head rufous streaked with black; tail rufous banded with black, the bars not being strictly continuous, tipped with buffy white, before which is a conspicuous broad band of black; facial features and soft parts as in the male.

Wing, 234; tail, I65; culmen, I9; tarsus, 4I; middle toe with claw, 35.

Young M ale.-Resembles the old female, but rather paler and more distinctly striped on the breast. The tail changes first, becoming blue like that of the old male; and thus birds are often seen in partial plumage, having the blue tail of the adult male but retaining the rufous head of the old female dress.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 : C. t. tinnunculus (Linnceus) C. C. C.

C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C.

C. C.

Europe, N.W. Africa, winter to Tropical Africa t. interstinctus (Horsfield) Mountains of N. India; in winter to Travancore and Malay Peninsula t. saturatus Blyth Yunnan, E. and Central Burma to Tenasserim t. japonensis (Ticehurst) 2 Japan, N.E. Asia to Tibet, Ladak and N. Kashmir; in winter to S. China, Burma, India (but more usual in E. than v\!. India), Hainan, Borneo t. objurgatus (Stuart Baker) Ceylon, Travancore and other parts of southern India t. rupicolcejormis (c. L. Brehm) Egypt, Nubia t. archeri (Hartert and Neumann) East, Middle British Somaliland t. buryi (Grant and Mackworth-Praed) South Arabia t. canariensis Koenig.

West Canaries t. dacotice (Hartert) East Canaries t. neglectus (Schlegel) .

Cape Verde Islands t. carlo 3 Hartert and Neumann Mountainous districts of Tropical Africa t. tanganyikce (Grant and Mackworth-Praed) Tanganyika Territory South Africa t. rupicolus (Daudin)

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., p. 298, 1931.

Swann has separated C. t. dorriesi from Siberia and Mongolia, and in winter as far west as the Blue Nile and Egypt; but this distribution does not seem at all logical.

3 C. t. carlo is again separated into C. t. rufuscens (Swainson) from West Africa and C. t. rhodesi Finch David from South-West Africa, Journ. fily Ornith., 1932, p. 533.

1

2

44

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Suborder PANDIONES

This suborder is distinguished from the suborder ACC1pt'tres by having the outer toe reversible; in addition to this the claws are very greatly curved and the under side of each claw is rounded instead of being grooved or concave as in the Hawks and Eagles.

Family PANDIONIDJE

Characters same as those given for the suborder.

Genus PANDION Savigny, "Descr. Egypte, Rist. Nat.," i., pp. 69, 95, r809. Type (by monotypy): P. fluvialis Savigny= Falco haliaetus Linnreus.

Bill slightly compressed; width of upper mandible at nostril more than its depth; primaries abruptly and deeply cut on mner webs and exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus; back of tarsus covered witfi small scales like those in front.

219.

Pa-ndion haliaetus haliaetus Common Osprey

Falco haliaetus Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," roth ed., p. 9r, r758: Sweden.

(Fig. Dresser, " Bds. Europe," vi., pI. 386.)

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan.

Description.-Above brown, most of the feathers with obsolete margins of paler brown, more distinct on the wing-coverts; primaries black, secondaries brown like the back, the primaries pale, but uniform whity brown below, the secondaries whitish on the inner web, with indistinct bars of ashy brown; tail almost uniform brown tipped with whity brown and ¡ shaded with ashy externally, the inner web obsoletely barred with ashy brown, a little more distinct below, where the interspaces are whitish; head brown, with white bases to the feathers; a broad white streak from behind the eye running down the sides of the neck; ear-coverts blackish brown; sides of neck uniform with the back; sides of face and entire under parts white, the breast varied with brown centres to the feathers of more or less extent, the chin and fore parts of the cheeks also slightly streaked with dark brown; axillars and a few of the flank-feathers also marked with rufous brown like the breast; under wing-coverts buffy white with dark brown centres, the outermost almost entirely brown with whitish tips. Cere blue; bill black; feet blue; iris yellow.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

45

Female.-. Wing, 480-530; tail, 241; culmen, 40; tarsus, 63; middle toe with claw, 75.

M ale.-Wing, 452-495; tail, 191-223; culmen, 37-39; tarsus, 59-65; middle toe with claw, 72.

Young.-Glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers terminally margined with buffy white, these margins somewhat tinged with rufous and broadest on the secondary quills and upper tail-coverts; crown of head black, with white or fulvous margins to the feathers, giving a distinctly streaked appearance; nape white, not streaked; from behind the eye a broad line of white runs down the sides of the neck, slightly streaked with black; below this another line of black feathers, including the earcoverts, is conterminous; sides of face and entire under parts pure white, somewhat tinged here and there with yellowish buff; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones strongly washed with tawny buff, and crossed with broad bars of dark brown; Foot of Pandion lzaliai:tus. primaries black, secondaries chocolate-brown like the back, and tipped in the same manner, all of them whitish at base of inner web, indistinctly barred with pale brown; tail-feathers alternately barred with dark sepia-brown and ashy brown, tipped with whitish and having whitish shafts; the bars six in number, and more distinct on the inner web, which is buffy white.

Nestling. -Covered with down of a sooty brown colour, except along the centre of the back, along the carpal bend of the wing and on the breast and flanks, where it is dusky white; all the feathers of the back are dark brown, with a broad tip of ochreous-buff; crown and earcoverts blackish; eyebrow and throat white.

220.

Pandion haliaetus cristatus White-headed Osprey

Buteo eristatus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. (nouv. ed.), iv., p. 48r, r8r6: "Nouvelle Hollande "= Tasmania.

Pandion leueoeephalus Gould, McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 246, r9 0 9¡ (Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," i., pl. 6; Mathews, "Bds. Austral.," v., pl. 259.)

Distribution.-Balabac, Luzon, Marinduque, Palawan.

Description.-Upper surface of body, wings and tail glossy brown,

46

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the feathers mesially shaded with a darker tint, many of the feathers of the interscapular region, back, scapulars and shoulders margined with white; primaries blackish brown, black at the tip past the notch, the inner web becoming white on the margin towards the base, some showing remains of brown bars; a few of the inner primaries, some of the adjacent secondaries and wing-coverts narrowly margined with buffywhite; under surface of the wings white, the outer series of the under-coverts blotched with brown; feathers along the outer margin of the wing from elbow to base of primaries dark brown margined with white, under surface of the secondaries and of the primaries past the notch ashy brown, the basal marginal portion of the inner webs white, barred down the centre portion with brown; head, throat and back of the neck white, a few feathers on the nape having a streak of blackish brown down the centre; lores blackish lead-colour; ear-coverts blackish brown, which colour extends on to the sides of the neck, where the feathers are brown margined with white; chest, breast and lower part of hind neck white, much mottled with brown on the tips of the feathers and occasionally centred with a blackish stripe; the remainder of the under surface, thighs and tail-coverts white; tail above brown, feathers narrowly margined at the tips with white, the inner webs of a lighter brown, all except the two centre quills broadly margined and toothed with white towards the base; under surface of tail ashy white, tips of the feathers ashy margined with white. Bill black; cere bluish lead-colour; legs and feet lead-blue; iris yellow in some, bright orange in others. Similar to P. h. haliaetus but very much smaller.

In some specimens, apparently fully adult, the whole of the breast, chest and sides of the neck are strongly mottled with brown and the feathers centred with a blackish stripe; the under wing-coverts are barred with brown; the scapulars, upper wing-coverts and quills scarcely if at all margined with white; in others the whole of the head and neck, except the ear-coverts and sides of neck immediately behind them, is white, without any brown markings, and the dull brown of the chest takes no definite form, but it is for the most part darkest on the centre of the feathers.

Wing, 430-460; tail, 220; culmen, 36; from nostril, 27; tarsus, 63; middle toe with claw, 70.

Allied Forms and their Range P. h. haliaetus (Linnreus) P. h. cristatus (Vieillot) .

1

1 :

Europe, N. Africa, Red Sea, N. Asia to Japan, Kamschatka, India, Ceylon, Burma, south to Malay Archipelago Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, Moluccas, Java

Peters, "Birds of the World," i., p. 275, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

47

The above two races meet in the Malayan Islands, and both are known from . the Philippines and Java.

P. h. carolinensis (Gmelin) P. h. ridgwayi Maynard

P. h. microhaliaetus Brasil

North and South America Bahama Islands, coast of Yucatan and British Honduras New Caledonia (doubtful race)

Order STRIGIFORMES Owls Head large and round; bill strongly hooked and with a cere which is more or less hidden by stiffish bristles; eyes large, directed forward, each surrounded by a more or less perfect ruff of modified, close-textured feathers; in most species a bunch of elongate erectile feathers above each eye forming the so-called horns or ear-tufts; feet strong, claws curved and sharp; outer toe reversible; plumage soft and fluffy; colours generally various shades of brown, grey and rufous, and in most species vermiculated and streaked, the plumage resembling that of the Caprimulgidce. Habits nocturnal or crepuscular and insectivorous. Eggs whit , nearly globmlar, usually deposited in a hole in a hollow branch or trunk of a tree, or in a Hawk's deserted nest.

Families Claw of middle toe not pectinate; middle toe longer than inner toe.

STRIGIDlE, p. 47.

Claw of middle toe pectinate on inner margin; inner and middle TYTONIDlE, p. 72. toes about equal in length.

Family STRIGIDlE Characters same as those given in the key to Families.

Subfamilies (A)

1

(A)

2

Facial disk and ruff absent or obsolete.

BUBONINlE, p. 48.

Facial disk and ruff well marked. (b) 1 Ear-orifice larger than eye and furnished with an operculum; middle claw not pectinate.

STRIGINlE, p. 69. (b) 2 Ear-orifice smaller than eye; no operculum; middle PHODILINlE, p. 70. claw pectinate.

48

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Subfamily BUBONINJE Genera (A)

1

(A)

2

Toes without bristles. (b) 1 Wing, about 360.

PSEUDOPTYNX, p. 48. (b) 2 Wing, about 23 6.

MIMIZUKU, p. 50. (b) 3 Wing, about 220.

OTUS,P¡5I. Toes scantily clothed with rather stiff bristles.

NINox, p. 62.

Genus PSEUDOPTYNX

Kaup, I sis, I848, col. 770.

Gray.

Type (by monotypy): Scops philippensis

Large; nostrils round and flat; no feathers forming a collar round the throat. This genus is confined to the Philippines and Solomon Islands, and is the largest among the Owls in the archipelago.

221.

Pseudoptynx philippensis philippensis Luzon Horned Owl (Plate 4)

Pseudoptynx philippensis Kaup, "Cont. Om.," I852, p. II7: Manila (type, collected by Cuming, in British Museum).

(Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., pt. 2, p. I44, pI. 25, fig. 2, I875.)

Distrihution.-Cebu, Luzon.

Description.-Above tawny rufous, the feathers mesially dark brown, giving a closely striped appearance; the wing-coverts rather darker, some of the scapulars and greater-coverts externally creamy buff, forming a kind of longitudinal bar down the latter; entire head and auricular tufts coloured like the back but somewhat more narrowly streaked'; quills dull brown tipped with fulvous, more plainly on the secondaries, the primaries spotted on the outer and barred on the inner web with pale tawny rufous, the bars more distinct on the secondaries; tail-feathers dull brown tipped with fulvous and crossed with a few bars of tawny buff, the middle feathers nearly uniform, with only one bar and indications of a second, the bars gradually increasing in number towards the outer tail-feather, which has five bars on the inner web and is externally tawny buff; lores white, the anterior bristies black towards tip; sides of face tawny with white shafts; facial disk tawny, with central streaks of brown to the feathers, which are fulvous at base; under surface of body buffy white, longitudinally streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, each mesial streak having a narrow edging of rufous on each side, and decreasing in

Ninox philippensis BONAPARTE .

PHILIPPINE HAWK OWL.

0/ the Philippin e Islands, Vol. II ., Plate 4.

LUZON HORNED OWL .

Ps eudoptynx philippensis phil;,ppensis KAUP.

B irds

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

49

width towards the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the tarsal feathers entirely uniform; under wing-coverts buffy white, the outermost longitudinally spotted with dark brown, the greater series whitish at base, brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of the wing. Bill horn-blue at base, yellow at tip; feet fleshy brown, claws light horncolour.

Wing, 356; tail, 178; auricular tufts, 33; culmen, 58; tarsus, 68 ; middle toe with claw, 77.

General Notes.-The present species has been procured by only about half-a-dozen collectors, and it still remains a rarity among the museum collections. A specimen was brought to me which had been caught near Manila; and although it does not seem to have any vernacular name it is well known to certain native collectors.

McGregor 1 records in 1921 the Cebu specimen which arrived at Manila in captivity. In confinement this bird eats rats, guinea-pigs and beef with gusto, and appears to be perfectly healthy.

222.

Pseudoptynx Philippensis mindanensis

Mindanao Horned Owl Pseudoptynx mindanensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club., xvi., p. 99, I906 : Davao, S. E. ÂĽindanao (type, male, May I905, W. Goodfellow,

in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, I906, p. 496.

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-Nearly allied to P. p. philippensis, from which it differs in being somewhat larger and in the following points: general colour of upper parts much darker, the feathers being brownish black and rather narrowly margined with sandy rufous instead of bright tawny buff; primary quills dark brown with only a faint trace of buff markings; secondaries similar with faintly indicated greyish buff transverse markings; tail-feathers brown with whitish or whitish buff transverse markings, rather faintly indicated on outer webs; under parts more heavily streaked with blackish. Iris light brownish gold; bill whitish towards the tip, bluish grey at base; feet pale grey; nails , white at base, grey at tip.

Wing, 371; tail, 185; culmen, 51; tarsus, 76; middle toe with claw, 77.

General Notes.-I have flushed a large Owl, believed to be of the above species, in a thick bamboo forest at 3000 feet altitude, on Mt. Apo (see PI. 8), but failed to obtain the specimen. It flew noiselessly like most owls, low and straight on the ground, and sharply flew upward in order to perch in the thickest part of the bamboo.

1

II.-D

Ante,!., p. 138, title 280, pI.

1.

50

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

This interesting race is known only from the type collected by W. Goodfellow. Its coloration is darker and more heavily streaked in comparison with the Luzon bird. This character is also found among Mindanao specimens of Turnix, Mira/ra, and several other genera.

Allied Species and their Range.-The only other species of the genus is P. solomonensis Hartert, collected by A. S. Meek on Isabel Island, Solomon Islands.

The genus most nearly allied is Bubo, widely distributed over the globe, from Arctic tundra to the tropical desert.

Genus MIMIZUKU (gen. nov.)

Type (by monotypy): Pseudoptynx gurneyi Tweeddale.

Differs from Pseudoptynx in having swollen nostrils; long eartufts well developed, the true feathers extending to the chin, like Otus, and forming a complete ring round the throat. Colour pattern of the tail and the feathered tarsus more like Otus than Bubo or Pse~tdoptynx, and in size being between the latter and the former.

This genus is mono typic and confined to the Philippines.

223.

Mimizuku gurneyi

Gurney's Horned Owl (Plate 5)

Pseudoptynx gurneyi Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 940, pI. 58: Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, male, April r878, Tweeddale coll., in British Museum).

Distribution.-Marinduque, Mindanao.

Description. - Sides of face bright pure unmarked rufous; lengthened stiff plumes springing from base of maxilla rufous, mixed with tawny, and many with dark brown shafts and tipped with dark brown; space above front of eyes, uniting on forehead and extending back over eyes, pale tawny rufous; crown and occiput dark rufous, many of the feathers with a broad dark brown mesial stripe; nape and sides of neck pure rufous; lengthened ear-tufts rufous, some with very narrow brown mesial linear markings near their apices; plumes bordering facial disk albescent tawny, some almost pure white tipped with dark brown; chin and upper throat tawny rufous; middle of throat white, breast and remainder of lower surface pure rufous, more dilute on lengthened tibial plumes and under tail-coverts; a few pectoral plumes with large dark brown terminal drops; many abdominal plumes with elongated dark brown central stripes; back rufous, minutely freckled with brown, each feather with a bold, irregular dark brown central stripe; scapulars like back but some of the shorter and

Birds oj the Philippine Islands , Vol. II., Plate 5.

Mimizuku gurneyi (TWEEDDALE).

GURNEY'S HORNED OWL.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

51

outer ones albescent tawny on outer webs; dark brown central marks so arranged that the back, together with the scapulars, appears to have three parallel dark brown stripes running down it; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous brown with darker shafts; rectrices brown, minutely freckled with pale rufous and with eight or nine rufous crossbands; lesser and median wing-coverts brown, freckled with rufous, each with a narrow central brown line; greater-coverts brown on inner web, freckled with rufous on outer web; quills brown, alternately banded with freckled brown and pale rufous; tertiaries pure rufous, with traces of dark brown along the shafts; edge of wing white; lining yellowish white; some of the 'under carpal coverts rufous; thigh and tarsal-coverts pale rufous and tawny white. Iris warm brown; bill greyish white; feet pale grey; claws white, tipped with dark grey.

Wing, 236; tail, 122; culmen without cere, 28; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 35.

General Notes.-The present genus is perhaps the most striking of all the Philippine Owls, and is described from only two specimens preserved in the British Museum. The type was collected by Everett and the second specimen by E. L. Moseley, from Marinduque in May, and is a young bird, probably: about three weeks old, with down feathers white, primaries (167 mm.) and tail (67 mm.) already well developed.

Genus OTUS

Pennant, "Indian Zoo1.," p. 3, 1769. Type (by monotypy): Otus bakkamcena Pennant.

Small; ear-tufts well developed; primaries not greatly exceeding secondaries; plumage buffy and mottled; tarsus more or less feathered; toes naked in Philippine species.

224.

Otus rufescens burbidgei, subsp. nov.

SuIu Rufous Scops Owl

Otus rufescens (Horsfield), McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 256, 1909: Sulu (type in British Museum).

Distribution.-Sulu.

Description.-Everywhere bright tawny rufous, browner on the head and upper parts generally, these also varied with small triangular cross-bars of fulvous, which become larger and more distinct on the wing-coverts; the outer margin of the scapulars paler and more inclining to tawny fulvous; ear-coverts, 25 mm. long and coloured

52

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

like the head; lores and forehead clear fulvous with little black spots along the shaft of the feathers; sides of face rufous, inclining to dark brown around the eye; behind the ear-coverts a line of black feathers running down the sides of the neck; under surface of body tawny rufous, paler on the lower parts and varied with little tiny spots of black along the shafts, less distinct towards the abdomen and absent on the thighs and under tail-coverts, which are uniform tawny buff ; quills dark brown, barred across with fulvous, paler on the outer margin of primaries, but less distinct on the secondaries, which are almost uniform rufous like the back, but with indistinct bars of dark brown on the inner web; tail rufous, mottled with dark brown vermiculations, making it look darker than the back, with remains of five or six more or less plainly indicated fulvous bars; under wing-coverts buffy white, more tawny on outer edge and having a line of dark brown feathers near the outer margin.

Wing, I32; tail, 66; culmen, I9; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 32.

The present new race is different from the typical form from Java (type), Malacca, Johore and Borneo, in having a much darker face, and the ear-coverts haded with plack. It has very little of the buffish tinge, but a smoky grey is particularly noticeable on the forehead and under surface of the body.

General NoteS.-The type and only specimen was obtained by Burbidge, a botanist and the author of " The Garden of the Sun." The species is particularly interesting from the point of view of zoogeography, as one rarely finds a Bornean species represented in the Sulu Islands and unknown in the Palawan subregion.

Allied Forms and their Range: Otus r. malayensis Hachisuka O. r. rujescens (Horsfield)

1

Malay Peninsula Java (type), Sumatra, Borneo

1 For the Malayan representative of D. rufescens a name is required.

The only - synonym in the Catalogue of Birds, British Museum, is Ephialtes ma1ztis, which is described in the Fauna Japonica as a certain bird found in Celebes. This is obviously a mistake, and as there seems no name for the Malayan bird I propose therefore to call it Dtus rufescens mala.yensis, subsp. nov.

Distribution.- Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Malay Peninsula. Type in British Museum. A specimen from Gunang Pulai, J ohore, also belongs to the present form.

Description.-This new race can at once be distinguished by its rufous tinge throughout when compared with the typical race. The most striking character is the forehead, which has a number of reddish buff feathers reaching to the ear-tufts, which are much restricted in the typical form from Java and Borneo. The bristle feathers surrounding the upper mandible are rufous.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 225.

53

Otus bakkama:na whiteheadi

Whitehead's Scops Owl Scops 1f!hiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Om. Club, iv., p. 40, r895 : Mt. Data, ~epa~~o Dlst., N.W. Luzon (type, male, 25th January r895, J. Whitehead, In BrItIsh Museum).

Scops megalotis Gray,! Cat. Acciptr. Brit. Mus., p. 45, r844: Manila (type in British Museum).

Lempijitts ? n:egalotis Walden, Trans. Zoot. Soc., ix., p. r45, pI. 25, fig. 3, r875: Manila.

Otus mega!otis (Gray), McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 252, r9 09.

Grant, Ibts, r895, p. 440.

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Above deep rich brown, finely vermiculated with light buff. Pale fulvous feathers with black tips are found on the scapulars, forming a ring on the hind neck and supercilious stripe to the ear-tufts.

Forehead also fulvous. Under parts pale buff, with broad black shaft-markings to some of the feathers. It is closely related to the following race, but paler and much larger. The feathering of the tarsi extends over the basal joints of the toes; the light cross-bars on the inner webs of the quills are much less conspicuous; and the middle of the lower breast and belly is uniform whitish buff, in marked contrast to the sides. Both the grey and rufous Head of Otus bakkamcena. phases of plumage are represented. Iris golden brown; bill brownish white tipped with white; feet dull white, nails white.

1 A single specimen of this bird was obtained by Hugh Cuming at Manila previous to 1839, and nothing more seems to be known about this bird; it is unfortunate that the collector's label does not bear either the sex or date. It appears that this specimen belongs to the young of the hepatic type of Whitehead's Scops Owl. The description is as follows: everywhere light rufous fawn with separate vermiculations of dull blackish, a little coarser on the auricular tufts and on the wing-coverts, almost obsolete on the under surface of body; tarsal feathers fulvous, slightly mottled with rufous; greater and primary wing-coverts rufous fawn, very coarsely and thickly vermiculated with blackish, forming five or six indistinct bars; quills blackish with six or seven bars of fawn-colour, very distinct on the outer primaries, but gradually becoming more and more obscured with blackish frecklings till the bands are obsolete on the secondaries; tail blackish, with six or seven bars of fawn-colour more or less obscured with frecklings of blackish, which are plentifully distributed over the whole tail; under wing-coverts uniform fulvous; the under surface of the wing ashy brown 'with bands of fulvous.

Bill pale horn-colour, yellowish on under mandible; feet yellowish brown. The structure of the feathers on the under side of the body is especially loose and soft.

Wing, 165; tail, 89; culmen, 33; auricular tufts, 37; tarsus, 37.

54

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Male.-Wing, 185-188; tail, 91-94; culmen, 20; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 32.

Female.-Wing, 195-203; tail, 99-102; culmen, 24; tarsus, 42-48; middle toe with claw, 30.

General Notes.-In the British Museum collection there are four specimens collected by Whitehead from Mt. Data, among which one shows a paler dimorphism. Another specimen was collected by Steere at Laguna, near Manila, which only proves that this Owl is a Luzon race, and not a mountain form. Whitehead's Scops Owl is the largest Otus to inhabit the Old World.

Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 97, writes: "On several occasions during my first visit to Benguet I heard a most peculiar and powerful cry shortly after nightfall. The natives of the district (as is usual when they hear nocturnal noises) declared it was the devil. The cry is best written oik-oik-oik-ook, with an interval between each oik, and the ook a well-drawn-out sound.

226.

Otus bakkamama boholensis Bohol Scops Owl

Otus boholensis McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 323, 1907 (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Bohol.

Description.~Crown, nape and interscapular area conspicuously blackish, the feathers sparingly vermiculated and notched with sandy buff, basal portion of a few feathers sandy buff, forming a narrow and hidden nuchal band; forehead whitish, the whitish marking continued as a wide band over each eye to tips of ear-tufts on inner webs, outer webs blackish, spotted with fulvous, these white bands more or less broken by fine vermiculations of dark brown; loral plumes whitish with blackish tips; ear-coverts greyish, shaded with fulvous and narrowly barred with dark brown, the hinder ear-coverts tipped with black forming a short band; side of neck whitish, with fine blackish cross-lines and wide blackish tips to the feathers; behind ear-coverts an imperfect ruff of whitish feathers with wide terminal or subterminal black bars; chin whitish; feathers of throat somewhat modified in continuation of the ruff; breast, sides and abdomen rufescent cinnamon, with fine vermiculations and irregularly shaped median stripes of blackish brown, each feather with one or two rounded spots of light buff on each web; under tail-coverts light sandy buff, with a few wavy blackish lines near their tips; legs sandy buff crossed by distinct wavy blackish lines; feathering of tarsi extending nearly to basal joints of toes; primaries dark brown; the outer webs with

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

55

large clear and distinct spots of sandy buff, six in number on short first primary and corresponding faint bars on inner webs; secondaries dark brown with sandy buff bars somewhat obscured by darker vermiculations; the primary-coverts resemble the secondaries, and first quill of alula is marked like the primaries; secondary-coverts, scapulars and back vermiculated with sandy buff, light buff and blackish brown, and marked with large irregular blackish brown spots; under wingcoverts nearly white, inner ones uniform, the outer, buff mottled with blackish; edge of wing white; tail dark brown mottled with sandy buff and with seven or eight poorly defined bars of sandy buff.

Wing, 155; tail, 82; culmen from base, 24; culmen from anterior margin of cere, 16; ear-tuft, 29; tarsus, 30.

General NoteS.-McGregor writes, this Owl is closely related to everetti. Only one specimen is known, from which the description is derived, this being a female and appears to be a smaller and darker bird.

227. Otus bakkamCEna everetti ~verett's

Scops Owl

Scops everetti Tweeddale, Pro('. Zool. Soc., I878, p. 492: Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, male, April I878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

Scops fuliginosa 1 Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. I97: Taguso, Palawan (type in Lord Rothschild collection in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Hartert,2 Nov. Zool., xxxii., p. 262, I925.

Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan, Samar.

Description.-Above deep rich brown; similar to O. tempiji, with the same broad dark brown mark in the form of a parallelogram on the head and nape; the same pale-coloured forehead, stripe above each eye and round the nape, and the broad dark stripe leading from behind the eye, and including most of the ear-tufts; there are no pale uniform tawny or fulvous scapulars. Underneath the markir;gs differ 1 Scops juligi11Osa. The collector, Whitehead, doubts whether this species is the young of everetti, and I am inclined to agree with him. S. juliginosa is supposed to be a close form of umbratilis; but the difference between this race from Hainan and everetti from Mindanao is so slight that one is not able to imagine an intermediate race in a group of birds so variable in colour.

2 Hartert, who examined the type specimen, writes as follows: "Evidently Sharpe, when describing S. juliginosa, failed to notice that the type was a young bird, and that some incoming feathers show that the adult plumage is quite different, in fact, apparently very much like that of Dtus everetti from Mindanao. Whitehead believed juliginosa to be nothing else than everetti, but this is not certain, and I am inclined to think that it is a small form of the large everetti."

The establishment of the Palawan race of Dtus bakkamama therefore requires the examination of more specimens.

56

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

from those of O. lemptF by being more confused, and by the absence of regular dark brown cross-markings on the abdominal plumes.

The general colouring of the under surface is of a ruddier brown. lYI ale.-Iris deep brown; feet whitish, bill pale horn, darkest at base.

Fcmale.-Iris warm brown; bill pale greenish leaden, nearly white; feet whitish grey; claws dark grey.

The present race has a more richly coloured under surface than O. b. whitehead?'.

Wing, I65-I7I; tail, 89-92; culmen, I6-I7; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 38.

Allied Forms and their Range: O. b. bakkamcena Pennant 1 O. O. O. O. O.

o O. O. O. O. O.

Ceylon, South India, and as far north as South Konkan and Madras b. ma1'athce Ticehurst . Central Provinces, Raipur to S. W. Bengal b. gangeticus Ticehurst J alpaguri, Oudh, Gorakpur, Calcutta, U ni ted Provinces b. plumipes (Hume) N.W. Himalayas from Murree to Garhwal b. deserticolor Ticehurst Sind b. lettia (Hodgson) French Indo-China, Assam, Manipur, Lower Chindwin, Nepal, Sikkim, Almora b. condoriensis Kloss Pulau Condo b. lempiji Horsfield 2 Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim, Java, Borneo, Sumatra b. glabripes (Swinhoe) South Formosa, Fohkien, Chekiang, Hupeh, Shantung, French Indo-China b. ussuriensis (Butler) 3 U suriland and Corea Riu Kiu Islands b. pryeri (Gurney) b. semitorques Temminck 4 Japan 228.

Otus manadensis sibutuensis Sibutu Scops Owl

Scops sibutuensÂŁs Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, ii., p. 9, r893: Sibutu (type, male, July r893, A. Everett, in British Museum).

Distribu tion.-Sibu tu.

Description.-General colour of head, neck, back and wingcoverts, mummy-brown, passing into a pale dull or drab brown on quills; upper tail-coverts and tail thickly and minutely variegated with spots of tawny olive, or rufous, with black, most strongly exposed as Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ii., pI. iii., fig. 2, r875.

Fig. Temminck, "PI. Col.," ii., pl. 99, r838.

3 A dou btful race. , Fig. Temminck and Schlegel, "Faun. lap. Aves.," p. 25, pl. 8, r850.

1

2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

57

streaks about the shafts, and broken up into uniform cross-bars, with fine vermiculations on the webs of the feathers; the exposed outer webs of the scapulars white, or buffy white tipped with black; superciliary region whitish; breast cinnamon variegated with white, with black vermiculations and central streaks; ft.anks, abdomen and under tail-coverts like the breast, but much more mottled with uniform bars and spots of white; tarsus feathered to near the toeswood-brown speckled with black; primaries marked on the outer webs with pale cinnamon bars of about 4 mm. wide, and separated at intervals by bars, of about tw~ce as broad, of brownish.

Sharpe remarked that this race is intermediate between O. m.

1nanadensis (from Celebes) and O. m. mantananensis (from Montanani Is., Borneo); the white wing markings, however, are altogether smaller and not so distinct, the under surface of the quills being almost devoid of markings. From S. m. manadensis the Sibutu bird differs in having all the markings of the upper surface very fine and not marked all over, as in that race. The quills have also more bars in the Celebes bird than in sibutuensis. Bill blackish brown; feet brown; iris yellow.

'Wing, I54; tail, 79; culmen, 2I; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 39 . . General NoteS.-Thr e specimens are preserved in the British Museum; two adult skins are exceedingly alike, while the third is a juvenile taken in July I893.

229.

Otus mana dens is steerei Tumindao Scops Owl

Otus steerei Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. MlI(s., xxxvi., p. 437, 190 9: Tumindao (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distribution.-Tumindao, off Sitanki.

Description.-The present race is very closely related to O. m. sib1;ttuensis, but as the difference between O. m. manadensis and O. m. steerei, given by Mearns, may be applied to O. m. sibutuensis, it is doubtful therefore whether steerei ' is a well-established race. The following is the original description: " Very similar to the Celebesian Otus manadensis, from which it may be distinguished by being larger, with upper parts darker, with more of the black vermiculations; black centres to the .feathers of the under parts much less conspicuous; feathers of tarsus more heavily cross-barred with blackish. Of the Philippine species it is most closely related to Otus cuyensis McGregor, but it is darker and much smaller, having the same white, black-tipped scapulars, but with the entire

58

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

plumage darker and more heavily marked, and the wing 15 mm. shorter. It bears no close resemblance to any other Philippine species.

Iris yellow; bill and feet greenish (from fresh specimen). The stomach of the type contained insects."

Wing, 157; tail, 84; culmen from cere (chord), IS; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 38.

Allied Forms and their Range: O. O. O. O.

m. m. m. m.

manadensis 1 (Quoy and Gaimard) Celebes leucospilus 2 (Gray) Moluccas (Morty Is., Batchian Gilolo) magicus 3 (Muller) Amboina, Ceram, Buru albiventris 4 (Sharpe) Flores, Lombok

There are also a few more races described, but I am unable to consider them as trinomials.

230.

Otus cuyensis cuyensis Cuyo Scops Owl

Otus cuyensis McGregor, Bull. Philip. Mus., iv., p. 17, 1904: Cuyo (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Native Name.-Bu-oao', Cuyo.

Distribution.-Cuyo.

Description.-Male (light phase).-Feathers of head and neck heavily streaked with blackish brown, the edges more or less notched with whitish and light rufous; ear-tufts also blackish, but edges rufous; back dark rufous, finely speckled with blackish, clearer rufous on upper tail-coverts; each outer scapular with a large white spot on outer web, followed by a blackish spot on tip and bordered towards base by a dark brown line; chin and upper throat whitish, with narrow brown shaft-stripes, the webs marked more or less with cinnamon; remainder of under parts dark cinnamon, more or less cross-barred with white and dark brown, each feather with a blackish brown shaft-stripe; the coloration heaviest across upper breast because of the greater width of the shaft-stripes and reduction of the white areas; middle of abdomen almost pure white; flank feathers with narrow shaft-lines and wide white bars; thighs rufous brown; wings mostly sandy cinnamon, more or less mottled with brown; outer webs of primaries regularly notched with five or six spots of white or whitish cinnamon, bordered with dark brown; similar notches on secondaries, but less prominent owing to darker colour of spots; quills below brownish, with slightly lighter irregular and almost 1

3

Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ii., pl. 8, fig.

Ibid., pI. 5, fig. 2, 1875.

2,

1875 .

2 4

Ibid., pI. 6, fig.

Ibid., pI. 8, fig.

Z,

I,

1875.

1875.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

59

obsolete bars; alula with similar light notches on outer webs, on the first feathers the notches are white; coverts generally uniform, but some feathers of median series with large white patches on outer webs; tail similar to the back, with about eight irregular and nearly obsolete cross-bars; short plumulaceous feathers below and behind the eye finely mottled with pale cinnamon, brown and whitish; behind ear, feathers of the incomplete ruff broadly tipped with blackish brown, forming a prominent dark band on side of head; bristle-like feathers of lores with bases whitish, tips blackish brown, the longest about 20 mm.; anterior bristles pale cinnamon, tarsus feathered to base of toes. Bill, cere and feet dirty brown; nails horn-brown; iris yellow.

Wing, I70; tail, 82; culmen, 23; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 33.

Female (light phase).-Not greatly different from the male, but white notches on primaries and alula with a cinnamon wash.

Wing, I75; tail, 88; culmen, 2I; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 32.

Red phase.-The pattern of coloration is the same as in the light phase; white and whitish markings nearly all replaced by rufous; chin and upper throat and modified feathers below and behind eye almost clear rufous; blackish brown markings on breast very wide; a few whitish bars on abdomen and flanks.

General Notes.-This bird is said to be abundant on Cuyo and is known as bu-cao'. The female type was flushed from the end of a hollow horizontal limb of a tree, where she probably had a nest containing eggs. The ovary contained one egg nearly deposited, 5th March I903.

Dr. Richmond, who examined specimens, writes: "Apparently new; does not belong to the bakkamCEna (lempiji) group, but more inclined to the O. manadensis style of coloration."

23I.

Otus cuyensis romblonis Romblon Scops Owl

Otus romblonis McGregor, Publ. Gov. Labs. Manila, XXV., p. I2, I905 : Romblon (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Banton, Romblon.

Description.-Female.-Feathers of upper parts rufous, with median black stripes on head, neck and back, heaviest on head; eartufts coloured like neck and inconspicuous; white spots on scapulars washed with pale fulvous; lower parts and wings patterned as in O. c. cuyenst's but more rufescent; black band on side of head narrower and less marked than in cuyensis.

60

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

vYing, 158; tail, 76; culmen, 22; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 28.

This race differs from the typical bird in having a smaller wing and tail.

General Notes.-Not having examined O. cuyensis with the series of O. manadensis I am not able to unite the cuyensis group as races of O. manadensis, but the former is decidedly larger than the latter.

It appears that O. cuyensis is not a distinct species like some of the Philippine Owls, and the change of the specific name wyensis may be found necessary, but as all the specimens are preserved at Manila I am unable to settle this problem.

232.

Otus longicornis longicornis Long-horned Scops Owl

Scops longicornis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club., iii., p. 5r, r894: La Trinidad, Benguet, Luzon (type, male, 28th January r894, J. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Native Name.-Bang-ao', Benguet.

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Upper parts bright rufous, the feathers with streaks and irregular bars of blackish brown, mostly near the tips; forehead, line over each eye and complete collar white, the feathers blackish at their tips; collar narrow but distinct on hind neck, wider on breast; loral plumes with white bars and black tips, the longest plumes about 28 mm.; ear-tufts coloured like the head, longest feathers 31 mm. ; ear-coverts barred with white, blackish brown and¡ rufous; chin whitish; throat and sides of throat white, each feather with a black tip and subterminal rufous line; breast rich rufous, boldly mottled with black and less white; abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts largely white, the feathers mottled with blackish and rusty brown; thighs rufous; wings blackish, mottled and speckled with fulvous and rusty brown, tail similar. Bill dingy dull green, tip and cutting edge dark brown; cere dirty flesh at base but dull yellowish green over nostrils; legs whitish flesh; nails grey; iris bright yellow.

Male.-Wing, 145; tail, 72; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 33.

Female.-vVing, 153; tail, 71; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 30 ; middle toe with claw, 33.

Downy young.-The natal down is pure light grey; this soon gives place to a soft grey plumage barred with brown, darker on head and upper parts.

General Notes.-This species mostly resembles O. manadensÂŁs, but

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT'

6r

may be instantly recognized by having the basal half of the tarsi entirely devoid of feathers. It appears to be very scarce, and is said to be extremely difficult to locate.

233. Otus longicornis mindorensis Mindoro Scops Owl

Scops sp. inc. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 462.

Scops mindorensis Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 98: Mt. Dulangan, Mindoro (type, female, 26th January 1896, J. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Mindoro.

Description.-Female.-Similar to Otus l. longicornis but smaller; hair-like feathers on each side of mandible shorter, the longest less than 25 mm., forehead and space above eyes almost uniform pale buff ; ear-tufts shorter; the longest feather about 30 mm.; white nuchal band obsolete; lower parts mostly buffy and almost entirely devoid of white. Male unknown.

Wing, 135; tail, 63; culmen, 17; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 33.

General Notes.-Th type and only known specimen was much damaged, having been snot at within a range of five yards, and one side of the breast was unfortunately blown away. It is an adult female and the ovaries contained well-developed eggs, 26th January 1896 . .

234. Otus calayensis Calayan Scops Owl Ot~tS calayensis McGregor, Bull. Philip. M~ts., iv., p. 17, 1904: Calayan (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Native Name.-Cok-cok ba'-buy, Calayan.

Distribution.-Calayan.

Description.-Male, light phase type.-Lower parts dark cinnamon finely mottled with brown and white, a few feathers on throat and breast with dark brown shaft-stripes'; abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts extensively white with a very little cinnamon and the brown mostly reduced to fine speckles; thighs and tarsi cinnamon with cross-lines of dark brown; upper parts dark rufous, finely mottled with blackish brown, producing a rather uniform coloration; lores, continuous with a line above eyes, white; tips of nasal and loral bristles dusky brown or cinnamon, the longest about 20 mm. ; modified feathers of ear-coverts and below eye finely speckled with white and dark brown; feathers of ear-tufts dark rufous with irregular blackish

62

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

spots towards tips; wing-coverts and scapulars almost the same as back, some feathers of the back with a large white area on outer web; exposed surface of quills and tail similar and a little lighter than back; tail crossed by several irregular lighter bars; quills dusky brown; outer webs of outer primaries notched with pale cinnamon; inner webs of quills crossed by pale cinnamon bars which become very wide on secondaries; tarsi feathered nearly to toes. Bill, feet and nails brown, the feet with a slight green wash; iris bright yellow.

Wing, 169; tail, 85; culmen, 21; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 29.

Female.-In every way similar to the male. In the red phase the white markings, except a few bars and freckles on abdomen and flanks, are replaced by rufous.

General Notes.-This species is common enough in Calayan, but like all the small Owls rather difficult to obtain. McGregor obtained a pair in the light phase and a pair in the red phase of plumage. They were often heard calling in the woods, and one flew into a house early one morning. It is known to the native as cok-cok ba-'buy, or Big Owl, from an idea that it follows the wild hogs; its call may be written cok-cok, but Ninox-to which the nat ives apply the name cok-cok-was silent, except for a low chattering as it flew, Goatsucker-like, after beetles and locusts.

I am not familiar with the present bird, and it is not possible at present to determine its precise systematic position; it is, however, probably allied to a certain species existing outside the Philippines.

The present species is one of the four Scops Owls described by McGregor, and it looks quite distinct, having no closely allied form in the Philippines. I have not examined the type specimen myself, and it is possible that a further change of nomenclature is necessary when it is examined critically.

Otus sunia botelensis Kuroda is known from Botel Tobago, but no near ally seems to exist in the Philippines.

Genu,s NINOX Hodgson, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., v., p. 23,1837. Type (by monotypy) : Ninox nepalensis Hodgson.

Usually larger than Otus; neither ruff nor ear-tufts present; tarsus more or less feathered; toes sparsely covered with stiff bristles; primaries much longer than secondaries.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 235. Ninox scutulata scutulata Brown Hawk Owl

Strix scutulata Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 280, 1822: Sumatra.

Strix hirsuta Temminck, " PI. Col.," p. 289, 1824: Ceylon.

Ninox lugubris (Tickell), Ninox scutulata (Raffles) and Ninox japonica (Temminck and Schlegel) McGregor, "Man. Bds. Philip.," pp. 261-263, 1909.

Ninox scutulata hirsuta (Temminck) Hartert, "Vog. Palaark. Faun.," p. 995, 1913.

Athene ftorensis Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 488: Flores.

Ctenoglaux Kaup, "Contr. Om.," 1852, p. 109. Type (by monotypy) : Strix scutulata Raffles.

Native Name.-Totogo (Botel Tobago).!

Distribution.-Basilan, Botel Tobago, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Sulu.

Description.-Above deep chocolate-brown, the head slightly darker, the scapulars with concealed white bars; wing-coverts exactly like the back and equally uniform, the primary-coverts blackish, quills dark brown, slightly washed externally with ochreous, the primaries inclining to rufous ochreous towards their tips, all the wing-feathers nearly uniform, with no lighter cross-bands, the inner secondaries barred with white, but these bars entirely concealed; upper tailcoverts uniform chocolate-brown like the back; tail-feathers ashy brown, rather paler at tips, and crossed with five blackish bands (one basal and concealed); sides of face chocolate-brown, as also the sides of the neck, the latter slightly washed with rufous; forehead and lores whitish, the latter obscured by blackish shaft-lines; chin whitish, slightly streaked with brown; rest of under surface rufous chocolate, 1 N.S. totogo (Momiyama) has been separated from birds occurring in Botel Tobago (type) and the mountainous parts of Formosa. Mr. Momiyama thinks it is probably found in Yonakuni Is. (westernmost Riu Kiu chain), and also in Calayan, Fuga and Camiguin. The supposed difference between this bird and the birds from Japan is in having the upper parts darker and the breast and abdomen whiter with darker streaks.

The buffish tinge is less predominant, especially noticeable on the breast; it has two pale buff spots on the outer webs of the third to :fi1ith primaries, while in the Japanese skins these are less distinct and appear on the third to fourth primaries only; the under tail-coverts have brownish narrow lines, while in N. s. scutulata these lines or spots are broader; the hair of the feet is darker. It differs from N. s. borneensis of Borneo in being smaller.

Momiyama, AmaJba, ii., No. I, p. 26, 1930 (nom. nud.); Bull. Biogeog. Soc. Japan, ii., NO.3, p. 282, 1932.

So far as the Philippines are concerned, N. s. totogo proves to be a variable race, and I cannot admit it in the present work. Mr. Momiyama's subspecies are extremely hard to distinguish, and before European ornithologists examine this question it would be advisable to obtain Dr. Kuroda's conclusions.

