The Birds of the Philippine Islands Vol 2 (Part 2 of 2) by Filipiniana Online

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

223

391. Centropus viridis Red-winged Coucal COUCMt vert d'Antig~ta Sonnerat, "Voy. Nouv. Guin.," p. 121, pI. 80, 1776. Cuculus viridis ScopoIi, "Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," ii., p. 89, 1786 : Antigua, Panay. Cuculus cegyptius Gmelin, " Syst. Nat.," i., p. 420, 1788: Philippines. Centropus rujipennis Illiger, "Abhandl. Berl. Acad.," p. 224, 18121: Philippines. Cuculus philippensis euvier, "Regne An.," i., p. 436,1817: Philippines. Corydonix pyrrhopierus Vieillot, "Enc. Meth.," iii., p. 1353, 1823: Phili ppines.

Native Names.-suc-suc, Lubang; sa-guc'-soc, Ticao; si-ga-cok', Calayan; sa-ba-cot', Manila. Distribution.-Bantayan, Banton, Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Calayan, Camiguin N., Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuvier, Dinagat, Fuga, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Siasi, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Ticao. Description.-Wings bright chestnut, tips of primaries and secondaries blackish brown; wing lining glossed with green; remainder of plumage black glossed with dark green and traces of blue. Iris red; bill and nails black; legs dark steel-blue. Wing, 155; tail, 250; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 42 ; middle toe with claw, 38. Immature.-Differs from the adult in having the head and body brown more or less mixed with light buff; wings chestnut barred with blackish brown; feathers of head, neck, throat and breast with pale buff shafts; the tail, even in very small young birds, is glossy green like that of the adult. General Notes.-This species is the commonest of the Philippine Cuckoos; it is found in the brush and high grass in open country, and breeds in February and March.

392. Centropus bengatlensis Javanensis Javan Coucal (or Crow-Pheasant) C~tculus javanensis Dumont, "Diet. Sci. Nat.," xi., p. 144, r8I8: Java. Centropus javanicus, Cat. Bds. Brit. M~t s., xix., p. 354, I89I. Centropus molkenboeri Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. A v., i., p. r08, 1850: Philippines. Native Name.-Tu-la-cuc', Batan. Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Bongao, CalaI

The year is misprinted as 1816 in Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., x:ix., p . 349, I89!.

224

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

mianes, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Semirara, Siquijor, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-General colour, including tail, black glossed with dark oil-green; shafts of the feathers strong and glossy black; wings light chestnut or reddish buff; coverts and inner secondaries more or less mottled or streaked with blackish brown, the coverts with pale shaft-stripes; tail tipped with pale buff. Iris brown; bill blackish; legs and feet lead-blue; nails blackish. Wing, 162 ; tail, 225 ; culmen from base, 29 ; bill from nostril, 18 ; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 44. y oung.-Upper parts seal-brown somewhat mixed with rusty buff; shafts of feathers on sides of head, neck and mantle pale buff ; back blackish brown mottled with rusty buff; upper tail-coverts greatly lengthened, two of the feathers being fully two-thirds the length of the rectrices, in colour black glossed with green and crossed by numerous bars of rusty buff. General Notes.-This species is quite common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi; not rare in the other islands indicated. It lives in the grass in the open fields, and feeds usually on insects.

Allied Forms and their Range 1 C. b. bengalensis (Gmelin)

C. b. lignator Swinhoe C. b. javanensis (Dumont) C. b. sara sino rum Stresemann .

C. b. medius Bonaparte.

S.W. coast of India, Travancore to Kanara, Wynaad, Mysore, Orissa, Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Burma south to Tenasserim, Siam, Indo-Burmese countries, Hainan, Yunnan Formosa and S.W. China Malacca, Natuna, Borneo, Banka, Sumatra, Java, Bali Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Savu, Flores, Djampea, Kalao, Kalidupa, Celebes, Siao, Sangi, Talaut, Pantar, Alor', Wetter, Kisser, Roma, Letti, Moa, Timor Ceram, Amboyna (type), Buru, Bat jan, Obi, Halmahera, Ternate, Tidore, Morotai

Subfamily PHCENICOPHAINA3:

(A)

Genera Nostril in a vertical groove at base of bill. DRYococcyx, p. 1

Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xix .â&#x20AC;˘ p. 337.

1912.

225.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (A) white.

225

Nostril not in a vertical groove; tail-feathers tipped with (b)

Feathers over eye lengthened, harsh and hair-like. DASYLOPHUS, p. 226. (b) 2 Feathers of head and throat with black scale-like tips. LEPIDOGRAMMUS, p. 226. 1

Genus DRYOCOCCYX Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool., i., p. 321, fig. monotypy): D. harringtoni Sharpe.

1877.

Type (by

Nostril round in a long vertical groove at base of bill; on side of head from bill to above posterior border of ear a wide unfeathered space covered with minute fleshy protuberances; wing short; tail long, its feathers wide and greatly graduated. Monotypic genus confined to Palawan subregion.

393. Dryococcyx harringtoni Harrington '8 Cuckoo Dryococcyx /zarringtoni Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool., 1., p. 321, fig. 1, 1877: Palawan. Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Forehead, jaw and narrow lines above and below eye grey; crown and occiput olive-brown faintly glossed with green; back, rump and basal two-thirds of tail glossy metallic green; distal half of tail dark chestnut; chin, throat, breast, sides of neck and incomplete collar bright rufous, shaded into chestnut on abdomen, thighs and crissum. Iris of female yellow, iris of male with outer ring nearly white, inner ring of deep red Head of Dryococcyx harringtoni. or brown; bill pea-green; legs and feet leaden grey; nails black; bare skin round eye maroon. Wing, 170; tail, 270; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 35. General Notes.-This species is quite abundant in the Calamianes ; it is usually found in deep forest, and occasionally in second growth. In Palawan, Harrington's Cuckoo was found in the more jungly parts of the forest, usually skulking among the foliage of the lower growths and the vine-tangled thickets. In spite of its bright colour II.-P

226

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

it is not a conspicuous bird. Zimmer found it in the lowland forest as well as on the wooded mountain ridges. Allied Genus and its Range.-The nearest genus is U1'OCOCCYx, ranging from southern Tenasserim down the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra and Borneo. Gemts DASYLOPHUS Swainson, "Classif. Birds," ii., p. 324, r837. Type (by monotypy) : D. sttperciliosus Dumont. Nostril hidden by stiff antrorse feathers; eye surrounded by a large area of bare skin; on each side of crown, from lores to nape, a line of harsh, decomposed and lengthened feathers; wing short; tail long and graduated. This genus is confined to the Philippines.

394. Dasylophus superciliosus Rough""crested Cuckoo (Plate 33) Phamicophaus superciliosus C. Dumont, "Dict. Sci. Nat.," xxviii., p. 45I, r823 : neighbourhood of Manila . . Native Name.-Ba'-sac ba-yu'-cu, Manila. Distribution.-Catan uanes, Luzon, Marinduque, Polillo. Description.-General plumage above glossy blackish green, with a partial blue shade; a very distinct eyebrow of bright crimson elongated tufts of hair-like feathers, extending from the nostrils to behind the bare orbital patch, which latter is bright orange; the base of many of the red tufts white and forming a narrow partial eyebrow next to the bare skin; tail with broad white ends to the feathers; under parts dusky olive, inclining to black towards the chin, thighs and under tail-coverts, the latter partially glossed with green. Iris pure chrome-yellow; orbital skin and base of bill fiery orange; bill pale green; legs greenish chrome; claws dark grey. 1\,{ale.-Wing, 157; tail, 241; culmen, 38; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 33. Female.-Wing, 155; tail, 231; culmen, 38; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 32. Genus LEPIDOGRAMMUS

Reichenbach, "Av. Syst. Nat.," pI. 47, r849. Type (by monotypy) : L. cnmingi Fraser.

Nostrils partly hidden, a large, oblong bare space surrounding the eye; feathers of entire top of head, chin and throat with hard, glossy, scale-like tips; wings short and rounded; tail long and graduated. This genus is confined to the Philippines.

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL . II. PLATE 33 .

LepJdogr(JmmlJs olJm!!J.gj (Fraser). Soale-feathered ClJokoo. Oa8y'/.g{!.hIJ8 ~p'eroiliosIJ8 (C . Dumont).

Rough-orested ClJokoo.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

227

395. Lepidogrammus cumingi Scale-feathered Cuckoo (Plate 33) Plu:ent:copltaus Cumingi Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc., I839, p. II2: Manila. Phamicophaus Barrotii Eydoux et Souleyet, "Voy. Bonite, Zoo1.," p. 89, Atlas, pI. 6, I84I: Luzon.

Native Name.-Al-bi-lo'-ri-o, Manila. Distrihution.-Luzon, Marinduque. Description.-Upper half and sides of the head grey, passing into white on the sides of the forehead and throat; all feathers of the forehead and a broad central band through the crown to the nape ornamented with glossy, black, horny appendages, and having the subterminal portion of each feather white; a broad band of similarly horn-tipped feathers extending down the centre of the throat; back of the neck deep chestnut路; remainder of the upper parts deep glossy green, inclining to purplish blue on the quills and tail, the feathers of the latter with white ends; at the base of the neck a broad golden rufous semicircle bordering the white throat and blending into the deep chestnut of the sides of the neck and chest; abdomen, thighs and under tail-coverts brownish bla,.ck, washed with a dark green gloss on the outside of the thigh-coverts; under wing-coverts deep chestnut like the breast; quills uniform glossy black; eyelashes strong and black. Orbital patch and iris red; bill horn-yellow; legs grey. Wing, I55; tail, 229; culmen, 38; tarsus, 4I; middle toe with claw, 39. N estling.-Upper half and sides of the head, wings and body, both above and below, dark reddish brown; the quills and base of the tail glossy greenish black, with which colour other portions of the wings are mottled; a broad white end to the tail; neck all round rufous, passing into rufous grey on the chin. Order SCANSORES Barbets Bill stout and strong; nostrils at base of bill and visible above, partly covered by long stiff bristles; wings moderate; primary very short; tail short and nearly square; rectrices ten; four, the outet one reversed, middle and inner ones united for basal joints.

Suborder CAPITONES Characters same as those given for the order.

from first toes their

228

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Family CAPITONID.ÂŁ

Characters same as those given for the order. Genus XANTHOLlEMA

Bonaparte, Consp. Volucr. Zygod., p. 12, 1854. designation): Bucco hcemacephal'tts Muller.

Type (by original

Bristles about bill reaching beyond the tip; a small bunch of shorter bristles on chin; a narrow circle of bare skin round eye; prevailing colour green, with patches of red and yellow; length about 150 mm.

396. X antholcema hcemacephala hcemacephala Yellow-chinned Barbet (Plate 34) Le Barbu des Philippines Brisson, " Om.," iv., p. 99, 1760. Bucco hcemacephalus P. L. S. MUller, " Nat. Syst. Suppl.," p. 88, 1776 : Philippine Is. Bucco Philippinensis Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., p. 407 (ex Brisson), 1788: Philippine Is. (Fig. Marshall, " MonQgr. Capiton," p. 139, pI. 56, 1871.)

Native Names.-A-so-ni-P'tÂŁ'-song, Manila; took-took, generally. Distribution.-? Calamianes, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Samar. Description.-Forehead and crown crimson, followed by a blackish cross-band extending behind eye to ear-coverts; occiput and nape bluish slate; rest of upper parts olive-green; superciliary line, subocular line, chin and throat light sulphur-yellow; lores, jaw and ear-coverts black; lower throat with a narrow crimson band, followed by a narrower golden yellow band; remainder of under parts pale yellow heavily streaked with dark Head of Xantholcema hcemacephala. green, lighter on middle of abdomen; exposed edges of wing and tail-feathers grass-green. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye red. M ale.-Wing, 87; tail, 42; bill from nostril, 17; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 2I. F emale.-Wing, 83; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 16; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.

Birds of the Philippine Islands, Vol. II. , Plate 34.

Xantholcema hcemacephala hcemacephala (P. L. S. MULLERI. YELLOW-CHINNED BARBET.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

229

YOZlng.-Differs from the adult in wanting the scarlet on the head and the bright colours of the under parts; uniform green above with yellowish white edgings to wing-coverts and secondaries; a pale yellow mark above and below eye; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish; throat and abdomen pale yellow; fore neck and breast dull green, the breast and sides of body narrowly streaked with green. General Notes.-This Barbet is called took-took by the natives, from its habit of perching in the top of some tree and singing " took-took-took " by the hour. Sometimes called the" clock-bird" by the Spaniards, because of the regularity with which it utters its note. Individuals of the Philippine species are solitary, and may be observed perched in dead trees, where they remain for an hour or more at a time repeating a single monotonous note. Eggs, three or four, pure white; deposited in a hole excavated in a limb of a tree.

Allied Forms and their Range: X. h. lutea (Lesson)

X. h .. indica

(Lat~am)

X. h. delica (Parrot)

Ceylon and practically the whole of India to the foothills of the Himalayas, east to W. Bengal, specimens from Manbhum being of this race Eastern Bengal, Assam, Nepal, Sikkim, Terai, the plains and foothills of Burma, Siam, Yunnan and the Malay Peninsula Sumatra

Strange to relate, the present species is not represented in Palawan and Borneo.

397. X antholcema rosea intermedia Rose-throated Barbet Xantholcema intermedia Shelley, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., xix., p. 97, rB9r : Negros (type, Lord Rothschild's collection, in American Museum of Natural History, New York). B~tcco philippensis (nec Gme1in) Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc .. xiii., p. rBr, rB20: Philippine Is. '

Distribution.-Cebu, Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Romblon, Tablas. Description.-Superciliary stripe, subocular band, chin and throat crimson; otherwise the plumage is like that of X. h. hcemacephala. Iris dark brown; bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye cnmson. Wing, 78-81; tail, 33-36; bill from nostril, 15-16; culmen from base, 21-22; tarsus, 19-22; middle toe with claw, 20-22. 1

Fig. Robinson, "Bds. Malay Penin.," i., pI.

II,

bottom fig., 1927.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

230

Young.-Feathers of forehead and crown blackish slate tipped with olive-green; below eye a pale yellow band; greater and median wing-coverts and inner secondaries tipped with pale yellow; no cnmson feathers; legs flesh-colour; otherwise like the adult.

Allied Form and its Range:

r. rosea (Dumont) The present species is not represented in Borneo.

. Java, Bali

Order PICIFORMES Woodpeckers Bill strong and tapering, neither hooked nor cered; its outlines straight or nearly so, its tip compressed and chisel-shaped; legs rather short; feet and nails strong; two toes in front, two, or rarely one, behind, all free to their bases. Suborder PIC I Characters same as those given for the order.

Family PICIDJE Subfamily PICINJE Tail-feathers twelve, more or less wedge-shaped at their tips, the shafts large and very stiff. Genera (A) (A)

1 2

Three toes. Four toes. (b) 1 Much smaller, length less than (b)

DINOPIUM, p. 238.

mm. DRYOBATES, p. 23I. Much larger, length more than 250 mm. (c) 1 Fore breast and throat marked with large, nearly round, whitish spots; each feather narrowly edged with blackish brown. CHRYSOCOLAPTES, p. 239(c) 2 Fore breast and throat without large round white spots. (d) 1 Abdomen, flanks and thighs black or slategrey, uniform in colour with the chest. (e) 1 Smaller, wing less than 180 mm. ; most of the plumage black. LICHTENSTEINIPICUS, p. 246. 180

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (e)

(d)

Large, wing more thah 210 mm.; most of the plumage slate-grey. MULLERIPICUS, p. 247. Abdomen, flanks and thighs white or whitish; chest black. THRIPONAX, p. 248. 2

Genus DRYOBATES Boie. I sis, 1826, p. 977. Type (by original designation): Picus major Linn~us.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge weak; nostrils hidden; first primary short and slender; second primary nearly equal to third, fourth and fifth, which are subequal; upper parts black or brown, more or less barred with white or ochreous white; below white or buff, with blackish spots and stripes; wings and tail black or blackish brown, more or less barred with white; females with no red on the head. This genus comprises all the spotted four-toed Woodpeckers, and includes the smallest Philippine species; length, about ISO mm. The genus Yungipicus is based on the difference found in the wing formula, which is not recognized by the present author.

39B. Dryobates moluccensis validirostris Large-billed Pygmy Woodpecker Picus validirostris Blyth, Cat. Bds. Mus. As. Soc., p. 64, 1849: Luzon. Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. II4. Native Names.-Car-pen-te-ro ma-liit', Manila; C11-di-nang'-a, Benguet. Distribution.-Catanduanes, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro. Description.-.M ale.-Above blackish brown; browner on forehead and crown; ear-coverts brown; a wide white stripe from eye to nape; a very short, narrow, red line on side of occiput; middle of throat white, with a blackish line on each side and above this a white line; rest of under parts white with a fulvous wash; breast with large blackish spots; abdomen ~ith blackish stripes; rump and upper tail-coverts white, spotted with black. Wing, 81; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, IS. Female.-Differs from the male in having no red on sides of occiput. Wing, 82; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-This species is quite common in Marinduque, but not abundant in certain parts of Mindoro.

232

THE BIRDS OF THE 路PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 399. Dryobates moluccensis maculatus

Spotted Pygmy Woodpecker Petit Pic d'Ant拢qlle Sonnerat, "Voy. Nouv. Guin.," p. Ir8, pI. 77, 1776. Picus maculatus ScopoIi, (( Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," p. 89, 1786 : Antique, Panay. Grant, Ibis, 1895, p. IrS. Distribution.-Cebu, Guirnaras, Negros, Panay. Description.-Male.-Above dark brown, tinged with olive; white band from under eye to nape broken; a long wide red stripe on each side of occiput; spots on throat and breast not so black as in D. m. validirostris . Iris, reddish brown to dark brown; legs and feet dirty olive-green; nails brown; bill nearly or quite black, leaden at tip. Wing, 85; tail, 44; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS. Female.-Sirnilar to the male but with no red on the head. Wing, 86; tail, 45; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 16. General NoteS.-The British Museum has eleven specimens of this race from Cebu, Negros (Mt. Canloan) and Panay, but they do not show constant variation to be appreciably separated as to geographical races. The Spotted Pygmy Woodpecker is quite common in Cebu, but rarer in Panay. It was found to be abundant about dead trees in the open, and in low second growth. Food, insects and larvre.

400.

Dryobates moluccensis

menage~

Menage's Pygmy Woodpecker Iyngipicus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat . Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., p. 14, 1894: Sibuyan. Distribution.-Sibuyan. Description. - IVI ale. - General colour of upper surface dark blackish brown; top of head uniform black; small spot above and behind the eye creamy white; scarlet stripes on side of occiput shorter than in D. m. maculatus and beginning farther back; they are confluent on the nape; behind and under the scarlet stripe is a partially concealed spot of creamy white; scapulars, interscapulars and back barred with creamy white; rump creamy white, some of the feathers with narrow brownish black shaft-stripes; upper tail-coverts brownish black, broadly edged with buffy white; tail brownish black, paler at base of feathers and with both webs of feathers spotted with pale buff ;

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

233

wing-coverts brownish black, each feather having one or two creamy white spots on outer web; wing brownish black; outer five primaries with two or three very narrow creamy white spots on outer web, or with no spots at all; tips 路of inner primaries and inner webs of all primaries spotted with creamy white; secondaries similarly spotted on both webs; ear-coverts rusty brown; creamy white malar stripe extending to back of ear-coverts; chin and narrow stripe down centre of throat white, bordered' by a broad stripe of brownish black on each side, the tips of feathers forming side stripes being brownish white; under surface with strong fulvescent wash; feathers of upper breast with distinct brownish black shaft-marks; feathers of lower breast and abdomen with ill-defined streaks of the same colour; feathers of flanks nearly white, with only slight dark markings; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with dark shaft-stripes; under surface of tail slightly lighter than upper, but tips of two central pairs of feathers nearly black; under wing-coverts and axillars creamy white, spotted with brownish black; bend of wing uniform brownish black. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown; nails leaden; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is grey. \iVing, 78; tail, 40; culmen, 20; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. F emale.-Lacks the scarlet head markings of the male, and the creamy white spot, which is partially concealed in the male, is in the female quite conspicuous; otherwise the sexes are alike. \iVing, 81; tail, 41; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 17. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester write: "Common in Sibuyan, and usually found in the forest. Not observed in Tablas or Romblon."

40r. Dryobates moluccensis leytensis Leyte Pygmy Woodpecker

Yungipicus Leytensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 9, r890 (error): Leyte (type, male, loth April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Native Name.-Ba-t~tC, Bohol, used for all Woodpeckers. Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Samar. Description.-M ale.-Forehead and crown black; wings and back barred with white; lower back and rump white, washed with pale fawn; ear-coverts black; white stripe from above eye to side of neck very broad; a conspicuous red patch on each side of occiput; throat and breast washed with pale fawn. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet and

234

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

nails yellowish brown; upper mandible and tip of lower black; base of lower mandible yellowish. Wing, 83; tail, 37; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 17. F emale.-Similar to the male but with no red patches. Wing, 87; tail, 37; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17. , 402.

Dryobates moluccensis fulvifasciatus

Hargitt's Pygmy Woodpecker (Plate 35) Iyngipicus fulvifasciattts Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 5g8 : Basilan 1 (type, male, May 1878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Hargitt, Ibis, 1882, p. 28. YlIngipicus Basilaniws Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 9, 18go: Basilan (type, male, 16th November, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-111ale.-Above black, barred with white and washed with pale fawn; forehead and crown seal-brown; ear-coverts and side of neck black ; a wide white stripe from above eye to side of nape; a conspicuous bright red stripe on each side of occiput; back and rump pale fawn; lower parts strongly washed with light ochreous yellow; round spots on breast much smaller than in preceding species; abdomen and sides but faintly lined with black; no dark spots on crissum. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet dirty olive-yellow; nails brown; bill black, paler at base. Wing, 81; tail, 40; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 14. Female.-Similar to the male but without red patches on head. Wing, 82; tail, 38; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Y o'ttng male.-Has the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform; the white on the sides of the face and neck, chin and throat purer; the spots on the chest and breast smaller, and the breast not so yellow; the under wing-coverts less spotted with black, and the primaries tipped with white. General Notes.-Quite abundant in low second growth in Basilan. The stomach contains insects but they do not seem to feed on ants. 1 Hargitt, when describing fulvifasciatus, fixed the type male from Basilan and the female type from Zamboanga. These two types have been figured in Gould's " Birds of Asia," and are here reproduced in colour. In order to restrict the type locality to one island I shall fix the male type locality, which is Basilan. The name basilanicus, from Basilan, therefore becomes a pure synonym.

Birds of the Philippine Islands, Vol. II., PI.ate 35.

Dryobates mo/uccensis !ulvi/asciatus (HARGITTJ. HARGITT'S PYGMY WOODPEOKER. (Upper] FEMALE. (Lower I MALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

235

403. Dryobates moluccensis apo, subsp. nov. Mount Apo Pygmy Woodpecker (Type, male, Mt. Apo, S.E. Mindanao, March I905, Goodfellow coIl., in British Museum .)

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo, 8000 ft.). Description.-The present race is easily distinguished by its larger

Size. jM ale.-Wing, 88; tail, 48; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 14. Female.-Wing, 90; tail, 50; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 16 ; middle toe with claw, 15. General Notes.-This species is a mountain form of the Pygmy Woodpecker, and was collected only by Goodfellow. Allied Forms and their Range: D. m. moluccensis (Gmelin)

Malay Peninsula, Java,! Sumatra, Borneo, 2 Bali D . m. grandis (Hargitt) Lombok and Flores D. m. excelsior (Hartert) Alor D. m. hardwickii (J erdon) Southern India, excluding extreme south of Travancore D. 111.. brunneiceps Baker Central and northern India D. m. gymnopthalmos (Blyth) Ceylon and extreme south of Travancore As well as the above there are about ten races in Japan, ranging from the Rurile Islands, right down to the southern Riu Riu Islands. The specific name applied by Japanese ornithologists is kiz'LtkÂŁ (I836), but this name is preoccupied by moluccensis (1788). A closely allied species to the above is the

Dryobates nanus group D. n. nanus (Vigors) D. n. semicoronatus (Malherbe) D. n. omiss'Lts Rothschild D . n. canicapillus (Blyth)

1 2

Nepal, Garhwal, Rumaon to Mussoorie Himalayas, from Sikkim and Assam Yunnan Cachar, Manipur Hills, Tippera and Chittagong Hill tracts, in East Bengal; throughout Burma from the Chin Hills

Type locality, by subsequent designation by Riley in 19 2 7. Yung1'picus moluccensis tantalus Riley, from Borneo, is a synonym.

236

D. n. D. n. D. D. D. D.

n. n. n. n.

D. n.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS and southern Shan States to Tenasserim and Peninsular Siam and French Indo-China su.ffUS~tS 1 (Robinson and Kloss) Malay Peninsula obsc~bruS La Touche S.W. Yunnan, Tonkin, Annam, Laos Borneo 2 a~brantiventris (Salvadori) kaleensis (Swinhoe) Formosa, Fohkien swinhoei (Hartert) Hainan doerriesi (Hargitt) Siberia, Ussuriland, Manchuria Corea scintilliceps Swinhoe North China (Peking, Kansu, etc.)

Owing to the immense range of D. nanus one finds an enormous range of geographical variations. D. n. semicoronatus from Darjeeling has a wing measurement of only 88 mm., while D. n. kaleensis from Formosa runs to over 100 mm. D. n. doerriesi and D. n. scintilliceps are even larger, and vary in having a pure white back instead of being barred with black and white. The two species of the Pygmy Woodpecker, D. moluccensis and D. nanus, are extremely alike; both species haunt the same forests in .the Malay Peninsula, BorI\eo, and possibly in other East Indian islands. In India D. moluccensis occupies the southern and major part of the continent, while D. namts inhabits the mountainous northern region. These two species occupy different geographical regions in the Far East. It is interesting to observe that D. moluccensis splits up into ten subspecies in Japan, but this is not the case in the Philippines, where only six races are recognized. This group is lacking in Formosa, where a mysterious Pygmy Woodpecker (Dryobates wattersi) exists, described by Salvadori and Giglioli.

404. Dryobates ramsayi ramsayi Ramsay's Pygmy Woodpecker (Plate 36) Iyngipicus ramsayi Hargitt, Ibis, 1881, p. 598: N.E. Borneo. Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 254, pI. 17 (type, male, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Male.-Above earthy brown; white bars mostly wanting except on inner webs of quills; rump white; no well-defined spots or stripes on breast and abdomen; breast with a strong wash Fig. Robinson, " Bds. Malay Penin.," i., pI. 12, 1927. Iyngipicus picatus Hargitt, from N.W. Borneo, is probably an immature specimen of the present race. On examination, however, of the type and only specimen in the British Museum, I find it has a peculiar upturned bill similar to that of a Nuthatch or Diver. 1

Birds of the Philippin e Islands, Vol. II., Plate 36.

Dryobates ramsayi ramsayi IHARGITT). RAMSAY'S PYGMY WOODPEOKER.

(Male in two positions drawn from type specimen.)

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

237

of saffron-yellow; sides of abdomen dirty white, faintly streaked with dusky brown. . Wing, 84; tail, 34; cuhnen from base, 20; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 17. F emale.-Similar to the male but with no red on the head. Wing, 84; tail, 37; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 17. Young female.-Has some indistinct spots of pale brown upon the inner webs of the four central rectrices. Iris brown; bill slate-black; tarsus olive-green. General Notes.-This species is very abundant about dead trees in the open fields, both in Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown; nails nearly black; bill black at tip, ashy grey at base.

405. Dryobates

ramsay~

siasiensis

Siasi Pygmy Woodpecker Yungipicus siasiensis Mearns, Proc. U .S. Nat. M~ts., xxxvi., p. 438,1909 : Siasi (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distribution.-Siasi. Description.-Male.-Similar to the male of D. mmsayi ramsay i, but with a smaller bill and without white markings on the upper surface of the primaries or secondaries except a small concealed white spot on inner webs of several secondaries, and with much less white on the inner margins of the inner webs on under side of wing; also the orange-yellow of the under parts is much more restricted, being confined to a narrow band across chest. Wing, 83; tail, 47; cuhnen, 19路5 mm.; tarsus, IS路 Female.-Similar to the male, but lacking the elongated scarlet feathers on the edge of the posterior half of the crown and occiput, the entire upper surface of head and neck being dark brown. The white markings of the upper and under sides of the wings are restricted to the same extent as those of the male, a-o,d tend to form a very narrow brownish white margin to the inner webs of the innermost secondaries below instead of forming squarish detached white spots as in D. r. ramsayi, the orange-yellow pectoral band as in the male. Wing, 85; tail, 49; cuhnen, 20路2 mm.; tarsus, IS路 General Notes.-The present race was collected only by Mearns in Siasi, and, as far as I am aware, the specimens at Washington are the only ones known. Allied Forms and their Range.-A closely allied species, D. temmincki (Malherbe), is found in Celebes. It is smaller than D. ramsayi,

238

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

with a smaller amount of red on the head, and the breast is a smoky brown instead of golden, like D. ramsayi. D. temmincki also has white spots on the wing-coverts, which are lacking in the Philippine species. The two species of Dryobates from Lombok, Flores and Alor, and Lichtensteinipicus from Celebes are the sole representatives of the family from the Australasian region. Genus DIN OPIUM Rafinesque, "Precis des decouvertes et travaux somiologique," p. 2, 1814. Type (by original designation): Picus javanensis Ljung.

Three toes, two in front, one behind; bill much smaller and weaker than in Chrysocolaptes; culmen curved; nostrils situated near the culmen, nasal ridge weak; occipital crest full.

406. Dinopium javanense everetti Everett's Three-toed Woodpecker (Plate 37) Tiga everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 612, pI. 37: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, male, 28th November 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coil., in British Museum). Tiga everetti (Tweeddale) McGregor, "Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 398, 1909. Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Male.-Forehead, crown, occipital crest, back and rump scarlet; feathers of crown with black bases; mantle, wingcoverts and secondaries golden yellow; a few of the mantle feathers slightly washed with scarlet; primaries, tail and tail-coverts blackish brown; inner webs of quills with large white spots; a wide black band from eye to ear-coverts, above this and behind eye a pale buff line bordered above with black; a pale buff line from comer of mouth, passing below eye and ear-coverts to side of neck, below this a black line extending from base of lower mandible to side of neck, and washed with crimson on the jaw; lower parts pale creamy buff, spotted and barred with blackish brown; a large patch on fore breast olivaceous brown, feathers just below this with large blackish brown centres. Iris chocolate-brown; legs and feet dirty green; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is grey. Wing, 136; tail, 95; culmen from base, 31; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 32. Female.-Differs from the male in wanting the red on jaw, forehead and crown, these parts being black; crest-feathers black, with some red near their tips. Wing, 137; tail, 95; culmen from base, 30; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 29.

Birds ot the Philippine Islands, Vol. II., Plate 37.

Dinopiurn iavanense everetti (TWEEDDALE). EVERETT'S THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. (Lett) FEMALE. (Right) MALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

239

General Notes.-The above species is common in Palawan and the Calamianes, its food consisting of ants and their larvre. This bird was observed perching in trees in the open fields in Culion, but is found only in the forest in Palawan. Zimmer (1918) writes: "Everett's Three-toed 'Woodpecker was moderately common and well distributed over the region. I found it in Palawan in the deeper parts of the forest and sometimes in the thicker bits of scattered woodland on the plains." Allied Forms and their Range: S.W. coast of India, from Travancore D. i rubropygialis (Malherbe) to Kanara; the hills of Mysore and western Madras, Orissa D. j. intermedium (Blyth) 1 Very rare in Cachar and Manipur ; Burma, north of 10째 ; Tenasserim Peninsula, Shan States, Siam, Yunnan, Indo-China D. j. palmantm Stresemann Sumatra, Malay Peninsula Robinson and Kloss do not recognize the above race, but it can be separated in a large series in Lord Rothschild's coll~ction.2 D. i favanense (Ljung) West Java D. j. exsul Hartert Bali, East Java D. j. borneensis (Du Bois) Borneo Genus CHRYSOCOLAPTES Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xii., p. 1004,1843. Type (by monotypy): Ficus strictus Horsfield. . Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge strongly marked; nostrils exposed; feathers of throat and breast with large nearly circular light spots bordered with black or blackish brown; upper parts red or yellow; inner webs of quills with large white spots; of medium size, length 250-280 mm.; bare space round eye larger than in Dinopium and the crest laterally compressed instead of being spread out.

407. Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus Red-faced Golden Woodpecker (Plate 38) Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. z, i., p. 315, pI. 46, fig. I, 1877: Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Male.-Entire head, sides of head and upper throat 1 2

Robinson and Kloss, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, v., No.2, pp. 186-188, 1923. Ibid., p. 18 5.

240

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

crimson, the throat very pale, almost rose-colour, and with three narrow black lines, one in the middle and one on each side; ear-coverts black; mantle and wings golden yellow; back and rump scarlet; tail black; feathers of under parts white with a slight buff wash and black edges, producing the spotted appearance usual in this genus; tail blackish brown. Iris dark red; legs and feet dirty-olive; nails lighter; bill white at tip, greenish yellow at base. Wing, 153; tail, 98; culmen from base, 43; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 32. Female.-Differs from the male in having forehead, crown and crest olive-greenish, tinged with red, each feather with a light yellow spot near its tip. Wing, 147; tail, 97; culmen from base, 42; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 3I. Young jemale.-Resembles the adult male in having the top of the head and crest entirely red, but the colour is scarlet (not crimson) and the feathers are extremely soft; there is less red on the face and upper part of the side of the neck, and only a tinge 路of this colour on the chin and throat; the general colour above and on the wings is more olive, and the feathers of the back, thejscapulars, the lesser and median wing-coverts are margined with reddish-orange; the scapulars and the feathers of the back and rump have the partially exposed black bases spotted with white; on the outer primaries there is a subapical spot of dull white. General Notes.-This species is not very common and is never met with outside of the forest; feeds on insect larvce.

408. Chrysocolaptes lucidus hcematribon Luzon Crimson-backed Woodpecker Picus hcematribon Wagler, Syst. Av. Picus," sp. 95, 1827: Luzon. Picus spiloloPhus Vigor, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 78: Manila. Picus Philippinarum (non Latham) Lesson, (( Traite," i., p. 222, 1831: Philippines. Distribution.-Luzon, Marinduque. Description.-Male.-Head, wings and upper parts deep crimson; hind neck black with large pale buff spots; tail dark seal-brown \vith black shafts; under parts pale fulvous buff; a black median line on upper throat and two black lines on each side of throat; lower throat and breast black, each feather with a large round buffy white spot; lower breast and abdomen faintly barred with dusky brown. Bill black; legs dirty greenish; nails brown. I(

Birds oj the Philippine Island s, Vol. lI. , Plat e 38.

(1) Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus SHARPE. RED-FACED GOLDEN WOODPEOKER (Male type specimen), (2) Chrysocolaptes lucidus maculiceps SHARPE. BASlLAN CRIMSON-BACKED WOODPECKER (Type specimne young female) .

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

24 I

DISTRIBUTION OF GENUS CHRYSOCOLAPTES THROUGHOUT THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.

C.1.ha!ma~ribon

LUJon

1 C.l.grandis Polillo

2 C. I.erythrocephalus Palawan

c. xan~hocephalus Masbate-Panay-Negros 7

C. I. rufopunda~us Bohol- Leyte-Samar

c. J.luc idus路 Mindanao

4 C.l.maculiceps Basitan

5( 1--6. Crown red in both sexes. 1-3路 Red-winged races. 6. Golden-winged race. -4-5 路 Intermediate between the above two types but as a rule nearer to red-winged races. 7路 Crown red in male, golden In female. Particular attention is directed to the fact that the geologia! and cli.m atic conditions along the Pacific coast are similar . II.-Q

242

THE BIRDS路 OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 140-142; tail, 90-97; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 34.

Head of Chrysocolaptes lucidlls.

Female.-Differs from the male in having top of head black, each feather with a small, sharply defined, white spot . .Wing, 142; tail, 88; culmen from base, 36; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 34.

409. Chrysocolaptes lucidus grandis Polillo Crimson-backed Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes lucidus grandis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. of the Philippines, No. 2, p. 179, 1930: Polillo (type, female, in Bureau of Science,

Manila). Distribution.-polillo. Description.-The present race is nearest to C. t. hcematribon of Luzon, but can be distinguished by having smaller white spots on the crown. The under surface of the body is more brownish than buffish. This race is also larger. . Wing, 154-156; tail, 102-103; culmen, 38-39.

410. Chrysocolaptes lucidus rujopunctatus Red-spotted Crimson-backed Woodpecker Chrysocolaptes r~ifop'unctatus Hargitt, Ibis, 1889, p. 231: Panaon (type, female, October 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coll., in British Museum). Chrysocolaptes samarensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped. ," 1890, p. 8. (Fig. Cat. Birds Brit. lYI1Is., xviii., p. 457, pl. 12.) Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Panaon, Samar. Description.. Male.-Above bright crimson; similar to C. t. hcematribon; below black with large pear-shaped buff spots; lower

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

243

parts similar to C. l. lucid'Us, but the cheeks washed with pale crimson. Iris dull cherry-red; legs and feet dull olive-yellow; nails black; bill nearly black. Wing, 141; tail, 87; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 33. Fem,ale.-Very similar to the female of C. l. hcematribon but the entire head washed with crimson; lower parts as in the male. Wing, 140; tail, 86; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 32. General NoteS.-This species is usually found in the forest, and is quite abundant in Samar. Its food consists of larvre. 41I.

Chrysocolaptes lucidus lucidus

Dfindanao Crhnson-backed VVoodpecker PiC1lS lucidlls Scopoli, "Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," ii., p. 89, I796 : Mindanao. Chrysocolaptes montanus Grant, B~tll. B.O .C., xvi., p. I6, I905 : Mt. Apo, 8000 ft., S.E. Mindanao (type, male, March I905, W. Goodfellow, in British Museum). Distribution.-Mindanao. Description.-Male.-Top of head, back and rump scarlet; mantle and wings dull golden yellow, the feathers edged with dull crimson, producing a mixture of yellow and red on these parts; tail brown; upper tail-coverts dull golden, washed with crimson; under parts olive-brown, most of the feathers with round buff spots or tips. Iris red; legs and feet dull greenish white; upper mandible black, lower greenish. Wing, 142; tail, 99; culmen from base, 43; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 3I. Female.-Similar to the male, but feathers on top of head olivegreen washed with dull crimson and each feather having a pale yellow spot at its tip. Wing, 134; tail, 92; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 31. Young.- The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having less red on the feathers of the back, which, together with the scapulars, are more spotted with white, some of these spots being exposed; face duller yellow; chest and upper breast dusky olive, the feathers having close to the tip a large heart-shaped spot of pale golden buff, with a concealed spot of pure white separated from it by a dusky bar. The female has the feathers of the forehead, crown, occiput and nape olivegolden, with dusky olive bases, the crown-feathers slightly tinged with red, those of the occiput and nape more so, the whole being covered

244

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

with small rounded spots of golden white; the chin, throat and malar region whiter, the latter without any tinge of red. General Notes.-This species is common in Mindanao, being found both in forest and in second growth. 412.

Chrysocolaptes lucidus maculiceps

Basilan Crimson-backed Woodpecker (Plate 38) Chrysocolaptes maculiceps Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., i., znd ser., part 6, pp. 314,350, pI. xlvi., fig. z, ~ , 1877: Isabela, Basilan. Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-The present race resembles C. t. hcematribon, but it differs from it in its paler red and more spotted head, buff-coloured ear-coverts, spotted mantle and upper tail-coverts. Wing, 138-142; tail, lOO-lOg; culmen, 40-42; tarsus, 25-28; middle toe with claw, 28. Allied Forms and their Range.-All the birds belonging to this genus having red crowns and red rumps in the male, and black or yellowish heads with white or light yellowish distinct spots on head in the female, must be considered as one ~pecies. Palawan has the golden-winged bird, the Northern Philippines the red-winged type, whiie the intermediate race occurs in Mindanao and Basilan. The same description can be applied to the Indian racesthe continental bird being golden-winged while the Ceylon is red-winged. In fact, the Ceylon race (stricklandi) and the North Philippine race (hcematribon) are identical as to the colour of the dorsal parts. Such intermediately coloured races (coloured in gold and crimson), found in the Southern Philippines, are not met with in India. The following races of C. lucidus are found outside of the Philippines: Golden-winged Race C. t. guttacristatus (Tick ell) Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Burma, north of Rangoon, Siam south to Bangkok C. l. sultaneus (Hodgson) Nepal, including Terai; Garhwal and Kumaon, Sikkim C. l. delesserti (Malherbe) India, south of Bombay and province of Orissa, Peninsular Burma, Siam and Malay Peninsula 1 Crimson-winged Race C. l. stricklandi (Layard)

Ceylon

Two races named indomalayicus by Hesse, and ohersones~ÂŁs by Kloss, are not recognized by Baker, "Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds., " iv., p. 8r, 1927. 1

Birds of the Philippin e Islands, Vol. II. , Plate 39 .

Chrysocolaptes xanthocep'h alus WALDEN and LAYARD. YELLOW-HEADElD GOLDEN WOODPECKER. (Left) FEMALE. (Right ) MALE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

245

4I3. Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Golden Woodpecker (Plate 39) Chrysocolaptes xantlwcephalus Walden and Layard, Ibis, 1872 , p. 99, pI. 4: Negros (type, female, March 1871, L. C. Layard, Tweeddale coll., in British Museum).

Native Names.-Tu-ba-la' -t~te, Masbate; tue-tue-ba-la'-tue, Ticao. Distribution.-Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Ticao. Description.-Male.-Forehead, crown and occiput light crimson; lores, a narrow line over eye, cheeks and ear-coverts light golden yellow; mantle, back, rump, secondaries and secondary-coverts crimson, not so bright as crown; alula, primary-coverts and primaries edged with dull golden yellow; chin yellow, with a black line down the middle and a black line on each side; neck and fore breast blackish brown, each feather with a large spot of pale yellow or yellowish buff; rest of under parts uniform yellow; tail dark brown. Iris carmine; bill dark brown above, greenish below; legs pale yellow; nails dark horn-brown. Wing, 148; tail, 90; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 3I. Female.-Similar to the male, but differs in having the crown and crest golden yellow, like the sides of the head. Wing, 145; tail, 94; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 3I. General Notes.-Habits similar to those of C. htdieus. Allied Species and their Range.-Two species of Chrysocolaptes with crimson head in the male and golden head in the female are known. One is the present species and the other is C. strietus (Horsfield), confined to Java. It is strange that no allies are tQ be found in Borneo. Other species of the genus Chrysoeolaptes are: C. festivus (Boddaert)

C. validus (Temminck)

India and Ceylon: having a large spot of pure white on the hind neck and upper back (mantle), the other part of back being black Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo and Sumatra

In the latter species the male has the back clear yellow, practically white near the neck and more orange-yellow near the upper tail-coverts. The female has a pure white back. Both sexes are characterized by having three broad chestnut bars on the wing. Geographical races are recognized.

246

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus LICHTENSTEINIPICUS

Bonaparte, " Ateneo Italiano," ii., No.8 (Consp. Vol. Zygod.) , 1854, p. 122. Type (by monotypy): PiC1ts modest us Vigors=PiCtts Jllnebris Valenciennes. Culmen slightly cur路v ed for its entire length; nasal ridge prominent; nostrils partly concealed by plumes; occipital crest short; plumage slate-black; chin, throat and sides of neck with a minute white spot at the tip of each feather.

414. L ichtensteinipicus funebris funebris Funereal Woodpecker PiCII s Junebris Valenciennes, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl., p. 179, 1826: Philippines. Distribution.-Catanduanes, Luzon, Marinduque. Description.-M ale.-Black with a slight gloss on the wings and back; throat and abdomen smoky brown; lores, cheeks and forehead and a wide space round each eye deep crimson; chin, throat, sides and back of neck with a small white spot at the tip of each feather. Iris pale yellow; bill white; legs plumbeous; nails light horn-blue. Wing, 163; tail, 161; culmen from base, 37-42; tarsus, 28- 30; middle toe with claw, 28-3I. Female.-Similar to the male but with no crimson anywhere on the head; the cheeks, like the throat, spotted with white. Wing, 155; tail, 133; culmen from base, 34; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 30. General Notes.-This species is fairly common in the lowland forests of Luzon.

415. Lichtensteinipicus fuliginosus Sooty Woodpecker (Plate 40) ,1fztlleripicus Jttliginostts Tweeddale, Ann. and ~{ag . Nat. Hist. , xx ., p. 534,1877: Butuan, N. Mindanao (type, male, May 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coIl., in British Museum). (Fig. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p, 821, pI. lxxxiii.) Distribution.-Leyte, Mindanao, Samar. Description.-M ale.-Plumage slaty grey, the whole of the body, wings and tail uniform, the head (except the loral and orbital region) and neck spotted with white, the spots on the top of the head and on the nape having a striped character, those on the chin and throat larger and more or less triangular in shape; a large patch of brilliant scarlet covers the entire malar region and extends upwards nearly to

Birds

Lichtensteinipicus jul iginosus (TWEEDDALEl. SOOTY WOODPECKER.

the Philippine Islands , Val . II ., Plat e 40.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

247

the eye; shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers dusky black. Iris naples-yellow. Wing, 160; tail, lIO; culmen, 41; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 30. Female.-Closely resembling the female of L. f. funebris, but may be distinguished by the general colour of the plumage being greyer, the ground-colour of the chin and throat grey like the cheeks and the white dots distinctly larger. In the female of L. f. f~tnebris the chin and throat are brownish grey, and contrast with the blackish grey cheeks. Wing, 147; tail, 104; culmen, 37; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw,3I. Allied Forms and their Range.-The present genus is closely related to A1uller.ipic~ts, but the two genera are not met with in the same locality. Three well-defined geographically represented species can be recognized : (A) 1 Base of upper mandible and crown of head red. (B) 1 Abdominal part of body black like the back. L. funebris. (B) 2 Abdominal part of body buffish contrasted with the back. L. fulvus. (A) 2 Base of upper mandible and crown slate-grey like the back. L. fuliginosus. L. f~tlv'us (Quoy and Gaimard) is confined to Celebes, the typical bird from the north and L. f. wallacei (Tweeddale) from the south are well-defined races, but lately two more have been described-namely, L. j. intermedius (Meyer), Central Celebes; and L. f. ochraceus Rensch, from S.E. Celebes.

Genus MULLERIPICUS Bonaparte, Consp. Voluer. Zygod., p. 7, 1854. Type (by monotypy): Pieus p'/,~lverulentus T emminck. Of large size; bill very powerful; proximal half of culmen curved, distal half straight; nostrils large, oval and covered by feathers; nasal ridge prominent; feathers of head short; no crest.

416. Mulleripicus pulverulentus pulverulentus Great Slaty Woodpecker Piws pulverulentlts Temminck, " PI. Col.," pI. 389, 1826: Java.

Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan. Description.-Male.-General colour blackish slate, abdomen and 'crissum lighter; feathers of crown, occiput, neck, sides of neck and

248

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

breast with small grey tips, producing a spotted appearance, most pronounced on occiput and neck; on malar region below each eye a large patch of light crimson; chin and throat saffron-yellow, washed with pink or light red on the posterior part. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet dull leaden; nails nearly black; upper mandible black except along gape and at base, where it is grey; lower mandible light grey. Wing, 235; tail, r65; culmen from base, 65; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 4I. Female.-Differs from the male in having no red on cheeks and but a slight wash of pink on the throat. Wing, 235; tail, 180; culmen from base, 64; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 42. Young male.-Differs from the adult male in having the entire malar region, forehead and greater part of crown washed with pale crim'son, this colour being very faint upon the crown; the head darker slaty grey and the tips of the feathers less white; upper parts rather browner; the under surface of the body unspotted; abdomen, sides of the body and under tail-coverts more of a dusky brown, but assuming the dark slaty grey plu~age; chin, throat and fore neck light buff, the latter washed with pale red. It has also a pale crimson stripe, rather than a spot, and the hind.er part of the malar region as in the adult. General Notes.-This Woodpecker is quite abundant in some parts of Palawan; has been shot on dead trees in clearings, and in low scrub. Bourns and Worcester failed to find this bird in Calamianes.

Allied Forms and their Range: M. p. harterti Hesse

_The Terai, Oudh to eastern and South Assam, Manipur and practically the whole of Burma and the Malay Peninsula to the extreme south; Siam, Annam and Cochin-China; also recorded from Simla Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, M. p. pulverulent'us (Temminck) Great Natuna Island 1

Genus THRIPONAX Cabanis and Heine, "Mus. Hein.," iv., p. 105, 1853. Type: Picus javensis Horsfield. Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridges well developed; nostrils scantily covered; plumage mostly black, abdomen white; both sexes with a full scarlet crest. 1 Specimens from the above localities do not show any appreciable difference as to racial separation in measurements, general coloration and size of red cheek-patch.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

249

417. Thriponax javensis con/usus Malay Black Woodpecker

Thriponax javensÂŁs conFts1ts Stresemann, Nov. Zool., xx., p. 316, 1913 : Mt. Arayat, Luzon. Picus javensis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., pt. i., p. 175, 1821: Java. McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 406, 1909.