64

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the throat washed with buff, the breast varied with white, generally as if streaked, the margins to the feathers being whitish; on the abdomen the white predominating and cutting across the feather, so as to form an oval spot of brown at the tips of the abdominal plumes, leg- feathers brown; under tailcoverts whitish; under wing-coverts rufous chocolate, the inner feathers washed and barred with ochraceousbuff, the edge of the wing whitish; the greater series sepia - brown, Head of Ninox scut~tlata. nearly uniform, excepting for a few ochraceous bars near the base, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is sepia-brown, with a few ochraceous bars near the base of the quills.

Wing, 213; tail, 122; culmen, 22; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 52.

General NoteS.~The racial question of Ninox scutulata is by no means satisfactorily worked out. As far as the Philippines are concerned we have the resident bird, the northern birds migrate over the archipelago in winter. Hartert believes the sedentary form is dark in coloration. McGregor writes as follows: "The Japanese Hawk Owl is a common species. In Calayan Island I killed a number of specimens on the beach, and in both Fuga and Camiguin I found it common in the forest."

The above statement, in my opinion, refers to the Japanese migrant.

The races of the present species are very difficult to determine, and one cannot rely on the so far known Philippine records of Nino.'!: japonica (N. s. scutulata) as a migrant from the north. It is impossible to find any appreciable difference between the Philippine and Japanese birds unless large series are examined. If it is found necessary for the resident bird to have a name, then hirsuta, from Ceylon, applied

by Dr. Hartert, would serve.

Allied Forms and their Range: N. s. hirsuta (Temminck) N. s. scutulata 1 (Raffles)

N. s. ussuriensis Buturlin 1 2

1931.

Ceylon, Travancore Japan, Usuriland, Corea, N. and S. China, Sumatra,2 Borneo, Java, Celebes Manchuria, ? Corea

Fig. Siebold's" Fauna lap.," pI. 9b, 1849.

Huhua s. malaccensis (Eyton) is applied by C. B. Kloss, Treubia, xii., p. 3I6,

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT N. s. lugubris (Tickell) .

N. s.

N. s.

N . s.

N. s.

N. s.

burnzanica Hume . aifinis Tytler 1 isolata Baker borne ens is (Bonaparte) javanensis Stresemann

N. India, east to W. Assam, mouth of the Bramaputra, Bengal Cachar, Burma, French Indo-China Andamans Nicobar Islands Borneo Java

N. s. ussuriensis is sometimes very difficult to distinguish. N. s. borneensis and javanensis are names given to resident birds, while the typical race is also known from Borneo, Java and Celebes as migrants.

236. Ninox philippensis Philippine Hawk Owl (Plate 4)

Ninox Philippensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xli., p. 654, I855: Philippine Islands.

(Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. I44, pI. xxv., I877.)

Grant, Ibis, I896, p. 53I. Native Name.-Bu-cao', Ticao and Masbate.

Distribution.-Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Negros, Siquijor, Ticao.

Description.-Above brown, the head slightly darker and more chocolate-brown, the scapulars with large oval marks on the outer webs, some of the inner ones barred with ochraceous; wing-coverts dark brown, slightly washed with ochraceous, all of them distinctly spotted with white or ochraceous white, those on the median and greater series large and oval in shape; quills brown, margined narrowly with ochraceous and barred across with paler brown, almost obsolete on the inner web, but indicated on the outer one by a distinct white spot, very plain, and producing a chequered appearance; upper tailcoverts rather more ochraceous brown than back; tail-feathers sepiabrown crossed with six narrow bands of pale ochraceous, the last one subterminal; frontal plumes whitish at base, but this colour not visible; sides of the face brown like the head, the ear-coverts rather more dusky; under surface of body ochraceous brown, the chin whitish and the throat marked with a few blackish streaks; the abdomen whiter, the centres to the feathers being ochraceous brown, producing a broadly streaked appearance; under tail-coverts white; leg-feathers ochraceous brown; under wing-coverts ochraceous, the edge of the wing white, those coverts nearest the margin being marked with dark brown; the lowest series sepia-brown, barred with pale ochre on the 1

II.-E

Fig. Ibis, 1874, p. 129, pI. v.

66

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

inner web, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills. Iris yellow; legs and feet light yellow; bill yellow at tip, greenish at base.

Wing, 176; tail, 102; culmen, 18; tarsus, 51; middle toe with claw, 35.

Young.-Above rufous chocolate, the upper surface almost entirely uniform, with the exception of a few buffy white bars on the outer scapulars; wing-coverts uniform like the back and only a little darker, the greater series distinctly spotted on the outer web with ochraceous or white; primary coverts uniform dark brown; quills dark brown, notched on the outer web with ochraceous or buffy white; tail darker brown than the back, with a fulvous tip and crossed with six narrow bars of fulvous brown; forehead whitish, with long hair-like black bristles over the lores; sides of face uniform rufous chocolate like the head; under surface of body fawn-colour, the feathers of the chest margined narrowly with whitish, causing a slightly streaked appearance, the abdominal plumes white with broad fawn-coloured centres, causing this part to appear very broadly streaked; thighs fawn-colour; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts fawn-colour, excepting the lower series which are brown, spotted with fulvous on the inner web, exactly resembling the inner lining of the quills.

Wing, 164; tail, 86; culmen, 19; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 34.

In general appearance the present species differs from scutulata by its smaller size, like the following species, and has conspicuous white spots on the outer webs of the wing-coverts, the general colouring is paler and more buffy than scutulata. This species seems to be a link in the chain between N. scutulata and N. ochracea 1 of Celebes.

237. Ninox spilonota Spotted Hawk Owl

Ninox spilonotus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., p. 8, 1894: Cebu.

Distribution.-Cebu, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Tablas.

Description.-General colour of upper surface fulvous brown; feathers of head, nape, interscapulars and wing-coverts spotted with light rufous brown, giving the parts in question a decidedly speckled appearance; rump fulvous brown, upper tail-coverts faintly spotted with pale rufous brown; tail nearly black with nine narrow transverse bands of light rufous brown; quills like tail but spotted, instead of barred, with light rufous brown; scapulars like back, some of them 1

Fig. Meyer and Wigleswortb, "Birds of Celebes," i., pI. iv., r898 .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT with large, nearly white, spots on outer webs; a few of greater series of wing-coverts also spotted with white on outer webs; chin and throat whitish, almost pure white in some specimens, in others light rufous brown, the feathers always with black shaft-stripes; auriculars fulvous brown somewhat mixed with light rufous brown; sides of neck like head; breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under wing-coverts and axillars rufous brown, the depth of the colour subject to great individual variation, many feathers of breast and abdomen with fulvous brown spots and all with blackish bases; under surface of wing fulvous brown. Inner webs Qf feathers, especially of secondaries, spotted and barred with light rufous brown; a spot of white on bend of wing; tarsus feathered for rather more than half its length. Iris yellow; legs and feet pale yellow; bill black at tip, grey at base.

Male.-Wing, 210; tail, II4; culmen from base, 23; tarsus, 32.

Female.-Wing, 181; tail, Ioe; culmen, 13; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 28.

General Notes.-This very interesting bird, which is confined to the Philippines, suggests a certain close relationship with N. spilocephala.

Strangely enough, I am not aware of any island in the Philippines where both philippensis and spilonota are to be found together.

238. Ninox spilocephala spilocephala Tweeddale's Hawk Owl Ninox spilocephala Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 940: Zamboanga (type, male, March r878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao.

Description.-Very similar to Ninox Philippensis, from which it differs in having the head and neck spotted with rufous or tawny brown and the white spots on primary and secondary coverts larger ; decomposed feathers below the eye unusually long and entirely covering the true ear-coverts. Iris yellow; legs and feet dirty light yellow; bill pale greenish horn-colour.

Male.-Wing, 177; tail, 83; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 26 ; middle toe with claw, 22.

Female.-Wing, 158; tail, 82; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 28 ; middle toe with claw, 28.

General Notes.-This species is very common in the Philippines; it hides among thick vines or bushes during the day, and feeds on beetles, grasshoppers, etc.

68

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 239. N inox spilocephala mindorensis Mindoro Hawk Owl

Nino x mindorensis Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, r896, p. 463: Mt. Dulangan, Mindoro (type female, January r896, ]. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Ninox plateni Blasius (in Htt.) Hartlaub, " Aga, Nat. Ver. Bremen," xvi., p. 27r, r899: Mindoro (types in Berlin Museum).

McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 268, r909.

Distribution.-Mindoro.

Description.-Above reddish brown slightly shaded with olive; top and sides of head, hind neck, sides of neck and mantle lighter pale reddish and narrowly banded; on lower back and rump the bands inconspicuous, so that these parts appear nearly uniform; chin light; throat-feathers light fawn-colour with dark shaft-stripes, groundcolour of chest and belly bright red-brown with narrow blackish stripes; bend of wing white; scapulars and greater wing-coverts with some larger opaque white spots on outeI;' webs; primaries, with inner webs, uniform black, outer webs with broad dark brown and smaller pale reddish band spots; on the tertials appear very inconspicuous broad darker bands, and on the whole length of the edges of the outer webs pale fawn spots; tail-feathers with darker brownish bands of equal width; under tail-coverts light fawn ; inner wing-coverts light reddish brown with darker spots. Legs light yellowish; iris yellow.

Wing, r69; tail, 80; culmen, I9; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 42.

General Notes.-The type of mindorensis was collected by Whitehead, while two other specimens in the British Museum were collected

by J. J. Mouncey.

240.

Ninox spilocephala everetti Everett's Hawk Owl

Ninox everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Chtb, vi., p. 47, r897: Siasi Is. (type, female, 6th February r895, A. Everett, and only specimen in British Museum).

Distribution.-Siasi Island.

Description.-Similar to Ninox s. reyi, but pale spots of primaries few, fulvescent and very slightly spotted with white; abdomen, flanks and thighs ochreous fulvous, not white spotted with brown. Iris yellow; cere and bill pale green; feet greenish yellow; claws brown.

Wing, I95; tail, I04; culmen, 23; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 25.

General Notes.-This is a little-known race, of which more specimens should be examined and compared with Rey's Hawk Owl.

Birds of the Philippine Islands, Vol. II. , Plate 6.

Stria: ol'W!ntalis wiepkeni (BLASIUS).

PALAWAN BARRED OWL.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 24I.

69

N in ox spilocephala reyi Rey's Hawk Owl .

Ninox reyi Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Sci. France, No. 39, p. 206, r880: Sulu (type in Paris Museum).

Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu.

Description.-Distinguished at once from the common species Ninox philippensis by its greater length-much longer wings, passing even the tip of the tail-and also by its reddish brown plumage and transverse brown bars on head and shoulders. The upper breast is barred with white and dark brown, and the flanks white, with longitudinal pear-shaped mesial str.eaks of pale rufous brown. The tail has ten dark bands, mud). narrower than in N. philippensis. Iris light yellow; bill greenish plumbeous; feet greenish yellow.

Wing, 196; tail, 100; culmen from base, 28; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 28.

Subfamily STRIGINlE

Genus STRIX Savigny, " Descr. Egypte Hist. Nat.," i., pp. 69, II3, r809. Type (by monotypy): Strix flammea auct. =S. alba Scopoli. Not Strix Linnreus, " Syst.

Nat.," roth ed., p. 92, 1758.

Large; without ear-tufts; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; plumage compact, barred below, spotted above; legs and toes closely feathered.

242.

Strix orientalis wiepkeni

Palawan Barred Owl (Plate 6) Syrni~tm wiepkeni Blasius, "Braunschweig, Anz.," No. 52, p. 467, vom r. March 1888 : Palawan (type, Platen colI., in Brunswick Museum).

Syrnium whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 196, pI. iii.: Taguso, Palawan (type, April 1888, ]. Whitehead; ex Lord Rothschild coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 270, 1909.

DistributiOn.-Palawan.

Description.-General colour above 'chocolate-brown spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs, the one on the inner web often fulvescent; scapulars forming a light patch of tawny buff covered with narrow bars of chocolate-brown; lesser wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown with scarcely any white spots; median and greater coverts more reddish chocolate-bmw:n, transversely barred with white, slightly tinged with tawny buff; alula and primary-coverts uniform blackish brown; quills brown, crossed with lighter and more rufous brown bars, whiter near the edge, especially the secondaries, which

70

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

are slightly freckled externally; the innermost secondaries spotted 'with white like the back; upper tail-coverts like the back but barred with tawny buff or whitish; tail-feathers dark chocolate-brown, barred with tawny buff or creamy white, with which the tail is conspicuously tipped, the light bars, seven in number, on the centre feathers broader and coalescing on the remainder; crown of head, like the back, thickly spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs; feathers of the hind neck with concealed bases of tawny buff; the mantle somewhat more uniform brown; sides of face chestnut, deeper about the eyes and on the ear-coverts, which are whiter posteriorly; ruff dark chocolatebrown, barred across with rufous; chin rufous, followed by a broad white patch narrowly barred with black; remainder of under surface of body tawny rufous, narrowly barred across with blackish brown, including the thighs and under tail-coverts; fore neck with broad bands of white and chocolate-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars like the breast; quills below dusky brown, barred with yellowish buff, these bars broader towards the base of the inner web.

Wing, 330; tail, I90; culmen, 34; tarsus, 58; middle toe with claw, 58.

Female.-In colour similar ¡to male, but size slightly larger. Iris brown; eyelids dark carmine; bill and nails black.

Wing, 340; tail, 200; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 50; middle toe with claw, 58.

Allied Form and its Range: S. o. orientalis Shaw

South Burma, Malay States to Java 1 (type), Sumatra and Borneo, Cochin China Subfamily

PHODILINJE

Genus PHODILUS Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ann. Sci. Nat., xxi., p. 194, 1830. Type (by original designation): Strix badius Horsfield.

This genus is intermediate in many respects between Tytonidre and Strigidre, but nearer to the latter, having a broad skull. The disk is distinct but the ruff not complete above the eyes; bill weak and compressed; ear-orifice smaller than the eye but of fair size; no operculum; the wings are rounded, the fourth and fifth quills subequal and longest; tail short; the tarsus is feathered throughout; inner toe longer than middle toe; middle claw pectinate as in Tyto.

1 S. o. baweana Oberholser, P"OC. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 52, p. 190, 1917, was separated from Bawean Island, off Java. Javanese specimens are not different from the Malayan (type locality) birds in their barring on the breast, or white markings on the upper parts. Therefore the name S. o. seloputo of Horsfield is a synonym.

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE.

Phodilus badius (HorSfield),

Bay Owl.

ISLANDS. VOL . II. PLATE 7.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

71

243. Phodilus badius badius Bay Owl (Plate 7)

Strix badius Horsfield, " Res. Java," pI. 37, 1824: Ja::a.

Plwdilus riverce McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., XXXll., p. 518, 1927 Samar (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

%

Distrihution.-Samar.

Description.-Forehead, anterior crown and facial disk vinous pink; feathers round the eye chestnut; ruff white, the feathers tipped with chestnut and blackish; posterior crown and nape chestnut, sparsely or obsoletely spotted with black and with two or three buff feathers, each with a black spot on the centre of the nape; upper plumage paler chestnut than the crown, spotted with black and with bases of rich buff showing through here and there; scapulars nearly all buff, with double black spots divided by a white one; innermost wing-coverts like the scapulars, outer coverts all chestnut, greatercoverts, primary-coverts and quills chestnut, barred with black; outermost two primaries and bastard wing barred with white and black on the outer webs, the black bars edged with chestnut; third primary also with some white near the tip; lower plumage vinous pink, more or less tinged with buff where the bases of the feathers show through, principally on the breast and flanks; spots of blackish edged with white all over, except on fore neck, centre of abdomen, vent and under tail-coverts; tail chestnut, barred with black. Iris deep brown or black; bill creamy yellow; legs and feet clay-brown or yellowish brown, the claws paler.

Wing, 220; tail, lI5; culmen from base, 35; bill from nostril, 23 ; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 35.

General NoteS.-The only Philippine specimen was shot by Francisco Rivera, who flushed the bird from a wooded hillside on 9th June 1924, at Loquilocon Wright (Paranas), in Samar. The stomach contained the remains of a small snake. McGregor, who named this specimen, did not compare it to any allied races, and his description is too vague to be consider.ed as a subspecific character.

Until more material is available, I consider it better to unite the Philippine bird with the Bornean race.

The coloured drawing was made from an Indo-Chinese specimen, which I reproduce through the kindness of Mr. J. Delacour.

Allied Forms and their Range: P. b. saturatus Robinson

Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, north and south of the Brahmaputra, Manipur, IndoChina

72

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

P. b. assimilis Hume P. b. badius 1 (Horsfield)

. Ceylon Western portion of central and eastern Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java

Family TYTONIDÂŁ Middle toe pectinate; ruff round eyes and across throat fully developed; primaries much longer than secondaries; proximal half of tarsus full feathered, distal half covered with much shorter, more hair-like, plumes; toes sparsely covered with hairs; plumage very soft and fluffy.

Genus TYTO Billberg, "Synops. Faun. Scand.," i., pars. ii., tab. " A," I828: new name for Strix Savigny, I809, not Linne, I758. Type (by monotypy): StrÂŁx ftammea auct. = Strix alba Scopoli.

Characters same as those given for the family.

Genus Tyto showing the wing formula. [after 1

Fig. Gray, "Gen. Birds," i., p. 42, pI. IS, figs.

I,

8 and 9, 1845.

MATHEWS

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

73

244. Tyto longimembris amauronota Grass Owl Strix amauronota Cabanis, jO'/JI,rn. fur Om., 1866, p. 9: Luzon (type, Jagor coli., in Berlin Museum).

Strix longimembris Jerdon, McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 271,1909.

Hartert, Nov. Zool., XXXV., No.2, p. 93, 1929.

Native Name.-Cua-gong ta-la'-hib, Manila.

Distribution.-Batan, Calamianes, Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao, Siquijor.

Description.-Male.-Feathers of upper parts dark brown, the bases and edges more or less yellowish buff, this colour forming a collar on hind neck; many of the feathers of back and wing-coverts each with a small white spot near the tip; a blackish spot in front of each eye; face white slightly tinged with buff; stiff ruff-feathers white, the outer ones with black shafts and blackish brown tips; sides of neck light tawny buff with large brown spots; under parts white, with a few small black spot-s on breast and flanks; breast faintly washed with buff; wing lining and axillars white, with large black spots; primaries and secondaries above light buff, with dark brown bars and whitish tips; below white, the tips of primaries dark brown; primary-coverts orange-buff basally; rectrices white, with four blackish brown bars, the bars obsolete on outermost pair. Bill white, legs dirty brown; nails brown.

'Wing, 355; tail, 135; bill from anterior border of nostril, I9; tarsus, 85; middle toe with claw, 55.

F emale.-Similar to the male but darker; under parts heavily washed with ochreous-buff; face washed with vinaceous brown; the blackish spots of under parts more numerous .

Wing, 368; tail, 130; culmen, 45; tarsus, 90; middle toe with claw, 59.

The difference in colour between the male and female as described above is not due to either age or sex, and occurs in many, if not in all, the members of this genus.

N estling.-Wings and tail, as far as developed, like those of the adult; body and legs thickly covered with yellowish buff down.

General Notes.-This is the palest form of the species, the under parts of the body being pure white, with very few speckles; while a specimen from Laguna, Luzon, has the chin and upper breast of deep buffish yellow. A specimen from Fiji, in the British Museum collection, belongs to the present form.

This species is found commonly in open fields near Manila. They hover ro~nd fearlessly before the sunset. If flushed accidentally in

74

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the daytime they wildly flyaway a considerable distance, and it hard to rediscover them.

Allied Forms and their Range:

IS

T. l. longimembris (Jerdon)

India generally, in suitable places from Dehra Dun to East Assam and south to Nellore, the Carnatic, Nilgiris, French Indo-China T. l. walleri (Diggles) Kalidupa, Tukang Besi Island (S.E. of Celebes) T. l. pap~tensis Hartert New Guinea T. l. ? oustaleti (Hartlaub) Viti Leon, Fiji Islands T. l. amauronota (Cabanis) Fiji Islands Fiji birds preserved in the British Museum are inseparable from the Philippine specimens.

T. l. chinensis 1 Hartert .

South China This race (wing, 348-362; tail, I30-I35) shows a much stronger brownish yellow throughout when compared with the Philippine race.

T. l. walleri 2 (Diggles) . . North Australia The closest related species in the Australian region is T. novtehollandite (Stephens), with. a much finer and broken-up black pattern.

European and Indian Barn Owl, Tyto alba, is a near relative in the northern countries.

Order PSITTACIFORMES 3 Lories, Cockatoos and Parrots Bill short, extremely strong; upper mandible movable, cered and strongly hooked as in the birds of prey; toes four, the outer toe permanently reversed; tarsus short and stout, covered with small scales. Eggs pure white, seldom with any gloss, oval, or rarely spheroidal; deposited in hollow trees.

Families (A) Hook of bill underneath nearly smooth or with very superficial longitudinal ridges, but with no distinct file-like surface.

LORIIDlE, p. 75.

(B) Hook of bill underneath with a series of transverse ridges Strix pithecops Swinhoe (Ibis, I866, p. 396) is described from China.

Fig. Gould, "Bds. AustraL," Suppl. pI. i.; Mathews, "Bds. Austral.," V., pI. 273.

3 Hachisuka, " Les Perroquets: Notes sur les oiseaux des Philippines," L 'Oiseau, Rev. Franc;. d'Ornith., new ser., ii., NO.3, p. 4I7, 1932.

1

2

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE.

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 8.

Triohoglossus johnsfonire Hartert.

MfB. Johnstone's Lorikeet

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

75

more or less bent along the median line, and producing a file-like surface. (a) 1 Head crested; plumage nearly all white.

KAKATCEIDiE, p. 76. (b) 2 Head without crest; plumage nearly all green, or green and blue, never white.

PSITTACIDiE, p. 7B.

Family LORIIDÂŁ Bill much compressed, generally longer than deep, not notched and smooth; culmen rounded and narrow; lower mandible rather long, with the gonys narrow, straight and obliquely slanting upward, not flattened in front and with no keel-like ridge; upper mandible with no file-like surface on the under surface of the hook; tongue brushy ; cere broader over the culmen and gradually becoming narrower along the sides of the bill. Wing acute, with the first three quills generally the longest. In the single Philippine species the forehead is dark rosy red.

Genus TRICHOGLOSSUS

Stephens in Shaw's" Gen. Zoo1.," xiv., p. 12g, 1826, ex Vigors and Horsfield, Zool. Journ., ii., p. 281, July 1825, nude name. Type (by subsequent designation, Lesson, " Man. d'Orn.," ii., p. 147, 1828): T. hcematodtts = T. hamatopus Stephens = Psittaws moluccanus Gmelin.

Characters same as those given for the family.

245. Trichoglossus johnstonice Mrs. Johnstone's Lorikeet (Plate B) Trichoglossus johnstonice Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv., p. 10, Ig03 : Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type, male, April Ig03, collected by W. Goodfellow, Lord Rothschild coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Hartert, Nov. Zool., xiii., p. 755, Ig06.

A vic. Mag., iv., p. 83, col. pl., Ig06.

Hachisuka, Rev. Fran~. d'Ornith., i., new ser., NO¡7, p. S8g, Ig32.

Native Name.-Lish-lish.

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo, between Todaya (3500 ft.) to near the edge of the virgin forest (Booo ft.), and Lanao district).

Description.-Forehead dark rosy red, in the male obscured by greenish tips to the feathers; narrow loral line and broad line from the eyes backward, meeting (in the female indistinctly) on the nape, dark brownish purple; rest of crown and whole upper surface grassgreen, the inner webs of remiges and first primary on both webs black,

76

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

ail, with the exception of the first three, with a large sulphur-yellow patch in the middle of inner webs; feathers round the mandible to ear-coverts dark rose-red, those towards the ear-coverts with yellowish green tips; feathers of under surface dull sulphur-yellow, with grey bases and broad green tips; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts more greenish yellow, the green tips less distinct; under wing-coverts yellowish green, those near edge of wing dark green and some of the longest ones pale yellow; tail from below greenish brownish yellow.

Bill yellowish red.

Wing, 106-108; tail, 71-74; bill from cere to tip, male, 14'5, female, 12; metatarsus, about 13; middle toe with claw, 23.

General Notes.-A full account of the discovery, habits and avicultural notes of this bird appears (ante, 1.) on pp. 42-45. A single specimen from Lanao, North Mindanao, in my collection does not seem to show any appreciable difference as to subspecies from the specimens from Mt. Apo. Allied Species and their Range.-The family Loriidre is a typical Australasian one, and the occurrence of its members in the highlands of Mindanao proves an interesting problem in the question of zoogeography. The species included in this family are mostly mediumsized, and in coloration are a vivid green, red, blue and yellow. On the other hand, the smaller species are mostly green, yellow and partly reddish. Several genera have been grouped according to their colour pattern.

T. johnstonice is a well-defined species, and the nearest species is probably T. flavoviridis meyeri.l Walden, from Celebes, and T. /. flavoviridis Wallace from Sula Islands.

T. johnstonice and T. f. meyeri are similarly coloured, the latter having the head yellow, with heavy black scale-like markings on each feather.

Family KAKA TffiIDJE Bill very strong; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate; lower mandible with the lower face wide and slightly rounded; a large unfeathered space about the eye; head crested; tail moderate and square; plumage nearly all white.

Genus DUCORPSIUS

Bonaparte, Compte Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, xliv., p. 534, 1857. Type (by tautonymy): Ducorpsius typus= Cacatus ducorpsii Pucheran.

Characters same as those given for the family.

1

Fig. Tmns. Zool. Soc., viii., pI. 4, 1874.

ai UJ

f«

...J

0..

!

~

i ~ l:'

.

....:

Q

...J

,~ ::J j :2

0

> vi

0

z

« ...J ~ ILl

z

~

~ u:i --i ci

ti~ ",

0~~ - c3 Q)",

~I'~

"

<>.

ti · ~

;::"='

0..

0..

]Q:

...J

":1

1:

'~I~

0..

ILl

1: fIL.

a

III

0 0: II]

~I

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

77

246. Ducorpsius hcematuropygius hcematuropygius Philippine Cockatoo (Plate 9) Psittacns hcematuropygius P. L. S. Miiller, "Natursyst.," Suppl., p. 77, 1776: Luzon.

Hartert, Nov. Zool., xiii., p. 756, 1906.

Native Names.-Ca-ta-la, Manila; a-bu'-cay, Ticao and Bohol; ca-lang'-ai, Lubang.

Distribution.-Balabac, Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Calamianes, Cebu, Guimaras, Lapac, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Nipa, Palawan, Panaon, Panay, Samar, Siasi, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao.

Description.-White; under tail-coverts vermilion edged with white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices sulphur-yellow, much deeper on the latter and in some specimens tinged with red. The earcoverts are usually tinged with vermilion and the bases of the crestfeathers are suffused with sulphur-yellow, but both of these characters are variable. Iris (male), dark brown or black; (female), blood-red, sometimes brown; naked skin round eyes creamy white; bill dirty white; legs and nails bluish.

Wing, 210-215; tail, II2-IIS; culmen from cere, 25-27; tarsus, 19-20; middle toe with claw, 38.

General NoteS.-The "catala" is usually met with in small flocks, either in forest or fields; its presence is proclaimed by its conspicuous white plumage and harsh note.

In the island of Ticao, McGregor observed this species nesting in holes in dead trees, and secured young birds, which resemble the adult.

Bourns and Worcester took nestlings in Masbate in May. They feed on the Indian corn, to the detriment o~ the agriculturist, and are often kept by the natives as a pet.

247. Ducorpsius hcematuropygius mcgregon Polillo Cockatoo Kakatm hcematuropygia mcgregori Hachisuka, Contrib.' Bds. Philip., No. ii., p. 157, 1930: Polillo (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-polillo.

Description.-The present subspecies of the Cockatoo can be distinguished from the typical race by its large size, measuring-wing, 225; tail, rr6; culmen, 29.

General NoteS.-The type specimen (male) was collected by McGregor on 29th September 1909. Most of the endemic birds from

78

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

this island run to a large size. Tanygnathus mulleri jreeri is another example among the Parrots.

Allied Species and their Range.-This genus includes species which have the least-developed crest (except D. sanguineus) and almost entirely pure white plumage (except D. roseicapillus).

D. goffini (Finsch) .

Tenimber

This is the nearest to the Philippine species, but has no red on the under tail-coverts.

D. ducorpsii

1

(Pucheran)

D. sanguineus 2 (Gould) .

D. roseicapillus (Vieillot)

. Solomon Islands Australia Australia generally, but not coastal except as a rare visitor, as in Tasmania

Family PSITTACID.tE

Bill with a series of transverse ridges under the hook; head uncrested; colours green and blue, or green, blue and red, never white.

Genera (A) 1 Larger; length more than 250 mm.; wmg more than 125 mm. (b) 1 Smaller; wing about 150 mm. ; middle pair of rectri~es elongated and racket-tipped.

PRIONITURUS, p. 78. (b) 2 Larger; wing about 200 mm.; rectrices graduated.

TANYGNATHUS, p. 8S. (A) 2 Smaller; length less than IgO mm. ; wing less than IIS mm. (b) 1 Larger; bill heavier; culmen exceeding width of bill but little.

BOLBOPSITTACUS, p. go. (b) 2 Smaller; bill more slender; culmen twice the width of bill.

LORICULUS, p. g2.

Genus PRIONITURUS Wagler, ., Abhandl. Ak. Wissen. Munch.," i. (Mongr. Psitt.), p. 490, r832. Type (by monotypy): Psittacus platurus Vieillot.

Bill moderate, edge of upper mandible nicked; tail moderate; rectrices equal except middle pair, which are nearly twice as long as the others and racket-tipped, colours blue, green and greenish yellow; Fig. Gould. "Bds. New Guinea," Fig. Gould, " Bds. New Guinea," " Bds. Austral.," V., pI. 289.

1

V.,

2

V.,

pI. 47. pI. 46, and" AustraL,"

V.,

pI. 3; Mathews,

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

79

in two species the male has a red crown-patch. Rectrices below verditer-blue; inner web of remiges below with a wide edge of verditerblue; first primary above edged with blue on outer web.

248. Prioniturus luconensis Luzon Racket-tailed Parrakeet (Plate 10)

Prioniturus L~tconensis Steere, p. 6, r890: Batan, Luzon.

tt

List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.,"

Distri bution.-Luzon, Marinduque.

Description.-General colour bright yellow-green, very slightly darker on back and rump; alula, primaries and coverts dark green; short rectrices green above with wide dark tips; spatules black and dark blue. Iris dark brown; bill and feet light blue; nails horn-blue.

Wing, 140-143; tail without rackets, 67-73; culmen from cere, 17- 18; tarsus, 13-14; middle toe with claw, 24.

I mmature.-Differs from the adult in having the middle tailfeathers with the shaft not naked, and with no developed spatula, although the webs become narrower before the end; the tips of the two middle tail-feathers are blue; the lateral tail-feathers have, towards the end, less blue than in the adult bird.

General Notes.-This beautiful species is common about the foot of Monte Arayat, in central Luzon. Also in north Luzon it is abundant in the maize-fields, feeding on the flower at the top of the plant.

Specimens are rare among museum collections.

249. Prioniturus discurus discurus Philippine Racket- tailed Parrakeet

PsittaC1ts discurus Vieillot, tt Gal. des. Ois.," i., p. 7, pI. 26, previous to r823: Luzon.

Hartert, Nov. Zool., xiii., p. 756, r906.

Native Names.-Pa-le'-ta, Manila; ma-na'-guin, Ticao; ca-gak', Bohol.

Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Catanduanes, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Sibuyan, Tablas.

Description.-General colour green; vertex verditer-blue, changing with the light; rest of head, neck and face bright grass-green; rest of upper parts and wings dark green; below uniform yellowish green; spatules black, sometimes tinged with green or with blue; short rectrices blue along shaft, bordered with green and tipped with black.

80

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Sexes alike. Iris dark; cere very dark blue; bill light horn-blue; feet and nails darker blue.

Wing, 155-160; tail without rackets, 76-85; culmen from cere, 21-23; tarsus, 15-17; middle toe with claw, 28.

General NoteS.-The above is a common and widely spread species.

P. discurus, as well as the other species of the genus, is usually met with in the forest or in fruit-trees in the open where it has gone to feed.

At certain seasons it frequents the mangrove swamps. All the Philippine species are birds of very rapid flight and scream constantly when on the wing; they usually fly in small flocks. In the forest they make the most of their protective colouring, and one may pass within ten feet of one without seeing it.

The Sibuyan birds are slightly larger and have a light yellowi hgreen area on back.

250.

Prioniturus discurus platence

Blue Racket-tailed Parrakeet (Plate 10) Prionit~trus platena; Blasius, " Braunschweig, Anz.," No. 37, xii., p. 335, February 1888: Palawan (type in Platen coli., in Brunswick Museum).

Prioniturus cyaneiceps Sharpe, Ibis, r888, p. 194: Palawan (type in Lord Rothschild coli., in the American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan.

Description.-All of head, neck and under parts bright verditerblue; a little duller below, where the feathers are yellowish at base-this when the specimen is held towards the light, away from the light the blue parts become light bluish green; under tail-coverts bright greenish yellow and tipped with green; wings, back and rump grass-green; tail-spatules black touched with green; short rectrices green, deep blue along the shaft, tip black. Bill bluish white; legs blackish.

Wing, 150; tail without rackets, 77; culmen from front margin of cere, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 26.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the blue restricted to top and sides of head, and in having the lower parts uniform light green, with traces of blue; under tail-coverts deeper yellow than in the male.

Y oung.-Green, with no verditer-blue shade on the head and neck; greater wing-coverts and secondaries edged with yellowish green; under parts yellowish green; under tail-coverts yellow washed with greenish; middle tail-feathers longer than the lateral ones, narrow towards the point and entirely webbed.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 25I.

8r

Prioniturus discurus mindorensis

Mindoro Racket-tailed Parrakeet (Plate 10) PriollitllYits ~ltIindorensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams., Steere Exped.," p. 6, 1890: Mindoro (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distri bution.-Mindoro.

Description.-Most nearly related to P. d. discurus, but distinguished by the crown-patch, which in P. d. mindorensis is blue with a slight violet tinge, and is sharply defined in front against the green forehead; the bill is larger and the rackets are never so long as in adult specimens of the typical bird.

Wing, 165; tail without rackets, go; culmen from front margin of cere, 22; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 27.

The female is similar to the female of P. d. discurus, but often with traces of the violet crown-patch. Iris light straw-yellow, nearly white; legs, feet and nails light leaden; bill pale horn-colour.

Wing, 160; tail without rackets, go; culmen from front margin of cere, 21; tarsus, 1'5; middle toe with claw, 30-32.

Prio<1{iturus discurus waterstradti Waterstradt's Racket-tailed Parrakeet

252.

Prionitur2ls waterstradti Rothschild, B~tll. Brit. Orn. Chtb, xiv., p. 72, 1904: Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type in Lord Rothschild coil., American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Hartert, Nov. Zool., xiii., p. 756, 1906.

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo).

DescriptiOn.-Forehead to the eyes pale blue, the feathers being green at base; lores and sides of face greenish blue; sinciput and nape grass-green; scapulars and back green with a slight brownish tinge; rump light greenish brown; wings outwardly bright green, inner webs of remiges blackish from above, pale bluish from below; upper wing-coverts grass-green, slightly tinged with blue near bend of wing; rectrices bright green from above, bluish from below, tipped with dull black for about 12-14 mm., the central pair quite green except the shaft and spatules, which are dull black; entire under surface uniform yellowish green. Bill (in skin) whitish, with leaden-gr,ey base; feet dark grey. Iris greyish brown.

Wing, 152-157; tail about 66, with lengthened central pair, 120-140; culmen from cere, 22; tarsus, 15-17; middle toe with claw,2g.

General Notes.-Present race is found on the range of Mt. Apo, above 6000 feet in the virgin forest. I have come across a small II.-F

82

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

flock at the shore of Lake Faggamb, where they were very abundant.

They are very noisy and hard to approach, but in one case I saw a bird sitting quietly within twenty feet.

253. Prioniturus discurus malindangensis Malindang Racket-tailed Parrakee t Prioniturus malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. M ,tts., xxxvi., p. 437, IgOg: Mt. Malindang, Mindanao (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distribution.-Mt. Malindang in Mindanao.

Description.-Female.-Upper parts green, with slight touches of bluish on forehead and a light greenish brown rump as in P. d. wate1'stradti; wings bright green above, with concealed inner webs blackish and outer webs narrowly edged with yellow; edge of wing yellow; rectrices green above tipped with dull black, beryl-green on under side, the shafts and spatules of the central pair dull black, with webs all green to the naked shafts; entire under parts golden green; axillars and lining of wings oil-green; under side of primaries dull black, broadly bordered on the inner webs with beryl-green. Iris dark brown; bill pale horn-colour, faintly plumbeous at base and tip of mandibles; feet and claws plumbeous.

Wing, 153; tail, 79 (to end of lengthened central pair, 126); culmen from cere, 20; tarsus, I6; middle toe with claw, 25.

General Notes.-Closely related to P. d. waterst1'adti from Mt. Apo. south-eastern Mindanao, from which it may be distinguished by its much yellower colouring of under side, greener, less brownish back and scapulars, longer tail, but much shorter naked shafts to the central pair of feathers.

254. Prioniturus discurus suluensis 8ulu Racket-tailed Parrakeet Prioniturus discur'Ms sululnsis Blasius, Jo~trn. jur Orn., I8go, p. I40 ~ Sulu (type in Brunswick Museum).

Grant, Ibis, I8g5, p. 263.

Distribution.-Sulu.

Description.-The present race can easily be distinguished from the typical form by having more of the blue colour on the crown, the iores are bluish-green, on the nape and upper part of the back there Is a very distinct olive patch, of the same colour as the under parts, and also by its larger size.

Wing, 163-165; central tail, 165; lateral tail-feathers, 76 ; culmen, 23; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 30.

Birds oj the Philippine I slands, VoL. II ., Plate 10 .

d

e

j

HE,ADS OF RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEETS. (a) Pri01dturus lUGonensis; lb) P. discurus 7l l atenre; (e) P.d . minaorensis; (d) P. tlavicans vertiealis; (el P./. montanus; (I) TAIL FEATHERS OF P. luconensis .

(ALL NATURAL SIZEI .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

255. Prioniturus flavicans montanus Luzon Crimson-spotted Racket-tailed Parrakeet (Plate 10) Prionitunts montamts Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iv., p. 41, 1895: Mt. Data, Lepanto, N. Luzon (type, male, 22nd January 1895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 397.

Native Name.-U-lis', Benguet, Igorot.

Distribution.-Mountains of Luzon.

Description.-Male.-Forehead, lores and face blue, bases of the feathers mostly green; a large red spot on vertex surrounded by blue; hind head, neck and sides of neck grass-green; mantle, back and rump duller and more yellowish green; wings, upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices grass-green; lower parts green, slightly yellowish. Iris grey or dark brown; bill, legs and nails light horn-blue.

Wing, 164-166; tail without rackets, 84-85; culmen from cere, 20-21; tarsus, 15-16; middle toe with claw, 27.

F emale.-Much like male, but red and blue of head and face replaced by dark green; a slight trace of blue on forehead and round eyes. Colour of soft parts as in the male. Differs from the female of P. j. verticalis in having the head duJ.] grass-green, the forehead, lores, sides of crown and feathers round the eyes being washed with blue.

The under parts are like those of the male and never yellow-green as in the female P. j. verticalis.

Wing, 158; tail without rackets, 83; culmen from cere, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 33.

The immature birds of each sex resemble the adult female.

General Notes.-This species was discovered by Whitehead in the mountains of Abra and Lepanto provinces, and is very noisy and does not differ in habits from lowland members of this genus. A number of specimens were collected in Benguet province, where it is not uncommon but somewhat difficult to secure. They do not appear to occur below the pine-belt of the mountains.

256. Prioniturus flavicans verticalis Everett's Racket-tailed Parrakeet (Plate 10) Prioniturus verticalis Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iii., p. 10, 1893: Sibutu (type, fema.le, July 1893, in British Museum).

(Fig. Ibis, 1891, p. 248, pI. vi.)

DistributiOn.-Bongao, Sibutu, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Male.-Crown light blue with a small scarlet patch in the centre; forehead, nape and sides of head grass-green; neck and sides of neck yellowish green; remainder of upper parts, including

84

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, dark grass-green; lower parts greenish yellow; breast clearer yellow; abdomen, flanks and crissum more greenish. \Ving, .180; tail with rackets, 150; culmen from front margin of cere, 21; tarsus, 20-21; middle toe with claw, 29.

F emale.-Differs from the male in being emerald-green all over and lacking the verditer-blue, and the scarlet spot on the head. Iris varies from pale yellow to hazel; legs and feet grey; nails grey to black; bill grey to white.

Wing, 165; tail, 96; culmen, 21; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28 . . General Notes.-This species is the finest representative of its genus; it is found in deep forest and is especially abundant in the high mangrove-trees south of Tataan.

Allied Species and their Range.-The Racket-tailed Parrakeets are distributed in the Philippines, Celebes, Talaut and Buru Islands, showing a close geographical affinity between the Celebes and Moluccas to the Philippines.

I herewith give a list of all the species and their races: P. luconensis Steere Mountains of central Luzon and Marinduque This is the nearest species to the following, and can readily be distinguished by its uniform paler green colour and small size.

P. discurus discurus (Vieillot) Many islands of the Philippines P. d. platence Blasius Palawan P. d. mindorensis Steere Mindoro P. d. suluensis Blasius Sulu P. d. waterstradti Rothschild Mindanao P. d. malindangensis Mearns Mindanao All the above races have bluish heads, and the species is confined to the Philippines.

P. flavicans flavicans 1 Cassin Celebes, Togian and Sangi Islands P. f. montanus Grant Luzon P. f. verticalis Sharpe . Sulu P. f. vertÂŁcalis has less red on the head when compared with the two other races; but the birds from Luzon and Celebes are very closely related.

P. platurus platurus 2 (Vieillot) Celebes, Togian, Siao and Buton Islands Talaut Island P. p. talautensis Hartert Fig. Gould, " Bds. Asia," vi., pI. 13.

Fig. Gould, "Bds. Asia," vi., pI. 12; Avic. Mag., i., No. NO.3, p. 61, 1931.

1

2

II,

p. 345, 1903; ix.,

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT The above species is nearest to P. flavicans, having different headmarkings and faint blue on the wing-coverts.

P. mada Hartert . . Bum The crown, nape, upper back and shoulder of this species are uniform blue.

Genus T ANYG NATHUS Wagler, " Abh. Ak. Wissen. Munch.," i. (" Mongr. Psittac."), p. 501, 1832.

Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1840, p. 52): Psittacus megalorhynchos Boddaert.

Bill very heavy and strongly curved; edge of mandible but slightly nicked; tail long ; rectrices graduated, about 25 mm. difference between longest feathers and shortest; colours green and yellowish green; wing-coverts variegated; length, 300 mm.

257.

Tanygnath~ts

lucionensis lucionensis

Philippine Green Parrot (Plate 9) Psittacus lucionensis Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," I2th ed., i., p. I46, 1766 ; Luzon.

Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 56!.

Native Name.-Pi-coy', Bohol and Ticao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Caluya, Cebu, Guimaras, Lapac, Leyte, Luzon, Mrestre de Campo, Malanipa, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, Ticao, Verde.

Description.-Forehead, lores and sides of face grass-green, connecting with the grass-green collar of hind neck; crown and occiput bright blue; rest of upper parts green, yellowish on the mantle, and more or less mixed with light blue on the back; below yellowish green, becoming clear green on abdomen and under tail-coverts; primaries blackish on inner web, dark green on outer web, tips of shorter ones blue; secondaries mostly blue, with light green edges; tertials green with blue tips; alula and primary-coverts dark blue, black along the shafts, and more or less washed with green; distal greater and median coverts bright blue, with yellow-green margins; proximal greater and median coverts with the middle black, surrounded by a narrow line of bright blue followed by a wide edge of old-gold; lesser-coverts black, some of the proximal ones bordered with blue and old-gold; tail grass-green above, dark golden yellow below. Iris very pale straw, a narrow inner ring of darker yellow; upper mandible bright scarlet

86

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

except tip, which like the lower mandible is dull yellow; cere black; legs dull green; nails dark horn.

Specimens from different parts of the archipelago vary greatly in measurements and colours. The sexes do not differ except that the female is a little smaller.

M ale.-Wing, 195; tail, 132; culmen from cere, 33; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 29.

F emale.-Wing, 187; tail, 126; culmen from cere, 28; tarsus, 18 ; middle toe with claw, 35.

Y oung.-Differs from the adult in having little or no blue on the head and face, which are green; back mostly sky-blue; blue of wings and coverts largely replaced by green, the coverts bordered with light yellowish green.

General Notes.-The Philippine Green Parrot is the common cagebird of the natives, who have doubtless aided in its dispersal. It occurs in deep forest, but is also very common in the open, especially about dead trees, where it nests in natural cavities, or in deserted holes of the large-sized Woodpeckers.

Specimens from Cebu and Guimaras appear to have a bluish face instead of green.

258. Tanygnathus lucionensis paraguenus Palawan Green Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensÂŁs paragu,enus Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 160, 1930: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, female, 14th December 1905, in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Palawan.

Description.-The present race can be distinguished from the typical Green Parrot by its smaller size, measuring-wing, 177; tail, 123; culmen, 30.

General Notes.-A specimen of the present race was collected

by J. B. Bell (British Museum) from Lawas river, N.E. Borneo.

259. Tanygnathus lucionensis koikei Koike's Green Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis koikei Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 160, I930: Samal Is., Davao Province, Mindanao (type in Hachisuka collection, Tokyo).

Distribution.-Bohol, Mindanao.

Description.-The present race has the upper parts much darker and hasno yellow wash when compared with the typical race, this is especially noticeable on the rump. Wing-coverts have blacker portions on each

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT feather, and the brownish yellow edge is also more pronounced in the older birds. Cere black; nasal aperture round. This bird is intermediate between the typical race and T. l. horrisonus from Maratua Island. In size it is smaller than T. l. paraguenus.

Wing, 160-166; tail, IOO- IIO. The type specimen is a female measuring-wing, 165; tail, 105; culmen, 27. Collected by Mr. I\. Koike of Davao, on loth March 1929.

General Notes.-It is a common bird in the open and wooded country in Mindanao, but my party failed to find it on Mt. Apo. 260.

Tanygnathus lucionensis moro, subsp. nov.

8ulu Green Parrot

Type, Sulu, collected by Burbidge, in British Museum.

Distribution.-Sulu, Sibutu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-The present raoe can be distinguished by the shade of green being paler, especially noticeable on the upper back and the tail-coverts.

The measurements also are larger-wing, 2II- 216; tail, 130140; culmen, 36-37; tarsus, 21- 23; middle toe with claw, 34.

General Notes.-It 's interesting to find that the two species of Tanygnathus-viz. l1,tcionensis and mulleri-from Sulu are paler and run to a larger size than their allies in other islands of the Philippines.

Such characteristics are seldom found among other resident Sulu birds.

Allied Fonus and their Range.-The following races are found outside the Philippines. It is strange to relate that T. lucionensz's is not found in Celebes.

Lawas river,! N.E. Borneo T. l. paraguenus Hachisuka Maratua Is., off Borneo T. l. horrisonus Bangs and Peters Mantanani Is., off Borneo T. l. salvadorii 2 Grant Sangi and Talaut Islands T. l. talautensis Meyer and Wiglesworth 261.

Tanygnathus mulleri everetti

Everett's Blue-backed Parrot Tanygnathus eve,'etti Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag. N at. Hist., ser. 4, XX., p. 533, 1877: Butuan, Mindanao (type, female, May 1877, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XX., pI. X., I8gr.)

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Panay.

Description.-General colour green; entire head and neck grassgreen, the neck with a yellow tinge; mantle grass-green, each feather 1 Chasen informs me the Lawas river birds are in all probability specimens in captivity.

2 The variation ofthis race is discussed by Kloss, B~,ll . Raffles JlIl u.s. , NO.4, p. 122, 1930.

88

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

edged with dark blue; back and rump dark blue; tail-coverts green, some of them edged with blue; wings green, some of the smaller coverts edged with yellowish green; under parts green, some feathers on abdomen and sides of breast slightly edged with blue; tail-feathers above green with yellowish tips, below golden yellow. Bill bright rosy red in the male, creamy white in the female; feet dull olive-brown; iris, orange in both sexes.

Wing, I95-I96; tail, I36-I38; culmen from cere, 3I; tarsus, 20-2I; middle toe with claw, 40.

The female is like the male but has the bill creamy white.

General Notes.-Whitehead remarks that this Parrot may prove to have a much wider distribution in the Philippines than is at present known, his discovery of the present species in north Luzon being a mere chance. It has been discovered on Mt. Canloan, Negros.

262. Tanygnathus mulleri freeri Freer's Blue-backed Parrot Tanignathus jreeri McGregor, Pha. Journ. Sci., v., No.2, p. 108, I9IO : Polillo (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-PolilI0.

Description.-Similar to T. m. everetti but much larger; wing and tail much longer; blue on the back lighter; green of the crown ligh ter; a distinct yellow collar on the hind neck.

Male .-Wing, 235; tail, I70; chord of culmen from front of cere, 37; bill from nostril, 36; tarsus, I8. Upper mandible bright red, light yellow near the tip; lower mandible light orange-yellow; feet black.

F emale.-Wing, 230; tail, I65; chord of culmen from anterior margin of cere, 35; bill from nostril, 35; tarsus, 20. Bill white; iris bright red; legs and feet dirty pale blue; nails horn-grey.

263. Tanygnathus mulleri b1;trbidgei Burbidge's Blue-backed Parrot Tanygnathus burbidgei Sharpe, Proc . Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 313: Sulu (type, Burbidge coil., in British Museum).

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XX . , pI. xi., I891.)

Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Dark green; head and neck bright yellowish green; lower back and uropygium deep turquoise-blue; upper 'wing-coverts with very narrow yellowish green edges; tail above dark green, underneath dull golden-olive. Iris red; bill vermilion; tarsus dull olive-brown.

Wing, 223; tail, I57; culmen, 38; tarsus, I9; middle toe with claw, 48.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

89

Young.-A little smaller than the adult, the head somewhat darker and the bill whitish.

General Notes.-This is a very distinct subspecies, resembling T. 111,. everetti but much larger, and with the head lighter than the body and no blue edgings to the feathers of the interscapular region.

It is common in Sulu, but very shy, and appears to be shot-proof. It is found in deep forest and in fruit-trees in the open, and is readily distinguished from T. t. lucionensis by its cry alone.

Allied Forms and their Range: T. 1n. mulleri (S. Mtiller) T. m. sangirensis Meyer and Wiglesworth

Celebes Sangi, Talaut Is.

264. Tanygnathus megalorhynchos (? subsp.)

Large-billed Parrot (Plate II) PsittaC1fs megalorhynchos Boddaert, "TabI. PI. Enl.," p. 45, I783: New Guinea.

Distribution.-Balut Island, off Mindanao.

Description.-Green, underneath yellowish green; sides yellow; feathers of the interscapular region green edged with light blue; lower back and uropygium light blue; scapulars black edged with blue; quills and greater upper wing-coverts blue edged with green; smaller and median wing-coverts black, the latter edged with bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars yellow; tail above green with yellow tip, underneath golden yellow, duller towards the base.

Iris yellowish, with an outer ring white; bill coral-red; feet leadcolour. \Ving, 238-254; tail, I50-r6o; culmen, 45-5I; tarsus, 21. The female has the bill smaller than the male.

Y oung.-Scapulars and upper wing-coverts not so black and more greenish, and the yellow edges of the same paler.

General Notes.-There is a pure luteno specimen of this species preserved in the British Museum, the blue of the back is replaced by silvery white with a pink tinge.

Allied Forms and their Range.-The present species is widely distributed over the Moluccas to west New Guinea. About eight local races can be recognized, while it is the largest representative group of Green Parrots in the Philippine Islands. The only specimen I have examined is a live bird from Balut Island in my collection in Tokyo, and at the moment I am not able to settle the racial question, but the introduction of this race-through human agency-into the Philippines is suspected (ante, 1., p. 95).

90

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

T. m. 1negalorhynchos (Boddaert) T. m. aifinis Wallace

T. T. T. T. T. T.

m. morotensis Schlegel m. sumbensis Meyer . m. subaifinis Sclater . m. viridipennis Hartert m. floris Hartert m. dJampece Hartert .

New Guinea, west coast of Berau Pen., Western Papuan Islands Moluccas Morty Island Sumba Tenimber Group Tukang Besi Island South Flores . Djampea Island

Genus BOLBOPSITTACUS Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xx., p. 503, r8g!. Type (by original designation): B. lunulatus.

Bill short and very broad; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate but not toothed; the short, nearly equal, rectrices extend but little beyond the tail-coverts; colours green, yellow and blue; length, 140-165 mm.

The birds of this genus have a file-like surface of the distal portion of the palate; this shows very clearly that they do not belong to Cyclopsittacidce (d. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xx., p. 3, 1891).

This genus is confine'd to the Philippine Islands.

265. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus lunulatus Luzon Guaiabero

Psittacus lunulatus Scopoli, " Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," p. 86, r786 : Luzon.

Native Names.-Bo-bo'-toc, gua-ya-be'-ro, Luzon.

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Male.-General colour green, lighter below; lores, orbit, cheeks, a narrow line on forehead and a narrow collar on hind neck pale blue; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts light greenish yellow; the longest coverts clear green; primaries, primary-coverts and alula blue on the outer webs, inner webs black; ends of primaries more or less green; on under side of wing a pale yellowish band across inner webs of secondaries and shorter primaries; red rices green above, blue below. Iris brown; cere black; bill black with base white; legs dull green; nails horn-brown. In the female all of the lower mandible is dirty white.

Wing, 98; tail, 36; culmen from cere, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 25.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the lower parts lighter green; blue of head confined to feathers of lower cheeks overhanging

I1.!llP.2!!.si/f!!J!J!.ยง lunulatus mindanensi.9 (Steere).

Mindanao Guaiabero.

Mnlc (1, 2) Female (3)

2

BIRDS OF THE

John9a1> SvIti ~ [l111i"luon

1." L.;n,d,nn

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATEII.

Tapygnath.!Ls !!!J}galorhr.nohos (Boddaert).

Lorge-billed Parrot

PHILIPPINE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

91

chin on each side; a narrow ring of light green round eye; collar on hind neck yellow, each feather with two narrow crescentic lines of blackish green; lower back and rump green with blackish crescentic marks. Same size as the male.

The young male resembles the female.

266. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus intermedius Intermediate Guaiabero Bolbopsittacus intermedius Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xx., p. 505, pI. xiii., r89r: Samar (type, male, Cuming colI., in British Museum).

Bistribution.-Leyte, Samar.

Description.-ll!J.ale.-Similar to the male of B. t. lunulatus, from which it differs in having the face of a deeper blue with a purple tinge, and a blue collar on the lower part of the hind neck brighter and like that of B. 1. mindanensis; the under parts are of a deeper and brighter green than in the above-mentioned races. Bill black; feet greenish.

Wing, 99; tail, 33; culmen, 19; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 22.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the blue of the head confined to the throat, the cheeks being light green. Round the eye a ring of green lighter than that of the crown. The blue collar is replaced by an indistinct collar of faint orange-yellow. Rump only slightly lighter than back, and green, not yellow as in the male. Under surface slightly lighter and more yellowish. Thighs green instead of yellow. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light olive-green; nails black; bill blackish at tip, grey at base; cere black.

Wing, 95; tail, 35; culmen, 19; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20.

The young male is like the female but has less blue on sides of throat.

General Notes.-The food of this bird consists chiefly of guavas.

267. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus mindanensis Mindanao Guaiabero ('P late II) Cyclopsitta Mindanensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 6, r890: Ayala, Mindanao (type, male, 9th October, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Mindanao, Panaon.

Description.-Differs from that of B. 1. htnu1atus in having the cheeks green, the blue round the eyes separated by the green cheeks from the blue of the throat; the collar on the lower hind neck is of a brighter and deeper blue; the green of the head has a yellowish

92

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

tinge, contrasting with the purer green colour of the back. Iris dark brown; bill black, the base of the maxilla light grey; feet greenish.

Wing, 96-99; tail, 33; culmen, 18; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, ZOo The female is exactly similar to that of B. l. lunulatus.

V\Ting, 96; tail, 41; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 19.

General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester remark that on the few occasions when they met with this species it occurred in flocks. It is a common cage-bird in Mindanao, and is called" Guayabero," from its habit of eating guavas. I have seen numbers of them in the lowlands of Mindanao, but failed to find any cage-bird.

The present genus is confined to the Philippines and known only from one species. No other genus appears to be known which has any close relationship to the present genus. In classification the present genus comes next to the genus Psittacella Schlegel, which is confined to New Guinea.

Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1906, p. 494, writes: "IVI ale.-Iris brownish; bill grey at the base, black towards the tip, feet grey, slightly washed with pale green. " Female.-Iris brown; upper mandible grey at the base, shading into darker towards the tip, lower m ndible grey; feet grey."

Genus LORICULUS 1 Bonaparte, Cansp. Gen. Av., i., p. 6, 1850. Type (by monotypy) : Psittaclts galguhts Linnceus.

Length about 150 mm.; bill compressed; tail short, rectrices slightly graduated and extending a little beyond tail-coverts; general colour grass-green, more yellowish below; forehead, rump and upper tail-coverts scarlet; tail green above, blue below; under surface of primaries black, widely edged with blue on inner webs; adult males with a large oval scarlet spot on throat and breast; bases of the feathers yellow; adult females and immature males with blue cheeks; young in first plumage with scarlet rump and tail-coverts, but neither blue nor red on head.

268. Loriculus philippensis philippensis Luzon Hanging Parrakeet (or Colasisi) Psittacus philippens1;s Muller, " Syst. Nat.," Suppl., p. 80, 1776: Manila.

Native Name.-Co-la-si-si, Manila . .Distribution.-Banton, Catanduanes, Luzon, Marinduque, Polillo.

1 The name Loricu,la was given to a member of Hemiptera in 1833. If the name Loriculus is rejected, then Coryllis (1868) must be used.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

93

Description.-Male.-Forehead red, bordered behind by a narrow line of yellow; crown faintly tinged with yellow; a narrow golden orange band or spot on nape.

Wing, 92; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 15; tarsus, 12-13 ; middle toe with claw, 21.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the cheeks blue and under parts yellowish green, with no red breast-patch.

Wing, 93; tail, 45; culmen from cere, 13; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 26.

General NoteS.-The habits of the Philippine representatives of this genus agree so closely that a description of one subspecies will suffice for all. These birds are common in the deep forests of the wilder islands, but are most readily observed and easily obtained in the coconut groves near and in the native villages, where they feed on the young blossoms and drink the" tuba." The latter article of diet is the palm juice, which the natives obtain by cutting off the blossom stalks of the coconut-trees and fitting a joint of bamboo over the cut ends.

The birds of this genus are inordinately fond of this juice. They are the commonest cage-birds of the islands, and are frequently carried by the natives from place to place. The various native names-" colasisi," " cucci," " culanci "-are all attempts to imitate the note. They have the peculiar undulating flight of Woodpeckers, and give their shrill whistle at frequent intervals when on the wing. Usually very shy in the woods, but exceedingly bold in the coconut groves, and rarely seen in flocks.

269. Loriculus philippensis mindorensis Mindoro Hanging Parrakeet (Plate 12) Loriculus Mindorensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.,"

r8go, p. 6: Calapan, Mindoro (type, male 26th May r888, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Native Name.-Co-la-si-si, Mindoro.

Distribution.-Mindoro.

Description.-Male.-Red of forehead sharply defined against the bright green of crown; no yellow band on nape, or with a faintly indicated spot. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange to dirty yellow; nails nearly black; bill scarlet, black at tip.

Wing, 99; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 15; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20.

Female.-Similar to the male, but cheeks slightly blue, throat and breast yellow.

Wing, 97; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 14; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 20.

94

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

General Notes.-This subspecies is abundant both in the forest of the interior and in the coconut groves along the coast.

270.

Loriculus philippensis bournsi Bourns's Hanging Parrakeet

Loricul~ts bo~trnsi McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laborat. Manila, xxv., p. 16, 1905: Sibuyan Is. (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Romblon, Sibuyan, Tablas.

Description.-Male.-Similar to L. p. panayensis, but the yellow patch on crovvn much smaller.

F emale.-Similar to the female of L. p. regulus.

Wing, 97; tail, 46; culmen from front margin of cere, 14.

27I.

Loriculus philippensis panayensis, Panay Hanging Parrakeet

Loriculus panayensis Tweeddale, ÂŤ Challenger Report," 2, Zool., pt. 8, pI. I, 1881: Ilo-Ilo, Panay (type, male, Challenger Exped., in British Museum).

Native Name.-C6-si, Ticao and Masbate.

Distribution.-Panay, Masbate, Ticao.

Description.-Male.-Similar to L. p. 1'egulus, but the amount of gold on the head much more restricted and the red feathers on the hind neck not so broad.

M ale.-Wing, 87; tail, 43; culmen from cere, I2; tarsus, IO; middle toe with claw, IS. F emale.-Differs in lacking the reddish throat-patch, and on the crown of the head the yellow colour is not so predominant.

F emale.-Wing, 92; tail, 45; culmen from cere, I2; tarsus, I2; middle toe with claw, I7.

General Notes.-This parrakeet is very abundant in all the islands, especially in Masbate.

272.

Loriculus philippensis regulus

Central Island Hanging Parrakeet (Plate

I2)

L01'ic'ttlus reg'ttlus Souance, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, p. 222. Type locality unknown. I designate Negros (type specimen in British Museum).

Distribution.-Guimaras, Negros.

Description.-Male.-A wide band of golden yellow across vertex,

touching the scarlet forehead; a narrow band of golden orange on

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

95

GRADATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS SUBSPECIES OF LORICULUS PH1LlP PENSIS

THROUGH THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

philippensis LU30n ,.. 3

mindorensis Mindoro 1

I

bour nSI Tablas -Ro mblon-Si buyan 11

+----,I

.

panayensis Pana y- Masbate-Ticao 10

I

regulus Neg ros-Guimara 5 .

9

t

+

worcesteri Bohol- Leyte-Samar 4

I

chryson otus

Cebu

~

r

siguij orensis Siq ulJor

~

2

"

doher tyi Bastian

bonapartei

Sulu

,.....--- 6

apicalis Mindanao

...----5

I'

--4(:--------1.

.....

7.....,(~--

1-2. Head red without yellow.

3-7. Golden wash on hind neck and upper back, more intensified towards south .

8. Greater amount of gold than red on head. g-II. Crown with distinct golden cap, reddish yellow ring on the hind neck similar to 3.

96

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

nape; mantle and back grass-green. Iris brown; legs and feet orange to brown or yellow; nails nearly black; bill deep orange-red to brownish red.

Wing, 93; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 16; tarsus, n¡s; middle toe with claw, 19.

Female.-Vertex green tinged with yellow; a narrow band of golden orange on nape; cheeks tinged with light blue; throat and breast yellowish green.

Wing, 93; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 14; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 18.

General Notes.-This bird is exceedingly abundant in the central Philippines.

273. Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus Cebu Hanging Parrakeet (Plate 12) Loricul1'('S chrysonot~~s Sclater, Ibis, 1872, p. 324, pI. male, E. Bartlett, in British Museum).

II:

Cebu (type,

Native Name.-Co-lan'-si, Toledo, Cebu.

Distribution.-Cebu.

Description.-Male.-General colour green, underneath yellowish green; forehead, rump and upper tail-coverts red; vertex, occiput, nape and upper back golden yellow; an obsolete spot in the middle of the nape, also the upper back, tinged with orange; cheeks, sides of head and of neck grass-green; a large patch 011 the throat orange-red, the yellow colour of the base of the feathers showing through; sides of the lower back tinged with blue; quills and tail above dark green; inner webs of the quills and tail beneath blue; tail-feathers tipped with light green; brown. Iris and bill orange-red; feet orange.

Wing, 99; tail, SI ~ culmen, IS; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 19. .

F emale.-Differs from the male in having the anterior part of the cheeks and throat tinged with blue; no red patch on the throat; the golden yellow tinge on the head and nape not so bright; the upper back, or interscapular region, green slightly washed with golden orange, and the blue tinge on the sides of the lower back paler.

General NoteS.-Bourns and Worcester write as follows: This was the only Loriculus which we failed to find abundantly in coconuttrees where the trees themselves were accessible. In 1888 several days of hard work in the great coconut groves near Carmen, Cebu, brought us but a single specimen. In 1893, however, we found it quite abundant in the woods near Toledo. It is possible that its disappearance from lC

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

97

the coconut groves of the east coast is due to the lack of suitable breeding-ground near by. The forest has been almost entirely cleared from the island, and the little which remains will soon be gone."

274. Loriculus philippensis worcesteri Worcester's Hanging Parrakeet Loriculus W orcesteri Steere, (( List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 6, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 3rd April, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Native Name.-Co-si, Bohol.

Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Samar.

Description.-NJale.-Entire forehead and crown red, tinged with orange on occiput, where it tapers to a point; back and mantle slightly tinged with yellow; red throat-patch much smaller than in L. p. Philippensis and L. p. mindorensis. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange; bill red; nails black.

Wing, 88; tail, '4-5; culmen from cere, 15; tarsus, I2; middle toe with claw, 19.

Female.-Top of head similar to that of the male; cheeks and upper throat light blue; throat and breast yellowish green.

Wing, 94; tail, 48; culmen from cere, I3; tarsus, I2; middle toe with claw, 21.

275. Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis Siquijor Hanging Parrakeet Loriculus Siquijorensis Steere, (( List Bds. and Mams. Steere. Exp~~.," p. 6, I890: Siquijor (type, male, 14th February, J. B. Steere, III BntIsh Museum).

Distribution.-Siquijor.

Description.-Male.-Forehead bright scarlet, ending sharply against the green of crown; no yellow on the head and no yellow neck-band; rump and upper tail-coverts dark poppy-red; red throat-patch small; all rectrices, except cenhal pair, tipped with light blue. Eyes brown; feet yellow; nails black; bill scarlet to orange.

Wing, IOO; tail, 55; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 21.

Female.-Similar to the male; red spot on forehead smaller, and sides of forehead, lores, cheeks, chin and upper throat sky-blue; no Ted on the breast.

Wing, IOO; tail, 55; culmen from base, I4; tarsus, I2; middle toe with claw, 20.

II.-G

98

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

y o~tng.-Resemble the adult female, but the red of forehead is much reduced and the red breast-patch is wanting in very young males.

General Notes.-The Siquijor Hanging Parakeet is a well-marked subspecies, which seems to be strictly confined to the little island of Siquijor. It is found in the coconut groves, fruit-trees and bamboo clumps, there being but little forest on this island. The female shows more blue about the head than that of any other Philippine species, having the cheeks, lores, a line over the eye and entire throat heavily washed with this colour.

276. Loriculus Philippensis apicalis Mindanao Hanging Parrakeet Loriculus apicalis Souance, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, pp. 220,221 : Mindanao (type, female, Massena colI., in British Museum).

Loriculus hartlaubi Finsch, Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 819, pI. 82: Mindanao.

Distribution.-Bazol, Dinagat, Mindanao.

Description.-Male.-General colour green; crown red, changing into orange on the nape; back and scapulars washed more or less with golden; rump and upper tail-coverts rich crimson; sides of the rump tinged with bluish; cheeks and under parts yellowish green; a red patch on the throat, with the base of the feathers yellow; quills black, dark green on the outer web, blue on the inner web below; tail above green, the lateral feathers blue towards the tip, and tipped with pale bluish green; tail underneath blue. Iris brown; bill red-orange; cere and feet orange. .

Wing, 91; tail, 43; culmen, 15; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 20.

F emale.--Differs from the male in having the lores, cheeks, chin and upper throat pale blue, and no red patch on the lower throat and upper breast.

Y oung.-Crown feathers green at the base and tipped with orange instead ' of red; the back pure green, not suffused with yellow; the uropygium less intense crimson, mixed more or less with green; cheeks, chin and throat green, but in a second stage these parts become more and more tinged with blue.

General Notes.-It is common in the plains of Cotabato and Davao.

This is the only bird natives keep as a pet. They feed on bananas and are quite healthy in captivity (see ante 1., pI. 16).

Goodfellow found them on Mt. Apo at an altitude of 8000 feet.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

99

o.

d.

e.

(Natural S;Zt)

Heads of (a) Loriculus p. regulus; (b) L. p. chrysonotus; (c) L. p. apicalis; (d) L. p. philippensis; (e) L. p. mindorensis.

277. Loriculus philippensis dohertyi Doherty's Hanging Parrakeet Loriculus philippensis dohertyi Hartert, Ndv. Zool., xiii., p. 757, 1906 : Basilan (type in Lord Rothschild's collection, in American Museum of Natural Hist0ry, New York).

Distribution.-Basilan.

Description.-The males and females from Basilan show at a glance a much stronger and more reddish golden yellow wash on the back than in the specimens from Mindanao. In the old males the whole back appears to be golden orange, the apical half of the feathers being golden orange. In the females this character is as strong, or

roo

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

nearly so, as in the males; it is always evident, although less developed in some specimens. Legs and feet orange; nails black; bill scarlet.

M ale.-Wing, 94; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 15; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 15.

Female.-Wing, 94; tail, 51; culmen from cere, 12; tarsus, 12 ; middle toe with claw, 16.

General Notes.-The Basilan bird differs from the Mindanao bird in having the nape scarlet, not golden, and in having the feathers of the back broadly tipped with orange.

278. Loriculus philippensis bonapartei Bonaparte's Hanging Parrakeet Loricu.lus bonapartei Souance, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1856, p. (type, male, June 1846, Leclanchere coli., in Paris Museum).

Fig. Ibis, 18gI, p. 48, pI. 3.

222:

Sulu

Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Male.-General colour green, under parts a little lighter; head above red, scarlet on the forehead, shading off into a rich orange on the occiput; rump and upper tail-coverts red; a large patch on the throat also red; outer web of the primaries and tail-feathers dark green, the last tipped with lighter green; inner webs of the quills underneath and under surface of the tail-feathers verditer-blue.

Iris black; bill horny black (yellow in immature birds); feet-in the dried skin-dusky, nearly black.

Wing, 94; tail, 49; culmen, 15; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 18-20.

F emale.-N 0 gular red patch; lores and cheeks blue.

Wing, 93; tan, 50; culmen, 13; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 19.

General Notes.-This race is common in the scattering trees between the town of Sulu and hills at the back of it.

A male and female collected by Hombron and Jaquinot during the voyage on the A strolabe are now in the Paris Museum.

(LEFT TO RIGHT. I

L,p, chrysonot1Ls SCLATER. OEBU HANGING PARRAKEET (MALE},

MINDORO HANGING PARRAKEET (MALEl.

L.p. mindorensis STEERE.

CENTRAL ISLAND HANGING PARRAKEET (MALE!.

Loricu.lus phillppensis regulus SOUANOE.

Lor;culus salvadori; HACHISUKA. SALVADORI'S HANGING PARRAKEET (MALE).

GROUP OF HANGING PARRAKEETS.

Birds of the Philippine ISlands , Val. II., Plate 12.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

101

279. Loriculus salvadorii Salvadori's Hanging Parrakeet (Plate 12) Loriculus salvadorii Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No. z, p. 163.

1930: Zamboanga (type, male, in Hachisuka coli., Tokyo; female in Cuming colI., in British Museum.)

LoricHhts apicalis Gray (nec Souance), ÂŤ List Psitt. Brit. Mus.," pt. iii., p. 56, sp. a (Mindanao Cuming), 1859; Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p.8zI. Coryllis hartlaubi (part.) Finsch, " Papag.," ii., p. 7I2, I868.

Loriculus, sp. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mtts., XX., p. 530, I89I (footnote).

Distribution.-Zamboanga, Mindanao.

Description.-Male.-General colour green; forehead and vertex red; slight tinge of orange on nape; upper breast red; rump and upper tail-coverts red; base of the tail green, the lateral feathers blue towards the tip, the tail underneath deep blue; bill orange.

Female.-Differs from the male in having cheeks and throat blue. About the size of L. p. siquijorens1:s; in coloration near to that of the female of the Mindanaon race L. p. apicalt's, but the red of the crown not stretching to the occiput, and the tail above showing more blue towards the tip of the lateral feathers.

Wing, 100; tail, 56; culmen, 15; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 22.

General NoteS.-The present species is considered to be one of the most mysterious of the Philippine birds. The first specimen, collected in Mindanao by Hugh Cuming, is a female, upon which the above description is based. The only port where a ship larger than a native" vinta " could call in those days was Zamboanga. It was there Cuming collected the specimen one day he landed during his stay in the Philippines between 1836 and r839 (ante, 1., p. r6). This specimen eventually found its way to the British Museum.

The Mindanao Hanging Parrakeet, L. p. apicalis, is a very common bird, but nothing more was heard about the status of the present large individual (whose coloration is very much like that of the common species) until March r929, when I visited Zamboanga and found a similar type of individual to the Cuming specimen, which Count Salvadori recorded in the Catalogue of Birds, British Museum. In the following year I described it as a new species, and wrote as follows: "It. was in my daily programme to visit the market-place at Zamboangawhere my party stayed for a few days after their expedition to Mt. Apo -and on the third day I visited the market in the early morning, and found a Moro woman sitting beside two bamboo cages, one containing about nine rather wild-looking Parrakeets, apparently newly caught, and the other cage containing only one bird, a Colasisi, hut a male in

I02

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

fine plumage and quite tame. I at once noticed that this bird was larger than the common species, and looking at it closer discovered it to be of a more brilliant red on the back, and the green much deeper, with a very little amount of yellow in it. It was indeed the second specimen of this mysterious bird, and I took it to be the first male specimen of L. salvadorii. At least ninety years had elapsed since the first specimen was taken by Hugh Cuming from the same locality, and on making inquiries about the occurrence of this species I gathered from a resident Japanese that he \~"as familiar with this large and more beautiful Colasisi, and had seen it once previously in the same market. My specimen, vyhich was a tamed cage-bird, I brought safely to Tokyo, where it lived some time.

JJ

280.

Loriculus galgulus

Blue-erowned Hanging Parrakeet Psittacu,s galgulus Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p. 103,1758: India (? error).

Distrihution.-Cagayan Sulu (? introduced).

Description.-Male. -General colour green, a deep blue spot on middle of crown; a golden yellow triangular spot on interscapular region; a bright yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts scarlet; a large scarlet patch on throat; wings and tail above green; greater under wing-coverts, inner web of quills underneath and tail below verditer-blue; tail tipped with yellowish green. Bill and cere black; iris deep brown; feet buffy brown.

Wing, 84; tail, 36; culmen, II; tarsus, 10-12; middle toe with claw, 17-18.

Female.-Green of under parts duller and more yellowish; blue crown-spot duller; orange patch nearly obsolete; no yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts duller red, the coverts shorter than in the male; no red patch on throat.

Young .-Dull green, all the feathers with narrow dusky edges; forehead grey, with a bluish tinge on the sides; no blue spot on crown; no orange patch on interscapulars; rump green, with edges of feathers dull red. Bill, cere, legs and feet dull yellow; bill shaded dusky.

General NoteS.-This species is included in the Philippine list on the evidence of a pair of cage-birds obtained by Mearns in Cagayan Sulu. These were probably brought from Borneo. Guillemard failed to meet with this species.

Allied Species and their Range.-L. philippensis somewhat resembles L. stigmatus, especially in L. p. siqu1jorensis, but the latter

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

r03

is perhaps even closer to L. indic~ts, which has no red feathers on breast or throat. A specimen of indicus from Ceylon, in the British Museum, shows a trace of red feathers on the breast; it is an aberrant example.

It appears that L. tener was described from a single female, and the male of the species is yet unknown; we do not know yet what coloured head the male would have.

The following is a key to all the species of the genus Loricul~ts distributed widely over India to the Australian region:

1 2

3

(A)

1

(A)

2

Under tail-coverts green, partly red and yellow.

L. catamena, Great Sangi.

Under tail-coverts plain green. (b) 1 Black-billed group. (c) 1 Crown-patch dark blue, wing 88 (large size).

L. galgulus,l Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias, Bangkad and Borneo. (c) 2 Crown plain green, or nuchal patch red or yellow. (d) 1 Part of the alula, median-coverts and along the edge of the wing red. (;e) 1 Head plain green, wing 88 (large size).

L. sclateri sclateri,2 Sula, Besi and Mangoli Is. L. sclateri ruber, Peling and Bangai. (e) 2 Crown red in the male. (j) 1 Wing, 95 (large size).

L. stigmatus stigmatus,3 Celebes.

L. stigmatus quadricolor, Celebes. (f) 2 Wing 73 (small size).

L. amabilis, Halmahera and Batj an. (d) 2 No red patch on any part of the wing, wing 70 (small size). (e) 1 Rump red, crown yellow (only in male).

L. aurantiifrons, New Guinea, Mysol, and Fergusson Is. (e) 2 Rump yellow.

L. tener, Duke of York Is., New Ireland and New Hanover. (b) 2 Red or pale-coloured bill. (c) 1 Head plain green. (d) 1 Red patch on throat in male.

Fig. Reichenow, "Vogelbild. Pagageien," pI. XV., fig. 2, 1878-1883_ Fig. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862, pI. xxviii.

Fig. Reichenow, "Vogelbild. Pagageien," pI. XV., .fig. 7, 1878-1883.

104

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(c)

2

(e) 1 Wing under 69.

L. exilis,4 Celebes. (e) 2 Wing about 80.

L. flosculus,4 Flores. (d) 2 No red patch on throat, wing 88.

L. vernalis,5 India, Burma, Siam, Andamans. (d) 3 Yellow patch on upper breast in male, wing 88.

L. pusillus,6 Java.

Crown red, or red and gold. (d) 1 Nored patch on throat. L. indicus,7 Ceylon. (d) 2 Red patch on breast. The Philippine Groups.

Orde1' CORACIIFORMES

Frogmouths, Rollers, Kingfishers, Hornbills, Bee-eaters, Goatsuckers and Swifts Claw of hind toe shorter than that of third toe; two toes united for their basal joint; or if toes are free, then the feet small and weak, and gape deeply cleft. Toes usually three in front, one behind; in some two in front and one behind; rarely four in front and in pairs.

Bill large and with a horny crest, often bright red in colour; when not red the surface more or ~ess sculptured, as in B'ÂŁtcerotes; or bill long, straight, tapering and sh~rp, usually red or black (Halcyones); or bill slender and gently curved, tail long (M eropes); or bill stout, gape wide (Coracice and Podargi) ; or bill minute and weak, gape wide and deeply cleft (Caprimulgi and Micropodii).

S~tborders

(A) 1 Bill large and strong, or very broad at base, or long and sharp; culmen greater than tarsus. (b) 1 Bill very large, crested, or sides plicated, or both; birds of large size.

BucERoTEs, p. ISO. (b) 2 Bill long or broad, neither crested nor plicated. (c) 1 Bill long and tapering to a sharp point. (d) 1 Middle tail-feathers not greatly prolonged i culmen straight, or nearly so.

HALCYO~ES, p. 123.

4 L. exilis and L. fiosculus are similarly coloured, but owing to the striking difference in size I prefer to treat them as distinct species while no intermediate specimens are known.

5 Fig. Reichenow, "Vogelbild. Pagageien," pI. XV., fig. 4, r878-r883.

6 Ibid., fig. 1.

7 A luteno speci~en is preserved in the British Museum, the head and rump being red, while the wings and tail are green.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

105

Middle tail-feathers greatly prolonged; culmen gently decurved for its entire length.

MEROPES, p. 168.

IC) 2 Bill short and wide; width at base more than half of culmen. (d) 1 Nostrils exposed; colours black, blue, and bluish green in large masse~.

CORACI}E, p. 121. (d) 2 Nostrils hidden by stiff feathers; colours white, blackish brown, and rufous brown in spots and vermiculations.

PODARGI, p. 105.

(A) 2 Bill small and weak, deeply cleft; culmen much less than tarsus (except in HemÂŁproc'ne). (b) 1 Wings when folded not reaching tip of tail; wings mottled and spotted with black and shades of reddish brown.

CAPRIMULGI, p. III. (b) 2 Wings when folded reaching beyond tip of tail; wings blacki~h or steel-blue, never mottled nor spotted.

MICROPODII, p. 171. (d)

2

Suborder PODARGI Family

PODARGIDÂŁ

Bill very broad and flat; ten tail-feathers; middle toe-nail not pectinate; plumage mottled.

Genus BATRACHOSTOMUS Gould, " Icon. Av.," ii., p. 13, pI. vii., 1838. Type: B. auritus Gray.

Bill extremely broad and short; culmen strongly curved; nostrils covered by long hair-like plumes; eyes rather large; a bunch of elongated feathers behind each eye; tarsus short; feet weak; outer and middle toes united for half of their basal joint; tail moderately long, outermost rectrices very short, the next pair considerably shorter than third; plumage lax, in colour reddish brown, buff or grey, with spots of white or creamy fawn, barred and vermiculated with blackish brown. Birds of this genus fly at night, feeding upon insects, and remain concealed in dense forest during the day. Their capture is extremely uncertain and difficult. The nest is a small pad-like structure saddled on a branch of a tree; the single egg is white.

106

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 281.

Batrachostomus microrhJmchus

Small-billed Frogmouth (Plate 32) Batrachostomus microrhynchus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iv., p. 4I, I895: Mt. Data, Lepanto Dist., N.W. Luzon (type, male (dark phase), female (red phase), January r895, Whitehead coll., in British Museum).

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Male in very dark plumage.-Crown brownish black marked and mottled with buff, nuchal band of the same colour; mantle and back very similar to the crown, but with more buff finely intermixed; scapulars mostly clear buff, with mottled black barrings on the inner webs and a black subterminal spot; wing-coverts black mottled with rufous, most of the median and greater with a whitish spot at the extremity of the outer web; sides of head, chin and throat finely mottled and barred with black and buff, darker on the hinr1.er cheek; bands above and below the chest whitish, edged with black; chest whitish buff, finely mottled with black; belly rather paler and more coarsely marked.

Wing, I3I; tail, I04; culmen, 22; width of gape, 32; tarsus, I7; middle toe with claw, 22.

Female.-General colour uniform chestnut, with scarcely a trace of any black markings except on the secondary quills; in other respects very similar in plumage to the female of B. s. septimus. The outer webs of the scapulars rufous buff, each with a small subterminal black spot; greater and median wing-coverts with a terminal white spot on the outer web, edged internally with black; nuchal and pectoral bands white, edged with black. Iris pale yellowish; bill light horn-brown, basal half of cutting edge dull pea-green; inside of mouth brighter pea-green; legs and nails dirty white; edge of eyelids brown.

Wing, I32; tail, I04; culmen from base, 20; width of bill at gape, 30; tarsus, I7; middle toe with claw, 23.

General NoteS.-The present species, which is closely allied to B. septimus, seems to confine its range to the mountain regions.

So far this bird is known only from Benguet Province and Cape Engaiio (male specimens in Rothschild coIl.). There are two phases of plumage in this species, one being a very dark type, but it can be recognized at once from B. s. septimus by its smaller size.

Whitehead, Ibis, I899, p. 384, writes: "The finding of all specimens of this genus is a mere chance, the birds perching by day in the thickest and most tangled masses of undergrowth, which they seldom leave, even when disturbed.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

r07

" Iris dull creamy yellow, speckled with brown on the outer edge, upper mandible dull brown; lower mandible and inside of mouth dull yellow; feet creamy white."

282.

Batrachostomus septimus menagez

Menage's Frogmouth Batrachostomus menagei Bourns and \iVorcester, Minnesota Acad .â&#x20AC;˘Vat. Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., p. II, I894: Panay (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington). ? Batrachostomus sp. inc. Clarke, I Ibis, I900, p. 355: Negros.

Native Name.-cow-cou', Negros.

Distri bu tion.-N egros, Pallay, Description.-Male.-Top of head rich dark brown slightly washed with black; feathers of forehead buff, tipped with fulvous brown, forming a distinct buff stripe reaching back to the eye; feathers of crown lighter fulvous, with spots of rufous brown on the edges, each spot being surrounded with black; some of the feathers tipped with rufous and having black subterminal bands; occiput and nape with less black; elongated auriculars tawny buff, with black spots and bars, the tips being bla.ck; sides of face tawny buff streaked \vith black, lighter below; a distinct buffy white nuchal collar, formed by white subterminal bars on feathers of neck, the bases of which are dark buff thickly vermiculated with black; their tips are black, and a black band intervenes between the white subterminal band and the buffy bases of the feathers; feathers of back dark brown, thickly vermiculated with black; feathers of rump fulvous brown, spotted with black and reddish brown towards their tips, these colours assuming the form of irregular bands on upper tail-coverts; a few of the shorter scapulars almost black, with irregular bars of dark rufous brown; outer webs of longer scapulars light buff, the two outermost feathers entirely of this colour; the next scapulars have inner webs thickly vermiculated with black; inner and longest scapulars have both webs marked in this manner, their inner webs being the darker; last of the longer scapulars with an irregular terminal spot of black; lesser wing-coverts nearly black, tipped ""ith chocolate-brown; bases of primary-coverts fulvous brown, their outer webs heavily spotted with rufous brown, inner webs less so, and a subterminal bar of black crossing entire outer web and half of inner web, all the feathers tipped with prominent spots of creamy white; secondary-coverts like primarycoverts, but the black bar and white spot confined to outer web; 1 Keay's specimen, preserved in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, has been loaned to the author at the British Museum, and it proves that Negros and Panay birds cannot be separated.

r08

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

primaries fulvous brown when held towards the light, changing to smoky brown when held away from the light; outer webs spotted with buffy white throughout their entire length, the spots being much lighter on the second and third primaries; tips of feathers mottled with rufous brown; general colour of secondaries same as primaries, the outer webs and tips being spotted with rufous brown, and these spots in turn being speckled with fulvous brown; inner three secondaries speckled with fulvous brown, rufous brown and creamy white, each feather with a terminal spot of fulvous; general colour of tail rufous brown, distinctly barred with lighter rufous brown, each of these bars succeeded by a narrow irregular bar of black, the entire feather thickly speckled with black and each feather having a small black terminal spot; throat and fore breast like sides of face; a buffy white pectoral band continuous with nuchal collar, and succeeded by a second creamy white band, the feathers between the two bands being brown thickly vermiculated with black and creamy white; abdomen lig'hter; flanks and under tail-coverts ashy, slightly tinged with pinkish; some of the feathers with dark shaft-stripes, others with small terminal spots of black; under surface of tail much like coverts, the black markings of upper surface showing only faintly; shafts of tail-feathers creamy white; under wing-coverts fulvous brown tipped with white; axillars white. Eyes pale yellow; legs, feet and nails nearly white; upper mandible brown, lower dirty green. vYing, 139; tail, 105; culmen, 27; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 2I. Female - Head and hind neck a fine mixture of black and fulvous, the feathers terminally barred with broader bands of these tints, producing a spotted appearance; an indistinct buff band from the forehead over the eye; elongated auriculars fulvous, banded and tipped with black; nuchal collar banded with buff, fulvous and black; mantle and lower back reddish brown, closely vermiculated with black and darker than the head; upper tail-coverts similar, but more coarsely vermiculated; scapulars plain cinnamon on the outer webs, vermiculated with black on the inner webs, each feather with a suDapical spot of black; wing-coverts like the back; some of the feathers with conspicuous apical spots of white; primary-coverts chiefly black; primaries cinnamon, barred with dusky on the outer webs, dusky on the inner webs; secondaries cinnamon, irregularly barred and mottled ,\lith black on the outer webs, dusky in the centre and on the inner webs; tertials cinnamon, vermiculated with black; tail cinnamonrufous, with transverse bands of a dark tint, which are narrowly margined with black; chin, throat and breast tawny, finely banded with black, the concealed portions of the feathers of the upper breast

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

r09

being white, subterminally and mesially banded with black; feathers of the lower breast and abdomen chiefly whitish, margined with tawny slightly vermiculated with dusky; thighs and under tail-coverts buff.

Wing, 140; tail, 106; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 23 General Notes.---Apparently the species microrhynchus is a diminutive mountain representative of septimus, while the latter has a more contrasting cololli pattern and is much larger. I have therefore treated these two groups as species.