Native Name.-T~tl-t~t-lan, Benguet. Distribution.-Bongao, Cebu, Luzon. Description.-Male.-N asal" tufts black; forehead, crown, occipital crest and malar stripe bright scarlet; feathers of forehead, crown

Head of Thriponax javensis.

and crest with white bases; remainder of head, chin, throat, breast and entire upper parts black; feathers of lower back with concealed white or grey bases; a few narrow white stripes on throat and behind ear-coverts; abdomen and flanks pale yellow or buffy white; thighs black, some of the feathers with pale buff edges; under tail-coverts black; wings and tail black; three or four primaries white at base of inner web; secondaries with considerable white on inner webs. Wing, 210 ; tail, 170; culmen from base, 53; bill from nostril, 41 ; width of bill at gape, 19; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 40. Female.-Similar to the male but the forehead, crown and malar region black, occipital crest alone being red. These sexual differences are found in all the Philippine species of the genus. Wing, 200; tail, 160; culmen from base, 47; bill from nostril, 38 ; width of bill at gape, 18; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 37. Iris varies from light to dark yellow; legs and feet grey; nails nearly black; upper mandible black, lower dirty white. Young.-Have the abdomen white and the malar stripe entirely black or with a few red spots. General Notes.-Its food consists of ants.

250

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 418. Thriponax Javensis pectoralis

Tweeddale's Black Woodpecker Thriponax pectoralis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 340: South Leyte (type, male, September r877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coli., in British Museum). (Fig. Cat. B irds Brit. Nlus., xviii., p. 500, pI. r3, r890.) Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Panaon, Samar. Description.-llf ale.-U pper parts as in T. i- conjltsus; chin and throat white, with narrow black shaft-stripes; ear-coverts and sides of neck black, narrowly streaked with white; breast-feathers black with edges and tips light buff; rest of under parts as in T. j. conjus'llts, but with more buff on the thighs. A few feathers of the breast and hind neck may be tipped with red, but this character is variable. Wing, 224; tail, 200; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 39 ; width of bill at base, I9; tarsus, 33 ; middle toe with claw, 48 F emale.-Has the forehead and crown black; the malar region white, striped with "black. In other respects like the adult male. Wing, I99; tail, I69; culmen, 48; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claW,4I. Young NI ale.-Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the white of the throat and fore neck duller, and the striations less intense black; the feathers of the malar region white, with dusky bases, a few assuming the red tips. General Notes.-It is quite abundant in Samar, and usually met with in the forest, occasionally seen in second growth. Iris light yellow; legs and feet light slate; nails nearly black; upper mandible black; lower greyish white.

419. Thriponax Javensis

multilunat~ts

Basilan Black Woodpecker ThrÂŁponax nwltil1fnatus McGregor, Phil. j01frn. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 285, r907: Isabela, Basilan (type in Bureau of Science, Manila). Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-lvlale.-Forehead, crown, crest and malar stripe bright crimson, the feathers whitish at base; nasal plumes blackish; lores and a wide transocular band black; rest of upper parts, wings and tail black; second, third and fourth primaries with a white spot at base of inner web; third to seventh primaries with a white spot at tip of outer web; inner secondaries white at base; chin, throat and post-auricular area black; each feather narrowly margined with whitish, producing a striped appearance; breast black, the feathers of fore

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

25 I

part narrowly bordered with buffy, producing a series of crescentic light rn'a rks; abdomen and sides buffy white; thighs black, each feather widely bordered with light buff; vent and tail-coverts black. Wing, 2IO; tail, I66; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 39. Female.-Forehead, crown and malar stripe black, otherwise like the male. Wing, 215; tail, I85; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 38 ; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 38. 420.

Thriponax javensis suluensis Sulu Black Woodpecker

Thriponax javensis var. nov. suluensis \\T. Blasius, JOll1' n. fiiY Orn., 1890, p. 140: Jolo (type in Brunswick Museum).

Distribution.-Bongao, Jolo, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-The present race resembles T. j. 1nttltihmat'tts, but it differs from it in its smaller size. Five specimens of T. j. sul'ttensis measure: Wing, I87-20I; tail, I70-I84; culmen from base, 44-48; tarsus, 32-33; middle toe wiih claw, 33-36. 42I.

Thriponax javensis hargitti Hargitt's Black Woodpecker

Thriponax hargitti Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 317, pI. 8: Palawan (type, male, ex Lempriere colI., in British Museum). DistributiOn.-Palawan. Description.-Differs from T. j. confusus in having a wide band of light buff across the lower back, thus resembling T. j. mindorensis, from which it differs in having a much stouter bill and in having lower mandible grey or horn-white; lower mandible in dry skin dull yellow with a grey tip. In males the red malar stripe is longer than in the other species mentioned and many of the black feathers of chin and sides of neck are tipped with red. Iris yellow; legs, feet and nails leaden; upper mandible black, lower horn-grey. Wing, 2I4; tail, 180; culmen from base, 51; bill from nostril, 38 ; width of bill at base, 20; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 39. General Notes.-Zirnmer (I9 I8 ) writes: "I found Hargitt's Black Woodpecker to be rare and shy in the vicinity of Brooke's Point; .a t the other localities in Palawan I did not find it at all. It is possible that there was only a single pair near Brooke's Point. I rarely saw more

252

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

than one bird, which was very restless and shy, continually moving from place to place in the forest. I never got within range of it until 17th March. On that day, while crossing a swampy section of the woods, I happened to take shelter from a sudden downpour of rain on the leeward side of a large tree whose buttressed roots furnished ample protection from the shower. \Vhile there I heard the call-note of the species, with which I had become familiar, and on looking out from my retreat I saw one of the Woodpeckers on a tall, dead tree near by, just within range. I dropped it from where I stood, retrieved it and returned to my shelter. Again I heard the unmistakable note and looked out, just in time to see a second bird edging out of sight around the dead tree-trunk. I circled the bole in the opposite direction, but the Woodpecker had evidently taken flight when out of my sight around the trunk, and I did not get it."

422. Thriponax javensis mindorensis Mindoro Black Woodpecker Thriponax Min-doren-s1's Steere? " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 8, 1890: Calapan, Mindoro (type, male, 31St May 1888, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Native Name.-lVla-mtc'-toc, Mindoro. Distribution.-Mindoro. Description.-Very much like T. j. conf~ts%s, but clearly distinguished from that species by having a wide light buff or white band across the lower back; from T. j. hargitti it differs in having a more slender bill, which is entirely black. Iris straw-yellow; legs and feet leaden; nails nearly black; bill black. Wing, 203; tail, 158; culmen, 46; bill from nostril, 35; width of bill at base, 18; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 37. General Notes.-This Black Woodpecker is quite abundant in the interior of Mindoro.

423. Thriponax javensis philippinensis Thriponax Philippin-ensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 8, 1890: Masbate (type, male, 1St January, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay. Description.-Similar to T. j. hargittz", except that the malar stripe in the male is exceptionally broad, and the inner web of the two outermost primary feathers have, in most cases, a distinct white basal spot. The red on the head is also darker in both sexes. This species differs I

Ibis, 1896, p. 473.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

253

from T. j. mindorensis in having a broader malar stripe in the male, and the lower mandible yellowish instead of dark green. Red tips sometimes appear on the feathers of the chin, throat and nape, also on the upper back, Nlale.-Wing, 202-218; tail, 180; culmen from base, 49; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 41. Female.-\iVing, 195-217; tail, 170; culmen from base, 54; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 42. General Notes.-It is very peculiar to find races of Thriponax javensis with white rumps (which is the characteristic of the Chinese 路continent) from those islands facing the Sulu Sea, except Borneo and Sulu. The white-rumped races are:

T. j. hargitti Sharpe T. j. mindorensis Steere T. j. philippinensis Steere

Palawan Mindoro Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay

As can be expected, specimens with traces of white feathers on the rump are found in Basilan, Masbate and Negros. The groups with black rumps are found along the Pacific coast and the Celebes Sea. They are:

T. T. T. T.

j. j. j. y'.

confusus Stresemann pectoralis Tweeddale multilunatus McGregor suhtensis (Blasius) .

Allied Forms and

the~

Luzon Leyte, Samar Mindanao, Basilan Sulu

Range 1 : -

T. j. richardsi (Tristram) (Female without scarlet on head.) T. forresti (Rothschild) .

Tsushima, Corea N.\iV. Yunnan

A large white patch on rump and back make the present race intermediate between the Corean and typical species.

T. j. hodgsoni (Jerdon)

Travancore to Belgaum, on the western coast of South India T. j. feddeni (Blandford) Burma, from the Chin and Kachin Hills and Northern Shan States to N. Tenasserim T. j. javensis (Horsfield) Southern Tenasserim, S.W. Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Island, Bali T. j. parvus Richmond Simalur Island (Not examined by the author.) 1

Stresemann, review, Nov. Zool.,

XX.,

p . 316, 1913.

254

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

T. j. biittikoferi (Richmond)

Nias Island (Proc. Bioi. Soc., XXV., p. 104, 1912. Not examined by the author.) T. hodgei (Blyth) Andamans Without white on back and under parts. Resembling somewhat the Dryoscopus group. On the Asiatic continent, Burma to Tenasserim is about the dividing line of the black and white rumped groups. The former exist west and southwards and the latter eastwards and north-eastwards. Palrearctic representatives (richardsi 1 andforresti) attain large size and have a very large patch of white on the back and rump. It seems that both the groups of javensis and forresti occur in Yunnan, and it is for this reason that I cannot consider forresti as a race of T. javensis. Order EURYLJEMIFORMES Broad bills

Bill very wide and depressed; nostrils basal, round and exposed; third and fourth toes united for nearly half their length. Family EURYLlEMIDlE Characters same as those given for the order. Subfamily EURYLlEMINlE Genus SARCOPHANOPS Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, i., Zool., p. 344, 1879. designation): Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe.

Type (by original

Eye surrounded by a "yide fleshy wattle; tail short, rectrices strongly graduated; wings moderate, first primary shorter than sixth, fourth longest; a well-defined wing-bar across the secondaries.

424. Sarcophanops steerii Steere's Broadbill (Plate 41) Eurylcemus steerii Sharpe, Nat~tre, xiv., p. 297, 1876: Basilan. (Fig. Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, i., Zool., p. 344, pI. 54, 1879.) Distribution.-Basilan, Dinagat, Mindanao. Description.-lvIale.-Forehead and crown deep purple; a few spots of scarlet on occiput, not always present; feathers at base of bill with white bases; lores black; a white collar round neck; hind neck, back and scapulars slate-grey; rump and tail-coverts chestnut, tipped with purple; tail chestnut; chin, throat and sides of head black; 1

Fig. Tristram, Froc. Zool. Soc., 1879, pI. xxxi.

Birds 01 the Philippine Islands, Vol. II. , Plate 41.

Sarcophanops steerii (SHARPE). STEERE'S BROADBILL. (Upper) MALE. (Lower) FEMALE.

SYSTEMA TIC ACCOUNT

255

breast, abdomen and sides lilac, bases of feathers white; middle of abdomen white; under tail-coverts white, tinged with lilac; thighs blackish grey; wings black; edge of wing and of first primary white; a distinct bar of golden yellow on secondaries, changing to white on inner secondaries; wing lining black, axillars white. Wing, 85; tail, 64; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14 ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Female.-Similar to the male, but under parts pure white, except the black chin and throat and grey thighs. vYing, 86; tail, 64; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, IS ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21. According to McGregor " there has been some difference of opinion between Dr. Steere and Mr. Everett as to the colour of the eyes of this interesting species. Both were right, and there was abundant room for still more divergence of opinion. The eyes of S. steerii are golden yellow, bright green, or a beautiful blue, according to the way the light strikes them." Bill, legs, feet and eye-wattle light blue, nails nearly white. The young show some interesting plumage changes. An immature male has the under surface white, some of the feathers tipped with pale lilac; chin black, but thni)at white, a few black feathers just appearing; head as in adult, but white nuchal collar much narrower; back and wing-coverts washed with olive-green, the wing-bar being ill-defined and paler than in the adult; rump and tail as in the adult. Bill as in adult, except centre of upper mandible, which is black. General Notes.-This species is usually found in small flocks in the deep woods, and has been seen in a mangrove swamp dose to the sea. Usually it takes short flights, making a loud whirring with its wings, and sits perfectly still for some time after. When perched on a branch it has a curious habit of snapping its bill, which produces a sound audible for some distance. Its food consists of insects, which it holds in its bill and raps several times on the branch before swallowing. The note is a plaintive whistle, and it may be readily decoyed by imitating its call. At the discharge of a gun it does not flyaway, but sits perfectly still.

425. Sarcophanops

samarens~s

Samar Broad bill Sarcophanops Samarensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 23, r890: Samar. Distribution.-Leyte, Samar. Description.-M ale.-Much smaller than S. steeriz". Head, neck

256

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

and scapulars purple, somewhat mottled with brown; white nuchal collar very narrow and ill-defined; purple of back gradually changing into brown on rump; tips of scapulars black; upper tail-coverts and tail bright chestnut; upper wing-coverts black; tertiaries barred across both webs with pure white; three secondaries with lilac spot on outer webs; tips of secondaries and tertiaries black; primaries blackish brown; chin, throat, . sides of face, ear-coverts and lores pure black; breast, abdomen and flanks lilac, deeper on upper breast, lighter on abdomen; thighs black, the feathers tipped with brown; under tailcoverts light buff; axillars white; under wing-coverts black; bend of wing white. Wing, 78; tail, 62; culmen, 22; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 20-2I.

Female.-Like male, except that the lilac of under surface is replaced by white; bill, legs, feet, nails and eyes exactly as in S. steerii, -and the young show the same plumage changes as in that species. General Notes.-The habits of this bird are exactly like those of the preceding species; it is abundant in Samar, but irregularly distributed. Allied Forms and their Range.-The present family may be considered as one of the typical families of the Oriental Region, to which they are strictly confined. They are most abundant in Malacca, Sumatra and Borneo, extending westwards into the sub-Himalayan forests of northern .Bengal; eastwards to the Philippines. The discovery of the Broadbill in the Philippine Archipelago is of great interest as affording further evidence of the strong connection between the Philippine avifauna and that of the Oriental Region. Sarcophanops is very closely allied to Eurylcem'Us, a species of which is found in Borneo. Order PASSERIFORMES Passerine Birds

Bill hard and horny, never extensively membranous, softly tumid, not cered; nostrils without open communication; greater wing-coverts not more than one-half the length of the secondaries; primaries usually ten, more rarely nine; rectrices twelve, rarely ten; feet adapted for perching; hind toe and claw well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior toes; hind claw equal to, or longer than, the claw of the middle toe; anterior toes three in number, never versatile, always free except when webbed or fused at base.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

257

S~iborders

(A) 1 Tarsus with its hinder portion somewhat compressed, but the posterior edge rounded and entire. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the middle of the bronchial semi-rings, the muscles simple, small and few. MESOMYODI, or CLAMATORES, p. 257. (A) 2 Tarsus with its hinder portion compressed and forming a sharp edge; or else the hinder face rounded and distinctly divided by transverse joints. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial semi-rings, the muscles complex and numerous. ACROMYODI, or OSCINES, p. 268.

Suborder

MESOMYODI

Characters the same as those given for the Suborder.

Family PITTIDLE Rectrices twelve; tarsus booted, or with obsolete, diagonal divisions.

Genus PITTA 1 Vieillot, "Analyse Nouv. Om.," p . 42, r8r6. Corvus brachyur~ts Linnc.eus.

Type (by monotypy) :

Bill stout and compressed; culmen curved; gonys slightly curved; nostrils large and oval, entirely exposed; rictal and frontal bristles very short; wings short and curved to the body; first primary nearly as long as second, fourth longest; secondaries shorter than the primaries by the length of hind toe without claw; tail short, soft and square, scarcely longer than its under-coverts; tarsus and toes well developed, the former longer than tail and the latter extending entirely beyond the tip of tail. Colours various combinations of black, white, brown, bright scarlet, green and blue. 1 Many generic names have been given to the birds of this family; most of tl::e species are structurally much alike, and there are not more than one or two that could reasonably be grouped into different genera.

II.-R

258

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 426. Pitta erythrogastra erythrogastra Red-breasted Pitta (Plate 42) P itta erythrogaster Temminck, " PI. Col.," pI. 2r2, r823: Manila. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, r896, p. r2I. Whitehead, Ibis, r899, p. 243. (Fig. Elliot, " Mon. Pittidre," pI. r6, r867.)

Nati ve Names.-A -li-mu-cung, Ticao; hu-hu-co, Ticao and Masbate; li-o-co, Manila. Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cc:..gayancillo, Calamianes, Camiguin N., Cebu, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao. Description.-Head, sides of head and neck reddish brown, most intense on occiput; on each side of head a blackish brown band from nostril to above eye; a blue collar, followed by a dull green patch on mantle; back, rump, tail and most of the wing blue; chin brown, merging into black on fore breast, followed by a wide dull green pectoral band, which is more or less mixed with blue in its middle; rest of under parts bright scarlet; longest under tail-coverts tipped with blue; primaries black with blue tips, the third and fourth each with a white spot half-way between tip and base; wing-coverts blue, a few of the outer lesser series with large white spots; tail blue above, black below. Iris dark brown; legs, feet and nails dark brown; bill black. Wing, 97; tail, 37; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 29. y oung.-The young bird is very different from the adult, particularly in the colouring of the lower parts, which are light earthy brown, with very little red on the abdomen; upper parts dull brown. A great number of specimens would be necessary to show all the changes from young to adult. General Notes.-The Red-breasted Pitta is common throughout the islands, being usually found on the ground in dark places in the forest and in second growth. There are a large number of geographically separated representatives so distinct that one is obliged to consider them specifically, although there have been comparatively few true subspecies separated. The specific difference is observed according to the altitude: for example, P. kochi from the mountain provinces, and P. erythrogastra from the lowlands of Luzon. It is interesting at this juncture to record the wonderful collection of Pittas in the Lord Rothschild collection (in the Arr.erican Museum

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

259

of Natural History). All the known species and subspecies, excepting a few of the latter, are represented, including about fifteen type specimens. It has been a great pleasure to revise such a splendid group, and my thanks are due to Lord Rothschild, who has given me constant help and advice in this respect.

427. Pitta erythrogastra propinqua Palawan Pitta Brachyurus propinquus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, i., Zool., p. 330, 1877: Balabac. Everett, Ibis, 1895, p. 28. Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan. Description.-The head, neck and sides of neck rufous chestnut, rest of the upper parts cobalt-blue, except the middle of back, which is green, forming a band across the back; throat entirely brownish black, becoming jet-black on the fore neck; chest bright blue, the sides only greenish; under wing-coverts dull blue. This species is smaller than the typical form. M ale.-Wing, 86-94; tail, 35; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 25. (A male from Balabac, wing, 94.) General Notes.-Zimmer (1918) writes: I searched for the Palawan Pitta the whole time that I remained in the region, but it was near the end of my investigations before I found it. On 31st March I found a lone individual in the heart of a bit of jungle, quite close to the settlement at Brooke's Point. It would have been overlooked entirely had it not taken flight, for it was silent and well hidden in a particularly dense thicket not in my line of travel." tt

428. Pitta erythrogastra yairocho, subsp. nov. Sibutu Pitta Sibutu (type, male, July 1893, A. H. Everett, Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Distri bution.-Sibu tu. Description.-Male.-Differs from the typical in having an entirely black patch on throat, with no trace of white; chin and crown also dark smoky brown. F emale.-Differs but little from the typical form, except that the throat is more smoky chestnut and the white is restricted to the base of the feathers, so that normally this is not seen.

260

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Allied Forms and their Range.-The nearest allied species is P. rufiventris, which has no black on the throat and the breast is uniform light blue, while the same colour is lacking on the lower neck.

P. rufiventris rufiventris 1 (Cabanis and Heine) . Bat jan and l\lorty Is. P. 1'. obiensis 2 Hachisuka Obi P. cyanota Gray, from Ternate and Guebe, has the same colour pattern as rufiventris, but the green of the back is replaced by cobaltblue. These two must therefore be considered as distinct species.

429. Pitta kochi Koch's Pitta (Plate 42) Pitta Kochi Bruggemann, Abhandl. NatllYW. Ver. Bremen, v., p. 65, pI. 3, fig. 6, r877: Luzon (type in Darmstadt Museum). Grant, Ibis, r895, p. 457. (Fig. Gould, (( B. Asia," v., pI. 7r, and Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, pI. 26.) Native Name.-Kong Kong (Igorot). Distribution.-Luzon (northern, above 6000 feet). Description.-General colour above dark olive-brown, with somewhat of a ruddy tint on the sides of the neck and mantle; wing-coverts lilac-grey, the primary coverts and quills blackish brown; the primaries externally greyish towards their ends; the secondaries and inner greatercoverts olive-brown, washed with lilac-grey on the outer webs; the second, third and fourth primaries with a large white spot on the inner web, the latter having the white spot on the outer web as well; upper tail-coverts and tail lilac-grey, the latter darker; forehead and crown, as well as the lores, region of the eye, and ear-coverts dark brown, the latter slightly shaded with an olive tinge; nape and hind neck dull red; cheeks ashy brown, with a bluish shade under certain lights, forming a very broad moustache; throat reddish in the centre, brown on the sides, forming a malar stripe, the fore neck red, with a tinge of lilac; chest lilac-grey, the sides olive-brown; remainder of under surface of body scarlet; the sides olive-brown, with which colour the centre of the abdomen is washed; under tail-coverts scarlet, the longer Fig. Elliot, "Mon. Pitt.," pI. 19, 1867. Pitta rufiventris obiensis, subsp. nov. (Type, male, island of Obi, 3rd April 1902. Collected by Waterstradt, Lord Rothschild coIL, in American Museum of Katural History, New York.) Distribution.-Obi. Description.-Three males and one female collected by Doherty and \Yaterstradt, from Obi, are distinguished by having the breast of a lighter blue, which is more extended over both sides of the breast. \Ying, 90; tail, 41. 1

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

26r

ones tipped and edged with lilac-blue; thighs ashy grey; under wingcoverts dull lilac-blue, some of the outer ones tipped with white; axillars olive-brown, like the back; quills ashy brown below, relieved by the already mentioned white spots on the primaries. "Iris dark brown; bill blackish brown, at the base of lower mandible slate-blue, inside of mouth white; legs slate-blue; nails white." The large size and dark brown ear-coverts are the distinguishing features of this Pitta. I t is difficult to imagine anything more wonderful than the colours of the fully adult male, the bri~~ant scarlet of the lower breast and belly contrasting vividly with the shining slate-blue chest. M ale.-Wing, IIg; tail, 56; culmen, 30; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 2g. F emale.-Differs from the male only in having the colours of the under parts rather less brilliant. Female (immature).-Top of head rather dark brown, shading gradually into a more rufous tint on the nape; all the feathers have rather darker margins, giving these parts a slightly scaled appearance; a few of the dull red feathers of the adult are beginning to make their appearance; the dark olive on the rest of the upper parts has a somewhat browner shade, though here and there some of the greener feathers of the adult plumage may be seen; the greyish blue of the outer wing-coverts and outer webs of the secondaries is replaced by dull olive, and the slate-blue of the 'upper tail-coverts and tail is not so bright; the ear-coverts are brown with buff centres; the moustachestripes dirty white, devoid of that reddish shade that is characteristic of the adult plumage; the chin and throat feathers with white centres and black margins and bases, those on the fore neck being conspicuously white, washed with reddish; the chest-feathers are whitish buff, with here and there a few slate-blue feathers; the rest of the under parts dirty whitish buff, most of the feathers, especially those on the sides and flanks, margined with brownish buff; a few pale scarlet feathers indicate the colours of the adult, but are much less brilliant. In the more advanced examples the upper parts entirely resemble those of the fully adult bird, but the slate-blue on the wings is almost wanting; the fore neck and chest are still intermixed with white and buff-centred feathers, and on the rest of the under parts the scarlet feathers of the adult and the whitish buff of the juvenile plumage are represented in about equal parts. Wing, II7; tail, 54; culmen, 26; tarsus, 5I; middle toe with claw,3I. General Notes.-Koch's Pitta is known only from the highlands of

262

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

northern Luzon, although Professor Koch's type specimen is believed to have come from near Manila. In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, ex Lord Rothschild's collection, there are seven specimens of this exceedingly rare species, including one in juvenile plumage. They were collected by Whitehead between 21St January and 12th February 1895, on Monte Data, 7500 ft., in Central Luzon. It may be remembered that Whitehead made wonderful discoveries among small mammals during this trip (as well as birds), which have not as yet been rediscovered. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p . 245, writes: (( The rediscovery of this fine Pitta was one of the most interesting results of my journey to the highlands of North Luzon. In December 1894 we were collecting at 6000 feet, where much of the forest on the mountain-sides was pine, the ground below being quite open and covered with short grass. (( At first sight such country would seem to be no place for a Pitta, but here and there, in the deeper ravines, were thick patches, often of considerable extent, f evergreen oaks, with the ground below thickly covered with moss and an undergrowth of begonias and other plants. " In these dark patches of forest my hunters told me they had seen a ' Leuco' (which is a Tagalog name for a Pitta) with a bright red breast, but somehow they were always unfortunate, Leuco being too quick for them. " Nearly a month passed, and they were still unable to circumvent this supposed Leuco. Towards the beginning of January 1896, I resolved to attack Monte Data, a great table-topped mountain, which I could plainly see from the Igorroti village of Bagnin in which we were living. (( In the wonderfully clear mountain atmosphere we could see not only that the summit of Data was drained by two considerable streams, which fell over the rocky precipitous side, but also that the mountain was well covered with thick oak-growth, with only a few patches of pine here and there. " After two days' hard work we reached the base of Monte Data, and the following morning I sent my boys to the summit to build the framework of our canvas-roofed house. When I had procured native porters on the following day I started at daylight for the ascent. It was, I remember, just 9 A.M. when we reached the summit; the frost was still glittering on the herbage in shady places, and I thought to myself that the country on all sides looked as if it might yield any kind of avifauna. "For some days nothing was seen of the new Leuco, until one afternoon, as I was strolling quietly through the thick oak-forest, a

Pitta koohi Bruggemann . Kooh's Pitta. Lower. Pitta steerii (Sharpe). Steere's Pitta.

Upper.

J.y.n8&le.SoM&.DMI.I~lI(>I'I.l<zlL~,

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 42 .

IH]'throgastra Temminck. Red-breasted Pitla. ยง,

PHILIPPINE.

Right. Pitta

BIRDS OF THE

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT bird flew up from the path and disappeared into the dark forest. I caught sight of a bluish grey object, and by its shape knew it to be a Pitta. On my return the same bird left the path again, but this time I marked its direction and followed quickly and quietly. I soon saw a large Pitta sitting on the branch of a fallen tree, which at once flew to the ground and commenced feeding. A shot from my small collecting-gun secured it-an immature Pitta koch-i. " The Igorroties living on the top of Data knew the bird well by the name of ' Kong Kong,' and secured by snares all the rest of my specimens, my own hunters failing to shoot one during the six weeks spent at this camp. "Pitta kochi is probably confined to the highest mountains of North Luzon, at an elevation of over 6000 feet. It may, however, be met with in Mindoro, as in that island at high elevations the same oak-forest exists, and many of the birds are identical with those of Luzon. My expedition to Mindoro was almost a failure, owing to the incessant rains."

430. Pitta sordida sordida Black-headed Pitta Tmdus sordidus, P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. S'uppl., p. I43, No. 5I, I776: Philippine Islands. Pitta atricapiUa Lesson, " Trait. d'Orn.," p. 394, I83I: Manila. Pitta atricapilla rothschildi Parrot, Abhandl. K. Bayen Akad. W iss, xxiv., p. 223, I907: Marinduque (type, Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). (Fig. Elliot, " Mon. Pitt.," pl. 25, I867.)

Native Name.-Wow-ha', Siquijor and Bohol. Distribution.-Balabac, Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Calamianes, Cebu, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Entire head, neck;, chin and throat velvety black; back and greater part of the wings gree]l, changing with the light; rump and tail-coverts shining silvery blue; tail black, tipped with green; breast and sides bluish green; a large black patch on middle of abdomen; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts bright red; primaries white with black bases, the four or five outer ones with narrow black tips; secondaries black, tipped with green on upper surface; primary-coverts and alula velvety black; lesser and median coverts shining silvery blue. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails dirty brown.

264

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 103; tail, 39; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 32. The amount of white on the outer primaries varies to a great extent; in females it is usually much less than in males. General Notes.-Whitehead secured a nest (according to McGregor) of the Black-headed Pitta, near Paranas, Samar, and describes it thus: " The nest, with two slightly incubated eggs (one of which was broken), were brought by a native, together with the parent birds. The somewhat bulky nest was composed outwardly of twigs and lined with moss, the eggs being rounded ovate; ground-colour pure white, thickly speckled all over with brown and larger underlying spots of French grey, the latter being the most numerous round the larger pole. Measurements 26 x 21 mm.)} This bird is called" Wow-ha )} by the natives from its note. Zimmer (1918) writes: ÂŤ The Black-headed Pitta was occasionally seen and frequently heard in the forest, especially in those parts overgrown with underbush. I found it at Brooke's Point, Sarong, Canduaga, Balabac, and along the trail across the mountains between the east and west coast~. Most of the Pittas, of this and related species, which I have found have been on the ground, or at most a few feet above it, on fallen tree-tnmks and the hke. One of the present species that I saw at Brooke's Point, however, proved an exception to the general rule. I heard this bird distinctly and had no difficulty in reaching its approximate neighbourhood. Once there, however, I was puzzled to get the bird in sight, although it continued its explosive ( wow-ha ' apparently only a few yards away. Since the ground was more or less open thereabouts I was able to scan carefully every bit of it, but without result, until I happened to glance upwards, when, to my surprise, I saw the Pitta on a projecting limb of a tree twenty feet above ground."

431. Pitta

s011

dida mulleri 1

Muller's Pitta Brachyurus i11ulleri Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, i., p. 256, 1850: Borneo. Fig. Elliot, "Mon Pitt.," pI. 26,1867. Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 228, pI. 6, fig. 18, 1903. Distribution.-Sibu tu. Description.-The present subspecies is distinguished from the typical race by its larger measurements. This is especially noticeable in the length of wing. Wing, III-II2; tail, 45; culmen, 25; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 28. 1

For 43Ia, Pitt .â&#x20AC;˘ persola. see p. 422.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

265

Allied Forms and their Range: P. sordida novce-guinece Muller and Schlegel .

P. s. mefoorana 2 Schlegel P. s. rosenbergi 3 Schlegel P. P. P. P. P. P. P.

s. hebet路ior Hartert s. sanghirana 4 Schlegel s. bonapartena 5 (Mathews) s. S~tmatrana Kloss s. javana Kloss . s. m~tlleri (Bonaparte) c1Jtcullata c1Jtc~tllata Hartlaub

P. c. bangkana Schlegel P. c. abbotti Richmond

New Guinea (North), Aru Is.1, \i\Taigou, Batanta Is., Salawatti, Mysol, Gagie Mafoor Island, in Geelvink Bay Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, Misori and Soek Is. Dampier Island Great Sanghir Island North Celebes South Sumatra West Java Borneo, Labuan, Banka North through Burma to the Himalayas; east through Siam to Cochin-China, Cambodia , Chin and Cachin Hills, Shan States, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and West Java Sumatra, except northern portions, Banka, Billiton, Nias ? Nicobars

The nearest species to the Black-headed Pitta is P. c. cucullata Hartlaub, except that the latter species has a chestnut crown instead of black, otherwise the colour-pattern is the same, including the large patch of white on the primaries. The size of the two species is also the same. '. Kloss,6 Delacour 7 and Kuroda 8 have made the cucullata grouJ? a subspecies of sordida, on the ground that Banka Island specimens, bangkana (named by Schlegel), have an intermediate colouring of black and brown on the head, thus connecting the brown northern migratory cucullata group with the insular southern sordida group. Eventually this may be established as a recognized fact, but so far there are not 1 Six specimens from this locality do not show in size and colour any difference from the typical race. 2 Fig. Gould, "Birds New Guinea," iv., pI. 33, 1878. 3 Ibid., pI. 2. 4 Fig. Rowley, "Om. Misc.," ii., pI. 6.'5, 1877. 5 Fig. Gould, "Birds New Guinea," iv., pI. 30, 1879. 6 Kloss, "Sumatran Birds," Treubia, xiii., p. 331, 1931. 7 Delacour, "Les Oiseaux de l'Indochine FranfJaise," iii., p. 27, 1931. 8 Kuroda, "Birds of Java," p. 336, 1933.

266

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

sufficient specimens from Banka to make this an established conclusion, so that I am inclined to keep these groups separate.

432. Pitta steerii Steere's Pitta (Plate 42) Brachyurus steerii Sharpe, Naiure, xiv., p. 297, r876: Dumalon, Mindanao. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, r897, p. 24I. Fig. Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, i., Zool., p. 329, pl. 49, r879. Fig. Gould, " Bds. Asia," V., pI. 74, r877. Native Name.-Babaqua (Bisayas of Samar). Distribution.-Bohol, Mindanao, Samar. Description.-Entire head and neck and their sides black; upper parts green; rump light blue; tail and its coverts black; chin and throat white; rest of under parts light blue, except a band of velvety black down middle of breast, and the bright scarlet of crissum; thighs grey; primaries black, some of them with small white spots near the middle; secondaries green; alula and primary-coverts black; secondarycoverts shiny silvery blue. Iris brown; bill black; feet light brown, pinkish at joint; juvenil , has claws, tijp of bill and gape orange. Wing, lI5; tail, 38; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 32. The plumage of some of the young birds, being in an interesting stage of transition, is worth describing. The youngest example, a male, has the upper parts and wings like those of the adult, but the breast, sides and flanks are of a dirty greyish olive, only one or two of the silver-blue feathers being visible, and the entire middle of the breast and belly are pale scarlet. A rather older bird is similar to the above, but down the sides and middle of the breast are three lines of pale blue feathers. In both specimens these are being attained by moult. In the middle of the breast a tuft of the black adult feathers is making its appearance amongst the red, and some of the latter appear to be turning black without a moult. General Notes.-Steere's Pitta is by no means common in any of the islands where it has been found. In Bohol it was collected in forests of small trees growing on coral-limestone hills, and Whitehead found the species on similar ground in Samar. Whitehead, Ibis, r899, p. 246, writes: "This Pitta (perhaps the most beautiful of the whole genus) was met with by us in the mountains of Central Samar. It delights in a country covered with huge forest, a fairly thick undergrowth, and the ground over which it hops a mass of moss-covered coral-limestone boulders, often of huge dimensions. The

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT island of Gilolo, in which Pitta maxima is found, is, according to Dr. Wallace, of much the same formation. I myself was always ill in Samar, and was unable to do much outdoor work; but I once met with this Pitta in the forest, although so close that I was unable to shoot it. The young were fully fledged in June. This Pitta is called by the Bisayas of Samar' Babaqua,' and is said to be more numerous from May to July in that island, so perhaps it is migratory. I doubt whether this species inhabits Leyte, as the country traversed by us in that island was either a volcanic clay or covered with boulders of lava, no corallimestone cropping out in the northern mountains." Allied Species and its Range.-I t is impossible to mistake this beautiful bird, which is at once distinguished by its pure white throat and silvery blue under surface. Steere's Pitta is more closely allied to Pitta celebensis Muller and Schlegel of Celebes than to the Pitta sordida group. The large size of the Celebean species resembles Steere's Pitta also in having no white portion on the primaries, whereas P. sordida has a considerable amount.

433. Pitta moluccensis Blue-winged Pitta Turdus mol~tccenst's, P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl., p. I44, I776: Moluccas, error = Tenasserim. Pitta fastosa McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., 2, sec. A, p. 286, I907: Isabela, Basilan (type, female, Bureau of Science, Manila). (Fig. Elliot, " Mon. Pittidce," pI. 15, I867.) Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-Sides of head, including lores, cheeks, supercilia and ear-coverts black, connected by a wide black collar; wide vertical stripe black, bordered on each side by a wide stripe of fulvous brown, the feathers edged with pale buff on exterior webs; back, scapulars and tertials dark green; rump, upper tail-coverts and lesser and median wing-coverts bright ultramarine-blue; chin black; throat white; lower throat, breast, abdomen and flanks ruddy buff, most intense on breast; vent, under tail-coverts and middle of abdomen bright red; tail black, tipped with dull blue; primaries black, each feather with a white patch, mesial and smallest on first, reaching tip on seventh; secondaries black, edged with dull blue on terminal half; alula, primarycoverts, axillars and wing lining black. Wing, II9; tail, 38; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 17 ; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 28-30. General Notes.-The only Philippine record was furnished by Celestino, who collected a specimen in Basilan, in 1907. As the present species migrates, it had probably arrived from Borneo.

268

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Extralimital Range.-Central and South Burma, Siam, Indo-China, lVIalay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. S'uborder ACROlVIYODI Characters same as those given in the key to suborders. F amilz'es

(A) 1 Width of gape about twice the length of bill from nostril; bill short and weak; secondaries about one-half as long as wing; legs and feet weak. HIRUNDINIDiE, p. 27I. (A) 2 Width of gape usually much less than, or at most about equal to, bill from nostril; secondaries more than one-half as long as wing. (b) 1 Tarsus booted, its anterior face consisting of a single plate, occasionally with obsolete transverse divisions; or sometimes with one or two transverse lines near the foot. (c) 1 Tarsus not longer than bill from gape, usually much less. (d) 1 First primary more than one-half the length of the second. PYCNONOTIDLE, p. 370. (d) 2 First primary much less than one-half the length of the second. CERTHIIDLE, Volume III. (c) 2 Tarsus decidedly longer than bill from gape. (d) 1 Tertials decidedly shorter than the secondaries. (e) 1 Usually much larger; tail square, or nearly so; rictal bristles longer and more numerous; plumage of young mottled or squamate. TURDIDLE, Volume III. (e) 2 Usually much smaller; tail rounded, wedge-shaped, or strongly graduated; wing never over 100 mm., usually much less; plumage of young nearly like that of adult, but usually brighter. SYLVIIDLE, Volume III. (d) 2 Tertials longer than secondaries; hind claw usually longer than the hind toe. lVIOTACILLIDLE, Volume III. (b) 2 Tarsus distinctly scutellate, in front at least. (c) 1 Posterior face of tarsus rounded and scutellate. ALAUDIDLE, Volume III.

路SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (c)

26 9

Posterior face of tarsus compressed and acute, without transverse divisions . (d) 1 Cutting edges of bill minutely serrated. (e) 1 Bill from nostril more than tarsus; bill slender and strongly curved. NECTARINIDl.E, Volume III. (e) 2 Bill from nostril less than tarsus; bill stouter and but little curved. DICl.EIDl.E, Volume III. (d) 2 Cutting edges of bill not serrated. (e) 1 First primary wanting; the outermost (second) primary nearly as long as the next (third) one. (f) 1 Bill slender, curved and acute; a circle of white feathers around the eye (usually). ZOSTEROPIDl.E, Volume III. (f) 2 Bill stout, conical and relatively shorter; no circle of white feathers around the eye. FRINGILLIDl.E, Volume III. (e) 2 irst primary present, sometimes very minute. (f) 1 First primary slender, acute and shorter than primary-coverts. (g) 1 Powder-down patches present on the sides, thighs and back. ARTAMIDl.E, Volume III. (g) 2, Powder-do'm patches wanting. (h) 1 Bill short and stout; tips of rectrices pointed. PLOCEIDl.E, Volume III. (h) 2 Bill moderately long and slender; tips of rectrices square or rounded. (i) 1 Without rictal bristles. STURNIDl.E, Volume III. (i) 2 With rictal bristles. GRACULIDl.E, Volume III. (f) 2 First prin1ary longer than primary-coverts, its tips rounded . (g) 1 Nostrils not concealed by plumes nor bristles; rictal bristles not conspicuously developed. (h) 1 Wing rounded, the primaries not greatly exceeding the secondaries in length . TIMALIIDl.E, p. 396.

270

(h)

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing pointed, the primaries considerably longer than the secondaries. ORIOLIDlE, Volume III. (g) 2 Nostrils concealed by antrorse feathers, or by both feathers and long bristles. (It) 1 Smaller; wing less than 200 mm.; frontal feathers shorter, never extending far in front of the nostrils; nasal bristles often extending beyond the frontal feathers. (i) 1 Under tail-coverts shorter; not extending beyond the toes in skins. (j) 1 Hind toe longer than longest lateral toe, its claw large, outer toe much longer than inner toe; bill slender; culmen nearly straight. SITTIDlE, Volume III. (j) 2 Hind toe equal to, or shorter than, longest lateral toe, its claw not conspicuously larger than the claws of anterior toes; outer toe slightly longer than inner toe; culmen more or less curved, usually with a notch near the tip of mandible; or el~e the bill short, stout or conoid. (k) 1 Bill much flattened; wide at the base, and with long rictal and nasal bristles; or else bill slender; legs and feet usually weak; wing not over 95 mm., usually much less. MUSCICAPIDlE, p. 28r. (k) 2 Bill strong and compressed, or else short and conoid, with no notch near the tip; legs and feet stout. (l) 1 Tail short and square, reaching little, if at all, beyond the toes; bill short, stout, and conoid; wing 80 mm. or less. P ARIDlE, Volume III. (l) 2 Tail moderately to very long; bill large and compressed; culmen strongly curved; wing 85 mm. or more. (m) 1 Rectrices long, narrow and graduated; plumage never glossy nor entirely black; upper mandible with a strong notch near the tip LANIIDlE, Volume III. (m) 2 Rectrices long and broad, the outermost curved outward; tail slightly to deeply forked; feathers on sides of neck more or less 2

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

(i)

27 I

lengthened and pointed; plumage glossy black (abdomen white in one species). DICRURID.£, Volume III. Under tail-coverts longer, ex~ending beyond the toes in skins; bill stout, as wide as deep at nostril; culmen strongly arched; rictal and nasal bristles inconspicuous. PERICROCOTID.£, p. 346. (h) 2 Larger; wing more than 200 mm.; plumes covering the nostrils numerous and long, extending well beyond the nostrils; no nasal bristles; plumage entirely black. CORVID..£, Volume III.

Family HIRUNDINID£

Bill weak, short, fiat and broad, the edges smooth; a small notch near end of upper mandible; culmen nearly straight, except at tip; nostrils exposed; ric'tal bristles small and weak; wings long and narrow; primaries nine, the first slightly longer than the second; secondaries very short; tail more or less forked; tarsus and toes slender, moderate in size, usually unfeathered.

Genera

(a)

Toes and tarsus thickly covered with short feathers. DELICHON, p. 27I. (a) 2 Toes, and usually the tarsus, entirely devoid of feathers. (b) 1 Upper parts dull earthy brown, with no gloss; tail but slightly forked. RIPARIA, p. 273. (b) 2 Upper parts glossed with green or steel-blue; tail deeply forked, and sometimes very long. HIRUNDO, p. 276. 1

Genus DELICHON Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 104. Hodgson.

Type by monotypy; D. nipalensis

Plumage of upper parts black, glossed with blue, bases of the feathers white; a white band across rump; tail nearly square; tarsi and toes thickly clothed with short feathers.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

272

434. Delichon urbica dasyp'us Japanese House-Martin

Chelidon dasypus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen.

AV1路1.tm,

1.,

p. 343, r850:

Borneo. Chelidonaria dasyp1ts (Bonaparte) McGregor,

芦

Man. Bds. Philip.," pt. ii.,

p. 42 4, 19 0 9.

Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidre," i., p. 23, pl. 4, 1885. Distribution.-Calayan. Description.-Male.-General colour above dull purplish blue, with white bases to the feathers; wing-coverts and quills blackish, with a slight blue gloss; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white, with narrow dusky shaft-lines; the long upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish, with a faint blue gloss; tail very slightly forked; head like the back; lores and feathers below the eye black; ear-coverts dull purplish blue, as also the sides of the neck and sides of upper breast, the latter slightly

Foot, head and bill of Delichon urbica. mottled with white bases; fore part of cheeks and under surface of body creamy buff, washed with smoky brown on the breast and flanks, with a little purer white on the fore neck and abdomen; under tailcoverts smoky brown, broadly edged with whitish, the long coverts blacker, with broad whitish edging; axillars and under wing-coverts dark brown, the small coverts near edge of wing edged with pale smoky brown; quills dull ashy brown below. \iVing, 104; tail, 55; culmen, 7; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Female.-Above blackish brown, slightly glossed with steel-blue, and the feathers with white bases, which show through on the neck and back; a white band across rump, some of its feathers with smoky brown shafts and tips; wings and tail blackish brown; lores, subocular line and ear-coverts smoky brown; under parts white; chin and breast washed with light smoky brown; under tail-coverts smoky brown, with darker shafts and white tips. Wing, 104; tail, 55; culmen from base, 7; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 13. General Notes.-Very little is known concerning the occurrence of

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

273

the Japanese House-Martin in the Philippines, where it has been found only during migration. Only one specimen is known from the Philippines, which was collected by McGregor, and who, in his book, does not give the ineasurements of this particular specimen, but instead gives those of Sharpe, referring to this race. It is most likely that a smaller race, D. 116. nigrt'mentalis (Hartert), which is found in Chihli in summer and breeds in Fohkien and Formosa (probable resident in the last two localities), occurs in the Philippines. It is even more probable that the northern breeding bird (dasyp1ts) winters farther south than the resident southern form. D. 116. dasyp1l6s is known to winter in Borneo. Allied Forms and their Range:

D. D.

D. D. D.

This genus includes two species: 1I6rbica 1I6rbica 1 (Linmeus). Europe, Eastern Asia to Turkestan, Persia, Afghanistan, Gilgit, northern Kashmir to Leh and Ladak. In winter south to Africa (as far as Transvaal and Natal) and N.W. India (as far south as Central Provinces) ,/:6. meridionalis (Hartert) . Morocco to Tunisia u. cashmeriensis 2 (Gould) Himalayas, from S.E. Afghanistan to Sikkim, in the north extending to the south of Gilgit. In winter migrating as far south as Central Provinces 116. whiteleyi (Swinhoe) Siberia, from the Yenesei district to Manchuria and Sakhalin. In winter migrating south to South China and Indo-China, Burma and Siam 'U. nigrimentalis (Hartert) . Chihli, Fohkien, Formosa 116. dasypus (Bonaparte) Breeds in Japan, winters in Borneo; known from Kiangsu coast and Central Fohkien on migration nipalensis 3 (Hodgson) Eastern Himalayas

Genus RIPARIA Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 17, 1817. Type by tautonymy: H irundo rip aria Linnceus. Plumage dull in colour, above brownish black or earthy brown; no band across rump and no light spots on the tail, which is but slightly forked; tarsi and toes nearly or not quite naked. 1 2

Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidre," i., pI. Ibid., pI. 3.

II.-S

2, 3

1885-1894. Ibid., pI. 6.

274

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 435. Riparia rip aria iJimce Eastern Sand-Martin

Clivicola rip aria ijimce Lannberg, J. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, xxiii., Art. 14, p. 38, 1908: Tretia Padi, Sakhalin (type, male, 20th June 1906, in Royal National Museum, Stockholm).

Distribution.-Calayan. Description.-Lores and crown blackish brown; remainder of upper parts greyish brown, each feather with a light grey fringe; primaries and coverts blackish brown; tail dark brown, its feathers edged with white; under parts white, with a distinct dark brown band across the breast. Wing, 96; tail, 45; depth of fork, 7; bill from nostril, 5 ; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, I3. Young.-The young birds have all the feathers of the Foot of upper plumage and the wings margined with rufous, the Riparia chin and throat fulvous and the breast broadly coloured r1:paria. with brown. General Notes.-Thi Sand-Martin has a very wide range, but occurs in the Philippines as a ra e migrant only. The Philippine bird must belong to this race, although the measurements given by McGregor (wing, 96) are smaller than those given by La Touche (wing, IOO-rIO) (" Bds. Eastern China," p. 387, I927). Allied Forms and their Range: R. rip aria rip aria

(Linnceus)

R. r. shelleyi (Sharpe) . R. r. diluta Sharpe R. r. subsoccata (Jerdon)

R. r. ijimce (Li::innberg) R. r. fohkiensis La Touche

Breeds in Europe, winters in Africa as far south as Transvaal Egypt to Abyssinia, along the Nile Western Siberia, wintering in N. India Breeding over the whole of N. India, from Afghanistan, Kashmir, Garhwal to Nepal and Buxa Duars, south to Sind, Punjab, United Provinces and Bihar Sakhalin, Assam, Burma, Tibet, Japan (not Formosa) to South China South China, Indo-China

In the New World this species is represented in North America and South America as far as Brazil. 1

Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidoe," i., pI. 9,1885.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

275

436. Riparia paludicola brevicaudata Indian Sand-Martin

Hirundo brevicaudata Horsfield, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. 156, 1840, ex McClelland MS. : Assam. Hirundo chinensis Gray, in Hardwick's" Illustr. Ind. Zool.," i., pI. 35, fig. 3, 1830: China; not H1'Y'undo sinensis, Gmelin, 1789. McGregor, "Man. Philip. Birds," p. 426, 1909.

Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-Above light earthy brown, lighter on the rump; wings and tail darker brown; chin, throat, breast, sides of head and of neck pale grey; abdomen, vent, sides and under tail-coverts white. Wing, 89; tail, 40; depth of fork, 5; bill from nostril, 4; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 12. Young.-The young bird has all the feathers of the upper plumage and wings broadly margined with rufous, and the chin, .throat and breast pale rufous. General Notes.-The Indian Sand-Martin is considerably smaller and has a less. deeply forked tail than the preceding species and is fairly common in northern Luzon. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 236, writes: "Fairly common on the large rivers of North Luzon. We observed numbers entering their nesting-holes in the high banks of the Abra river on our return from Lepanto in the middle of February. Perhaps this Sand-Martin does not range much south of Manila in the Philippines, as it has not been met with in any of the other islands."

Allied Forms and their Range 1 : R. paludicola paludicola (Vieillot)

R. p. R. p. R. p.

South Africa; north to the Zambesi and Benguella Central and eastern Africa d'ucis Reichenow Abyssinia schoensis Reichenow minor (Cabanis) Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, from Dongola, south to Bahr-el-Ghazal; west to Darfur, Lake Chad and Adamawa cowani (Sharpe) Madagascar mauritanica (Meade-Waldo) . Morocco brevica~tdata (Horsfield) The whole of India, Indo-China, Corea, Formosa 1

Revision, Ibis, 1918, p. 714, and Journ. far. Om., 1920, p. 88.

276

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus HIRUNDO

Linnceus, (( Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p. 19I, 1758. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1840, p. 8): Himndo rustica Linnceus. Plumage blackish above, glossed with blue or green, and the feathers with white bases; no white band on rump; tail deeply forked, in some species the outermost feathers attenuated and extending beyond the closed wings.

437. Hirundo rustic a gutturalis Eastern Chimney-Swallow (Common Swallow) Hirundo rustica Linnceus, (( Syst. Nat.," loth ed., p. 19I, 1758. Hirll11do guttllralis Scopoli, (( Del. Flor. et Faunce, Insub.," ii., p. 96, 1786.

(( In Nova Guinea," errore =Panay, Philippines: McGregor, (( Man. Bds. Philip.," pp. 426-427, 1909. (Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, (( Mon. Hirunc1inidce," i., pI. 40, 1885-1894, and Robinson, (( Bds. Malay Penin.," i., p. 172, pI. 15, lower fig., 1927.) Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Cagayan Sulu, Calayan, Cebu, Cuyo, Fuga, Guimaras, Luzon, Maestre de Campo, Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Semirara, Sibay, Siquijor, Sulu, Ticao. Description.-Forehead, chin and throat dark chestnut; lores black; upper parts dark steel-blue; feathers of hind neck and upper back with much white basally; sides of head and neck and a broad, more or less interrupted, band on breast steel-blue; rest of under parts white, sometimes tinged with pale salmon-pink; wings and tail black, glossed with green; each of the rectrices, except middle pair, with a large white spot on inner web. Wing, !I8; tail, 90; depth of fork, 47; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 14. y oung.-The forehead, chin and throat are brown or whitish, and the breast-band and sides of head earthy brown. General Notes.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 236, writes: "A winter migrant. Numbers were noticed going north at Cape Engano on the 14th of May." McGregor admits two species, rustica and g1ttturalis, from the Philippines; the former is known only from two specimens, obtained by Whitehead from Palawan, and by Mearns from Mindanao. These two are races of the same species and probably belong to one and the same race, which is gutturalis. McGregor describes the race of rZlstica as: "Lower plumage, from the pectoral band downwards, pale rufous, becoming rather darker on the under tail-coverts." It is a well-known fact that H. r. gutturalis often includes rufous-bellied individuals. If there are two races occurring in the Philippines the

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

277

second would probably be H. r. tytleri, which has the whole of the under parts, from the breast downwards, of a uniform shade of chestnut. Allied Forms and their Range.-The races of Chimney-Swallows are by no means easy to distinguish, having been the subject of much discussion in various ornithological works. The following are adopted chiefly from the more important standard works, the specimens from the Eastern Oriental region having been critically examined. This species is decidedly cosmopolitan, breeding in the temperate zones of the N()rthern Hemisphere and wintering in the tropics.

H. rustica rustica

Linnceus

H. r. transitiva (Hartert) H. r. savignii Stephens H. r. loudoni Zarudny H. r. guttmalis Scopoli

Breeds throughout Europe, N. Africa; east to the Yenesei, Turkestan, N.W. Himalayas; south in winter to the whole of Africa and India Breeds in Palestine (N. Jordan Valley), a partial migrant south to Egypt and perhaps Uganda Egypt and Nubia . Dzharkent Breeds in eastern Siberia from the Yenesei to the Japanese Empire. Migrates south in the winter to E. India, Burma, Malay States and Islands, Indo-Burmese countries, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, S. China, Formosa, Botel Tobago, New Guinea; doubtfully recorded from northern Australia

Breeding birds from the high desert countries of Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Gilgit, Ladak, northern Tibet and N.W. China, and all those breeding-places in the mountains south of the Brahmaputra, must be accepted as g~ttturalis.

H. r. tytleri 2 J erdon

H. r. palmeri Grinnell H. r. erythrogaster Boddaert

Breeds in Kamschatka and extreme S.E. Siberia; in winter to Corea, Kiusiu (Japan), S. China, Yunnan, E. Bengal, Assam and Burma, S. Tenasserim, ? N. Malay Peninsula Alaska North and South America

1 Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidre," i., pI. 38, 1885-1894, and Dresser, "Birds Europe," iii., pI. 160, 1875. 2 Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinid<e," i., pI. 41, 1885-1894.

278

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 438. Hirundo javanica abbotti Asiatic Swallow

Hypurolepis javanica abbotti Oberholser, Bull. U.S. Nat. ~Mus., No. 98, p. 32, '1917: Pulo Manguan, Anamba Islands (type, male, 1st September 1899, in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Hypurolepis javanica mallopega Oberholser,l Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., xvi., p. SIS, 1926: Mt. Santo Tomas (5250 feet), Benguet, Luzon. (Type, male, 31st December 1906, Dr. E. A. Mearns, in U.S. National Museum, Washington.) (Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidce," i., pI. 47, 1885-1894.)

Native Name.-Lai-ang' lai-ang', Manila. Distribution.-Babuyan Claro, Bantayan, Basilan, Batan, Bohol, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Camiguin N., Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Dinagat, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tawi Tawi, Ticao. Description.-Lores black; entire forehead, chin, throat and fore breast chestnut-rufous; upper parts, including wings and tail, glossy steel-blue, feathers 0:1\ neck and back with white bases; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, sides and axillars ashy brown, whitish on abdomen; longest tail-coverts with white tips and black subterminal bars; rectrices, except middle pair, with white spots on inner webs. Wing, 104-IIO; tail, 53; depth of fork, 12; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, g; middle toe with claw, 13. Y oung.-Young birds have the chin, throat and breast much lighter, upper parts with less gloss and the forehead black like the crown, with no green gloss. General Notes.-This Swallow is abundant ~nd widely distributed. It makes a crescent-shaped nest of mud, which it fastens to a rock cliff or to a beam under a building. The eggs are white, dotted with reddish and blackish brown, and with a few under-shell markings of lavender; they measure 17'7 X 12'4路 Whitehead, Ibis, 18gg, p. 236, writes: "A resident of wide distribution in the Philippines and throughout the Malay Archipelago. I once found a pair nesting on a small island in the sea off Cape Engafio, the nest being attached to a hollowed-out rock. The birds had eggs; this was on the 17th of May." 1 A Philippine specimen was separated by Oberholser (1926) from Celebean skins on account of its" averaging somewhat larger" and certain parts" averaging paler" and " averaging more brownish," etc. One specimen, for instance, from Pala wan has a wing measurement of IIO mm. (male, 30th July, Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York).

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

279

Allied Forms and their Range: . H. javanica domicola J erdon H. j. javanica 1 Sparrman H. j. abbotti (Oberholser) H. j. namiyei (Stejneger)

Hills of southern India, from the Nilgiris to Travancore and Ceylon Java, Bali Burma, Andaman Is., Malay Peninsula,2 Indo-China, Sumatra, Borneo Riu Kiu Islands, Botel Tobago, Formosa

This is a well-defined race; the breeding colony is confined to two islands, Amami-Oshima and Tokunoshima, but specimens are known from localities further south - Kerama Island (specimen, 24th July 1904, in Lord Rothschild collection in New York), Yonakunijima (after Kuroda) and at Tapposham, Formosa.

frontalis

Quoy and Gaimard.

Lombok, Flores, New Guinea, Buru, etc.

Specimens found south of Celebes run to much bigger measurements, although they vary a great deal. Wing generally Io8-II1 mm. A few races are separated among birds occurring south of New Guinea to Australia and Tasmania.

439. Hirundo daurica striolata Eastern Red-rumped Swallow (Mosque Swallow) Hirunda stria lata Temminck and Schlegel, (( Faun. Jap. Aves.," p. 33, I847: Java. Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, (( Mon. Hirundinid::e," ii., pI. 66, and Baker, (( Faun. Brit. Ind.," iii., pI. 3, I926. Distribution.-Batan, Bohol, Calayan, Camiguin N., Cebu, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro. Description.-Above, except rump, dark steel-blue; loral feathers black with grey bases; a more or less triangular patch above and behind ear-coverts chestnut, streaked with black, continued forward over eye and slightly connected across occiput by fine lines of chestnut; feathers of neck and upper back largely white basally, this showing as white lines; under tail-coverts black; remainder of under parts, including axillars and wing lining, white, or very pale fawn, with conspicuous blackish shaft-lines producing a very striking appearance; rump rusty chestnut with blackish shaft-lines; tail-coverts, secondaries and secondary-coverts black, slightly glossed with blue; alula, primaryAccording to some authors, H. tahitica is considered to be a race of javanica. H. j. hypolampra Oberholser (1926), from Nias Island, Barussan Islands, Sumatra and southern Malay Peninsula, is a synonym. 3 Fig. Quoy et Gaimard, "Voy. Astrol. Zool.," i., p. 204, pI. 12, 1830. 1

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

280

coverts, primaries and rectrices black, slightly glossed with dark green. Bill black; legs and nails brown. Wing, 123; tail, 102; depth of fork, 55; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Young.-General colour-pattern as in the adult, but head and back less strongly glossed with blue; chestnut on head and rump much lighter; wings and tail dark brown instead of black and inner secondaries tipped with white; lower parts heavily washed with fawn, and shaft-stripes shorter, browner and less sharply defined, very faint or altogether absent on abdomen and under tail-coverts; axillars, wing lining and flanks strongly washed with fawn; shaft-lines faint or absent. General Notes.-This species has a considerable range, but appears to be very local in occurrence. It may be found in numbers in one part of the island and be altogether absent a short distance away; it often appears in large flocks and may disappear within a few hours. McGregor found it nesting in Bohol in May and in the island of Batan during June. The author and Professor S. F. Light noticed from ten to twenty pairs flying about the quarantine dock at Mariveles, Batan Province, on 18th June 1921 . Thenestisa bottle-shaped structure of mud, plastered to the wall in a cave or to a beam beneath a building. The eggs are pure white, and measure 22路6 X 14路7; 22路3 X 14.2; 22路8 X 147. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 236, writes: "In the mountains of Benguet, at an altitude of 5000 feet, this species was fairly common among some high rocks, where I have little doubt the birds noticed by me were building their nests. In central North Luzon I noticed large flocks perching on the telegraph wires which traverse the open plains. I also saw a few birds, evidently migrating to China and the north, at Cape Engano on the 14th of May." Allied Forms and their Range.-African birds are less streaked on the under sides and have a more pronounced chestnut patch behind the head. They can well be considered, however, as races of the Oriental group, while H. d. rufula is the intermediate form. The Striated Swallow or Mosque Swallow of the East is therefore the same species as the Red-rumped Swallow of Africa, and I propose to adopt the latter as the English name, which I consider is more appropriate.

H. daurica rufula 1 Temminck

Southern Europe, N. Africa and \V. Asia to Turkestan and Baluchistan, rare in Gilgit, Kashmir and Nepal; also known from Sind; south to Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Eritrea and Yemen, S.W. Arabia

Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidce," i., pI. 64.1885-1894.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT H. d. melanocrissa 1 Ruppell H. d. emini 2 Reichenow

H. d. domicella Finsch .

28r

Abyssinia, Shoa Uganda and Kenya Colony south to Milanji Plateau and east to eastern Belgian Congo

Hartlaub and

H. d. kumboensis Bannerman H. d. disjuncta Bates H. d. daurica 4 Linna:!us .

H. d. nipalensis 5 Hodgson

H. d. erythropygia 6 Sykes

H. d. hyperythra 7 Layard H. d. striolata 8 Temminck and Schlegel.

H. d. rothschildiana Rensch

Senegal and Gambia; east through Nigeria to Bahr-el-Ghazal, Lado and the River Baro Highlands on the northern NigeriaCameroon border Sierra Leone E. Siberia; west to Trans-Baikalia, Amur, Ussuri, Mongolia, Kansu, Tibet and Assam; Yunnan, South China (migrant) Breeds in the Himalayas, Assam, N.E. China; wintering in Northern India, Burma, Siam, Indo-China, S. China ~he whole of India from the foot of the Himalayas south to Nilgiris; winter to Travancore and Ceylon Ceylon This is the southern form of the typical race found in Formosa, Central and South China (breeding) and the hills of Annam, Yunnan, N. Burma, Assam; migrating farther into Java, and apparently not recorded from Borneo or Celebes Lombok, Sumba, Wetter, Flores, Alor

Family M USCICAPIDJE Edges of mandibles smooth, with a small notch near the tip of the upper one; bill moderately broad and flat; nostrils protected by a number of long frontal bristles; frontal feathers more or less antrorse (soft and velvety in some genera), but not entirely concealing the nostrils; rictal bristles long, numerous and stiff; wings and tail long, the latter extremely long in some species; first primary, rarely minute, usually from one-half to two-thirds as long as wing; tarsus and feet 1 3

Fig. Sharpe and Wyatt, "Mon. Hirundinidre," ii., pI. 69. 2 Ibid., i., pI. 71, 1885-1894. Ibid., pI. 70. 4 Ibid., pI. 65. 6 Ibid ., pI. 67. 6 Ibid., pI. 68. 7 Ibid., pI. 72. Ibid., pI. 66.

282

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

slender and weak, and the former rather short. This family contains a great number of closely related genera, the species of which, in many cases, are not usually determined except from adult males. Typically the bill is broad and fiat, but in certain genera it is narrow, and scarcely differs from the bill of some Turdine and Silvine birds. The frontal nasal bristles, long rictal bristles, and the weak legs and feet are the most reliable family characters of this group. In the typical Flycatchers the skin is very thin and tender, which, taken in combination with their small necks and large heads, makes their preparation as specimens very trying. Some of the most beautiful birds found in the Philippine Islands belong to this family, but several of the species are plainly coloured. The males in a few genera possess greatly lengthened tail-feathers; lil some others the head is crested.

Genera (A) 1 First primary very small and less than tarsus, equal to about one-fifth of second priIl,lary, the latter nearly as long as third. HEMICHELIDON, p. 284. (A) 2 First primary.lQnger and equal to, or greater than, tarsus; second primary less than three times the first . (b) 1 Second primary longer, equal to nearly three times the first. (c) 1 Sexes unlike in colours; bill neither very broad nor fiat. (d) 1 Tarsus about twice the bill from nostril; colours of male yellow, black and white. ZANTHOPYGIA, p. 307. (d) 2 Tarsus decidedly less than twice the bill from nostril; colours of male blue, black and white. CYANOPTILA, p. 308. (c) 2 Sexes alike in colour; bill broad and fiat. ALSEONAX, p. 288. (b) 2 Secondary primary less than two and one-half times, and usually less than twice, the first primary in length. (c) 1 Tail decidedly shorter than wing; total length usually less than ISO mm. ; wing less than 80 mm. (d) 1 Most of plumage blue; usually with more or less black on forehead, lores and chin. (e) 1 General colour verditer-blue; head uncrested. EUMYIAS, p. 343. (d) 2 Most of plumage not blue.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT (e)

(c)

General colour bright yellow or olivegreen, the under parts, at least, yellow or greenish yellow. (f) 1 Bill greatly flattened, width at base nearly equal to bill from nostril; rictal bristles strong, much longer than bill from nostril; breast and abdomen bright yellow. CULICICAPA, p. 336. (/) 2 Rictal bristles weak, shorter than bill from nostril; width of bill at base much less than bill from nostril. (g) 1 Under parts pale yellow; upper parts earthy brown. GERYGONE, p. 305. (g) 2 Under parts gre~nish, or else white streaked with pale yellow; upper parts oliveSEICERCUS, p. 338. green. (e) 2 General colour neither yellow, olive-green nor greenish yellow. (/) 1 Tail relatively longer, three to three and one-half times the tarsus. (g) 1 Throat and breast orange-buff or blue, never white. (h) 1 Head brown. TAKATSUKASAIA, p. 296. (h) 2 Head blue or slate. CYORNIS, p. 290. (g) 2 Throat and breast white, never buff nor blue. RHINOMYIAS, p. 33I. (j) 2 Tail relatively shorter, equal to aqout two and one-half times the tarsus. MUSCICAPULA, p. 297. Tail equal to or longer than wing, sometimes very much longer. (d) 1 Without a distinct fleshy eye-wattle and without an elongated nuchal crest. (e) 1 Rictal bristles very strong and conspicuous, the longest equal to bill from base; plumage of crown not soft and velvety. RHIPIDURA, p. 315. 1

284

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (e)

(d)

Rictal bristles few, small and inconspicuous, the longest less than culmen from base; plumage of head soft and velvety; colour mostly bright blue, never chestnut-brown. HYPOTHYMIS, p. 310. With a distinct fleshy eye-wattle; and with either a full or a long nuchal crest. (e) 1 Plumage mostly blue, or else reddish ~hestnut, never black. (f) 1 Much smaller; wing less than 80 mm.; feathers of crown scalelike; occipital crest-feathers long and slender; plumage bright blue. CYANOMYIAS, p. 312. (f) 2 Much larger; win~ more than go mm. ; feathers of crown not scalelike; occipital crest full but not greatly lengthened. XEOCEPHUS, p. 322. (g) 1 Plumage uniform indigo (juveniles are rufous); crest full and long; tail more graduated; central pair of rectrices never form streamers. NEOXEOCEPHUS, p. 324. (e) 2 Plumage of adult male black and white; central tail-feathers very long; in no age of either sex is the plumage either largely blue or chestnut; wing about go mm. TCHlTREA, p. 325.

Gemts

HEMICHELIDON

Hodgson, Proc. Zoot. Soc. Lond., 1845, p. 32. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1855, p. 53) : H. fuliginosa Hodgson = M~tscicapa sibiricc. Gmelin, subsp. Bill very broad at base, slightly compressed towards the tip, which is pointed; bill from nostril a little more than half the length of tarsus; wings long and pointed, when folded reaching at least half-way to tip of tail; first primary short and small, not longer than tarsus; second primary slightly shorter than fourth, the latter nearly as long as third. Sexes similar; plumage mostly brown, grey or ferruginous.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

z85

440. H emichelidon sibirica sibirica Siberian Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin,

ÂŤ

Syst. Nat.," pt. ii., p. 936, I789: Lake

Baikal.

Distribution.-Pala wan. Description.-General colour above brown; least wing-coverts uniform with the back, the greater series dark brown with lighter brown tips to the median series, the greater coverts tipped with whitish; primary-coverts and primaries dark brown, the secondaries edged with pale brown, whitish at the tips; tail dark brown; lores buffy white; in front of the eye a dusky spot; round the eye a ring of buffy white feathers; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts brown like the crown; cheeks white, mottled with brown bases to the Bill of feathers; throat white, widening out on the lower part Hem~c~te~idon and separated from the cheeks by a broad moustachial s1,bmca. line of brown; breast and sides of body ashy brown, the former slightly mottled with grizzly white edgings to the feathers; abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white; thighs brown; under wing-coverts light tawny, with dusky bases to the feathers, the quills ashy brown, with an edging of light tawny to the inner webs. Upper mandible dusky black; lower mandible yellowish brown, tipped with dusky; legs and feet brownish black; iris dark brown. Wing, 76-80; tail, 56-59; culmen, 10; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Yo'Ung.-Ashy brown, mottled with whitish streaks and terminal spots to the feathers, the greater coverts edged and tipped with buffy white, the rest of the coverts spotted with whitish at the tips like the back; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, the inner secondaries edged and tipped with pale rufous; under surface very thickly mottled with brown, the feathers being white with dusky brown edges. General Notes.-This bird is considered a rare winter visitor to the Philippine Islands. It was obtained once by Platen in Palawan. La Touche described a race of the Siberian Flycatcher from Chinkiang, on the lower Yangtse river, and called it Hemichelidon sibirica incerta. This race seems to breed in the southern quarters of the typical bird, and so far it has not been discovered within the limits of the Philippine Archipelago.

Allied Forms and their Range: H. sibiricafnliginosa Hodgson.

Nepal to eastern Assam, Tibet to Kansu. Manipur, Lushai Hills and

286

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

hills of N.E. Burma, down to the Mala y Peninsula and Siam H. s. g1tl111,ergi Baker N.W. Himalayas from Afghanistan and Baluchistan to Kashmir and Garhwal H. s. rothschildi Baker Yunnan, ? Shan States H. s. sibirica (Gmelin) East Siberia, Kamschatka, Baikal district to Bering Island, Manchuria, Corea, Japan, Formosa, S. Yunnan. Found wintering in Malacca, Natuna Island and Borneo H. s. incerta La Touche . Chin-kiang, on lower Yangtse, Chinwangtao in N .E. Chihli 1 This race was described from two male migrants taken in May. La Touche remarks that they are quite distinct from the dark-backed birds which pass through China in the spring and autumn.

441. H emichelidon griseisticta griseisticta Common Grey-spotted Flycatcher H emichelidon griseist拢ct'a Swinhoe, Ibis, r86r, p. 330: Arnoy, China. ?Butalis manillensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, xxxviii., p. 652, r854: Manila, nom. 1f/,ud.

Native Name.-A~t-a', Cagayancillo. Distribution. - Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo,

Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Calayan, Caluya, Catanduanes, Cuyo, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Siquijor, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Above dusky brown; centres of feathers and head darker; wings and tail blackish brown; secondaries and wing-coverts fringed with white; below white; breast 路and sides of throat and of abdomen marked with wide, dusky brown shaft-streaks; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts white; feathers of thighs brown, tipped with white. Iris, .legs, feet and nails almost black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellowish or grey. Wing, 80-86; tail, 45; culmen from base, II; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, IS. The folded wing reaches nearly or quite to the end of the tail. General NoteS.-In the Grey-spotted Flycatcher there is some variation in the brown streaks of the under parts; it is a winter visitor and the specimens have,all been collected between 28th September and 7th May. This species is fairly common, and is often seen perched on 1

La Touche, "Birds of East China," i., p. 159,1925.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT some isolated tree in the open, from which it flies now and then in pursuit of insects. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 104, writes: "Fairly common during the winter months, and found distributed over the whole archipelago."

442. H emichelidon griseisticta habereri Kurile Island Grey-spotted Flycatcher M~lscicapa griseisticta habereri Parrot, "Ornith. Monatsber.," xv., pp. 168-170, 1907: Etrop (Yeterofu), Kurile Island. Distrihution.-Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao. Description.-In eoloration similar to H. g. griseisticta, but larger, the bili also somewhat more flattened and wider. M ale.-\iVing, 88 (28th April, Masbate; Steere col1.). Male.-Wing, 91 (February, Monte Alban, Luzon; Everett col1.). Female.-Wing, 89路5 (1st December, Santa Cruz, Mindanao, Waterstradt coli.). General Notes.-On examination of some sixty-six specimens of this species in the British Museum one finds about half-a-dozen large-sized birds belong to this race . Although the present subspecies is a poor one it is interesting to discover that such Arctic breeders winter in the tropics. Extralimital Range.-The present race breeds in the Kurile Islands and winters south to China (Chin-kiang, 21st May 1902, Rickett coIl., male, wing, 89), and the Philippines to Ceram (male, wing, 90, \iVallace coli., 1859).

443. H emichelidon jerruginea Ferruginous Flycatcher Hemichelidon ferr~(ginea Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1845, p. 32: Nepal. H emichelidon cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis, 1889, p. 194, pI. 7, fig. 1: Kina Balu, Borneo. Distrihution.-Mindoro, Palawan. Description.-General colour above rufous brown, shading into chestnut on the rump and upper tail-coverts; head and nape sooty brown; least wing-coverts like the back, the remainder of the coverts and the secondaries blackish brown, edged and tipped with chestnutrufous, paler on the margins of the inner secondaries; primary-coverts and primaries nearly uniform blackish brown, the first primary broadly edged with rufous; two centre tail-feathers dusky brown, the remainder rufous, dusky brown along the outer web, the inner web more or less dusky near the tip; round the eye a distinct ring of buffy white feathers; lores rufous; feathers in front of and below th.e eye and the ear-coverts

288

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

dusky brown, mottled with whitish shaft-lines or spots; under surface of body orange-rufous, the throat and sides of the breast shaded with dusky brown; centre of abdomen white; throat pale rufous buff, with dusky margins to most of the feathers; the bases of the plumes of the lower throat white, forming a concealed white patch; under wingcoverts deep orange-rufous; quills dark brown below, edged with light rufous along the inner web. Bill black, with base of the lower mandible whitish; feet dull grey, with the soles yellow and the nails grey; iris brown. In some specimens the throat is pure white, with a malar streak on each side of dusky black; the outer tail-feathers appear gradually to lose all the dusky markings on the outer web. Wing, 7I; tail, 5I; culmen, II; tarsus, I3; middle toe with claw, I2. General Notes.-This Ferruginous Flycatcher is a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands. Extralimital Range.-This species is widely distributed, and is found in the Himalayas, Garhwal to eastern Assam, Manipur and the higher hills of northern Burma and western China; in winter extending to all Burma, Malay Peninsula, South China, Formosa, Hainan and the Indo-Chinese countries to Borneo, Java and Sumatra.

Genus ALSEONAX Cabanis, Mus. Hein.," i., p. 52, I850. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, "List Gen. Subg. Bds.," p. 52, I855): Muscicapa undulata = Butalis adusta Boie. The genus Alseonax is similar to Culicicapa and Hemichelidon, having a very broad bill, but the ridal bristles are fewer and shorter than in Culicicapa; the first primary is pointed and but little longer than the primary-coverts. The sexes are alike in colours, being earthy brown above and white below. The species are migratory. fI

444- Alseonax latirostris (? subsp.) Brown Flycatcher Jl.1uscicapa latirostris Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 3I2, 1822: Sumatra. M~tscicapa poonensis Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc., I832, p. 85: Poona. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 25I, Ig03路 Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., I878, p. 234路 Arizelomyia Oberholser, Proc. U.S. j\,'at. Mus., xxviii., p. gIO, Ig05. Type (by monotypy): Muscicapa lat拢rostris Raffles. Distribution.-Bongao, Negros, Sulu. Description.-Upper plumage ashy brown, the feathers of the

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT crown with darker centres; tail dark brown, the outer feathers very narrowly tipped with whitish; wings and coverts dark brown, all but the primaries broadly edged with ashy white; lores and a ring of feathers round the eye white; sides of head brown; lower plumage white, tinged with ashy on the breast and sides of body. Bill black, the base of the lower mandible yellow; mouth orange; ~ris brown; legs and claws black. Wing, 71; tail, 51; bill from gape, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, II. Young.-Have the crown blackish, streaked with fulvous; the upper plumage and wings with large terminal fulvous spots; the lower plumage like that Bill of Alseonax of the adult, but mottled with brown. After the latirostris. autumn moult and till the following spring the young are very rufous. They differ from adults in being fiammulated above, the feathers having large ovate spots of ochreous-buff in their centres, the wing-coverts and quills being edged with rufous buff; sides of face light brown streaked with buff; under surface of body white, mottled with dusky brown edgings to the feathers; upper tail-coverts and edges to the tail-feathers rufous. The bill in the young bird is entirely yellow except the tip, which is dusky. Considerable variation takes place in this species, but only as regards the colour of the brown upper surface, which differs in intensity, and as regards the brown on the chest; this varies in extent, being sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, and occasionally dissolves into obscure streaks. The edges of the wing-coverts and quills are often rufescent, but this is probably a sign of immaturity. General Notes.-The occurrence of the Brown Flycatcher in the Philippines requires a good deal more investigation. McGregor, during his long stay in the archipelago, failed to observe it and Bourns and Worcester failed to discover this bird. Tweeddale 1 records one female from Valencia, Negros, in August, but I have not examined the specimen. Sharpe includes this bird in his" Handlist," and Bongao and Sulu are added to the localities. I,. am, however, unable to trace the collector of these specimens. Many authors, such as Hartert, "Vogel Palaarktischen Fauna" ; Witherby, "Handlist of British Birds," and Kuroda, "Birds of the Island of Java," have followed Tweeddale's authenticity. While Lord Rothschild's collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, still remains unpacked, and is not yet available for study. I t is with hesitation that I include this bird as occurring in the Philippines. 1

II.-T

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 284.

290

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Allied Forms and their Range: A. latirostris poonensis Sykes

A. l. latirostris (Raffles)

A. l. segregata Siebers

Breeding from Hondo, Siberia, to Lake Baikal, throughout the sub-Himalayas, and also in the plains of the Central Provinces, United Provinces and the Western Ghats to South Travancore, and probably in Ceylon, where it has been recorded in June. Found throughout China and Formosa as a migrant Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Burma, Siam, Assam, Yunnan, French Indo-China, Buru and Moluccas; once obtained in England 1 Karoni, Laora, W. Sumba

Genus CYORNIS Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xii., pt. ii., p. 949, I843. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. I46, I855) : Phamicura rubeculoides Vigors. Cj. Stresemann, (( Om. Monatsber.," xxxiii., pp. 48-5I, I925. The genus Cyornis contains a very large number of species in which the sexes are always different in colour and which appear to be congeneric in structure, habits and in type of coloration. They are birds which are very difficult to discriminate one from anpther, and with some of the females it is often quite impossible to do so. The difficulty is greatly added to by the fact that species are frequently separated from one another by characters which, in the majority of the Passerine genera, could only infer subspecific variation. Species of this genus are found essentially in the Oriental region, only a few being found in the Australasian region. In Cyornis the bill is about half the length of the head, depressed, and rather broad at the base; the rictal bristles are moderate; the first primary generally small, but varies considerably, and the wing is pointed; tail square or nearly so. The upper parts are nearly always black or blue in the males, whilst the females are of various shades of brown or rufous. Some ornithologists split the genus Cyornis up into several genera, whilst by others it is lumped into the all-embracing genus Muscicapa. The arrangement of this genus made by Robinson, Kinnear 1

Witherby, "Handbook of British Birds," i., p. 289. 19I9.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

29 1

and Kuroda appears to be consistent, and their views 1-with slight modifications-are followed in this work.

445. Cyornis ruflgaster litoralis Palawan Blue Flycatcher Cyornis r'ujigastra litoralis Stresemann, Om. Monatsb.," xxxiii., p. 50, Ig25; Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, male, December 1871, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Siphia elegans Temminck, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., iv., p. 447, I87g. Cyornis banYl;tmas (Horsfield) McGregor, Man. Bds. Philip.," pt. ii., p. 437, IgOg: Palawan. Wig. Meyer and Wiglesworth, "Birds of Celebes," i., p. 368, pI. 14, fig. I, I8g8.) Distribution.-Palawap. Description.-Male.-General colour above uniform blue, the forehead brighter blue, extending backward over the eye; ear-coverts deep blue; a narrow frontal line from the base of the nostrils, lores, feathers round the eye, chin and fore part of cheeks black; remainder of under surface of body rich orange-rufous, a little paler and inclining to white on the abdomen; sides of upper breast and thighs blue; wing-coverts blue -like the back, the least and median series brighter blue, of about the same colour as the forehead and eyebrow; quills dusky brown, externally blue, the inner secondaries entirely blue; tail-feathers dark blue, the outer ones black on the inner web; under wing-coverts and axillars orange-rufous, the edge of the wing blue. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs pale brownish lead-colour. Wing, 8r; tail, 72; culmen, r6; tarsus, r6路s; middle toe with claw, r6. Female.-Similar to the male but distinguished by the white lores. Bill black; legs purplish leaden grey; iris brown. Wing, 70; tail, 60; culmen, rs; tarsus, r6; middle toe with claw, r6. Young.-Robin-like, dusky brown, with subterminal spots of orange-buff to all the feathers of the upper surface; wings and tail dusky, externally blue, secondaries tipp~d with buff like the coverts; underneath orange-rufous, mottled with dusky margins to the feathers; abdomen whitish. General Notes.-There are three specimens, including the type, in the British Museum, and their subspecific characters may be recognized. Robinson and Kinnear do not recognize this form in their review. Ci

1 "Notes on the Genus Cyornis," Blyth, by H, C. Robinson and N, B, Kinnear, Nov. Zool" voL xxxiv" pp, 23I-26I, July I928, "On Some Birds of the Genus Cyornis," by F, N. Chasen and C, B, Kloss, Bull, Raffles Mus, Singapore. Straits Settleme1~ts, NO,2, July I929, Kuroda," Birds of Java," p. 204, I923.

292

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 446. Cyornis rufigaster mindorensis Mindoro Blue Flycatcher

Cyornis mindorensis Mearns, Philip. Journ. Sci., ii, A, p. 356, 1907 : Rio Baco, Mindoro (type in Bureau of Science, Manila). Distribution.-Mindoro. Description.-M ale.-Similar to C. r. philippinensis, except that the blue upper parts are slightly darker, and the under parts differ in having the abdomen and under tail-coverts orange instead of white. Bill black; legs reddish flesh-colour; nails brown. Wing, 75; tail, 67; culmen 14; bill from nostril, II; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17. Female.-Similar to the male, but rather paler above, lores rusty white.

447. Cyornis rufigaster philippinensis Philippine Blue Flycatcher Cyornis Philippinensi.,s Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (new series), i., p. 325, 1877: Panay (type, female, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Cyornis simplex Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 165: Borneo errore; substitute

Luzon (type in Leiden Museum). Native Name.-Ca-man-ti-gon, Siquijor. Distribution.-Bantayan, Banton, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Cebu, Dinagat, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, N egros, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao. Description.-Male.-Above dark blue, a narrow band on forehead continued over each eye lighter blue, as also the lesser wing-coverts; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue; shafts of rectrices black, inner webs of all but middle pair black; lores black; ear-coverts and sides of neck very dark blue; a black band across chin continued backward on each side of throat; throat, breast and sides rich orangerufous, slightly paler on throat; criss urn and middle of abdomen white; thighs blue, some of the feathers tipped with white. Iris brown; bill black; legs pale bluish; nails dark blackish brown. Wing, 76; tail, 65-75; culmen from base, 14-17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18-20; middle toe with claw, 18. Female.-Similar to the male, but lores pale buff; chin and sides of throat orange-rufous instead of black. Wing, 71-75; tail, 60-70; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17-19; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-This Philippine Flycatcher is a common and wide-

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

293

spread species; it is found in deep forest, along wooded streams and about clumps of bamboo in the open; feeds on worms and insects. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. III, writes: "A lowland species, frequenting thick forest, but occasionally met with in the mountains up to 3000 feet. This species is widely distributed throughout the Philippines. JJ

Allied Forms and their Range: C. rufigaster tickellice Blyth

c. r. nescea Oberholser . C. r. indochina Chasen and Kloss

C. r. sumatrensis (Sharpe)

c. r. rttjigaster (Raffles) C. C. C. C. C. C. C. C.

r. r. r. r. r. r. r. r.

karimatensis Oberholser rhizophorce Stresemann . longipennis Chasen and Kloss lampra Oberholser peromissa Hartert . omissa (Hartert) djampeana (Hartert) kataoensis (Hartert)

Central andN. India, Sind, Assam, Manipur, Burma and Karenni Ceylon, South India S. Annam to S.W. Siam, southern limit of the range in Malay Peninsula probably about 10째 N .lat., Laos, Cochin-China and Cambodia From lat. 10째 N. in Malay Peninsula southwards, Dusum Tua in Selangor and Taiping in Perak ; an indubitable example of this race is known from Sumatra. Typical Sumatran race is the following subspecies. Singapore, Lingga Archipelago, Banka, Sumatra and Borneo Karima ta Island Java Karimon Is., Java, Java Sea Anamba Is. Salayer Celebes Djampea Kalao Is.

448. Cyornis lemprieri Lempriere's Blue Flycatcher (Plate 44)

Cyornis lemprieri Sharpe, Ibis, 1884, p. 319: South Palawan. Siphia ramsayi W. Blasius, Br. Anz., No. 52, Vom i., Marz r888, p. 467: Palawan (type in Brunswick Museum). Everett, Ibis, r895, p. 25. Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-M ale.-General colour above dull blue, with half-

294

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

concealed tufts of white on the sides of the rump; lesser wing-coverts brighter cobalt, forming a shoulder-patch; median and greater series blackish, externally like the back; alula, . primary-coverts and quills black, with narrow margins of dull blue, broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers blackish, greenish blue externally; head like the back, the base of the forehead brighter cobalt, extending backward over the eye and forming an eyebrow; lores black; sides of face, ear-coverts and cheeks black, glossed with dull blue; a moustachial line of blue feathers tipped with white; a black chin-spot; throat and fore neck orange-buff, extending down the sides of the body, but paler and inclining to whitish below the black chin-spot; centre of breast and abdomen white, as also the under tail-coverts, with a slight tinge of buff; lateral breast-feathers tipped with blue, like the back; thighs white, with blackish bases; axillars and under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with buff; edge of wing blue. Wing, 74-77; tail, 63-68; culmen, I8; tarsus, I8; middle toe with claw, I8. Female.-Forehead, crown and occiput dark plumbeous grey, washed with olive, each feather with narrow obsolete transverse bars, which are most pronounced on the forehead; sides of neck, mantle, scapulars and back warm olivaceous b own, deepening posteriorly into bright ferruginous brown on the upper tail-coverts; rectrices dark sepiabrown, the exterior webs ferruginous brown, except on the two central quills, which are wholly ferruginous brown, and all showing in certain lights close obsolete transverse bars; under surface of the quills hairbrown; primaries dark brown, and all except the first and second margined basally on the outer webs by a thin line of ferruginous brown ; the secondaries and tertials also dark brown, but increasingly margined with bright ferruginous brown until the entire outer webs are of the latter colour; under wing-coverts, axillars and edges of wing white, tinged with buff; major wing-coverts dark brown with bright ferruginous brown outer webs; the other coverts broadly tipped with bright ferruginous brown; a conspicuous line from the nares over the eye and reaching nearly to the posterior angle of the orbit, and a line fringing the lower margin of the orbit, pure white (tinged with buff in some examples); lores black; ear-coverts dark grey washed with olive; cheeks the same, but rather darker grey; sides and flanks olive-grey washed with buff; chin white; throat pale buff, passing into deep orange-buff on the breast, on the sides of which some of the plumes show obsolete dusky margins; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; thigh-plumes dark grey, edged with white. Iris dark brown; legs and feet nearly black, often tinged with bluish; bill black.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

295

Wing, 73; tail, 60; culmen, 17; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 17. General Notes.-McGregor found this species abundant in Palawan and the Calamianes. Zimmer (1918) writes: "Lempriere's Blue Flycatcher was not abundant, but was rather well distributed and of sylvan habits."

449. Cyornis pallipes herioti Blue-breasted Flycatcher (Plate 4-3) Cyornis herioti Ramsay, Ibis, 1886, p. I59: Manila (type, female, Maitland-Heriot colI., in British Museum). Siphia enganensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., v., p. 2, 1896 : Cape Engafio, North Luzon (type, male, 29th April 1895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. III.

Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-Male.-General colour above dull blue, rather brighter on the lower back and rump, and inclining to cobalt on the forehead and eyebrows; wing-coverts lue; quills blackish, externally dull blue; tail-feathers blue, dusky on their inner webs; sides of face, throat and breast deep blue, brighter on the latter; rest of under surface of body is washed with brown, shaded with a darker but clearer brown on flanks and under-wing coverts. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet pinkish lead-blue. Wing, 77; tail, 76.7; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. Female.-General colour above dull olive-green; tail rufous, brighter on the outer and duller on inner webs; primaries dull black, outer webs margined with rufous; chin, throat, breast and flanks dull chestnut-buff; rest .of under parts white. Wing, 70; tail, 57; bill, 14; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 20. General Notes.-McGregor writes: ' " The Blue-breasted Flycatcher is either very rare or is confined to Northern Luzon, where it may prove to be abundant." Allied Forms and their Range.-The present species is a typical continental one not represented in any part of the Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula or Formosa.

c. pallipes pallipes (J erdon) C. p. hainana (Ogilvie-Grant)

South-western and southern India Northern Tenasserim, Siam, French Indo-China, Hainan, South China

296

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus TAKATSUKASAIA, gen. nov. Type (by original designation): Siphia platence Blasius.

This genus differs from Oreicola 1 Bonaparte (also known as Erythromyias of Sharpe) in having a slender bill and the rictal bristles rather scanty. The first primary is long and more than half the length of the second; tarsus long. The colour-pattern is different from other allied genera in having a uniform brown body with white abdomen and rufous tail. Both Platen and Sharpe described this genus as that of Siphia, from which it differs considerably in having much bigger and more powerful legs in spite of its smaller size. This new genus contains but one species, and is confined to the island of Palawan. The name is given in honour of Prince Taka-Tsukasa, the President of the Ornithological Society of Japan, who has accepted this proposed name.

450. Takatsukasaia platence Platen's Flycatcher (Plate 43) Siphia platence Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 309: Puerto Princesa (type, Platen colI., exchanged froth Nehrkorn, Lord Rothschild colI., in American Museum of Natural History, New York) . Siphia erithacus Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 199, pI. 4, fig. 2. Cyornis erithara Sharpe, " Handlist," iii., p. 217, 1901; McGregor and Worcester, (( Handlist," p. 72, 1906. Cyornis paraguce McGregor, C01'Ldor, viii., p. 29, 1906. Cyornis platence McGregor, Condor, ix., p. 162, 1907. McGregor, " Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 441, 1909. Distri bution.-Palawan. Description.-Male.-General colour above rufous brown, with a slight olivaceous tinge; lesser wing-coverts like the back, median coverts, greater coverts, alula, primary-coverts and quills blackish brown, more or less broadly edged with the same colour as the back, a little more rufous on the latter; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers bright chestnut; crown of head like the back, slightly washed with olive; lores ashy grey; feathers round the eye dusky; ear-coverts olive-brown, washed with tawny; cheeks, throat and chest orangerufous; breast and abdomen pure white, as well as the sides of body and flanks; thighs dusky brown; under tail-coverts pale tawny rufous; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills below dusky, whitish along the inner edge. Iris nearly black; legs, feet and nails light slate-colour; bill, black. 1 Stuart Baker, "Fauna Brit. India," viii., p. 619, 1930, employs Rhodophila Jerdon, 1863, for this genus.

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL . II . PLATE 43 .

MusoicaRula monligena Mearns. Mounl Apo Flycatcher.

2. male 3. female Muscioapula l!, basilanica (Sharpe). Basilan Flycatcher. 4.

Takatsukasaia Rlatence (Blasius).

(lyornis pJ1li1P.M herioti Ramsay.

Platen's Flycatcher. Blue-breasted Flycatcher

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

297

Wing, 57; tail, 38; culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with daw, 18. Female.-Similar to the male, but with the lores more tawny. Wing, 57; tail, 38; culmen, 13; tarsus, 20; middle toe with daw, 18. General Notes.-I t is a very rare bird to meet; found in thickets in the jungle or forest, and always near the ground. Allied Genera and their Range.-The present genus is one of the examples from Palawan which has undergone distinct local modifications. It is therefore difficult to point out which is the nearest genus. Oreicola, which is common in the East Indies, seems to be very close, although in coloration it differs considerably.

Genus MUSCICAPULA Blyth, Jo~trn. As. Soc. B engal, xii., pt. ii., p. 939, 1843. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, p. 52, 1855): Mttscicapula sapphira Blyth. Bill somewhat flattened basally and compressed near the tip; culmen with a decided 'ridge; rictal bristles moderately developed; wing rather long; first primary equal to about one-half of second; tarsus slender and equal to twice the bill from nostril. This genus is a large group of small Flycatchers, the members of which present three distinct types of coloration.

45I. M uscicapula hyperythra luzoniensis Grant's Flycatcher Muscicapula lttzoniensis Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1894, p. 505: La Trinidad, Benguet, N.W. Luzon (type, male, February 1894, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-1YI ale.-Entire upper ,parts and sides of neck dark slate-grey; lores, sides of head and jaw black; from lores over eye a partly concealed band of pure silky white; wings blackish brown; 路coverts edged with slate-grey; tail similar but darker; chin, throat, breast and flanks clear orange-buff, slightly darker on breast; a line 路o f white on each side of throat next to the black of jaw; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; thighs blackish brown. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs white, with a . slight blue wash; nails light brown. Wing, 61; tail, 50; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 9 ; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16.

298

THE. BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

M ale in first plumage.-Above dusky brown, each feather with a rusty yellowish buff spot, crown and nape rather streaked; upper tailcoverts rusty; sides of head like crown, with no indication of the adult plumage; wings brown; coverts bluish, each feather with a large buff spot; chin, throat and upper breast white, with a wash of buff; breast more heavily washed with buff and each feather edged with black, producing a striped effect; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; wing lining, axillars and flanks yellowish buff. Female.-Above, including sides of head and of neck, olive-grey, becoming olive-brown on lower back and ferruginous on tail and its coverts; lores and eye-ring pale ochreous-buff; wings brown; wingcoverts edged with olive-grey; secondaries edged with olive-brown; chin, throat, breast and flanks very pale orange-buff; abdomen and tail-coverts white. Wing, 58-62; tail, 50-52; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Female in first plumage.-A young female is very much like a young male, but the upper parts are dull olive and washed rather than spotted with rusty buff. General Notes.-This Flycatcher breeds in Benguet Province, where young were taken in July. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 105, writes: "We found this Flycatcher rare in Benguet, but commoner at higher altitudes in Lepanto. This species is the representative form of M. hyperythra of Borneo, but the birds differ much in habits. On Kina Balu this little Flycatcher is always to be seen sitting about in open places, hawking. It flies from some bare branch and returns to its perch after each short flight, and there would be no difficulty in securing specimens. In Luzon and Mindoro, however, Muscicapula frequented the thick tangled undergrowth near the ground, and was most difficult to obtain. This species becomes much more active towards sunset, when it often utters a peculiar hissing note, written best (pust.' In Luzon we met with it up to 8000 feet." .

452. Muscicapula hyperythra calayensis Calayan Flycatcher M 'uscicapula calayensis McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., xviii., p. 76, I92I: Calayan Island, Babuyanes (type, male, Ist October I903, R. C. McGregor and A. Celestino, in Bureau of Science, Manila). Muscicaplltla l1Itzoniensis McGregor, BlItll. Philip. MlIs., No. iv., p. 32, I904 (type, male, Ist October I903, in Bureau of Science, Manila). Distribution.-Calayan. Description.-Similar to M. h. luzoniensis, but chin, throat, breast

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

299

and sides darker-dark ochraceous-buff to dark antimony-yellow instead of chamois-yellow. This bird is altogether darker on the under parts and of slightly greater size than the Luzon bird. Bill black; iris dark; legs white, with a slight blue wash; nails light brown. Wing, 63; tail, 49 ;~ exposed culmen, 12; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS.

453. Muscicapula hyperythra mindorensis, subsp. nov. Mindoro Flycatcher

Type, female, January 1896, Mt. Dulangan, Mindoro, J. Whitehead, in British Museum. Distribution.-Mindoro (mountains). Description.-Similar to M. h. luzoniensis, but it can be distinguished by having more extensive and deeper buffish chestnut on throat and breast; this is particularly noticeable in the female, which also has more of a yellowish olive tinge throughout the upper parts, and bill more slender. M ale.-Wing, 60; tail, 50; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, IS . Female.-Wing, 57; tail, 47; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-Whitehead met with this bird at 4500 feet on Mt. Dulangan. The present race is easily recognized from other Philippine representatives by the colouring of the female, which is more distinctive than the male.

454. M uscicapula hyperythra

n~grorU1n

Whitehead's Flycatcher M~,scicap~l,la nigrorum Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., vi" p. 43, 1897: Mt. Canloan (6700 ft), Negros (type, male, April 1896, J Whitehead, Lord Rothschild coIL, in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Distribution.-N egros (mountains). Descrip tion.-Male ,-Most closely allied to 111. h. luzoniensis, the general colour of the upper parts being less grey and more of a dark slaty blue; chin pure white; the rest of the under parts richer orange-buff; belly white. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet bluish white. Female.-The general colour of the upper parts dull slate-grey, and not greyish olive-brown as in the female of M. h. luzoniensis; lores

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

300

and feathers round the eye whiter; breast and under parts as in the male of luzoniensis. General Notes.-vVhitehead, Ibis, 1899, p . 106, writes: "We met with this Flycatcher on Canloan volcano at 6000 feet, in Central Negros. In its habits it is precisely similar to the preceding species (M . h. luzoniensis) , and it is as difficult to obtain as are some of the most creeping Warblers." Allied Forms and their Range:

M. hyperythra hyperythra

(Blyth) .