283. Batrachostomus septimus septimus Tweeddale's Frogmouth Batrachostomus septimus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 542: Pasananca, Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, female, Challenger Exped., in British Museum).

Fig. "Challenger Report," Zool. ii., pt. 8, pI. ii., 1881.

Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao.

Description.-]I"t[ale.-General colour rufous brown; wings and upper parts chestnut-rufous mixed with fine lines of lighter brown and blackish brown, taking the form of obsolete bars on rectrices; a narrow white band across mantle, bordered on each side with blackish brown; outer webs of scapulars whitish, each feather with a black spot near its tip; a wide creamy band across the fore breast, each feather tipped and double barred with narrow lines of blackish brown, the double bars concealed; another light band about 30 mm. posterior to this with blackish tips but without the double bars .: crissum buffy ; primaries and secondaries blackish, mixed with chestnut-rufous on outer webs; primary-coverts nearly totally black, each of the secondarycoverts with a large white spot at tip, preceded by a smaller black spot; axillars buff.

'Wing, 160; tail, 121; culmen from base, 29; width of bill from gape, 41; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 25.

Fernale.-Similar to the male but colours less rufescent; white collar less sharply defined and the light weDs of scapulars washed with rufous.

Wing, ISO; tail, II4; culmen from base, 27; width of bill at gape, 38; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 24.

General NoteS.-This species is easily distinguished from B. javensis adspersus by its larger size and comparatively much shorter tail, and by the sexes being similar in their general coloration.

Goodfellow found specimens at 8000 feet up, on Mt. Apo. It is interesting to know that the Frogmouth can exist in such high regions.

110

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 284. Batrachostom%s J'avensis adspersus Bornean Frogmon th

Batrachosto1n1fS J'avensis adspersu,s Bruggemann, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XX., p. 178, 1877: Moeara Teweh, interior of S.E. Borneo (type in Geor€?:e Fischer's colI., in Darmstadt Museum).

(Fig. Tweeddale, Proc. Zoot. Soc., 1877, pp. 420-445, col. pIs., xlv.-xIix.)

Distribution.-Palawan.

Description.-·Rujous phase.- Deep reddish brown with numerous fine black vermiculations; an indistinct white band across the neck and large white spots on the scapulars; under surface deep reddish brown below, with a broad pure white band across the upper breast, the feathers of this part being white with dark terminal cross-bars, one distinct and one generally obsolete, the bases being dark. Many feathers of the breast have very large central spots of white, margined Head of Batrachostomus javensis. with a black line; abdomen mingled with blackish, brownish and a good deal of isabelline.

Brown phase.--Above d8.rk brown, with many pale bars and vermiculatiolls; a broad distinct band of \vhitish across the hind neck and much white on the scapulars; a good deal of creamy white on the lower surface.

Blackish phase.-Several specimens from Borneo are black or blackish in colour, the vermiculations white or whitish.

The present race js distinguished from the typical Javanese form in having larger measurements; at present I am uniting Palawan and Bornean birds under the same race.

The colour phases and colour patterns vary extensively and individually, but one cannot assume this as a geographical character.

Bornean specimens.~Wing, 133-139; tail, 136-141; culmen, 20; width of gape, 33-35; tarsus, 16-17.

Palawan specz'mens.-Wing, I35; tail, 132; tarsus, 14· Allied Forms and their Range:

B. j. adspersus Bruggemann B. j. Javensz's (Horsfield) 1 (Wing, 129-136; tail, 134-136.)

1

Fig. Proc. zoot. Soc ., I877, pI. xlvi.

Borneo Java, Sumatra

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT B. j. hodgsoni (Gray)

III

Sikkim, Bhutan, the hills of Assam both north and south of the Brahmaputra, Manipur, Tipperah and Chittagong in E. Bengal, central Burma, from Karenni to Tenasserim

285. Batrachostomus affinis Blyth's Frognaouth Batrachostomus affinis Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi., pt. 2, p. !IBo, 1847: Malacca.

Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1B77, p. 426, pI. 45; Ibis, 1B77, p. 38B. Hartert, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvi., p. 643, 1B92.

Everett, Ibis, 1B95, p. 3B.

Distri butiOn.-Palawan.

Description.-Very similar to B. javensis adspers~ts, but without black markings on the crown and nape; there are usually a few pale buff or whitish spots and speckles on these parts; the general upper tone is a little more rufous and a little less brown; the breast is much more rufous, or chestnut.

Wing, 108-120; tail, 102-108; culmen, 16-18; breadth at gape, 32-34; tarsus, about 14-15; middle toe with claw, 19.

The female is similar to that of B. javensis adspersus, but darker and of a duller chestnut.

Extralimital Range.-Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Peninsula of Siam, and once Tenasserim.

Suborder CAPRIMULGI Ten primaries and ten rectrices; wing long and pointed; gape very wide; bill small and weak; legs and feet moderate and rather weak; middle toe-nail pectinate; toes with slight webs at base; plumage soft and mottled; in habits crepuscular and probably nocturnal, feeding largely on moths and large beetles. The two mottled eggs are deposited on the bare ground.

Family CAPRIMULGID_ÂŁ Characters same as those given for the suborder.

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINJE Genera (A) 1 Rictus without conspicuous bristles; feathers on sides of occiput elongated, forming ear-tufts; larger, wing more than 250 mm.

LYNCORNIS, p. II2.

(A) 2 Rictus armed with strong bristles; no elongated feathers on head; smaller, wing less than 230 mm.

CAPRIMULGUS, p. II4.

112

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus L YNCORNIS

Gould, "leones Av.," pt.

Lyncornis cerviniceps Gould, ib.

2,

pI. iv., 1838.

Type (by monotypy):

Similar to Caprim1tlgus but rictal bristles wanting; a conspicuous ear-tuft on each side of head; no large white spot on primaries.

286. Lyncornis macrotis macrotis Philippine Eared Nightjar Caprimulgus macrotis Vigors, Proc. Zoot. Soc., 1831, p. 97: near Manila (type in British Museum).

Distribution.-¡Basilan, Luzon, Mindoro.

Description.--Head light chocolate-brown very finely vermiculated with grey and buff; along middle of head and on ear-tufts a number of large black spots; lower feathers of ear-tufts pure black; a rusty collar on neck continued on sides of neck and connected with the white spot on each side of throat; sides of face and ear-coverts black vermiculated with cmnamon; wings, coverts and back variously mottled and splotched with black, ochreous - buff and cmnamon ; Head of Lyncornis macrotis. scapulars with large black terminal spots; primaries, secondaries and lesser coverts black, with dark cinnamon vermiculations; a few of the median-coverts with buff spots on tips; rectrices black, with a few irregular mottled bars of dark buff; feathers of lower parts black, on chin and crop with narrow cross-lines of cinnamon, on breast tipped with wide bands of dark buff, on abdomen and sides tipped with narrower bands of light buff; under tail-coverts largely buff, with irregular black crosslines. Iris brO\vn; eyelids black; bill clear brown, tip black; feet clear brown, their scales darker brown; nails dirty greyish; legs flesh-colour.

The crown is often largely rufous, again it may be ochreous, and the variations involve other portions of the plumage. The bars of the tail are variable, sometimes fairly regular, and at other times much broken.

Male.-Wing, 275; tail, 170; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 29.

Female .-Wing, 290; tail, 180; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 17 ; middle toe with claw, 29.

General NoteS.- Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 383, writes: "Fairly

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

113

common in the lower valleys in the mountainous districts of north Luzon, this species has the pretty habit of its Malay cousin, L. temmincki Gould. Just at the last moment of the tropical day, when the heavens are tinged with the soft light of the setting sun, the Philippine Eared Night jar leaves its bed among the dead leaves and grass and flies high into the air, rising and descending with vertically held wings, uttering every now and then its pretty whistle, 'tet-a-bow, tet-a-bow.' But soon, when the last rays have ceased to gild the sky, it descends to earth to feed on winged insects, its pretty note beL.lg then exchanged for a froglike croak. Towards sunrise the Philippine Eared Night jar once more rises to the heavens and utters the same' tet-a-bow,' but it shortly dives to the ground and rests unseen until the evening light again tempts it from its concealment."

287. Lyncornis macrotis mindanensis Mindanao Eared Nightjar (Plate 13) Lyncornis mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 945: Zamboanga (type, male, April r878, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coIl., in British Musuem).

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. M~ts., xvi., pI. xiii., r892.)

Native Name.-¡-Takao, Moros of Cotabato (general name for Night jars).

Distri bution.- Mindanao.

Description.-Similar to the typical northern race but smaller, and the top of the head still darker; general aspect blacker.

Wing, 248-267; tail, r62-I77; culmen, g-II; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 27.

General NoteS.-The Mindanao Eared Night jar is by no means common, but extremely local. It has been collected several times in Zamboanga, and by Nakamura from the southern Cotabato Province, and at Tumadgopt, at 5000 feet altitude, this being the first record from the east coast of Mindanao.

This race is closely related to the Celebean L. m. macropterus.

Allied Forms and their Range: L. m. cerviniceps Gould Assam south and east of the Brahmaputra, Manipur, Chittagong and Tipperah, in East Bengal, practically throughout Burma to the north of the Malay Peninsula, the Peninsula of Siam, except Monshon of Patani, Indo-China L. m. subsp.? . Lirung Is. A male specimen from Lirung Is., collected by Waterstradt in March 1877, in Lord Rothschild's collection, has less rufous above, and II.-H

1L+

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

is decidedly darker and smaller than L. m. cerviniceps Gould, and it somewhat approaches L. m. mindanensis Tweeddale.

South and central Tra.vancore L. 1n. bonrdilloni Hume .

"Ving ~bout 275.

L. 1n. macropter'Us 1 Bonaparte North Celebes Wing about 250.

L. t. temmincki 2 Gould.

S. Malay Penin., Java, Sumatra, Borneo This species has a wing about 200.

L. t. papuensis (Schlegel) Salwatti Is., New Guinea Gemts CAPRIMULGUS Linnreus, "Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p. Ig3, 1758. Type (by tautonymy) : Caprim~tlgus europceus Linnreus.

Wings long and pointed, first primary shorter than second; rictal bristles conspicuous, no ear-tufts on sides of head; males generally distinguished by having large white spots on wings and tail.

288. CaprimuZgus afJinis griseatus Philippine Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus griseatus G. R. Gray, "Hand-list," No. 629, "Philippines," I86g, descr. nulla.

Caprimulg1,ts griseatus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., pt. 2, p. 160, 1875 : Manila, Luzon (type, purchased from Verreaux Freres, French taxidermists, in British Museum) .

Clarke, Ibis, IgOO, p. 353.

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvi., pI. xi., 1892.)

Fig. Ibis, I8g8, p. 245, pI. vi., fig . 7 (egg).

Fig. Phil. Journ. Sci., 2, sec. A, p . 271, pIs. i. and ii., Ig07.

Distribution.-Catanduanes, Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Sibuyan.

Description. - Male . --- Upper parts finely vermiculated with blackish brown, pale buff and grey, more heavily marked with blackish brown on top of head and on scapulars, some of the latter with wide edges of fulvous or buff on outer web; an obsolete collar of buff on hind neck; lower parts finely marked with blackish brown, buff and whitish buff; a large white patch on each side of throat; some of the breast-feathers with rather large, pale buff, terminal spots; lower breast, flanks and abdomen buff, rather narrowly barred with brown, less closely barred posteriorly; under tail-coverts very pale buff or white, and unbarred; inner primaries, primary-coverts and outer secondaries strongly barred with rich fulvous; first primary with a large white spot reaching shaft; second, third and fourth primaries 1 Fig. Mey,er and Wiglesworth, " Bds. Celebes," i., pI. II, 1898.

2 Fig. Robinson, "Bds. Malay Penin.," i., p. 120, pI. 8, 1927.

..... .....

¡ SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

115

each with a buff-margined white spot crossing both webs and involving the included section of shaft; exposed portion of each of the two outer pairs of rectrices with a large terminal white area, a dusky wash near the tip; rectrices barred basally with buff and dark brown.

Wing, 170; tail, 103; culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 52.

Female.-Differs from the male in lacking the terminal white area on tail-feathers, >which are barred and mottled with pale buff and dark brown; on the outer feather there is an ill-defined light buff area at tip of inner web.

Wing, 164; tail, 100; culmen,9; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 26.

YO~tng.-Upper parts blackish brown, very finely vermiculated with \V hite and lacking the black blotches and fulvous edges to scapulars which are present in the adult plumage; under parts about the same shade of grey as the adult but more finely and more uniformly mottled and barred, and without fulvous or buff spots on breast; white spots on throat just indicated; wings and tail similar to the adult.

General Notes.-Eggs.-Whitehead described the eggs taken at Cape Engafio, Luzon, as follows: "Shape elliptical oval; groundcolour pale creamy white, with very pale lavender-grey under-markings and very pale brownish over-markings; the blotches and markings, none of which are very I rge, are unevenly distributed over the whole surface; measurements, 31 X 22 mm. The eggs were placed on the sand just above high-water mark among sea-drift, which, in this instance, consisted of huge tree-trunks."

The Philippine Grey Night jar appears to be confined to the vicinity of sandy or shingle beaches, and, while abundant in the localities where it has been discovered, the species has been recorded from but few islands.

The type specimen bears no locality but "Philippines," and I am restricting it for the first time to Luzon (neighbourhood of Manila).

289. Caprimulgus affinis mindanensis Mindanao Grey Nig;htjar

Caprimulgus affinis mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Bioi. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 85, 1905: Malabang, S. Mindanao (type, female, in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Native Name.-Takao, Moros of Cotabato.

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-Similar to C. a. griseatus but differs as follows: general coloration darker; upper parts hair-brown, finely vermiculated and dotted with clove-brown, light grey and black; scapulars marked with broken spots of cinnamon; first four primaries barred across

II6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

their middle with pure white except the outer web of the first primary, this band varying from 12-24 mm. in width on the differing feathers, widest on the fourth; outer tail-feather white only on the terminal half, the basal half being cinnamon, clouded and irregularly crossbanded with brownish black, and the tips of both webs clouded with brownish black; second feather similar but with much less of the dusky clouding at tip; lower abdomen and thigh-coverts crossbanded with pale sepia-brown; under tail-coverts and anal region buff, without cross-bands; upper third of tarsus feathered.

Wing, 163; tail, 100; culmen, 8; tarsus, 19.

Individuals vary greatly in the character and size of the punctate and vermiculate markings of the upper surface. The vague black crossbands of the middle pair of tail-feathers are somewhat V-shaped (open apically), numbering about eight.

In true affinis adult males have the outer tail-feathers all white, and the lower abdomen, thigh-coverts and under tail-coverts uniform pale fulvous buff. In C. a. griseatus the bars are spread over the whole of the lower abdomen, thighs and lower tail-coverts, and the colour is more greyish rufesce1;lt than in C. a. mindanensis, which appears to be the closest to the form of C. a. propinquus inhabiting Celebes.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. a. affinis Horsfield C. a. propinquus Riley .

C. a. kasuidori Hachisuka 290.

Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali Celebes, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Alor, Timor Savu, Sumba

Caprimulgus macrurus macrurus

Javan Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xiii., p. 14z, 18z1: Java.

Caprimulg~ts macr~trus salvadorii Sharpe, Hartert, Nov. Zool., xxv., p. 3Z1, 1918, Labuan (type, male, Sir Hugh Low, in British Museum).

(Fig. Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, pI. ZZ, fig. 1.)

Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 68, pI. I, fig. 8) 1903.

Distri bution.-Calamianes, Palawan.

DescriptiOn.-Male.-Forehead, crown and nape greyish brown, finely vermiculated with buff and brown, producing a nearly silvery appearance; down the centre of head to nape the feathers conspicuously marked with blackish brown; an indistinct fulvous band across hind neck connecting with a bright fulvous patch on each side behind ear-coverts; back and rump mottled with dark brown and a little fulvous; a large white patch on throat, the longer feathers tipped with black, subterminally marked with fulvous; sides of face, ear-

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

117

coverts, chin and a small area posterior of white patch rich rufous, with fine irregular black lines; lower throat rufous mottled with black; breast finely marked with blackish brown and pale fulvous, a few feathers with large patches of fulvous; abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts barred with brown; wing-coverts blackish, each with a light fulvous terminal spot; scapulars with black terminal spots 'and narrow fulvous subterminal bars; white spot on first primary moderate and not reaching shaft; on second, third and fourth the white crosses both webs; secondaries notched with dark rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, outer webs notched with fulvous; two outer pairs, each with a large white terminal area about 38 mm. long, involving both webs.

Iris dark brown; bill nearly black; legs and feet brown, nails black.

Wing, 180--195; tail, 140; culmen, 13; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 24.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the outer web of first primary spotted with rufous, in having pale rufous marks on the primaries instead of white ones, in the white tips to the outer rectrices being less in extent, and tinged with buff or rufous, speckled with brown on the tip of outer web.

Wing, 200; tail, 135; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 22.

Y oung.-The markings are less developed in younger individuals; the young male has the white patches on the primaries and rectrices tinged with rufous and less in extent. The nestling is covered with buffy down.

General Notes.-It is still a matter of doubt that the Bornean and Palawan birds are different from those from Java. If these two groups are separable the name C. m. salvadorii must be employed.

Several Palawan specimens have distinctly white basal half of the rictal bristles, while spots on the wing and tail are small.

291.

Caprim~llgus

C aprimulgus macrurus manillensis

Manila Night jar manillensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., pt. 2, p. I59,

I875: Manila (type, Cuming coIl., in British Museum).

Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield, McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 348 , I9 0 9¡ Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, I898, p. 246.

(Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 68, pI. I, fig. 9, I903.)

Native Name.-Tuc-ca-ro', Masbate and Ticao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Cebu, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Romblon, Ticao.

Description.-Afale.-General coloration and pattern very much

rr8

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

as in C. m. macrurus Horsfield. Post-auricular area and band on hind neck light buff; white area on throat divided, forming two patches; fore breast darker, with no rufous; barring on abdomen and under tail-coverts broken, resulting from the larger light tips. The following characters are diagnostic: white spot on first primary washed with buff, small, and reaching but half way to shaft; spot on second quill a little larger, not reaching shaft, and a narrow line indicates spot on outer web; spots on third and fourth quills, reaching shaft on both webs, and on the fourth the included section of shaft nearly all white; outer pair of rectrices with white area about 32 mm. in length and on inner web only; second pair with white area across both webs.

Wing, 170; tail, 125; culmen, 12; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 24.

F emale.-Spots on first and second primaries dark fulvous; spot on third primary not reaching shaft; otherwise like the male.

Wing, 167; tail, lI5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 24.

Young.-Upper parts very much as in the adult, but the blackish brown spots on head and scapulars greatly reduced in size; as a whole the upper parts are dark silvery grey; white throat-patches wanting, being indicated by two small buff areas; feathers of breast vermiculated with light brown and light buff, with lighter buff tips; abdomen and flanks light fulvous, distinctly barred with brown; the partially developed wings and tail with markings as in the adult.

Eggs.-Shape elliptical oval; ground-colour pale cream; undermarkings pale lavender-grey; irregularly blotched over-markings pale brown, but darker than in C. a. griseatus. Measurements, 29 x 22 mm.

General Notes.-The Manila Night jar is the most common species of its family in the islands, and has a considerable vertical range, being found in the pine-woods of Benguet Province as well as in the lowlands and near the sea. Its food consists largely of moths and beetles, which it takes on the wing. During the day it rests in dark thickets, and comes out to feed only after sunset. Its presence in a locality may be detected by hearing its peculiar note, which has given it the Tagalog name, " tucaroc."

The chief difference between Manila and ] avan Night jars is in the small extent of the white spots on the primaries and rectrices in manillensis, especially on those of the latter. The terminal spots to the feathers of the abdomen are more obvious in this race. The rictal bristles, which are always distinctly whitish at the bases in C. m. salvadorii from Borneo, are mostly brown at the base, but on rare occasions also whitish, in the present race.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

119

292. Caprimulgus macrul'US delacouri Delacour's Nightjar Caprimulgus macrUrLts delacouri Hachisuka, L'Oiseau, Rev. Fran~. d'Ornith., i., new seL, Nos. 8-9, p. 47I, I93I: Sigaboy, Cotabato Prov., Mindanao (ante, 1., p. 94) (type, male, 26th March I930, collected by Y. Nakamura, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-The present race is at once distinguished from C. m. manillensis Walden by having much darker plumage on the back, while the patterns on the wings and primaries are much clearer and more distinctly marked. The rictal bristles are also dark.

General Notes.-This race, as is to be expected, shows an intermediate character between C. m. manillensis and C. m. celeb ens is Grant.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 :

Ceylon, Travancore and the Malabar coast to the Wynaad, Nilgiris, Palni, and the Bombay Presidency to Kanara and Bombay, the Goda very Valley N.W. India, north to N.W. Provinces, albononotus Tickell Kumaon, Simla States and Garhwal, east to Behar, Calcutta and Orissa, south to northern Bombay Pres., Central Provinces Nepal, Sikkim, and the hills of nipalensis Hartert northern Assam, north of the Brahmaputra, east to the Miri and Abor hills Malay Peninsula, north to Burma, bimaculat'/itS 2 Peal east to Yunnan, Siam, French IndoChina, southern third of the Malay Peninsula (Robinson and Kloss) . Andamans andamanicus Hume . Java, Bali macrurus Horsfield Borneo, Labuan salvadorii Sharpe .

Celebes celebensis 3 Grant .

Lombok and Sumbawa oberholseri Rothschild and Hartert mesophanis Oberholser. Amboyna, Ceram, Bum, Obi Major and Ternate

C. m. atripennis J erdon .

C. m.

C. m.

C. m.

C. C. C. C.

m. m. m. m.

C. m.

C. m.

1 2

3

Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zoot., XXV., p. 32I, I9I8.

Fig. Robinson, .. Bds. Malay Penin.," i., p. II6, pI. 9, I9 2 7¡ Fig. Meyer and Wiglesworth, .. Bds. Celebes," i., pI. ii.

120

C. C.

1n. '/11,.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS afuensis Mathews. albolaxatus Rothschild and Hartert

C. 1n. meeki Rothschild and Hartert

C. m. kuehni Rothschild and Hartert C. 1n. yorki 1 Mathews C. m. schillmiilleri 2 Stresemann C. phalcena Hartlaub and Finsch

Aru Islands New Britain, Dampier and Vulcan Is., N. New Guinea Sudest Island Key Islands Northern Australia Halmahera Pelew Is.

I have examined only one specimen of the latter species in the British Museum. It appears to be a young female, with small measurements and thickly barred wing- and tail-feathers, and is very close to C. macrurus.

293. Caprimulgus indicus jotaka Japanese Night jar Caprimulgus jotak.f Temminck and Schlegel, "Faun. Japon. Aves," p. 37, pI. 12, 18 47 : Japan.

(Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 74, pI. I, fig. 14, 1903.)

Distribution.-Calay n, Palawan.

Description.-Male.-Above grey finely pencilled with brown, with broad black stripes along the top of the head, back and rump; scapulars with velvety black centres or spots, and buff or rufous buff spots or bar-like markings; wing-coverts with roundish buff spots speckled with brown; some longitudinal buff spots on hind neck; a golden buff spot on each side of neck, just behind ear-coverts; primaries deep blackish brown, outer webs with some minute rufous spots, inner web of first primary with a round white spot, not reaching shaft, a white band across both webs of next three; central pair of rectrices deep blackish brown, with broad pale greyish brown, dark speckled bars, the others with narrower bands, becoming more rufous on the outer ones, and all except central pair with a broad subterminal white bar; a white band across throat, interrupted at centre and variegated on lower edge with ferruginous buff and blackish spots; throat pale rufous buff with brown cross-markings; chest and upper breast pale greyish brown with dark markings and some more or less developed larger buff spots; abdomen buff barred with dark brown, the bars becoming broader and less numerous on lower tail-coverts, which are sometimes nearly uniform; rictal bristles dark towards the base. Bill and legs brown; nails black.

1

2

Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," ii., pI. 9; Mathews, "Bds. Austral.," vii., pI. 345.

Orn. Monatsb., xxxix., p. 170, 1931.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

121

Wing, 203-221; tail, 140-147; cuhnen, 12; tarsus, 16, feathered in front; middle toe with claw, 21.

F emale.-Similar to the male but a little smaller on the average; spots on primaries buff and speckled, band on second primary always interrupted; spots on throat buff; tail-feathers without a distinct white band.

Young.-Young individuals are paler above and below, the dark markings less developed and pervaded with a sandy rufous tinge; the young male shows already the white spots of the adult male, but they are shaded with buff, and that on the second quill is a little interrupted.

General Notes.-This species appears to be a migrant from Asia and is not uncommon in Calayan. The male is distinguished from the other Philippine species by having a subterminal white tail-band, and the female by the lack of a large white tail-spot, much darker plumage and larger size.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. i. indicus Latham Practically the whole of India south of the Himalayas C. i. kelaarti Blyth Ceylon and Travancore, etc.

Birds from N. Travancore, Malabar coast and the Wynaad and Nilgiri Hills are somewhat intermediate in colour and size between this form and the typical indicus, but should be retained with the latter.

C. i. ~'nnominatus Hume Indo-China, Hainan, Kwangsi Apparently a poor race, and is not recognized by some ornithologists; it is united to C. i. ;'otaka.

From Amur to Japan, China, C. i. J'otaka Temminck and Schlegel French Indo-China, Burma to Malay Peninsula, migrating as far south as New Guinea

Suborder CORACIlE Family CORACIIDlE Bill broad and slightly depressed; twelve tail-feathers; pectination of middle claw not comb-like; plumage not mottled, colours gaudy.

Genus EURYSTOMUS Vieillot, " Analyse Nouv. Ornith.," p. 37, r8r6. Type (by monotypy) : " Rolle des Indes Buff" = Coracias orientalis Linnreus.

Bill short and broad; width of gape about equal to culmen; no rictal bristles, and the bristles about bill very short; tail square.

122

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 294. Eurystomus orientalis orientalis

Broad-billed Roller Coracias orientalis Linmeus, "Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., i., p. 159, 1766 : Java.

Eurystomus calonyx Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 551: Nepal.

Stresemann, Nov. Zool., XX., p. 297, 1913.

Baker, " Fauna Brit. Ind.," iv., p. 228, 1927.

Dresser, " Monogr. Coraciidre," pIs. 17 and 18, p. 67, 1893.

(Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., pI. 2, figs. I and 2, 1892.)

Native Names.-Lo-ro in'-chic , Manila'" lan-gac Cagayancillo', ta-ga-tac, Calayan; sa-lac-sa'-can, Ticao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Calamianes, Calayan, Camiguin N., Cebu, Cuyo, Dinagat, Fuga, Guimaras.

Leyte, Libagao, Luzon, Maestre de Campo, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panaon, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde.

Description.-Forehead, crown and sides of face black, becoming dark brown on occiput, neck, ear-coverts and sides of neck; back, rump, tail-coverts, scapulars, inner secondaries and secondary-coverts brown, washed with dull oily green; chin black, with a small white spot in the centre; throat deep purplish blue with bright blue mesial streaks; remainder of under parts greenish blue, becoming more intense on crissum; primaries, outer secondaries and rectrices glossy black, marked Head of Eurystomus orientalis. more or less on both webs with deep purplish blue; a wide band of light blue across middle of primaries; alula and primary-coverts black, edged with deep purplish blue. Bill and legs bright red; nails and tip of bill black.

M ale.-Wing, 180; tail, 96; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 17 ; middle toe with claw, 27.

Female.-Wing, 190; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 29.

The young differs from the adult in being duller in colour, in having a black bill, and in wanting the bright blue patch on the throat, which is greenish, a little duller than the abdomen.

General NoteS.-This species is usually seen perching on some dead limb, from which it flies in pursuit of insects, soon returning to its perch. It is often seen flying about actively just after dark, like

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I23

a night-hawk. This Roller is easily identified by its gaudy plumage, bright red bill and peculiar jerky flight; there is no other Philippine species resembling it.

Allied Forms and their Range: E. o. orientalis 1 (Linna:us) India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay States and Archipelago, Indo-China, South China, Japan E. o. gigas Stresemann Andamans E. o. connectens Stresemann Kangean Islands, to Tenimber and Djampea (S. Celebes) E. o. crassirostris Sclater New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago E. o. solomonensis 2 Sharpe Solomon Is. E. o. neohanoveranus Hartert New Hanover E. o. pacificus 3 (Latham) Australia, New Zealand E. o. calonyx cannot be separated from the typical race.

E. azureus 4 Gray from Bat jan Island is a beautifully coloured azure-blue bird. Green-coloured birds in the Oriental Region are often represented by blue specimens in the southern Pacific islands, for example Kingfishers and Rollers.

The most nearly reJated species to E. orientalis is E. glaucurus, which occurs in Africa.

Suborder HALCYONES Family ALCEDINID£ 5 Bill long; strong and pointed, never hooked; culmen rounded or slightly flattened, straight or nearly so; nostrils smail, reached by frontal feathers; wings and tail moderate, the latter slightly rounded; tarsus short; feet weak; front toes more or less united.

(A)

1

(A)

2

Genera Tail shorter than culmen. (b) 1 Toes four.

ALCEDO, p. 124. (b) 2 Toes three.

CEYX, p. 127.

Tail longer than culmen. (b) 1 Bill little, if at all, compressed; culmen rounded; grooved parallel to culmen, shallow or absent; length of bird, 300 mm. or less.

Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., pI. 2, 189Z .

Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., pl. 3, fig. I; Dresser, "Monogr. Coraciidre," pl. zoo 3 Fig. Gould, " Bds. AustraL," ii., pI. 17; Dresser," Monogr. Coraciid ce," pI. 19· 4 Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., pl. 3, 189 2 .

5 Hachisuka, "Les Martins-pecheurs: Notes sur les oiseaux des Philippines," L'Oiseaux, Rev. Fran(:. d'Ornith., new ser., 3, Xo. I, p. 69, 193 2 • 1

2

124

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

(b)

2

(c) 1 Wing under IrO mm.

SAUROPATIS, p. 135. (c) 2 Wing over IrO mm.

HALCYON, p. 138.

Bill compressed; culmen flattened; a groove on each side from nostril parallel to culmen; length of bird, 350 mm. or more.

RAMPHALCYON, p. 147.

Genus ALCEDO Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," Ioth ed., i., p. II5, I758. Type (by subsequent designation, Swains on , Zool. Ill., I820, pI. 26): Alcedo ispida Linnreus= Gracula atthis Linnreus.

Small, total length less than 200 mm.; bill long ; culmen slightly curved and rounded, not flattened, a slight groove on each side; tail shorter than culmen; toes four.

295. Alcedo atthis bengalensis Asiatic Kingfisher Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, " Syst. Nat.," i., p. 450, 1788: Bengal.

Alcedo atthis formosana Laubmann, Arch. Naturges. Berlin, lxxxiv., pt. A, pp. 73-77, 1920: :Formosa.

Stresemann, Nov. Zool., XX., p. 312, 19I3.

Laubmann, Ibis, 193I, p. 3II. (Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Alced.," pI. 2.)

Native Names.-Su-sul'-bot, Manila; ma-min-di'-ta, Calayan; sa-cal', Lubang; voravorao, Botel Tobago.

Distribution.-Balabac, Bantayan, Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Botel Tobago, Cagayancillo, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Calayan, Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Guirnaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao,

Right foot and head of Alcedo bengalensis.

Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Verde.

Description.-Male.-Upper parts, including wings, dark greenish blue; back, rump and tail-coverts light cobalt-blue; feathers of head banded with cobalt; median wing-coverts tipped with cobalt; lores and a band to ear-coverts deep ferruginous, followed by a white patch on side of neck; a wide band from lower mandible to below white patch greenish blue spotted with cobalt; lower parts deep ferruginous

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

12 5

or orange-rufous, but chin and throat buffy white; under wing-coverts and axillars similar to breast but slightly paler. Bill black, dusky red along base; feet bright red; nails dark brown; iris dark brown.

Wing, 71; tail, 32; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 18.

The female is similar to the male.

Wing, 75; tail, 34; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16. y O~tng.-Similar to the adult but duller; lower parts with little or no ferruginous; throat and chin white; breast and abdomen ashy or dusky brown.

General Notes.-This bird probably occurs abundantly on every island of the group. It is found along the seashore, in mangrove swamps, and along banks of fresh-water streams in the open, and IS much less commonly met with along streams in the forest.

Allied Forms and their Range: Europe generally, casually in Madeira North Africa, Syria West Siberia, Afghanistan, Turkestan, Transcaspia, Persia, Baluchistan, Sind, Kashmir and Punjab Bengal, Assam west to Sind, north, bengalensis 2 Gmelin central and south Burma, Shan States, Yunnan, and east through Indo-China, China, Corea, Japan, Formosa, Hainan, Malay Peninsula and Islands taprobana Kleinschmidt. Ceylon, S. India, Central Provinces, South Orissa Buru Celebes, hispidoides 3 Lesson Flores floresiana Sharpe .

St. Aignan Is. to E. New Guinea, pelagica Stresemann D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Islands, Bismarck Archipelago and Admiralty Islands Solomon Is. salomonensis Rothschild and Hartert

A. a. ispida 1 LinncÂŁus .

A. a. atthis (LinncÂŁus) A. a. pallasii Reichenbach A. a.

A. a.

A. a.

A. a.

A. a.

A. a.

Southern forms, especially the last race, have the bluish plumage instead of green, this being a general geographical variation found among many species of Kingfishers.

1 2 3

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. A1ced.," pl.

Ibid., pI. 2.

Ibid., pI. 4.

I,

1868-1871.

1 26

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 296. Alcedo meninting meninting Malayan Blue-eared Kingfisher

Alcedo meninting Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., pt. i., p. 172, 1821.

J ava (type, Dr. Horsfield, India Museum, in British Museum).

(Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Alced.," pI. 5.)

A lcedoides Laubmann, Arch. f. Naturg., 1923, p. 195, 1924. Type (by original designation): Alcedo meninting Horsfield.

Distribution.-Balabac, Bongao, Calamianes, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Male.-Above rich purplish blue; the entire back brilliant cobalt, changing to deeper blue on the lower rump and upper t ail-coverts; wing-coverts black washed with purplish blue, with a small spot of brighter blue near the end of each feather; quills black; secondaries externally purplish blue like the scapulars; tail black washed with purplish blue; crown black, barred with purplish blue rather brighter than the shade of the back; hind neck beautiful purplish blue, with the black cross-bars more or less obsolete; lores blackish, with a rufous supra-Ioral streak; sides of face, ear-coverts and cheeks purplish blue like the crown, the feathers mottled with black bases; behind the ear-coverts a proad band of white tinged with ochreous-buff; throat white with a rufous wash; rest of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards chestnut-rufous with a patch of purplish blue, lilac-tinged feathers on each side of the upper breast; under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous, a little paler than the breast. Bill blackish brown; feet coral-red; iris brown.

Wing, 65; tail, 27; culmen, 42; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, IS. F emale.-Exactly resembles the male in colour and has even the cheeks blue like the male. It appears, however, always to have the bill more or less red, and generally the greater part of the lower mandible rufous.

Wing, 66; tail, 27; culmen, 42; tarsus, 6; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-This Kingfisher is generally to be found along the banks of fresh-water streams in the forest. Rarer in mangrove swamps, and not observed by the seashore.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 : A. m. phillipsi Baker A. m. scintillans Baker 1

Ceylon, S. Travancore, Pottianore, Madras Peninsular Burma and Siam between latitudes roO and 16° Laubmann, Ibis, 1931, p. 311.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT A. m. coltar! i Baker

A.

11t. yujigast1'a Walden A. m. meninting 1 Horsfield

I27

Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Burma as far south as latitude 16°, Shan States, north and central Siam, CochinChina . Andamans Celebes, Java,2 Sumatra, Bali, Borneo, Pelong, Bangai, Malay States, N. Tenasserim, Bengal, Belgaum, Travancore Genus CEYX

3

Lacepede "TabI. Ois.," p. 10, 1799. Species added by Daudin, Buffon, Hist. _Vat. (Didot), xiv., p. 287, 1802. Type (by monotypy): Alcedo tridactyla Pallas.

Bill intermediate in form between Alcedo and Halcyon, less compressed than in the former, not grooved; culmen straight and slightly flattened; only three toes, the inner or second toe wanting; tail very short and rounded; plumage very bright, red often predominating.

The genus A lcyone Swainson is not adopted.

297. Ceyx cyanopectus cyanopectus Blue-breasted Kingfisher (Plate 14)

Ceyx cyano-pectus Lafresnaye, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1840 , p. 33: ? island near Amboina; I designate Luzon.

Alcyone cincta Jardine, "Contr. Om.," 1850, p. 82, pI. only.

Ceyx philippinses Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1868, p. 404: Luzon.

Ceyx steerii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., p. 187, 1892: Mindoro (type in British Museum).

Bourns and Worcester, Ibis, 1895, p. 404.

(Fig. Sharpe, " Mongr. Alced.," pIs. 17 and 37; fig. Ibis, 1884, pI. ix.).

McGregor, B'ur. Govt. Labs., xxv., p. 13, pI. 10, 1905.

Native Name.-Sal-pac', Ticao and Masbate.

Distribution.-Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Polillo, Sibuyan, Ticao.

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced.," pI. 5.

If the typical Javan bird is not to be confused with that from Sumatra, Borneo, north to Tenasserim, it must be given the name verreauxi of de la Berge.

3 The gender of certain generic names among the Kingfishers has been confused; I therefore call attention to the following ; In ancient Greek mythology Ceyx (Gr. Keyx) was the king of Trachis and Alkyone (Alcyone) or Halkyone (Halcyon) his queen . Ceyx was drowned at sea and Alcyone found his body cast up upon his native shore. The gods took pity on her grief and changed the husband and wife into Kingfishers .

There are other notes regarding Ceyx and Halcyon, but the above is sufficient to settle any doubt in connection with the names.

1

2

128

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Description.-Male.-Lores orange-chestnut; sides of face, crown and occiput deep blue, the feathers tipped with silvery cobalt; back, rump and upper tail-coverts silvery cobalt; scapulars black, widely edged with dark blue; wings black; secondaries edged with dark blue; secondary-coverts dark blue, each feather with a spot of silvery cobalt ; a large spot of orange-chestnut on side of neck; throat orange-chestnut, much paler on chin; middle of abdomen and a large spot on centre of breast orange-chestnut; rest of under parts deep ultramarine-blue, and forming two bands across the breast; axillars and wing-lining orange-chestnut; tail dark blue; legs, feet and nails scarlet; upper mandible black, lower red.

Wing, 60; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, I7.

Female.-Similar to the male, but all the lower parts deep orangechestnut except the pale throat and a single dark blue band across the breast.

Wing, 6I; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, I7.

General Notes.-This species is to be found along the banks of small fresh-water streams, which it is extremely loath to leave. According to McGregor one specimen was seen in a mangrove swamp in Sibuyan, but was never met with away from the water; he found it very abundant in Masbate.

298. Ceyx cyanopectus nigrirostris Black-billed Kingfisher Ceyx nigrirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 13,1894: Panay (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

DistributiOn.-Cebu, Negros, Panay.

Description.-Male.-Back and upper tail-coverts bright cobaltblue, slightly lighter than in the typical bird; crown and nape blueblack, thickly spotted with bright cobalt, the spots being much wider and slightly lighter than in the previous subspecies; spots much larger on hind neck, causing it to appear nearly uniform cobalt; scapulars black heavily washed with dark verditer-blue; wing-coverts washed with verditer-blue, each feather with a bright spot or stripe of cobalt-blue; wings black, the outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with light verditer-blue; tail black, the central pair of feathers washed with verditer-blue on both webs, the others on outer webs only; loral spot reddish buff; a spot of the same colour on sides of neck; chin and throat white washed with buff; fore neck, breast and abdomen uniform buff; flanks, sides of breast and a complete band

BIRDS OF THE

(/) QยงYl melanurus mindanensis Steere.

Mindanao Kingfisher.

(2) ~Y.! Q, I!ยฃgentatlls Tweeddale.

Silvery Kingfisher.

Left. Haley'on gularis (Kuhl).

While-throated Kingfisher.

PHILIPPINE.

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATEI4.

(3) QยงY.! ~p'idlls good~ lIo wi O.-Grant.

Goodfellow's Kingfisher.

4) ~ey.! II: gxano{2eetlls Lafresnaye.

Bille-breasted Kingfisher.

Right. Sallropatis ohloris Gollaris (Scopoli).

Philippine White-oollared Kingfisher.

Centre. Halay.Q!l hombroni (Bonaparte).

Hombron's Kingfishe,..

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

12 9

across the breast dark verditer-blue; a half band of same colour behind this; under tail-coverts buff, the larger ones tipped with verditer-blue ; under wing-coverts like the breast, with a spot of verditer-blue at end; basal portion of inner webs of primaries and secondaries washed with pale buff; bill black.

Wing, 56; tail, 22; culmen, 36; tarsus, 9.

F emale.-Resembles the male, but has only a half band of verditerblue across the breast, this being more imperfect than in the typical bird.

Wing, 59; tail, 24; culmen, 37; tarsus, 8.

General NoteS.-A well-marked race, and easily distinguished from C. c. cyanopectus-its nearest ally-by the heavy markings on the crown and nape, and by its black bill. Like C. al'gentatus, it is strictly confined to the banks of fresh-water streams, and it is usually found in the woods.

299. Ceyx rufidorsus Red· backed Kingfisher Ccyx rufidorsa (nee Strickland) Sharpe, "Mon. A1ced.," p. I2I, pI. 4I,

I869: Malacca.

Ceyx clIerythra Sharpe, McGregor, "Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 314, I909.

Chasen and Kloss, jo1trn. fiiY Orn., Band ii., Festschrift Hartert, I929, P· 107·

Distribution.-Balabac, Bongao, Calamianes, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above red washed with lilac, heaviest on head and rump; below deep yellow, strongest across the breast; chin and upper throat white washed with yellow; wing-coverts like the back; primaries and secondaries black; first primary and the secondaries edged with rufous; wing lining yellow. Iris dark brown; bill and feet red.

Wing, 58; tail, 23; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16.

Bourn? and Worcester write: "We have fourteen specimens from Tawi Tawi, Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, and they show some interesting plumage changes which were for some time a puzzle to us.

An adult pair in high plumage from the Calamianes have entire upper surface of body red washed with lilac, most heavily on the head and rump; wing-coverts and scapulars like back; secondaries rufous, with broad black shaft-stripes; primaries black, the first rufous for entire length of outer web and most of the others showing a small amount of rufous at their tips; under surface of primaries washed with rufous on inner webs; chin and throat white, faintly tinged with lemon-yellow; remainder of under surface deep golden yellow, darkest on sides of breast and flanks; a yellowish white patch behind the ear; II.-J

I30

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

under tail-coverts golden yellow tipped with rufous; tail uniform bright rufous above and below; under wing-coverts and axillars golden yellow; bend of wing rufous. " This plumage we take to be typical for fully adult birds in fine feather. Two females from Palawan agree with this description, except that in one the secondaries show rufous only on under surface of inner webs, and that the primaries show no rufous except on basal half of outer web of first. The under wing-coverts, axillars and bend of wing are light rufous instead of yellow."

General Notes.-Usually found along the banks of fresh-water streams in the forest; not,however, strictly confined to banks of streams, but sometimes met with in the woods away from water. Food, shrimps and insects, in one exception small lizard and crabs .

.

300.

Ceyx melanurus melanurus

Kaup's Kingfisher Ceyx melanura Kaup, " Fauna Eisv.," p. 15, 1848: Luzon.

(Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Alced.," pI. 39.)

Distribution.-Luzon, Polillo.

Description.-Above lilac-rufous washed 'with lilac; edge of wing rufous; scapulars rufous like the back, with a broad band of black on each side of mantle; wing-coverts black, spotted minutely with bright blue; alula, primary-coverts and quills black; tail-feathers rufous like the back, the lateral ones blackish; crown lilac-rufous, with faint but distinct spots of brighter lilac; lores pale orange; eyelid and a mark in front of eye blackish; sides of face, ear-coverts and cheeks lilac-rufous, succeeded by a band of white on the sides of the neck, above which is a spot of bright blue; throat white; fore neck, breast, sides of body and flanks bright lilac-rufous; abdomen white; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillars and the inner edge of the quills.