M . h. annamensis (Robinson) . M. h. malayana Ogilvie-Grant M . h. inn ex a (Swinhoe) . M . h. sumatrana (Hachisuka) M. h. vulcani (Robinson) M. h. rujigula 2 (Walla.ce) M . h. a~tdacis Hartert M. h. negroides (Stresemann) 1\11. h. subsp.? 3 M. h. alifura (Stresemann) 1\11. h. pallidipectus Hartert 1M. henrici 4 (Hartert)

Assam, Manipur, Nepal, Sikkim, Mt. Victoria, S. Shan States, Yunnan . South Annam, Tonkin Malay Penin., Tenasserim, Siam, Borneo, Flores, Lombok Formosa Sumatra Western Java Celebes Babber Is. Penaia Timor Buru Batjan Dammer Is., in the Banda Sea

The genus Dammeria Hartert is not worthy of separation from the above species. Dr. Hartert himself did not keep it separate. Vide Nov. Zool., xxvii., p. 493, 1920. M . henrici is a very distinctive species, being uniformly dark slate-blue throughout, except a few spots on 'breast and throat, and Fig. Meyer and Wiglesworth "Bds. Celebes," i., pI. 13, r8g8. Fig. Tra ns. Zool. Soc., viii., pI. 7, 1874. Three more names have been given to Celebean birds by Riley and Stresemann, but I shall not discuss them here. a There are a pair of skins in the British Museum which were mounted specimens for some years, and they are probably faded, due to exposure to the light on exhibition. In comparison with specimens of neighbouring islands I observe the following differences: Male.-This differs from its allies M. h. alifura, NI. h. vulcani and M. h. sumatrana in having the back washed with slate-grey and the blue tinge not so clear. The superciliary stripe is narrow and more like M. h. vulcani of Java than 111. h. alifura of Buru. One is unable to find any trace of a blue tinge on the outer web of the primary feathers and the orange-buff of the under side is not so bright as in llI. h. vulcani. Fel?~ale.-The upper parts are more brownish and the olive wash of the breast has no tinge of brown as compared with the respective females of the above-mentioned SUbspecies. Male.-Wing, 62; tail, 47. Female.-Wing, 58; tail, 42. 4 Fig. Nov. Zoo!., viii., pI. 6, Ig01. 1

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

30I

the under tail-coverts white. It shows some affinity to M. basilanica. M. vivida vivida (Swinhoe) was once obtained by Kikuchi from Botel Tobago, cj. Oshima and Kuroda, Dobutsu. Zasshi (Tokyo Zool. Mag.), August 19I6.

455. M uscicapula montigena Mount Apo Flycatcher (Plate 43) lYIuscicapula 1nontigena Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XVlll., p. 8, I905: Mt. Apo, 6000 ft., Mindanao (type, male, 7th July I904, E. A. Mearns, in U. S. National Museum, Washington). Native Names.-K'1 i-kri, or sal-yb-see'-bon, Bagobo of Mt. Apo. Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-ltfale.-General colour of upper parts, including lores, eye-ring and sides of head, dark slaty blue; white eyebrow-stripe reduced to small supra-orbital patches; rump slightly washed with olivaceous; upper tail-coverts reddish burnt-umber; tail-feathers burnt-umber; wing-coverts like the back; quills greyish brown, edged with reddish brown externally and with fawn-colour internally; under parts, except belly and sides, ochraceous, palest on the chin and under tail-coverts; belly whitish; sides bluish slate; lin·ng and edge of wing ochreousbuff. Iris brown; bill blacki; feet and claws light grey. Wing, 65; tail, 51; bill from nostril, 8·1; culmen, 10· 5; tarsus, 18·5 mm.; middle toe with claw, I5·5. Female.-Similar to the male except that the slaty blue on the back and rump are more perceptibly washed with olivaceous, and the lores, eye-ring and touches on the ear-coverts are ochreous-buff. Iris brown; bill black; feet and claws greyish flesh-colour. Wing, 62; tail,47 ; bill from nostril, 7· 5; culmen, 10· 5; tarsus, 18 ; middle toe with claw, 16· 5. Immat~tre female.-Similar to adult female, but paler below, with obscure spotting across the chest and on the sides. General Notes.-The present species is distinct from M. hyperythra group in having the rufous tail; the sexes nearly alike, the female having the under parts chestnut like the male. This species is endemic to Mt. Apo, and discovered by Mearns and Goodfellow only, at an altitude of 5400-8000 ft., in the alpine zone of primeval forest. Allied Species and their Range.-There is another species in this genus in which the female has the slate-blue back and the under parts of a rufous tinge like that of the male; this is M'uscicap~tla mJ·obergz" (Hartert), from Mt. Poi, 5300 ft., in Borneo. About five specimens (one female, the others being males) are preserved in Singapore and London. The interest of the species mjobergi rests solely in the female, if it were found to be wrongly sexed it would prove to be nothing more than a I

302

THE BIRD S OF THE PHIL IPPI NE ISLANDS

synon ym of M. hyperythra malay ana, which is found as high as 8000 ft. on Kina Balu. Howe ver, judgin g from the genera l appea rance of the only existin g female (type) in the Britis h Museum it seems to show a close affinity to M. montigena, the latter havin g a brown tail, while M. 111,y"obergi is slaty blue like the back; otherw ise these two specie s have the same type of colou r-patt ern, differing only in the degree of shade s. It is also noted that lVI. montigena has a more slende r bill than the Mt. Poi species.

456. M uscicapula basilanica basilanica Basilan Flycatcher (Plate 43) Dendrobiastes basilanica Sharpe, Trans. Linn Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., col. pl., fig. I, p. 332, 1877: Basilan. (Type, female, 18th November, J. B. Steere, in British Museum.) Muscicapula mindanensis Blasius, Journ. fur. Ornith., 1890, p. 147: Mindanao. Distri bution .-Basi lan, Minda nao. Descr iption .-Male.-A bove, includ ing sides of head and neck, dark slate- grey; upper tail-co verts nearly black ; wings and tail dark brown ; secon daries and wing- covert s edged with slate- grey; a partly conce aled white patch or band on each side of nape; under parts white ; breast , sides, flanks and thighs washe d with slate-g rey. Iris black ; anteri or surfac e of legs and upper surfac e of feet pale leade n; back surfac e of legs and bottom s of feet white ; bill black. Wing, 69; tail, 43; culme n from base, I3' 5; bill from nostri l, 9'5; tarsus , 2I; middl e toe with claw, I9. F emale .-Abo ve, includ ing sides of head and neck, rich rusty brown , shadin g into brigh t chestn ut on tail-co verts, tail and edges of secon daries ; wings and tail dark brown ; expos ed edges of prima ries rusty brown ; under parts white ; breast , sides, flanks and thighs washe d with rusty brown . Wing, 66; tail, 43; culme n from base, I4; tarsus , 2I; middl e toe with claw, I7. General Notes .-The Basila n Flyca tcher is found on the groun d in the forest ; it is fairly comm on in Minda nao and Basila n. Sharp e establ ished the genus Dendrobiastes for the species basilanica, but he had an entire ly wrong conce ption; he repea ted the same mista ke in the Catalogue of Birds, vii., p. 63I, by placin g the genus in the Timal iine group . His generi c chara cter is "close ly allied to Alcipp e, but distin guishe d by its long wings, which reach to the end of the tail." This chara cter is a matte r of propo rtiona l length in the wing and tail, and the genus Dendrobiastes is simila r to all species which are placed under the genus Musci capula , but M. basilanica has a much larger bill.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 457. M1tScicapula basilanica samarens'ts Samar Flycatcher Muscicapllla samarensis Bourns and Worcester, 111innesota Acad. Nat . Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., p . 26, 1894: Paranus, Samar. (Type, female, 7th June 1896, J. Whitehead, in British Museum.) Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, 1898, p. 237, pI. 6, fig. 6 (egg).

Distribution.-Leyte, Samar. Description.-Jl.!ale.-Top of head, sides of face, ear-coverts and hind neck nearly black; back, rump and upper wing-coverts uniform dark slaty blue; quills and tail fulvous brown slightly washed with slaty blue; chin and throat white; entire breast bluish grey, lightest on centre of breast; abdomen white; flanks washed with bluish grey; under wing-coverts light buff, nearly white at base; sides dark slatecolour, as are under wing-coverts and axillars, the latter, however, mottled with white; a superciliary stripe of white beginning over eye and extending to nape, then inward, nearly reaching the median line. Iris very dark brown; bill black; legs, feet and nails very light brown or bluish white. Wing, 61; tail, 38; culmen, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Female.-Upper parts rusty brown, darkest on the crown, and shading into chestnut on the upper tail-coverts, the superciliary stripes of the male represented by a white feather or two on the sides of the occiput; wings and tail dark brown, the exposed part of the quills mostly chestnut; sides of the head and neck light rusty brown, palest round the eye and forming a rather marked ring; under parts much like those of the male, but the distinct grey pectoral zone is replaced by one tinged with rusty; thighs brownish buff; under tail-coverts buff. Wing, 61; tail, 37; culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-The eggs are ovate; ground-colour sea-green, speckled all over, especially towards the larger end, with pale brown, the over-markings being slightly darker and smaller. Measurements 19 x 13 mm. The nest, a remarkably frail structure, is made of roots and lined with broad leaves. It is generally well concealed, being placed close to the ground in a heap of forest drift near some rocks. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 105, writes : (( Obtained by us both in Samar and Leyte. This species is both scarce and diffic~1t to obtain, as it frequents thick dark forests, spending its time in the tangled undergrowth, and it is therefore seldom seen."

304

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 458. M uscicapula melanoleuca westermanni Westerman's Pied Flycatcher

Muscicap1l6la westermanni Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., r888, p. 270: Batang, Patang, Perak (type, female, collected by L. Wray, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindanao, Negros. Description.-Male.-Above, including sides of head and neck, deep black; a wide white band over eye, extending from above lores to nape; lower parts white; wings blackish brown; greater coverts and edges of inner secondaries white, forming a conspicuous patch; tail black, all the rectrices, except the middle pair, with their basal halves white. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and nails black. Wing, 59; tail, 43; culmen from base. I2; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, I6; middle toe with claw, I2. F emale.-Above ashy, washed with olive-brown, the latter colour strongest on the rump; tail-coverts and edges of rectrices rusty brown; below white; breast, sides and flanks washed with ashy brown; wings and tail blackish brown. Wing, 56; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, I6; middle toe with claw, I2. Y oung.-Above slate-grey, heavily washed with olive-brown, the feathers with median spots of ochraceous; below white, the feathers fringed with blackish brown; wing-coverts and secondaries edged with light ochraceous; tips of the greater coverts forming a light bar. General Notes.-Two Luzon specimens I have examined seem to have entirely black upper tail-coverts, whereas specimens from the Malay Peninsula seem to have all the feathers of that region tipped with white. Westermann's Pied Flycatcher is common where it occurs. Whitehead, Ibis, I899, p. I04, writes the following note from a mountain region of northern Luzon: , (( Quite tame, and often frequenting the vicinity of our camp. On Monte Data we had a pair always about our camp, and on those clear frosty mornings, just as the sun coloured the eastern sky, our little Muscicapula used to sing his pretty song, and with that song we commenced our daily work. Things went well with our little birds (as I would not allow them to be molested) until one day another male M~tscicapula turned up. This quite upset my friend and he fought many a battle under the shady pine-trees; but his rival stayed on just the same. The hen Flycatcher seemed rather to enjoy the fun and flirted about with the newcomer, and when we struck camp and retired from Monte Data the dispute was far from being arranged; both the

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT cocks were sparring on and off all day, swelling out their little bodies until they resembled miniature puff-balls, and no doubt hating each other as only rivals can."

459. Muscicapula melanoleuca apo Mount Apo Pied Warbler M'/;tscicapula melanoleuca apo Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. I83, I930: Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type in Hachisuka coIl., Tokyo).

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-The present race is distinguished by the female having a stronger bluish wash on the upper parts in comparison with M. 1n. westermanni. Bill comparatively short. General Notes.-This species is a common resident on Mt. Apo, and every day I saw quite a number. Kuroda queries this race as being recognizable.!

Allied Forms and their Range: M.

melanole~tca

melanoleuca Blyth Garhwal, Nepal, Sikkim, E. Assam, Tonkin, etc. M. m. langbianis Kloss S. Annam, Laos M. m. westermanni Sharpe S. Annam, Burma, Shan States, Siam, Yunnan, Malay Peninsula, Muleyit and Tenasserim, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes, Bat jan, Ceram M. 1n. hasselti Robinson and Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Kloss. Flores, Wetter, Timor Genus GERYGONE Gould, Grey's j01;wn., (( Two Exped. Disc. Austr.," ii., App., p. 4I7, note, I841. New name for Psilop'/Jts Gould, I838. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, I840, p. 22): Psilop1;ts albogularis Gould = P. olivaceus Gould. Bill moderately depressed, depth at nostril equal to about twothirds of its width, or two-fifths of bill from nostril; culmen with a slight ridge; rictal and nasal bristles moderate; wing fairly long, covering when folded about two-thirds of the tail; first primary narrow, equal to one-half of second, which is considerably shorter than the sub equal third, fifth and sixth; fourth primary slightly the 1

II.-U

"Birds of Java," p.

2II,

1933-

306

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

longest; tarsus slender and equal to twice the length of exposed culmen; tail slightly rounded and considerably shorter than wing.

460. Gerygone sulphurea simplex Philippine Fly-eater Gerygone simplex Cabanis, lo'urn. fur Orn., 1872, p. 316: Northern

Philippines (type, Jagor colI., in Berlin Museum). Gerygone rhizophorce Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii. , p. 7, 1905 : Zamboanga, Mindanao (type, male, 14th October 1903, E. A. Mearns, in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Distribution.-Bongao, Lubang, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Sulu, Tataan, Verde. Description.-Above, including sides of head and neck, ashy grey, with a very slight olivaceous tinge on back; lores and line over eye whitish; under parts clear straw-yellow, deepest on chin and throat; under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow; thighs slightly ashy; wings and tail brown, with light edges to the feathers; wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts like the crown; each of the rectrices except the middle pair with a white spot on inner web near tip and a preceding dusky band; edge and lining of wing pale yellow. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs dark plumbeous. Wing, 51; tail, 36-:D8; culmen from base, I2; tarsus, 14-16; middle toe with claw, I2-I6. General Notes.-It is an open question as to whether this bird should be regarded as a member of this family or as belonging to that of the Sylviidae. McGregor writes: "This little Flycatcher closely resembles the species of Zosterops in habits, but it is less common in occurrence. At times small flocks are found feeding in clumps of bamboo or in high mangrove thickets. It has a pleasing note by means of which the members of a flock are kept together. In its active movements from tree to tree it resembles the Titmice, but we have never found Gerygone in forest."

Allied Forms and their Range: G. sulphurea pectoralis Davison

G. G. G. G. G. G. G.

s. modiglianii Salvadori s. muscicapa Oberholser s. jacobsoni Van Oort s. salvadorii Biittikofer s. plesseni Stresemann s. sulph~trea Wallace s. flaveola Cabanis .

GunongTahan (2000-5000 ft.) and coastal districts of the Malay Peninsula Sumatra Pulo Dua, Engano Is. West Java Borneo Bali Solor Island Celebes

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

30 7

The Philippine race is very closely allied to the Celebean G. s. flaveola, whereas the Bornean bird, G. s. salvadorii, is at once distinguished by having more vivid yellow on the abdominal part of the body. Many closely related species are known from Papuasia, Australia and western Melanesia, and Mathews' generic names, Wilsonavis, Ethelornis and Royigerygone, are of doubtful recognition. Gen1lts ZANTHOPYGIA Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi., pt. i., p. 12 3, 1847. Type (by tautonomy): Muscicapa tricoZor=Zanthopygia xanthopygia (A. Hay). Bill at nostril slightly broader than deep, slightly compressed towards the tip; rictal bristles moderate, extending half the length of bill; tarsus twice the length of bill from nostril; wings moderate in length, when folded extending nearly to tip of tail; first primary much less than one-half the length of second, the latter less than third and fourth, which are subequal and longest; tail square and equal to twothirds of wing. Sex,es very different in colours; the colours of the male are yellow, black and white.

461. Zanthopygia narcissina

narc~ss~na

Narcissus Flycatcher

Muscicapa narcissina Temminck, "PI. Col.," iii., pI. 577, fig. 1,1835 : Japan. Fig. Temminck and Schlegel, " Fauna Jap. Aves," p. 46, pI. I7c, 1847. Distribution.-Calayan, Mindanao. Description;-Male.-Above, including wings and tail, black; a line from bill over eye to nape bright yellow; back and rump darker yellow; upper tail-coverts black; some of the inner greater wingcoverts white, forming a large patch; chin, throat and breast bright orange-yellow, becoming paler on lower breast and flanks and gradually disappearing, leaving the crissum pure white; sides of breast, edge of wing and thighs black; under wing-co;verts and axillars white with slate-grey bases. Wing, 78 ; . tail, 53; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Female.-Above olive-brown, more greenish on rump; upper tailcoverts and tail dull rufescent brown; wings brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries and coverts more widely, edged with dirty white or pale rufous brown; lores, a line over the eye and eye-circle pale yellowish white; lower parts whitish, washed more or less with pale yellow, which is brighter on throat; breast more or less mottled

308

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

with dusky brown. Upper mandible black; lower mandible hornblue; iris dark reddish brown; legs pale blue; nails grey. \iVing, 73; tail, 47; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-This species is considered a rare winter visitor to the Philippines. Allied Forms and their Range: Z. narcissina narcissina (Temminck) Sakhalin, Japan proper, Corea, south-eastern China, Riu Kiu, Hainan, Indo-China z. n. zanthopygia (Hay) . S. Siberia, E. Mongolia, Manchuria, Corea, Quelpart Island, Japan proper (rare), China to Malacca, Borneo, Java Z. n. jakuschima (Hartert) Tanegashima?, Island of Yakushima, off S. Kiusiu Z. n. shonis Kuroda Amami-Oshima and Okinawajima, in the middle Riu Kiu Islands Z. n. owstoni Bangs Yayeyama Is., Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima, in the south Riu Kiu Is.

Genus CYANOPTILA Blyth, Jo~trn. As. Soc. Bengal, xvi., pt. i., p. 124,1847. Type (by original designation) : Cyanopt.ila cyanomelana Temminck. In this genus the colours of the male are blue, black and white; the wing formula is the same as that of Zanthopygia; tail equal to nearly three-fourths of wing; tarsus one and one-half times the length of bill from nostril.

462. Cyanoptila cyanomelana cyanomelana Japanese Blue Flycatcher Muscicapa cyanomelana Temminck, " PI. Col.," p. 47째,1828: Japan. Cyanoptila bella (Hay), Madr. Journ., pt. ii., p. 158, 1845; McGregor, " Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 450, 1909. (Fig. David and Oustalet, " Ois. Chine," p. rr6, pI. 81, 1877.) Distribution.-Balabac. Description.-1Y[ale.-General colour above blue, the greater coverts uniform with the back, the lesser and median coverts brighter and more cobalt-blue, for.ming a shoulder-patch; head still brighter and more lazuline blue, richest on the forehead; a narrow frontal line, lores, eyelid, sides of face and entire throat and chest black; rest of under

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT surface of body pure white; flanks ashy; thighs black; under wingcoverts dusky brown, broadly edged with blue, the edge of the wing bright blue; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally greenish blue; middle tail-feathers dark blue, the remainder blue on the outer web, black on the inner, with conspicuous white bases to the feathers. Bill black; legs brown; iris black. Wing, 86; tail, 61; culmen, 14; tarsus, . 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Female.-Different from the male. Ashy brown above, washed with pale verditer-blue on the scapulars, lower back and upper tailcoverts; least wing-coverts bright blue as in the male, the rest and the quills externally verditer-blue, the outermost of the greater series dull brown, edged with ashy brown and narrowly tipped with whitish; tail as in male, but rather more greenish blue; lores and anterior part of cheeks rufescent buff; ear-coverts ashy brown with whitish shaft-lines; throat, abdomen and under tail-coverts white; fore neck, chest and sides of body ashy brow.n; under wing-coverts and axillars ashy brown, the edge of wing blue. Bill blackish brown; legs greyish brown; iris dark brown. Wing, 89; tail, 61; culmen, 10; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw,路 17. Young male.-Similar to the adult female, but having the back greenish blue, only the head and neck ashy brown, even the crown being slightly shaded with blue; upper tail-coverts with white edgings; wings and tail as in adult, the outer greater coverts tipped with buff ; below as in female, but having the throat ochraceous, the breast washed with ochre, as also the sides of the body. General Notes.-This Japanese Blue Flycatcher is a rare winter visitor to the Philippines. Zimmer (1918) writes: "On 28th March, at Brooke's Point, in Palawan, I collected a female of this interesting species at the edge of the forest, where it was conducting forays from a perch on a vinecovered stump, darting out after insects and returning to its post in true Flycatcher fashion. It was the only one of its species that I saw." , The Flycatchers are very richly represented in the eastern side of the Palcearctic region, and 路 both Zanthopygia and Cyanoptila number among this beautiful family.

Allied Forms and their Range: C. cyanomelana cyanomelana (Temminck)

Japan proper, Indo-China,l wintering in Riu Kiu Is. to Formosa

Delacour met with this bird during the spring passage.

3IO

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

C. c. c'f;tmatilis Thayer and Bangs

China from Peking to Hupeh passing through Indo-China, wintering in ? Sumatra, Java, Malacca, S. China, Hainan, Yunnan, Burma and Labuan

Weigold described a form intermedia (1922) from Vladivostok. It is believed to occur in eastern Amurland, eastern Manchuria and Corea. The validity is somewhat doubtful. The name Cyanoptila cceruleiceps Momiyama (1928) is bestowed upon an individual having blackish streaks on its back. As this is entirely an individual variation, occasionally found among the typical race, it cannot be recognized. Genus HYPOTHYMIS

Boie, I sis, 1826, col. 973. Gmelin =M. azurea Boddaert.

Type (by monotypy): M2tscicapa ccer'lf.lea

Bill flattened and depressed for its entire length, the outline not curved inward towards the tip; depth of bill at nostril nearly twothirds of the width; bill from nostril more than one-half the tarsus; ridal bristles conspicuous, the longest equal to bill from nostril; wings short, about equal to tail; first primary equal to one-half of third; fourth, fifth and sixth subequal and longest; seventh greater than third; second primary shorter than the secondaries; tail slightly graduated, outermost feathers shorter than middle pair by about onethird the length of tarsus; feathers of head short and soft, occipital crest short; dominative colour blue, abdomen white.

463. Hypothymis azurea azure a Black-naped Flycatcher Gobe-mouches bleu des Philippines, Daubent, " PI. Enl.," pI. 666, fig. I, 1778 . Le petit Azur. Montbeillard (Buffon), " Rist. Nat. Ois.," iv., p. 534,1778. Muscicapa azurea Boddaert, "Tabl. PI. Enl.," p. 41 (ex Daubent), 1783: Philippine Islands. Hypothymis occipitalis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 97: Manila; McGregor, " Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 451, 1909. Stresemann, Nov. Zool., XX., p. 293,1913. Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, 1898, p. 237 (eggs). Fig. McGregor,B~tr. Govt. Labs. Manila, xxxiv., p. 18, pI. 13 (nest), 1905.

Native Name.-Pi-pit a-z'ul, Manila. Distribution.-Bantayan, Banton, Basilan, Bohol, Bongao, Calamianes, Caluya, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Maestre de

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

3 11

Campo, Malanipa, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao; Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde. Description.-Male.-General colour azure blue, brighter on head, darker on back and rump and slightly purplish on breast; a narrow line on forehead, another on chin, and a round or oval patch on back of head velvety black; a narrow crescent of black across breast; abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts white; thighs washed with blue; wings and tail black, the edges of the feathers washed with dark blue. Iris dark; bill blue, edged and tipped with black; eyelids and feet blue; nails black; inside of mouth pale greenish yellow. . . Wing, 69; tail, 7I; culmen from base, I3; bill BIll of Hypothy mzs from nostril, IO; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, I4. azurea. Female.-Differs from the male in having the back, rump, wings and tail brown, in lacking the nuchal patch and breast crescent, and in having the blue of head and throat somewhat duller and the breast bluish grey. Wing, 67; tail, 6S; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw I4. General NoteS.-McGregor writes: "A nest of the Black-naped Flycatcher, containing three eggs, was found in Mindoro in April; it was composed of green moss and soft bits of dry bamboo leaves and lined with fine blackish fibres. The outside was decorated with cotton-like substance from one of the fulgorid insects. " The eggs are rounded ovate; ground-colour pure white, thickly speckled, especially round the larger end, with small spots and dots of brown-lake and with a few pale lilac under-markings. In general character these eggs resemble those of the Tits. Measurements I7 x I4 mm." The nest is cup-shaped, generally placed in a forked branch among tlie lower growth in old forests. The structure is made of moss firmly bound together with white spider's web and lined with fine brown fibres. The Black-naped Flycatcher is one of the commonest of Philippine birds, and is found wherever there are thickets or forest; it is more or less solitary in habits. Whitehead, Ibis, I899, p. I06, writes: "A widely distributed species, found throughout the archipelago, frequenting old forest, often at considerable elevations, being met with by us at over 4000 feet in Mindoro." Allied Forms and their Range.-H. az'urea is essentially an Oriental species, except the race H. a. symmixta; while a closely allied species,

3I2

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

H . puella, without black on the throat and neck is represented farther south, in Celebes and surrounding places. H. aZ1lrea sykesi Baker India, south of lat. 22째 on the west and lat. 18째 on the east. Birds from Khandeish and the Bihars on the west of India should be placed with this race; but material from eastern India is very scanty and it is difficult to define the limits H. a. styani (Hartlaub). All India north of the preceding bird; Assam, all Burma, Siam, Cochin-China, Yunnan and Shan States, Annam, Hainan H. a. ceylonensis Sharpe Ceylon H. a. tytleri (Beavan) Andamans H. a. nicobarica Bianchi Nicobars, excluding Car Nicobar H. a. calocara Oberholser . . Nankauri Island, Nicobars H. a. idiochroa Oberholser Car Nicobar H. a. jorrestia Oberholser Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim H. a. prophata Oberholser Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, etc. H. a. oberholse1'i Stresemann Formosa H. a. gigantoptera Oberholser Sirhassen Is., Natuna Archipelago H. a. leucophila Oberholser . N. Pagi, W. Sumatra H. a. sip ora Chasen and Kloss Sipoa Island H. a. ponera Oberholser Batu Island, west of Sumatra H. a. richmondi Oberholser Bua Bua, Engafio Island H. a. symmixta Stresemann Bali, Lombok, Alor, Sumbawa, Flores H. a. amelis Oberholser . Nias Island H. a. isocara Oberholser . Banjak Island, \V. Sumatra H. a. karimatensis 1 Chasen and Kloss . Karimon, Java Island H. a. consobrina Richmond Simalur Island H. puella puella 2 (Wallace) Celebes Sula Islands H. p. blasii Hartert Great Sangai, Peling, Banggai H. p. rowleyi 3 (Meyer) Genus CYANOMYIAS Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., iv., p. 278, 1879. Type (by original designation): Cyanomyias ccelestis Tweeddale. Bill slightly compressed near tip, depth at nostril two-thirds of width, outline slightly concave towards the tip; rictal bristles conspicuous, the longest more than bill from nostril; wing and tail about equal, wing formula as in Hypothymis; tarsus one and one-half times 1 2

Bull. Raffies Mus., NO.7, p. 8, December 1932. Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc. London, viii., pl. 7, fig. 2, 1874. Fig. Gould, "Birds New Guinea," ii., pI. 20,1882.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

3I 3

the bill from nostril; feathers of head stiffish, decomposed basally and conspicuously antrorse on lores; feathers of occipital crest long and narrow. This genus is confined to the Philippine Archipelago.

464. Cyanomyias helen(;B Helen's Masked Flycatcher (Plate 44) Cyanornyias Helence Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I6, I890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 26th April, J. B . Steere, in British Museum. Cam igllinia personata McGregor, Phil. ] ourn. Sci., A, Gen. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 346, I907: Camiguin Island, Cagayan Province (type, male, 20th June I907, in Bureau of Science, Manila). Distribution.-Camiguin N., Mindanao, Samar. Description.-ll1 ale.-General colour light azure blue; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter; breast darker; frontal line, chin, lores and a narrow circumocular line velvety black, forming a mask which is narrowly bordered behind with bright silvery cobalt-blue, widest behind forehead and chin; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, wing lining and axillars white; wings and tail black, the exposed edges of feathers dark azure blue, except first and second primaries; two outermost pairs of rectrices narrowly tipped with white in old birds only. Iris brown; the narrow eyelids light blue; bili blue, except edges and tip, which are black; legs and feet blue; nails blackish. In the slightly immature but fully feathered male the crest is less developed, the feathers of the crown are less scale-like and the upper parts are darker blue than in the fully adult male. vYing, 63; tail, 62; culmen from base, I3; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, I6; middle toe with claw, I3 . Female.-General colour dull verditer-blue; head, neck and sides of head brighter; forehead dull cobalt; chin whitish, bordered by dull cobalt; throat, breast and sides greyish, washed with dull azure blue; shafts white; abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts and middle of lower breast white; wings and tail blackish brown edged with dull verditer- blue. Wing, 64; tail 64; culmen from base, I4; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, I7; middle toe with claw, I3路 Head of C. helence . y O'l-tng in first plumage.-Above smoky grey; below white; a dusky band across fore breast; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with verditerblue; outer webs of redrices washed with verditer.

3I4

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS General NoteS.-There is a male specimen of C. helence in the

British Museum, collected on 26th April, by Steere, which has no black velvety feathers round the bill and only a trace of black feathers on the chin; it is probably a young bird. The only structural difference to be found in this species from that of C. cCElestis is the narrow crest, which is more pointed in the latter species (see text figures). McGregor considered Cyanomyias helence to be a separate genus, and called it Camiguinia, which is intermediate between Cyanomyias and Hypothymis. From the former it differs in lacking the greatly lengthened crest and the antrorse loral plumes, and from the latter it differs in having the feathers of crown and crest scale-like instead of soft and velvety. I am of the opinion that the above characters are not worthy of generic separation. This species is rare in Samar; it is always to be found in the company of other Flycatchers. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 106, writes: "This seems to be a very rare bird. On our first visit to Samar we secured one specimen, a female, which was destroyed with the rest of the collection, and during three months spent in Samar in the following year this species was not again obtained."

465. Cyanomyias cCElestis Celestial Blue Flycatcher (Plate 44) Hypothymis cCElestis Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xx., p. 536, 1877: Dinagat (type, female, June 1877, A. Everett, in British Museum). Fig. Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 109, pI. 7, fig. I. Distribution.-Basilan, Dinagat, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Sibuyan. Description.-Al ale.-General colour blue; forehead, lores and entire head and face clear cerulean blue, contrasting strongly with the light cobalt-blue of back, wings and tail; chin, throat and fore breast 路 deep azure blue, becoming gradually fainter and more greenish on lower breast; abdomen, flanks and under tail-coverts white, washed more or less with turquoise-blue; thighs blue; rectrices black below and their inner webs black above; prinlaries and secondaries black, edged with blue. Iris white; eyelids light greenish yellow; bill dark blue like throat, with black tip and edges; legs very dark blue; nails black. Wing, 72; tail, 74; crest, 36; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, IS路 Female.-Differs from the male in having a much shorter crest and

Bircls

I,h e Philippine Islands. Vol. Il,. Plate 44 .

Cyctnomyias helena! STEERE.

HELEN'S MASKED FLYCA'DCHER. Cyanomyias cc:e!estis (TWEEDDALE).

CELESTIAL BLUE FLYCATCHER. Cyornis lemprieri SHARPE.

LEMPRIER'S BLUE FLYCATCHER, (Upper. MALE ; lowel'. FEMALE . I

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT less intense colours; top of head darker, or nearly the same, shade as back and wings; throat and breast cobalt instead of azure. Iris

Heads and bill of Cyanomy ias ccelestis (male). dark brown; bill blue tipped and margined black; interior of gape yellow-green; orbital ring light green. Wing, 75; tail, 73; crest, r7; culmen from base, r6; tarsus, r6 ; middle toe with claw, r6 (type specimen). General Notes.--This magnificent Flycatcher is very rare, and is found only in small nun bers, feeding and moving about in the tops of forest trees, associated with species of such genera as Hypothymis, Rhipid~tra and Parus. Genus RHIPIDURA Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. Land. , XV. , p. 246, r827. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1840, p. 32): M uscicapa flab ellif era Gmelin. Rictal bristles long and conspicuous, equal to culmen from base or longer; bill wide, depressed for most of its length, slightly compressed near tip; wing shorter than tail; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth and sixth nearly equal, fifth longest; tail-feathers graduated, the difference between the outermost and middle rectrices e9ual to or greater than culmen; plumage soft, that of head neither scale-like nor pile-like; colours varIOus.

466. Rhipidura superciliaris superciliaris Mindanao Blue Fantail-Flycatcher Hypothymis superciliaris Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., L, p. 326, 1877: Isabela, Basilan. Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-Male.-Above dark verditer-blue, top of head darker;

316

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

forehead and a line over each eye silvery cobalt; ""ings and tail black, the exposed portions of webs mostly bright cobalt; chin, throat, breast and thighs dull smoky blue; lower breast and abdomen white washed with blue-grey. Bill, legs and nails black; iris brown. Wing, 78; tail, 78; culmen from base, IS; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, I4'S; middle toe with claw, 14. Female.-Similar to the male, but with the blue lighter and more verditer. Wing, 80; tail, 8S; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8路S ; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 14. General Notes.-Very common in the forests of Basilan; a strictly deep woods form, and has been found breeding in August in Mindanao and Basilan.

467. Rhipid-vtra superciliaris

samarens~s

Samar Blue Fantail-Flycatcher Hypothymis Samar-ensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 16, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 4th April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 107. Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Samar. Description.-Similar to R. s. s~tPerciliaris, but upper parts more verditer-blue; crown much darker, almost black. Iris, legs, feet and nails dark brown; bill almost black. Wing, 73; tail, 8S; culmen, IS; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 12. General Notes.-This species is fairly common in Samar and is found in deep forest in company with other Flycatchers. It has also been found breeding in July and August.

468. Rhipidura superciliaris apo Mount Apo Blue Fantail-Flycatcher (Plate 45) Rhipidura superciliaris apo Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 184, 1930: Mt. Apo, 4000 ft. (type, February 1930, in Hachisuka coIl., Tokyo). Distribution.-Mt. Apo (4000 ft.) and St. Cruz, Davao, Mindanao. Description.-The present race can be distinguished from the typical race in Basilan, and Butuan district of Mindanao, by having a more vinous-blue back, and under parts, primaries and tail a much deeper blue instead of the indigo shade. The measurements are the same as the typical bird.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT General Notes.-I have described this form from specimens, collected by myself, inhabiting a thicket along the river banks of Sibulan. Its movement, with the frequent display of . fanlike tail-feathers, is typical of this genus. These birds do not show themselves in the sunny open places like R. javanica, but confine themselves-as their colour suggests-to the green shade of the virgin forest. A specimen in the Lord Rothschild collection in the American Museum of Natural History, collected by Waterstradt on 28th November 1903, at St. Cruz, a town not very far from Davao, is of a rich dark blue, especially noticeable on the wings and tail and superciliary stripe; also a skin collected by Goodfellow at Piso belongs to this race. It appears that the S.E. Mindanao bird, from the sealevel to 4000 feet high on Mt. Apo, belongs to the present form. As far as I was able to discover, this bird is not found above 4000 ft. on Mt. Apo, and the higher region beyond Galog is inhabited by R. nigrocinnamomea.

469. Rhipidura cyaniceps cyaniceps Rufous-bellied Fantail-Flycatcher (Plate 45)

M'/JtsciPeta cyaniceps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1855, p. 43 8 : Philippine Islands, restricted to Luzon. Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, I8g8, p. 236 (eggs). Cassin, " U.S. Expl. Exp.," p. 145, pI. g, fig. I, 1858. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 182, pI. 32, fig. I, 1875. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 276, pI. 8, fig. 17 (egg), Ig03.

Native Name.-U-li-li-s1-t, Benguet, Luzon. Distribution.-Luzorr. Description.-Head and neck slaty grey, the crown streaked with silvery cobalt down each feather; sides of face, sides of neck, and mantle dull greyish; back and scapulars chestnut; wing-coverts slaty grey with faint shaft-streaks of brighter blue, the innermost of the greater series chestnut like the back; quills blackish, the secondaries â&#x20AC;˘ externally edged with chestnut, the innermost entirely of the latter colour; two centre tail-feathers black, the next on each side black on the inner web, chestnut on the outer, the rest of the tail chestnut; entire throat and breast slaty grey, streaked down the centre of the f.eathers with silvery blue; rest of the under surface deep ochraceousbuff, as also the under wing-coverts; under tail-coverts light chestnut. Very similar to R. albiventris, but abdomen, flanks and thighs cinnamon-rufous. Wing, 75; tail, 86; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16.

3IB

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

General Notes.-The eggs are ovate in shape, ground-colour rich cream-colour, a zone of spots and small blotches round the larger end; the under-markings pale slate-grey, the over-markings darker creamcolour. Measurements 19 X 14 mm. The nest of the Rufous-bellied Fantail-Flycatcher is of the usual cup-shaped type made by all the species of Rhipidura, and is placed on a dead bough in an open pathway in a conspicuous position. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 107, writes: "This pretty Flycatcher is common in the forests of Luzon, from the sea-coast up to nearly 8000 feet. In the pine-forests of Benguet it was always to be found mixing with the hunting-parties made up of nearly a dozen species of insectivorous birds. It frequented the higher branches of the trees, among which it made short flights after insects. " I was fortunate in finding a nest containing two eggs on 29th April, at Cape Engafio. The small cup-shaped nest was built on to a dead branch which had fallen across a pathway, in a most exposed position, but doubtless a safer one than if it had been among the foliage, where insect pests swarm."

470. Rhipidura cyaniceps sauli Saul's Fan tail-Flycatcher Rhipidttra sa1,tli Bourns and Worcester, l11inn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 6, 1894: Tablas. Distribution.- Tablas. Description.-M ale.-Head, crown and nape dull bluish grey, each of the feathers of crown with a narrow, decidedly lighter, shaft-mark, lacking in feathers of nape and mantle; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars and upper wing-coverts chestnut; wing black; tertiaries and secondaries heavily edged with chestnut; primaries lightly edged with same colour; central pair of tail-feathers black, faintly edged with chestnut on basal half and with shafts black, next pair with inner webs black; outer webs chestnut, shafts black on inner side, chestnut on outer; rest of feathers of tail, including shafts, chestnut above and below; sides of face, ear-coverts, chin, throat and upper breast bluish grey like the mantle; feathers of breast with distinct lighter shaft-markings; feathers of lower breast gradually changing to the chestnut of abdomen; flanks, under tail-coverts and thighs chestnut; axillars and under wingcoverts bluish grey at base, heavily tipped with che<;tnut; inner webs of quills tipped with chestnut. Iris dark brown; legs and feet vary from light to very dark slaty brown; nails blackish; bill black, except base of lower .mandible, which is grey. Female.-Like male, only paler.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT M ale.-Wing, 84; tail, 91; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16.

Female.-Wing, 76; tail, 83; culmen, 16; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-This bird is common in deep forests. It differs from the typical bird R. c. cyaniceps in its larger size and darker blue head, and in having the ochraceous-buff of under parts replaced by deep chestnut.

471. Rhipidura albiventris Wbi te-bellied Fantail-Flycatcher Philentoma albiventris Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., 1., p. 325, 1877: Guirnaras. Distribution.-Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Ticao. Description.-Head, neck and upper back greyish blue streaked with lighter blue on head; back, rump and upper .tail-coverts dark chestnut or bay; chin, throat, breast and entire sides of head and neck greyish blue, many of the feathers with white shafts; abdomen white; under tail-coverts light chestnut; feathers of thighs with dusky bases; primaries and secondaries blackish, the latter edged with chestnut, this colour covering the entire web of two or three innermost secondaries; wing-coverts mostly greyish blue like the neck, but some of the inner ones chestnut; rectrices chestnut, except innermost pair and inner webs of next pair, which are blackish. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and nails dark lead-colour. M ale.-Wing, 79; tail, 88; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS. Female.-\V'ing, 75; tail, 82; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 18 ; middle toe with claw, 15. General Notes.-This species is very showy, and is common in the forests of the islands where it occurs. It is bold and easily killed, and particularly abundant in Negros. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 107, writes: "This Flycatcher was fairly common amongst the high trees at the base of Canloan volcano. In habits it resembles the preceding species (R. c. cyaniceps)." The present species replaces R. cyaniceps in the central and southern Philippines. Its general colour-pattern is very similar, except that the present species has the cinnamon belly replaced by white and the remaining under parts are more boldly streaked, so it is advisable to keep them as separate species until we can find certain intermediate characterized specimens. There are no closely related species to R. cyaniceps and R. albiventris,

320

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

but in classification I consider R. phcenic'Hra of Java very close to them. This bird has a white throat and also a superciliary stripe. These characters are absent in the Philippine representatives, except for a very small portion of eyebrow, which is normally invisible.

472. Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea nigrocinnamomea Black-and-Cinnamon Fantail-Flycatcher (Plate 45) Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Ct., xiv., p. 12, 1903: Mt. Apo (8000 ft.) (type in Lord Rothschild coli., American Museum of Natural History, New York). Fig. Hartert, Nov. Zool., xiii., p. 758, pI. 2, fig. I, 1906. Native Name.-Ta'-din, Bagobo. Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-Entire head, chin and throat black, with a white line over each eye; fore breast white; rest of under parts cinnamonrufous and lighter than the cinnamon-rufous of back and rump; wings, tail and upper tail-coverts chestnut, but primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with chestnut. Iris reddish brown; bill all black; feet dark purpl\sh grey; claws black. Wing, 74-78; tail, 85-88; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17; m ~dle toe witH claw, 13. General Notes.-This fine species is found on Mount Apo. It is, however, very difficult to say to which species R. nigrocinnamomea is related. There are four or five species of Rhipidura which have the cinnamon tail and wing-coverts, but none of them so clear and bright as the lVIt. Apo species; among these is R. matthice 1 Heinroth, known only from St. Matthias Island, New Guinea. This and R. nigrocinnamomea have the upper parts much alike, but the under parts are practically black, except on the belly, while R. matthice has a white cheek-patch and more conspicuous superciliary stripe. R. dahli Reichenow from New Ireland and New Britain is more distantly related, having the black portion on the head and throat more of a dull smoky brown, and it is also much smaller.

473. Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea hutchinsoni Hutchinson's Fan tail-Flycatcher RJq,ipidura hutchinsoni Mearns, Phil. Jmtrn. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 357,1907 : Mt. Bliss Malindang (5750 ft.), N.W. Mindanao (type, male, 9th June 1906, in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Distribution.-Mindanao (M t. Malindang). Description.-Sirnilar to R. n. nigrocinnamomea but with no white on the breast, which is uniform cinnamon-rufous; the white lines over 1

Fig. Journ. filY OYII., 1902, p. 457. pl. 9, fig. 2.

gy.Q!1~M (Oassin).

RhiRJdura 'il!Rerciliaris Qeg Hachisuka. Mount Apo Blue Fantail-Flycatcher.

Rufous-bellied Fantail-Flycatoher. RhiRJdura fl. oigrooinnamomea Hartert. Black-and-Cinnamon Fantail-Flycatcher.

RhiRJdura

RhiRJdura lavanica Bigritorquis Vigors. Black-and-White Fantail-Flycatcher.

PHILIPPINE

JllhnlHJo.Sona 6.. Dan..bsM.tt<!LandiJn

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 45.

Tchitrea ReriORthalmica (Ogilvie-Grant). Black Paradise Flycatcher. male (lop), female (oenlre),juvBnile male (ieft).

BIRDS OF THE

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

3 21

eyes are connected across the forehead by a wide white band. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet plumbeous, with claws nearly black. Wing, 78; tail, 95; culmen, 15; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 14路 General Notes.-This subspecies is another type of the mountain form of Rhipidura, and is so far known only from Mt. Malindang, where it was discovered by Mearns.

474. Rhipidura javanica nigritorquis Black-and-White Fantail-Flycatcher (Plate 45)

Rhipidma nigritorquis Vigors, Froc. Zool. Soc., I83I, p. 97: Manila. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 277, pI. 8, fig. I9 (egg), I903. Native Names.-Ba-ling-sa-say-ao, Ticao; ca-la-mang-ti-gon, Bohol; ma-ri-a-ca-pra, Manila; ma-ri-a cong cong, Laguna de Bay; ba-li-a'-la, Siquijor. Distribution.-Banton, Basilan, Batayan, Bohol, Bongao, Buluan, off Mindanao, Calamianes, Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Dinagat, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Siasi, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Tataan, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde. Description.-Above ashy grey; forehead, crown and sides of face black; a wide white band over each eye, for the most part concealed; below white, with a wide white pectoral band; abdomen and crissum washed with pale buff; feathers of thighs black, tipped with pale buff ; axillars and wing lining blackish brown edged with white; rectrices blackish brown, all but middle pair with wide white tips. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and nails black. M ale.-"Wing, 87; tail, lIO; culmen, 17; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Female.-Wing, 81; tail, 99; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-This species is common throughout the islands; it is a very showy bird, constantly opening and closing its tail and dancing about to show its feathers. Two eggs collected by Steere in Marinduque are described as follows: "Shape ovate, ground-colour pale creamy white, with a rather wide zone round the middle composed of small blotches and spots of pale yellowish brown or lavender-grey; a few scattered spots of the same colours over the rest of the shell. Measurements 18 X 14 mm." The nest is of the usual cup-shaped type, constructed of tightly woven fibre and wide dead grass bound together with spiders' webs and neatly lined with fine grasses and black fibre. vVhitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 106, writes: "This species is the only II.-X

322

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

true member of the genus Rhipidura found in the Philippines, the next three species differing in the form of the tail and in being quite different in their mode of coloration. R. nigritorquis, like R. javanica, is seldom met with far from the coast, and is generally a frequenter of nippa, mangrove and sago swamps, while the other Philippine species frequent thick inland forests, often up to high altitudes. R. nigritorq'uis has been met with in all the larger Philippine Islands, and extends its range into Palawan, but in Borneo its place is taken by R. javanica, a bird of similar habits."

Allied Forms and their Range: Indo-Chinese countries, Tenasserim and Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula to Islands R. perlata Muller, found in the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra and Borneo, is another black-and-white species, while the Australasian region has the R. albolimbata Salvadori group, with the black portion much more intense. Melanistic forms are of uncommon occurrence. Rhipidura tenebrosa Ramsay, from the Solomon Islands, is a uniform black-coloured bird, except for the characteristic white portions on the tail. Genus XEOCEPHUS Bonaparte, Compo Rendu, xxxviii., p. 652, 1854. Type (by monotypy) : Xeocephus rufus Gray. Eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; depth of bill at nostril about two-thirds of its width; rictal bristles strong; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth and sixth subequal; tarsus equal to exposed culmen; rectrices strongly graduated; colour nearly uniform, bright reddish brown or blue. R. javanica javanica (Sparraman)

475. Xeocephus rufus rufus Long-tailed Rufous Flycatcher Tchitrea rufa Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Rist., xi., p. 371, 1843, Philippine Islands (Luzon). Xeocephus rufus Hartert, Journ.fiir Om., 1891, p. 294; McGregor, "Man. Bds. Philip.," pt. ii., p. 461, 1909; Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., NO.2, p. 184, 193 0 . Gray, " Gen. Bds.," i., p. 260, pI. 64, 1849. Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, 1898, p. 235, pI. 5, fig. 4 (egg). Native Name.-Mus-ca-d'or ca-ne'-lo, Manila. Distribution.-Cebu, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Tablas. Description.-Entire plumage rich chestnut-rufous, with inner

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

32 3

webs of primaries and secondaries seal-brown near the tips. Iris black; eye-wattle and base of bill beautiful slaty French-blue; bill lighter towards the tip, which is black; inside of mouth gamboge-yellow; feet pale slate-blue. M ale.-Wing, 93; tail, excepting central rectrices, 85; central rectrices, 100-190; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 21 ; middle toe with claw, 18. Female and immature are lighter in colour, and with lower breast, abdomen and tail-coverts whitish; central rectrices not greatly lengthened. F emale.-Wing, 86; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. There is a general tendency for the adult birds to attain darker rufous and only those inhabiting the northern islands acquire the long streamers. The proportion, however, is small-out of twenty-five specimens examined in the rufous stage only four measured 190 mm., while the remainder measured 120 mm. (the central pair exceeding only by 10 mm. the next pair). One of the sub specific characters is based on the proportion of the tail-feathers and can be recognized only in the fully adult male. General Notes.-The eggs, collected by Whitehead at Cape Engafio, Luzon, on 24th April 1895, are described as follows: "Shape ovate; ground-colour pure white, with a decided zone of small blotches and spots round the pole of the larger end; upper markings brown-lake, and under markings lilac. Two of the eggs have small dots of the darker colour thinly scattered over the whole shell, while in the third these markings are almost entirely confined to the zone. Measurements 22 x ~6 mm." Nest much like that built by Hypothymis azurea, and placed in sin1ilar positions, but within the brown lining is a second lining of fine black fibre taken from the base of palm leaves. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 108, writes: "This Long-tailed Rufous Flycatcher is a very handsome bird when alive, before the fleshy parts have turned black by drying, the pale Cambridge-blue bill and feet, and the large eye-wattle of the same colour, contrasting wonderfully with the rich red-umber plumage. We found this bird scarce in most places, but common in the forests at Cape Engano. It is found only in dense forest, frequenting the lower growth of trees. The nest and eggs are exactly like those of Hypothymis, but considerably larger." As the colour suggests, the Long-tailed Rufous Flycatcher inhabits luxuriant forests, with plenty of space to fly about under the trees. A river valley with large overhanging trees is a favouite haunt, and I have collected them in just such a spot in Baguio and the shore of Lake Taal, in Luzon.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

324

476. Xeocephus rufus cinnamomeus Short-tailed Rufous Flycatcher (Plate 46) Zeocephus cinnamomeus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 328, pI. 48, fig. I, 1877: Isabela, Basilan. Distribution.-Basilan, Bongao, Mindanao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Very similar to X. r. rufus, but lighter in colour and with the central rectrices not greatly exceeding the next pair. Iris bright slaty blue to black; nails black; bill blue to black; eye-wattles blue. M ale.-Wing, 87; tail, 85; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. F emale.-Wing, 85; tail, 80; culmen, 23; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.--Both this and the preceding bird are strictly deep woodland forms, never seen about open country. Allied Forms and their Range.-The present genus includes one species and three subspecies; two races are confined to the Philippines, while the third, X. ruf~ts talautensis 1 Meyer and Wiglesworth, occurs in the Talaut Islands, and is very closely related to the Southern Philippine form; its central tail-feathers do not exceed five millimetres more than the next pair. General coloration is more of an orange tinge throughout when comparing the whole series at the British Museum.