Wing, 53; tail, 18; culmen, 30; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17¡ Young.-Exactly similar to the adults but with a shorter and paler bill, the latter being horny white.

30I.

Ceyx melanurus samarensis

Samar Kingfisher Ceyx Samarensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams . Steere Exped.," p. 10, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 23rd April, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, 1897, p. 243.

Distribution.-Leyte, Samar.

Description.-Upper surface deep rufous; interscapulars forming

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT two broad black bands; wings black; coverts black and spotted with cobalt; sides of the head rich lilac; breast and upper abdomen lilac, fainter behind. Differs from the true C. m. melanu1'us of Luzon in its larger size, in colouring of cheeks and breast, and in amount of colouring on the lower surface.

Wing, 66; tail, 30; culmen, 30; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, I9.

General Notes.-This species was found by Bourns and Worcester among the hills in deep forest, and invariably away from water. .

302.

Ceyx melanu.rus mindanensis

Mindanao Kingfisher (Plate I4) Ceyx Mindanensis Steere, ÂŤ List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. ro, r8go: Ayala, Mindanao (type, rzth October r887, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Ceyx Basilanica Steere, ÂŤ List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. ro, r8go: Basilan (type, male, r8th November, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Ceyx platence Blasius, Journ. fur Om., r8go, p. r48: Minoanao (type in Brunswick Museum).

Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao.

De~cription.-Above rufous; head, cheeks and back thickly spotted with bright lilac; wings black; secondaries edged with rufous; coverts black, broadly tipped with rufous, these rufous tips carrying faint lilac spots; breast rufous washed with bright lilac. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails scarlet to orange-red.

Wing, 58; tail, 2I; culmen, 36;- tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, I6.

General Notes.-This species frequents the forest or low second growth, and away from the water; occasionally alights 5 to IO metres above the ground. Its food is usually insects and their larva:.

Allied Species and their Range.-The typical bird and C. rujidorsus and C. erithacus are closely related rac.es and species; the races and ranges of the two latter species found outside the Philippines are as follows: Ceylon, Travancore and the C. erithacus erithacus 1 (Linna:us) Malabar coast to Kanara, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Assam, including the Terai and adjacent plains, Cachar, through Sylhet, Manipur Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo, east through Siam and CochinChina to Hainan 1

Replaces tridactyla of Pallas .

132

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. e. macrOCerC1,f,S Oberholser .

C. e. motleyi Chasen and Kloss C. rufido11 sus 1 Sharpe

Andamans and Nicobars Banguey Is., off North Borneo Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,2 Lombok, Flores, Bali, Nias Is., Borneo,3 Labuan

303. C eyx argentatus argentatus Silvery Kingfisher (Plate 14) Ceyx argentata Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XX., ser. 4, p. 533, 1877: Dinagat (type, female, June 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coIl., in British Museum).

(Fig. Proc . Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 108, pI. vi.)

Distribution.-Basilan, Dinagat, Mindana,o.

Description.-Upper parts, wings and sides of head black; bases of loral feathers white; sides of crown from above eyes to nape with small )Vhite spots; back, rump and upper tail-coverts white, resulting from the wide tips to the feathers; white tip of each feather preceded by a light blue bar, which is more or less concealed; a large white patch on ea: h side of neck; chin, throat and fore breast pure white, forming a well-defined patch; thighs and middle of abdomen white; remainder of under parts black, the breast and sides of abdomen strongly washed with blue; greater secondary-coverts with white tips; edge of wing and most of wing lining white; axillars black. Eyes black; feet red, much darker in some specimens than in others; nails red to black; bill black.

Male.-Wing, 59-64; tail, 21-27; culmen from base, 39-41; tarsus, 9-10; middle toe with claw, IS. F emale.-Wing, 60-61; tail, 22-28; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 9-10; middle toe with claw, 16.

In some specimens the white patch behind ear-coverts is washed with buff and some of the median secondary-coverts are tipped with pale blue. These characters are due probably to immaturity.

General Notes.-This species is invariably found along the banks of wooded streams, but is rare. Miss Yamamura recorded this bird for the second time in Basilan (Kuroda, 1927). Nakamura collected a large series in Cotabato Province in 1930.

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced.," pI. 41.

The name innominalus (type in British Museum) applied to the birds from Java, Lombok and Flores do not appear to be separable.

3 The Bornean bird, dillwynn'i, is probably not separable.

1

2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

133

304. Ceyx argentatus flumenicolus Steere's River Kingfisher Ceyx jlumenicola Steere, "List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 10, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 15th April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Leyte, Samar.

Description.-Similar to the typical race but differs in having the breast and sides of body black, washed with ultramarine or purplish blue. Bill black; legs and feet scarlet, the nails brown; iris brown.

Male.-Wing, 61; tail, 23; culmen, 37; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 20.

Fe111,ale.-Wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 37; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17.

General Notes.-This bird is always found along the wooded banks of streams, where it purchases over the water. Food, m one case, small crabs.

305. Ceyx lepidus margarethce Mrs. Platen's Kingfisher Ceyx margarethce Blasius, Braunschweigische Anzeigen vom, 15th April 1890, No. 87: Mindanao (type, Nehrkorn coil., in Brunswick Museum).

Ceyx Bournsi Steere, " List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. II, July 1890: Basilan.

McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 316, I909.

Ceyx suluensis Blasius, Journ. fur Orn., April I890, p. 14I: Sulu (type, Nehrkorn colI., in Brunswick Museum).

Ceyx Malamaui Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. II, I890: Isabela, Basilan.

Distribution.-Banton, Basilan, Bongao, Cebu, Mindanao, Negros, Romblon, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above, sides of head, neck and wings ultramarine to silvery cobalt-blue, having a more or less spotted appearance on head; lores and under parts orange-rufous, but chin, throat and middle of abdomen white, or with a pale yellow wash; alula, primaries and primary-coverts black; edge of wing and outer web of first alula-quill and of first primary rufous; tail blue, darker than back and coverts.

Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails scarlet in adults, growing paler in immature birds. Very young birds have the bill black, with a whitish horn tip.

Male.-Wing, 64; tail, 25; culmen, 38; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16.

Female.-Wing, 64; tail, 24; culm~n, 37; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17.

134

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Young.-Similar to the adult, but less brilliant and with a duller red bill; the head, scapulars and wing-coverts black, with blue ends to the feathers; the blue of the back lighter than in the adult and inclining to cobalt on the lower back; loral spot as large as in the adult.

General Notes.-This species is strictly a woodland form, and its shy habits doubtless explain its having been so generally missed by collectors. When one has learned its note and habits it may be secured without great trouble. It gives a shrill " cheep" just before taking wing, and repeats the same note at frequent intervals during flight.

It flies with great rapidity, but usually for a short distance, when it alights on some branch, stump or stone, where it sits perfectly still.

I t is a bird of extremely local habits, and displays great reluctance to leave the thicket to which it is accustomed; if pursued it generally flies in a circle, soon returning to the place from where it started, continuing to follow about the same course until the hunter either shoots it or gives up the attempt. Its food consists of insects, larva! and worms. It is believed that this species never" fishes" in the streams.

306. Ceyx lepidus goodjello'lÂŁli Goodfellow's Kingfisher (Plate 14) Ceyxgoodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant,Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xvi., p. 17,1905: Piso, S.E. Mindanao (type, male, May 1905, W. Goodfellow, in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, 1906, p. 492.

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-Closely allied to C. t. margarethce, except that the back, rump and upper tail-coverts are of a brilliant ultramarine-blue tinged with cobalt on the middle of the lower back and rump; the feathers of the crown and nape also are tipped with much of the same brilliant colour; the wing-coverts and scapulars are of a deep purplish blue. Iris dark brown; bill, feet and nails bright vermilion.

Wing, 63; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 10.

General NoteS.-The present bird is known from only one skin, and until further material is available I am unable to submit additional details of it. The coloration of the bird proves a connecting link between margarethce and the other races, this being the reason why I place them all under the one species lepidus. It will be observed both margarethce and goodfeUowi occur in Mindanao.

Allied Forms and their Range: Moluccas C. l. lepidus 1 Temminck et Laugier.

Bat jan and Ternate C. l. uropygialis 2 Gray .

1 2

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced.," pI. -f6.

Ibid., pI. 47.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT C. C. C. C.

135

wallacii 1 Sharpe Sula Is. cajeti 2 Wallace Buru sacerdotis Ramsay . New Britain, Rook Is. collector is Rothschild and Hartert Solomon Is. The first four races are more distinctly spotted with cobalt-blue on the head, the wing-coverts and the dorsal feathers being pale bluish; while the other forms are more or less uniform cobalt-blue and lack the amount of black on the basal portion of the feathers. A species close to C. lepida is C. dispar 3 Rothschild and Hartert, from Admiralty Islands; the male is extremely like lepida, but the female has a chestnut head-like the lower part of the body-leaving the occipital line cobalt.

Ceyx sotitarilts Temminck et Laugier group can be distinguished by their having a black bill and being smaller in size. t. t. l. t.

Genus SAUROPATIS

Cabanis and Heine, " Mus. Hein.," ii., p. 158, 1860. Type (by subsequent designation, Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced.," p. xiv, 1871) : Halcyon sanctus Vigors and Horsfield.

The present genus is easily distinguished from Halcyon by its short, broad bill, of which the lower mandible is much more curved, upwards; also the bill is black, or nearly all black, and not red.

In size it is much larger than Alcedo or Ceyx, but smaller than Halycon. The sexes are similar.

307. Sauropatis chloris collaris Philippine White-collared Kingfisher (Plate 14) Le Nlartin-pecheur II collier blanc des Philippines, Sonnerat, "Voy. Nouv. Guin.," p. 67, pI. 33, 1776.

Alcedo collaris Scopoli, "Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," pt. 2, p. go, 1786 : Manila.

Halcyon chloris Sharpe, Cat. Birds. Brit. 1111ÂŁS., xvii., p. 273, pI. 7, fig. 3,

I8g2.

(Fig. Swainson, " Zoo1. Illustr.," i., pI. 27, 1820.)

Native Names.-Ti-ca-rol', Bohol; ba-ca-ca, Cagayancillo; tacca-rt't, Ticao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Banton, Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Bongao, Cagayancillo, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Caluya, Camiguin N., Camiguin S., Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Dinagat, Fuga, Guimaras, 1 2

3

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced., " pI. 45.

Ibid., pI. 44.

Fig. Nov. Zool., xxi., pI. 10, 1914.

136

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Lapac, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Maestre de Campo, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Sibay, Samar, Semirara, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde, Y'Ami. Description.-Forehead and crown greenish blue, set off by a black line which begins at lores, passes under eye to ear-coverts and meets its fellow on hind neck; this is followed by a white collar; a spot of white behind each nostril; wings, back, rump, and tail blue; scapulars greenish blue, like crown; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter and bluer; tail, primaries and secondaries deeper blue; under parts all white; wing lining and axillars Bead of Sauropatis chloris. white; sexes alike in colour.

Iris dark brown; bill black except a wedge-shaped space on lower mandible, which is pale yellow or dirty white.

Wing, 105; tail, 70; culmen from base, 50; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 27.

Young.-Immature birds have the feathers of breast, sides of neck and breast, and sometimes the white collar, edged with black or dusky brown, forming crescentic marks on the breast.

General Notes.-This species is the commonest of the Philippine Kingfishers, and is frequently observed perching on the native houses in villages and in coconut groves. They are frequently found fishing along small fresh-water streams in the open, Jess common along wooded streams, and are especially abundant in mangrove swamps and along the seashore.

Allied Forms and their Range.-Oberholser, who in 1920 revised the races of the White-collared Kingfisher (ante, 1., p. 137), based on the collection of the United States National Museum at Washington, admits the following forms, besides the Philippine race:

S. c. chloris 1 (Boddaert)

S. c. teraokai 2 (Kuroda) S. c. /orsteni 3 (Bonaparte)

S. c. meyeri (Sharpe)

East Indian Is., including Lombok, Timor, Sermata, Timorlaut and Timorlaut Kei Pelew Is. Celebes, and probably its coastal islands Togian Is. (Celebes)

Fig. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., pI. 7, fig. 3, 1892.

Fig. Tori, i., NO.2, pI. 56, fig. 3, 19I5 . a Fig. Sharpe, "MODOgr. Alced.," pI. 39.

1

2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

137

S. c. enigma (Hartert) S. c. cyanescens Oberholser

Talaut Is. (Celebes) Borneo, Natuna, Anamba, Pulo Taya, Pulo Parit (near Karimon Is.), Sumatra, Banka, Bawean, Solombo Besar Is. and Laurot Is. S. c. palmeri Oberholser Java S. c. armst1'ongi (Sharpe) N.E. of Bengal, Assam, Burma, Siam and north of the Malay Peninsula, Southern Indo-China S. c. davisonz" (Sharpe) Andaman Is. S. c. azela Oberholser Engaiio Is., 'Western Sumatra S. c. chloroptera Oberholser Simalur Is., Pulo Siumat, Batu, Pagi, excepting Nias, and doubtless other adjacent and intervening islands of the Barusian chain S. c. amphiryta Oberholser Nias Is. and N.W. coast of Sumatra S. c. vidali (Sharpe) Konkan, Vvestern India S. c. abyssinica (Pel zeIn) Coast of Red Sea, Abyssinia S. c. anachoreta (Reichenow) Hermit Is., west of Admiralty Is., off N.E. New Guinea S. c. solomonis (Ramsay) Ugi Is., Solomon Is., probably New Britain and New Ireland S. c. hyperpontia Oberholser New Hebrides S. c. suvensis (Sharpe) Fiji Is. S c. colonus (Hartert) Louisiade Archipelago S. c. colcloughi Mathews Coastal range of S.E. Queensland S. c. sordida 1 (Gould) N. Queensland, coastal region of the Northern Territory, south-west along the coast to middle-west Australia Later, in I927, Mathews adds the following races from the A ustralasian islands : S. c. keiensis (Berlepsch) Kei Is. Bismarck Archipelago (French Is.) S. c. stresemanni (Laubmann) S. c. aruensis (Berlepsch) of Aru Is. This name supersedes S. c. grayi Cabanis and Heine.

New Britain S. c. tristrami 2 (Layard) Solomon Is. (Kulambangra Is.) S. c. alberti (Rothschild and Hartert) New Ireland (S.W.) S. c. novcehibernice (Hartert) S. c. nusce 3 (Heinroth) .

Nusa Is. (New Ireland) New Hebrides S. c. tannensis (Sharpe) .

1

Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," ii., pI. 23.

3 Fig. Journ.}iil¡ Ornith., 1902, pI. 8.

2

Fig. Ibis, 1880, pI. 15.

I38

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Further races have been described in 1931 as follows: S. c. orii Taka-Tsukasa and Yamashina.

Rota Is., Marianne Group S. c. santoensis (Mayr) Espiritu Santo Is., Melapav (Meralav), Gaua, Vanua, Lava and Ureparpapara Islands in New Hebrides S. c. torresiana (Mayr) Torres Group (Togo, Lo and Hiu Is.) S. c. melanodera (Mayr) Vanikoro Is., Santa Cruz Group S. c. utupuce (Mayr) Utupua Is., Santa Cruz Group S. c. ornata (Mayr) Santa Cruz and Tinakula Is. S. c. brachyura (Mayr) Fenealoa and Lomlon Is. S. c. vicina (Mayr) Disappointment Is., Duff Group S. c. a?1'/,(Jma (Mayr) Rennell Is., Solomon Is. Genus HALCYON 1

Swainson, "Zoo1. Illustr.,J> i., pI. 27, 1821. Type (by original designation): Alcedo senegalensis Linnreus.

Bill large and broad; culmen from base less than tail, rounded, not flattened; rounded above, without any groove on the side; the wing is rounded, the third or fourth quill longest and the first equal to) or shorter than, the seventh; in many specimens the second, third and fourth are almost equal, and the wing formula generally seems very unstable in this genus, and even in each species. Birds of medium size and various bright colours. A characteristic feature is a white wing-patch on the bases of the primaries.

308. Halcyon coromanda bangsi Bangs's Ruddy Kingfisher Entomothera coromanda bangsi Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat.l\rJus., xlviii., p. 654, 1915: Ishigaki Is., Riu Kiu Group (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Entomothera Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 173, note, 1820, and" Zool. Research," Java, r822, in letterpress of Alcedo bint. Type (by subsequent designation, Sharpe, "Monogr. A1ced.," p. xiii, 1871): Alcedo coromanda Latham.

Native Name.-Sa-luc-sac, Calayan.

Distribution.-Batan, Calayan, Camiguin N., Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan.

Description.-lvlale.-Above, including wings and tail, dark rufous heavily washed with violet; on lower back, rump and tailcoverts a narrow stripe of silvery white slightly washed with blue; below dark cinnamon-buff, chin whitish; throat, breast and under 1

See footnote NO.3, p. 127.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

139

tail-coverts washed with violet. Bill, legs and nails bright coral-red; iris brown.

Wing, II6; tail, 72; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25.

F emale.-Much less violet wash on upper parts and very little or none on lower parts.

Wing, II9; tail, 74; culmen from base, 55; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25.

Young.-Lower parts lighter, chin more extensively whitish, violet wash less, and feathers of throat and breast edged with blackish brown, forming numerous small cres~ents.

General Notes.-I am not certain of the trinominal appellation of birds from Mindoro, as I have not examined birds from this region, and have included them in the northern race. There is only one immature specimen from Palawan preserved in the British Museum. ~t has very rich colouring on the back and does not seem to belong to H. c. bangsi. In all probability the Palawan bird is the same as the Bornean form, Halcyon coromanda minor.

This bird, like the following, is sometimes found in deep woods away from water, but more commonly along the banks of wooded streams and in mangrove swamps. It is usually shy and hard to shoot.

It has been observed feed~ng on crabs.

309. Halcyon coromanda ochrothorectis Oberholser's Ruddy Kingfisher Entomothera coromanda ochrothorectis Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. ilIIus., xlviii., p. 652, 1915: Palanoe, Masbate (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Haehisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 166, 1930.

Distribution.-Basilan, Guimaras, Masbate, Mindanao, Sibuyan, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-The present race has much richer cinnamon-rufous on the upper parts, and is rather darker on wings and tail. Wing, II8-I25; tail, 74-85. It can be easily distinguished from its Celebean ally by its smaller measurements.

General NoteS.-The only record from Basilan was furnished by Miss Yamamura (Kuroda, 1927). The name Entomothera given to the present species is because of the different coloration from the typical Halcyon group, but it is not considered recognizable in this work.

Oberholser's review 1 on the Ruddy Kingfisher is excellent, but he has united all the Philippine birds into one race. This, no doubt, is 1

Proc. U.S. Nat. IV!US., xlviii., p. 639. 19 1 5.

140

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

owing to his having examined only a small series of seven. now recognized two or three inter-island subspecies.

Allied Forms and their Range: H. c. c01'omanda (Latham)

Himalayas, from Nepal to E. Assam, Burma and the Malay States (not Singapore), S.W. Siam, Co chinChina

H. c. major (Temminck and Schlegel) H. H. H. H.

c. mizorhina (Oberholser) c. neopho1'a (Oberholser) c. pagana (Oberholser) c. minor (Temminck and Schlegel)

H. c. ruja

1

\iVallace 310.

I have

Japan proper, Corea, Southern Manchuria, north and central China Andaman Is., probably Nicobars Sumatra, and also possibly Banka Pagi and Batu, off western Sumatra Java, Borneo, Sumatra, and probably Palawan Celebes and its neighbouring islands

Halcyon gu,laris

White-throated

King~sher

(Plate 14)

Alcedo g~tlaris Ruhl, Buffon and Daubenton, " Fg. Av. Col. Nom. Syst.," I820: Philippine Islands.

(Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Aloed.," pI. 60.) McGregor, Bm. Govt. Labs., 34, p. I3, pI. II, I9 0 5¡ Native Name.-T~¡l-ma-ma-noc', Manila.

Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Caluya, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Libagao, Lubang, Luzon, Maestre de Campo, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panaon, Panay, Polillo, Samar, Sibay, Siquijor, Tablas, Ticao, Verde.

Description.-Entire head, neck and sides of face deep chestnut; scapulars bright blue; back and rump more silvery cobalt-blue; a large patch on chin and upper throat pure white; remainder of under parts chestnut, a little lighter than crown; basal part of primaries blue on outer web, white on inner web; distal part black; alula and primary-coverts blue; secondary-coverts black; edge of wing and axillars chestnut; tail blue above and black below. When the specimen is held away from the light the blue becomes green. Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright red; nails black.

Wing, 124; tail, 80; culmen from base, 62; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25.

General Notes.-A common and showy bird, we found it

p. 4,

1

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced., " pI. 57.

B i rds 0/ th e Philippin e Islands , Vol. II. , Plate 15 .

Halcyon win cheUi winchel/i SHARPE. WINCHELL'S KINGFISHER . FEMALE TYPE SPECIMEN) .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT continually, though singly, during the Mindanao expedition. This species prefers to hunt in open country, and its call is very familiar.

Steere states that H. gularis is frequently found along fresh-water streams, but sometimes feeds in dry, open country. Several nests of this species have been found, and were invariably placed in the mud nests of white ants, and consisted of mere tunnels, without lining of any sort. The eggs are pure white and highly polished, nearly as broad as long, and abruptly pointed at the smaller end. They measure 27'6x30'9; 28'7 x 3I'4; 2S'9 x 30'9, etc. McGregor found a large number of Kingfishers nesting in the banks of the Baco river, Mindoro, while other pairs had excavated holes in masses of earth held among the roots of overturned trees.

Allied Species and their Range.-The present species is confined to the Philippine Archipelago, but has a closely allied geographical representative in Halcyon smyrnensis (Linnceus). The latter has a more extended white portion on the under parts, while in H. gula1'l's it is more restricted on the throat.

H. s. smyrnensis 1 (Linnceus) . Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sind, Punjab, Kashmir, and it has straggled as far west as Cyprus and Denmark Practically all India (except the exH. s. jusca 2 (Boddaert) . treme south of Travancore), Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, CochinChina, S. China, Hainan, Formosa Ceylon, extreme south of Travancore H. s. generosa Madarasz Andamans and Nicobars H. s. saturatior Hume

3rT. Halcyon winchelli winchelli Winchell's Kingiisher (Plate IS) Halcyon winchelli Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., i., p. 318, pI. 47, 1876 :

Basilan (female).

Halcyon alfredi Oustalet, "Le Natur," p. 62, 1890: Bongao (type in Paris Museum, d. ante, 1., p. 26).

DistributiOn.-Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cebu, Mindanao, Papahag, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Male.-Above, including wings and tail, deep blue; lores and a narrow collar on hind neck chestnut, a band of light blue extending backward from above eye and joining another band across 1 2

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Aleed.," pl. 59, 1870.

Fig. Robinson, " Bds. Malay Penin.," p. 100, pI. 6, bottom fig.,

1927.

I42

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

nape; back, rump and central tail-coverts light silvery blue; sides of head and a small patch on each side of breast dark blue; lower parts white; primaries and alula black, remainder of wing-feathers edged with blue; tail blue above, black below. Iris dark brown; bill black, except under part of lower mandible, which is white near base; tip of bill sometimes white; feet greenish drab, sometimes yellowish olive; nails black.

Wing, 103; tail, 75; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 23.

Female.-Above similar to the male but blacker because of the greater restriction of blue on each feather; chestnut collar much wider; below white washed to a greater or less extent with fawn, heaviest on breast, usually wanting on middle of abdomen.

Wing, I02; tail, 75; culmen from base, 54; bill from nostril, 46 ; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 24.

General Notes.-This species is a woodland form and is usually seen perching in trees at a considerable distance from the ground, though it goes to the ground to feed. On being surprised when feeding it flies up into the trees at once. This Kingfisher seems to be possessed of the idea that it can sing, and may, often be seen at early morning or dusk perched on a tree, squawking as if life depended on it. Its food consists of beetles, spiders, grasshoppers and grubs.

3IZ. Halcyon winchelli nigrorum, subsp. nov.

Negros Kingfisher Canloan Volcano, Negros (type, a fully adult male, r8th March r896, ]. Whitehead, Lord Rothschild's coll., in American Museum of Natural History, ~ew York).

Distribution.-N egros.

Description.-Closely related to the typical race, but can be distinguished by its having much blacker ear-coverts washed with cobalt, and the row of black feathers on the sides of breast larger and like the ear-coverts; the blackish portion on the crown is more extensive. It has also a shorter bill.

Wing, 99; tail, 73; culmen, 40 .

3I3. Halcyon pileata palawanensis, subsp. nov.

Palawan Black-capped Kingfisher Palawan (type, Lord Rothschild's col1., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan.

Description.-Male.-General colour above purplish blue on the mantle and scapulars, the centre of the back and rump brighter and

Birds 01 the Philippine Islands, Vol. Il. , Plate 16.

Halcyon lindsayi lindsayi (VIGORS).

LINDSA Y'S KINGFISHER. (Upper) MALE. (Lowerl FEMALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

143

more purplish cobalt; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers purplish blue, the latter blackish along the inner webs and having black shafts; wing-coverts black; alula, primary-coverts and outer aspect of quills purplish blue, the latter blackish at the ends, and with broad white bases to the inner webs; crown~ sides of face and ear-coverts black, as well as the base of the cheeks; round the hind neck a broad white collar; cheeks and throat white, extending down the centre of the breast; sides of the latter, flanks, abdomen and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts and axillars rich orange-buff; quills below black, with a broad white band across the base. Bill deep red; mouth pale red; eyelids pinkish plumbeous, covered with white feathers, except on the edges, where they are black; feet dark red, brownish in front of the tarsus; claws dark horn-colour; iris dark brown.

This race is distinguished by its smaller size.

Male.-Wing, 127; tail, 77; culmen, 56; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 26.

Fe'1'nale.-Wing, 125; tail, 80; cuimen, 56 (about thirty skins measured).

The young birds have dusky blackish fringes to the feathers of the breast.

314. Halcyon pileata pileata Black-capped Kingfisher

Alcedo pileata Boddaert, " Tabl. PI. Enl.," p. 41, 1783: Canton.

(Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. A1ced.," pI. 62, 1870; Gould, "Bds. Asia," i., pI. 45.)

Distribution.-Basilan, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-This race has exactly the same coloration as the Palawan race, but can be distinguished by its larger measurements.

Wing, 127-133; tail, 83 - 88; culmen, 57 - 65 ; tarsus about IS; middle toe with claw, 27.

Extralimital Range.Ceylon, Tra vancore, throughout India in various localities, through Burma, Head of Halcyon pileata.

French Indo-China, China, Hainan, Corea, Hondo (Japan), through the Malay States to Celebes.

Throughout its immense range this species seems extraordinarily stable in its characters.

Borneo and Sumatra birds are the same as the continental.

Hainan birds, collected by Katsumata, sometimes appear to be larger.

144

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Male.-Wing, 137.

F emale.-Wing, 138.

Eight Hainan skins in the Lord Rothschild collection appear to have darker bills than any other specimens. Hainan birds have a wing measurement in male, 137, and female, 138.

315. Halcyon lindsayi lindsayi Lindsay's Kingfisher (Plate 16) Dacelo lindsayi Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 97: Manila (type, male, in British Museum).

(Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Alced.," pl. 82, 1870.)

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Male.-Above green, a little brighter on the centre of the lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts; lateral upper tailcoverts and sides of lower back and rump dingy green, the scapulars, mantle and wing-coverts each having a distinct spot of ochreous-buff ; quills brown, externally edged with fulvous; secondaries greener, and terminally spotted with ochreous like the scapulars; tail-feathers dull greenish brown, fringed with sandy buff at the ends, the penultimate feather notched with buff on the inner web, the outermost one on both webs producing a banded appearance; head green, the forehead with a few cinnamon feathers; lores black, surmounted by a streak of pale cinnamon-buff reaching above the eye and continued into a line of bright cobalt, which encircles the hinder crown and nape; feathers round the eye black, continued into a band which encircles the hind neck and is followed by a band of cinnamon feathers fringed with black; sides of face and ear-coverts cinnamon; throat pale cinnamon, separated from the band on the sides of the face by a broad band of bright cobalt, which occupies the cheeks and lateral margin of the throat; fore neck and breast mottled, the feathers being white margined with green, the green edges diminishing in size on the lower breast till they gradually disappear on the abdomen, which, with the under tail-feathers, is pure white; sides of body like the breast; thighs blackish tipped with ochreous; under wing-coverts, axillars and quill lining fawn-buff.

Bill black, the culmen and under mandible yellow; feet light green; iris brown.

Wing, 106; tail, 79; culmen, 47; tarsus, 61; middle toe with claw, 29.

F emale.-Resembles the male, but the band encircling the crown is green instead of blue; the broad band on the cheeks is also green, not blue; the throat is white, and the green edgings to the breastfeathers are less pronounced. Bill black, the culmen and mandible chrome-yellow; f~et light green; claws horn-yellow; iris brown.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

145

Wing, r09; tail, 89; culmen, 47; tarsus, r6; middle toe with claw, 30.

Yo~tng male.-Like the adult male but with smaller ochreous spots on the upper surface; the band round the crown and the cheek-stripe not so blue as in the adult, but not so green as in the female; under surface as in the adult but with a fulvescent tinge throughout.

Young female.-Duller than the adult female, and with smaller ochreous spots; otherwise like the old female and having a green band round the crown.

316. Halcyon lindsayi moseleyi Moseley's Kingfisher

Actenoides Moseleyi Steere, "List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. II, r890: Negros (type, immature female, in U.S. National Museum, Washington; type, male, Mt. Canloan, Whitehead coil., in British Museum).

Distribution.-N egros.

Description.-Im11 atlll'e female.-Similar to H. l. lindsayi but distinguished by the ed~ings of the "Qreast-feathers, which are black and not green. Bill black, culmen artd lower mandible yellow; legs and feet greenish.

Wing, r07-r09; tail, 80-86; culmen, 46; tarsus, 14-r8; middle toe with claw, 27.

General NoteS.-McGregor writes: "Moseley's Kingfisher, a truly splendid species, is represented by three fully adult males. The only example previously known is the immature female originally described

by Professor Steere. From this female type the male birds appear to differ on the following points: the lower ear-coverts are chestnut instead of buff, the moustachial stripe cobalt-blue, like the band round the crown of the head, and there is a small triangular green patch in the middle of the black interscapular region. From the adult male of H. l. lindsayi they are easily distinguished by the generally black ground-colour of the mantle and scapulars, as well as by the black margins to the feathers of the breast and' flanks, only those in the middle of the breast being tinged with greenish."

Discovered by E. L. Moseley, after whom it was named by Dr. Steere. Only one specimen was secured by him.

Bourns and Worcester say: "We searched diligently for this fine Halcyon on our return to Negros, but failed to find it. It is undoubtedly rare there. So far as we know at present this race is confined to Negros, and no closely related subspecies is known from any island nearer than Luzon."

II.-K

146

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

About five specimens are known of this species; they are preserved in London (Whitehead), New York (Whitehead) and Washington (Steere).

3 17· Halcyon hombron'£ Hombron's Kingfisher (Plates 14 and 17) Acteno1'des hombroni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. A7J1·1I?1t., i., p. 157, 1850: Mindanao.

(Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Alced.," pI. 84, 1870.)

DistributiOn.-Mindanao.

Description.-Male.-Head and nape bright blue, more brilliant on the sides of head, above the eye and on the nape; round the latter a narrow line of deep black; ear-coverts chestnut; alo.n g the lower line of the lares a streak of black reaching below the eye and widening behind the latter, being here washed with blue; cheeks bright blue, forming a broad band; sides of neck and hinder part of the latter deep tawny, varied w'th narrow black edgings to the feathers; mantle blackish, mottled with spots of tawny buff, these being subterminal, with a narrow fringe of black; cent!["e of back, scapulars and wingcoverts green, with a slight shade of verditer, each feather having a distinct subterminal spot of ochraceous-buff; quills blackish, externally washed with greenish, the primaries edged with ochreous, the secondaries with the same subterminal spot of ochreous as on the wingcoverts; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts bright silvery cobalt, the sides of the back and the lateral coverts blackish washed with blue; tail-feathers deep blue with black shafts; throat white, slightly washed with tawny; rest of the under surface deep tawny, whiter on the centre of the abdomen; breast-feathers with narrow, nearly obsolete, blackish margins; thighs externally blackish, internally deep tawny; feathers at side of vent, adjoining the sides of the lower back, deep blue, the outer web more or less ochreous; under wing-coverts and axillars deep tawny; quills blackish below, edged with pale tawny buff along the inner web. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet dirty greenish olive; culmen black; bill along gape dirty red, darker at base.

Wing, 126; tail, 105; culmen, 51; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 26.

Female.-Similar to the male but crown and cheek-band greenish; the greenish wash on wings very faint; tail faintly washed with green instead of blue.

Wing, I20; tail, 94; culmen, 48; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28.

Birds of the Philippine Islands , Vol, II .. Plate 17.

Halcyon hombroni IBONAPARTE) , HOMBRON'S KINGFISHER, MALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I47

General NoteS.-Hombron's Kingfisher is strictly a woodland form, and never met with in the open. It is quite common in Mindanao and, as is at present known, confined only to that island.

I ts food is beetles and small snails.

The following three birds have greenish backs with buffy spots.

These species have been called by some authors Caridagrus. The following is the key to the three species: Sexes similar.

(I) Back and lower breast green, or black with buff or large white H. lindsayi spots on each feather in both sexes.

Sexes dissimilar.

(2) The character of (I) is applicable only to female.

H. hombroni Sexes dissimilar.

(3) M ale.-N 0 spots, upper part blue; lower part brown.

F emale.-Green, with buff spots on the back; breast like the male.

H. concreta

1

Allied Species and their Range: H. concreta concreta Temminck H. c. borneana Chasen and Kloss

. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra Borneo

Genus RAMPHALCYON Reichenbach, "Icon. Syn. Av. Alcedinec:e," p. 16, I85!. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1855, p. 16); Alcedo capensis Linuc:eus= Pelargopsis b'lltrmanica Sharpe.

Large; bill bright red, very large and strong; culmen flattened and perfectly straight; a well-marked groove on each side of bill from nostril to near tip of bill; back and rump pale blue, lower parts buff ; tail much longer than bilL Length, 300 mm. or more.

3I8. Ramphalcyon capensis gouldi Gould's Stork"billed Kingfisher (Plate 18) Pelargopsis gouldi Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 6g: Manila (type, Gould coil., in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 470.

Pelargopsis javana (Boddaert) McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," pp. 303, 30 4, 190 9.

(Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. Alced.," pI. 32, 1870.)

McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs., 34, p. 12, pI. 9 (nest), 190 5.

DistributiOn.-Balabac, Calamianes, Lubang, Luzon (except S.E.), Mindoro, Palawan, Polillo.

Description.-Entire head and neck, as well as the whole of the 1

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. A1ced.," pi. 83,187°.

148

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

under surface of the body, rich ochraceous; upper part of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts and tail bluish green; quills and tailfeathers rather more blue; entire back and rump silvery cobalt-blue. Iris dark brown; billand legs bright scarlet; nails dark brown; eyelids scarlet.

Head of Ramphalcyon capensis.

Wing, 152; tail, 89; culmen, 81; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 35.

General NoteS.-Individuals of this species are often found near the seashore, where they feed on small crabs; at other times they are fairly common in mangrove swamps. A nest found in Mindoro was excavated in a Termites' deserted nest, which was fastened to a tree at about 9 metres from the ground. The three incubated eggs were glossy white and measured 37'8 X27'6, 39'8 x 28'9, 39'6 x 28¡9. All the Philippine records identified as the species R. javana refer to the present race.

319. Ramphalcyon capensis smithi Masbate Stork-billed Kingfisher Ramphalcyon capensis smithi Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi., p. 466, 1909: Dumurug Point, Masbate (type, Bartsch call., in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Walden, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 536.

Distribution.-South-eastern Luzon, Masbate, Panay.

Description.-This race is intermediate in coloration between the northern and the southern Philippine races, the head and under surface being buff or ochraceous-buff, and not so strongly marked with chestnut as gouldi, or so pale and creamy as in the case of gigantea; blue surface of the body is like gouldi, but not so dull as gigantea.

General NoteS.-Mearns points out that his type is preserved in Washington, whereas Bishop Museum, in Honolulu, has several specimens collected during the Menage Expedition.

The British Museum has only one skin of this race, collected by the members of the Challenger Expedition at lIo-no, in Panay.

Birds of the Philippin e Islands. Vol. fl. , Plate 18

Ra,mphalcyo n capens'is gould'i (SHARPEJ. GOULD' S STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER (TYPE SPECIMEN ).

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 320.

149

Ramphalcyon capensis gigantea

Philippine Stork-billed Kingfisher (Plate 19) Pelargopsis gigantea Walden, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xiii.,

p. 123, r874: Salok, Sulu.

Native Name.-Ba-ri'-ta, Ticao.

Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cebu, Dinagat, Guimaras, Lapac, Leyte, Malanipa, Mindanao, Negros, Samal, Samar, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao.

Description.-Male.-Back, rump, wings and tail as in R. c. gouldi, but head, neck and entire under parts very much lighter in colour, being pale ochraceous-buff.

Wing, 155; tail, 92; culmen from base, 82; bill from nostril, 69; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 35.

Fmbale.-Similar to the male. Bill bright scarlet, blackish at tip; iris brown; eyelids and legs scarlet; nails dark horn-brown.

Wing, 159; tail, 93; culmen, 88; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 35.

Immatu1'e.-Differ from the adult in having buff of lower parts darker and the breast-feathers narrow~y edged with dark brown, forming crescentic marks. The bill and legs are much duller than those of the adult.

General Notes.-This species is abundant along the seashore and the banks of large fresh-water streams in the islands indicated. It is a very tough bird and requires a powerful shot to bring it down.

Allied Forms and their Range.-Oberholser, who made a complete review of this group of birds, entitled " A Revision of the Kingfisher Genus Ramphalcyon (Pelargopsis)," Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxv., p. 657, 1909, admits only three species, while R. capenst"s consists of fifteen subspecies, including g1·gantea.

Races of R. capensis found outside of the Philippines, according to him, are as follows: .

Java, Billiton and Sumatra R. c. capens£s (LinnGeus) .

Borneo R. c. J'avana (Boddaert) .

Nicobars R. c. intermed£a (Hume) .

Peninsula of India, Sikkim tb Assam R. c. gUl'ial 1 (Pearson) . and Manipur, and Ceylon Burma, Tenasserim, Andamans, R. c. burmam'ca 2 (Sharpe) French Indo-China Simalur Island R. c. simalurensis (Richmond) North and South Pagi Islands R. c. isoptel'a (Oberholser)

.

1 2

Fig. Sharpe, "Monogr. A1ced.," pI. 34, 1870.

Ibi d ., pi. 35, 1870.

150

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

R. c. sodalis (Richmond)

Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Is., west coast of Sumatra R. c. nesoeca Oberholser .

Nias Is. and Batu Is., off western Sumatra R. c. cya1wpteryx Oberholser N.W. Sumatra, with Pulo Mansalar, N.E. Sumatra, south at least to the Besitan river R. c. arignota Oberholser 1 S.E. Sumatra R. c. hydrophila Oberholser Singapore Island and Bintang, off the southern end of Malay Peninsula R. c. malaccensis (Sharpe) Malay Peninsula south of Tenasserim R. c. floresiana 2 (Sharpe) Flores R. ama'Uroptera 3 (Pearson) Eastern Bengal to Arakan, Burma, and Tenasserim as far as the Tonka district of the upper Malay Peninsula R. m. melanorhyncha 4 (Temminck et Laugier) of Celebes, R. m. eutreptorhyncha (Hartert) of Sula, and R. m. dichrorhyncha 5 (Meyer and Wiglesworth) of Peling and Banggai are distinguished from the above species in having the light buff extending from the mantle to rump, and the blue on the wing and tail not so bright.

R. amauroptera is a rufous-coloured bird, closely related to R. c. gouldi, except that the blue of the body is replaced by dark brown. It is possible that several, if not all, of the above species may be treated as races a1lied to one another, in view of their having the same colour pattern and being the same size. They are, however, isolated on their islands and intermediately coloured; geographical representatives are unknown. Perhaps the above classification is the most natural that can be accepted by ornithologists.

S~tborder

BUCEROTES

Family BUCEROTIDJE Bill very large; culmen curved, its basal part expanded into a hollow casque, or else the sides of the bill deeply chiselled; eyelids with large lashes; wings short and rounded; tail-feathers long and broad; outer and middle toes united for basal two-thirds, inner and middle toes united for basal joint; plumage harsh and rough; large, noisy birds of heavy flight. The Philippine species are all well marked and easily identified.

1

2 3 4 5

ProG. Biol. SaG. Washingtoll, xxxvii., p. 136, Ig24.

Fig. Sharpe, " Monogr. Aleed.," pI. 36, 1870.

Ibid., pI. 30, 1870.

Ibid., pI. 2g, 1870.

Fig. Meyer and Wiglesworth, "Bds. Celebes," pI. g, 18g8.

Birds of the Philippine Islands , Vol. II. , Plate 19 .

" Ramphalcyon capensis gigant.ea (WALDEN!.

PHILIPPINE STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

(A) 1 Tail uniform, white, dirty buff or yellowish brown, with no black bar. (b) 1 Bill bright red to basal half; body plumage not all black.

HYDROCORAX, p. lSI. (b) 2 Bill not red; plumage, except tail, all black. (c) 1 Bill entirely black.

LIMNOPHALUS, p. ISS. (c) 2 Bill nearly all white.

GYMNOLÂŁMUS, p. 158. (.-1.) 2 Tail not uniform in colour, a wide black or blackish bar at the end. (b) 1 Bill bright red.

CRANOBRONTES, p. 166. (b) 2 Bill not bright red.

PENELOPIDES, p. 158.

Genus HYDROCORAX

Brisson, " Om.," iv., p. 565, 1760. Type (by tautonomy) : H. hydrocorax .

Platyce1'os Cabanis and Heine, "Mus. Hein.," ii., p. 174, 1860. Type: H. hydrocorax.

Bill and casque very large, the latter flat on top, overhanging on each side, and its posteri r border overhanging and extending to above the ear; bill smooth except for a few shallow furrows on base of lower mandible; chin and throat feathered; a small bare space about the eye.

This genus is confined to the Philippine Islands.

321.

Hydrocor.ax hydrocorax hydrocorax

Luzon Bornbill (or Calao) (F?'ontispiece, Plate 20) Le Calao Brisson, " Om.," iv., p. 566, pI. xlv., 1760.

Buceros hydrocorax Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., i., p. 153, 1766 : Luzon.

Buceros bicornis, var. Shaw, "Gen. Zoo1.," viii., p. 17, 18n : Philippine Islands.

B2tCeros planicornis Merrem, Ersch u. Gruber, " Encyc1.," xiii., p. 287, 1824.

Buceros platyrhynchus Pears, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., x., pt. 2, p. 652, 1841, n01n. nud.

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. 7, 1882.)

Native Names.-Ca-lao, Manila; ?'eloj delmonte, Spanish name.

Distribution.-Luzon, Marinduque. .

Description.-Chin, upper throat, a band from throat to eye and feathers above eye all black, followed on throat by a white space which shades gradually into the dull chestnut-brown of lower throat and sides of neck and head; breast and sides black; abdomen, thighs

152

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

and crissum dull chestnut; back, rump and wings brown, the rump lighter; primaries and most of the secondaries black, some of the latter edged with pale buff; tail-feathers pure white when fresh but soon becoming yellow or dirty buff. Entire casque and bill bright red.

Naked skin round eye yellow; iris red; feet brownish red; nails black.

Male.-Wing, 410; tail, 350; culmen from nostril, 160; greatest length of casque, 160-170; greatest width of casque, 52-53; tarsus, 60; middle toe with claw, 76.

Female.-Wing, 381; tail, 295; culmen, 140-150; tarsus, 56; middle toe with claw, 72.

Young.-Cheeks and upper parts of head blackish; rest of head and neck, rump, thighs, crissum and under tail-coverts yellowish white mixed with rufous; breast and belly yellowish white mixed with blackish grey; back, wing-coverts, scapulars and outer secondaries reddish brown, the wing-coverts tipped and the scapulars and secondaries margined with buff; primaries and rest of secondaries brownish black, margined on the outer web and tipped with buff; basal twothirds of tail-feathers reddish brown, margined in all except the middle pair with black. Bill and casque deep black, except the base of the lower mandible and the extreme tip of the bill, which are blood-red.