Genus NEOXEOCEPHUS McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., xviii., p. 79, 1921. Type (by original designation): Xeocephus cyanescens Sharpe. Similar to Xeocephus but crest full and long, the feathers loose and hair-like; tail more graduated, but central pair of rectrices never form streamers; bill somewhat flattened and broad. The present genus is uniform indigo-colour, though the juveniles are rufous, while Xeocephus is entirely cinnamon. The genus is confined to Palawan subregion. Head of Neoxeocephus cyanescens. 1

Fig. Meyer and Wiglesworth, "Birds Celebes," pI. 16, figs.

and 3. 18gB.

Bi rds 01 the Philippine I slands, Vol. II. , P late 46.

(11 121

X eocephus y路u/us cirmamomelLs SHARPE. SHORT-TAILED RUFOUS FLYCATCHER. Neox eocephus cyanescens (SHARPE I. LARGE BLUE FLYCA'I'CHER.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

477. N eoxeocephus cyanescens Large Blue Flycatcher (Plate 46) Zeocephus cyanescens Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool. i., p. 328, pI. 48, fig. 2, 1877: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, male).

Distribution.-Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-JI.,1 ale.-General colour greyish cobalt or smalt-blue ; chin, lores, a small spot at base of lower mandible and a narrow frontal line velvety black; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue; rectrices black below and their shafts black. Eye black; bill and legs 路c obalt-blue; inside of mouth bright green. W. P. Lowe states eyelids blue, inside of mouth yellow, tongue green. Wing, 96; tail, 100; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 15 ; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Female.--Similar to the male, but abdomen and criss urn whitish. Wing, 89; tail, 89; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14 ; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Young.-Similar to the adult, but lores and forehead blue; back buffy brown; remiges and rectrices largely buffy brown; under tailcoverts white washed with buff. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester observed this forest form of Flycatcher was quite common both in Palawan and the Calamianes. W. P. Lowe, Ibis, 1916, p. 617, writes: "In Palawan I found the Large Blue Flycatcher fairly common in swampy places. Colonel White found a nest in July about six feet from the ground." Zimmer (1918) writes: "I saw the Large Blue Flycatcher at Brooke's Point and Candauaga, and in the mountains of the interior of Palawan, but it was not very abundant at any of these places. Its habitat seemed to be the thickets and second growth of the forest. " Genus TCHITREA

Lesson, "Traite d'Orn.," p. 386, 1830. Type (by subsequent designation): M uscicapa paradisi Linmeus. Terpsiphone auct. is not Terpsiphone Gloger, 1841 ' (Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxii., p. 245, Igor). Bill large and depressed; rictal bristles numerous, coarse and long; head with a full occipital crest; eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; rectrices graduated. The sexes are similar in plumage during the first two years and the birds breed in this immature condition. In the third year the male develops a distinctive plumage and his central rectrices grow to twice the length of the second pair.

32-6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

478. Tchitrea periopthalmica Black Paradise Flycatcher (Plate 45) Callceops periopthalmica Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iv., p. 18, 1895: Malabon, a few kilometres from Manila (errore), substitute Batan. (Type,

Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York.) Terpsiphone nigra McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 340, pIs. 1-3, 1907: Batan; Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 108; McGregor," Man. Bds. Philip.," pp. 464,466, 1909; Hartert, Nov. Zool., xxiii., p. 335, pI. I, 1916; McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., xviii., p. 79, pI. 4, 192I. Terpsiphone atrocaudata tadai Momiyama, "Amceba," ii., No. I, p. 25, 1930 (Botel Tobago-nom. nud. !); op. cit., iii., Nos. 1-2, p. 67, 1930 (Botel Tobago). (In Japanese.) Kuroda, Nov. Zool., xxxvii., p. 392, 1932.

Native Names.-Ti-uay-uay, Batan; karorobit, Botel Tobago. Distribution.-Batan, Botel Tobago. Description.-M ale.-Black with a slight purplish blue gloss; middle of abdomen white; under tail-coverts black with white bases, and with traces of clay-brown along the edges; wings and tail black with some purplish blue gloss on exposed margins. Iris brown ; bill, legs and wide fleshy eye-wattle bright blue; nails paler blue; inside of mouth pale green. Wing, gI; central rectrices, 282; second pair of rectrices, I3I; outermost and shortest pair of rectrices, 65; culmen from base, Ig; bill from nostril, I3; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS; longest crest-feathers, IS. Nearly adult male.-Similar to the adult, but some of the feathers of lower back and a few of the inner remiges edged with chestnut; middle of lower breast, axillars and wing lining mottled with white; abdomen white; under tail-coverts terracotta-yellow with small dusky patches. Wing, go; tail-feathers: longest, 267; second, I27; shortest, 80 ; culmen from base, Ig; bill from nostril, I3; tarsus, 16'S; middle toe with claw, I6'S; longest crest-feathers, I6. Male, first year.-Head, neck, throat and breast glossy black; mantle, back and rump bright chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut and glossy black (mixed plumage); lower breast grey; abdomen white; flanks dull chestnut; under tail-coverts white washed with terracotta; alula, primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown; the primaries and secondary-coverts edged with chestnut; secondaries edged with rusty brown; rectrices dark brown, slightly chestnut, the outer pair minutely tipped with white. Wing, 85; tail, 85; outermost rectrices, 7I; culmen from base, 18'S; bill from nostril, I3; tarsus, I4; middle toe with claw, I3路

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

32 7

Female.-Differs from the adult male, first year, in having mantle, back, tail-coverts and secondary-coverts reddish brown instead of chestnut. Wing, 8S; tail, 81 ~ outermost rectrices, 74; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS. First plumage.-Above dull brown; top of head, back and tail dull reddish brown; postocular band dull ochreous; chin, throat and breast grey, the latter crossed by an ochreous band; lower breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with ochreous; wings blackish; primaries edged with dull reddish brown; primary-coverts blackish; secondaries and their coverts edged with dull rusty ochreous, taking the form of terminal spots on median coverts. Bill dull brown ; legs pale blue; nails white. Apparently this species breeds in its second year, but does not reach its most perfect plumage until its fourth year. General Notes.-This Black Paradise Flycatcher is abundant in Batan; its flight is easy and graceful, but rather slow. The call is harsh and catlike, the song simple and of limited range, consisting of several clear notes uttered in rapid succession. A nest taken in Batan Island, 29th May 1907, was saddled securely in the fork of a small branch. The single egg, heavily incubated, measured IS'4 by 20'3 mm.; in colour dull white, sparsely dotted with dark umber-brown. When John Whitehead was in Manila, during his memorable exploration of the highlands of Luzon, he saw this bird in the shop of a Filipino bird-stuffer, named Brolio Barboza, and finally acquired it. He describes it thus (Ibis, 1899, p. 108): "The unique specimen of this interesting Paradise Flycatcher was purchased by me in Manila. It had been shot by an Indian and left with the bird-stuffer unclaimed for years. I had expressed the desire to purchase this bird but could not prevail upon the Indian to part with it, until one afternoon much to my delight the man brought it to me and I purchased it. The soft parts were stated by my hunter (who skinned the bird) to have been pale blue, as in Xeocephus rufus, which is probably quite correct." This specimen was afterwards des'c ribed and made the type of a new genus, Callceops, by Ogilvie-Grant. It remained in Whitehead's collection, and was bought with the latter (after the owner's untimely death) by Lord Rothschild, and is now preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McGregor, on his collecting trip to the island of Batan, off the north coast of Luzon, secured a black-coloured Paradise Flycatcher; and a beautifully skinned series (of both sexes), with well-developed long tails, are now preserved in the Bureau of Science, Manila. The

328

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

bird was entirely new to McGregor, who described it as Terps1phone nigra in I907. Of course he was never acquainted with Whitehead's specimen Callceops, and writes as follows in his" Manual," p. 467: "The short-tailed black males of this Flycatcher agree with the description of Callceops periopthalmica, but the identity of the two species has not been established." After more than twenty years since the first discovery by Whitehead, Dr. Hartert published an account in I9I6.1 He writes about Callceops as "one of the rarest birds," and continues: "It is very strange that the bird has remained unique to this day. It must have been shot not very far from Manila, and the efforts of the industrious American ornithologists, who have been working for years in the Philippine Islands, should have brought it to light again ere this. It may be a rare bird, but we can hardly suspect that it has become extinct." In the same paper Hartert published the coloured plate of the type and discussed the relationship of Callceops, but he entirely overlooked McGregor's Terpsiphone nigra, which is " abundant" in Batan. McGregor, in Philip. Journ. Sci. , xviii., p. 80, pI. 4, I92I, made a further research on the ~ubject and writes as follows: "The type of C. periopthalmica was putchased by Whitehead from Brolio Barboza, a Filipino taxidermist, with whom I was well acquainted. The collector assured me that the specimen was killed with a blow gun near Malabon, a small town a few kilometres from Manila. Like many other taxidermists this man kept no record of his specimens, and so was unable to furnish me with any other information about this bird. Who really killed the bird is doubtful, and is of no consequence, but I think it probable that the bird was really collected near Manila. In the vicinity of Malabon the vegetation is entirely unsuited to such birds as the Paradise Flycatchers; therefore I think there can ' be no doubt that the type of CaUceops was a wind-driven individual far from its normal habitat." McGregor is to be heartily congratulated on his discovery of the home of such a rare bird while" extinct" hypothesis was nearly applied to it. Unfortunately his name nigra has to be placed as a synonym. He further feels sure that the present species will not be found in Luzon. Within recent years Momiyama's collector brought to Tokyo a fine series of male and female specimens from Botel Tobago. This series proved to be exactly identical with Hartert's coloured plate which appeared in the Nov. Zool. (I9I6) and McGregor's description in the Philippine Journal (I907). As is habitual to Momiyama, Botel 1

Nov. Zool., xxiiL, p. 335, 1916.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

32 9

Tobago specimens were at once named, as Terpsiphone atrocaudata tadai, but it has no scientific standpoint at all. In my previous work in 1930 I have determined this as T. atrocaudata periopthalmica, but I withdraw this conclusion and consider it now as a species, emphasizing that it is a sedentary southern type. It is interesting to know that the sedentary birds inhabiting islands off South China attain a dark blue colour when compared with their allies in the north to Japan or on the continent. Lalocitta, of Riu Kiu Islands, and Calophasis mikado, of Formosa, together with the present species, are similar examples. Allied Forms and their Range.1 -The nearest ally to the Black Paradise Flycatcher is undoubtedly T. at1'ocaudata, which has two races.

T. atrocaudata atrocaudata (Eyton)

T. a. illex Bangs

Japan proper, Corea, East China, Formosa, wintering in S. China and Malacca S. Kiusiu, Riu Kiu Islands

T. periopthalmica is nothing but a dark-coloured southern geographical representative of T. atrocaudata. The back and under tailcoverts are white in the latter species, while the Batan species have steel-black coloured backs like the rest of the body, and the under tailcoverts are mostly black. Should intermediately coloured specimens ever be discovered in Formosa both species could then be considered as one.

479. Tchitrea paradisi a/finis Malay Paradise Flycatcher Tchitrea affinis Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. B engal, xv., p. 292, 1846; ex Hay MS.: Malay Peninsula. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 280, 1903. Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-Male.-General colour pure white, with shaft-lines of black, especially distinct on the greater coverts; quills black, externally edged with white, inner secondaries white, with longitudinal black centres to the feathers; tail-fea.thers white, with blackish edges and with distinct black shafts; head, sides of face and entire throat greenish black, without much metallic gloss; remainder of under surface of body, including the under wing-coverts, pure white; quills blackish below, broadly white along the inner webs. Wing, 91; tail, 132; middle tail-feathers, 330; culmen, 19; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14-16. Female.-General colour orange-rufous, brown on the mantle and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut; wing-coverts 1

Chasen and Kloss, Journ. Mal. Branch Roy. As. Soc .. vi., pt. 3, p. 65, August 1928.

330

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

like the back, the greater series orange-rufous, dusky brown on the inner webs; alula, primary-coverts and primaries black, with a narrow edging of orange-rufous; the secondaries more broadly margined, the innermost being entirely orange-rufous, with longitudinal blackish centres; crown and a moderate crest glossy steel-blue; sides of face and a narrow collar around the hind neck and entire throat and breast ashy grey; remainder of the under surface yellowish buff, sides of the body washed with orange, and also the under tail-coverts, which are slightly more rufous; under wing-coverts rufescent, whiter at base; quills dark brown below, rufous along the inner web. Wing, go; tail, 105; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Bill of Tc.h~trea M ale in second plumage.-Very similar to the foreparad~sz. going, but with a longer tail, the grey on the throat and breast darker, and the white on the belly purer and less fulvous. General Notes.-The Philippine record was furnished by Cuming, who obtain"e d a specimen in Luzon. The species is an accidental visitor from Borneo, where it is common. I have failed to discover Hugh Cuming's specimen in the British Museum collection, and one is doubtful if this old record is entirely authentic, although it is quite possible to find migrants in the Philippines.

Allied Forms and their Range: T. paradisi turkestanica Zarudny and Harms T. p. leucogaster (Swainson) Kashmir, Simla, T.

T. T. T.

T. T.

T. T. T. 1

Turkestan Kumaon, Nepal, N ilgiri Hills, Persia p. affinis Blyth Assam, south of the Brahmaputra, the whole of Burma, West Siam, Annam, Cochin-China, Yunnan, Malay Peninsula, Borneo,! Sumatra, Java, Flores p. paradisi (Linnreus) India, east to Bay of Bengal p. ceylonensis Zarudny and Harms Ceylon p. incei (Gould) Manchuria, Corea, China, migrating southwards to the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Nicobars, Andamans p. nicobarica (Oates) Simalur Island off west coast of Sumatra p. procera Richmond Nias Island p. insularis (Salvadori) Sumbawa, Flores, Alor p. floris (Biittikofer) Sumba p. sumbalnsis (A. B. Meyer) Bornean birds are separated as T. p. borneensis (Hartert). but cannot be recognized"

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

33 1

Dr. Finn Salomonsen 1 has studied the racial affinities of the above species and recognizes T. p. borneensis as being distributed over Borneo, Sumatra and Java. He separates the following supposed new races, but they are scarcely recognizable : T.

p. saturatior Salomonsen

T. p. indochintnsis Salomonsen T.

p. burma Salomonsen .

Breeds in Sikkim, Bhutan and Buxa Duars in Assam and probably in Cachar and western Yunnan Pegu, Tenasserim, whole of Siam, French Indo-China Central Burma, northern Lower Burma, Arakan, north of Akyab

Genus RHINOMYIAS Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., iv., p. 367, r879. Type (by original designation): Alcippe pectoralis: Salvadori. Tip of bill overhanging, with a notch near the tip; the bill depressed at nostril; rictal bristles moderate; first primary little more than onehalf of second, which is less than third, fourth longest; tarsus slender, equal to less than one-third the length of tail; bill from nostril more than one-half the length of tarsus.

480. Rhinomyias insignis Luzon Jungle Flycatcher (Plate 47) Rhinomyias insignis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iv., p. 40, r895: Mt. Data, Lepanto (type, male, 29th January r895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum; co-type, Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Fig. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, r895, p. 446, pI. xii., fig. 2. Distribution.-Luzon (mountains of the north). Description.-The sexes of this extremely handsome Flycatcher are perfectly similar to one another in plumage. Upper parts olive, washed with sienna on the rump, upper tail-coverts and tail; the superciliary stripes, chin and throat-patch, middle of lower breast and belly, and under tail-coverts pure white; lores and fore part of the cheeks blackish; rest of cheeks, ear-coverts and sides of throat olive washed with rufous, the latter colour gradually increasing ' in intensity on the chest and upper breast, and becoming clear rust-red on the sides and flanks. Quills washed with reddish olive instead of sienna. Iris light brown; bill black; legs and feet lead-blue. 1

Salomonsen. Ibis. 1933. p. 730.

332

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 89; tail, 66; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22. General NoteS.-Flycatchers of this genus are as a rule very rare birds, and the present species was first discovered by Whitehead, during January r895, in Lepanto district. Four specimens, including the type, are in the Lord Rothschild coll'ection. McGregor is the only collector of this species besides the discoverer. Whitehead, Ibis, r899, p. r09, writes: ÂŤ We obtained six specimens of this handsome Flycatcher on Monte Data, at nearly 8000 feet, in January r895. It frequents the thick, dark, low forest, composed chiefly of evergreen oaks, which covers most of the summit of the mopntain. " Allied Forms and their Range.-The nearest species to R. insignis is R. gularis Sharpe, known only at an altitude of 7000 feet on Kina Balu, in Borneo. General coloration of this bird is much like R. albig'ularis, but its larger size and fairly distinct and long superciliary stripe acclaim it nearest to R. insignis.

48r. Rhinomyias albigularis White-throated Jungle Flycatcher (Plate 47) Rhinomyias albigularis Bourns and Worcester, l'vfinnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., p. 27, r894: Negros (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington) . Grant, Ibis, r896, p. 541. Fig. Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, r898, p. 237, pI. 5, fig. 3 (egg).

Distribution.-Guimaras, Negros (Mt. Canloan). Description.-General colour above ochraceous brown, duller on head, much brighter on rump, becoming chestnut on the tips of upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts like back; quills nearly black, washed with rusty brown on outer webs, this wash changing to whitish on the primaries; upper surface of tail dull chestnut, the feathers becoming almost black at tips; lores grey; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck like crown; a ring of feathers round eye slightly lighter; chin and entire throat white; entire breast light olive-brown; flanks washed with the same colour; abdomen pure white; under tail-coverts white, light brown at tips; under wing-coverts, axillars and inner webs of quills buffy white; bend of wing olive-brown. Iris brown; bill black; feet pale pinkish cobalt. Wing, 8r-86; tail, 57-63; culmen from base, r8-20; tarsus, 20-22; middle toe with claw, 18. General NoteS.-Bourns and Worcester say: "The white throat contrasts strongly with the brown of neck and breast and at once dis-

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 47.

JohnS ..

1. Rhinomyjas !:J!.fjcauda samarensis (Steere). Philippine Rufous-tailed Jungle Flyoatcher. 2. Rhinomyias good{.el/owi Ogilvie-Grant. Goodfellow'S Jungle Flycatoher (Type specimen female). 3. RhinomyJas iJ!ljgf!jยง Ogilvie-Grant. Luzon Jungle Flycatcher (Type specimen female ). 4 . Rhinomy.iJJยง albigularis Bourns and Worcester. White-throated Jungle Flycatoher.

-111,\

r.lln,.lltIOI"UJLtmdon

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

333

tinguishes this species from all other Philippine representatives of the genus. R. albigltlaris is a deep woods form and is extremely rare in the localities visited by us." \\'hitehead collected a nest and two eggs of this species in N egros on 3lst March 1906, and describes them as follows: "Shape of eggs short, ovate, one much blunter at the small end than the other. Groundcolour very pale dull rufous, indistinctly mottled all over with darker shades of the same colour. In general appearance these eggs strongly resemble one type laid by the Common Robin. Measurements, 23 X I7 mm." The nest is composed of moss, and lined with fine roots, placed in a hole in an old rotten tree about six feet from the ground. \Vhitehead, Ibis, l899, p. l09, writes: "Scarce. Met with on the lower slopes of Canloan volcano, Negros. " Allied Forms and their Range.-I have already mentioned under the preceding species that this present species is closely related to R. gltlaris, which has an intermediate character between R. insignis and R. albigularis. The present species shows also an intermediate character between R. insignis and R. rufica'Uda nificrissa Sharpe, and is also closely related to R. 1tmbratilis (but can be distinguished by its larger size, the absence of white in front of the eye, and the more olivaceous brown cheeks and chest band) which inhabits the south of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.

482. Rhinomyias goodfellowi Goodfellow's Jungle Flycatcher (Plate 47) Rhinomyias goodfellowiOgilvie-Grant, Bttll. Brit. Orn. Ct., xvi., p. l7, 1905: Mt. Apo, 8000 ft., S.E. Mindanao (type, female, March, I905, W. Goodfellow, in British Museum). Fig. Ibis, 1906, p. 482, pI. 18, fig. 2. Distribution.-Mindanao (alps region of Mt. Apo). Description.-General colour above, including the wings and tail, dark slate, shading into dull black on top of head and ear-coverts; a narrow white band across the base of bill, continued over lares in a narrow superciliary stripe; lares and feathers surrounding the upper eyelid black; chin, throat, middle of breast, belly and under tail-coverts whitish; chest, sides and flanks brownish buff; axillars, under wing-coverts and inner edge of quills whitish. Iris dark reddish brown; bill black; feet ashy grey. Wing, 89; tail, 68; culmen, 21; tarsus, 2I; middle toe with claw, 15. General Notes.-This distinct species is at once recognizable from other members of the genus by the dark slate-colour of the upper parts.

334

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 483. Rhinomyias ruficauda samarensis Philippine Rufous-tailed Jungle Flycatcher (Plate 47)

Setaria Samarensis Steere, List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 16, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 2nd April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Rhinomyias ruficauda mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. lvhts., xxxvi., p. 439, 190 9: Pantar, Mindanao (type, male, 24th August 1903, Mearns coIl., in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar. Description.-Male.-Above rich olive-brown, darkest on the head; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive-brown; tail-coverts and rectrices ferruginous; lores and ear-coverts pale grey, the latter washed with olive; under parts white, washed on sides of throat and body with pale grey; thighs brown. Bill black; iris brown or hazel; legs light blue, or pinkish brown. Wing, 68-73; tail, 56-62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, II; tarsus, I5'8-I7; middle toe with claw, 21. Female.-Similar to the male, but lores obscured with brown and ear -coverts olive-brown. Wing, 69; tail, 50; culmen from base, r6; bill from nostril, ro; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, I6. Immature.-Sides and flanks washed with brown and feathers of breast edged more or less with brown; greater and median wing-coverts tipped with spots of light ochreous brown. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, r899, p. r09, writes: "Scarce. Found by us frequenting the tree-forests of Samar and Leyte." It

484. Rhinomyias ruficauda ruficauda Basilan Rufous-tailed Jungle Flycatcher Setaria ntjicauda Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool, i., p. 327, 1877 : Isabela, Basilan (type Lord Rothschild coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Rhinomyias rufica1;~da. basilanica Hachisuka, Bull. Brit. Om. Cl., Iii., p. lIO, 1932: Basilan (type, male, June r878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-This bird is similar to R. r. samarensis, but it can be distinguished in having a bluish grey wash on the throat, breast and face, instead of buffish brown; it is particularly noticeable on the lores and ear-coverts.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT ,

335

Wing, 69-74; tail, 50-58; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-This Jungle Flycatcher is not rare in deep forest in Basilan.

485. Rhinomyias ruflcauda ocularis Chestnut-eyed Jungle Flycatcher Rhinomyias ocularis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 28, 1894: Sulu (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Distribution.-Pangamian, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-General colour above uniform olive-brown, slightly brighter on the rump; tail dark chestnut, much brighter on outer webs of feathers, which are very dull at tips; wing-coverts like back; quills brownish black washed with rusty brown, this becoming whitish on first two or three primaries; lares buffy white; ring of short feathers around eye chestnut; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck fulvous brown, the former with lighte shaft-stripes; centre of throat and fore breast white, greyish along sides; breast and flanks washed with light fulvous brown; abdomen and untler tail-coverts white, the latter faintly tipped with brown; thighs olive-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish; inner webs of secondaries edged with buffy white. Iris brown; legs, feet and nails pale slate to light brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower light brown. Wing, 75; tail, 47; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-The peculiar ring of feathers round the eye forms a noticeable character by which this species is readily distinguished from other Philippine representatives of the genus. It is fairly abundant in the forests of Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Food usually insects, but has been found eating fruit. The only specimens were collected by Everett and Bourns and Worcester. Allied Forms and their Range.-The only geographical forms are found in Borneo.

R. ruficauda ruficrissa Sharpe . Kina Balu (3000 ft.) The higher region of this mountain is inhabited by the much larger species R. gularis Sharpe. R. r. isola Hachisuka

Mt. Dulit (3500 ft.) and Mt. Kalulong

The genus Rhinomyias is essentially a Malayan bird, and only one representative, R. colonus Hartert, is found in the Sula Islands, in the

336

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Australasian region. This species has a comparatively long tail, like R. umbratilis, but differs from that species by having a long and slender bill. R. umbratilis (Strickland) Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo R. pectoralis (Salvadori) is a synonym. Gewus CULICICAPA

?winhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 381. Type (by monotypy) : auct. =Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swainson.

c~nereocaPilla

Bill short and depressed, its depth at nostril little more than onehalf the width; oral bristles numerous, the longest reaching nearly to tip of bill; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus slender, equal to twice the bill from nostril; plumage mostly yellow.

486. Culicicapa ceylonensis ceylonensis Grey-headed Yellow Flycatcher Ptatyrhynchus ceylone11;sis Swains on , Zool. Illustr., ser. i., p. I, pI. 13, 1820: Ceylon. Culicicapa ceylonensis orientalis Baker, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xliv., p . II, 1923: Szechuan. Culicicapa ceylonensis meridionalis Baker, B~6ll . Brit. Om. Cl., xliv., p. 12, 1923: Keotung Song, Siam. Culicicapa ceylonensis pellopira Oberholser, Smith's Misc. Colls., 76, No . 6, p. 9, July 1923: Tjibods, Mt. Gede, West Java. Culicicapa ceylonensis eophila Oberholser, Smith's Inst., U.S. Nat. Mus. B~tll., 159, p. 58, 1923: Bunguran Is., Natuna Is. Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 283, pI. 9, fig. 6, 1903.

Distribution.-Palawan. Description.-Top of head smoky grey; lores and sides of head lighter; remainder of upper parts light greenish yellow, rump a trifle lighter; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, edges of secondaries lighter and more yellowish; chin, throat and fore breast ashy grey; remainder of lower parts, including axillars and wing lining, bright yellow. Iris dark hazel; bill brown, paler at the base and gape; mouth yellow; legs brownish yellow; claws horn-colour. Wing, 60; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, g. General NoteS.-The trinominal appellation of the Palawan specimen is only tentative. This spedes is unfortunately burdened with many subspecific names, but there is no recently published revision of the group. I am indebted to Dr. Kuroda, who has contributed

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

337

in his excellent work on the "Birds of Java," p. 226, 1933, a fine collection of literature; but while Platen's Palawan specimen remains in Germany I am unable to proceed further with the question, and must wait until more specimens are available from the Philippines. Allied Forms and their Range. - The genus includes two geographically separated species, both of which are found in the Philippine Archipelago; the present species has only once been collected, by Platen, and must, therefore, be an accidental visitor from Borneo. Approximately the following four races may be recognized without much dispute :C. ceylonensis ceylonensis

(Swains on)

C. c. sejuncta Hartert

Ceylon, whole of India (except Sind, Punjab and Rajputana), Burma, Yunnan, Shan States and Siam, hills of south and central W. China, Indo-China and Malay Peninsula Java, Borneo, Sumatra, South Flores, Sumba Is.

487. Culicicapa helianthea panayensis Philippine Yellow Flycatcher Xantholestes panayensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 327, 1877: Panay. Muscicapa helianthea Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 476: Menado, Celebes. McGregor, " Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 472, 1909. Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc., viii., p. 66, pI. 7, fig. I, 1874.

Distribution.-Bongao, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Above greenish yellow; feathers of crown with dusky centres; lores and sides of head lighter; a circle of feathers round eye bright yellow; under parts liniform bright yellow; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, those of the secondaries more yellowish. Iris nearly black; upper mandible black; lower mandible pale yellowish, dusky along the edge; legs and nails dark brown. Male.-Wing, 54-60; tail, 48; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, II. F emale.-Wing, 54; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 12 ; middle toe with claw, II. II.-Y

338

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Y oung.-Three nestlings collected in Benguet Province, Luzon, on Ist June Ig03, resemble the adults, but the upper parts are darker and more greenish; rump and edges of secondaries and coverts pale yellow and entire lower parts pale yellow, brightest on the abdomen. General Notes.-Celebean specimens seem to have a more flattened and wider bill, and the back a more olive-green than yellowish tinge. These conclusions are based on the examination of a large series which at the present time is hardly worth while separating. This bird is found in the deep woods, and has rather a pleasant song. It is quite easy to obtain when located, as it is not at all shy. Whitehead, Ibis, I8gg, p. rog, writes: "This species, better known to Philippine collectors as C. h. panayensis Sharpe, is of wide distribution in the Philippines, and doubtless will be met with in all the larger islands. In Palawan it is common in the forest which borders the coast. In Luzon we obtained it only in the high mountains at from 5000-7000 feet, where it was feeding with the mixed flocks of other birds in the pinetrees. It generally rests on the lower outside branches, from which it makes short flights after insects. Our Leyte specimen was obtained at rooo feet in the mountains in the north of that island." Allied Form and its Range: C. helianthea helianthea 1 (Wallace)

Celebes

The Philippine Yellow Flycatcher is uniformly coloured, throat like the rest of the under surface; the only allied species is C. ceylonensis, which has a slate-grey head, throat and breast. The genus is certainly of Oriental origin, but the present species is the same as that found in the Australasian region, and is found not only in the Philippines, but also in Celebes, Banggai and the Saleyer Islands.

Genus SEICERCUS Swainson, (( Class. Bds.," ii., pp. 84, 259, r837. Type (by monotypy) : Cryptolopha auricapilla Swainson, ib. =Sylvia burkii Burton. . This genus includes a large number of Oriental Warblers which superficially very closely approach the Flycatchers in appearance, especially in the great development of the frontal hairs. The young, however, are neither spotted nor squamated, but paler and even brighter than the adults, as is usual in the Sylviidre. The bill is about half the length of the head, very broad and blunt; the rictal bristles are greatly developed, and the supplementary hairs reach beyond the nostrils and, in some cases, almost to the tip of the 1

Fig. Trans. Zool. Soc., viii., pI. 7, fig. 1,1874.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

339

bill; the wing is rather rounded, the first primary small, the second and third graduated; the tail is moderate, square, or occasionally forked. It has a partial spring moult.

488. Seicercus montis xanthopygius Palawan Flycatcher Warbler

Cryptolopha xanthopygia Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., i., p. 31, 1893: Blegi (1.500 ft.), Palawan (type, Lord Rothschild coil., in American Museum of Natural History). . Fig. Whitehead, " Exped. Kina Balu," pI. 16, fig. 2, 1893.

Distribu tion.-Palawan. Description.-Top and sides of head, ear-coverts and hind neck chestnut; a broad band of black on crown from above eye to side of neck; lores yellowish; eyelids white; cheeks bright yellow, becoming rufous posteriorly; rest of upper parts dull olive-green; rump yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; median and greater wing-coverts tipped with yellow, forming a double wing-bar; under parts, including under wing-coverts and axillars, bright yellow, with a wash of rufous on sides of upper breast. Wing, 41-51; tail, 38-41; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, II. Allied Forms and their Range: Borneo Malay Peninsula Sumatra South Flores

S. montis montis 1 (Sharpe) S. m. davisoni 2 (Sharpe) S. m. inornata (Robinson and Kloss) S. m. floris (Hartert)

489. Seicercus neglectus n2grorum Green Flycatcher Warbler (Plate 48)

Cryptolopha mgrorum Moseley, Ibis, 1891, p. 47, pI. 2, fig. I : Lake Danao, Southern Negros. Gerygone neglecta Wallace, Proc. Zool.' Soc., October 186.5, p. 47.5: Waigou Is. D~stribution.-Luzon, Mindoro, Negros (4000-8000 feet). Description.-Above dull olive-green, darkest on crown, lightest on rump and tail-coverts; wings and tail brown, the feathers edged with olive-green; two outermost pairs of rectrices edged with white on inner webs; greater coverts tipped with greenish yellow, forming a bar; 1 2

Fig. Ibis, 1889, p. 203, pI. viii. Robinson, "Birds of Malay Peninsula," ii., pI.

20,

1928.

340

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

lores and postocular band dark brown, surmounted by a greenish yellow line; cheeks and ear-coverts greenish yellow; below nearly uniform greenish yellow or light olive-green, lightest on abdomen and crissum ; feathers of throat and breast with white shafts. Iris and bill dark brown; legs lead-grey. M ale.-Wing, 57; tail, 40; culmen from base, II; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 17. Female.-Wing, 52; tail, 37; culmen from base, II; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16. Immature.-The upper parts slightly duller and the line over the eye much paler than the adult; throat and breast very pale yellow; abdomen and crissum light yellow; the sides more dusky than the centre of breast and abdomen; pale yellow tips of wing-coverts well marked. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. IIO, writes: "This species is a true highlander, generally putting in an appearance at 4000 feet, and becoming very common at from 6000 to 8000 feet. It will doubtless be met with in most of the Philippine highlands. It was obtained by us at 8000 feet on Monte Data, at 4000 feet in Mindoro, and at 6000 feet in Negros. It is a busy bird, and generally hunts for its food in company with oth.er species."

490. Seicercus neglectus mindanensis Mt. Apo Flycatcher Warbler Cryptotopha mindanensis Hartert, B~tll. Brit. Orn. Ct., xiv., p. I2, I903 : Mt. Apo (8000 ft.), Mindanao (type, female, W. Goodfellow, Lord Rothschild coll., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Native Name.- Behr-riss behr-riss, Bagobo, Mt. Apo. Distribution.-Mindanao (M t. A po). Description.-Male.-Above rich olive-yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of two outermost pairs of redrices white; no light bar on wing-coverts; lores bright greenish yellow; no dark line through eye and no light line above eye; under parts rich greenish yellow, as in the female. Wing, 61; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7 ; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 17. Female.-Upper surface olive-green; remiges blackish brown, outwardly edged with the colour of the back, inwardly with yellowish white; middle rectrices dusky brown, edged with olive-green, outermost pair with the inner webs white, except a brown patch near the base; basal half of outer webs pale sulphur-yellow, distal half, except a line near the shaft, dusky brown; the next pair similar, but with a little more brown near the base, and the outer web throughout with dusky

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE.

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 48.

Upper. SeioerCII8 (Mclec/1I8 rligrorllm (Moseley!. Green Flycatcher Warbler. Lower. Seicercu8 olivaceus oliYacells (Moseley). Olivaceoll8 Flycatcher Warbler.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

34 I

patches. the third pair from outside with an irregular white stripe near the shaft on the inner web and a narrow white border' a narrow buffish brown superciliary line. not very conspicuous; under side sulphuryellow; fore neck and breast tinged with olive-green; under wingcoverts white. yellow near the edge of the wing; under tail-coverts yellow. Wing. 59; tail. 45; culmen from base. 10; tarsus. 18; middle toe with claw. 16. General Notes.-This Warbler is common in the alpine region of Mt. Apo.

49I. Seicercus neglectus malindangensis Mt. Malindang Flycatcher Warbler Cryptolopha malindangensis Mearns. Froc. U.S. M~ts .â&#x20AC;˘ xxxvi .â&#x20AC;˘ p. 440. 19O9: Mt. Malindang (gooo feet). Mindanao (type. male. 6th June 19o6. in U.S. National Museum. Washington). Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Malindang). Description.-Upper parts olive-green. darkest on the crown; wings and tail dark brown. broadly bordered with olive-green on the outer webs. but with outer rectrix white to the base. edged with pale yellow basally and with olive-brown terminally on outer web; second rectrix dark brown at base of inner web, white on terminal two-thirds. yellow on basal half of outer web and olive-brown on terminal half; third rectrix edged with white at tip of inner web and yellow on outer web at base; loral and postocular streak yellowish white; entire under parts sulphuryellow. obscured by pale olive-green centres to the feathers; under tailcoverts plain sulphur-yellow; sides of chest and flanks olive-green, streaked with yellow; axillars and lining of wings pale sulphur-yellow; cheeks pale sulphur-yellow. mottled with very pale olive-green. Iris hazel; bill brownish black, flesh-colour at base of mandible; feet greyish flesh-colour; claws brown. Similar to S. n. mindanensis. from which it differs in being less yellow above and below. and with a distinct yellowish white postocular streak extending to the occiput; bill flesh-colour instead of yellow on base of mandible; feet greyish flesh-colour instead of plumbeous. Wing, 56; tail. 46; culmen from base. 12; bill from nostril. 7 ; tarsus. 21; middle toe with claw. 17.

Allied Forms and their Range: S. neglect'us neglectus (Wallace) S. n. dohertyi (Rothschild and Hartert) S. n. notatlls 1 (Salvadori) 1

Waigou Is. New Guinea (Lobo, Kapaur) . N.W. New Guinea

Fig. Gould, "Bds. }Jew Guinea." ii.. pI. 12, 1886.

342

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Seicercus waterstradti (Hartert) from Batjan and Obi Islands is very closely related to the above species. The Celebean mountains are represented by Seicercus sarasinorum 1 (Meyer and Wiglesworth), but strangely enough this species is quite distinct from any Philippine representative by having a yellow stripe in the centre of its crown.

492. Seicercus olivaceus olivaceus Olivaceous Flycatcher Warbler (Plate 48 ) Abrornis olivacea Moseley, Ibis, 1891, p. 47, pI. z, fig. z: Samar. Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Negros, Samar, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Entire upper parts olive-green; top of head and neck streaked with ashy grey; lores dusky, surmou路n ted by a line of light greenish yellow; eyelids bright yellow; postocular band dusky, surmounted by a narro\\, whitish line; cheeks and ear-coverts yellowish green, streaked with pale yellow; under parts whitish, streaked with pale yellow; flanks was~ed with light olive-green; feathers of thighs dusky, tipped with light yellow; under tail-coverts uniform light yellow; wing-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; edge of wing and axillars clear light yellow; rectrices olive-green, the inner webs of two outermost pairs edged with light yellow. Iris dark brown to black; legs, feet and nails light brown; upper mandible dark brown to black; lower mandible yellow. Wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen from base, IS; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS. Y oung.-The crown is olive-green like the rest of the upper parts, the chin and throat pale yellow, and the outer webs of the outer primaries olive-green like the rest of the quills. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester write: "Not uncommon; met with by us in several islands in company with flocks of Phylloscopus." Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. IIO, writes: "Widely distributed throughout the Philippines, being met with from Cape Engafio, NorthEast Luzon to Mindanao, and from Samar westward to Tawi Tawi. This species frequents the lowland forests, and was not found in the mountain regions." Moseley notes the birds feed on small insects in N egros. 1

Fig. Meyer and Wiglesworth," Bds. Celebes," ii., pI. 19. 18gB.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

343

493. Seicercus olivaceus cebuensis Cebu Flycatcher Warbler Cryptolopha cebuensis Dubois, " Syn. Av.," p. 286, 1900: Cebu. Cryptolophaftavigularis (not of Austin), Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 23, 1894 (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distrihution.-Cebu. Description.-Similar to S. o. olivaceus, but uniform olive-green above, with no grey lines on head; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; chin and throat clear light yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts light greenish yellow; a band of olive-green from lores through eye to occiput, bordered above by a line of greenish yellow. Iris dark grey; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible pale yellow; legs feet and nails very light brown. M ale.-Wing, 58; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 16. Female.-Wing, 54; tail, 45; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester write: "Only a single specimen was collected. Breeding in Cebu in June." It is an interesting fact that S. o. cebuensis is known only from Cebu, whereas the typical race is commonly found throughout the archipelago, from Luzon to Tawi Tawi. British Museum has no specimens of this race.

Genus EUMYIAS Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i., p. 53, I85!. indigo Horsfield.

Type (by monotypy): Mu,sct"capa

Bill broad and depressed; width at nostril nearly twice the depth; rictal bristles moderate; the wing exceeds the tail by less than length of tarsus; first primary more than one-half of second and less than onehalf of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus twice the bill from nostril. This genus is similar to Cyornis, but in Eumyias the sexes are alike in colours and nearly the entire plumage is verditerblue. 1 Blyth having already used the name Stoparola in White's" Nat. Rist. Selborne, " p. II9. 1886, it cannot be employed again; nor would any subsequent juggling with the relative position of the" 0 .. and" a" render it admissible. The name Stoporala cannot be employed. The next oldest name, Eumyias, must therefore take its place. Stuart Baker (" Fauna of Brit. Ind .... viii., p. 630, 1930) and Mathews (" Systema Av. Australas .... ii .â&#x20AC;˘ p. 528. 1930) agree with these conclusions. while Kuroda (" Birds of Java." i., p. 214, 1933). Oberholser (Proc. Bioi. Soc. Wash .â&#x20AC;˘ xxxii. p. 47. 1919). and others still retain Stoparola of Blyth.

344

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 494. Eumyias panayensis nigrimentalis Black-masked Verditer Flycatcher (Plate 51)

Stoparola nigrimentalis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iii., p. 50, 1894: La Trinidad, Benguet Dist., N.W. Luzon (type, male, 13th January 1894, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Ibis, 1894, p. 507, pI. 14, fig. 2.

Distribution.-Luzon, Mindoro (3000-7000 feet). Description.-General colour verditer-blue, darker above; silvery on forehead, over eyes and on under parts; forehead, lores, jaw, chin and line round eye black, forming a mask; abdomen and crissum white, the latter washed with pale ochreous; thighs black, the feathers tipped with white; wings and tail brownish black, the outer webs of the feathers verditer-blue. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and nails black. M ale.-Wing, 73; tail, 62; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15. Female.-Wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17路 middle toe with claw, 14. Nestling.-Above blackish, each feather tipped with rusty yellowish brown, below ochreous or dark buff, the feathers edged with black; middle of abdomen white; the slightly developed primaries, secondaries and rectrices brownish black, edged with blue, as in the adult ; wing-coverts like the back. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. lIO, writes: I believe this was the first new bird shot by me in the Philippines during a climb to the top of Monte Arayat. I shot at it at close quarters on the summit of the mountain; the shot, unfortunately, cut the bird's head right off. I had no doubt, on meeting with this Flycatcher in Benguet, that it was of the same species as the bird I had unintentionally destroyed. This Flycatcher was also met with in Mindoro, on Mt. Dulangan. It is a highland form, being met with at nearly 7000 feet, but occurs also at 3000 feet." It

495. Eumyias panayensis panayensis Panay Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias panayensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., pt. 6, i., p. 326, 1871: Panay.

Distribution.-Negros, Panay. Description.-General colour above dull verditer-blue, rather brighter on the forehead and over the eye, forming an indistinct eyebrow; least wing-coverts resembling the back, the greater series and the quills blackish brown, externally edged with dull verditer-blue;

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

345

tail-feathers blackish, also edged with verditer on the outer web; sides of face dull verditer, as also the whole of the throat and breast, shading off into white on the abdomen and flanks, the latter washed with blue; fore part of cheeks and throat slightly varied, with silvery tips to the feathers; thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white. Iris dark brown. Bill black; feet dark brown. Wing, 80-83; tail, 66-Jo; culmen, 14; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-The Panay Verditer Flycatcher appears to inhabit the mountains. A single specimen was collected by Steere on an expedition into the mountains behind Sibulan, Negros. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. lIO, writes: "Obtained on the lower slopes of Canloan volcano, frequenting the old forest, but by no means common." Everett collected one specimen at Valencia, Negros.

496. Eumyias panayensis nigriloris Mindanao Verditer Flycatcher

Stoparola panayensis nigriloris Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xiv., p. 80, 1904: Mt. Apo, 8000 feet, Mindanao (type, male, coll. by Waterstradt, Lord Rothschild coIl., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-Very similar to E. p. panayensis, but differs in having the wing about 5 mm. shorter, the feathers on the lores black to the tips, not only at the bases; the feathers on the chin and upper throat less squamiform, the bases not so blackish; the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts creamy buff, not buffy white. Wing, 72-79; tail, 66-Jo; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, S; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-The Mindanao Verditer Flycatcher is found only on Mt. Apo, and was first discovered by Waterstradt in March 1903, at an elevation of 8000 feet. It is a common bird in that region, although its habits are rather quiet and not showy or noticeable.

Allied Forms and their Range: E. panayensis harterti (Van Oort) E. p. obiensis (Hartert) . E. thalassina thalassina (Swainson)

Ceram Obi The whole Empire north of the Nilgiris and Travancore, except Sind, the Andamans and the Nicobars. In Burma it extends as far south as Tenasserim, French Indo-China

346

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

E. t. thalassoides (Cabanis)

Peninsular Siam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo Ceylon

E. sordida (Walden)

E. panayensis, when compared with E. thalassina, can be easily recognized by its smoky and less vivid blue plumage. Strangely enough the Ceylonese species, E. sordida, is also another type of the smoky-coloured variety. Although the above three species are clearly marked, and separated by islands, no intermediate individuals are known to exist, and it is therefore possible to unite them under one species. Another allied species is : E. indigo indigo (Horsfield) E. i. ruficrissa (Salvadori) E. i. cerviniventris (Sharpe)

. Java Sumatra Borneo (Kina Balu)

The fifth and last species included in the genus Eumyias is: E. albicaudata (Jerdon), found in Southern India.

Family PERICROCOTIDÂŁ

(C ampephagidce) The name of the genus Campephaga being unfortunately preoccupied, it is impossible for the family to be called after it. The next oldest genus is Pericrocotus, and the family will therefore have to be known by that name. The characteristics are those of the Laniidre (Shrikes), but the feathers of the rump have stiffened, spiny shafts. On the whole the wings are proportionally longer and more pointed, and the legs and feet are comparatively weaker. The Minivets are longer in the tail and very cuneiform. Most of the latter are of brilliant colouring, the males black (or grey) and red, or various shades, while the females are grey, green or yellow. Lalage are of various shades of grey, with the same spinous plumage, the tail is graduated but not cuneiform. Coracina and Edolisoma have the plumage grey, a nearly square tail and a massive bill. Bill strong, as wide and deep as nostril, or slightly wider; culmen and cutting edge gently curved throughout their length; a small notch near tip of bill; nostrils covered by short close-set feathers; rictal and nasal bristles short and weak; wing rather long and pointed; first primary short, equal to about one-half the length of wing; second primary considerably shorter than third or fourth; tarsus moderately developed; feathers of rump with thickened shafts. In this family

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

347

the bill, legs and nails are black. The nests are built in trees, and the eggs are usually greenish blue, spotted with brown and grey. Genera (A) 1 Bill larger and stronger; culmen from base longer than tarsus; wing more than 150 mm.; parts of the body plumage usually more or less barred with black and white. CORACINA, p. 347. (A) 2 Bill smaller and more slender; culmen from base equal to, or less than, tarsus; wing less than 140 mm.; body plumage of the adult never barred with black and white. (b) 1 Much larger; wing more than 125 mm. EDOLISOMA, p. 353. (b) 2 Much smaller; wing less than 125 mm. (c) 1 Tarsus shorter and weaker, less than middle toe with claw; rectrices long, slender and strongly graduated. PERICROCOTUS, p. 360. (c) 2 Tarsus longer and stouter, more than middle toe with claw or than culmen from base; rectrices shorter and wider. LALAGE, p. 367. J enus CORACINA 1 Vieillot, "Analyse Nouv. Ornith.," pl. 37, r8r6. Type (by subsequent designation of Cabanis, "Mus. Hein.," i., p. 62, r850) : Cho~tcari = Corvus papuensis Gmelin. Bill large and strong; wing considerably longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half of second, fourth longest; tarsus strong, longer than bill from nostril; tail nearly square, but outermost pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the others. The Philippine species of Coracina are very much alike; the wings and tail are black and the greater part of the remaining plumage is grey, but certain parts are barred with black and white in nearly all the species. The sexes are unlike and the male is slightly larger than the female.

497. Coracina striata difficilis Palawan Barred Cuckoo-Shrike

Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Nov. Zool., ii., p. 470, r895: Balabac (type, male, Everett coIl., Lord Rothschild coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Male.-Nearly uniform pale grey, except wings and 1 I adopt most modern authors' views, using Coraci'N a and not Graucalus of euvier. See Kuroda" Bds. of Java," p. 180, footnote, 1933.

348

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

tail, palest on uropygium and crissum, much lighter grey than in C. s. striata or C. s. mindorensis; no black on forehead, lores and chin. Iris pale yellow; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 158; tail, 121; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21 ; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 26. Female.-General colour pale grey like the male; rump and upper tail-coverts white barred with black; black bars on under parts narrower than the white spaces, and under tail-coverts with only one or two bars on each feather. Wing, ISS; tail, II4; culmen from base, 30; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 26. Y oung.-The young male is barred like the young female and the young of both sexes have white fringes on the rectrices, remiges and wing-coverts. General Notes.-Zimmer (1918) writes: "The Palawan Barred Cuckoo-Shrike was common throughout the forest, where it remained in the higher branches. I usually saw the species in pairs, though sometimes singly. It was rather impassive, lleither obtrusive nor retiring. "

498. Coracina striata striata Luzon Barred Cuckoo-Shrike

Choucas de la nouvelle G1tinee Daubenton, "PI. En!.," iii., pI. 629, 1774; Montbeillard, "Rist. Nat. Ois.," iii., p. 80, 1775. Corvus striatus Boddaert, " TabI. PI. Enl.," p. 38, 1783: New Guinea. New Guinea Crow, Latham, "Gen. Syn. Birds," i., p. 381, 1781. New Guinea (errore) = Luzon. Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix路., p. 175, pI. 30, fig. I, 1875.