General NoteS.-These large Hornbills frequent the forest, where they feed on fruits, usually in high trees. Their call is loud and penetrating, and may be heard at a great distance; their flight is rather laboured, and produces a great noise.

The species of Hydrocorax do not differ much in plumage, but they are easily distinguished by the colour and shape of the bill and its casque.

322.

Jlydrocorax hydrororax mindanensis

Mindanao Hornbill (Plate 21) Buceros mindanens1¡s Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 543: Pasananca, Zamboanga, Mindanao (type (Challenger Exped.) in British Museum).

(Fig. Elliot, "Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. viii., r882; "Voy. Challenger, Aves," pI. iii., r88r.)

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-Plumage as in H. h. hydrocorax but casque much narrower and bill with distal two-thirds white. Naked skin round eye sooty black, yellow just before the eye, gular skin yellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish grey.

M ale.-Wing, 390; tail, 300; bill from nostril, 155; greatest length of casque, 136; greatest width of casque, 42; tarsus, 52.

Female.-vVing, 365; tail, 290; bill from nostril, 136; greatest

Birds of the Philippine Islands , VoL. II. , Plat e 21.

Hydroco,.a x hydrocorax 1nindane nsis lTWEEDDALEJ. MINDANAO HORNBILL.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

153

2

3

4

Heads of (1) Hydrocorax h. hydrocorax, juvenile; (2) Hydrocorax semigaleatus, adult; (3) Hydrocorax 11. mindanens1's, adult; (4) Hydrocorax h. hydrocorax, adult.

154

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

length of casque, I24; greatest width of casque, 39; tarsus, 48.

Eyes yellow to brown in the female, light bluish grey in male; legs and feet red; bill scarlet on basal half, rest yellowish white; bill of young birds black.

Young.-Upper part of head and cheeks black; feathers on chin and breast white, blackish grey at base; rest of head, neck, rump, belly, flanks and tail-coverts white mixed with rufous; back, upper wing-coverts, scapulars and outer secondaries brown, the last three widely tipped, and the last-named also widely margined on both webs with white; the rest of secondaries and primaries blackish brown, with a white margin on the outer web, gradually increasing in width on the outer secondaries; under wing-coverts brownish buff; middle feathers of tail hav~ basal two-thirds brown, and the rest the basal half dull chestnut; remainder of the feathers white; casque rudimentary. Bill black, yellowish at the tip; naked skin round eye and on gular region yellow; legs grey-green (in skin).

General N otes.-This is a common bird on the plain, and its dull call-note together with its large size make it easy to recognize.

They usually fly in a small flock of ten to thirty individuals. Goodfellow collected a specimen at 7000 ft. fLltitude, on Mt. Apo. It had a short wing (375) and an e tremely small bill (gape, 140; casque, II5).

323. Hydrocorax hydrocorax basilanica, subsp. nov.

Basilan Hornbill Basilan (type, November 1887, J. B. Steere, Lord Rothschild's collection, in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Distri bution.-Basilan.

Description.-The present race differs from H. h. mindanensis by having less distinct light brown margins to the feathers coming next to the black feathers of the chin and at the base of the lower mandible.

I t makes the buffish portion of the throat less conspicuous.

The measurements are smaller than the Mindanao race, but this is not worth noting as a racial character.

32~.

Hydrocorax semigaleatus

Intermediate Hornbill Bllceros semigaZeat'/ts Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 279: Amparo, S. Leyte (type, male, September 1877, Tweeddale coil., in British Museum).

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. ix., I882.)

Native Name.-cao, Bohol.

Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Panaon, Samar.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

155

Description.-Colours of the plumage as in the preceding species, H. h. hydrocorax and H. h. mindanensis, and the colours of the bill as in mindanensis, but the casque abruptly contracted in front and its upper outline in front continuous with that of the culmen. Naked skin round eye darkest sepia, almost black; gular skin dark Indianyellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish grey.

Male.-Wing, 400; tail, 203; bill from nostril, 153; greatest width of casque, 53; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 72.

Female.-Wing, 350; tail, 279; bill from gape, 153; tarsus, 53 ; middle toe with claw, 7I. Y oung.-Similar to that of H. h. mindanensis except that the outer tail-feathers have not the basal half chestnut, although the middle feathers are the same. In older examples of both sexes, when the adult plumage has been nearly attained, the bill is jetblack, the yellow tip of the young having disappeared, and the anterior part of the casque is distinctly raised above the line of the culmen.

General Notes.-Extremely abundant on the hills behind Catbalogan, in Samar. Sometimes comes down into the mangrove swamps near the town. In damp weather it s hoarse cry can easily be heard a mile away. It usually frequents very lofty trees, but may be readily called down by imitating its note.

This species has a highly developed oil-gland, the secretion from which is gamboge-yellow; when the feathers are well oiled the colour oJ the whole bird is changed. It feeds on fruit.

The present species is doubtless the geographical representative of H. hydrocorax. It has an aberrantly shaped casque, which is an undeveloped character in the H. hydroco1 ax group.

The distribution of H . hydrocorax is separated into the north and south Philippines, and the present species occupies the central portion of the archipelago.

1

Genus LIMNOPHALUS Elliot, "Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xxv. (text), 1882. Type (by monotypy) : L. montani.

Casque compressed and rounded on top, its outline gently curved, rounded and vertical behind; surface of the bill smooth; chin and upper throat feathered. This genus is nearest to Ceratogymna, distributing in Portuguese Guinea to north Cameroons in Africa.

Monotypic genus confined to the Sulu Archipelago.

156

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 325. Limnophalus montani Montano's Hornbill

B~tceros montani Oustalet, Bull. Hebd. Assoc. 56. Fr., p. 205, 1880: Sulu (type in Paris Museum).

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. XXV., 1882.)

Distribution.-Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Tail white; remainder of plumage black; back and wings slightly glossed with green. This species has been described as having the tail entirely white, but in a female specimen collected in Tawi Tawi, 2nd November I89I, by Bourns and Worcester, two rectrices on one side have the outer web black for about three-fourths of the distance from base to tip, and one feather on the other side of the tail has the outer web black to a less extent; the inner webs also are black for a short distance on two of these feathers. More specimens are necessary to determine whether this is an individual variation or a normal character, perhaps dependent upon age, which has been previously overlooked. The bill in adult birds is coal-black; iris nearly white (in female dark brown) ; legs and feet dull leaden; nails black. Young birds have the tip of the bill white or pale horn. The eyes appear to vary from nearly white to nearly black, the females usually having the darker eyes; bare skin of head black.

Nlale.-Wing, 293 ; tail, 243; tarsus, 52 ; middle toe with claw, 59.

Female.-Wing, 268; tail, 224; tarsus, 5I; middle toe with claw, 55.

General NoteS.-Montano's Hornbill is common on the hills behind the town of Sulu, and very abundant in Tawi Tawi, where it occurs in great flocks, but is very wild and extremely difficult to approach. The cry of this bird is the most peculiar bird-note to be heard. It begins with a series of notes precisely like the "song" of a common hen magnified about fifty times, and ends with an indescribable combination of cackles and shrieks. Its food consists of fruit.

Bourns and Worcester write: "A male and two females from Sulu are slightly smaller than Tawi Tawi specimens."

Montano's Hornbill is one of the most interesting and rare Philippine birds. The specimens discovered in 1880 are preserved in Paris, and ~pecimens collected on the second occasion are in Washington (ante, 1., p. 25), and no other scientific specimens are existing.

Allied Genus and its Range.-The most nearly allied genus is A nthracoceros, ranging in Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. Montano's Hornbill is very close to the species A . malayanus, in which the bill and casque are black, but differs from th~s bird in having the tail pure white and the superciliary region black.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

157

Montano's Hornbill, Limnophalus montani.

(Drawn from the type specimen in Paris lv/use/un.) [after ]. G.

KEULEMANS

158

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Genus GYMNOLlEMUS Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., p. 370, r892. Type (by monotypy) : G. marchii.

Casque large, compressed and fairly smooth, its top rounded, outline gently curved, overhanging behind and abruptly truncated in front; no chiselling on sides of bill; chin, upper throat and large space round eye entirely naked; throat naked; tail-feathers sub equal ; crest fairly developed.

The present genus is restricted to the Palawan subregion.

326. Gymnolcemus marchii Palawan Hornbill (Plate 22) A nthracoceros marchii Oustalet, "Le Nat.," r885, p. r08 (read 20th April): Palawan.

A nthracoceros lemprieri Sharpe, N at~tre, xxxii., p. 46, r885 (read 5th May): Palawan (type, collected by M. Lempriere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. .

Description.-Male.-Entire plumage black with the exception of the tail, which is white; the upper parts are glossed with dark bluish green; casque and bill yellowish white, the only black patch being at the base of the lower mandible; bare skin round the eye and on the throat reddish yellow (in skin). Iris brown; legs and feet leaden; nails black.

Wing, 290; tail, 240; tarsus, 53; bill from nostril, III; greatest length of crest, r06; tarsus, 52; middle toe with claw, 60.

Female.-Resembles the male, but the casque is less developed and the size smaller. The shape of the casque is not uniform along the top line; most of the specimens I have examined are fairly straight, but some are more curved, parallel to the mandible. The length of the casque is usually 125 or less.

Wing, 264; tail, 216; bill from nostril, II2; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 55.

In the Lord Rothschild collection there is a male specimen from Balabac, the casque measuring 150 and the wing longer than the average (300 mm.).

General Notes.-This Rombill is extremely wild in Palawan, always perching in high trees; but in the Calamianes it is both common and tame, feeding in fruit-trees within a few feet of the ground.

Genus PENELOPIDES Reichenbach, "Syst. Av.," pI. xlix., r849. Type (by monotypy): B~tceros panini.

Casque small, compressed, ridged on top, its outline curved, posteriorly falling away gently to the culmen; abruptly or obliquely

Birds of the Philippine Islands, Vol. II ., Plate 22.

Gymnolcemus mal'cilii (OUSTALETI. PALAWAN HORNBILL.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I59

truncate in front; basilateral portion of both mandibles with deep oblique chiselling; part of chin naked but feathered in the middle.

This genus is confined entirely to the Philippine Islands.

327. Penelopides panini manillce Luzon Tarictic (or Hornbill) (Plate 23) Le Calao de Manille Daubent., "PI. Enl.," No. 89I. Buffon, "Hist. Nat. Ois.," vii., p. I44, I780.

Buceros manillce Boddaert, " Tabi. PI. Enl.," p. 54, I783: Manila.

McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 335, I909.

Buceros manillensis Gmelin, " Syst. Nat.," i., p. 36I, I788.

Buceros sulcirostris Wagl., "Syst. Av. Buceros.," No. I3 (juv. viri!.), I827.

Penelopides talisi Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus., xxiii., p. I90, I903: Cagayan, Luzon.

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xx., I882.)

Native Name.-Ta-lic-tic, in vicinity of Manila.

Distribution.-Luzon, Marinduque.

Description.-Male.-Top of head and neck yellowish white; cheeks, ear-coverts and feathered part of throat black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings brown more or less glossed with dull green, most of the primaries, the secondaries and their coverts narrowly margined with buff on t e outer web; breast, belly, thighs and under tail-coverts white tinged with buff ; basal half of tail dark brown, succeeded by a wide white band (stained rufous), followed by a terminal black band glossed with green; the outer web of the outer tail-feathers is uniform black; naked skin round eye and on chin and throat white.

Iris crimson; feet and nails dull black; casque transparent hornbrown; bill dark brown; the base of the upper mandible with five transverse ridges, that of the lower with about four oblique ridges separated by ochre-coloured grooves.

Wing, 233; tail, 188; culmen, 94-99; tarsus, 43; middle toe with claw, 50.

Female.-Head and neck very dark brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings dark brown glossed with dull green; under parts brownish grey tinged with buff 6'n the breast; tail as in the male adult; naked skin round eye and on chin and throat purplish.

Iris brown; legs and feet dull black; bill and casque as in the male.

Wing, 221; tail, I85; culmen, 94-96; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 48.

Young female (with half-developed casque).-Differs from the adult in having the under parts buff, edges of both the webs of the tailfeathers margined with brown, and the upper tail-coverts and the ends . of the feathers suffused with bright buff.

General Notes.-Amount of chestnut feathers on the upper tail-

r60

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

coverts varies considerably, and some individuals have none at all.

The width of the chestnut band across the tail varies-25-50 mm.

Some specimens have the outermost pair without this colour, others have a large spot of chestnut on the inner web. p. p. manillce is most distinct of all the races.

328. Penelopides panini subnigra McGregor's Tarictic Penelopides sub nigra McGregor, Phil. ]Mwn. Sci., v., p. lIO, 1910: Polillo (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distri bution.-Polillo.

Description.-Most nearly allied to P. p. manillce, but noticeably larger, with longer bill, wing and tail; back, rump, tail-coverts and wings black glossed with dark green instead of being dark brown.

Wing, 260; tail, 235; bill from nostril, 93; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 45.

The female is almost entirely black, thus resembling the female of P. p. affinis and 'po p. basilanica, but the rufous on the rectrices is confined to a small area near the middle of the tail, as in P. p. manillce.

General Notes.-It is abundant on the island, where it is often found feeding on the fruit of a species of Ficus and also on the fruit of a tree belonging to the genus Dysoxylum.

329. Penelopides panini mindorensis Mindoro Tarictic Penelopides lVlindorensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 13, 1890: Calapan, Mindoro (type, male, 19th June, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Penelopides affinis schmackeri Hartert, Cat. Mus. Senckenb. Frankf., p. 139, 1891: Mindoro (type in Senckenberg Museum).

Native Name.-Ta-ric-tic, Mindoro.

Distribution.-Mindoro.

Description.-Male.-Crown, sides of neck and under parts whitish; ear-coverts and band across throat black; hind neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings black glossed with dark green, some of the wing-feathers edged with pale buff; tail chestnut, its terminal third black, outermost feather with entire outer web and most of the inner web black.

Wing, 235; tail, 205; culmen from nostril, 74; tarsus, 47; middle toe with claw, 46.

The female is similar to the male but has the forehead blackish and the black band on upper throat wider.

Birds 01 the Philippine I slands, Vol. ll., PI.ate 23.

Penelopides panini manillre" (BODDAElRTJ. LUZON TARICTIC (OR HORN.BILL) .

I Upp er) ADULT. ( LoweTi JUVElNILE.

r6r

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

TAIL-FEATHERS OF VARIOUS SUBSPECIES OF P ENEL OPIDES PANINI

2.

I.

5.

6.

7.

(I) P. p. mindorensis (type sp.); (2) P. p. manilltB; (3) P. p. panini (type sp.); (4) P. p. samarensis (type sp.) ; (5) P. p. leytensis (type sp.) ; (6) P. p. basilanica (type sp.) ; (7) P. p. affinis (type sp.).

II.-L

r62

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 235; tail, 210; bill from nostril, 77; tarsus, 44.

General Notes.-Habits like other races. The present bird has the peculiar undulating flight of Woodpeckers when going for any considerable distance.

330. Penelopides panini ticaensis Ticao Tarictic Penelopides panini t1"caensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. of the Philippines, NO.2, p. I6g, Ig30: Ticao (type, male, in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distri bution.-Ticao.

Description.-This race can be separated by its larger size when compared with P. p. panini. The coloration is the same as the typical race, except that the rufous portion on the tail and the upper tailcoverts is richer.

Wing, 292; tail, 280; culmen, 123; tarsus, 51.

331. Penelopides panini panin'i Panay Tarictic Le Calao de rile Panay Daubent., " PI. Enl.," No. 780 <? , No. 7810; Bufion, « Hist. Nat. Ois.," vii., p. 145, 1780.

Buceros panini Boddaert, " TabI. PI. Enl.," p. 48, 1783: Panay.

Buceros panayensis Scopoli, "Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr.," ii., p. 87.

1786.

Buceros insculptlls Dumont, « Dict. Sci. Nat.," vi., p. 20g, 1817.

Buceros sttlcirostris Wagler, « Syst. Av. Buceros.," No. 13 (:3 <?), r827.

(Fig. Elliot, « Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xxi., 1882.)

McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs., xxv., p. 25, pI. 9 (nest), Ig05.

Native Names.-Ta-ric'-tic, Ticao; ta-ric', Masbate: Distribution.-Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay.

Description.-Male.-Head, neck and breast pale buff; cheeks, ear-coverts and a band across neck black; back and wings black glossed with dark green; abdomen rufous; crissum, thighs and upper tail-coverts chestnut; tail light rufous, terminal third black slightly glossed with green. Iris red; bare skin of face white; legs dark brown; bill and casque dull red, base of upper mandible with six or seven vertical ridges, separated by pale yellow grooves; base of lower mandible with several oblique grooves.

Wing, 290; tail, 275; culmen from nostril, 97; tarsus, 43-48; middle toe with claw, 52.

F emale.-Black; neck, wings and back glossed with dark green;

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT tail as in the male, but outer web of outermost feather entirely black and inner web black at base; next feather with outer web black at base. Iris red; bare skin of head bluish; legs and nails black; bill black, casque dark red; grooves on upper mandible light yellow.

Wing, 260; tail, 245; culmen from nostril, 78; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 47.

Young female (without casque and only one ridge developed on the base of the upper mandible}.-Differs from the adult in having the upper tail-coverts chestnut and the middle of the basal part of the tail-feathers with more black. Naked skin round eye and on throat white faintly tinged with bluish; iris dull chestnut-brown; feet dark lead-grey with faint greenish cast, nails black; bill brown with olive-green tinge.

General Notes.-A set of eggs of the Panay Tarictic, taken in Ticao, measured 48.5-32.5, 46·7-33·7, 45 ·7-33. In colour they are dull white, with no markings except a few nest stains; their surface is chalky with occasional minute lumps. The eggs were deposited in a cavity in the trunk of a large tree, and the entrance was plastered up by the birds, leaving but a narrow slit through which the female was fed by her mate. The female remains within the cavity during the whole period of incubation; as she moults at this time she is probably unable to fly even if liberated.

This species is very common in many parts of Panay, Guimaras, Negros and Masbate, but, curiously enough, absent in Cebu. It is a very noisy bird, called Ta-ric-tic' by the natives from its note, and its food consists mainly of fruit, and occasionally beetles.

332. Penelopides panini samarensis Samar Tarictic Penelopides Samarensis Steere, List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I3, I8go: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 28th March I888, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distri bution.-Samar.

Description.-Male.-Very similar to the male of Penelopides panini affinis, but upper tail-coverts very pale buff. Eyes reddish brown; legs and feet slaty black; nails brown to black; bill dark brown, reddish at tip and round grooves.

Wing, 260; tail, 230; culmen from nostril, go; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 52.

Female.-Like the female of Penelopides panini affinis.

Wing, 235; tail, 225; culmen from nostril, 7 2 ; tarsus, 44; middle toe with claw, 50. tr

164

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 333. Penelopides panini leytensis

Leyte Tarictic Penelopides panini leytensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. of the Philippines, No.2, p. 169, 1930: Leyte (type in British Museum), Distri bution.-Leyte.

Description.-The present race is intermediate between P. p. samarensis and P. p. boholensis. It has a very narrow and pointed black portion towards the base of the tail-feathers. It is shown in the figure on p. 161.

Wing, 215-223.

334. Penelop1:des panini boholensis Bohol Tarictic Penelopides panini boholensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. of the Philippines, No.2, p. 168, 1930: Bohol (type in'Bureau of Science, Manila).

Native Name.-Tao-si', Bohol.

Distribution.-Bohol.

Description.-This race is nearest to P. p, samarensis, but can be distinguished by having the tail-feathers entirely rufous except at the base.

Wing, 253; tail, 207; culmen, 102; tarsus, 45.

335. Penelopides panini affinis Allied Tarictic (Plate 24) Penelopides affinis Tweeddale, Ann. and 1'Vlag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xx., p. 534, 1877: Butuan, Mindanao (type, male, May 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coli., in British Museum).

(Fig. Elliot, Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xxii., 1882.)

Distribution.-Dinagat, Mindanao.

Description.-Male.-Top of head and neck yellowish white; cheeks, ear-coverts and feathered part of throat black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings black glossed with ¡dark green; breast, belly, thighs and under tail-coverts white tinged with buff; tail white (stained rufous), with a wide terminal black band and some black at the base of the feathers, sometimes a band nearly as wide as at the extremity. Naked skin round eye and on chin and throat white; iris crimson; feet greenish lead; nails greyish black; basal half of bill and casque dark brown, rest of bill pale brown; base of the lower mandible with three or four obliquely transverse yellow ridges separated by dark brown grooves.

Wing, 236; tail, 195; culmen from gape, 94; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 48. tt

B i rds

0/ the Philippime Islands , Vol . II ., Plate 24.

Penelopides panini alfinis TWEEDDALE.

ALLIED TARIOTIO. (Right and lett) MALE.

(Centre) FEMALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

165

Young male (with undeveloped casque) .-Differs from the adult in having the upper tail-coverts chestnut and the black band across the end of the tail suffused with rufous.

F emale.-Head, neck and under parts dull black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings black glossed with dark green; tail resembles that of the male. Naked skin round eye and on chin and throat dark blue; iris crimson, feet dark greenish leaden. Bill and casque brown, base of lower mandible with indistinct obliquely transverse grooves.

Wing, 218; tail, 175; culmen, 87; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 46.

Young female (with undeveloped casque) .-Differs from the adult in having chestnut upper tail-coverts and the black band across the end of the tail suffused with rufous.

336. Penelopides .panini basilam:ca Basilan Tarictic Penelopides Basilanica Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped .. " p. 13, 1890: Basilan (type, male, I4th November I887, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distri bution.-Basilan.

Description.-Much like P. panini affinis, but differs from it in having the rufous upon the tail reaching to and beneath the upper tail-coverts, so that the whole base of the tail appears rufous, though some specimens show some black at the bases of the feathers when they are uncovered. The sides of the mandible are also flesh-coloured to their" bases instead of being black behind as in P. p. affinis. Eyes red to umber-brown; legs and feet greenish slate-colour; nails black; bill white at tip, black on crest, remainder mottled with reddish brown.

Male.-Wing, 231; tail, 205; culmen from gape, 92 ; tarsus, 45 ; " middle toe with claw, 46.

Female.-Wing, 2II; tail, 183; culmen from gape, 84; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 45.

Allied Genus and its Range.-The nearest genus to Penelopides is Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus 1 (Temminck et Laugier) of Celebes. It is a black-coloured bird the same size as Penelopides, but the corrugation on the upper \ . mandible runs parallel to the bill.

1 Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc., viii., pI. 5, fig. 1-2, 1872; Elliot, "Monogr. Bucerot. ," pI. 46, 1882. R. e. san(ordi Stresemann is separated from 5., C. and S. E. Celebes, "Om. Monatsb.," xl., 4, p. III, 1932.

166

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus CRANOBRONTES

Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxiv., p. 52, 1921. lellcocephallf s Vieillot.

Type: Blfceros

Jaw, entire chin and a large space round eye naked and bright red; base of lower mandible deeply and obliquely chiselled, upper mandible smooth; casque high, greatly compressed, its outline gently rounded behind and abruptly truncated in front. In the female the casque is smooth and has a sharp ridge above; in the male it is somewhat rounded above, and the sides are distorted by deep vertical plica tions.

This genus is confined to the Philippines. Similar to Cranorrhinus but maxilla without a grooved plate at the base; casque smaller, not so arched, and corrugations more pronounced; the two outer primaries more attenuated at the tip.

337. Cranobrontes waldeni Lord Walden's Hornbill (Plate 25) Craniorrhimts walden ' Sharpe, Jottrn. Linn. Soc . Zool., I878: west of Ilo-Ilo, Panay (type not in British Museum).

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xviii., 1882.)

Xlll.,

p. 156,

Distribution.-Guimaras, Negros, Panay.

Description.-Male.-Head, neck and chest dark chestnut, the feathers next the naked parts of the face and throat inclining to buff ; tail white (stained rufous), the basal third and the tips of the feathers black; rest of the plumage black, the upper parts glossed with dark green; naked skin round the eye and on the throat yellow. Iris red; legs and feet black; bill and casque red except towards the end; base of the lower mandible covered by a plate with dark-coloured oblique grooves; casque transversely folded.

Wing, 345; tail, 254; culmen from gape, 125-143; tarsus, 51.

Female.-Differs from the male in having all the plumage of the head and neck black and the casque without transverse folds; naked skin appears to have been black mixed with yellow.

Wing, 310; tail, 218; culmen from gape, IrO; tarsus, 48.

General NoteS.-Professor Steere gives the following notes: "I shot this Hornbill on the highest ridge of the mountains west of lIo-lIo. This is the only place where any of the virgin forest is left, and there I found this bird. They were not very rare, but I could get only a single specimen, as they flew so high in the trees that my shot scarcely reached them."

Birds 01 the Philippine Islands . Vol. II., Plat e 25.

" Cranobrontes waldeni ISHARPEI. LORD WALDEN'S HORNBILL.

B irds o{ the Phil'ippine I slands . Vol. II ., Plat e 26

Cranobron t es LeucocephaLus (VIEILLOT ).

WHITE-HEADED HORNBILL. ( L eft) F E MALE. (R i g ht) M ALE .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 338. Cranobrontes leucocephalus White-headed Bornhill (Plate 26)

Blfceros lelfcocephalus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.," iv., p. 592, 1816: Mindanao.

Buceros slllcatus Temminek, " PI. Col.," ii., p. 89, pl. 69,1823: Mindanao.

Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 165, pI. 27, 1875.

(Fig. Elliot, " Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xix., 1882.)

Distribution.-Camiguin S., Mindanao.

Description.-Male.-Occiput, nape and back of neck deep chestnut; rest of head, neck and upper chest buff; tail white with a terminal black band; rest of plumage black glossed with dark bluish green; naked skin round eye and on chin and throat fiery orange-red. Iris crimson; feet dull black; bill and casque deep red; lower mandible crossed at the base by four or more obliquely transverse ridges, the basal one being dark red, the rest whitish and separated from one another by brown grooves; casque with numerous transverse folds.

Wing, 335; tail, 244; culmen from gape, II8; tarsus, 51; middle toe with claw, 54.

Female.-Differs from the male in having the plumage of head and neck dark shining black, and the casque smooth. Eyes red; legs black; tops of feet black, bottoms yellowish; bill dark scarlet.

When fresh the tail-feathers are white, but they soon turn light buff.

The male is much larger than the female and has a larger casque.

Wing, 302; tail, 240; culmen from nostril, 89; tarsus, 46.

General Notes.-This bird is common in Mindanao and no specimens are recorded from Basilan. It frequents the high trees and feeds on fruit.

Allied Species and their Range.-The following is the key to the species belonging to the present genus and applies only to the male: It

(.-:/.) 1

(A)

2

Nape and basal part of the tail black.

Cranobrontes corr~tgatus 1 (Temminck), Borneo.

Nape rufous chestnut. (b) 1 Basal and terminal portion of the tail black.

Cranobrontes waldeni Sharpe. (b) 2 Only the terminal portion of the tail black.

C1'anobrontes leucocephalus Vieillot.

Cranorrhinus cassz"dix 2 (Temminck et Laugier), from Celebes, is an enormous representative of C. leucocephalus, with a wing measurement of 480 mm., while the culmen from gape in a straight line measures 215 mm.

1 2

Fig. Elliot, "Monogr. Bucerot.," pI. xvii., 1882.

Ibid., pI. xvi.

r68

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The nearest genus to Cranor1,hinus is Rhyticeros I-widely distributed over the Moluccas, New Guinea to the Solomon Isles-which has a flattened and boldly corrugated casque.

The above-mentioned genera and genus Rhabdotorrhinlls (Celebes) are the only representatives of the family occurring in the Australasian region, and large numbers of other genera are found in the Oriental and the }Ethiopian regions.

Suborder MEROPES Family MEROPIDJE

Bill long, slender, pointed and gently curved downwards for its entire length; a well-defined ridge on culmen; tarsi short and unfeathered; fourth and third toes united to last. joint; second toe united to middle toe for basal joint only; eggs white, deposited in holes in sandy ground, the birds usually nesting in colonies.

Genus MEROPS

Linnreus, " Syst. Nat., ' loth ed., p. II7, 1758. Type (by tautonyrny) : M erops apiaster Linnreus.

Tail moderate, composed of twelve feathers, middle pair slender and prolonged beyond the others; wing moderately long and pointed, first primary very short, second longest.

339. M erops superciliosus philippi nus Philippine Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (or Green-headed Bee-eater) (Plate 27) Le Grand Guespier des Philippines Brisson, " Om.," iv., p. 560, pI. 43, 1760.

Merops philippinus Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., i., errata, 1766 : Philippines.

(Fig. Dresser, " Monogr. Merop.," pI. IS, 1884-1886.)

fig.

I,

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bazol, Bohol, Cebu, Guirnaras, Leyte, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above dark green mixed with a little dull chestnut; occasional touches of blue on head; rump and upper tail-coverts cerulean blue; a narrow line of blue across forehead, ending on each 1 Rhyticeros plicatus, fig. Elliot, "Monogr. Bucerot.," pi. xxxvii., 1882; Nov. Zoot ., xxi., pi. 5, 1914.

Hirds 01 the Philippine Islands , VoL. II., Plate 27 .

Merops superciliosus lJhilippinus LINNJEUS. PHILIPPINE BLUE-CHEEKED BEE-EATER. rLeltl MALE. rRighli FEMALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

169

side over posterior border of eye; a broad black band from nostril through eye to and including ear-coverts; chin light yellow; a wide chestnut band on throat; breast, sides and abdomen green mixed with ochreous-buff and touches of pale greenish blue; vent and under tail-coverts delicate sky - blue; wings and tail nearly as in M erops viridis americanus. Iris red; bill, legs and nails black.

Male. - Wing, Head of M erops s1lperciliosus.

I26-I33; tail, without central pair of feathers, 89-93; culmen from nostril, 35-36; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 20.

Female.-Wing, I24-I25; tail, without central pair of feathers, 89-9I; culmen from nostril, 3I-33; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, I8.

Y oung.-Much duller in colour generally, with the blue tail and rump of the adult, but without the blue eyebrow, this being replaced by a little lighter green s~ade than on the cr~wn; cheeks pale green; throat pale brownish.

Allied Forms and their Range:

M. s. superciliosus 1 Linna:!us .

M. s. chrysocercus Cabanis and Heine

M. s. persicus 2 Pallas

1 2

Madaga.scar and Comoro Is., eastern Africa from Eritrea to Mozambique (Beira district), west to Ruwenzori, Rutschuru plain and Angola Southern Tunisia and Algeria, and one record from Morocco; south in winter to Senegal and Nigeria to the Lake Chad region, and also to Cameroons and the Belgian Congo Transcaspia, Persia, Caspian Sea to Sind, Punjab and Rajputana, south to Egypt and Iraq, and perhaps Arabia; south in winter throughout the greater part of Africa to Cape Province, and is stated to have nested also in South Africa

Fig. Dresser, "Monogr. Merop.," pI. 17, 1884-1886.

Ibid., pI. 16.

170

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

M. s. philtppinus 1 Linna:us

M. s. salvadori Meyer

Practically the whole of Ceylon and India, except Sind, to the foothills of the Himalayas, Burma and the Malay Peninsula to Java New Britaip. and north New Guinea

340. M erops viridis amencanus Philippine Chestnut-headed Bee-eater (Plate 28) Le G'Mespier de rIle de France Brisson, "Om.," iv., p.- 543, pI. 44, fig. 2, I760; Daubenton, " PI. Enl.," vi., p. 252, I783.

Le Petit G~tespier des Philippines Brisson, "Om.," p. 555, pI. 43, fig. 2, -I760. lVI erops americanus P. L. S. Miiller, " Natursyst.," SuppI., p. 95, I776: America, errore Philippines.

M erops bicolor Boddaert, " Tabl. PI. Enl.," p. 15, I783: Philippines.

(Fig. Dresser, " Monogr. Merop.," pI. 7, 1884-1886.)

Native Names.-Pe-ric', Manila; pi-ley pi-ley, Lubang.

Distribution.-Bohol, Cagayancillo, Calamianes, Catanduanes, Cebu, Crest a de Gallo, Fuga, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, Semirara, Sibuyan, Tablas.

Description.-Above, from bill to and including mantle and sides or neck, bright chestnut; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts clear sky-blue; a band from corner of mouth through eye to earcoverts black, bordered below by sky-blue; below apple-green, lighter posteriorly and more or less mixed with blue; under tail-coverts light blue; wings and coverts dark green; primaries and secondaries with dusky tips and dark ochreous-buff inner webs; long tertials tipped with dark blue; tail above dark cerulean blue, the lateral feathers darker than middle pair, which are broadly tipped with black; shafts black, tail brown below. Iris bright red; bill and nails black; legs dark flesh. l11ale.-Wing, 1I7-1I8; tail, without long feathers, 87; culmen from nostril, 34-36; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 20.

1 Fig. Dresser, .. Monogr. Merop.," pI. 15, 1884-1886.

Philippine specimens are inseparable from the Javanese bird (javanicus of Horsfield). Merops superciliosus javanicus, so called by Baker in "Faun. Brit. Ind.," iv., p. 237, and various other Indian and Malayan ornithologists, should be called M. s. philiPP1:ntÂŁS Linnceus. La Touche, "Handbook Bds. E. China," ii., p. 69, admits M. s. philippinus Linnceus, but separates M. s_ javanicus.

Sclater, in his" Systema Av. lEthiopicarum," p. 219, keeps lVI. persicus as a distinct species from M. superciliosus. If one follows Sclater's view the specific name applicable to the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater-breeding in Algeria to South China-must be called M. philippinus, with respective subspecies.

Birds 01 th e Philippin e Island s, Vol. 1I., Plate 28.

Merops viridis americanus P. L. S. MULLER. PHILIPPINE CHESTNUT-HEADED BEE-EATER. (Left) JUVENILE. (Right) ADULT.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

17 1

Female.-·W ing, II2; tail, 91; culmen, 34; tarsus, II; middle toe with claw, 19.

Young. - Differs from the adult in being duller and greener, the red of the head being overshaded with green and the mantle and upper back green; the under surface is paler, the throat and abdomen pale blue, and the breast light green.

Nests.-Nests in level sandy strips of ground. The tunnel is some 50 mm. in diameter at its mouth and at first runs sharply downwards. When a depth of 60-90 cm. has been reached it turns and slopes gradually upwards for 120-150 cm. of its length, ending in an enlarged chamber, in which the eggs are deposited on the bare sand.

The eggs are pure white and highly polished. They are frequently nearly spherical and vary from 21-24 mm. in length by 18-20 mm. in breadth.

General Notes.-This species sometimes feeds singly, but is more usually to be found in small flocks, and at times very large flocks gather, apparently attracted by swarms of bees.

Allied Forms and their Range: }vI. v. viridis 1 Linnreus (Syn. : M. sumatranus Grant)

Part of Tenasserim, E. Siam, French Indo-China, South China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo

Sz£border MICRO POD II Bill small and weak, the gape deeply cleft; rictal bristles not obvious; legs and toes small and weak; middle toe-nail not pectinate; tarsus very short; tail short to moderately long, either square or forked, and not reaching the tips of the folded wings. Diurnal in habits; eggs pure white, two in · number; nest composed of sticks and moss, or else wholly or in part of a salivary secretion.

Families (A) 1 Culmen equal to tarsus, or greater; tufts of elongated feathers HEMIPROCNIIDJE, p . 171. above and below eye.

(A) 2 Culmen decidedly less than tarsus; no elongated feathers MICROPODIDJE, p. 174. anywhere on head.

Family

HEMIPROCNIIDJE

Swift-like; wings long and pointed, tail deeply forked; feet stout; tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw; colours largely blue and brown, with a slight metallic gloss; plumage of the sexes dissimilar; 1 Fig. Dresser, "Monogr. Merop.," pI. 9, 1884-1886; Robinson, "Bds . Malay Penin.," p. 112, pI. 7, left fig., 1927.

I72

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

at once distinguished from any nearly related family by the elongated white feathers above and below eye. Habits more Flycatcher-like than Swift-like.

Gemts HEMIPROCNE

1

Nitzsch, "Observ. Av. Arter. Carot. Com.," p. IS, 1829. Type (by subsequent designation, Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix., p. 68, 1906) : H ir'Undo longipennis Rafinesque.

Characters same as those given for the family.

34I. H emiprocne comata major Philippine Whiskered Swift Macropteryx comata major Hartert, Nov. Zool., ii., p. 473, 1895: Luzon (type, Lord Rothschild's coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

DistributiOn.-Cebu, Guimaras, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, Tablas.

Description.-Lores deep black; ear-coverts chestnut; a broad white stripe from base of culmen continued over eye and running out in elongated feathers to nape; a similar white line under ear-coverts continued from the large white chin-patch; remainder of head and throat dark metallic blue; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast and sides of body bronze-brown; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts white; wings and tail dark metallic blue; innermost secondaries white.

Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.

Wing, I40 ; tail, 80; culmen, 6 ; tarsus, 6 ; middle toe with claw, I2.

The female is like the male, but has the ear-coverts metallic blue instead of chestnut.

Wing, I38-I44; tail, 8I-8S; culmen, 6; tarsus, 6; middle toe with claw, I3.

General N otes.-This species is curiously local in its habits, perching in the same place day after day and taking short flights from time to time in pursuit of insects. The ground under its favourite perch is usually covered with excrement.

342. H emiprocne comata nakamurai Nakamura's Whiskered Swift (Plate 29) Hemiprocne major nakamurai Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. o/the Philippines, No.2, p. 172, 1930: Samal Is., Danao, Mindanao (type, female, in Hachisuka coil., Tokyo).

Distri bution.-Basilan, Mindanao.

Description.-The present race can be distinguished by having 1

Oberholser, Review Proc. Biot. Soc. Wash., xix., pp. 67-70,1906.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

173

the back and the under surface of the body more strongly tinged with green when compared with the northern Philippine birds.

The measurements are intermediate between H. c. major and the typical race.

Male.-Wing, 128-134; tail, 79-8r.

Female.-Wing, 128-132; tail, 78-80.

343. H emiprocne. comata comata Indian

\~lhiskered

Swift

Cypsehts comatus Temminck, " PI. Col.," 268, r824: Sumatra.

Distribution.-Sibutu, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-The present race can be distinguished from any other Philippine races by being smaller in size.

Wing, 125-127; tail, 74; culmen, 5; tarsus, 7¡ General Notes.-The Guillemard collection from Sulu and the Everett collection from Sibutu have short wing measurements but cannot be separated from the Bornean race. Most of the Basilan birds belong to nakamurai, but I have found a specimen from this locality in the Lord Rothschild c llection, collected by Doherty, which is a short-winged typical bird.

Allied Species and their Range.-The typical form, H. c. comata,l is widely distributed over Tenasserim, throughout the Malay Peninsula, Siam, Borneo and Sumatra. Pere David records specimens from the Formosan channel and Shantung coast.

The following are other members of the genus, which are much larger birds:

H. coronata (Tickell) H. longipennis 2 (Rafinesque)

H. mystacea

3

(Lesson)

.

Widely distributed in the Indian region Sula Is., Celebes, Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim and S.W. Siam Australasian Islands

The last-mentioned is a colourful speCIes, somewhat resembling H. comata.

The present species, often quoted as occurring in Celebes and Timor, is an Cj. Hartert, Nov. Zool., ii., p. 473, 1895.

2 Fig. H. longipennis wallacei Gould, "Bds. Asia," i., pI. 23,1859.

List of subspecies, Oberholser, "Bds. Natuna Is.," Smith. Inst. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 159, p. 43, 1932.

3 Fig. Gould, " Bds. Asia," i., pI. 24. 1859.

1

error.

I74

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS F amity MICROPODID£

Wing long, pointed, and when closed extending far beyond the end of tail; bill small and weak, but gape very wide; legs and feet very small and weak; plumage mostly black or dark brown, slightly glossy, often with patches or mottlings of white; small birds capable of long-continued flight; nests usually placed in caves or fastened to cliffs or houses; eggs two, white and unspotted. Birds of this family are wide-ranging, and one or more species may be expected to be found in any island of the Philippine group.

Subfamilies (A) 1 Tarsi unfeathered or with a few feathers only; tail square or but slightly forked; toes arranged normally, three in front, one behind.

CHiETURINiE, p. 174.

(A) 2 Tarsi distinctly feathered; tail decidedly or even deeply forked; all the toes directed forward.

MICROPODINiE, p. 187.

Subfamily CH£TURIN £ Genera

(A) 1 Shafts of rectrices ordinary and without spinous tips; wing COLLOCALIA, p. 174. less than 140 mm.

(A) 2 Shafts of rectrices stiff and extending in a sharp point beyond the web; wing more than 150 mm. (b) 1 Wing over 200.

HIRUNDAPUS, p. 184. (b) 2 Wing under 170.

MEAR TSIA, p. 186.

Genus COLLOCALIA

Gray, "Gen. Birds," p. 8, 1840. Type (by original designation): Hirundo esculenta Linnceus.

The genus contains the small Swiftlets, some of which build the "edible nests" so sought for by the Chinese as an article of food.

It differs from the Spinetail Swifts in having normal tail-feathers, with no projecting spines; the feet are small, the three front toes directed forwards and the hind toes, which are partially reversible, directed backwards.

This genus contains numerous species, extending over practically the whole of the Oriental and Australian regions.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

175

344. Collocalia lowi palawane11sis Stresemann's Swift Collocalia lowi palawanensis Stresemann, Verh. Orn. Gesell. Bayern, xii., Heft i., p. 10, 1914: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, Lord Rothschild's coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Collocalia lowi (Sharpe) McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 352, 1909.

Distri bution.-Palawan.

Description.-Upper surface sooty black with a little greenish gloss, somewhat purplish on the tail; lower surface brownish grey, with somewhat darker shaft-stripes; feathers in front of eye white broadly tipped with black; under wing-coverts blackish.

Wing, 125-130; tail, 52-54; culmen, 5; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, g.

General Notes.-The present species is smaller than C. whiteheadi, and can easily be recognized by the front part of the tarsus, which is scantily covered with large feathers. The nests are made of moss, and fastened to the walls of caves with dry saliva.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. 1. lowi (Sharpe) .

Labuan, Sarawak, Anamba Is., accidental in Sumatra and Nias Is. The typical race (Labuan, type in British Museum) has a longer wing measurement (130-137), never under 130 mm . . South-eastern Borneo C. 1. tichelmani Stresemann C. 1. robinsom' Stresemann 1 Coast of Tenasserim, Peninsula of Siam and Malay Peninsula C. (lowi ?) vu1cano1'utn Stresemann Java; on the craters of the volcanoes Gedeh, Tankceban Prahu and Papandajan

345. Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi Common Whitehead's Swift Collocalia whiteheadi Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. 459: Mt. Data, Lepanto dist.,

N.W. Luzon (type, male, 25th January 1895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Bantayan, Batan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Sibuyan, Verde.

Description.-Similar to Colloca1ia lowi in coloration, but slightly larger, with the tail distinctly forked and the tarsi entirely devoid of plumes. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs dark reddish brown.

1

Bull. Raffles Mus., No.6, p. 98, 193I.

176

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ~'V1ale,-Wing,

136-139; tail, 51-57; culmen, 6; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, II. F emale,-Wing, 137; tail, 62.

Young nestling,-Similar to the adult but more sooty above and lacking the green gloss; lower parts greyer. Iris dark brown; bill and nails black; legs pale flesh, General Notes.-The eggs of this species are pure white; the nests are usually made of green moss and placed in caves.

According to McGregor, the two eggs collected measured 22'3 mm, XI3'9 and 23'6 XI4'2 mm.

346. Collocalia whiteheadi tsubame, subsp. nov.

Palawan Whitehead's Swift Type, male, 29th August 1887, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, E, L. Moseley, in British Museum. Oberholser, P1'OC, Acad. Nat, Sci. Philad., lviii., p. I92, I906.

Distri butiOn.-Palawan.

Description.-Th present race is distinguished from the typical form by having a smaller wing and tail measurement. Oberholser remarks that this bird ppears to be more brownish on the upper parts, put the five specimens in the British Museum do not bear out this statement.