Native Name.-Ba-bu,y ba-b~ty-an, Manila. Distribution.-Lubang, Luzon, Polillo. Description.-Male.-General colour, except remiges and rectrices, dark grey; feathers of rump fringed with white; feathers in front of eyes and covering nostrils, a narrow line above eye, a small patch on jaw, and a few feathers on chin black. Iris straw-yellow; bill, legs and nails black. Wing, 163; tail, 120; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 20 ; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Female.-General plumage dark grey; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts with white tips and subterminal black bars; abdomen, crissum, wing lining and axillars black, with narrow white bars; lores and feathers round eyes blackish. Wing, 170; tail, 125; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 26.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

349

499. Coracina striata mindorensis Mindoro Barred Cuckoo-Shrike

Artamides Mindorensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 14, 1890: Mindoro. McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila, xxxiv., p. 19, pI. 14, 1905 (nest and egg). Distribution.-Libagao, Mindoro, Tablas. Description.-Male.-Lores, nasal plumes, line round eye, jaw and chin black; rest of plumage grey, with no bars; very similar to the male of C. s. striata, but feathers of uropygium not fringed with white. Iris pale straw-yellow; bill and feet black; tongue black in the male, yellow in the female. Wing, 160; tail, IIB; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 20 ; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Female.-Uniformgrey,similar to the male, but no black about eyes, lores, etc.; similar to the female of G. s. guillemardi, but slightly smaller. Wing, 160; tail, 120; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21 ; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-A nest and one egg were taken in Mindoro, on 26th April 1905. The nest is composed of mosses, small leaves, lichens and fine roots; the outside is covered with cobwebs, which serve to hold the materials together and to fasten the nest to the fork of the tree in which it was built; its size is about II5 mm. across the top, and its outside depth is about 50. The ground-colour of the egg is light grey, with a slightly greenish tinge; a heavy and continuous wreath of spots and blotches encircles the shell near the plane of its short diameter; a few small spots are scattered about over the entire surface; the deep shell-markings vary from pale to dark lavender; the surface spots and blotches are reddish brown; measurements, 30'7 X 21 mm. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 102, writes: "Somewhat rare in Mindoro at 4500 feet." 500.

C oracina striata panayensis

Visayan Barred C~ckoo-Shrike Artamides Panayensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 14, 1890 : Panay. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 102. Native Names.-Ca-ri-ac-ri-ac, Ticao; gHia-gHia, Masbate. Distribution.-Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Ticao. Description.-Male.-Lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw and chin black; rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast, abdomen and tail-coverts heavily barred with black and white. Iris plum-colour or brown; bill, legs and nails black.

350

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 157; tail, lIB; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 30. Female.-Similar to the male, but lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw and chin grey; fore breast narrowly barred. Wing, 156; tail, 1I7; culmen from base, 31; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 28. General Notes.-This bird is quite common and occurs in small flocks. It is often found in the open country, and is very bold, not flying away when shot at.

50I. Coracina striata ceb'Vtensis Ce bu Barred Cuckoo-Shrike Artarnides cebuensis Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1898, p. 535: Cebu.

Distribution.-Cebu. Description.-Male.-Lores and line of feathers round eye black; general plumage grey; similar to C. s. mindorensis, but chin and nasal plumes grey. Wing, 170; tail, 130; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 23 ; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 25. Female.-Upper parts, throat and breast grey; abdomen and crissum closely barred with black and white. Wing, 166; tail, 130; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22 ; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 23. 502.

Coracina striata kochii

Koch's Barred Cuckoo-Shrike Graucalus Kochii Kutter, " Om. Centralb.," 1882, p. 183: Mindanao.

Distribution.-Basilan, Bohol, Leyte, Mindanao, Nipa, Panaon, Samar. Description.-Male.-Rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast and abdomen barred with black and white, posteriorly the white bars wider than the black bars; under tail-coverts white, each feather with two or three narrow incomplete black bars. Iris pale yellow (but in two cases brownish red); bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 162; tail, 122; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 23 ; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 26. Female.-Above similar to the male; lores and feathers over nostrils mottled with white; outermost redrices tipped with white, and each with a small subterminal black spot; next pair of rectrices

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

35 1

slightly tipped with white; entire under parts barred with black and white, the black bars narrow and incomplete, as in the male. Wing, 155; tail, lI5; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22 ; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 25. General Notes.-This species is similar in markings to C. s. difficilis, but the general grey colour is much darker. Its food consists of insects and fruit.

503. Coracina striata guillemardi Guillemard's Barred Cuckoo-Shrike

Artamides gu.illemardi Salvadori, Ibis, r886, p. 154: Lapac Island. Graucal~ts pollens Salvadori, Ann. M u s. Civic. Genov., vi., p. 75, 1874: Kei Island, Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 258.

Distribution.-Bongao, Lapac, Sibutu, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Male.-Under and upper surface uniform grey; feathers covering nostrils, lores and space in front of eye deep black. Iris very dark brown; legs, feet, nails and bill black. Wing, 172; tail, 137; culmen, 34; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 30 . . Female.-Entire upper and under parts uniform grey, as in C. s. mindorensis . . Wing, 168; tail, 137; culmen, 35; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28. General Notes.-This species is fairly common and frequents high trees in the forest. Allied Forms and their Range.-Among the many species of Cuckoo-Shrikes there are certain groups distributed extensively over the Australasian and Oriental regions. Dimorphic forms, one barred underneath, the other uniform slategrey, occur commonly in certain localities, which rather complicates matters for diagnosing the races. Certain races (including those which inhabit the Philippines) are separated only on the barred phase of the plumage. Those distributed widely over the Oriental region are Coracina J'avanensis; the following races may be distinguished: C. y"avanensis y"avanensis (Horsfield) . Java, Bali C. i larutensis 1 (Sharpe) Malay Peninsula C. i macei (Lesson) Continental India, south of the Himalayas from Garhwal to West Assam, excluding the country at their bases south to Travancore 1

Fig. Robinson, " Bds. Malay Pen.," pI.

12, 1928.

352

c. ;".

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The lower hills of the Himalayas from Garhwal and western Nepal, through Sikkim and the hills of W. Assam; south to northern Behar and N.E. Bengal; west to Brahmaputra c. J.. layardi (Blyth) Ceylon Eastern and South Assam, Burma, C.;". siamensis (Baker) Chin and Kachin Hills, Shan States, Siam, French Indo-China, W. Yunnan Formosa, S. China C. i rex-pineti (Swinhoe) C. j. larvivora (Hartert) . Hainan Another species is C. striata; examples of a large range of individual variations have been collected in the Philippines. The barred races of Coracina predominate among the central and southern Philippine Islands, while a large percentage of uniform-coloured birds have been collected from Luzon and Palawan; the barred individuals are scarce in Sulu and Mindoro. C. s. guillemardi of Sulu is extremely similar to C. personata of Roma and Timor, but perhaps more like pollens of Key Island, although the latter is larger in size. I propose to unite them all under the species striata, and I recognize the following races outside the Philippine Archipelago: Under parts mostly barred: C. striata sumatrensis (S. Muller) Sumatra, Malay Peninsula C. s. bungurensis 1 (Hartert) Bunguran, Natuna Islands C. s. enganensis Salvadori Engano Island Borneo C. s. concreta (Hartlaub) Flores, Sumbawa C. s. floris (Sharpe) Under parts mostly unbarred: Alor and Lomblon C. s. alfrediana (Hartert) Sula C. s. schistacea (Sharpe) . Atapupu, Flores, Solor, Roma, Timor C. s. personata (Muller) . New Caledonia C. s. caledonica (Gmelin) Lifu Is., Loyalty Is. C. s. lifuensis (Tristram) Timor Laut C. s. unimoda (Sclater) . Key Islands C. s. pollens (Salvadori) . Other species are briefly summarized as having the under parts without bars, the belly and under tail-coverts being pure white: C. papuensis 2 (Gmelin) . Australia, New Guinea, down to the Solomon Is., Admiralty Is., Am Is. (About half-a-dozen races recognized.)

nipalensis (Hodgson)

1 2

Nov. Zoot., L, p . 477,1894 . Fig. "Voy. POle Sud.," pI. vii., fig. 1,1842-1853.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

353

Celebes C. bicolor 1 (Temminck et Laugier) . Celebes C. leucopygia 2 Bonaparte (C. atriceps is closely related to C. leucopygia.) C. atriceps atriceps (Muller) Ceram C. a. magnirostris Bonaparte . Halmahera The following species have the plumage uniform cobalt-blue; tail long (135 mm.) : N.E. Celebes C. temminckii temminckii 3 (Muller) . E. Celebes C. t. tonkeana (Meyer) The following species have the plumage uniform slaty indigo: C. cceruleogrisea cceruleogrisea (Gray) Aru Island C. c. strenua (Schlegel) New Guinea, Jobi C. larutensis (Sharpe) has the plumage uniform grey, lores and chin black (wing, 163 mm.) : mountains of Malay Peninsula, about 3500 feet. The following races of Coracina larvata also appear to be mountain inhabitants-plumage uniformly grey; face and throat black (wing, ISO mm.). This bird has been separated into the following five subspecies: C. larvata larvata (S. Muller) . Java C. l. melanocephala (Salvadori) Mt. Singalan and Korinchi, Sumatra C. l. normani (Sharpe) Kina Balu, Dulit, Borneo C. l. personata (S. Muller) Timor C. l. parvula (Salvadori) . Halmahera The nearest group to C. larvata in the Australasian region is C. novcehollandice (Gmelin), extending over Timor, Buru, Peling, New Guinea, Fergusson Island, Australia and Tasmania. The distribution of the two species is interrupted at Sunda Island, or round about. Andaman Islands have a sedentary offshoot, C. dobsoni (Ball), which can be readily distinguished by having a fine barring on the under surface .

.. Genus EDOLISOMA Pucheran, "Voy. Pole Sud. Zoo1.," iii., p. 69, 1853. Type (by original designation): Edolisoma marescoti =E. melan; Lesson, id. ib., and Atlas, pI. 10, fig. z.

This genus is similar to Coracina, but its members are smaller and the bill is decidedly more slender. The plumage is unbarred in the 1 2 3

Fig. Meyer a.nd Wiglesworth, "Birds of Celebes," iL, pI. Ibi d., pI. 21. Fig. Gould, "New Guinea," ii., pI. 2, 1880.

II.-Z

20,

1898.

354

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

adult and the male has the chin, throat, forehead and face masked in black, or else the whole plumage is black. The young have the under parts barred.

504. Edolisoma ccerulescens ccerulescens Luzon Cuckoo-Shrike Ceblepyris ccerulescens Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal, xi., p. 463, 1842: Luzon. Fig, Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 178, pI. 30, fig. 2, 1875. Fig Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, 18g8, p. 235, pI. 6, fig. 3 (egg). Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-Male.-Entire plumage black; head, neck, back and under parts slightly glossed with blue; wings very faintly glossed with dark green. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and claws jet-black. Wing, I27-I36; tail, I09-I27; bill from nostril, I8-20; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8'I-8'4; tarsus, 25; middl~ toe with claw, 20. Female.-Under parts uniform dull smoke-grey; above darker and nearly black; upper tail-coverts edged with smoke-grey; wings and tail black slightly glossed with green. Wing, I25; tail, lI5; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, I8 ; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 20. General NoteS.-The Luzon Cuckoo-Shrike, which as a rule is met with in the mountains, is sometimes found in such lowland places as near Manila and Monte Alban, in company with E. moria elusum. A single egg taken by Whitehead in Benguet Province, Luzon, on I4th March I924, is: shape ovate, ground-colour pale blue, spotted and dotted over the entire shell. Under-markings grey and greyish lilac; over-markings dark brown. Measurements, 29 X 2I mm. Whitehead, Ibis, I899, p. I02, writes: "Fairly common among the lower valleys of North Luzon up to an altitude of 2000 feet. In habits this genus is closely allied to Coracina; both genera make a good deal of noise on the wing and frequent the topmost branches of high trees, though occasionally they are met with in old forest-clearings."

505. Edolisoma ccerulescens alterum Ce bu Cuckoo-Shrike Edolisoma alterum Ramsay, Ibis, 1881, p. 34: Cebu (type, male, April 1877, A. Everett, in British Museum). Distribution.-Cebu. Description.-Male.-Very similar to the male of E. c. ccerulescens, being entirely black; all the plumage slightly glossed with dark green. Iris brown; bill, legs and nails black.

Bircls oj the Philippine Is/cwds, Vol. II .. Plate 49.

EdoZisoma mcgregori (MEARNS). McGREGOR'S OUOKOO-SHRIKE. Edolisoma panayensis STEERE. VISA Y AN OUOKOO-SHRIKE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

355

Wing, I26-I36; tail, IIO-I20; culmen, 28; bill from nostril, 1819; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8-9; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Female.-Similar to the female of E. c. ccerulescens, but much lighter; head, neck and body slate-grey, somewhat darker above than below; two or three pairs of outer tail-feathers tipped with grey. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 120; tail, II3; culmen, 28; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw,2I. General Notes.-The Cebu Cuckoo-Shrike is fairly common in Cebu ; it usually frequents high trees in forest, where it may be found in small flocks; its food (in one case) consisted of large caterpillars. A single female specimen in the British Museum shows a considerable amount of white on the wing-coverts, which shows a close linking up with E. panayensis. E. ccerulescens has no trace of white on the under tail-coverts and tips of t ail-feathers.

506. Edolisoma panayensis Visayan Cuckoo-Shrike (Plate 49) Edolisoma (Graucalus) Panayensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I4, I890: Conception, Panay (type, male, I7th January, J. B. Steere, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Guimaras, Negros, Panay. Description.-Male.-Above lead-black, lighter and washed with ashy on rump and upper tail-coverts; throat, breast, wings and tail clear black; flanks and thighs plumbeous black; under wing-coverts and tail-coverts white, wing-coverts and outer edges of secondaries forming a white wing-bar; feathers of tail tipped with white. Iris, bill, feet, tongue and inside of mouth black. Wing, I32; tail, 130; culmen, 30; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 2I. F emale.-Plumbeous grey above and below; wings and tail as in male. Legs and bill black. Wing, I24; tail, 122; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw,2I. General NoteS.-The Visayan Cuckoo-Shrike is common in the woods of Panayand Negros, and is always found in flocks, and usually in very high trees. Whitehead, Ibis, I899, p. 103, writes: "This species we met in Negros; it is a more lively and noisy bird than E. ccerulescens." Among the uniformly black - coloured E. ccerulescens there is a

356

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

specimen in the British Museum (a female collected by Everett) which has a distinct indication of white edges to its wing-coverts. If such individuals are proved to be of not uncommon occurrence we can prove the subspecific affinity between E. ccerulescens and E. panayensis. In fact the latter occupies a territory which is between the two subspecies of the former species. We also have the same problem in the distribution of a large Hornbill, Hydrocorax. H. semigaleatus occupies the island of the Central Philippines, while the second species, H. hydrocorax, is found in the northern and southern islands. E. mcgregori appears to show a closer affinity to E. panayensis than any other species.

507. Edolisoma mcgregon McGregor's Cuckoo-Shrike (Plate 49) Malindangia mcgregori 1 Mearns, Phil. J ourn. Sci., sec. A, ii., p. 355, 1907 : Mount Bliss (5750 ft.), Malindang (type, male, 20th May 1906, Mearns coll., in U.S. National Museum, Washington) . (Fig. Phil. Journ. Sci., xix., pi. 4, 1921.)

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mount Malindang) (4000-9000 feet). Description.-Upper parts, including crown, mantle, rump, upper tail-coverts and middle pair of tail-feathers, uniform light grey; forehead, chin, throat, breast and sides of head to above eyes black; innermost secondaries, scapulars and least wing-coverts grey like the back; middle and greater wing-coverts and a broad external band on innermost pair of secondaries white; remaining wing-quills black externally, broadly white on inner webs at base; alula all black; axillars and under wing-coverts white; three outer rectrices tipped with greyish white on both webs, the innermost of the three narrowly, the next broadly, and the outermost for more than one-third of its length; chest, flanks and thighs grey like the back, this colour fading to whitish on the abdomen and becoming pure white on the under tail-coverts. Iris red or reddish brown; bill all black, feet plumbeous black, with under side of toes yellow. . Mearns remarks on the individual variation as follows: "The black of the under side of the head extends around the neck and forms an incomplete black neck-collar which, in the oldest males, is but narrowly interrupted in the median line above. The sexes are coloured 1 Mearns proposed Malindangia for E. mcgregori, but on examination of specimens in Manila and Berlin I find it not worth recognition.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

357

alike, but one female, probably immature, has the black areas of the head and neck replaced by a dark grey colour. The plumage otherwise differs from that of the adult only in having scarcely discernible fulvous edgings and wavy cross-bands to the feathers of the abdomen." Male.-Wing, IIO-II3; tail, 108-II7; culmen, 19; tarsus, 23-24; middle toe with claw, 20-2I. Female.-Wing, 108; tail, III; culmen, 19; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 2I. General Notes.-This species has been discovered to be very abundant on Mount Malindang. Fifteen specimens were collected by Mearns, ten males and five females. Mt. Malindang, the second-highest mountain in Mindanao, being so inaccessible makes this peculiar Cuckoo-Shrike exceedingly rare among museum collections. No ornithologist since Mearns has ever obtained a specimen. His account of the scaling of this mountain is given in Volume 1., p. 46 . Tail-feathers of Edolisoma The diagram of the tail-feathers repromcgregon. duced here is prepared through the kindness of Dr. Stresemann. One of Mearns' specimens is preserved in the Berlin Museum.

508. Edolisoma moria elusum Elusive Cuckoo.Shrike

Edolisoma elusum McGregor, Bureau Govt. Lab. Manila, No. xxxiv., p. 19, 1905: Balete, Rio Bac6, Mindoro (type, male, 17th May 1905, in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribu tion.-L uzon, Mindoro. Description.-Male.-Similar to the male of E. m. mindanensis, but rump and upper tail-coverts bluish slate-grey like the back, and not lighter pearl-grey. General colour bluish slate; chin, throat, fore breast, forehead and sides of head, including lores and a wide line over eye, jet-black; alula, primary-coverts and primaries black; inner primaries and inner feathers of alula narrowly edged with grey; secondaries black with wide edges of blue-grey, which cover nearly the entire outer web;

358

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

secondary-coverts grey; inner webs of quills partly dark bluegrey; this begins as a small basal area on the short first primary, becomes greater on each succeeding quill, and reaches nearly to the tips of inner quills; a narrow edging of white on inner webs of first four quills; tail black; from below outermost pair of rectrices tipped with blue-grey; on second pair the grey tip much less, and only a trace on some of the other rectrices; central pair blue-grey above with a subterminal black area. Wing, 127; tail, 106; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 16 ; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Female.-Similar to the female of E. m. mindanensis, but rump and upper tail-coverts slate-grey like the back; abdomen and crissum grey like the breast, not lighter as in E. m. mindanensis. Wing, 126; tail, 106; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15 ; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21.

509. Edolisoma mono mindanensis ~danao Cuck o-Shrme Volvocivora mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 947: Mindanao . (One of the two paratypes in Dresden Museum.) Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-M ale.-This bird is very similar to E. m. everetti. Above bluish grey, becoming lighter on lower back, and pearl-grey on rump and tail-feathers; frontal band, lores, sides of face to above eyes, chin, throat and fore breast glossy black; rest of under parts slate-grey; wings and tail mostly black; secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged with ashy grey; a few of the primaries narrowly edged with ashy grey; two middle rectrices grey for three-fourths of their length and some of the outer ones tipped with grey. Iris, bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, II5-I22; tail, 92-100; culmen from base, 21-25 ; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 22. Female.-Wings and tail as in the male, remaining plumage ashy grey or light slate-grey, becoming delicate pearl-grey on rump, abdomen and upper and under tail-coverts. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and nails black. Wing, II7; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 16 ; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-The food of the Mindanao Cuckoo-Shrike consists of fruit and seeds.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 510.

359

Edolisoma morio everetti Everett's Cuckoo.Shrike

Edolisoma everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Ct., iii., p. ro, r893: Bongao. Grant, Ibis, r896, p. 538. Distribution.-Bongao, Lapac, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Male.-Similar to E. m. mindanensis, but differs from this race in not.having the rump and upper tail-coverts whitish grey. Forehead, lores, sides of face and throat black; back, rump and upper tail-coverts uniform grey; breast, abdomen and crissum grey. Wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen, 26; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. Female.-Entire head and throat grey; back, rump and upper tail-coverts uniform grey. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, IIJ; tail, 98; culmen, 26; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-This Cuckoo-Shrike appears to be quite rare, and is confined to the forests. The male birds of these Cuckoo-Shrikes are very similar to those of Coracina; the females, however, differ very noticeably. from the males, which thus readily distinguishes the species. It seems extraordinary that the juvenile plumage of the genus Edolisoma has never been recorded from the Philippines except once (panayensis) 1 by Meyer and Wiglesworth. Allied Forms and their Range.-The genus Edolisoma ranges from Australia, New Caledonia and Papuasia to Timor, Celebes and an island of the Caroline Archipelago. The adult specimens of mindanensis and everetti are extremely like the races from Celebes and Sumba; but there is no juvenile material for comparison. A female everetti from Bongao, collected in July, shows a certain amount of black-and-white barring on the throat, chin and axillars, which leads one to think that the real juveniles must be heavily barred underneath, as in the case of the Celebean example. E. E. E. E. E.

morio dohertyi Hartert m. morio 2 (Miiller) m. wiglesworthi Van Oort m. emancipata Hartert m. timoriensis 3 Sharpe 1

Sumba Island N. Celebe~ S. Celebes Djampea Islanq Timoli

Fig. "Birds of Celebes," ii., p. 421, pI. 22, 1898. Fig. T'Yans. Zoot. Soc., viii., pI. 22, 1874. Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., iv., p. 49, pI. I, fig. I, 1879.

360

THE BIRD S OF THE PHIL IPPI NE ISLANDS

E. m. salvadorii 1 Sharp e Great Sango Island E. m. talautense 2 Meyer and Wigle sworth Talau t Island The species (E. morio) is closely relate d to E. incert um (Meyer) of New Guine a and Jobi, which has no black on the chin, otherw ise they are much alike. E. ceramense (Bona parte) , from Ceram and BufU, is a lightly shade d bird, exhib iting white portio ns on the wings and tail. Genus PERIC ROCO TUS Boie, Isis, Heft x., col. 972, 1826. Type (by monot ypy): Nluschapa miniata Temminck, " PI. Col.," pI. I56. Bill short and slight ly flatte ned; wing and tail nearly equal in length , or wing shorte r than tail; rectric es very narrow and strong ly gradu ated, the outerm ost pair being less than one-h alf the middl e pair. Lengt h usuall y less than 200 mm. Excep ting the grey and white P. cinereus, which is migra tory, the Philip pine species are glossy black and some shade of brigh t yellow, red or orang e. 5'1:1.

Pericrocotus igneus

Fiery Minjvet Pericrocotus igneus Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xv., p. 309, r846: Malacca. Distri butio n.-Pa lawan. Descr iption .-M ale.-E ntire head, chin, throa t and upper back glossy blue-b lack; lower back, rump, tail-co verts and under parts brigh t Qrange or fiery red; base of each feathe r white , with a wash of pale yellow betwe en the white base and red tip; thighs black ; wings black ; prima ries, excep t the four outerm ost, and secon daries crosse d by a diago nal band of brigh t orang e-red; on inner webs the band is yellow ; inner greate r cover ts tipped with orang e-red and formi ng part of the wing- patch ; four middl e rectric es glossy black, the other rectric es black with apical one-th ird to one-h alf red. Iris dark brown ; bill and feet black. Wing, 72-77 ; tail, 74-76 ; culme n from base, 13-16 ; bill from nostri l, 9; tarsus , 16; middl e toe with claw, 14. Fema le.-Ge neral colou r above dull ashy grey, the lower back, rump and upper tail-co verts fine vermi lion; four media n tail-fe athers black, the remai nder vermi lion with black bases, gradu ally increa sing in exten t towar ds the inner ones; quills black, with a broad bar of orang e near the base of the quills, exten ding along the outer web of some of the inner prima ries; ear-co verts grey; lores, feathe rs round 1 2

Fig. Meyer and Wigles worth, "Birds of Celebes ," ii., pI. Ibid., pI. 22.

23, I

8g8.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT the eye, cheeks and under surface of body bright yellow, inclining to orange on the flanks and under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellow. Wing, 70; tail, 70; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 13. General Notes.-A large series of skins from Palawan and Borneo do not show any distinguishing features. These birds usually keep to the tops of high trees in the forest, but occasionally come out into the mangrove swamps. It has been discovered breeding in Palawan in December. Zimmer (1918) writes: "Not many individuals were seen in Palawan. It was always in the deep forest, very active and constantly moving about from place to place. Its note was a rapid twitter, much like that of Pericrocotus divaricatus." Extralimital Range. - Southern Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. 5I2.

Pericrocotus flammeus novus Ramsay's Philippine Minivet

Pericrocotus novus Ramsay,! IMs, 1886, p. 161: Isabela, N. Luzon. Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1896, p. 539.

Distribution.-Luzon, Negros. Description.-Male.-Chin, throat, neck, sides of neck, head and mantle black with a faint dark blue gloss; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts rich orange; lower parts, except chin and throat, rich orange, becoming more intense on under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; wings black, crossed by two bars formed by orange-coloured areas on primaries, secondaries and greater coverts; on the quills these markings have corresponding spots on the inner webs, which form a diagonal band of dark buff, seen when inside of wing is examined; lining of wing pale orange; tail from above mostly black, from below mostly fiery orange; this results from the fact that the short outer rectrices are black on the basal half only, while the long central f~flthers are black for their whole length, the outer webs only being orange near the tips. Iris dark brown; bill and feet black. Wing, 80; tail, 90; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 14. Female.-Markings somewhat as in the male, but the orange replaced by rich lemon-yellow, which extends over the throat, sides of 1 The original reference by Wardlaw Ramsay gives the locality and a description which, although an unsatisfactory one, prevents novus being treated as a nomen nudum.

362

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

neck and chin, and also forms a narrow frontal band, the latter extending backward on each side to over centre of eye; top of head and mantle black, but without gloss. Wing, 79; tail, 89; culmen from base, IS; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 13. Immature male.-Resembles the adult female in having the yellow frontal band and in having chin and throat yellow; under parts pale orange mixed with pale lemon-yellow, the under tail-coverts altogether of the latter colour; rectrices pale orange tipped with lemon-yellow, the central pair totally black. On the head and mantle there are many blackish brown feathers tipped with pale buff, and other glossy black feathers of the new plumage; lower back and rump orange with a mixture of lemon-yellow; wing-markings very light orange. Immature female.-Almost exactly like the adult female, but many feath~rs of. the head, mantle, sides of neck and wings brown with buff margms. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 103, writes: "Rare in all localities visited by us in Luzon, only three specimens having been met with during many months spent in that island."

5I3. Pericrocotus jlammeus leytensis Steere's Philippine Minivet Pericrocotus Leytensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 15, 1890: Leyte (type, male, 14th April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Ogilvie-Grant, Ibis, 1897, p. 224. Distribu tion.-Leyte, Samar. Description.-Male.-Head, mantle, upper back, scapulars and wings glossy bluish black, as in P. f. J'ohnstonice, but differs from the latter in having the remainder of the plumage replaced by vermilion or very bright red; the four outer primaries are black, and at least seven of the secondaries have vermilion markings on the outer webs towards their tips, as well as the broad vermilion bars across their bases; the throat is glossy bluish black, as in P. f. J路ohnstonice. Wing, 79; tail, 89; culmen from base, 13-15; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, IS. Female.-Very similar to the female of P. j. johnstonice, but differs in having the head and back more of a brownish colour, also the under parts are of a richer and brighter yellow. Wing, 79; tail, 89; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, IS. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. I02, writes: "Scarce and difficult to obtain, frequenting the highest branches of the forest trees."

Birds 01 th e Philippin e J slands , Vol. II ., Plat e 50.

Pericrocotus fiammeus marches(E GUILLEMARO. GUILLEMARO'S PHILIPPINE MINIVET. Minodoria striaticeps kettZewelli (GUILLEMARO) . KETTLEWELL'S TIT BABBLER.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 514. Pericrocotus flammeus y'ohnstonice Mrs. Johnstone's Philippine Minivet Pericrocotus johnstonice Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xvi., p. 18, 1905: Mt. Apo (8000 ft.), Mindanao (type, male, March 1905, W. Goodfellow, in British Museum). Fig. Ibis, 1906, p. 480, pI. 19. DistributiOn.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-Male.-Head, mantle, upper back, scapulars and wings glossy bluish black, the latter having an oblong orange-yellow mark on the terminal portion of the outer web of the six median secondary quills; upper back, rump and upper tail-coverts bright orange-yellow; tail-feathers glossy black, tipped or edged with orange, the under side also orange; rest of the under surface bright yellow, except the throat, which is glossy bluish black. Iris black or very dark brown; bill and feet black. Wing, 84; tail, 81; culmen from base, IS; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, IS. Female.-Differs very considerably from the male in not having the black throat, having the whole of the under surface bright lemonyellow; on the upper surface a narrow bright yellow band across the forehead continued backwards over the lores in short superciliary stripes; it also differs from the male in having the marks on the wing bright lemon-yellow instead of orange-yellow; the head, mantle and upper back dark bluish grey; the tail black tipped with lemon-yellow. Iris, feet and bill black. Wing, 81; tail, 78; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 12. General Notes.-The present bird was discovered by Goodfellow: for further particulars see Volume 1., p. 42.

SIS. Pericrocotus flammeus marchesce Guillemard's Philippine Minivet (Plate 50) Pericrocot~ÂŁs marchesce Guillemard, Proc."Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 259, pI. 18, fig. I: Maimbun, Sulu Island (type, male, 15th May 1883, F. H. H . Guillemard, Lord Rothschild coil., in American Museum of Natural History). Distribution.-Sulu. Description.-Entire head, chin, throat and anterior half of back glossy blue-black; lower back, rump, tail-coverts and all the under parts, except chin and throat, bright egg-yellow; wings glossy black; a diagonal yellow band begins on middle of fifth primary and extends on to the secondaries, where it becomes wider; inner greater secondarycoverts widely tipped with yellow; four or five secondaries each with

364

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

a yellow spot near tip; rectrices black, all but the central pair with wide yellow tips. Iris, bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 77; tail, 80- 84; culmen from base, 14- 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. General Notes.-This species is found in flocks both in the forest and in the open. The type specimen was collected by Dr. Guillemard at the edge of some thick jungle in the south of the island of Sulu. Allied Species and their Range:

P. flammeus speciosus (Latham) .

P. f. flammeus (Forster) P. f. bakeri La Touche P. f. fraterculus 1 Swinhoe P. f. flammifer Hume P. f. xanthogaster (Raffles) P. f. minythomelas Oberholser P. f. siebersi Rensch P. f. andamanensis Tytler P. f. modiglianii Salvadori P. f. fohkiensis Baker P. exsul Wallace

Himalayas from Sutlej Valley to E. Assam, north of the Brahmaputra; Khasia Hills specimens are the present race, but the adjacent N. Cachar Hills birds are the typical race, N. Yunnan South-west India from Khandala to Cape Cormorin, Mysore, Nilgiris, Palni and adjacent hills, Ceylon N. Siam, French Indo-China, Burma, S. Yunnan Hainan South of Tenasserim, northern Malay Peninsula and East Siam Southern Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Banka, Billiton, Borneo Simalur Is. W. and N. Java Andamans . Engafio Island S. E. China Bali, Lombok and E. Java

The above species cannot be considered as a race of P. flammeus. I t has a much shorter wing, but the tail is the same size.

P. cinnamomeus iredalei 2 Baker

P. c. vividus Baker

Persia,3 N.W. and W. India, south to about Belgaum, Central India, E. to W. Bengal, Chota Nagpore, Oudh and Behar E. Bengal, Assam, Burma, Siam, French Indo-China

Fig. Baker, .. Fauna British India," ii., 2nd ed., p. 320, pI. iv., 1924. P. c. peregrinus (Linn<Eus) is used by Kuroda, .. Birds of Java," p. 192, 1933. 3 A single specimen secured in Khorasan, Persia, presented to the British Museum by Capt. J. W. Watson, may be referred to the present race. 1

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT P. c. saturatus Baker P. c. cinnamomeus (Linnceus) P. c. malabaricus 1 (Gmelin)

P. c. pallidus Baker

Java, Borneo Ceylon S. India, south of a line drawn diagonally across from the west (including Belgaurn) to Madras (or a Iittle north of the city of Madras) on the east Sind and the extreme N.W. of India

Birds from Mt. Aboo are very pale, and should probably be assigned to this race rather than to iredalei.

P. lansbergei 2 Btittikofer

Sumbawa and Flores

The above species is closely related to P. cinnamomeus.

P. brevirostris brevirostris (Vigors)

P. b. affinis McClelland P. b. neglectus Hume

N. India from the plains adjacent to the foothills of the Himalayas, up to IO,OOO ft.; from Gilgit and Murree to Nepal, extending as far south as the Central Provinces and Lower Bengal in winter Assam, N. Burma, Shan States, Kachin Hills, Sikkim, Tonkin 3 Muleyit Mountains and Meetan in Tenasserim

P. b. annamensis 4 Robinson and Kloss Mountains of Annam P. b. ethologus 5 Bangs and Phillips Yunnan, North and South China P. b. anthoides 6 Stresemann North K wang tung P. miniatus (Temminck) J ava, Sumatra P. solaris solaris Blyth . Nepal to E. Assam, both north and south of the Brahmaputra, Manipur, Burma, Chin and Kachin Hills to Tenasserim P. s. ripponi Baker Shan States P. s. griseigularis 7 Gould Formosa, Hainan, Fohkien, Annam, Laos Stresemann, "Orn. Monatsb.," xxxi., pp. 40-41, 1923. Fig. Nov. Zool., iii., pI. xi., figs. 1 and 2, 1896. 3 P. b. tonkinensis Delacour is a synonym. 4 Fig. Delacour, Les Oiseaux de l'Indochine, iv., p. 66, pI. 51, 193I. 6 This race is united to affinis by Delacour. 6 This race has not been examined. 7 P. s. mandarin us Stresemann is a disputable race, La Touche, "Birds of Eastern China," i., p. 196, 1926. 1

366

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

All the species and races already mentioned are vividly coloured like P. flammeus. The following are smaller and of black-and-white coloration, with red breast and rump; in the female the black is replaced by a sober smoky brown. P. erythropygius erythropygius (Jerdon)

P. e. albifrons ] erdon

Central India, practically the whole of the Bombay Presidency, south to Travancore, Nilgiri and Palni Hills, north-west to Sind and north-east to Oudh, Behar and Lohardagga Practically the whole of Burma from the Chin and Kachin Hills and Shan States to Tenasserim

The nearest allied species to the above is P. montanus montanus Salvadori, from the high mountains of Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, and a slightly modified form, P. m. cinereigula Sharpe, from the mountains of Borneo. P. croceus Sharpe is a colour-variety of montanus; three skins of P. croceus are preserved in the British Museum. P. speciosus (wing, 96-100; tail, 86-100) is a larger and more heavily built bird than P. montanus, with a much shorter tail.

5r6, Pericrocotus divaricatus divaricatus Ashy Minivet

Pericrocotus divaricat~ts Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 306, r822; India Office Drawing No. 6r6: near Sumatra. Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., viii., p. 94, r845: Luzon; McGregor, ÂŤ Man. Bds. Philip,," p. 493, r909. Whitehead, Ibis, r899, p. r03. Fig. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 298, pI. 9, fig, r9, r903 (egg). Distribution.-Basilan, Calayan, Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan, Polillo. Description.-Male.-Nasal plumes, lores, crown and nape black; forehead white; cheeks and ear-coverts white, the latter tipped with black; rest of upper parts ashy grey; under parts entirely white; thighs grey; wings blackish brown; secondaries with a narrow white bar across the middle of their length and some of their edges grey ; primaries with white patches near middle of inner webs and some with a white spot on outer web; rectrices black, all but the middle pair with . long white tips. Bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 98; tail, 9S; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9'S ; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, IS.

Eumyjas RanaJ.ensis nigrimentalis (Ogilvie-Grant). Black-masked Verditllr Flycatcher.

melanoleuca (Blyth).

JohnBaJe.Son::s &.Dan,.lsaon,Lld LO/ldon

ISLANDS. VOL . II . PLATE 51.

Black-and-While Cuckoo-Shrike.

!:P.JJ!g~ (JJ.

BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Female.-Similar to the male, but crown, nape and postocular area grey like the back; sides of breast mottled or obsoletely barred with grey. 'Wing, 97; tail, 98; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9 ; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-This is a Palrearctic breeding bird wintering in the tropics, and appears in the Philippines during migration only, and is, as a rule, very rare. It is found at times, however, in considerable numbers.

Allied Forms and their Range: P. divaricatu.s Raffles

divaricat~ts

P. d. cantonensis Swinhoe

P. d. tegimce Stey"neger

Amurland, Manchuria, Corea, Japan, China, Formosa, Burma, Malacca to Sunda Islands N.E. China, S. and E. China, IndoChina, Malay States, and found wintering in S. Burma From S. Kiusiu to Iriomotejima (Riu Kiu Is.)

The above three races are very well efined, while intermedius Clark, from Corea, and y"aponicus Stejneger, from] apan, are synonyms of the typical race. P. roseus roseus (Vieillot)

Malabar, Travancore and southern hills of the Bombay Presidency, N.W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, the Himalayas from Afghanistan to E. Assam, Burma from the Chin and Kachin Hills to Tenasserim, Peninsular Siam, Yunnan, Shan States and S.W. China P. r. stanfordi Vaughan and] ones South Kwangtung to Canton

Genus LALAGE

Boie, Isis, 1826, Heft. X., col. 973. Type (by monotypy): Turd2ts orientalis Gmelin = Turdus niger Forster. Bill moderate in length and rather slender, as deep as wide at nostril; wing decidedly longer than tail; rectrices moderately broad; tarsus strong. Plumage black, white and grey; tail black tipped with white; wing black, with a large white patch on secondaries and on greater and median coverts.

368

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 517. Lalage melanoleuca melanoleuca Black and White Cuckoo-Shrike (Plate 51)

Pseudolalage melanoleuca Blyth, ] ourn. A s. Soc. Bengal, xxx., p. 97, 1861 ~ Luzon. Fig. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 178, pI. 29, fig. 2, 1875. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 103. Distribution.-Luzon, Mindoro, ? Semirara. 1 Description.-Male.-Forehead, crown, sides of head to lower border of eye, hind neck and mantle black, glossed with green; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts white, the back greyish; entire under parts white; wings and tail black glossed with green; inner secondaries and greater coverts with wide edges of white; inner median coverts entirely white; quills, except first primary, edged with white on inner web; two outermost pairs of redrices tipped with white. Wing, lIg; tail, go; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14 ; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 20. Female.-Above light ashy grey, nearly white on tail-coverts; feathers of head and mantle with dusky shaft-lines; below white; breast obscurely barred ith grey; thiphs grey with darker shaft-lines; wings and tail as in the male, but with less white on median coverts. Wing, lI2; tail, 85; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14'5 ; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, Ig. General Notes.-Whitehead found the Black and White CuckooShrike fairly common in South Luzon, and abundant in or on the edges of the forest.

518. Lalage melanoleuca m2nor Steere 's Cuckoo-Shrike Pse%dolalage minor Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. IS, 1890: Ayala, Mindanao (type, male, 3rd December, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Leyte, Mindanao, Samar. Description.-M ale.-In coloration like the male of L. m. melanoleuca, but distinguished by its smaller size; also differing in having the white tips of the two outer tail-feathers much narrower. Wing, 104-107; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, Ig. Female.-Differs from the female of L. m. melanoleuca in having the chin, throat and breast plumbeous grey, with somewhat obscure grey bars; the plumbeous of the breast fades into white on the belly 1

A bird was observed by Worcester in Semirara, but he failed to get a specimen.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT and under tail-coverts. Iris dark brown; legs, feet and nails black; upper mandible black, lower nearly so. Wing, 106; tail, 82; culmen, 26; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-Whitehead reports that this bird was scarce III Samar and Leyte. Its chief food is fruit and insects.

519. Lalage nzgra schisticeps Neumann '8 Pjed Cuckoo- Shrike Lalage schisticeps Neumann, Journ.fiir Om., I9I9, p. 333: Culion (type, collected by Mollendorff, in Berlin Museum). Lalage nigra mitifica Bangs, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool., lxv., p. 80, I922: Lubang (type, male, Cameron Forbes colI., in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard). Native Names.-Ca-hu-rao hu-rao, Ticao; sa-lac-sd-can, Cagayancillo; bu-ga-ung-on, Siquijor; ibong-pa-re, Manila. Distribution.-Bantayan, Bant0n, Basilan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Cagayan Sulu, Calamianes, Caluya, Catanduanes, Cebu, Culion, Cuyo, Guimaras, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Romblon, Sibay, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Ticao. Description.-Male.-Very similar to L. m. melanoleuca, but much smaller and with a broad white line from forehead over eye to nape. The immature male resembles the adult female. Wing, 89-95; tail, 69-73; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, II; tarsus, I9-2I; middle toe with claw, I8. F emale.-Differs from the male in having the upper surface bluish grey with blackish shaft-lines, the white band over eye less distinct, and the breast, sides and flanks closely barred with narrow grey lines. Wing, 92-95; tail, 72; culmen from base, 18-19; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20-21; middle toe with claw, I9. Nestling.-Two nestlings from Banton have the feathers of the upper parts dark ashy brown with wide tips of light earthy buff; under parts white with spots and longitudinal lines of blackish brown; the wings are similar to those of the adult, but the white areas are washed with buff. General Notes.-The present race is larger than the other races occurring in the Dutch East Indies. The female is very pure grey when fully adult. This bird is widely distributed throughout the archipelago; it loves the haunts of man, and is generally found frequenting old gardens and plantations in and about native villages. IJ.-2 A

370

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Allied Forms and their Range:

L. nigra nigra 1 (Forster) L. n. davisoni 2 Kloss L. n. schisticeps Neumann L. n. sueurii 3 (Vieillot) .

L. L. L. L.

n. n. n. n.

empheris Oberholser pumila Neumann rotumce Neumann woodi Wetmore

India, Malay Peninsula, S.W. Siam, Sumatra, west and middle Java Nicobars Borneo E. J ava, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Savu, Alor, Wetter, Timor, Djampea, Kalao, Saleyer, S. Celebes, Binungko, Kisser, Letti, Moa, Luang, Sermatta, Babber, etc. Telok, Bluku, Nias Is. Viti Levu in Fiji Rotuma Is., between Fiji and Ellice Is. Taveuni, Kandavu, Ovalau, Vanua, Levu

About four species are known from the continent of the Oriental region, with a few more from Australasia, especially from Melanesia. It is interesting to relate that the nearest genus is Coquus Sclater, from Mauritius and Reunion. These birds are larger, but little modified from this genus.

Family

PYCNONOTID~

Bill slender and compressed; culmen gently curved and having a decided keel; a notch near the tip of upper mandible and, in some genera, another notch near the tip of lower mandible; nostrils pierced in the anterior part of a membrane the base of which may be covered with short plumes, but the nostrils always exposed as in Irena; wing longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half the second, the latter shorter than third; fourth and fifth usually forming the tip of the wing; tail square or slightly rounded, rarely decidedly graduate; tarsus short, nearly always less than culmen from base, and seldom greater than middle toe with claw. In some genera there are a number of hairs springing from the nape, but these are not greatly developed, except in Irena and Trichophorus. 1 Type locality of the typical form is restricted by Bangs to Singapore, Bull. Mus. Camp. zool., p. 80, 1922. 2 Robinson and Kloss (Treubia. V., livr. 1-3, p. 282, 1924) consider Perissolalage chalepa Oberholser, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,. liv., p. 182, 1917: Solombo Besar Islands, East Java Seas, to be this bird. 3 Owing to the correct fixing of the type locality, Baker's nomenclature in the Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xliv., 1923-1924, p . 13, has to be greatly altered.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

37 I

Genera (A) 1 A tuft of long white silky feathers on each side of lower breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than one-half the tarsus; colours yellow and black. iEGITHINA, p. 372. (A) 2 No tuft of long silky feathers on side of breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than one-half the tarsus. (b) 1 Primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than the length of tarsus. LC~ 1 Tail-coverts very long, nearly two-thirds as long as the tail; colours black and yellow, tail tipped with yellow. BRACHYPODIUS, p. 390. (c) 2 Tail-coverts shorter, equal to less than two-thirds of tail. (d) 1 Hairs on nape short or absent; if present, less than the tarsus in length. (e) 1 Eye not surrounded by a wattle; tail without a light tip. (f) 1 Head uncrested; plumage mostly bright green. CHLOROPSIS, p. 373. (j) 2 Head slightly crested; culmen from base less than tarsus; with no green in the plumage. PYCNONOTUS, p. 393. (e) 2 Eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; tail with a wide white tip. POLIOLOPHUS, p. 388. (d) 2 Hairs on nape very long, their exposed portions longer than one-half the tarsus. CRINIGER, p. 391. (b) 2 Primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than length of tarsus. (c) 1 Feathers of crown and nape rounded; hairs on nape well developed, extending beyond the feathers for more than two-thirds the length of bill from nostril; plumage entirely blue and black. IRENA, p. 375. (c) 2 Feathers of crown and nape pointed; hairs on nape usually shorter; plumage usually brown or grey, mottled with whitish; plumage rarely yellow.

372

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (d)

(d)

Rictal bristles less than one-half the tarsus in length. MICROSCELIS, p. 379. Rictal bristles more than one-half the tarsus in length. Ixos, p. 38I. Genus lEG ITHIN A

Vieillot, (( Analyse Nouv. Om.," p. 44, r8r6. Type (by monotypy) : Sylvia leucoptera Vieillot. Wings short and curved to the body; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; a large tuft of long white silky feathers on each side of lower breast; tarsus slightly longer than culmen from base; lower parts bright yellow; wings black, barred with white. 520.

.IEgithina tiphia cequanimis

Palawan Black-winged lora (or Dwarf Bulbul) /Egithina tiphia cequanimis Bangs, Bull. Mus. Camp. Zoijl., lxv., p. 8r, r922: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, male, Cameron Forbes coIl., in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Mass.). Jora viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, i., p. 397, I850 : Borneo. McGregor, (( Man. Phil Bds.," p. 497, I909路 Distribution.-Dumaran, Pal a wan .. Description.-Male.-Forehead, lores, supercilia, sides of face and under parts golden yellow, becoming slightly paler on abdomen and tail-coverts; above yellowish green; upper tail-coverts, wings and tail black; outer webs of inner primaries narrowly edged with pale yellow; inner webs, except that of first primary, broadly edged with white; secondaries edged with white on both webs; lesser wingcoverts black; median coverts with wide white tips forming a bar; greater coverts edged with white near their tips forming a second bar. Iris light yellow to greyish white; legs and feet slate-blue; nails darker than feet; upper mandible black, grey along gape; lower mandible greyish white. Wing, 66; tail, 51; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12 ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, r6. Female.-Above similar to the male, but forehead more greenish, and tail and coverts green like the back; under parts lighter yellow than in the male; wings blackish and the tail-markings more or less washed with yellowish green. Wing, 62; tail, 51; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-This species is very common in Palawan. I t has a larger bill and brighter upper parts as compared with other races.

Birds 01 the Philippine Islands, Vo l. 1/ ., Plat e 52.

Poliolophus urostictus philippensis HAOHISUKA. SOUTHERN WATTLED BULBUL. ChtoropsiS palawanensis (SHARPEI. PALAWAN LEAFBIRD . Chloropsis /iavip ennis rTWEEDDALEI. YELLOW-QUILLED LElAFBIRD.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Allied Forms and their Range

lEo lEo lEo lEo lEo lEo lEo

1 :

All India, except S. Travancore, east of a line, roughly speaking, drawn from the head of the Gulf of Cambay, through Abu, to Simla, and excluding that portion of south Central India occupied by lEo t. humei; Assam, Burma, north of the Malay Peninsula,east to West Siam; Kachin Hills and French Indo-China t. h~{,mei Baker Sou th Central India Ceylon and S. Travancore t. multicolor (Gmelin) t. scapularis Horsfield . Java, Bali t. singapurensis Chasen and Kloss Singapore Is. north to Klang in Selangor t. styani La Touche . Indo-China, Yunnan t. viridis (Bonaparte) N.W. Borneo and Labuan t. micromelcena Oberholser Sumatra and Banka t. damicra Oberholser S.W. Borneo t. horizoptera Oberholser Nias Is. nigrolutea (Marshall). United Provinces, Rajputana, Punjab, Cutch, Khandeish viridissima (Bonaparte) Peninsular Burma and Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Nias Is.

lEo tiphia tiphia

lEo lEo lEo lEo

373

(Linna:us)

The above species has wing 60-65 mm. and plumage leaf-green. lEthorhynchus is larger than lEgithina, and shows a close affinity to this genus and Chloropsis, which is distributed over Tenasserim, Arracan, Siam, French Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula. Genus CHLOROPSIS Jardine and Selby, Illustr. Orn., text to pI. v., pt. i" 2nd February r829. Type (by original designation): Turdus cor;hinchinensis Gmelin. Phyllornis Temminck and Schlegel, "Plan. Col. d'Ois," livr. 8r, pI. 84 (ex Boie MS.), October r829. Type (by original designation): Tu,rdus cochinchinensis Gmelin.