Male,-Wing, I25-I28; tail, 53-57.

Female.-Wing, I25; tail, 60.

347. Collocalia whiteheadi

ongen~s

Mindanao Whitehead's Swift Collocalia origenis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., lviii., p. 191, 1906: Todaya (4000 ft.), Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington) .

Distribution.-Mindanao, except alpine region of Mt. Apo. Description.-Upper surface uniform brownish black, the rump not lighter, but wings and the distinctly forked tail more brownish, their feathers paler along the inner margins; entire ventral surface uniform smoky hair-brown, the throat not paler; sides of head and neck darker brown than the under parts; a blackish spot in front of the eye; lining of wing blackish brown.

Male.-Wing, I29-I38; tail, 53-60; culmen, 5'5-6; tarsus, I3-I4; middle toe with claw, I3.

Female.-Wing, I30-I34; tail, 5I-54; culmen, 5'5; tarsus, I3-I4; I2'5-I4; middle toe with claw, I3.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

177

General Notes.-Four adult specimens were collected by Mearns from Todaya, Mt. Apo, having been brought by Bagobos, who had found them in a cave locally in July 1904.

In its large size, deeply emarginate tail and lack of tarsal feathering C. w. origenis agrees with C. w. whiteheadi, but is readily distinguishable by the dark colours, particularly on the upper parts, which are even more blackish than in C. juciphaga.

Oberholser originally described the present bird as a species, but the difference from the other three races of whiteheadi is only in the coloration. There are so many closely allied species in the present genus that it would therefore be more convenient to consider origem's as a geographical race to C. whiteheadi. The type locality, Mt. Apo, 4000 feet, is the overlapping zone for the lowland and alpine species, and is extremely rich in avifauna; the present race must be considered as the lowland form. Nesting colonies would probably be found if suitable localities were examined, for rocks and cliffs are commonly met with along the ravines of Mt. Apo.

348. Collocalia whiteheadi apoensis Mt. Apo Swift

Collocalia apoensis Hachisuka, Gontrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. I72, 1930: Lake Faggamb (8000 ft.), Mt. Apo (type in Hachisuka coIl., Tokyo).

Distribution.-Mindanao (alpine region of Mt. Apo).

Description.-This race is easily distinguished from its other allies by having a darker and more glossy back and under parts, in colour having a more greyish than brownish tinge. The tail is more deeply forked.

Wing, 130.

General NoteS.-The present race is the mountain form of C. w. origenis, so far only known from the type locality. I have seen them flying or skimming over Lake Faggamb daily, in the company of C. esculenta bagobo.

The distribution of C. whiteheadi from Mindanao is by no means satisfactorily worked out, and the two races origenis and apoensis are known only from their respective type localites.

C. w. origenis is probably more extensively distributed, and comes up the valley of the River Sibulan to Todaya to find suitable nestingplaces.

The affinity of the two Swifts origenis and apoensis requires further investigation.

Captain Gardner, of the U.S. Army (ante, 1., p. 144), who made a II.-M

178

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

new route to Mt. Apo, and who, in February I928, discovered and explored Lake Faggamb (ante, I., p. 57), wrote an account of the small Swifts and their nesting colony, but the description given makes one wonder as to which the identification applies, to the present species or to C. esculenta bagobo.

Extralimital Range.-The British Ornithologists' Union Expedition in I9IO (Ibis, Jub. Supp!., I9I5, p. I90) discovered C. w. whiteheadi occurring in New Guinea. This unique specimen is a fine example of a male; the only difference I can detect from the type specimen (C. w. wMteheadi) is the more conspicuous white edge to the feathers of the lores.

349. Collocalia vestita vestita Lesson's Swift Salangana vestita Lesson, "Echo du Monde Sav.," ser. 2, viii., col. I34, I843: Sumatra.

Collocalia fuciphaga mearnsi Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xlii., p. I7, I912: Luzon (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Collocalia fuciphaga (Thunberg) McGregor, " Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 354, I909¡ \ Collocalia vestita mearnsi Oberholser, Stresemann, Verh. Om. Gesell.

Bayern, Bd. xii., Heft i., p. 9, I9I4.

Distribution.-Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay.

Description.-Very similar to C. w. whiteheadi, but the tarsi distinctly feathered. Upper surface dark sooty brown with very little gloss; head, wings and tail darker and more glossy; feathers in front of the eye whitish with dark brown tips; lower surface brownish grey with darker shaft-stripes; under wing-coverts blackish brown. Bill, feet and nails black; legs ligl-:t brown. The young bird is like the adult in plumage.

Wing, II2-II9; tail, 56; culmen at base, 4; tarsus, IO; middle toe with claw, 7.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. v. vestita (Lesson) C. C. C. C. C.

v. v. v. v. v.

amechana Oberholser cerophila Oberholser capritis Thayer and Bangs brevirostris (McClelland) . elaphra Oberholser

? Malacca, Simalur Is., Sumatra, Java, Borneo . Anamba Islands N ias Islands Hupeh, Central China East Himalayas â&#x20AC;˘ Seychelles

A closely allied species is C. fuciphaga.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

179

350. CoUocalia fuciphaga amelis Philippine Thunberg's Swift Collocalia 'lInicolor amelis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., lviii., p. 193,1906: Irisan, Benguet, Luzon (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distri bution.-Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan.

Description.-Upper parts dark sooty brown, having a greenish tinge with little gloss; the head darker; rump slightly paler; wings and tail darker than the back, which is blackish brown with a greenish sheen; the inner webs of the wing-quills dull and paler brown; lower surface greyish brown, darkest on the lower tail-coverts, palest on the throat and jugulum; lining of wing blackish brown. Iris brown; bill and claws black; legs dark reddish brown.

Wing, lo7-II6; tail, 46-47; culmen, 6; tarsus, 7-10; middle toe with claw, 7-9.

General NoteS.-The presence of this bird has long been known in the Philippines, but properly identified by Oberholser only in 1906, and it is not mentioned in McGregor's" Manual of Philippine Birds."

Notwithstanding the similarity of proportions (including the forking of the tail) the very great difference in size renders it easily distinguishable from C. whiteheadi on even superficial examination. From C. jrancica and other light-rumped species it is at once separable by its lack of the white band on the rump. The tarsi of C. f. amelis are entirely devoid of feathers. In colour amelis differs from the typical juciphaga by reason of the paler ventral surface, particularly the throat and the more brownish upper parts, and the lighter rump. This race is also paler and more brownish above when compared with C. v. vestita, which has the rump noticeably lighter than the back.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 :

C. f. juciphaga (Thunberg) C. f. subsp. ?

C. f. moluccarum Stresemann C. /. hirundinacea Stresemann.

C. /. excelsa O. Grant C. j. yorki Mathews C. f. vanikorensis (Quoy and Gaimard)

1

. Java Natuna, Borneo Key, South-East Is., Moluccas . Western New Guinea . Utakwa river, New Guinea North Queensland and islands Louisiade, D'Entrecasteaux and Bismarck Archipelago, ? Solomon Is., ? Santa Cruz Is., New Hebrides, ? Loyalty Is.,? New Caledonia, ? Tonga Is., ? Union Is.

Stresemann, .. Was ist Collocalia juciphaga (Thunberg)?" VerI!. Orn. Gesell.

Bayern. Bd. xii., Heft i .â&#x20AC;˘ pp.

1-12, 1914.

180

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. f. ceramensis Van Oort C. f. spodiopygia (Peale) C. /. inquieta (Kittlitz) C. f. bartschi Mearns C. f. rukensis Kuroda C. /. unicolor (Jerdon)

Ceram Fiji Caroline Is. Guam, Marianne Is. . Ruk, Caroline Is. Ceylon, India

351. Collocalia francica germani Oustalet's Swift Collocalia germani Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, 1876, pp. 1-3 : Pulo Condor.

Collocalia francica (Gmelin) "Syst. Nat.," ii., p. 1017, 1789. Hartert, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvi., p. 503, 1892: Ile de France.

Collocalia francica inexpectata Hume, "Stray Feath.," 1873, p. 296.

Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 90, 1905.

Collocalia francica germani Oustalet, Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., lviii., p. 201, 1906.

Native Names.-Ca-li-pat'-pat, Cuyo; sa-lin-ba-ba'-tang, Cagayancillo. .

Distribution.-Cagayancillo, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Cebu, Cuyo, Negros, Panay.

Description.-Similar to C. w. whiteheadi, but easily recognized by the whitish or smoky grey band across rump; shafts of rumpfeathers darker; tarsi unfeathered. (Probably the young bird is much like the adult, as with other species of the genus.) Iris dark brown; legs and feet light brown; bill and nails black.

Wing, lI5; tail, 50; culmen, 5; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 9.

General Notes.-Oustalet's Swift is similar to the typical race, but larger; upper surface more glossed with metallic green; light rump band, with more evident blackish shaft-line; posterior lower surface darker and with more conspicuo'u s dark shaft-lines.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. f. /rancica (Gmelin) C. f. townsendi Oberholser C. f. terrceregince (Ramsay) C. f. spodiopygia (Peale) C. f. eichhorni Hartert C. /. reichenowi Stresemann C. f. in/uscata Salvadori C. f. assimilis Stresemann

Mauritius and Bourbon . Tonga Is. North Queensland Samoa St. Matthias Solomon Is., New Britain and New Ireland Northern Moluccas Fiji Is.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT C. f. inexp ectata Hume .

C. f. germani Oustalet

C. f. iavensis Stresemann

1

C. j. bartelsi Stresemann C. f. mica ns Stresemann C. j. heinrichi Stresemann C. J. cenigma Riley

181

Button Is., Andaman Is Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, south to Lower Siam, Cochin-China, Laos and Pulo Condor Java, Kangean Is., Flores, and probably all the lesser Sunda islands between Java and Flores Breeding-places probably off the north coast of West Java 2 . Sumba, Savu, Timor Sou th Celebes Central and south-east Celebes

352. Collocalia troglodytes Pygmy Swift

Collocalia troglodytes Gray, "Gen. Bds.," i., p. 55, pI. I9, I845: Philippines.

Native Names.-Bu'-ta bu'-ta and sai-ao', Bohol.

Distribution.-Banton, Bohol, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tic~o.

Description.-Very much smaller than C. f. jrancica; upper parts, including wings and tail, black with a metallic greenish or bluish gloss; a pure white well-defined rump band, the feathers of which have blackish shafts, most of them with dark tips; abdomen white, or whitish in contrast to most of the remaining deep brownish lower parts; under tail-coverts like the back; lining of the wings rather more brownish.

Bill, legs and feet black.

Wing, 86---96; tail, 38-42; culmen, 3'5¡ ; tarsus, 9- 9'5; middle toe with claw 9.

General Notes.-This species is very common throughout the islands. It builds edible nests, which are mostly built in caves and composed chiefly or entirely of secretion from the mouths of the birds. However, when the birds are persistently robbed they seem to become discouraged and mix in grass, stems of small plants, moss, etc. Two or three white eggs are deposited, and measure between I5'2 to 17'7 by 10'1 to 10'9.

1

2

Bull. Raffles M us., No.6, p. 91 , 1931.

Cf. Ornith. Mo natsb., XX X V., p . 46, 1927.

r82

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

353. Collocalia marginata Salvadori's Swift

Collocalia marginata Salvadori, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torina, xvii., p. 448, 1882: Cebu.

Collocalia cebuensis Kutter, Journ. fur Orn., r882, p. 171: Cebu.

Native Names.-Ni-do and sa-lum-pi-ping-ao, Calayan.

Distribution.-Babuyan Claro, Banton, Bohol, Calayan, Camiguin N., Cebu, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Polillo, Sibuyan, Tablas.

Description.-Above very dark glossy green, short upper tailcoverts margined with pure white; feathers in front of eye white, with dusky tips; sides of head, neck and chin mouse-grey; feathers of throat with narrow white edges, posteriorly the white edges gradually increase in width so that the abdomen is almost entirely white; under tailcoverts dark glossy green with narrow white margins; under wingcoverts narrowly edged with white. Iris, bill, toes and nails black; .tarsi dark flesh.

Wing, 102-I07; tail, 40-46; culmen, 4; tarsus, g; middle toe with claw, 8.

Y oung.-Like the adult, except that the white edges to the upper tail-coverts are but just ihdicated. Bill and nails black; legs pale flesh.

General Notes.-The nests are in small colonies and fastened to the face of a rock, and are composed of blackish brown hair-moss and held together by the characteristic glutinous saliva. The eggs do not differ from others of this genus, being two in number and pure white in colour. Measurements, 18'2 by IO'g; and 17 by II¡6.

354. Collocalia esculenta isonota Oberholser's Swift

Collocalia linchi isonota Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., lviii., p. 208, 1906: Irisan, Benguet, Luzon (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Native Name.-Pi-ping-a~t, Benguet.

Distribution.-Bongao, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro.

Description.-Upper surface dull' dark metallic green, the crown and upper tail-coverts with'a slight bluish tinge; tail of the same colour, scarcely more bluish; wings, the exposed surface of the quill, dull greenish blue, but with little metallic sheen, the greater coverts like the back; lores dark brown, the feathers with pure white bases; sides of head and neck, chin, throat, breast, sides and flanks brownish slatecolour, the throat and breast-feathers with margins of pale greyish or whitish, those of lower breast, of sides and flanks so broadly bordered

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT with white that the ground-colour is largely overlaid; median portion of abdomen white, with very fine dusky shaft-lines; longest lower tailcoverts dull dark metallic green, slightly or not at all margined with whitish, the shorter ones brownish with broader white edges, or nearly all white, with dusky shaft-stripes; lining of wing dark brown, slightly glossed with metallic green.

This race differs from the typical form in its small size and much duller and slightly more bluish upper parts.

Wing, 97; tail, 42; cuhnen, 4; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 7.

General Notes.-The nest is composed of lichens or moss, and placed in a secluded position on the ground, in the protection of grass or ferns. The eggs measure 22·3 by I3·9 and 2I·5 by I3·9.

355. Collocalia esculenta bagobo Bagobo Swift

Collocalia esculenta bagobo Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., o. p. I73, 1930: Lake Faggamb (8000 ft.), Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type Hachisuka coil., Tokyo).

2, III

Distribution.-Lake Faggamb (8000 ft.), Mt. Apo, Mindanao.

Description.-The present race is easily distinguished by having darker under parts on comparison with C. e. isonota. The throat, breast and other abdominal parts are deep black instead of dark brown, with faint pale edges to each feather. In measurements this bird is the same as C. e. isonota.

General Notes.-This race is an alpine form confined to Mt. Apo. Two skins from Ayala, Mindanao, preserved in the British Museum are C. e. isonota, and do not belong to the present race.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 : C. e. linchi Horsfield and Moore . Java (type specimen in British Museum), Bali Lombok, Kangean Is., Sumatra, including the islands along thewestern coast, Singapore and the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, ? Borneo Natuna and Linga, ? Malay c. e. cyanopt£la Oberholser.

Peninsula, ? Sumatra Andamans and Nicobars C. e. affinis Beavan . . North Pagi Is. C. e. oberholseri Stresemann Island of the Mergui Archipelago C. e. elachyptera Oberholser Kinabalu, Borneo C. e. dodgei Richmond 1 Oberholser, Review, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi/ad., lviii., p. 177, 1906; Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xix., p. 347, 1912.

184

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

There are several skins in the British Museum from Sarawak (Baram and Lawas river); the wing measurement runs to 90-98 and must be considered as the typical race. Therefore the small winged C. e. dodgei (wing, 88) must be considered as the mountain fonn.

C. e. esculenta (Linnceus) Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Aru Is., W. Papua Is. ; D'Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Archipelagos and Solomon Is. C. e. stresemanni Rothschild and Hartert Admiralty Islands and Bismarck Archipelago C. e. maxima O. Grant New Guinea (Utakwa river) C. e. sumbawce Stresemann Sumbawa C. e. minuta Stresemann Kalao C. e. neglecta Gray Timor, Savu, Dammar, Kisser, Wetter, Roma and Alar

Gemts HIRUNDAPUS

Hodgson. jo'Urn. As. Soc. Bengal, v., p. 780, 1836 for December (=I837)¡ Type (by original designation): Cluetura nudipes Hodgson.

Size large, length lOa-ZOO mm., or even more; shafts of tailfea thers very stiff and extending a short -distance beyond the webs; claws strong and curved. Birds of this genus are very strong and steady in flight, and usually feed high in the air.

356. Hirundapus giganteus giganteus Giant Spine-tailed Swift Cypsehts giganteus Temminck, " PI. Col.," p. 364, 1825: Java.

Distribution.-Calamianes, Calayan, Culion, Palawan.

Description.-Forehead, crown, nape, sides of head and neck, wings and tail black with very dark steel-blue gloss; lares deep black; remainder of plumage deep smoky brown, except under tail-coverts and a patch on lower flank, which are white; shafts of under tail-coverts dark brown.

Wing, zoo; tail, 68; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, z6.

General Notes.-McGregor writes: "Large series of these Giant Swifts have been collected in Culion and Palawan; they have also been seen in Benguet Province and in Calayan."

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

185

Allied Forms and their Range: H. g. giganteus (Temminck) Sumatra, Java, Borneo, southern Malay Peninsula; intermediate between the next race occurring in Peninsula of Siam H. g. t'ndt'cus (Burne) Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Manipur, Andamans, Burma, and possibly northern Malay States, S.W. Siam, S. India and north to latitude 12°

357. Hirundapus celebensis celebensis Celebes Spine-tailed Swift Chcetura gigantea var. celebensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 608 : Menado, Celebes (type in Leyden Museum).

Hirundaplts celebensis dubi~ts (McGregor) Kuroda, Tori, v., No. 23, p. 233, 192 7.

Hachisuka, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., Iii., p. 102, 1932.

(Fig. Meyer and Wigiesworth, "Bds. Celebes," i., pI. xii., 1898.)

Distri butiOn.-Basilan, Negros.

Description.-General colour deep steel-blue, back and rump with purple gloss; two white spots on the sides of the forehead; sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white. The tail and secondaries are glossed with green and blue in about equal proportions.

Wing, 216; tail, 73; culmen from nostril, 6; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 22.

General NoteS.-The present species is one of the rarest Swifts known, and only two or three specimens are recorded from Celebes.

The type specimen is preserved in the Leyden Museum and is closely related to H. giganteus. Keay discovered the first specimen in the Philippines, at Negros-the bird is now preserved in the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh-and Mearns was the second to obtain this species from Basilan. Miss Yamamura collected five specimens from Basilan, they are now preserved in Kuroda's collection, Tokyo. In the specimens obtained in April by Miss Yamamura the white spots on the sides of the forehead are stained with reddish brown.

358. Hirundapus celebensis dubius Philippine Spine-tailed Swift Chcetura dubia McGregor, Bur. Gov. Lab. Manila , xxxiv., p. IS, pI. 12, 1905: Mindoro (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Hachisuka, Bull. Brit. am. Club., Iii., p. 103, 1932.

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindoro.

Description.-This race differs from the southern representative

186

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

by having more violet gloss on the metallic blue feathers, and the white portions on the under side of the wing replaced by smoky brown and smaller patches. Bill black; iris brown; legs and feet reddish flesh; nails light brown.

Wing, 220; tail, 64; culmen from frontal feathers, ro; tarsus, 18.

General Notes.-This interesting bird is known only to McGregor, and within my knowledge there is no specimen in existence except in Manila.

Genus MEARNSIA

Ridgeway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, pt. v., p. 686, 1911. Type (by monotypy): CJuetura picina Tweeddale.

Size small (wing less than r70 mm., the wing relatively very long) ; tenth (outermost) primary distinctly shorter than ninth; distance from tips of longest secondaries to tip of longest primary much more than two-thirds the total length of wing; tail only one-sixth as long as wing, the longest coverts reaching nearly to its tip; no white on under tailcoverts or flanks.

Ridgeway dedicated this genus to Dr. E. A. Mearns (ante, 1., p. 45), which is confined to the Philippine Archipelago.

359. Mearnsia picina Tweeddale's Spine-tailed Swift (or White-throated Spine-tailed Swift) (Plate 29) Chcetura picina Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 944, pI. 59; Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, female, April r878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum).

Grant, Ibis, r897, p. 242.

McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., xix., p. 700, r92I. Native Name.-Cal-o-gai, Moros.

Distribution.-Cebu, Leyte, Mindanao.

Description.-General colour black with a blue gloss, greenish in some lights; chin, throat and larger under wing-coverts pure white.

Iris dark brown; bill black; legs lead-grey.

Wing, 16r; tail, 32; culmen, 6; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, r4.

General Notes.-Tweeddale's Spine-tailed Swift was described by the Marquess of Tweeddale from a female specimen collected by Everett, near Zamboanga, in April r878, which is the type specimen preserved in the British Museum.

Additional specimens known are two males and one female that

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 29

(Upper) Mearnsla pJcina (Tweeddale) Tweeddale's Spine-tailed Swift.

(Lower) Hemiprocne oamata nakamurai Hachisuka.

Nakamura's Whiskered Swift.

(Lefl) male (Right) female

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT were secured by Whitehead, in Barugo, North Leyte, on 9th August 1896. A pair of them were included in Lord Rothschild's late collection (now in New York), and the third specimen, a male, in the British Museum, has been made the type of this sex.

A fifth record was furnished by Mearns, on 7th September 1903, who collected two specimens of this species at Pantar, Mindanao. Dr. Mearns's collection is in the United States National Museum at Washington.

More than fifteen years elapsed when, in 1920, two more specimens were collected -one by Mr. E. H. Taylor on 25th September, and the other, a female, by Andres Celestino at Toledo, Cebu, on 21st December. Both specimens are preserved in the Bureau of Science, Manila.

The next anq last specimen was collected by myself on the outskirts of Mount Apo in Mindanao on 2nd February 1929 (ante, I., p. 65). This specimen is in my collection in Tokyo. Altogether only nine specimens of this genus are recorded.

,g'-:-., ..

b----:" . ...:.:

Y.'::"

::.~

Subja111,ily MICROPODINlE Genera

(A) 1 Smaller; toes all directed forward, but in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line; plumage nearly TACHYNAUTES, p. 188. uniform brown.

(A) 2 Larger; toes all directed forward and at equal intervals; chin, throat and rump white.

MrcRoPus, p. 18 9.

1'1'[earnsia picini. The bill, (A) 3 Tail not forked, or for less than wing and tail.

'25 inch.

COLLETOPTERA, p. 190.

188

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus TACHYNAUTES

1

Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtts., xxviii., p. 860, 1905. original designation): Cypselus parous Lichtenstein.

Type (by

Toes all directed forward in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line, none of them reversible; tail deeply forked, its feathers narrow; plumage nearly uniform in colour, sometimes with white markings.

360. Tachynautes batasiensis pallidior Paler Palm Swift Tachornis pallidior McGregor, B¡ur. Gov. Lab. Manila, xxv., p. 27,1904: Manila (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Bohol, Cebu, Luzon, Mindanao, Ticao.

Description.-Upper parts dark brown; nearly black on head, neck and back, which have a faint green gloss; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts lighter brown and narrowly fringed with grey in .... unworn plumage, the tail-coverts with dark shafts; _ wing-feathers blackish brown, glossy on outer webs; short primaries narrowly edged with white on inner webs; tail of the same colour as the wings; sides of head brown; chin and throat Left foot of T achynautes batasiensis. light drab-grey, merging gradually into the dark drab-grey of the lower breast and abdomen, where the feathers are narrowly edged with whitish; stiff feathers in front of eye white with brown tips.

Wing, II9; lateral rectrices, 50; central rectrices, 31; tail, 62; culmen, 5; tarsus, 7; middle toe with claw, 7.

General Notes.-This species is easily recognized by the deeply forked tail and peculiar paired toes. It has been found in small numbers in the islands from which it is recorded.

It is not uncommon in Luzon, and many specimens have been collected at Laguna and Tarlac Province, near Manila.

~

1 Replaces Tachornis, Gosse, 1847.

According to certain Oriental ornithologists the name Cypsiurus (Lesson, 1843) is used for the Old World Palm Swift, in view of the type Tachynautes phamicobia (Gosse) not being congeneric with the Oriental forms .

T. phamicobia is commonly found in Jamaica, and is rather small in comparison with T. batasiensis (wing 100-105 mm.). It has a conspicuous white band on the rump, and the feathers of the chin and breast are white. r can find no structural difference between the two species, and r am therefore uniting them into the genus Tachynautes. Among certain skins of T. phamicobia in the British Museum collection there are some with the toes turned backwards; probably the legs of these specimens have been dried in this unnatural position and do not necessarily prove that the toes are reversible and not permanently directed forward.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

r89

Allied Forms and their Range: T. b. batasiensis (Gray)

T. b. palmarum (Gray)

T. b. infumatus

1

Bengal and south-western Bihar, Assam, north of the Brahmaputra, as far east as the Dibong, Orissa, Madras and Ceylon The whole of the north-west of India, as far east as Chota N agpore and Lohadaga in western Bengal, and to western Bihar; south to about Belgaum in the Bombay Presidency and the Deccan Assam, south of the Brahmaputra and east of the Dibong; Manipur, Lushai Hills, Burma from Chin and Kachin Hills to the extreme south, Yunnan, Siam, Hainan, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java

.

(Sdater)

Genus MICROPUS Meyer and Wolf, Taschenb. d. Vogel," p. 280 (pref. 20th August 1809), 1810. Type (by subsequent designation), Hartert, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvi., p. 437 (pref. 12th June), 1892: Hirundo apus Linmeus.

It

Tarsus well feathered in front; outer toes more or less reversible; claws strong; tail decidedly forked; rectrices pointed but not stiff ; nostril-opening oval, with a median septum, which is not plainly seen in the dry specimen.

36I. Micropus pacificus pacificus White-rumped Swift

Hirundo pacifica Latham, Index Om.," Suppl., p. lviii., 1801: New South Wales.

(Fig. Gould, " Birds Austral.," ii., pl. II; Mathews, " Birds Austral.," vii., pl. 348.)

McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, pp. 339 and 346, pIs. 4 and 5, fig. I, 1907.

It

Native Name.-Kararabi, Botel Tobago.

Distribution.-Batan, Botel Tobago, Camiguin N. Description.-General colour blackish brown; a broad rump-band white, its feathers with brown shafts; upper parts with a slight oilgreen gloss; loral feathers white with black tips; chin and throat white 1

Fig. Robinson, .. Bds. Malay Penin.," i., p. 126, pI. ro, I927.

190

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

with narrow dusky shaft-lines; sides of head and neck light dingy brown; under parts and under wing-coverts brown, each feather with a wide white fringe and a deep brown subterminal band; under tailcoverts narrowly fringed with white. Iris brown; bill and nails black; feet blackish brown. il1ale.-Wing, 182; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; culmen from frontal feathers, 7; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12.

Female.-Wing, 178; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; culmen from frontal feathers, 8; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12.

General Notes.-This handsome Swift was observed in large numbers on Batan Island, and a number of specimens are from the town of Santo Domingo de Basco. Near the summit of Mount Araya (II60 metres) several of these graceful birds were seen in their powerful flight.

Allied Forms and their Range : M. p. pacificus (Latham)

M. p. cooki (Harington) .

M.

p. leuconyx (Blyth)

1

The present race migrates as far south as New Guinea, Australia and Tasmania, and there is no reason why more specimens should not be procured in the Philippines.

Breeding in Kamschatka, Mongolia, Baikal, Amur district, China to Japan, Corea and Formosa Shan States, Amhurst, the Tsinling Mountains, Selangor, and Margherita in Assam Mussoorie and Murree in the N.W. Himalayas to Sikkim and Bhutan, Malabar, Deccan, Khasia Hills

Genus COLLETOPTERA 2

Austin Roberts, Ann. Transvaal original designation): C. affinis Gray.

~Mus.,

viii., p. 2I7, I922. Type (by

This genus differs from Micropus in having the tail square and not forked, or for less than '25 inch.

1 Domaniewski described M. p. kwyodce (Japan) and M. p. kamtsclzaticus (Kamschatka) from a small series of skins preserved in the Polish Museum (Acta Ornithologica, Musei Zoologici Polonici, Tom. i., NO.3, p. 80, 1933).

2 Tetragonopyga Bannerman is a synonym, BUll. B.O.C., !iii., p. 72, 1932, and p. 98, 1933. .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I9 I

362. Coltetoptera affinis subfurcatus Lesser White-rumped Swift Cypselus sUbjwycatus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., xviii., p. 807, 1849 : Penang.

McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 346, pIs. 4 and 5, fig. 2, 1907.

(Fig. Robinson, "Bds. Malay Penin.," i., p. 125, pl. 10, 1927.)

Distribution.-Camiguin N. Description.-Very similar in coloration to M. p. pacificus, but much smaller; under parts darker, more blackish brown and the feathers without white fringes.

Bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet varying from deep purplish black to flesh-colour.

Wing, 140; tail, 51; culmen from frontal feathers, 7; tarsus, 10; outer rectrices, 7-longer than middle pair; middle toe with claw, 10.

Head of Colletoptera affinis.

General NoteS.-The only known Philippine specimen was shot Hom a flock of M. p. pacificus on Camiguin Island, north of Luzon.

Allied Forms and their Range:

C. a. koenigi (Reichenow)

C. a. abessynicus (Streubel) c. a. bannermani (Hartert) C. a. galilejensis (Antinori)

C. a. affinis (Gray)

C. a. nipalensis (Hodgson)

C. a. subfurcatus (Blyth)

Morocco to southern Tunisia; south III winter to the southern Sahara and N. Nigeria The Ethiopian region Pedroma, Sao Thome Palestine, Arabia, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia, south to Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Sind and a portion of N. W. Provinces N.W. Provinces of India, except along the Afghan and Baluchistan boundaIies; Punjab, United Provinces, Bihar, extreme western Bengal, south to Belgaum, Rajputana, Deccan and Central Provinces Nepal, east to Kamrup in Assam and Bhutan, Bengal, Duars, Orissa to Madras, South Deccan, S. Bombay Pres., from a little south of Belgaum, Mysore, Travancore and Ceylon Assam, Chittagong and Comilla in E. Bengal, Manipur, Lushai, the whole

I92

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS of Burma, Yunnan, Shan States, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Indo-China, China, Formosa, Hainan, Yunnan, Minami Daitojima (Riu Kiu) 1 Order TROGONES

Trogons First and second toes reversed; the other two toes united for two-thirds of their length.

Family TROGONIDJE

Bill short, strong and wide; culmen curved; a notch at tip of upper mandible; nostrils covered by well-developed bristles; face partly naked; wings short and curved to the body; first primary about one-half of fifth, which is longest; tail long and broad, square at the end; two outer pairs of rectrices short; legs short, tarsus partly feathered; plumage full and soft; skin very thin and tender.

Genus HARPACTES 2

Swainson, "Zool. Illus.," ser. z, pI. r07, r833. designation): Trogon fasciatus Pennant.

Type (by original

Characters same as those given for the family.

363. Harpactes ardens Philippine Trogon (Plate 30) Trogon ardens Temminck, " PI. Col.," pI. 404, r8z6: Philippines.

Harpactes ardens Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xvii., p. 487, r89z.

Harpactes rhodios.ternus Peale, "U.S. Expl. Exp.," viii., p. r66, pI. 4r, r848: Philippines.

DistributiOn.-Basilan, Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Polillo, Samar.

Description.-Male.-Above orange-brown, lighter on rump and tail-coverts; lores and forehead black, shading gradually into deep reddish purple on top of head, occiput, nape and ear-coverts; chin and throat black, shading into pink on the chest; upper breast deep scarlet, shading into lighter scarlet on rest of under parts; wings black; Kuroda, Tori, vi., No. 29, p. 314, 1930.

For use of the present generic name see Baker, " Fauna of. British India, Birds," viii., p. 679, 193 0 .

1

2

Birds of th e Philippin e Islands , Vol. Il ., Plat e 30.

Harpactes ardens (TEMMINCK ).

PIDLIPPINE TROGON. (Upp er) FEMALE. (Lower) MALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

193

primaries edged with white; secondaries and secondary-coverts barred with narrow lines of white; three outer pairs of tail-feathers white with black bases; next two pairs black; middle pair light coffee-brown with black tips. Bill dark green at base; terminal half bright yellow; iris dark brown to black; legs and feet olive; nails black; flesh round eye purple.

Wing, I45 ; tail, 181 ; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15 ; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 23.

Female.-Above similar to the male, but head, nape and ear-coverts <>live, with no trace of vinaceous colour; scapulars and back olivebrown; rump and tail-coverts orange-brown as in the male; chin and throat black; rest of under parts light rusty buff, a little paler on the abdomen and darker on under tail-coverts; wings similar to those of the male, but the fine cross-bars light brown instead of white; tail similar to that of the male, but with less white on the outer feathers.

Wing, I35; tail, 176; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16 ; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23. y o~tng.-The young male resembles the adult female, but the brown bars on the secondaries are much wider and the black terminal bar of the middle rectri'ces is lacking. As the bird becomes older the vinaceous of head, and pink and scarlet <Df under parts, gradually appear.

General Notes.-This Trogon is abundant from Luzon to Basilan, and is usually found in dark places in the forest. It is a stupid bird and easily shot, and makes a loud whirring with its wings when flying.

Allied Species and their Range.-The family Trogonidce has its range in the Ethiopian and Oriental regions, and strangely enough is also to be found in tropical America, but does not exist in the Australasian region.

The genus Harpactes embraces a large number of species widely ¡distributed over the Oriental region.

The Continental species H. erythrocephalus (Gould) of India and Sumatra is somewhat nearly related to the Philippine species, while H. whiteheadi 1 (Sharpe) of Borneo shows a very marked difference.

Order COCCYGES

Cuckoos Bill stout, culmen curved, neither cered nor hooked; tail-feathers ten in number, usually long, broad, and not noticeably stiffened; outermost pair of rectrices much shorter than the others; first and fourth toes directed backwards; front toes free. Nesting habits variable; 1

II.-N

Fig. Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 395, pI. xii.

19-+

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

some species are parasitic, while others build bulky nests and raise their young in the normal manner.

Sttborder CUCULI Family CUCULID.lE Characters same as those given for the order.

Subfamilies (A) 1 Wing longer and flatter, less curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries greater than culmen or tarsus. (b) 1 Plumage not uniform (adult only).

CUCULINJE, p. 194. (b) 2 Plumage uniform black (adult male only; female and young have entire plumage barred and spotted).

EUDYNAMYINJE, p. 213.

(A) 2 Wing shorter, more rounded and curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries less than either culmen or tarsus. (b) 1 Hind claw long and straight, Lark-like.

CENTROPODINJE, p. 216. (b) 2 Hind claw short and curved. PHCENICOPHAINJE, p. 224.

Subfamily CUCULINlE Genera (A)

(A)

1

2

With a long crest; tarsus almost naked.

CLAMATOR, p. 195.

Without a crest; tarsus more or less feathered at base. (b) 1 Secondaries shorter, in closed wing, scarcely exceeding half the length of primaries.

CUCULUS, p. 20I. (b) 2 Secondaries longer, in closed wing, equalling two-thirds the length of primaries or more. (c) 1 Larger, length 300 mm., or more; plumage banded or barred Hawk-like in both sexes.

HIEROCOCCYX, p. 198. (c) 2 Smaller, length 250 mm., or less. (d) 1 Tail slightly forked, outer feather short; plumage black, with a white bar on inner webs of primaries.

SURNICULUS, p. 196 . (d) 2 Tail rounded; plumage never black.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (e)

1

(e)

2

195

Larger; tail about 120 mm., plumage rather duller, never metallic, bronze or violet. (f) 1 Young and adult differently coloured; bill compressed; tail-feathers of the same length throughout.

CACOMANTIS, p. 205. (f) 2 Young and adult similar; bill stout, not compressed; tail-feathers narrower near their tips.

PENTHOCERYX, p. 20g.

Smaller; tail about 75 mm., plumage bright metallic bronze or violet; abdomen strongly barred with white.

CHALCITES, p. 210.

Genus CLAMATOR

Kaup, "Skizz. Entw. Gesch. Nat. Syst.," p. (35) = 53, 1829. Type (by monotypy): Cuculus glandarius Linnceus.

A pointed occipital crest; wing short and rounded, primaries extending but little beyond the secondaries; tail much longer than wing; tail-feathers graduated; sexes similar in colour.

364. Clamator coromandus Red-winged Crested Cuckoo

Cuwltts coromand'Us Linnceus, " Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., i., p. 171, 1766 : Coromandel coast.

(Fig. Levaillant, "Birds Africa," V . , pI. 213, 1806.)

Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Bds. Eggs, iii., p. 103, pI. 2, fig. 4, 1903.

Distribution.-Mindanao, Palawan, Siquijor.

Description.-Male.-Entire upper half of head black, strongly glossed with blue on the crest; across the back of the neck a clear white collar; back black, strongly glossed with greenish blue and passing into glossy olive-green on the scapulars and inner portion of wings; remainder of wings chestnut, with brown ends to the quills; tail glossy violet-black, most of the feathers, especially the outer ones, partially tipped with white; throat chestnut-buff; chest buffy white; flanks, abdomen and thighs greyish ash, passing into violet-black on under tail-coverts; under surface of wings chestnut, fading into buff towards the lesser coverts and into brown at the end of the quills. Iris dark brown; bill black, with the pale basal portion of lower mandible light grey; legs, feet and claws slaty blue.

196

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 173; tail, 254; culmen, 28; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.

Fe~ale.-Wing, 155; tail, 229; culmen, 30; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.

N estling.-Differs from the adult in having most of the feathers of the upper parts tipped with rufous, the collar being shaded with rufous; the tail-feathers broadly tipped with pale sandy buff; the throat buffy white like the chest and the under tail-coverts rufous buff.

Wing, 160.

General Notes. - This bird is apparently a stranger in the Philippines, only single specimens being found in Mindanao, Siquijor and another in Palawan.

Extralimital Range.-Ceylon, India, Himalayas to Burma, Malay States, Indo-China to southern China, Sunda Islands to Celebes.

Genus SURNICULUS Lesson, "Traite d'Orn.," p. 151, 1830. Type (by subsequent designation, Shelley, Cat. Birds) xix., p. 226, 1891): CUC~tlus lug~tbris Horsfield.

Length about 215 mm.; plumage almost entirely black, with white bar on inner webs of primaries; tail nearly square, tips of the feathers turned outward, giving the tail a forked appearance, like that of a Drongo; outer pair of feathers much shorter than the rest.

365. Surniculus lugubris minimus Palawan Glossy Drongo Cuckoo Surniculus lugubris minim~ts Baker, Nov. Zool., xxvi., p. 292, 1919: Iwahig, Palawan (type, female, 19th June 1907, W. P. Lowe, in British Museum).

Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx., p. 340, 1913.

Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan.

Description.-General colour black; wings, upper and under tailcoverts and tail glossed with dark green; head, neck, back and under parts glossed with blue; a few hidden white feathers on occiput; a patch of white feathers on each thigh; under tail-coverts narrowly barred and tipped with white; a large white spot on inner web of first primary; a diagonal white bar across inner webs of inner primaries; outermost tail-feathers incompletely barred and tipped with white; outer webs of three or four outer tail-feathers narrowly edged with white near base. Bill, legs and claws black; gape and inside of mouth orange-red; iris brown.

Male.-Wing, II7-126; tail, I05-II5; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 19.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I97

Female.-Wing, 120; tail, II2; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, middle toe with claw, 22.

Immat~tye.-Slightly less glossy, of a more violet shade, and with clear white terminal spots to many of the feathers irregularly dispersed over the plumage; under wing-coverts irregularly barred with white and the white bar across the quills broader than in the adult; the tail rather more barred with white, the white bars being much more distinct on the outer feathers and the penultimate ones partially barred near their quills, and all the feathers with white spots at their tips.

General N otes.-This species varies considerably in the shape of the tail, which is sometimes very much forked, with the long feathers curved outward towards their ends, but is sometimes square, the outer feather on each side being always short. The white of the nape is often absent and the amount of the white spotting of the upper tail-coverts varies greatly. The most constant characters are the white spot and bar on the under surface of the quills, the bars on the under tail-coverts and the bars on the outer tail-feathers, the latter varying in amount according to age.

The ¡Palawan race i distinguished by its smaller size and distinctly blacker under surface than the typical bird.

15;

366. Surniculv6S lugubris velutinus Philippine Drongo Cuckoo SItr1~iculus velutimts Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., ser. 2, i., p. 320, 1877: Philippines.

Distribution.-Basilan, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Very closely allied to S. lugubris minimus; tail always square, with the exception of the outer pair of feathers, which are much shorter; it differs in having the head, back, throat and breast velvety black, with absolutely no trace of white on any of the tailcoverts, and a distinct narrow white basal edging to the tail-feathers.

Iris dark chocolate-brown; bill and claws black; feet bluish grey.

Wing, II6-II9; tail, I09-IIO; culmen, 23; tarsus, 14-1 5; middle toe with claw, 2I. Immatu1'e .-A young bird from Basilan, two-thirds grown, is light rusty brown in colour, lightest on under surface; crown and nape show metallic blue-black feathers; many feathers of the rump and all of tail are the same colour, mostly tipped with rusty brown; wing-coverts rusty brown with faint dark shaft-markings appearing; upper surface

I98

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

of wing black, faintly metallic, all the feathers edged with rusty brown; under surface of body uniform light brown; wing-coverts white, strongly washed with brown at tips, white spot on inner webs of primaries appearing; under surface of tail dull metallic blue, each feather with several spots of white. A bird nearly grown shows numerous brown feathers on head and back. Primaries washed with rusty brown, primary-coverts uniform brown. Throat, chin and tIpper breast nearly black. A third has general colour of adult, but some feathers of head, nape, primary-coverts, breast and abdomen, as well as tips of some of the secondaries, are washed with rusty brown.

General Notes.-This Cuckoo is abundant in Basilan and not uncommon in Tawi Tawi and Sulu. It is found in the forest or in second growth. I ts food consists of insects.

Allied Forms and their Range 1

:

S. t. musschenbroeki Meyer

Celebes

This race is similar in colour to velutinus but is a larger bird.

The following races are closely allied to the Palawan bird, which is S. l. minimus: S. l. dicruroides (Hodgson)

S. t. stewarti Baker S. t. brachyurus Stresemann S. t. lugubris (Horsfield)

Upper India, Assam, Burma and Siam, north of the peninsular portion, say latitude roo, Yunnan, Kwangtung, Fohkien, Hainan Ceylon, Travancore, west coast of India and north of Kashwar, in the Bombay Presidency Peninsular Burma and Siam, Malay States to the extreme south Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo, Tana Bala Is., Batu Is.2

Genus HIEROCOCCYX Muller, "Verh. Nat. Gesch. Land-en Volk.," p. 233, 1845. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. 97, 1855): Cuc'/,ÂŁlus fugax Horsfield.

Superficially this genus resembles Cucutus, but differs by its comparatively shorter primaries and longer secondaries. In plumage and flight these Cuckoos mimic the smaller Accipitrine Hawks, and this probably protects them from the attacks of the larger Hawks and Owls.

Baker, Nov. Zool., xxvi., p. 292,1919.

S. I. barussarum Oberholser, Smith. Misc. Call., Ix., NO.7, p. 5, 1912, appears to be a synonym of the typical race.

1

2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I99

367. Hierococcyx sparverioides Asiatic Hawk Cuckoo (ucltllts sparverioides Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 183I, p. 173: India.

(Fig. Gould, " Bds. Himal.," pI. 53; "Bds. Asia," vi., pI. 42.)

DistributiOn.-Calamianes, Luzon, Negros, Palawan.

I>escription.-Above brown with a bronzy gloss, changing gradually into grey on the back of the neck and crown; the outer tail-coverts barred with white, and the longest ones often with darker ends and narrow pale edges; tail with about five distinct dark bars and narrow pale tips to the feathers, seldom much shaded with rufous; sides of the head and chin grey, with a broad white band from the front of the eye to the white on the throat separating the grey of the head from the chin; upper throat white, changing on the lower throat and front of the chest into rufous, and the whole mottled with pale grey; remainder of the under parts white, with the breast down to the thighs broadly barred with dusky brown and partially washed with rufous; under wing-coverts white, shaded with rufous; quills dusky brown, with numerous white or buff partial bars on their inner webs. Bill black, with the base of the lower mandible pale green; iris, eyelids, legs and claws bright gamboge-yellow.

Wing, 206; tail, 190; culmen, 28; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 34.

Immature.-Differs from the adult in the grey of the upper parts being confined to the crown, the back of the neck being mottled with rufous, the feathers of the back and wings more or less edged or barred with rufous. Under surface white, washed with buff; chin generally darker, often black; throat and front of the chest broadly striped, the breast with broad short bars to the feathers.

Extralimital Range.-Eastern Siberia, throughout China to the Burmese countries, Malayan Peninsula, Borneo and Celebes, ranging west throughout northern and central India, but is unknown in Japan.

368. Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor Horsfield's Hawk Cuckoo Cuwlus nisicolor Blyth, JO~trn. As. Soc. Bengal, xii., p. 943,1843: Nepal (type, Hodgson coIl., in British Museu~).

00..

Cuculzts fugax Horsfield, Trans. Lmn. Soc., XllI., pt. 1., p. I78, 1821 : Java.

McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 369, 1909.

DistributiOn.-Banton, Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Cebu, Luzon , Mindanao, Mindoro, Sulu.

Description.-Above uniform slate-grey; end of tail bright rufous,

200

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

otherwise very similar to that of H. sparverioides; below white with a variable amount of rufous on the breast; in some specimens the whole chest rufous, in others only the edges of the feathers rufous; chin grey; throat white slightly tinged with grey, and occasionally streaked with brown or rufous; no bars on breast, thus distinguishing it from H. sparverioides. Iris brown; legs, feet and nails bright yellow; bill with upper mandible olive-green at base, black at-tip; lower mandible olive-green.

Wing, 170; tail, 151-157; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 18-19; middle toe with claw, 27.

Immature.-Top of head grey; upper parts, including wings, dark grey barred with rufous; tail barred, as in the adult, with light brown, blackish brown and rufous, the rufous bars narrowest; under parts white with broad pointed mesial stripes of blackish; edges of feathers washed with rusty brown; under tail-coverts white.

Nestling.-Similar in plumage to the immature bird, with the back brown and the markings on the breast rather larger.

General Notes.-:rhis species is found in thick bushes or skulking in underbrush, often near the water; it feeds on beetles and other insects.

Allied Forms and their Range: H.

f. jugax (Horsfield)

H. f. nis'icolor (Blyth)

Southern portion of the Malay States, and widely distributed over the Sunda Islands.

This species is also known from N. Celebes.

Nepal, Sikkim, to the extreme east and south of Assam, the extreme districts of Bengal, Burma and the Malay States to Malacca, also China and Japan, Siberia and Manchuria

H. f. hyperythrus (Gould) 1 is considered to be recognizable (La Touche, "Bds. East. China," ii., p. 49, 1931) by some authorities.

Wing measurement of 203 and tail ISS, given by La Touche, are certainly larger than the Philippine specimens. It is difficult to believe that the southern China, Philippine Islands, or even Siberian, Manchurian and Japanese birds are not alike. So far as my Philippine specimens are concerned they seem to belong to nis1'color; and hyperythrus appears to be a variable character.

1

Stresemann, Journ.fur Orn., 1930, p. 306.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

20I

Genus CUCULUS Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p.

lIO,

1758.

Type (by tautonymy) :

CuclIllIS canorus Linnreus.

Secondaries about half the length of the primaries; wing long and flat; tail shorter than wing; in adults the upper parts are nearly uniform brown or grey; chin and throat grey; abdomen white barred with black.

369.

C~tculus

canorus telephonus

Asiatic Cuckoo C~tc~tl'lls telephonus Heine, Journ. fur Orn., 1863, p. 352: Japan.

Cucuhts canonts Linnreus: McGregor," Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 371,1909.

(Fig. Dresser, " Birds Eur.," v., pI. 299, 1878) Distribution.-Basilan, Batan, Calayan, Palawan, Siquijor.

Description.-Male.-General colour above leaden grey, slightly shaded with olive on he mantle and wings; quills dark brown, more or less notched with white on the inner webs; lateral upper tail-coverts narrowly edged and partially barred with white ; tail slaty black, with white ends to all the feathers, and with about seven double white spots along their shafts and white notches on their inner webs, never forming bars across the feathers; sides of the head and neck, chin and throat grey, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the under parts white, shaded with buff on the abdomen and under tail-coverts and very regularly barred with dusky black; axillars and under wing-coverts barred like the breast, with a portion near the bend of the wing and most of the greater series leaden grey; quills beneath dusky brown, ,dth white bars on their inner webs, broadest and most strongly marked towards the base of the feathers. Bill black, yellowish at the base and edges; iris yellow, with inner ring of dull brown; legs yellow; nails yellowish, except that of middle toe, which is black.

Wing, 226; tail, 178; culmen, 22; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 26.

Female.-Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with rufous.

Wing, 2II; tail, 173; culmen, 22; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 25.

N estling.-General plumage above dark brown, partially barred with rufous, with a narrow white terminal margin to each of the feathers, broadest on the wings and tail; crown and nape much mottled with white; sides of the head, chin and throat blackish

202

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

brown and white in broad bars of nearly even breadth; remainder of the under surface of the body white, with blackish brown bars not half the width of the intervening white spaces.

Wing, 127.

Young, nearly full grown.-Above grey, passing into brownish black on the head, wings and tail; crown and nape mottled with white feathers; feathers of the head, neck and wings and tail strongly barred with rufous; remainder of the back much less distinctly barred, each feather being tipped with white next to a subterminal dark bar; tail with waved Head of Cuculus canorus. rufous bars passing into white near the shafts of the feathers and with white ends; general colour of the under parts buffish white, with blackish brown bars, slightly broader on the chin and throat than on the breast.

Wing, 184.

Hepatic phase.-General colour of the upper parts cinnamon, barred on the head, mantle and wings with dusky black; lower back and upper tail-coverts with a few black spots next to their shafts; outer tail-coverts with partial traces of dark bars; tail partially barred with black and marked with white near the shafts, the tips and some of the edges of the feathers, and with a broad subterminal black band; under parts buffish white, rather darker on the throat, and all the feathers barred with dusky black.

Allied Fonns and their Range: C. c. canorus 1 Linnceus .

c. c. gularis Stephens C. c. bangsi Oberholser C. c. telephonus Heine

1

Europe within the Arctic Circle, \V. Asia; in winter south to Africa, Arabia, Persia and N.W. India Ethiopian region Resident in Morocco, to Tunisia and Spain Northern Asia from \V. Siberia to Kamschatka, Manchuria, Japan, Corea, China, Central Asia, south to the Himalayas from Afghanistan and Gilgit, through Tibet; in winter south to India, Ceylon, Malayan

Fig. Dresser, " Bds. Eur.," v., pI. 299, 1878.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

C. c. bakeri Hartert

20 3

countries to New Guinea, also Sudan, Abyssinia, Somaliland, Uganda and Zambesi Breeding in Assam, south of the Brahmaputra, through the Chin and Kachin Hills to the Shan States and Yunnan, south to Karenni and the Pegu Yomas; in winter south to the Assam Plains and eastern Bengal, northern Burma and the Indo-Chinese countries

Stresemann separates south, south-east and central Chinese birds as C. c. jallax (1930). I have failed to distinguish this race, and birds from this region-some, no doubt, would migrate to the Philippines -should be called C. c. telephonus.

370. Cuculus optatus kelungensis Swinhoe's Cuckoo CUCUlzlS kelungensis SWinhoe, Ibis, r863, p. 394: Kelung, N. Formosa (type, male, April r862, R. Swinhoe, in British Museum).

Cuculus saturatus Hodgson, McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 372, 190 9.

Distribution.-Mindanao, Palawan.

Description.-Male.-Very similar to C. canorus telephonus but smaller, and the bill shorter and stouter. The plumage differs in the upper parts, being of a deeper and more blue-grey, the breast and under tail-coverts more washed with buff, and the bars on the body black, broader and more sharply defined than in C. canorus telephonus. Bill above blackish, below greenish; gape and mouth inside deep orange; eyelids bright yellow; iris stone-colour; legs dull yellow; claws pale.

Wing, 188; tail, 160; culmen, 23; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 28.

Female.-Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with buffish rufous, as is the case of C. c. telephonus.

Wing, 188; tail, 160; culmen, 23; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 26.

N estling.-General plumage above blackish brown, with narrow terminal white margins to the feathers, which margins are broadest on the wings and tail; the white nuchal patch so characteristic of C. c. telephonus is indicated by three white feathers; a few rufous partial bars on the wings and tail; chin and throat blackish brown,

204

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the feathers of the latter with very narrow whitish terminal edges; remainder of the under surface of the body blackish brown and white in broad bars of even width.

Wing, 94.

Young, nearly full grown.-Differs from C. canorus telephonlls at this stage in being much blacker, in generally having no white feathers on the nape, and in the greater breadth of the black bars on the throat and breast, which are seldom narrower than the white space between them.

Rufo~ts phase.-Compared with the rufous phase of C. c. telephonus it is darker, the dark bars being broader and blacker; lower back and upper tail-coverts barred with black like the crown; tail with very distinct black bars forming angles at the shafts of the feathers; under surface of the body similarly coloured, but much more broadly barred with black.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. o. kehmgens'is Swinhoe

C. o. optatus 1 Gould

Formosa, South China, also known from North China, where the typical race is met with. Migrating as far south as New Guinea Breeding from central to extreme east Siberia, Japan, mountains of Central Asia through Persia to the Himalayas; south in winter to the plains ofN.W. India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, northern Australia and New South Wales

37!. C1;tC1;tZ1;tS micropter1;ts micropter1;ts Indian Cuckoo (or Short-winged Cuckoo) Cucul~ts micropter~ts

Gould, Froc . Zool. Soc., I837, p. I37: Himalayas.

Distribution.-N egros.

Description.-Above dark brown shading into slaty grey on the back of the neck and head; tail rather paler brown, with a broad subterminal black bar and a white tip, all the feathers having about five or six white spots on their quills, increasing in size towards the outer feathers, and most of them having white notches on their inner webs; throat grey, sometimes shaded with dusky on the sides of the crop; sides of the head and neck rather darker grey, more like the crown; remainder of the under parts buff or white, rather broadly 1

Fig. Mathews, " Bds. Austral.," vii., pI. 349. 1918.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

205

barred with black, the under tail-coverts being less regularly marked and with fewer bars; under surface of the wings as in C. c. telephonus.

Iris brown; bill horny, below lighter and tinted with yellow towards the base; gape and eyelids bright yellow; feet and legs duller yellow; two front claws horny, two hind ones yellow.

Wing, 165-190; tail, 160; culmen, 25; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 30.

Immature.-Above brown, darker on the head; the crown ' and neck thickly mottled with broad fulvous ends to the feathers; feathers on the back and wings broadly tipped with rufous or buff; tail very similar to that of the adult, but with the pale portion more rufous; beneath buff barred with black, and mottled with grey on the throat in older specimens.

Allied Fonns and their Range.-This bird ranges from the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, ranging through the Burmese provinces to Malay Peninsula, Sunda Islands, Moluccas, north to China, Corea and Japan.

The only recognizable race seems to be C. 1n. concretus S. Muller from Borneo, distinguished by having a short wing (154-164).

Genus CACOMANTIS S. Muller, « Verh. Nat. Gesch. Land-en Volkenk.," p. 177, 1843. Type . (by subsequent designation, Salvadori, « Om. Pap. e Molucche," pt. I, p. 331, 1880): CUGUZl£S jlavtts Linmeus.

Size small; wing short and pointed; third primary longest; primaries exceeding secondaries by one-third of length of wing; tail strongly graduated, longer than wing. In this genus the young have a barred plumage, which disappears in the adult.

Penthoceryx has no change of pattern, but retains the barred livery in the adult state.

372. Cacomantis merulinus merulinus Philippine Plaintive Cuckoo (or Brain-fever Bird) Cuculus merulinus Scopoli, 1786: Antigua, Panay.

«

Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," pt.

2,

p. 8g,

Native Name.-Ma-sa-kit', Manila.

Distribution.-Balabac, Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cagayancillo, Calamianes, Caluya, Catanduanes, Cebu, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Semirara, Sibay, Siquijor, Tablas, Ticao.

Description.-Upper half of the head and back qf the neck leaden grey, passing gradually into brown, with an olive gloss on the back

206

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

and wings; feathers of the pinion-joint white, forming a patch; upper tail-coverts grey like the crown; tail slaty black with white ends, the outer webs of the feathers notched with white, the inner webs regularly barred with white, most strongly so on the outer feathers; sides of the head, chin, throat and front of chest uniform grey, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the body and under tail-coverts and the under wing-coverts uniform rufous buff; under surface of the quills dusky brown, with a diagonal bar of white formed by the white on the inner webs near the base of the quills. Bill black, base of lower mandible reddish. Iris light red; feet and legs waxy naplesyellow, nails black.

Wing, lIO; tail, 109-130; culmen, 16; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22.

Immature.-Above rufous, nearly equally barred throughout with olive, shaded black; primaries alone more uniform brown; under parts buff, narrowly barred throughout with dusky black; under wingcoverts like the chest; pale portion of the quills more rufous than in the adult and indicating partial bars. Bill dusky black, yellowish at the gape and base of lower mandible; iris yellowish white; legs and feet dingy greyish yellow.

Wing, 96; tail, lIO; culmen, IS; tarsus, 18.

N estling.-Upper parts, including wings and tail, dark brown, the feathers barred and edged with cinnamon-rufous; tip of tail and edge of wing white; below white, barred, more regularly than above, with blackish brown.

General N otes.-This Plaintive Cuckoo is very common in the Philippines, and is a sweet singer.

373. Cacomantis merulinus everetti Everett's Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus everetti Hartert, Nov. Zool., xxxii., p. I66, I925 : Tawi Tawi (type, Lord Rothschild's coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Distribution.-Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-The present race is at once distinguished by having the entire under parts of the body chestnut, which reaches as far as the base of the lower mandible, and showing no grey on the throat.

In measurements similar to typical race.

General N otes.-Much has been written on this genus by Stresemann, Hartert and Mathews. 1 Shelley enumerated ten species, but 1 Stresemann, Nov. Zoot., xix., pp. 332-335, 1912; Hart~rt, Nov . Zool., xxxii., pp. 164-174, 192 5; N ov . Zool ., xxxiii ., pp. 55-5 6, 1926; Mathews, Nov. Z oot., xxxiii. , pp. 53-54, 1926.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

20 7

Hartert admits only four species, which are separable into twenty-seven subspecies. I now admit only three species, uniting merulinus and variolosus.

The Northern grey-throated bird and the Southern dark chestnutbreasted individuals show no structural difference, and the sub specific characters are based chiefly on the intensity of either slate-grey or chestnut colorations.

The juvenile plumage of the two groups-one from India and the other from the Southern Hemisphere-appear somewhat strikingly different, but intergradual series are also found according to the geographical distribution, and it is therefore best, according to my present knowledge, to unite the two groups.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 :

c. castaneiventris 2 (Gould)

c.

prionurus

3

(Lichtenstein)

About three races.

N. Queensland and New Guinea About eight races.

Australia and New Guinea, Solomon and Fiji Is.

c. merulinus passerinus 4 Ceylon, South India to Himalayas, east to Sikkim; in the west to Simla, absent from the Indus Valley, and in Rajputana; apparently known only on Mt. Abu, which is covered with forest c. m. quel'ulus Heine Near Calcutta, in eastern Bengal, Assam, eastern Himalayas, southwards to Burma, Tenasserim, east to Yunnan, S. China and Hainan Malay Peninsula and Sumatra c. m. threnodes Cabanis and Heine Borneo, Bali, Java 5 C. m. merulinus (Scopoli) c. 11Z. sepulcralis (S. Milller) Java, Sumatra, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba (Vahl)

According to Hartert both threnodes a~d sepulcralis are met with in Sumatra. The same author also admits merulinus and sepulcralis from the Philippines.

Hartert, 19 2 5.

Fig. Mathews, "Bds. Austral.," vii., pIs. 353-366.

3 Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," iv., pI. 86. Specific name after Mathews, "Syst.

Av. Austral.," p. 412, 1927.

4 Fig. J erdon, Ibis, 1872, pl. l.

6 Hartert, Nov. Zo.ol., xxxii., p. 164, 1925, places Sulu and Celebes under the distribution of the typical race, and remarks: "On Celebes rare and possibly only as a visitor from China." This comment is most improbable. There is only one race of Cacomantis inhabiting Sulu, C. merulinus by McGregor and everetti by Hartert.

1

2

208

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

. Bmu Ceram (and probably Amboina) Celebes and the neighbouring islands of Banggai, Binungko, Tomia (Tukang Bessi Group) C. m. infaustus Cabanis and Heine . Mysol, the Key and Aru Islands, the S.E. Islands, Salwatty, Ceramlaut, Coram, Waigou, the Berau Peninsula and the north coast of Papua, east of the Geelvink Bay as far as Simbang, north of Huon Gulf C. m. oblitus Hartert N. Moluccas, Bat jam, Ternate, Halmahera and Obi C. m. subsp. ?

Mafor, in Geelvink Bay C. m. fortior Rothschild and Hartert Goodenough and Fergusson Islands, D'Entrecasteaux Group C. m. blandus Rothschild and Hartert Manus, Admiralty Islands C. m . addendus Rothschild and Hartert .

Kilambangra and New Georgia, Solomon Is. C. m. websteri Hartert New Hanover New Britain, Duke of York Is. C. m. macro cercus Stresemann and New Ireland Mountain ranges of S.E. Papua, C. m. oreophilus Hartert also near Collingwood Bay (Haidana), and inland to Milne Bay, as well as the foothills of the Snow Mountain Range, Minika, Wataikwa, Setekwa and Eilanden rivers) C. m . variolosus (Vigors and Victoria, New South Wales and Horsfield) South Queensland. Migratory individuals occurring in Bat jan and Cape York Northern Australia, Key Island C. m. dumetorum (Gould) C. 1n. ceruginosus Salvadori C. m. stresemanni Hartert C. m. virescens (Briiggemann)

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

20 9

Genus PENTHOCERYX

Cabanis, Mils. Hein., iv., p. 16, 1862. sonneratii Latham.

Type (by monotypy): Cuculus

This genus resembles Cacomantis in structure and size, the only structural distinctions being that the bill is much stouter and broader up to the tip, which is blunt when seen from above, and that the tailfeathers become narrower behind instead of remaining of the same breadth. The wing is shaped as in Cacomantis, the primaries exceeding the secondaries only by one-third the length.

374. Penthoceryx sonneratii venustus D[ruayan Banded Bay Cuckoo CucMlus vennstus Jerdon, Madr. Journ. L. S., xiii., p. 140, 1842 : Malacca.

Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. IIS, pI. 2, fig. 2, 1903.

Distribution.-Calamianes, Palawan, Tablas.

Description.-Above alternately barred with rufous and dusky bronze, with a slight olive gloss; forehead more or less spotted with white; a white patch on the carpal joint faintly barred with dusky; tail with rufous-shaded white ends; centre feathers blackish, with a number of rufous notches on both webs; remaining feathers bright rufous, with a broad subterminal dark bar and a variable number of Head of Penthoceryx sonneratii. other bands; sides of the head and under parts white, evenly marked with narrow wavy bars of blackish brown, the lower breast and under tail-coverts slightly tinged with rufous; under wing-coverts pale rufous buff, barred like the breast; under surface of the quills dark brown, with a large basal portion of their inner webs rufous buff, more or less barred with dark brown. Iris dark brown; bill blacK, with base of lower mandible grey; legs greenish grey.

Wing, 105-108; tail, 108; culmen, 19; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 21.

Immature.-Above rufous; the upper back, scapulars and wingcoverts barred with olive-shaded black; a band of this colour runs down the centres of some of the tail-feathers, and most of these feathers have bold black spots near their ends and occasionally white tips; sides of the head and sides of the neck rufous like the crown; remainder II.-O

2IO

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

of the under parts white, with the blackish bars on the throat and chest broader than in the adult.

The Palawan specimens have part of the ear-coverts distinctly barred with two shades of brown and no white portion towards the tip.

I have not examined enough material to know whether this js a constant character.

Allied Forms and their Range: P. s. sonneratii (Latham)

P. s. venustus (Jerdon) .

P. s. fasciolat'/;ts (Miiller) P. s. musicus (Ljungh) P. s. waiti Baker .

India, Burma and Siam as far south as central Tenasserim. Common in India on the Malabar coast and the Southern Bombay Presidency, Himalayas from Mussoorie to Assam Central Tenasserim and south-west Siam to Malay Peninsula, Borneo Sumatra Java Ceylon Genus CHALCITES

Lesson, "Traite d'Om.," livr. 2, p. 152, 1830. Type (by tautonymy) : C'tlc'ttlus chalcites Illiger =CÂĽtculus basalis Horsfield.

Length about 165 mm. ; tail short and rounded; wings long and pointed, when folded reaching nearly to tip of tail; plumage metallic bronze or violet; breast, abdomen and sides barred with white.

375. Chalcites xanthorhynchus amethystinus Philippine Violet Cuckoo Lampromorpha amethystina Vigors, PrOf. Zool. Soc., 183I, p. 98: Luzon.

Chalcococcyx xanthorhynch1;(,S (Horsfield) McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 376 , I90 9¡ Baker, " Faun. Brit. India," iv., p. r6I, 1927.

Distribution.-Basilan, Cebu, Luzon, Mindoro, Samar.

Description.-Male.-Entire head, neck, wings, tail, chin, throat and fore breast beautiful metallic violet; three outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white; outermost pair with three white spots on outer webs; under parts, wing lining and axillars white barred with metallic green. Inner ring of iris dark red, outer ring yellow; eyelids scarlet; bill bright yellow, its basal third orange-red; legs and feet dark olive; nails black.

Wing, !O3; tail, 68; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 19.

Birds of the Philippine Islands , Vol. II. , Plate 31.

!

Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus (HORSFIELD).

JAVAN VIOLET CUCKOO.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

211

Female.-Above coppery bronze shaded with green, and with somewhat obscure rufous edges to most of the feathers of the wing; sides of the head and eyebrows white barred with black; forehead partially mottled with these colours; remainder of the crown and back of the neck nearly uniform dark brown; centre pair of tail-feathers nearly uniform fiery bronze, passing into green towards their ends; remainder of the feathers rufous barred with black, and the outer web and tip of the exterior pair blotched with white; under parts, including the under wing-coverts, white regularly barred with bronzy brown, passing into black on the under tail-coverts; under surface of the quills brown, with broad inner margins of buff, passing into white near the base of the feathers.

Wing, 99; tail, 71; culmen, 16; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 18.

Young.-Above rufous; back of the neck, back and wing-coverts barred with metallic green; quills greenish brown edged with rufous; two centre tail-feathers metallic green tipped with rufous, remainder rufous, barred with black and tipped with white and with some white bars on the outer feathers; beneath white barred with bronze. Bill yellowish brown. Males, on first assuming the metallic plumage, are irregularly blotched with both metallic green and violet.

General Notes.-This bird is very rare. Its principal food is caterpillars.

The present race is distinguished from other allies by having much deeper purple-blue in the male; the barring of the abdomen also has a much stronger green metallic shine.

376. Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus Javan Violet Cuckoo (Plate 31) Cucttlus xantlwrhynchus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 179, 1822 : Java.

Distribution.-Palawan. .

Description.-This typical race is easily distinguished from the Philippine Violet Cuckoo by having much less violet tinge on the upper and under surface of the body.

Allied Forms and their Range:

c.

x. xanthorhynchus (Horsfield)

C. x. bangueyensis Chasen and Kloss

Assam, Bengal east of the Bay, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Nicobars and Andamans, Sumatra, Java, Mentawei, Borneo, Natuna and Linga Is. . Banguey Island

212

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The latter race is said to have more white on the tail-feathers.

Birds from the Philippines, Borneo, Natuna and Linga Islands have as a rule five spots on outer tail-feathers, and specimens from other localities have four.

Chrysococcyx limborgi Tweeddale, from Tenasserim, is a variety of the present species having a white mantle.

377. Chalcites lucidus malayanus Malayan Emerald Cuckoo

Cuculu.s malayanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., pt. 2, p. 286, 1822 : Malay.

Cucuhts lucidus Gmelin, ÂŤ Syst. Nat.," i., pt. I, p. 421, 1788: Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand.

Distribution.-Basilan, Bongao, Mindanao, Negros, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Above, including wings and tail, dark metallic bronzegreen mixed with dark purple, the latter colour more pronounced on head and neck; some small white spots on lores and above and below eyes; below white barred with coppery bronze; throat, fore breast and sides of neck heavily washed with rich rusty brown, which nearly obliterates the white and bronze bars; under wing-coverts and axillars barred with white and bronze; under surface of wing ashy brown; on inner web, near the base of each quill, a white patch, followed by a larger rufous patch forming a diagonal double band; rectrices rufous, outermost pair barred with black and white and with white tips; next two pairs barred with black and with white tips; fourth pair ashy brown, barred with rufous on outer webs and with tips subterminally blackish; middle pair ashy brown, with obsolete subterminal bars.

Iris red; orbital ring fine vermilion; bill black, dark red at base; feet dark green.

Wing, 99; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. lucidus lucidus 1 (Gmelin) New Zealand, Australia,2 New Guinea C. l. plagosus 3 (Latham) Norfolk Is., Lord Howe Is. , New Ireland, ? New Guinea C. l. malayanus (Raffles) Siam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Flores, Lombok, Java 4 C. l. pcecilurus (Gray) Mysol Is., New Guinea 1 2

3

~

Fig. Buller, " Bds. New Zealand," 2nd ed., i., pI. IS, 1888.

C. t. australis (Mathews) from Queensland is separated.

Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austral.," iv., pI. 89; Mathews," Bds. Austral.," vii., pI. 357.

Stresemann records both malayanus and basalis from Java.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

21 3

A closely allied species is C. basalis (Horsfield), extending from Australia to Java. It has less brilliant upper parts, and the barrings on the under surface are less conspicuous and show a larger portion of chestnut on the tail.

Subfamily EUDYNAMYIN.ÂŁ

This subfamily appears necessary, as the one genus I consider it should contain-whilst structurally coming very close to the Phcenicophaime-differs from it totally in habits. The genus under reference consists of arboreal birds which are parasitic in their habits, whilst the genera of the subfamily Phcenicophainre are more or less terrestrial and are non-parasitic, building their own nests.

Structurally this subfamily differs from Phcenicophainre in its much longer and more pointed wing. Feathers of the head and neck normal, not spiny. The tarsus is naked; the third quill longest or equal to the fourth; the tail rather long, graduated and broad. The accessory fern oro-caudal is present; the pectoral tract of feathers divides opposite the articulation of the humerus into two branches, which terminate separately.

Genus EUDYNAMYS Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land., XV., p. 303, r827. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. 57, r840): Cuculus orientalis Linnreus.

Adult male entirely black; adult female conspicuously barred and spotted; feet stout; tail long, its feathers broad and rounded at their tips.

378. Eudynamys scolopacea paraguena, subsp. nov.

Palawan Koel

Type, female, Taguso, Palawan, J. Whitehead, 27th June I887; Lord Rothschild colI., in American Museum of Natural History, New York.

E1tdynamys honorata (Linnreus), Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xix., p. 3r6, r89I. McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 378, r909.

Distribution.-Pa:lawan.

Description.-Male.-Entire plumage black, very strongly glossed with bluish green. Iris crimson; bill pale bluish green, dusky round the nostrils; legs and feet leaden blue.

Wing, 20r; tail, r84; culmen, 30; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 40.

Female.-Above blackish brown with an olive gloss; crown, sides

2I4

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

of the head and back of the neck very strongly mottled with broad white shaft-stripes, which are generally shaded towards the forehead with rufous; back and wing-coverts spotted with white; quills, upper tail - coverts and tail barred with white; beneath white, feathers of the throat with broad black sides, remainder of the under surface of the body and under wingcoverts with rather broad black angular bars; Head of male EUdynamys scolopacea. under surface of the quills brown, partially barred with white. Iris crimson; legs and feet plumbeous; bill greenish grey; gape pinkish flesh-colour.

Wing, 193; tail, 187; culmen, 30; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw,4 0 .

N estling.-Entirely greenish black like the adult male. The scarcely full-grown birds have more or less marking on the tail-feathers and the under surface of the quills, and have numerous fulvous spots on the body-feathers. rn more than one specimen the breast and abdomen are thickly mottled with buff markings.

General Notes.-The present race is distinguished by the female having the upper surface of the body heavily marked with steel-black.

Head, throat and other under parts-as well as the tail-chestnutrufous, but more pronounced than in E. s. mindanensis. This race does not prove an alliance between the Sunda Island form and mindanensis.

379. Eudynamys scolopacea onikakko, subsp. nov.

Mindoro Koel

Type, female, collected in May by Steere at Calapan, Mindoro, ex Lord Rothschild's collection, in American Museum of Natural History.

Distribution.-Mindoro.

Description. - Male. - Entire plumage glossy blue-black. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet dark steel-blue; nails brown.

Female.-Specimens from Mindoro differ from E. s. mindanensis in having very little"rufous tinge all over, being particularly noticeable on the under parts; the throat and breast being black and white.

General Notes.-Apparently this new race is almost inseparable from E. s. malayana, but can be distinguished by its smaller size.

Wing, 188; tail, 177.

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL. IJ. PLATE 32.

~.!!.{i{namy~

scoloRacea mindanensis (Linnreus).

Philippine Koel: (Left) juvenile male (Centf1l) female (Righi) male

8atrachostomus microrhJ.nchus OgilVie-Grant.

Small-billed Frogmouth.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

21 5

380. Eudynamys scolopacea frater Allied Koel

Elldynamys Jrater McGregor, Bull. Philip. Mus., iv., p. 2I, I904: Fuga (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Calayan, Fuga. .

Description.-Male.-Entire plumage glossy blue-black. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet dark steel-blue; nails brown.

Wing, 24I; tail, 237; exposed culmen, 3I; bill from nostril, 22 ; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 38.

Female.-Above dark brown with a faint purple gloss on wingcoverts and scapulars; feathers of crown, neck and sides of face with rufous shaft-stripes; back, rump and wings with small tawny rufous spots, quills and tail barred with same colour; lower parts buff (inclining to white on middle of breast) barred with black; a more or less distinct white band from base of bill to below posterior edge of ear-coverts, wider posteriorly; below this a wide band of dark rufous mixed with black; ear-coverts similar; chin and throat striped with black and tawny buff. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet steel-blue; nails brown.

Wing, 240; tail, 227; exposed culmen, 3I; bill from nostril, 22 ; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 39.

General Notes.-The present race exceeds in size any other Oriental (including Philippines) races, but is equal to the races E. s. salvadori?: and E. s. everetti from New Ireland and Key Island.

381. Eudynamys scolopacea mindanensis Philippine Koel (Plate 32)

Cuculus mindanensis Linnreus, " Syst. Nat.," I2th ed., i., p. I69, I766 : Mindanao.

Review Rothschild and Hartert, Nov. Zool., x., p. 235, I903.

Native Names.-Ba-hao', Ticao; cu-ao', Masbate; pa-hao', Cagayancillo; ba~t-bao', Cuyo; c~t-aoo', Calayan.

Distribution.-Apo, Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cagayancillo, Caluya, Camiguin N., Cebu, Cuyo, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Malanipa, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao.

Description. -111 ale. - Entire plumage glossy blue-black. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet dark steel-blue; nails brown.

2I6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Female.-The upper parts not so strongly marked with steel-black as in E. scolopacea paraguena; head with slight streaks, appearing almost rufous; the black barring on tail broader. Eyes red; legs and feet leaden grey to nearly black; bill pale greenish.

Wing, 189; tail, I8S; culmen, 28; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 46.

General Notes.-This species appears to be somewhat common throughout the islands, and is especially abundant in the mangrove swamps and in second growth. It is called bah6w by the natives, from its note, and is frequently heard calling at dead of night. Its food is usually insects, but it is also known to eat fruit.

Allied Fonns and their Range: E. s. scolopacea (Linnceus) E. s. malayana Cabanis and Heine E. E. E. E. E.

s. s. s. s. s.

chinensis Cabanis and Heine harterti Ingram sanghirensis Blasius orientalis 2 (Linnceus) corvina Stresemann 3

E. s. rufiventer (Lesson) E. s. salvadorii Hartert E. s. evel'etti Hartert E. s. alberti Rothschild and Hartert

Ceylon, India Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Indo-China, Sumatra . China, Yunnan 1 Hainan, Formosa Sangi and Talaut Islands Ceram and Amboina Halmahera, Bat jan, Ternate, Tidore, Motir New Guinea New Ireland Sumba to Key Island . Solomon Islands

E. cyanocephala 4 (Latham) has two races occurring in Australia and New Guinea.

E. melanorhynchus Miiller, Celebes, and E. facialis Wallace are distinct species, being larger in size and with the females having different colour pattern.

Subfamily CENTROPODINlE Gemts CENTROPUS Illiger, "Prodr.," p. 205, 1811. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, " List Gen. Birds," p. 56, 1840): Centropus cegjlPti~ts Gmelin.

Bill powerful, strongly curved; legs and feet strong, tarsus naked; claw of hind toe very long and slender, nearly straight; wings 1 2 3

~

E. s. enigmaticus Rothschild (1926) is not recognized by La Touche.

Fig. Ibis, 1869, pI. x.

Orn. Monatsb., xxxix., No.6, p. 170,1931.

Fig. Gould, "Bds. Austra1.," iv., pI. 91, 1848.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

2 17

short, rounded and curved to body, primaries but little longer than secondaries; tail very long, its feathers wide and soft; feathers of

Right foot of Genus Centropus.

head, neck and throat coarse and decomposed, their shafts strong and polished.

382. Centropus bernsteini mindorensis Mindoro Coucal Centrococcy:x Mindorensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 12, 1890. Calapan, Mindoro (type, male, 1st June, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Centrop~ts bernsteini Schlegel, "Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk.," iii., p. 251, 1866: Salwatty.

Distribution.-Mindoro, Semirara.

Description.-Entire plumage black, heavily glossed with oilgreen, most of the feathers with glossy black shafts; in some specimens the alula and primary-coverts edged with rufous. Iris dark red; bill, .. legs and nails black.

Wing, 153-167; tail, 238-268; culmen from base, 29-37; depth of bill at front of nostril, 13; tarsus, 40-42; middle toe with claw, 38-42.

Y oung.-Blackish brown; head and neck glossed with green; chin, throat and breast mottled with grey; wings faintly glossed with green; primaries and secondaries slightly tipped with dull rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with dull rufous; tail black strongly glossed with green.

Wing, 160; tail, 180; culmen from base, 29.

ZI8

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS General Notes.-The Mindoro Coucal frequents bushes in open

fields, and is very common in Mindoro. It builds a bulky, globular nest of grass, with an entrance on one side, and it is often situated in a thick bed of giant grass. The eggs, found in April, are dull white, and covered with a thin layer of a white chalky substance; their measurements are 27"4 X21'8 and 24'3 X2I. mm.

British Museum series show large variations in measurement, and this point makes C. b. carpenteri rather difficult to distinguish.

383. Centropus bernsteini carpenteri Batan Island Coucal

Centrop'us carpenteri Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 356, 1907 : the foothills of Mount Irada, N. Batan (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Batan.

Description.-Similar to Centropus b. mindorensis, but differs from it by having metallic reflections on the black plumage. It is also larger.

Wing, 166; tail, 278; depth of bill, 16; chord of culmen, 32 ; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 44. y oung.-Upper parts, including wings and tail, lightly glossed with green; chin and throat slightly mottled with grey; tips of primaries and secondaries slightly rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with rufous. .

Wing, 140; tail, II2; culmen from base, 26.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. b. bernsteini Schlegel.

Salwatty C. b. nigricans (Salvadori) New Guinea It is extremely interesting to relate that some specimens from New Guinea are indistinguishable from mindorensis.

Centropus spilopterus Gray (from Key Island) is a much larger bird (wing, 255 mm. and about 80 mm. longer than C. b. mindorensis) , and one cannot classify it as a race as Mathews does (" Syst. Avium Australas.," p. 422, 1927).

384. Centropus steerii Steere's Coucal

Centroplls steerii Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 14, 1894: Mindoro.

Distribu tion.-Mindoro.

Description.-Forehead, crown and nape, sides of face, chin, throat and upper breast greenish black; the coarse shafts of the feathers shiny

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

21 9

black, the webs with a faint greenish tinge; hind neck and back, sides of neck, wing-coverts and breast smoky brown with faint greenish tinge; hind back and rump slaty black, tips of feathers with greenish tinge; upper tail-coverts and upper surface of tail uniform dull metallic green; shafts of feathers jet-black from base to tip; upper surface of wings earthy brown with metallic green gloss like the tail, except on the four outer primaries, which have little gloss; abdomen browner than breast and with less metallic wash; flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts like rump; under surface of tail black with faint metallic blue gloss; under wing-coverts and axillars like breast; under surface of wing uniform blackish brown.

Wing, I5D-I58; tail, 216-233; culmen, 40-44; tarsus, 42-43; middle toe with claw, 47.

General Notes.-Steere's Coucal is somewhat like the Mindoro Coucal, but its breast and neck are smoky brown, while the entire plumage of the Mindoro Coucal is black glossed with green. Both species are very closely allied and inhabit the same woods, and are fairly abundant in N4ndoro.

385. Centropus unirufus unirufus Luzon Rufous Couca!

Pyrrhocentor uninifus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv., p. rr8, 1862 : Luzon.

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Entire plumage deep rufous, slightly darker above than below; the feathers from the forehead to the mantle have darker glossy shafts than those of the throat and fore part of the chest, the quills with broad brown ends.. Bill green, passing into yellow towards the tip and on the edges; legs olive-brown.

Wing, 160; tail, 229; culmen, 38; tarsus, 43; middle toe with claw,44¡ General Notes.-This is a rare species and obtained only by three or four collectors. The British Museum has two skins, collected by Maitland-Heriot and Whitehead.

386. Centropus unirufus polillensis Polillo Rufous Coucal Centropus unirufus polillensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Phil1'p., No.2, p. 177, 1930: Polillo (type, male, in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Polillo.

Description.-This bird is distinguished from the Luzon race by

220

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

having a stronger rufous colour throughout, which is particularly noticeable on the head.

Male.-Wing, r60-r65; tail, 2r8; culmen, 36; tarsus, 47.

Female.-Wing, r67-r69; tail, 245-265; culmen, 36-37; tarsus, 45-47· Allied Species and their Range.-The nearest allies to C. 1,m£rbtjus are C. celebens£s celebensis Quoy et Gaimard, North Celebes, and C. c. nifescens (Meyer and Wiglesworth), South Celebes and Buton Island.

C. c. celebensis is larger and the under parts are not so strongly tinged with rufous. So far as the plumage is concerned this bird can well be considered as a subspecies of the Luzon Rufous Coucal, except that as regards the colour of the bill it is strikingly different.

Meyer and Wiglesworth write on C. c. celebensis in "The Birds of Celebes," i., p. 222, r898: "Bill black, horn-brown at tip. In some specimens it is yellowish white at the tip and on part of the lower mandible." On the other hand C. unirujus has a green and yellow bill.

C. andamanensis Tytler, from Andamans and Cocos Islands, is by no means a distantly related species, which is of great interest.

I 387. Centropus melanops melanops Philippine Black-eyed Coucal

Centrop1ts melanops Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 137, I83I: Java (errore), Mindanao.

Fig. Cassin, "Omith. Wilkes Exped.," p. 249, Atlas, pI. 22, fig. I, 18 58 . .

Centropus nigrifrons Peale, " U.S. Expl. Exped .. " 1st ed., p. 137, pI. 38, fig. I, 1848.

DistributiOn.-Basilan, Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao, Nipa.

Description.-Head, neck, mantle and lower parts to middle of breast buff, lighter on crown and chin; forehead, lores, cheeks and eyebrows black, forming a mask; wings and scapulars bright chestnut; tips of primaries dark brown; remainder of back, tail and under parts black glossed with bluish green; under wing-coverts blackish. Iris red; bill, legs and claws black.

Wing, r65; tail, 230; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 4I. General Notes.-This Coucal frequents thick tangles of vines in deep woods and sunny second growth. I t is very common ill Mindanao.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

22I

388. Centropus melanops banken, subsp. nov.

Samar Black-eyed Coucal Type, female, Paranas, Samar, 8th June 1896, J. Whitehead ill British Museum.

Distribution.-Samar . . Description.-Superciliary black feathers more abundant than in the typical race. They are particularly noticeable on the forehead.

Buff portion of the breast extending farther below and covering entire part of breast. I t is also a larger bird than the typical race.

Wing, r68-r76; tail, 240; culmen, 41; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 50.

General Notes.-It is said to be rare, and not many specimens have been collected from Samar.

389 Centropus sinensis bubutus Common Coucal r:entrop~ts b~tbutus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 180, 1821: Java.

Centropus philippensis (nee Cuvier), Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc., I832, p. 98 : Philippine Is. Centropus borneensis Bonaparte, Consp. Vol. Zygod., p. 5, I854: Borneo.

Centropus sinensis (Stephens), McGregor, (( Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 383, 1909.

Centr.opu,s sinensis subsp. Stresemann, review, Nov . Zool., XX' .â&#x20AC;˘ p. 323, 19I3: Palawan.

Distribution.-Balabac, Cagayan Sulu, Luzon, Palawan.

Description.-General plumage black, with the wings and upper back chestnut; head, neck and chest glossed with purplish blue; remainder of the body, lower back, upper tail-coverts and tail glossed with _purplish green; primaries with brown ends; inner secondaries slightly tinted with brown; under wing-coverts glossy black. Bill and legs black; iris crimson.

Wing, 223; tail, 312; culmen, 42; tarsus, 58; middle toe with claw, 45.

Immature.-Plumage duller than in the adult and generally of a greener shade; sides of head and front of neck with buffy white spots, increasing into bars on the body; mantle, some of the wing-coverts and the innermost secondaries barred with black; upper tail-coverts narrowly barred with buff; tail glossy greenish black, with no blue shade.

General Notes.-This species is rare in Palawan.

222

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 39 0 . Centropus sinensis 1 anonymus 8ulu Common Coucal

C entropus sinensis anonym~ts Stresemann, Nov . Zool., XX., p. 323, I9I3 : Tawi Tawl (type, Everett call., ex Lord Rothschild coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

Distribution.-Basilan, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-This race differs from C. s. bubutus by being of smaller size. Wing and scapular region are much darker chestnutbrown.

Birds from the Sulu Archipelago measure-wing, 182-199. Miss Yamamura's specimen from Basilan measures-wing, 163; tail, 230; culmen, 47; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 41.

General Notes.-This Coucal is common in Sulu.

Allied Forms and their Range 2 : C. s. bubutus Horsfield C. s. sinensis (Stephens)

C. s. intermedius (Hume)

C. s. parroti Stresemann

Malacca, Borneo,Java, Sumatra, Kangean Is., Bali S. China, N. India, roughly from Sind and Kashmir through the N.W. Provinces, Punjab and United Provinces; the sub-Himalayas as far east as eastern Assam and south to the Ganges Valley in Bihar and Orissa Assam, south of the Brahmaputra, Cachar, Sylhet, Tippera, Chittagong, Comilla, Burma, northern Malay States, Siam, French Indo-China, Yunnan and Hainan Ceylon and India, south of the range of the typical race. Some individuals in the north of the Bombay Presidency are intermediate in size and colour

1 Centropus purpureus.

There is a specimen of Centropus (closely related to C. sinensis) which is labelled as purpureus in the British Museum collection. It was purchased among three hundred and nine specimens from Baron Laugier de Chartrouse in June 1837. at a sale in Paris. Baron Laugier was coadjutor with Temminck in " Planches Coloriees," and his specimens are therefore classically important.

The specimen in question is stated to have come from Mindanao, and the coloration is identical with the Sumatran specimen figured as the type in the Catalogue of Birds, xix., pI. xiii. Present-day ornithologists, however, are not acquainted with this variety from Mindanao, and one begins to suspect that Baron Laugier's specimen is not authentic as to the locality. It is unlikely that a Sumatran bird would be represented in Mindanao without having its range in Borneo or the Sulu Archipelago.

2 Stresemann, review. Nov. Zoot .â&#x20AC;˘ XX., p. 321, 1913.