A distinct notch near the tip of upper mandible; tarsus slightly less than culmen from base; difference between the length of primaries 1 Oberholser, Smith. Misc. ColI., 76, No.6, pp. 7-8, 1923; La Touche, Bull B.O.C., xliii., p. 174, 192 3; Kloss, Treubia, xiii., livr. 3-4, pp. 339-340, 1931; Kuroda, "Birds of Java," i., pp. 158-159, 1933. Oberholser has described further races, but their trinomial status is very much doubted. 2 Fig. Robinson, " Bds. Malay Peninsula," i., pI. 17, 1927.

374

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

and of secondaries equal to about two-thirds of tarsus. Plumage nearly all bright grass-green; the difference between the sexes very slight. 521.

Chloropsis palawanensis

Palawan Leafbird (Plate 52) Phyllornis palawanensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., L, p. 333, pI. 50, figs. I and 2, 1877: Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Grass-green, much darker above than below; lores and a small patch at base of lower mandible light blue, behind the latter a moustachialline of lilac, above this and below eye a band of golden yellow; eye surrounded by circle of purple feathers; chin and throat golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts on bend of wing bluish purple; remainder of secondary-coverts and secondaries edged with green; , alula and primary-coverts blue, slightly washed with purple; primaries black, edged with light blue on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices, below dark grey; above, blue washed with green; shafts black. Iris brown; legs and feet slate-grey; bill black. Wing, 89; tail, 67; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14'5 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17. The female scarcely differs from the male, but the moustachial streak is dark purplish blue. Wing, 83; tail, 63; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-This Leafbird is common in Palawan and Calamianes, but is rather difficult to see on account of its colour; it is found in the forests and mangrove swamps. The present species is very closely related to the following bird, and these two are well-isolated geographical representatives.

522.

Chloropsis flavipennis

Yellow-quilled Leafbird (Plate 52) PhyUornis flavipennis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 761, pI. 77. fig. I : Cebu. Distribution.-Cebu, Mindanao. Description.-N early entirely leaf-green or grass-green, much darker above than below; lores, ring about eye, ear-coverts and chin washed with light yellow; outer webs of some primaries, and inner webs of all the remiges and rectrices, edged with chamois-yellow; lower thighs chamois-yellow; shafts of flight-feathers black. Iris dark brown to black; upper mandible almost black, lower drab.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

375

M ale.-vVing, 91-96; tail, 74-16; bill from nostril, 16-17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Female.-Wing, 86; tail, 70; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 20. General Notes.-This species, which is a geographical representative of C. palawanensis, is rare in Cebu. It frequents the forests and breeds in June. Allied Forms and their Range.-The present genus consists of typical Oriental birds, which are widely extended over that region, including Sunda Islands. About seven species are recognizable besides those of the Philippines, and the plumage of the females is just as handsome as the males'. The Philippine species differ a little in the sexes; both of them are distinct and it is not easy to trace which are akin. It is noted, however, that the female of C. viridis zosterops Vigors resembles very much C. palawanensis. Other members from the Sunda Islands, such as C. ven1tsta (Bonaparte), also from Sumatra, are much smaller and quite distinct.

Genus IRENA Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiii., p. 153, pI. designation): Coracias puella Latham.

1822. Type (by original

Nuchal hairs well developed, their exposed portions equal to about two-thirds the length of bill from nostril; nostrils hidden by short, close-set feathers; a notch near the tip of each mandible; primaries longer than secondaries by much more than tarsus; tarsus less than bill from nostril; tail slightly rounded. Colours blue and black. In the thin and tender skin and hidden nostrils this genus shows some affinity to the Pericrocotidre; but the well-developed nuchal hairs and short tarsus indicate a close relationship to the Bulbuls.

523. Irena puella tweeddalii Tweeddale's Fairy Bluebird (Plate 53)

Irena tweeddalii Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., iii., p. 268, 1877: Balabac type, male, J. B. Steere coli.). (Fig. Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 333, pI. 51, fig. I, 1877.)

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Male.-Crown, nape, hind neck. entire back rump, upper and under tail-coverts, lesser and median wing-coverts, and tips of inner greater coverts light turquoise-blue; rest of plumage, including forehead, lores, a wide line over eye, and entire sides of head and neck, deep black.

376

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, I27; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, I9 ; tarsus, I6; middle toe with claw, 23. Female.-Very different from the male, being dull verditer-blue, feathers of rump and upper and under tail-coverts tipped with brighter blue; primaries dark brown; secondaries and rectrices dark brown, their exposed edges washed with verditer-blue. Wing, I20; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, I9 ; tarsus, I8; middle toe with claw, 24 . . General Notes-Tweeddale's Fairy Bluebird is one of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful birds occurring in Palawan. It is found chiefly on the higher ground along the streams; here it keeps to the dense-foliaged trees and bushes, feeding on greenish berries and other fruit. Baker, in his work, "Fauna of British India, Birds," iii., p. I, I926, adopts the family Irenidre for the Fairy Blue-birds. He remarks: "The young are heavily streaked, showing in this respect an approach to the Oriolidre." This statement, I consider, is quite wrong, as according to the young specimens in the British Museum, ranging from about ten days to a fortnight old, all show uniform black plumage and the dorsal parts have the blue almost as strong as the adult female. Baker's view is followed by Delacour in his work on the" Birds of Indo-China" (I93I), and Robinson (I927); but I share the opinion of Dammerman (I929), Bartels, Jr., Stresemann (I929) and Kuroda (I933), who united this genus with Pycnonotidre.

Allied Forms and their Range: I. puella pueUa (Latham)

I. p. cyanea (Begbie) I. p. turcosa Walden I. p. criniger Sharpe

Lower hills of Travancore, Malabar, Nilgiris and the adjoining ranges, north to Nelliampathy Hills and Kanara, Himalayas from Sikkim and Bhutan to East Assam, Burma, Siam, French Indo-China to certain parts of the Malay Peninsula Malay Peninsula 2 . E. and W. Java Sumatra and Borneo, Sipora, Siberut, Pulo Tuanku, Nias, S. Pagi, Tana Bala

The Javanese race is hard to distinguish, while the Palawan form is the clearest defined of all the races. Kloss, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., I., No. cccxliii., p. 82,1930. Irena malayensis Kelham is a synonym. A specimen in the British Museum of the above race is from the extreme south of Tenasserim. 1 2

Birds of the Philippine I sland s. Vol. II .. Plate 53.

111 121

Ir ena puella tweeddalii SHARPE. TWEEDDALE'S FAIRY BLUEBIRD. Irena cyanogastra lnelanochlamys SHARPE. BLACK-MANTLED FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

377

524. Irena cyanogastra cyanogastra Luzon Fairy Bluebird

Irena cyanogastra Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1831, p. 97: Manila. Irenella 1 Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xl., p. 23, 5th March 1927. Type (by original designation): Irena cyanogastra Vigors.

Native Name.-Villiareyni. Distribution.-Luzon, Polillo. Description.-lIrJale.-Forehead, lores, a wide band over eye, entire sides of head and neck, chin, throat and fore breast velvety black; rest of under parts deep blue; tail-coverts tipped with cobalt and the black bases of feathers showing through the blue to some extent; crown and nape bright cobalt; mantle, back and rump deep blue, the black bases showing through to some extent as on the under parts; upper tailcoverts tipped with cobalt; wings black; lesser coverts tipped with dark blue; median and greater coverts with wide tips of cobalt forming two bands; alula-feathers and primary-coverts narrowly edged with dark blue; inner secondaries broadly edged with cobalt; rectrices black below; above, outermost pair all black, the middle pair all blue, the others blue on outer webs. Iris scarlet-lake. Bill, legs and nails black. \Ving, 135; tail, lI2; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 21 ; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 2I. Female.-Differs from the male in having the black on head and throat duller and extending for a lesser distance on the breast; blue of under parts slightly lighter. Wing, 135; tail, lI3; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 2I. General Notes.-Whitehead writes, Ibis, 1899, p. 216: This handsome Bluebird was met with in the thick forests of Cape Engano. The Fairy Bluebirds are more difficult to obtain than the species found in Borneo and Palawan, owing to their habit of keeping so much in the topmost branches of high forest-trees. The skin is almost as tender as that of a Trogon, and a fall from the top of a forest-tree often entirely ruins the specimen. These birds are also easily alarmed and quickly disappear; so that, but for their peculiar call-note, one might tramp the forest in vain." It

1 Riley separates I. cyanogastra into an independent genus as Irenella on account of its upper and under tail-coverts being not less than half the length of tail, the mantle having normal feathers and the sexes being similar. These characters apply very well to all the Philippine members, but not to birds from India, therefore I consider this genus not separable from Irena.

378

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 525. Irena cyanogastra ellce

Ella '8 Fairy Bluebird Irena Ellce Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 18, 1890. Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 14th April 1888, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). (Fig. Ibis, 1891, p. 313, pI. 8.) Distribution.-Leyte, Samar. Description.-M ale.-Crown of head and nape deep cobalt-blue, as in I. c. cyanogastra; sides of neck, back and scapulars velvety black; lower back washed with cobalt, this becoming rich cobalt on upper tail-coverts; tail black washed with deep cobalt; wings marked with cobalt, much as in I. c. cyanogastra; under surface deep velvety black; feathers of abdomen slightly washed with blue; under tail-coverts deep cobalt. Bill, legs, feet and nails black; iris red. Wing, 125; tail, 102; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23 . . Female.-Chin and throat velvety black; breast, abdomen and flanks purplish blue. 1. c. ellce can be readily distinguished from I. c. cyanogastra, its nearest ally, by its black back. Wing, 123; tail, 103; culmen, 31; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-Whitehead writes, Ibis , 1899, p. 216: "Met with rarely in Samar, but in the mountains of North Leyte the species was fairly common, frequenting at times even the lower growth; but unfortunately during the time of our visit all birds were in full moult and quite useless."

526. Irena cyanogastra melanochlamys Black-mantled Fairy Bluebird (Plate 53) Irena melanochlamys Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. JJ1us., iii., p. 266, 1877 : Basilan. (Fig. Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 334, pI. 51, fig. 2, 1877.)

DistributiOn.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-Very similar to I. c. cyanogastra, but the upper back and mantle black instead of blue. Iris cherry-red; bill, legs and nails black. M ale.-Wing, 121; tail, 102; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 22. Female.-Wing, II6; tail, '96; culmen, 30; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-This species is a strictly deep woods form, and a very fine singer. 路It is rather shy, but it can readily be found, as it

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

379

never remains silent for any length of time. All the Philippine Fairy Bluebirds are difficult to collect in good condition, as they have very thin skins and loose feathers, and frequently ruin themselves in falling; they all feed on fruit. Genus MICROSCELIS Gray, "List Gen. Birds," p. 28, 1840. Type (by subsequent designation, Gray, 1841): Hypsipetes amaurotis Temminck. Longest rictal bristles about one-half the length of tarsus; nuchal hairs moderate in length; bill slender and compressed; a notch near tip of upper mandible, none in lower mandible; tarsus much less than culmen from base; difference between length of primaries and secondaries greater than length of tarsus; tail slightly rounded; plumage brown and grey, under parts sparsely spotted with white.

527. Microscelis amaurotis batanensis Batan Red-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes batanensis Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 357,1907: Santo Domingo de Basco, Batan Is. Turd1-ts amaurotis Temminck, " PI. Col.," ii., pl. 497, 1830: Japan. Native Name.-Pi-uc', Batan. Distribution.-Babuyan Claro, Batan. Description.-Exactly like Microscelis a. f~tgensis Ogilvie-Grant, but larger, and with the forehead rufescent instead of cinereous. 1.1 ale.-Wing, I30-132; tail, 127; culmen, 28; bill from anterior margin of nostril, zo; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, z7. Female.-Wing, 120-1Z8; tail, IIZ; culmen, 25; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 17路5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 25路5. General NoteS.-The Batan Red-eared Bulbul is very abundant in Batan Island, where it has been found breeding in May and June. The eggs are salmon-pink spotted with shades of umber-brown. Measurements: 30路z to 32.7 mm. in length and from zo to zz mm. in width.

528. M icroscelis amaurotis fugensis Fuga Red-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes fugensis Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., v., p. 2, 1895: Fuga Island (type, male, 15th April 1895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Native Name.-Sa-mot', Calayan. Distribution.-Calayan, Fuga. Description.-Top of head and crest dark brown, the feathers edged with slate-grey; back, rump and tail-coverts warm brown or

380

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

light seal-brown, the feathers edged with olive-grey; wings and tail dark brown; rectrices edged with olive-grey; chin, fore part of throat and cheeks hoary grey; a band of dark reddish brown across earcoverts and lower throat, many of the feathers of throat with white spots on the tips of the shafts; rest of under parts ashy brown, becoming fulvous on flanks and thighs; feathers on median part of breast tipped with white; middle of abdomen white. Iris reddish brown or hazel; bill, legs and nails dark brown. Wing, 123-126; tail, II9-124; culmen from base, 27-29; bill from nostril, 16.5-18; tarsus, 19-23; middle toe with claw, 2I. General Notes.-Whitehead writes, Ibis, 1899, p. 214: "This species was obtained on Fuga Island, to the north of Luzon, to which island we were blown by adverse winds one night in April, on our voyage to Cape Engano. It was fairly common in the thick bush which fringes the shore of Fuga Island, and I was first attracted by its peculiar harsh note. "

529. M icroscelis amaurotis camiguinensis Camiguin Red-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes camiguinensis McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 347, I907: Camiguin Island (type, male, 28th June I907, in Bureau of

Science, Manila). Distribution.-Camiguin N. Description.-Similar to the other two races, M. a. jugensis and M. a. batanensis, but larger; bill and tail longer ; flanks less rufescent. The specimens of Microscelis obtained in Camiguin Island, and described by McGregor, are in such poor condition that it is impossible to give colour characters. Wing, 136; tail, 124; culmen from base, 33; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 21; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 23. Allied Forms and their Range.-The present species is a Japanese bird, also found in south-east China during the winter, but northern races are migratory on a minor scale, while insular races in warmer climates are sedentary. The Philippine individuals are the most southern races, and it is one of the very few specific elements found in the islands north of Luzon which have allies in the Palrearctic region and not the south. M.l amaurotis hensoni (Stejneger) Hokkaido, recorded in winter from the southern islands M. a. amaurotis (Temminck) Hondo, Shikoku, Kiusiu, Tsushima, Seven Islands of Izu, Tanegashima 1

See notes on genus, Ticehurst, Ibis, 1935, p. 62.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a.

and Y akushima ; migrating in win ter to Corea, Quelpart Is., Riu Kiu Is., Shaweishan, Uugpo and Chusan Is. Minami-Daitojima, Borodino Islands Amami-Oshima and Tokunoshima Bonin Islands Volcano Islands Middle Riu Kiu Islands Miyakojima, South Riu Kiu Islands Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima Iriomotejima, South Formosa, Botel Tobago, Yonakunijima

borodinonis Kuroda ogawce (Hartert) squamiceps (Kittlitz) magm路rostris (Hartert) pryeri (Stejneger) . insignis Kuroda ste)negeri (Hartert) harterti Kuroda

Another member of the family, of its western representative, is the Black Bulbul, 111. psaroides, an ashy grey bird with a black head, which gets darker in its eastern localities until one finds representative forms in Hainan and Formosa which are pure black. M. psaroides psaroide (Vigors) M. p. nigrescens (Baker)

M. p. ganeesa (Sykes) M. p. concolor (Blyth) M. p. nigerrimus (Gould) M. p. perniger (Swinhoe) M. p. sinensis (La Touche)

Afghanistan, Nepal, Kumaon, Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhotan, Simla N.E. and South Assam, Manipur, Arrakan, and the northern Chin Hills as far east as Chindwin India, south from Matheran and Ceylon E. Burma, Shan States, Yunnan, Siam, S. Burma and French Indo-China Formosa Hainan Yunnan

111. leucocephalus (Gmelin), from South China, Indo-China and Yunnan,! has a dimorphic form. This species is migratory.

Genus IXOS

Temminek, "Planeh. Col. d'Oiseaux," pI. 382, fig. I, I825. original designation): I xos virescens Temminek.

Type (by

This genus differs from Microscelis in having the tail shorter and more rounded. It has no hair-like feathers on the back like Iole. 1 2

La Touche, " Bds. Eastern China," i., p. 87, footnote, 1925. Hemixus cannot beused. Cf. Kloss, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, new se!"., xviii., p. 64, 19 2 4.

382

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 530. I xos everetti everetti

Everett's Yellow Bulbul (Plate 54) Criniger everetti Tweeddale, A nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XX., p. 535, 1877: Surigao, N. Mindanao. (Fig. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 827, pI. 84.) Distribution.-Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Panaon, Samar. Description.-Above bright olive-yellow; primaries, secondaries and rectrices mostly dark brown, their exposed webs olive-yellow; shafts of the rectrices light yellow below; sides of face faintly washed with brown; feathers on jaw with black shafts; chin yellow, the shafts of the feathers black and extending beyond the webs; throat and fore breast light rufescent brown washed with yellow; rest of under parts yellow; sides, flanks and upper thighs darker; middle of abdomen, lower thighs, crissum, axillars and wing lining light eggyellow. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails leaden; upper mandible nearly black, lower grey. Wing, rr6; tail, ID5; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, Ig; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 23. General NoteS.-Everett's Yellow Bulbul is a deep woods bird, and a hill bird as well. In Samar it is found a few hundred feet up on the hills, but in the forests of the lowlands its place is taken by I. philippensis. Whitehead writes, Ibis, I8gg, p. 215: "Fairly common in the big forests of Samar and Leyte. This is another Mindanao species not found north of Samar, nor does it extend its range to the N egros-Cebu group."

531. I xos everetti haynaldi Haynald's Yellow Bulbul ' Criniger Haynaldi Blasius, Journ. fur Orn., 1890, p. 143: Sulu. Distribution.-Bongao, Sibutu, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-Similar to I. e. everetti but smaller, and the upper parts darker and browner; wings much darker, their exposed webs olive-brown; edges of rectrices darker; under parts lighter yellow; axillars and wing lining pale yellow. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet and nails light brown to slaty brown; upper mandible black, lower leaden grey. Wing, rog; tail, IDO; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-Haynald's Yellow Bulbul is extremely abundant in Sulu and Tawi Tawi, belonging to the woods and hardly ever coming out into the open country.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 532. I xos siquijorensis siquijorensis Siquijor Bulbul (Plate 54)

Iole Siq1tijorensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 19, 1890: Siquijor (type, male, 14th Febmary, J. B. Steere, in British Museum) . Native Name.-Tig-ba-ya, Siquijor. Distribution.-Siq ui j or. Description.-Forehead and entire top of head seal-brown; rest of upper parts, wings and tail lighter brown, the feathers edged with dark oliva ceo us ; tips of greater and median wing-coverts whitish, or light brown, forming two wing-bars; sides of head and neck light brown; chin, throat and breast brown, with a slight olivaceous wash, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, the streaks on chin and throat very wide; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillars and wing lining white, faintly washed with pale yellow; sides, flanks and thighs light drab-brown. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails brown, bottoms of feet yellowish; upper mandible black, lower black to dark brown. vYing, 133; tail, 12I; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 2I ; tarsus, 23; middle toe w~th claw, 24. General Notes.-This distinct species may be recognized by its entirely seal-brown head. It is found about low bushes in open fields, often in flocks.

533. I xos siquijorensis cinereiceps Ashy-headed Bulbul

Iole cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester , Minnesota A cad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 25,1894: Tablas (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distribution.- Romblon, Tablas. Description.-Entire top of head slate-grey, bases of the feathers olive-brown, the shafts nearly black; chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow, otherwise very simil,ar to the typical form. Iris, legs, feet and nails very dark brown; bill black. Wing, I26; tail, lIS; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, I9; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 26. General Notes.-The Ashy-headed Bulbul occurs in the open, but it is found more often in the woods.

384

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 534. I xos siquiJ'orensis monticola Mountain Bulbul

lole monticola Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Gee. Papers, i., p. 25, 1894: Cebu (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Distribution.-Cebu. Description.-Very similar to the typical form, only smaller; top of head lighter seal-brown; forehead washed with slate-grey; mantle and back more ruddy; ear-coverts tawny; chin and fore throat almost solid white. This race differs from the typical in having the upper surface more ruddy, its lighter head, with a wash of ashy grey on front of crown, its lighter ear-coverts and tawny throat, and in having lighter under wing- and tail-coverts. Wing, 127; tail, II7; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester remark: "So far as our observation goes, this Bulbul is a highland form. It was invariably met with by us in the forest on the tops and sides of the hills in central Cebu, and was never seen in open or flat country." I. siq'Uijorensis and I. everetti are the largest members of the genus.

535. Ixos philippensis philippensis Philippine Bulbul (Plate 54)

Tl,trdus Philippensis Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., pt. 2, p. 814, 1789: Philippines (restricted to Luzon). Philedon g~tlaris "Cuvier," Pucheran, " Arch. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat.," vii., p. 344, pI. 18, 1855: China, errore Luzon. Native Names.-Tug-bi-a', Bohol; pa-nu-ca', Lubang; tam-si, Manila. Distribution.-Banton, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Panaon, Polillo, Samar. Description.-Similar to I. rufigularis, but smaller, and easily recognized by the more rufescent chin and throat and the very distinct white, or whitish, shaft-lines on these parts. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails dark brown; bill black, lower mandible sometimes dark brown. Wing, 106; tail, 92; culmen, 20; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-Two eggs of the Philippine Bulbul collected at Cape Engafio, Luzon, are described as being oval in shape; ground-

Birds of th e Philippinc Islanels. Vol. 11 ., Plat c 54.

Ixos evel'etti everetti (TWEEDDALEI. EVERETT'S YELLOW BULBUL. Ixos pitilippensis philippensis (GMELIN ,. PHILIPPINE BULBUL. Ixos siqaijorellsis siquijorenS'is (STEERE!. SIQUIJOR BULBUL.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT colour pure whit , thickly speckled all over with brown, lake and pale violet under-m, ..{ings. Measurements, 29 x 20 mm. The nest is constructed of fin : roots, like that of other Bulbuls, and placed in a bush in the vicinit of the forest. This bird is found about fruit-trees in the forest bl is more abundant in the open country. Whitel cld writes, Ibis, 1899, p. 215: "One of the commonest birds in L zon, frequenting the outskirts of forest and open places; it ranges 1 ~ to the pine-forests at an altitude of nearly 6000 feet, and has a har 3h and disagreeable note."

536. I xos philippensis mindorensis Mindoro Bulbul Io vv Mindorensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I9, I890: Mindoro (type, male, I2th ]lme, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Ogilvie-Grant and Whitehead, Ibis, I898, p. 238, pI. 5, fig. 2 (egg). Distribution.-Mindoro, Semirara. Description.-Very much like I. p. philippensis, but chin and t' oat light drab-brown; whitish shaft-streaks less conspicuous than in either I. p. philippensis or I. p. guimarasensis; sides of breast and flanks greyer; under parts with fewer streaks of pale yellow. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet and nails leaden. Wing, 102-107; tail, 90-99; exposed culmen, 2I-24; bill from nostril, 15-18; tarsus, 18-21; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-This Bulbul is quite common in Mindoro. A nest with three eggs was taken in this locality. The ground-colour of the eggs is white, under shell-markings faint lavender, and entire surface thickly and uniformly marked with elongated and twisted spots of reddish brown. They measure 26路1 by I8路2, 25路4 by 18 and 25.1 by 19 mm. The nest is composed of leaves, held in place by threads of a black, hair-like fungus; cobwebs and green moss in small quantities also enter into the construction, and the lining is composed of a quantity of long, slender fibres.

537. I xos Philippensis guimarasensis Steere's Bulbul Iole Guimarasensis Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I9, I890: Guimaras (type, male, 30th December, ]. B. Steere, in British Museum). Native Name.-Pa-la-go, Ticao, used for Pycnonotus also. Distribution.-Bantayan, Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Ticao, Verde. II.-2B

386

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Description.-Very similar to I. p. philippensis, from which it differs only in being slightly larger and in having the throat and breast paler. Wing, 107; tail, 90; exposed culmen, 23; bill from nostril, 17 ; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 23.

538. I xos philippensis saturatior Mindanao Bulbul

Iole Philippensis saturatior Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxvi., p. 58, 1916: Davao, Mindanao (type, male, January 1903, W. Goodfellow, Lord Rothschild's coIl., in American Museum of Natural History). Distribution.-Mindanao. Description.-The present race differs from I. p. philippensis, from Luzon, as follows: crown darker, more slaty grey; back darker, more olivaceous; tail, chest and sides of breast darker, more olivaceous. The measurements agree with the typical form. General Notes.-It is interesting to note the striking resemblance between I. philippensis and Microscelis amaurotis, and especially between 1. p. mindorensis and M. a. fugensis, although the two birds are generically distinct (owing to the length of the rictal bristles), one is inclined to believe there is a close affinity between the two species. I. philippensis appears to me to be a diminutive relation of the robust northern Microscelis. The song and the flight, together with their life-history, show that there must be much in common between the two genera.

539. I xos rufigularis Rufous-throated Bulbul

Hypsipetes rufigularis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 335, 1877: Malamaui. (Fig. Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. M'us., vi., p. 57, pl. 3, 1881.) Distribution.-Basilan, Mindanao. Description.-Forehead, crown and occiput dark brown, shafts of the feathers blackish and the edges slate; rest of upper parts lighter brown, the feathers with olivaceous edges and ashy or slate-grey tips; wings dark brown, the outer webs of the feathers lighter and narrowly edged with olivaceous; tail similar; lores and sides of head dull brown ; chin, throat and fore breast tawny or light tan-brown, darker on breast; sides of breast washed with olive; shafts of chin- and breast-feathers a trifle lighter than their webs; rest of the under parts white, the feathers edged with pale yellow, producing a streaked appearance;

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT flanks more or less washed with brown; axillars and under wingcoverts white, washed with pale yellow. Iris dark brown; legs and feet brown to nearly black; bill black. Wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 17 ; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 22. General Notes.-This Rufous-throated Bulbul is common in Mindanao and Basilan. I t is found along the edges of the forest in second growth, and in guava-bushes. The type locality, Malamaui, is a low, flat and very heavily wooded little island, separated from Basilan by a narrow little channel about a hundred yards across. I. rufigularis is in every respect closely related to I. philippensis. Strangely enough both species are found in Mindanao.

540. I xos striaticeps Palawan Bulbul Iole striaticeps Sharpe, Ibis, r888, p.

200:

Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Distribution.-Palawan. Description.-General colour above olive-brown, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks to the feathers of the mantle and back; the lower back and rump uniform, the feathers of the latter very loose and fluffy and with pale tips; lesser wing-coverts brown, with a wash of olive; alula and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a reddish tinge and washed with olive externally; quills dark brown, externally pale olivebrown, rather more rufous towards the base of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers light reddish brown, with a slight edging of olive; crown of head brown, slightly contrasting with the back, all the feathers with narrow ashy white shaft-streaks; lores white, with a yellowish tinge; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts light brown, washed with yellow and having narrow whitish shaft-streaks; cheeks and under surface of body ashy white, with a strong tinge of yellow, the breast, abdomen and under tail-coverts clearer yellow; sides of body and flanks washed with olive-brown; thighs pale yellow; under wingcoverts and axillars pale yellow; quills below dusky brown, yellowish along the edge of the inner web. Wing, 81; tail, 70; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. Allied FtJrms and their Range.-Ixos is a typical Oriental genus, distributed from the Burmese countries to the Malay Peninsula and islands. About three species a.re known on the continent, while I. olivacea extends to Borneo, but it is only a small species and distantly related to the Philippine species.

388

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Genus POLIOLOPHUS Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., new series, Zool., i., p. 334, 1877. Type (by original designation): P. ztrostictus Salvadori.

Occipital crest short and pointed; eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; bill from base about equal to tarsus; ristal bristles long, the longest much more than bill from nostril; rectrices graduated and tipped with white; difference between lengths of outermost and middle tail-feathers more than length of bill from nostril. This genus is confined to the Philippines.

541. Poliolophus

urostict~ts

urostictus

Northern Wattled Bulbul Brachyp1ls 1frostictus Salvadori, Atti. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, V., p. 509, 1870: type locality restricted to Luzon. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., pI. 32, fig. 2, 1875. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iii., p. 308, pI. !O, fig. g, Ig03.

Distribution.-Bohol, Catanduanes, Leyte, Luzon, Panaon, Polillo, Samar. Description.-Top of head dark brown, shaft-lines seal-brown; rest of upper parts dark olive-green, the shafts of the feathers darker; feathers of lower back long and thickset, forming a bunch which covers the feathers of the rump; the long feathers with dark brown subterminal spots and some of the lateral ones tipped with white washed with pale yellow; rectrices brown, each with a subterminal blackish Head of PolioloPh'Us 'Urostict~ts. area and a distinct white tip; sides of head dark drab; chin and throat drab-grey; breast ashy brown; this colour, faintly washed with olivaceous, extends on to the sides of neck and breast and on to the flanks; rest of under parts white, with some streaks of pale yellow on breast; axillars and wing lining white, washed with light yellow. Iris grey or dark brown; eyelids lemon-yellow; bill and feet black. Wing, 80; tail, 75; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9 ; tarsus, r6; middle toe with claw, 17. General NoteS.-The Northern Wattled Bulbul is fairly common about fruit-trees in the forest and open fields. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 215, writes: "Fairly common in parts of Luzon, but nowhere abundant. This Bulbul is found in or about the borders of old forest; it is a bird of the lowlands. The lemon-

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT yellow eyelid adds much to the bird's beauty in life, but in dried skins it becomes black. This genus is apparently confined to the eastern islands of the archipelago, following the distribution of Harpactes, Irena, etc., from Cape Engafio to Basilan."

542. Poliolophus urostictus philippensis Southern Wattled Bulbul (Plate 52) PolioloPhus urostictus philippensis Hachisuka, Tori, viii., I38, p. 220, 1934: Dinagat (type, male, June IS77, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Distrlbution.-Dinagat, Mindanao, Surigao. Description.-The present race is distinguished from the North Philippine race by having a more whitish abdomen and under tailcoverts. It is an intermediate form between P. u. urostictus and P. u. basilanicus. Orbital skin, lemon-yellow. Wing, 8I; tail, 77; culmen from base, I7; bill from nostril, 10 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 14. General Notes.-This bird is common in Mindanao; eight specimens were collected by Everett from Surigao, Panaon, Dinagat and Zamboanga. Steere secured four at Ayala, as also did Goodfellow at Davao, and Nakamur at Tumadgopt and FukalaeL

543. Poliolophus urostictus basilanicus Steere's Wattled Bulbul PolioloPhus Basilanicus Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. I9, I890: Basilan (type, male, I4th November, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-The present race is easily distinguished by having an olive-green wash over the upper parts of the body, excepting the head. The lower parts of the body, the abdomen and thighs have a yellowish wash towards the tips of the white feathers; the white portion of the under parts is even larg~r than in P. u. philippensis. In specimens from Basilan the bill is slightly longer and the white spots on the rectrices occupy more space than in the specimens from Luzon. Wing, 77-81; tail, 74-77; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, IS. Allied Genus and its Range.-The genus Polioloph~ts is closely related to Pinarocichla, found in Malacca, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. The latter is larger in dimensions, but has no wattle round the eye, which forms the chief generic character in Poliolophus.

390

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus BRACHYPODIUS

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv., p. 576, 1845. Type (by original designation): Lanius melanocephalos Gmelin. The Philippine species of the genus Brachypodius is characterized by its very ample and lengthened tail-coverts, rounded tail, and the extraordinary development of the feathers of the lower back and rump, which are barred with black. In this respect the present genus shows great affinity to Pinarocichla and Poliolophus.

544. Brachypodius atriceps atriceps Black-headed Bulbul Turd1tS atriceps Temminck, " PI. Col.," pI. 147, 18zz: Java. Lani'/l6s melanocephalos Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., p. 309, 1788 : Sandwich, in Mares Australis; McGregor, ÂŤ Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 513, 19O9.

Distribution.-Palawan. Description.-Entire head, chin and throat black, faintly glossed with green and purple; mantle and back olive-yellow, gradually becoming citron-yellow on rump and tail-coverts; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, overhanging the rump, each feather with a subterminal black band; breast and sides olive-yellow, becoming lighter posteriorly and bright egg-yellow on middle of abdomen and on under tail-coverts; wings mostly black, but the secondaries and their coverts broadly edged with citron-yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white; axillars and wing lining pale yellow; basal part of tail olive-green, followed by a wide black subterminal bar; tips of rectrices bright egg-yellow. The sexes are similar in colour, but the female is a little darker. Iris bright blue; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Wing, 77; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16'5; bill from nostril, 10 ; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-The Black-headed Bulbul is fairly common in Palawan. It is usually seen about trees and bushes in the open, but is occasionally met with in the forest, above the tree-tops, which it keeps to in the cold weather, descending to the smaller trees and undergrowth in the breeding season. Its ordinary note is a musical chirp, but it has also a mournful double whistle. Its food consists principally of berries and fruit, and it is also known to eat small insects.

Allied Forms and their Range: B. atriceps atriceps (Temminck) French Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, south to Java, Bali, Sumatra, Borneo B. a. chrysophorus (Oberholser) South Pagi, Siberut, Sipora, ? North . ;> N'las P agI,.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT B. a. hyperemus Riley B. a. baweanus Finsch B. a. major Robinson and Kloss

B. a. fuscoflavescens Hume

39 I

Simalur Island Bawean Island South of the Brahmaputra and E. Bengal hill tracts, Siam, Assam, Burma, Shan States Andamans

Other members of this genus are: Tipperah, Pegu, Tonghoo, Salang, Cachar, Dacca (The above species resembles B. atriceps, but the breast is slate-grey instead of greenish yellow.) B. phceocephalus (Jerdon) Malabar coast, from Belgaum to South Travancore, Coonoor and Wynaad Hills The above species has head and throat not black, but much like the rest of the body. B. chalcocephalus (Temminck) is a grey phase of B. a. atriceps; it has head and throat black, rest of body slate-grey, with white tips to the tail-feathers. It is extremely rare, being known to occur only in Java. B. melanoleucus (Eyton) I Malay Peninsula, Borneo This species, unlike all the others, has uniform black plumage, with white wing-coverts.

B. cinereoventris Blyth .

Genus CRINIGER Temminck and Laugier, "Planch. Color. d'Ois.," livr. 15, 1821. Type (by monotypy): Criniger barbatus Temminck and Laugier. This genus resembles Irena in having long nuchal hairs and a rather short, slightly compressed bill, but in Criniger the nostrils are exposed and the wings are relatively short and rounded, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the length of tarsus; head slightly crested; the colours are olive-yellow, light yellow, brown and grey. ,

545. Criniger flaveolus

frater

Grey-throated Hairy Bulbul Criniger frater Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., Zool., i., p. 334, 1877 : Puerto Princesa, Palawan. McGregor, " Man. Bds. Philip.," p. 514, 1909. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vi., p. 79, pI. 5, 1881. Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Top of head dark tan-brown; back and rump olive1

Ticehurst, Journ. Bombay Nat. His. Soc., xxxvi., NO.4, p. 923, 1933.

392

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

green; upper tail-coverts and rectrices tan-brown, edged with tawny olive; lores, sides of face, a narrow supercilium and ear-coverts light grey, the last streaked with white; chin, throat and breast clear light grey, with white shaft-lines; feathers of breast edged with yellow; rest of under parts yellow, darker on crissum and slightly olivaceous on sides and flanks; wings brown, quills edged with ruddy olive on outer webs and with ochreous white on inner webs; axillars and wing lining pale yellow. Iris reddish to chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails very light brown; bill brown. Wing, l08; tail, 92; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, l3 ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 2I. General Notes.-The Grey-throated Hairy Bulbul is very common, and feeds always in the woods.

Allied Forms and their Range:

c. flaveolus flaveolus

c. j.

(Gould)

burmanicus Oates

C. j. griseiceps Hume C. j. henrici Oustalet C. j. annamensis Delacour and Jabouille C. j. pallidus Swinhoe e. j. tephrogenys 1 (Jardine and Selby) C.j. sumatranum Ramsay C. j. bartelsi Collin and Hartert C. j. balicus Stresemann

Sub-Himalayas from Garhwal and Nepal-where it is apparently very rare-to the east of Assam; north and south of the Brahmaputra, Manipur and Tipperah Hills east of the Salwin, from Yamethin to Moulmein Central West Burma south to north Tenasserim, Yunnan N.E. Shan States, French Indo-China Annam, Laos, Cambodia Hainan Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula Sumatra West and Middle Java . East Java, Bali

The Bornean mountains are represented by C. ruficrissus Sharpe; this species is met with on Mt. Dulit, Penrisen, and Mt. Kalulong. A second Bornean species is e.g. gutturalis (Bonaparte) from Sarawak; this species has a wide range and is represented by races in the Oriental region. 1

Robinson, "Birds of the Malay Peninsula," ii., plate 13, 1928.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

393

546. Criniger finschii palawanensis Palawan Hairy Bulbul Criniger palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 618: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, female, 27th December 1877, Tweeddale coll., in British Museum.) (Fig. Cat. Bds. Brt't. Mus., vi., p. 83, pI. 6, fig. 2, I88!.) Criniger finschii Salvadori, Att?:. R. Acad. Torino, vi., p. 128, 1870: Borneo. (Fig. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., vi., p. 84, pI. vi., fig. I, I88!.)

DistributiOn.-Palawan. Description.-Above scarcely different from C. flaveolus frater, except that the feathers on top of head have light shaft-lines; earcoverts olive-green with whitish shaft-lines; lores white, mixed with olive-green; cheeks, chin, throat and breast pale yellow, streaked with white; rest of under parts pale lemon-yellow, olivaceous along the sides and flanks; crissum light ochreous yellow. Eyes usually strawyellow; in one case light hazel; legs, feet and nails light brown; upper mandible nearly back, lower grey. Wing, 82; tail, 76; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-This species is common in Palawan; it feeds among the bushes in the open, and is seen frequently in flocks. Allied Forms and their Range.-The only race belonging to the present species is C. finschii finschii Salvadori, from Borneo and Malay Peninsula. Specimens from those localities do not appear to show much difference. However, the measurements of Bornean birds are smaller than that of Malayan, the bill being I mm. shorter, the wing on average 2-3 mm. also shorter in the Bornean individuals. The genus Criniger is distributed over both the Oriental and Australasian regions, but the Philippine species are closely connected with the former region. "

Genus PYCNONOTUS

Boie, Isis, 1826, coll. 973, ex Kub!. capensis Linnreus.

Type (by monotypy): Turdus

Bill short, when measured from base less than tarsus; rictal bristles usually less than bill from nostril; wing short and rounded; the primaries exceed the secondaries by less than length of tarsus; a short crest, which is not very evident in dry skins.

394

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

547. Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul (Plate 55) Petit goiaV1:er de Manille Sonnerat, " Vay. Nauv. Guin.," p. 59, pI. 28, I776: Manila. Guava Flycatcher Latham, "Gen. Syn.," ii., pt. i., p. 335, I783: Manila. M1;f,Sc1'capa goiavier ScapaIi, " Del. Faun. et Flar. Insubr.," ii., p. 96, I786 (ex Sannerat): Manila. M uscicapa psidii Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., pt. ii., p. 94I, I789 (ex Sannerat): Manila.

Native Names.-Pa'-la-go, Ticao (also used for Ixos); l'l6C-lac, Manila; C1;6l-cul, in general. Distrihution.-Bohol, Caluya, Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte, Libagao, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro, Negros, Nipa, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Tablas, Ticao, Verde. Description.-Middle of forehead and crown seal-brown, bordered on each side by a band of white, extending from base of bill over eyes to sides of occiput; lores and a ring round eye black; above, including wings and tail, dark brown, the feathers fringed with earthy or ochreous brown; ear-coverts brown ; spot below eye, jaw and most of the under parts white; breast and sides with distinct brown shaftstreaks; flanks and thighs brown; abdomen washed with pale yellow; crissum lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Iris dark brown; bill, legs and feet black. Wing, 80; tail 76; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 9'5 ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-The Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul is one of the commonest of Philippine birds, it is called "cul-cul" by the natives. Very abundant about fruit-trees and bushes in the open fields, and in scrub and second growth, but much rarer in deep forest. Two eggs were路 collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, on 24th June 1896, and are thus described: "Shape ovate. Groundcolour pale pinkish white, very thickly mottled all over with light red and underlying greyish lavender blotches. Measurements, 2I by IS mm." The nest is cup-shaped and built of fine roots, and placed in a low tree about five feet from the ground, in an open situation. Whitehead also remarks: "A common and widely distributed species, occurring throughout the entire group. In the mountains P. goiavier reaches an altitude of 3 000 feet.'J

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE.

ISLANDS. VOL. II . PLATE 55 .

I2cnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli). Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul. cno fx notu8 {llumosus cinereif.rons (Tweeddale). AShy-fronted Bulbul.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

395

548. Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis Southern Philippine Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonot'llts goiavier suhtensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi., p. 470, 1909: Jo10, Suln (type, male, 7th March 1908, Dr. P. Bartsch col!., in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

DistributiOn.-Basilan, Mindanao, Sulu. Description.-The present race is distinguished by Mearns from the typical race by having a relatively shorter tail; this character, however, is considered worthless by McGregor, whose opinion I share. However, in a series of skins it is shown that this race has a broader supra-orbital white stripe and a pale auricular patch. Wing, 77-82; tail, 76-79; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 21-24 ; middle toe with claw, 16. Allied Form and its Range: P. goiavier analis (HQrsfield)

Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Banka, Billiton, Kangean, Bali, Lombok Siam, French Indo-China

I 549. Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons Ashy-fronted Bulbul (Plate 55) Brachyp1ts cinereifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 617: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, male, December 1877, A. H. Everett coli., Tweeddale coli., in British Museum).

Distribution.-Calamianes, Palawan. Description.-Above dull olive-green; feathers on top of head with dark centres and grey edges; ear-coverts brown, with distinct whitish shaft-lines; cheeks brown streaked with grey; chin and throat whitish; breast and sides ashy brown, slightly washed with olivaceous ; abdomen buffy white; flanks brown; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown, most of the feathers edged with dull olive-green; wing-coverts entirely olive-green; axillars and wing lining light yellow. Bill nearly black; iris, legs, feet and nails brown. Wing, 84; tail, 76; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, I I ; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. General Notes.-w. P. Lowe found that the Ashy-fronted Bulbul occurs plentifully in Palawan along the streams, feeding on insects, small fruit and berries.

396

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 550. Pycnonotus plumosus plumosus

The Large Olive Bulbul Pycnonotus Plll'moS1ts Blyth, jo'Urn. As. Soc. Bengal., xiv., p. 567, 1845: Singapore. McGregor, Philip. journ. Sci. D., xi., p. 274, 1916.

Distribution.-Cagayan Sulu. Description.-The present race is at once distinguished from P. p. cinereifrons in being much darker in coloration. Upper parts not so greenish but like the abdominal parts, being washed with strong smoky brown. Wing, 84-90; tail, 84-91; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, ZI; middle toe with claw, I8-zo. Allied Forms and their Range.-p. p. plumosus is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, west coast of Tenasserim, as far north as Tenasserim town, Java, Sumatra and Borneo. A closely related species is P. blanfordi, and the two species appear to overlap in certain geographical areas.

P. blanfordi blanfordi 1 P. b. robinsoni Ogilvie-Grant.

Burma, north of H.angoon, the Kachin Hjlls, N. and C. Siam, Shan States South of Peninsular Siam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, French Indo-China

The genus is distributed over the lEthiopian, the Oriental and the warmer parts of the Palceardic regions; large numbers of species are known and as a rule they are commonly found where they occur. In Indo-China three closely allied species-P. goiavier, P. hainanus Oustalet and P. sinensis (Gmelin)-are known; they are usually found in the same type of country. The two latter species are met with in Formosa. . In the Pacific Islands this genus reappears in New Guinea, and is represented by P. stictocephalus (Salvadori); but later Salvadori himself created a new genus, Pycnopygius, for this species.

Family

TIMALIIDÂŁ

Bill slender, rarely decidedly strong, never broad; culmen more or less ridged, curved at tip; a slight notch near tip of upper mandible, gonys slightly to somewhat curved; culmen from base less than tarsus; nostril opening covered by a flat scale or partly closed by a membrane; ridal bristles evident, but seldom greatly developed; wings short, rounded and curved to the body; first, second and third 1 P. blanfordi is considered a subspecies of P. plumosus by Baker, "Faun. Brit. India," i., p. 420, 1922.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

397

primaries very unequal and much shorter than longest quill; tarsus and toes long; tarsus booted or with obsolete divisions.

Subfamily TIMALIIN.,ÂŁ Tarsus rather stout; plumage of back, rump and flanks lax and decomposed, the feathers of the back often lengthened and overhanging the rump and tail-coverts.

Genera (A) 1 Tail much longer than wing; rectrices pointed, their shafts stiff, and their webs decomposed. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS, p. 39B. (A) 2 Tail shorter than wing; rectrices usually not pointed, their shafts not very stiff, and their webs not decomposed. (b) ] Tail very short, only one-half to two-thirds as long as wing; tarsus long, the outstretched feet reaching beyond the end of the tail. (c) 1 Tail equal to tarsus, and middle toe without claw; wing one and one-half times the tarsus, plumage heavily streaked. PTILOCICHLA, p. 403. (c) 2 Bill stout, deeper than it is broad at the nostrils, plumage uniform on the upper parts, and not so heavily streaked. PTILOPYGA, p. 403. (c) 3 Tail but little longer than tarsus; wing twice the tarsus. ANUROPSIS, p. 412. (b) 2 Tail not very short, more than three-fourths as long as wing; outstretched feet not reaching end of tail. (c) 1 Bill very much deeper and stronger, the tip decidedly hooked; rictal bristles well developed, longer than bill from nostril. (d) 1 Feathers of rump normal length. MALACOCINCLA,

(d)

LEONARDINA,

(c)

411.

402.

Feathers of rump very long and soft.

Bill more slender, the tip but slightly hooked; rictal bristles shorter. (d) 1 A tuft of lengthened feathers above each eye. DASYCROTAPHA, p. 420. (d) 2 No lengthened feathers above eye; plumage soft and more or less decomposed. (e) 1 Feathers of back not greatly lengthened; nostril with an overhanging membrane.

398

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (j)

(e)

Feathers of forehead normal, ZOSTERORNIS, p. 414. (j) 2 Feathers of forehead stiffened. BORISIA, p. 416. Feathers of back greatly lengthened, decomposed, and overhanging the tail-coverts; nostril opening without an overhanging membrane. . (1) 1 Long feathers of back without greatly stiffened shafts. MIXORNIS, p. 409. (1) 2 Long feathers of the back with shafts conspicuously stiffened. MINODORIA, p. 406. 1

Genus PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Om. Club, iv., p. xl., r895. Type (by original designation): Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus Grant. Bill slender, rictal bristles short and weak, wings very short, rounded and curved to body; fifth to eight primaries nearly equal, and longest; tarsus and feet strong; tarsus one and one-half times the culmen from base; hind toe with claw about equal to culmen; tail long ; rectrices graduated, pointed, and with stiff and decomposed webs. Pseudotharrhaleus' differs conspicuously from its allied genus Androphilus in having a much longer and pointed tail, composed of twelve instead of ten feathers. As in Androphilus, the wing is remarkably short, rounded and feeble, the first primary being much the shortest, the fourth about equal to the tenth, and the fifth to the eighth, subequal and longest. The plumage is soft and loose, especially of the flanks and tail-coverts, and the webs of the tail-feathers are decomposed, while the shafts are decidedly stiff, somewhat recalling the Dendrocolaptine genus Synallaxis. This genus is confined to the Philippines.

551. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus caudatus Luzon Wood Accentor (Plate 56) Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Om. Cl., iv., p. 40, r895: Mt. Data, Lepanto, N. Luzon (type, male, 29th January r895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., NO.2, p. r92, r930. (Fig. Ibis, r895, p. 448, pI. r3.) Distribution.-Luzon (Mt. Data, Lepanto District, N.W.). Description.-Above rich umber or dark brown, a greyish line on

Pselldotharrhaleus caudatus caudatus OGILVIE-GRANT. LUZON WOOD ACCENTOR !DRAWN FROM TYPE SPECIMEN).

Birds oj the Philippine Islanels, Vol. II .. Plate 56.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

399

each side above lores and eye; lores brown; cheeks and ear-coverts brown, with narrow whitish shaft-lines; chin and throat whitish, bordered on each side with grey; breast grey; sides of neck and breast grey with a faint olivaceous wash; flanks and thighs dark brown like upper parts; crissum lighter; middle of abdomen grey. Iris light brown; bill black; lower mandible whitish; legs dark brown; feet and nails lighter brown. Wing, 61-62; tail, 85-88; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, II; tarsus, 26-27; middle toe with claw, 24. General NoteS.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 222, writes: "The discovery of this interesting bird was made by me on the summit of Mt. Data. Whether the bird is so scarce, or whether the difficulty of obtaining it is so great, I can only say that not more than three specimens were captured in the several months spent in the Luzon highlands. This species is a quiet, dull-coloured, creeping bird, frequenting the undergrowth in the oak forests which clothe the summit of Mt. Data."

552. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus unicolor Mindanao Wood Accentor Pseudotharrhaleus unicolor Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., xiv., p. 74, I904: Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type, Lord Rothschild's coli., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Pseudotharrhaleus griseipectus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 2. 1905: Mount Apo, at 6200 feet (type, female, 8th July I904, in U.S. National Museum, Washington).

Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-Female.-Similar to P. c. caudatus from Luzon, but the tail much shorter, the upper side deeper rufous brown, the whole under side rufous brown, with an olive tinge, only the upper throat lighter and somewhat tinged with buff. Iris dark brown; bill black; feet and nails rusty brown (in the plale), dull reddish brown (in the female). \ Wing, 61; tail, 75 1 ; culmen from forehead, 16; metatarsus, 26 ; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-The British Museum has a pair of skins collected in February and March, 1905, by W. Goodfellow, at 8000 feet on Mt. Apo, and the third specimen is a chick taken on 28th September 1910 by J. J. Mounceyat (3500 feet) Todaya, Mt. Apo. 1

British Museum specimens show no sign of wear in the tail-feathers.

400

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 553. Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus malindangensis

Malindang Wood Accentor (Plate 57) Pseudotharrhaleus malindal1gensis Mearns, Froc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi., p. 44 1, 1909: Mount Malindang, 9000 feet (type, male, 6th June 1906, E. A. Mearns, in U.S. National Museum). Distribution .. -Mindanao (M t. Malindang). Description.-General colour above burnt-umber, washed with vandyke-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker; wingquills brownish black, with outer webs broadly margined with the same colour as the upper parts and extending to the outer webs of the under side of the wing; head sepia above, without an appreciable supra-orbital stripe; sides of head greyish brown maculated with bistre; chin and upper throat dirty whitish, much obscured by dusky macules occupying the centres of the feathers; middle of chest grey, heavily marked with blackish centres to the feathers; sides, crissum and under tailcoverts, axillars and lining of wings like the back, this colour shading to wood-brown on middle of belly. Iris brown; bill plumbeous black; feet and claws brown (from fresh specimen). Wing, 66; tail, go; culmen, 16'5; bill from nostril, 10'3; tarsus, 28; middle toe "'{ith claw, 25. General Notes.-This bird is usually found in hollows under mossy logs. I ts note resembles the alarm call of the Canon Towhee (Pipilo fuse'us mesoleueus) , from America. There is much to be said about this extremely rare and interesting genus. To begin with, I have made Mearns' griseipeetus a synonym of P. e. ~mieolor because of the little difference in colour and griseipeetus having a dirty greyish supra-orbital stripe. Two specimens of unieolor in the British Museum show the stripe practically disappearing in the male, while in the female it is very distinct. Mearns' specimen measures : tailofgriseipeetus, 81; tailofHartert's unieolor, 74-77; also the bill in the latter measures 14'5-16. There is a natural tendency to think that the length of the tail varies, especially among the long-tailed birds; it is for this reason I consider griseipeetus as a synonym. Mearns, when describing his species, had never seen unieolor, and a short description by Hartert did not express any individual difference found among only a few specimens of unieolor. A careful description of griseipeetus by Mearns and material available in England, including Lord Rothschild's collection,! have brought me to the above conclusion. This settles, therefore, eaudatus, unicolor and malindangensis occurring in three isolated localities-viz. Mt. Data, Mt. Apo and Mt. Malindang, become conspecific. 1 These observations were made when the Rothschild collection was stiU at Tring, Herts, England.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

40r

J. J.

Mouncey collected a chick about a week or ten days old at Todaya (3500 ft.), on Mt. Apo, on 28th September 1910. The shade of the colour is identical with the fully grown individual, while the young has not the faintest trace of bars or streaks on the feathers, which is a very interesting fact. It is evident that they breed in September, which is about . the commencement of the dry season, and the temperature would be higher than in the wet midsummer days. The same conditions may not be applicable on Mt. Data, in Luzon. Specimens preserved are in the following collections: London, caudatus and ttnicolor; Washington, griseipectus and malindangensis; New York, ttnicolor and ? caudatus; Manila, caudattts. The total number of specimens included in this genus would not be more than ten or twelve. As far as I am aware, no literature has been written since 1909 on this rare bird, since ornithologists have no doubt been unable to compare these few widely scattered examples. Pse1.tdotharrhaleus is a dull-looking bird, somewhat like the HedgeSparrow in Europe; the soft structure of the feathers, together with the colour, suggests it is a shy bird living in a dark bush in a forest, and the habits closely resemble those of Minodoria, found commonly in many of the islands in the archipelago, but Psettdotharrhaleus is a gem among many of the rare and strangely interesting Philippine birds. Allied Genus and its Range.-Androphilus is separated generically from Pseudotharrhaletts only by having a shorter tail, which is of normal proportions; otherwise the coloration is extremely alike. Geographically speaking, it is natural to find the Philippine cousin represented by a closely related genus in Celebes and its neighbouring islands, but it is most strange to know that the Kina Balu (Borneo) bird is closely related to the species from Bonthain Peak (Celebes) and not so much to the representatives from Mt. Data (Luzon) and Mt. Apo (Mindanao) . A ndrophilus has the following species and races: A. castaneus castaneus 1 (Btittikofer) A. c. muscuhts 2 Stresemann A. c. disturbans Hartert . A. accentor Sharpe 1 2

II.-2 C

Bonthain Peak (6000 ft.), N. Celebes Gunung Pinaia (7500 ft.), Ceram . Mt. Mada, Buru Kina Balu (8000 ft.), Borneo

"Birds of Celebes," ii., pI. 34. Nov. Zool., xxi., pI. 4. 1914.

1 ~8.

402

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Genus LEONARD INA Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 88, February 1905. Type (by monotypy): Leonardina woodi Mearns. Bill somewhat depressed, broader than high at base, higher than broad at anterior border of nostrils, equal in height and breadth at posterior edge of nostrils; culmen strongly ridged, curved from base; maxilla with a subterminal notch; nostrils apparently elongate-oval; distance between anterior angle of nostril and tip of bill equal to the length of the hind toe without claw; rictal bristles strongly developed; length of skull equal to that of tarsus; length of tarsus contained two and one-third times in that of wing; tarsus booted; hind toe with claw less than half the length of tarsus; wing and tail about equal; wing rounded, the first primary half as long as the third; tail moderate, graduated, with feathers somewhat pointed and webs not decomposed; plumage full and soft. This genus is confined to Mt. Apo and has not been discovered in any other high mountains in the Philippines.

554. Leonardina woodi Wood ls Bagobo Bird (Plate 57) Leonardina woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 2, 1905: Mount Apo at Todaya (4000 feet) (type, male, lIth July 1904, Mearns colI., in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Hachisuka, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, Iv., p. 61, 1934路 Native Name.-Doo-roogh-bah-long, Bagobo of Mt. Apo. Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo). Description.-Third primary equal to ninth; fifth, sixth and seventh subequal and longest; upper parts bistre, washed with burntumber on lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts; tail blackish sealbrown; the feathers of the rump, which are very long and soft, have concealed white spots; sides of head and neck (including lores and earcoverts), breast and abdomen slate-grey, the latter washed with white; sides grey, washed with burnt-umber, particularly on the flanks, some of the feathers with concealed white spots; thighs grey, washed with burnt-umber; under tail-coverts tawny olive, the longest ochreous; chin and throat white. Iris reddish brown; bill black; feet and claws plumbeous. Wing, go; tail, 87; bill, measured from the nostril, IO; culmen, 16; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 27. General NoteS.-The type and only known specimen was collected on Mt. Apo, Mindanao, at 1220 metres altitude, by Mearns. Allied Genus and its Range.-Wood's Bagobo Bird is very closely

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE.

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 57.

Pseudotharrhaleus caudaJjJ.ยง mqlindlll1gensis Mearns. Malindang Wood Accenlor. Leonardina woodi Mearns. Wood's Bagobo Bird.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT related to Androphilus castaneus of Celebes. species is much alike.

The coloration of both

Genus PTILOCICHLA Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., L, p. 332, 1877. Type (by original designation): Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe. Bill moderate in size; culmen from base contained one and onehalf times the tarsus; no bristles anywhere about the mouth; wings rounded and short; tarsus and feet stout, the outstretched toes extending to, or beyond, the end of tail; plumage lax and decomposed; feathers of the back long and overhanging the rump; chin and throat white; breast and abdomen streaked with white. This genus is confined to the Palawan subregion.

555. Ptilocichla falcata Palawan Ground Babbler (Plate 60) Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., i., p. 332, pI. 50, fig. 3, 1877: Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan. Description.-Top of the head and nape rufous brown; sides of the forehead and a stripe behind the eye fawn-rufous; lores narrow and white; spot before the eye and ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat white, with a narrow malar streak of blackish; entire baGk blackish brown, the feathers broadly centred with fulvous; the feathers of the lower back long, but somewhat sickle-shaped and hanging over on each side, brown or black in colour, broadly streaked with white; wings rufous brown, the quills internally blackish; tail entirely rufous brown; under surface of body blackish, the feathers broadly streaked with white down the middle; thighs, under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous. Bill yellowish horn-colour, the mandible more yellow; feet dark brown. Wing, 8r; tail, 6r; culmen, 24; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 29. General Notes.-This species is not rare in Palawan, but it is rather difficult to see owing to its protective colouring and its shyness. The males can be readily called by imitating their note; they seem to be very pugnacious and apparently come prepared to do battle.

Genus PTILOPYGA Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. M~ts., vii., pp. 507 and 585, 1883. Type (by subsequent designation, Ibis, 1883, p. 573) : M alacocincla rufiventris SalvadorL Bill stout, deeper than it is broad at the nostrils. Differs from Ptilocichla in having the under parts blotched with white instead of

404

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

being streaked, the upper parts are uniform brown, and faintly streaked. In Ptilopyga the long back feathers are shorter, and do not reach beyond the wing as they do in Ptilocichla. There is no very important difference between Pt~'locichla and Ptilopyga. The former is a broadly marked big bird, while the latter has an almost uniformly coloured mantle. P. b. minuta forms a link between the two genera. It is strange that Ptilopyga has not, up to the present, been found in the Sulu Archipelago.

556. Ptilopyga basilanica minuta Lesser Ground Bab bIer Ptilociehla minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Aead. Nat. Sci. Oce. ?apers, i., p. 24, I894: Samar (type in U.S. National Museum, Washmgton). Distribution.-Samar, Leyte. Description.-Feathers of the head and nape black, with heavy rufous brown shaft-lines; feathers of back and upper wing-coverts bright reddish brown with conspicuous, nearly white, shaft-markings for their entire length; tips of feathers black; the elongated feathers of back, which reach to tail-coverts, with white shafts and white shaftmarkings broad at base and narrowing at tip, edges and extreme tips of feathers being dark rich fulvous bro'vVll; upper tail-coverts rufous brown; tail-feathers fulvous brown, edged with rufous brown; lores white; superciliary line white, extending as far as hind neck; earcoverts fulvous with light shaft-stripes, the latter becoming rufous on hind neck; malar stripe black; chin and throat pure white; feathers of breast and abdomen have very broad white shaft-stripes, giving a streaked appearance to the under surface; feathers of flanks, much elongated, light fulvous brown with distinct white shaft-stripes, broadest at base, under tail-coverts coloured like flanks; under surface of wing fulvous brown, brighter on coverts. Iris dark reddish brown; legs, feet and nails dark brown; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellow. Wing, 69; tail, 42; culmen, I9; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23路 Readily distinguished from P. b. basilanica by having all the feathers of back, head, rump and upper wing-coverts with prominent shaft-lines, by the darker colour of the long feathers of the back, and by its much smaller size. General Notes.-This bird is always found on the ground; when moving it does not hop, like the Thrush tribe, but has a most decided walk, like the Starling. Its note is a "chic-chic-chic," and it is most shy and difficult to obtain.

B i r ds 01 t h e Phili p p in e [ sl a nds . Vol. ll .. Pla te 58 .

Philopyga basi lanic a basi/anic a (STEERE J. BASILAN GROUND BABBLER.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT 557. Ptilopyga basilanica mindanensis Mindanao Ground Babbler

Ptilopyga mindanensis Blasius, Braunschweigische A nzeigen, No. 94, r5th April r888, Journ. fur Orn., r8go, p. r46: Davao, Mindanao (type, male, Nehrkorn colI., Lord Rothschild col!., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Ptilocichla (?) Mindanensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. r8, r8go: Ayala, Mindanao (type, male, r5th October, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Mindanao. Description.-Above fulvous brown; feathers of head narrowly edged with black; feathers of back showing indistinct shaft-stripes; below much as in P. b. basilanica, which it equals in size also. It is readily separated by the fulvous brown of the head and the uniform fulvous of the back. Iris light yellow or nearly white; legs, feet and nails drab; upper mandible black, lower grey. At! ale.-Wing, 75; tail, 5r; culmen, 22; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27. Female.-Wing, 69; tail, 46; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. General Notes.-The habits of this bird are similar to those of P. b. basilanica.

558. Ptilopyga basilanica basilanica Basilan Ground Babbler (Plate 58) Ptilopyga mindanensis Blasius, Journ. fur am., April r8go, p. 146:

Davao, Mindanao. Ptilocichla (?) Basilanica Steere,l "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped., " p. r8, 14th July r8go: Basilan (type, male, 7th November, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). (Fig. Steere, Ibis, r8gr, p. 3r2, pI. 7.) Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-Above dark or reddish brown, most of the feathers with lighter shafts, feathers of head darker and with blackish brown margins; lares white, some of the feathers tipped with black; line under eye white; line over eye extending to nape white; ear-coverts brown with light shafts, bordered below by a narrow white line which is separated from the white chin and throat by a black line; feathers of breast, abdomen and tail-coverts with wide median white stripes and black edges; sides and flanks reddish brown with lighter shafts; thighs brown; primaries, secondaries and rectrices blackish brown,

1 In Steere's original description on p. 18, Ptilocichla Basilanica appears before Ptilocichla Mindanensis.

406

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

their shafts black, and outer edges reddish brown; wing-coverts reddish brown, with light shafts. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower ashy grey. Wing, 73; tail, 47; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, I I ; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. General Notes.-This species is common in Basilan, living on the ground or near it, and sometimes perches on stones, fallen trees, or roots. P. b. basilanica always seems loth to take flight, and one can readily secure it by following it carefully as it runs along the ground, uttering its complaining note at frequent intervals. Sooner or later one is sure to catch sight of it in some little, open place, though the protective colouring makes it hard to see. Allied Species and its Range.-The only known species included in this genus is P. leucogrammica (Bonaparte) from Borneo, a larger bird, with stronger tarsus and longer bill and wing; rictal bristles longer. Genus MINODORIA

Hachisuka, Tori, viii., 38, p. 220, I934. Type (by original designation) : M acronus striaticeps Sharpe. Rictal bristles short-that is, ab ut as long as bill from nostril; nasal opening oval and not protected by a flap; culmen from base less than tarsus; long feathers of the back reaching to or beyond the tips of tail-coverts, their shafts stiff and usually white; feathers on sides of body long, decomposed and hair-like; most of the plumage loose and decomposed. Differs from M acronus by having narrow and weak bill; plumage streaked and not uniform in colour. Long decomposed back feathers do not reach much beyond the wing, but in M acronus reach nearly to the tip of the tail, which is graduated. This genus is confined to the Philippine Archipelago .

.559. Minodoria striaticeps cumingi Luzon Tit Babbler (Plate 60) Minodoria striaticeps c~tmingi Hachisuka, Tori, viii., 38, p. 22I, I934: Manila (type, Hugh Cuming coli., in British Museum). Distribution.-Luzon. Description.-This race is nearest to M. s. montanus, but streaks on the head and face are much reduced into narrow lines and the colour is buffish brown, the upper surface being a richer rufous, but the under side is smoky chestnut. This subspecies is the darkest of all the races.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Wing, 63; tail, 55; bill incomplete, 16 (the tip being chipped off) ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 17. General Notes.-I have already noted (Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 193, 1930) that a specimen of M. striaticeps from Luzon preserved in the British Museum is darker than any other subspecies. On looking at the label I find it was collected by Hugh Cuming in Manila. However, the name on the label is that of M acronus leucotis, which means a Malayan species, quite different from the present one. This specimen has never been recorded in the Catalogue oj Birds, British Museum, nor in any other publication, so this example furnishes the first record of this genus known from Luzon, and I propose to name it as above, after a most ardent scientific collector.

560. Minodoria striaticeps boholensis Bohol Tit Babbler i11acronus striaticeps boholensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 193, 1930: Tagbilaran, Bohol (type in the Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Bohol. Description.-M. s. mindanensis (Mindanao) is a richly coloured bird (there are very many examples from Mindanao known), while typical striaticeps (Basilan) is more brownish and the streaks are blackish instead of cinnamon. This new form is neither cinnamon-red nor with streaks intensified. The back is more buffish than reddish, as in mindanensis; this is clearly visible on the wing-coverts. Under parts of the body are more uniform, and the pale streaks are shown very indistinctly. The measurements do not differ from the following subspecies.

561. Minodoria striaticeps mindanensis Mindanao Tit Babbler Macronus Mindanensis Steere, "List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 17, 18 90 : Ayala, Mindanao (type, female, 25th October, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Samar. Description.-Similar to M. s. striaticeps, but throat, breast and sides of head washed with ochreous-buff or fulvous, giving these parts a soiled appearance. Iris yellowish white; upper mandible black, lower dull whitish; feet greyish brown. Wing, 60; tail, 55-58; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10 ; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 19. General Notes.-This species is common in Mindanao and Samar.

408

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

"Whitehead found a nest of this species (near Paranas, Samar, I5th June I896) containing three eggs. These were in such an advanced stage of incubation that the young birds hatched out a few hours after the eggs were placed in his room. Eggs pure white, thickly speckled towards the larger end with dark red. The nest, a large ball of bamboo leaves and loosely constructed, was placed close to the ground in old forest" (Grant and Whitehead). " Frequents the low growth in small parties, probably families, of four or five in number" (Whitehead). Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 223, writes: "Fairly common in the dark forests of Samar and Leyte, where it frequents the tangles and low plants near the ground, among which it obtains its daily bread."

562. Minodoria striaticeps montanus Mountain Tit Babbler Macronus mindanensis montanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 4,1905: Todaya, Mt. Apo (4000 feet) (type, male, 12th July I904, in U.S. National Museum, Washington). Native Names.-Tah-go-saa or tah-go-say'-ahn, Bagobo; tarman/-op, Moros of Pantar and Lake Lanao. Distribution.-Mindanao (Mt. Apo and Lanao district). Description. - Similar to M. s. mindanensis, but very much darker, with heavier markings throughout; the dark shaft-streaks are increased in area and intensity; the blackish feathering of the upper side of the head occupies more of the nape; and the back and rump are Prout's brown instead of raw-umber; the under parts are dark from the throat backward, the flanks being dark isabelline instead of claycolour. Wing, 62-64; tail, 57-60; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, IS. General NoteS.-The localities of this race are two isolated mountain regions in Mindanao, but they do not seem to show geographical differences. My party found the Mountain Tit Babbler commonly at Galog, Mt. Apo. They are very chirpy and lively in the evening, but very difficult to catch sight of.

563. M inodoria striaticeps striaticeps Basilan Tit Babbler Macronus striaticeps Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., 2nd ser., i., p. 33I, 1877: Basilan. Distribution.-Basilan. Description.-Entire top and sides of head and neck black, streaked

SYSTEMATIC .ACCOUNT with white; lores white; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wings and tail-feathers, rusty tan-brown; feathers of mantle and back with lighter shafts; chin and throat white; feathers of breast and abdomen white, with grey or brown edges, slightly olivaceous on fore breast; flanks and tail-coverts ochreous-buff, with lighter shafts; thighs ochreous-buff; wing lining and inner edges of quills dark buff. Iris very dark brown; upper mandible black, lower drab; legs and feet drab. \Ving, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10 ; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. The young birds are rather more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with rufous . General Notes.-This species appears to be confined to the island of Basilan, where it is extremely common in the forest and second growth. It works about the dense tangle of vines, and usually keeps within five to ten metres of the ground.

564. Minodoria striaticeps kettlewelli Kettlewell's Tit Babbler (Plate 50) Macronlls kettle:welli Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1885, p. 262, pl. 18, fig. 2: Lukatlapas, Sulu Island (type, Guillemard coIl., Lord Rothschild's coil., in American Museum of Natural History, New York). Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi. Description.-This race differs from M . s. striaticeps chiefly in having the head mostly brownish like the back, and not black. The general coloration is paler and the white shaft-streaks on the back are much more conspicuous; the tail and upper tail-coverts pale chestnut; under parts nearly uniform pale fawn; sides of throat and body faintly lined with white; webs of the long dorsal feathers partly white next to the white shafts. Iris green; legs and feet light brown, washed with yellow; nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower grey. Wing, 63; tail, 62; culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw,2I. General Notes.-Kettlewell's Tit Babbler was found to be rare in Sulu, but very common in Tawi Tawi. Found in the forest working in tangled herbage, like the other members of the genus. Genus MIXORNIS Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xi., p. 794, note after July 1842 (ex Hodgson MS.). Type (by original designation) : Timalia chloris Hodgson. Rictal bristles nearly as long as bill from nostril; culmen from base a little shorter than tarsus; nasal opening oval and with no

4IO

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

overhanging membrane; feathers of lower back long, decomposed and hair-like, without stiff shafts, the longest reaching to tips of tail-coverts; entire body plumage soft and decomposed.

565. }l.1ixornis flavicollis woodi Palawan Tit Babbler Mixornis woodi Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc., i., 2nd ser., p. 331, 1877 : Puerto Princesa, Palawan. Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs, iv., p. 49, pI. 2, fig. 9, 1905. Distribution.-Balabac, P.alawan. Description.-Forehead, lores, cheeks, ear-coverts and feathers round eye ashy grey, more or less streaked with black; crown dark chestnut; occiput, nape, sides of crown behind eye, sides of neck and back olive-grey; long feathers of lower back dark ochreous brown ; chin white; throat and fore breast light sulphur-yellow with narrow black shaft-lines; remainder of under parts light olive-grey, more yellowish along middle of breast and abdomen; wings, tail and upper tail-coverts rusty chestnut; primaries and secondaries edged with white on inner webs; rectrices with narrow obsolete bars. Iris ochreous orange; bill dark grey; mandible pale; legs greenish olive. Wing, 60; tail, 55; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9 ; tarsus, IS; middle toe with claw, IS. General Notes.-This species is very common in the vines and thickets of forest and second growth in Palawan. \V. P. Lowe, Ibis, 1916, p. 6I9, writes: "The Palawan Tit Babbler occurs in thick bush, and appears to subsist entirely on insects. It is one of the commonest birds and has a harsh note."

Allied Forms and their Range: M. flavicollis flavicollis (Muller) M. f. frigida 1 (Muller) M. f. kelleyi Delacour

Java Sumatra Indo-China

566. Mixornis gularis cagayanensis Cagayan Sulu Tit Babbler (Plate 59) Mixornis cagayanensis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc., I885, p. 4I9, pI. 25 : C~gayan Sulu (type, Lord Rothschild's coll., in American Museum of Natural HIstory, New York).

Distribution.-Cagayan Sulu. Description.-Above greyish olive; the forehead greyish, with 1 This bird was originally described as Zosterops frigida (Miiller) in Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., ix., p. 203, r884, and its status is somewhat vague.

Birds oj the Philippin e Islands. Vo/. 11. , Plate 59.

Mi:r:ornis gularis cagayanensis GUILLEMARD. CAGAYAN SULU TIT BABBLER.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

411

black shafts to the feathers, the occipital region with a tinge of chestnut; feathers rQund the eye and in the parotic region ashy; throat and chin pure white, broadly striped with black; breast pale yellow, also broadly striped, shading off below into the yellowish olive-grey of the crissum and under tail-coverts; thighs with a slight reddish tint; under wingcoverts white; wings chestnut; tail brown, with traces of dark barring. Iris pale yellow; bill and feet lead-coloured. Wing, 64; tail, 60; bill from gape, 18; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. General Notes.-This species is common in the low bushes in the more open situations in the island. It Âˇ has a loud note of alarm, is very restless in its movements, and apparently rarely flies far off the ground.

Allied Forms and their Range

1 :

N.E. India, N.W. Burma Central Burma, N. Tenasserim, Shan States, N. Siam lutescens Delacour N. Indo-China, S.E. Yunnan connectens Kloss . S. Indo-China, S. Siam, S. Tenasserim, N. Malay Peninsula . Pulo Condor condoriensis Robins n gularis (Horsfield) South Malay Peninsula, Sumatra everetti Hartert Great N atuna Is. prilloitzi Hartert . Kangean Is. y'avanica Cabanis . Java borneensis Bonaparte South and Central Borneo montana Sharpe Kina Balu, Borneo argentea Chasen and Kloss . Banguey Island

M. gularis ntbicapilla (Tick ell) M. g. s%lphurea (Rippon) M. g. JJ!1. g. M. M. M. M. M. M. M. M.

g. g. g. g. g. g. g. g.

Several forms have been suggested by Oberholser-" Oberholser on Bds. of Natuna Is.," Smith. Inst. U.S. Nat. M 'us. Bull., 159, pp. 68i3, 193 2 . Genus MALACOCrNCLA

J31yth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xiv., pt. monotypy): M alacocincla abbotti Blyth.

p. 600, r845. Type (by

Bill stout and straight, having the nostrils oval and exposed, with no protecting membrane. The rictal bristles are well developed; the tail is shorter than the wing. The name T%rdimts being preoccupied, the above name takes its place. 1

Review of the genus: Delacour. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. Iv .â&#x20AC;˘ pp. 99. 113, 1935.

412

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 567. M alacocincla rufifrons Rufous-headed Babbler (Plate 6r)

Trichostoma rufifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 616, pI. 38 : Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, loth December 1877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coIl., in British Museum). lYIalacopteron palawanense Biittikofer, Notes, Leyden Mus., xvii., p. 104, r895: Palawan .

Distribution.-Balabac, Pala wan. Description.-Above fulvous brown, the feathers of the head more rufous and with dark shafts and tips; back more ashy, rump more rufous; lores, line under eye and line over eye to occiput ashy grey; cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous; under parts white; chin and throat with a few dusky shaft-lines; fore breast, sides of breast and under tail-coverts washed with ochreous; flanks and thighs light brown; wings brown, edges of primaries and secondaries lighter and slightly olivaceous; rectrices bark-brown, the edges rusty brown. Iris pale Naples-yellow; bill dark plumbeous; feet pale plumbeous. Wing, 86; tail, 78; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, r2 ; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-This bird is common in the deep woods of Palawan, where it is found in the tops of low trees and in tangled vines. It hides cleverly and is difficult to see. It is a great whistler, and can be readily called up by imitating its note. Allied Species and their Range.-The members of the present genus are much alike in coloration, their sizes, and proportions in the length of tail and wing, forming specific distinctions. Borneo is very rich in its representatives, six species being recorded. Some are mountain forms and others extend through the islands to the Malay Peninsula, Nepal and Indo-China. M alacocincla is represented by two species in Celebes, by ll-I. celebensis (Strickland) and 111. finschi (Walden). The genus )Ethostoma, proposed by Sharpe for the Celebean species, is not recognized by the present author.

Genus ANUROPSIS Sharpe, Cat . Bds. Brit. Mus., vii., pp. 507 and 588, 1883. (by subsequent designation) : Brachypteryx malaccensis Hartlaub.

Type

Bill from nostril less than one-half the tarsus; nostril with an overhanging membrane; rictal bristles weak, the longest less than bill from nostril; wings very short and rounded; tail very short and soft, not more than one-half the wing; legs and feet very large, when

...,

Plilociohlo talco to Sharpe. Palo wan Ground Babbler,

Luzon Til Babbler,

.. _.*- -

J""n8->:,$en., Ddrn"'M:/f1.LldLondGn.

Ashy.headed Wood Babbler.

Anuro!l§ls cinereice(l§ (Tweeddale).

Minodoria striotice(l§ cumingi Hachisuka,

"'"

",,~

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 60.

.... . - - •• 0 1 (/ '/{ 1.::; .,..o71~-

PHILIPPINE

BIRDS OF THE

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT outstretched extending well beyond the end of tail; equal to tail; body plumage soft and decomposed.

tarsus about

568. A nuropsis cinereiceps Ashy-headed Wood Babbler (Plate 60) Drymocataplms cinereiceps Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r878, p. 6r7: Puerto Princesa, Palawan (type, female, January r878, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). Distribution.-Balabac, Palawan. Description.-..Male.-Top of head and hind neck ashy grey, lighter on lores and ear-coverts; remainder of upper parts fulvous brown, more rusty on outer webs of primaries and secondaries; chin, throat and middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs and crissum light tan or ochreous brown, extending faintly across fore breast. Iris brown; legs, feet and nails pale flesh-colour ; upper mandible black, lower nearly white . Wing, 61; tail, 30; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, I I ; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 23. . Female.--General colour above dark fulvous brown, with faintly indicated pale shaft-stripes to the feathers of the mantle; the plumage of the lower back and rump very full and lax, with dusky or silvery grey bases; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, with the same pale shaft-lines; greater series dark fulvous brown; quills dark brown internally, externally dark fulvous brown, somewhat ashy on the outer webs of the primaries; tail-feathers dark fulvous brown; crown of head dark ashy grey, the hind neck and sides of neck lighter ashy grey; lores and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts light ashy grey with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks white, with a narrow line of black along their upper margin; entire throat pure white, as also the entire abdomen; breast and sides of the body, thighs and under tail-coverts light fulvous brown, with paler shaft-lines on the feathers of the breast; axillars fulvous with white bases; under wingcoverts fulvous; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. Bill brownish grey, the mandible white; legs pallid, the front of the tarsi tinged brown; iris burnt-sienna orange. Wing, 60; tail, 27; culmen, r8; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. General Notes.-vV. P. Lowe, Ibis, 1916, p . 619, ,Hites: "The Ashy-headed Wood Babbler appears to be very rare. ' I only saw the specimen obtained. It might be easily overlooked, for it creeps about in dead bush and fallen tree-tops which have become overgrown with grass. Had I not been climbing through this tangle I should not

414

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

have seen it. There are six examples of this species in the National Collection-five males and one female (Everett's type), which latter, when compared with the males, seems to differ slightly by being paler on the upper surface." Allied Species and its Range.-The geographical representative of the Ashy-headed Wood Babbler is A. malaccensis (Hartlaub), of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Both species look much alike, except that the latter has longer rictal bristles and tail, and the crown is brownish like the back, and more slaty grey. The difference is sufficient to be able to consider the two as distinct species. Genus ZOSTERORNIS Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iii., p. 50, 1894. Type (by original designation): Zosterornis whiteheadi Oglivie-Grant. Bill slender and pointed; riotal bristles small, less than bill from nostril; nasal opening oval, with a large overhanging membrane; wing pointed, not greatly curved, and slightly exceeding the tail; rectrices well developed; tarsi and feet slender and moderate in length; tarsus about twice the bill from nostril. Some species of this genus resemble species of lIIixorn拢s, but in the latter there is no flap above the nasal opening, and the feathers of the back are long and fluffy. The tail is composed of twelve feathers. The fifth primary is slightly longer than the fourth and sixth; first, short, half the length of the second. This genus is also allied to Cyanoderma, but there is no naked space round the eyes, which, on the contrary, are encircled by a ring of short white feathers perfectly similar to that of a true Zosterops. This genus is confined to the Philippine Islands.

569. Zosterornis whiteheadi Whitehead's Tree Babbler (Plate 61) Zosterornis whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., iii., p. 50,1894 : La Trinidad, Benguet District (type, male, January 1894, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). (Fig. Ibis, p. 510, pI. IS, fig. I, 1894.) Distribution.-Luzon (mountains of northern). Description.- Forehead, chin, entire side of head and superciliary stripe cinnamon-rufous; a ring of white round eye; top of head dark grey; remainder of upper parts dull olive-green; under parts greenish yellow; middle of abdomen lemon-yellow;.路 wing and tailfeathers brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills ochreous-

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT fawn; wing lining pale yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs dull greenish; nails light flesh-colour. Wing, 64-66; tail, 59-65; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 15. Young.-Similar to the adult, but the colours duller and the grey of crown passing gradually into the olive of back; flanks and crissum washed with cinnamon. General Notes.-This species is very abundant in the vicinity of Baguio, Benguet Province, Luzon. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 222, writes: "During our first visit to Benguet we met with this species at from 4000 to 6000 feet, and again in the following year it was common in Lepanto. This Zosterornis frequents the thick tangled masses of high grass and small trees on the mountain-sides, and is also partial to small shrubs, though it is occasionally found in forests. It hunts the low growth in small parties, feeding on insects and fruits, and during its short flight from tree to tree the noise made by its wings is quite audible. Z. whiteheadi is perhaps confined to the western side of the great central cordillera of North Luzon."

570. Zosterornis striatus Striped Tree Babbler (Plate 61)

Zosterornis striatus Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Ct., iv., p. 2, 1894 : Molino, Isabela District, N.E. Luzon (type, male, May r894, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). (Fig. Ibis, r895, p . IIr, pI. 4, fig. 1.) Distribution.-Luzon (mountains). Description.-The general colour of the upper parts is dull olive, tinged with brownish on the upper tail-coverts; quills dark brown, edged on the outer web with olive, and on the inner with yellowish white. A marked ring of white plumes surrounds the eye; lores and fore part of cheeks whitish, tinged with yellow; a well-marked black eyebrow-stripe from the nostril to the posterior margin of the orbit, and a second less distinct band below the eye; hind cheek and earcoverts dull olive like the crown; chin and throat uniform white, tinged with yellow and bordered on either side by a black malar stripe; rest of the under parts yellowish white, each feather with a wide black shaft-stripe; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive towards the edges of the outer webs. Iris light brown; bill black; feet brownish green. Wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 13.

416

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

General Notes.-The Striped Tree Babbler is known only from the mountains of northern Luzon. In general appearance this species resembles Mixornis montana Sharpe, from Mount Kina Balu, but it is readily recognizable as forming a member of the genus Zosterornis by the shape of the nostrils and the peculiar ring of white feathers which surrounds the eye, as well as the absence of rufous brown or dark chestnut on the wings so characteristic of the genus Nlixornis. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 222, writes: "In habits it closely resembles Z. whiteheadi, frequenting the low growth and bamboo-tangles. It was also met with at Cape Engafio, so that its range is apparently along the eastern cordillera of North Luzon."

571. Zosterornis pygmceus Pygmy Tree Babbler (Plate 61) Zosterornis pygmce1;tS Ogilvie-Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. ct., vi., p. r8, r896: Barugo, North Leyte (type, male, 5th August 1896, J. Whitehead, in British Museum). Mixornis plateni Bourns and \il/oroester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., p. 58, 1894 (not of Blasius) (type in U.S. National Museum, Washington) . (Fig. Ibis, r897, p. 233, pI. 6, fig. I.) Distribution.-Leyte, Samar. Description.-General colour above brownish olive, brownest on the crown, each feather of which has a narrow whitish shaft-stripe; lores whitish; feathers above and below the eye blackish, with white shafts; chin whitish; throat, fore neck and chest grey, with white middles to the feathers, most marked on the throat; breast and belly white, shading into greyish on the sides, flanks and under tail-coverts. Iris bicoloured, outer ring red, inner pale yellow; bill slate-blue, black at tip; feet slate-grey. Wing, 49; tail, 39; culmen, 12; tarsus, 16路5; middle toe with claw, II. General Notes.-Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 223, writes: "In habits it is similar to Borisia dennisto~mi and B. nigrocapitatus, but it is a much rarer bird in the forests of Samar and Leyte." Genus BORISIA, gen. nov. Type (by original designation) : Zosterornis dennistouni Ogilvie-Grant.

Bill sharp and slender; rictal bristles moderate in length, longer than Zosterornis; wing pointed, not greatly curved and slightly exceed-

Zosterorl!.iยง stria/us Ogilvie-Grant. Striped Tree Babbler. Malaaoainala IJ!fjf.rons (Tweeddale). Rufous-headed Babbler.

PHILIPPINE

John8.aie.!'iom6.D.nI@\::40n,L\.<lL.mdon

ISLANDS. VOL . II. PLATE 61.

Zosterarnis whiteheadi Ogilvie-Grant. Whitehead's Tree Babbler. Zosterarnis pygmtEus Ogilvie-Grant. Pygmy Tree Babbler.

BIRDS OF THE

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT ing the tail, as in Zosterornis and Dasycrotapha. The feathers of forehead and crown are stiff and glossy and of a hair-like appearance. The upper part of the body is heavily streaked; terminal portion of the rectrices white, with the exception of the central pair. The genus is named by the gracious permission of His Majesty BORIS III., King of the Bulgarians. I t is endemic to the Philippine Islands.

572. Borisia dennistouni King Boris's Tree Babbler (Plate 62) Zosterornis dennisto~tni Ogilvie-Grant, B ull. Brit. Orn. Ct., v., p. 2, r895 : Cape Engafio, N.E. Luzon (type, male, April r895, J. Whitehead, in British Museum) . (Fig. Ibis, r896, p. lI8, pI. 3, fig. 2.)

Distribution.-Luzon (Cape Engafio, Molino, Isabela District). Description.-Forehead and crown shining golden yellow, shading into yellowish grey on the back and sides of the head and neck, and greenish grey on the back and rest of the upper parts, all the feathers with narrow whitish shaft-stripes; wings dark brown, the quills margined with yellowish brown; chin and throat golden yellow, but paler than the crown and shading into whitish yellow on the breast and rest of under parts; sides and flanks washed with greenish grey; tailfeathers brownish black, margined on the outer webs with yellowish brown, the five outer pairs tipped with white, the tips increasing in width towards the outer pair, which have also the greater part of the outer web white. Iris lake-red; bill black; legs greyish blue. Wing, 68; tail, 6r; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 13. Immature.-Resemble the adult, but the golden yellow forehead is represented by yellowish brown feathers with pale middles, the quills are edged with rufous and the under parts are white, slightly tinged with yellow. General Notes.-King Boris's Tree Babbler is resident in the vicinity of Cape Engafio, in northern Luzon. Whitehead, Ibis, 1899, p. 223, writes: "King Boris's Tree Babbler was obtained in the forests of Cape Engafio; it is closely allied to B. n. nigrocapitatus and is of similar habits. This species probably ranges down the eastern cordillera of Luzon, but its southern limit has yet to be ascertained." 11.-2 D

418

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

573. Borisia nigrocapitatus affinis Rufous-chinned Tree Babbler Zosterornis affinis McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., sec. A, p. 292, 1907 : Lamao, Bataan Province (type, male, 3rd December 1904, in Bureau of Science, Manila). Distribution.-Luzon. Description.路-Forehead and crown black, the shafts obscurely whitish; a small patch of chestnut behind each eye next to the black crown; general colour above dull olive-grey; feathers of neck and mantle with conspicuous, narrow, whitish shaft-lines; rump uniform; a narrow ring round eye, ear-coverts and cheeks grey, with pale yellow shaft-lines; chin, throat and fore breast pale lemon-yellow, the chin heavily washed with chestnut-rufous, which becomes gradually less on throat and disappears on breast; middle of breast and abdomen very pale yellow, their sides grey, overlaid with a faint yellow wash; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wings blackish brown, outer edges of quills lighter and inner edges whitish; median and lesser coverts with light shaft-lines; upper tail-coverts dull olive-brown; rectrices dark brown, except the oute most feathers, their outer webs edged with olive-brown, all but the centre pair tipped with white, increasing in extent toward the outermost feather, which has its outer web almost entirely white. Wing, 68; tail, 61; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10 ; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 14. . General Notes.-This race is similar to the typical bird, but is slightly larger, and the back is distinctly olivaceous; the reddish brown of chin and upper throat is diffused over these parts instead of forming a patch on each side.

574. Borisia nigrocapitatus nigrocapitatus Black-crowned Tree Babbler (Plate 62) 11-1ixornis nigrocapitatus Steere, " List Bds. and Mams. Steere Exped.," p. 17, 1890: Catbalogan, Samar (type, male, 14th April, J. B. Steere, in British Museum). Distribution.-Bohol, Leyte, Samar. Description.-Most nearly allied to B. dennistouni. Forehead, lores and crown black; on each side behind eye a small patch of dark chestnut; remainder of upper parts ashy grey with lighter shaftstripes; tail-coverts slightly olivaceous; ear-coverts and sides of head and neck like the back; chin and throat clear saffron-yellow, extending

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT faintly on to fore breast; a short stripe of dark chestnut on each side of throat; middle of lower breast and abdomen and tail-coverts white; sides, flanks and thighs grey; quills brown, externally edged with dull olivaceous, internally with white; median and lesser coverts like the back; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white, which increases on each pair towards the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. Iris varies from light brown to brick-red, in young birds it is dull yellow; legs and feet light olive-brown, often with a wash of yellow; nails brown to yellow; bill black. Wing, 67; tail, 58; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Y mtng.-Y oung birds have the top of the head brownish and the interscapular region darker than in the adult, and both these parts have well-defined whitish shaft-stripes; the colour of the chin and throat is paler than in the adult, while the outer webs of the primaryquills are pale sandy. General Notes.-The Black-crowned Tree Babbler was found to be fairly common in Samar and Leyte, and frequents the higher branches of the undergrowth. It was found breeding in July and August.

575. Borisia capitalis Rufous-crowned Tree Babbler (Plate 62)

Alixornis capitalis Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag . Nat. Hist., xx., p. 535. 1877: Dinagat (type, female, June 1877, A. H. Everett, in British Museum). (Fig. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. IIO, pI. 7, fig. 2.)

Distribution.-Basilan, Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Panaon. Description.-Forehead and crown rufous-chestnut or reddish auburn, some of the feathers with yellowish shaft-stripes; occiput, back and lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown with pale yellow shaft-stripes; rump and tail-coverts slightly olivaceous and without shaft-stripes; lores, ear-coverts and cheeks ashy with whitish shaftstripes; chin and throat chestnut, washed with light yellow; remainder of under parts very pale yellow, sides of flanks grey; wings brown, the outer webs edged with lighter brown, inner webs edged with white; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white, which increases. on each pair towards the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. Wing, 67; tail, 60; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9路5 ; tarsus, 18路5; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-This species is not uncommon in the deep forest of Basilan, where it is usually found in company with other birds.

420

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 576. Borisia plateni Platen's Tree Babbler

Mixornis Plateni Blasius, Journ. fur Orn., I890, p. I47: near Davao, Mindanao (type in Brunswick Museum).

Distribution.-Mindanao. Description.-Similar to B. capitalis, but noticeably smaller. Above olive - brown; rump and tail-coverts more rust-coloured; upper back with white shaft-stripes; entire head above and on sides, neck and breast red-brown, with fine white shaft-stripes; chin and throat more blackish, with broad white shaft-stripes; tail-feathers uniformly brown, washed with olIve-brown on the outer webs; tailfeathers above and upper wing-coverts similar; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish. Wing, 55; tail, 47; culmen, IO; tarsus, I5; middle toe with claw, I4. General Notes.-Borisia Hachisuka is a truly Philippine genus, represented by strjking species and subspecies found throughout the archipelago except in Palawan and Sulu. It can be looked upon as an offshoot of the Timaline bird found extensively over the Oriental region. Genus DASYCROTAPHA

Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., I878, p. II4. Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale.

Type (by monotypy):

Base of maxilla densely clothed with short feathers, space behind the eye naked; bill about the length of head, and formed as in M ixornis; wing lengthened, longer than tail; first primary half the length of the second, which is a fifth shorter than the third; third a little shorter than the fourth, which is equal to fifth and sixth; tail moderate and square; tarsus strong; hallux with claw stout and long; digits short and slender; outer a little longer than inner. This genus is confined to the island of N egros.

577. Dasycrotapha speciosa Beautiful Roughtemple (Plate 62) Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., I878, p. I14, pI. 9; Valencia, Negros (type, male, April I877, A. H. Everett, Tweeddale coli., in British Museum).

Distribution.-Negros, ? Panay. Description.-Head crested; forehead with dense short plumes covering the base of the maxilla; circle round the eye, whole space

BIRDS OF THE

PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS. VOL. II. PLATE 62.

1. Borisia dennistouni (Ogilvie-Grant.) King Boris's Tree Babbler. 2. Dasj.croiap,ha ยงReciosa Tweeddale. Beautiful Roughtemple

3. Borisia cflpiiolis (Tweed dale). Rufous-crowned Tree Babbler. 4. Borisia 11. f]ig{QQQP.itotus (Steere). Black-crowned Tree Babbler.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

42I

before the eye, tuft on the side of the base of mandible, chin and uppermost part of throat pure lemon-yellow; crown of the head black; postoccipital plumes yellow; nape yellowish green tipped with black; a lengthened tuft of plumes springing from above the eye bright orange; a line immediately below this tuft black; a tuft of stiff decomposed feathers springing from below the eye and extending over the ears white or greyish white; an irregular band across the throat black; dorsal feathers grey, with light olive-green tips and white shafts; uropygium yellowish green; upper tail-coverts the same, tinged with rufous; lower throat and upper breast bright yellow, most of the feathers with black terminal drops; lower breast and rest of under plumage duller yellow, tinged with green on the flanks; quills brown margined with yellowish olive-green, inner margins of quills pale yellow; wing-coverts dull olive-green, carpal edge and wing lining yellow; tail dull rufous. Iris crimson; bill orange-yellow; legs and feet olive-yellow; nails nearly white. Wing, 66; tail, 60; culmen, 19; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. General Notes.-Bourns and Worcester remark that" only three specimens of this rare bird were obtained by us; they were all secured in the deep forest, whe e they were feeding among the leaves of low trees." They were quite confident they saw this species in Panay, but the one individual observed escaped them. Numerous genera embraced in the family Timaliidce are very difficult to diagnose, and their intergeneric resemblances are very intricate to study. The following are the Philippine genera, summarized into such a form as to briefly indicate their relationship. Names appearing under one number are closely allied, the genera connected by a single line are distantly related, while those connected by a double line show a close affinity: 1 2

Pseudotharrhaleus I Leonardina

IPtilopyga I Ptilocichla

iA mtropsis

I M alacocincla

4 5 NJ ixornis -=-='--==-===--==== Z osterornis Borisia Minodoria I Dasycrotapha It is astonishing to find such a striking diversity between Pseudotharrhaleus and Dasycrotapha. If one were to study the entire family, it would probably be possible to discover the missing links, as well as further offshoot branches.

ADDENDA Page 73. To distribution add " Basilan." Miss Yamamura furnishes the first and only record from Basilan of the Grass Owl (Tyto longimembris amauronota) : it was a female, shot by herself on 17th April 1926. Cf. Kuroda, Tori, V., No. 23, p. 224, June 1927. Page 264.

Add:

43Ia. Pitta persola Brodkorb's Pitta Pitta persola Brodkorb, Gcc. Papers, M~ts. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 279, p. I, 23rd March 1934: Puerto Princesa (type, August 1874, ]. B. Steere, in University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor).

Distribution.-Palawan. Description.-Whole head, throat, and sides and back of neck black; back Winter Green,l most of the feathers with minute black tips, and some with one of two narrow, interrupted, blackish, transverse bars; tail somewhat darker green, dusky at the bases of the feathers and below; primaries black, the proximal ones slightly edged with blue-green; secondaries black, with broad bluish green margins, which increase in width and extend on the distal portion of the inner webs proximally; lesser and middle coverts, lower rump and upper tail-coverts Winter Green, broadly tipped with brilliant silvery blue " enamel"; greater-coverts Winter Green, slightly edged with blue and crossed by a few broken obtuse blackish bars; breast and lower neck below Clear Fluorite Green, becoming dull and more buffy on belly and flanks; anterior portion of centre of abdomen Pinkish Buff, shading into Safrano Pink on lower abdomen and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts black; thighs buffy brown; bill blackish; feet dark brown; claws paler. \Ving (flat), 97; tail, 27; depth of bill at base, 8'S; tarsus, 40. Remarks.-Pitta persola belongs to the same group as Pitta bonapartena (Mathews) and Pitta sordida (Muller), but it lacks the black abdominal patch and brilliant under parts of these two species. It differs further from bonapartena in smaller size, proportionately long tarsus, darker back, and more restricted blue rump-patch. The nostril 1 Colours in capitals are from Ridgway, "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature," Washington, D.C., 1912. Published by the author. Pp. 44, 53 coloured plates.

422

ADDENDA is narrow and almost linear, instead of broad and oblique. The green tail and black primaries immediately separate it from sordida, while the new species also has a longer tarsus, smaller bill, darker, more bluish back, the silvery rump and shoulder-patches with a green tinge, the black of the throat concave and less extended posteriorly, and darker bill and feet. The faint barring of the greater-coverts and back mentioned in the description may be fortuitous, as is the case with many birds of this genus. General Notes.-In expressing my regret that this species (which seems a very puzzling one to recognize) should be placed in the Addenda, it must be explained that Mr. Brodkorb's original description did not reach the British Museum until September, when my second volume had reached the stage of paged-up proof-form. It struck me that this new bird has to some extent a similarity to juveniles of the P. sordida group. First of all, it has very small measurements, except the tarsus, but in this group of birds the tarsus develops very rapidly as it is skilful in running before attaining the full power of flight. Black tips to green back feathers and buffish under part of the body is the juvenile stage in the P. sordida and P . cucullata group. Mr. P. Brodkorb also states" darker bill and feet." His bird is probably a male, and two comparative specimens are labelled as females. Looking through more than fifty skins before me all the adults have black bills except a few cases in the females, which have slightly paler bills, especially the base of the lower mandible. Whatever may be the case, the colour of the soft parts taken from a sixty-one-year-old skin is not an important point to discuss. It is, however, very strange to find that a green-tailed and blackprimaried Black-headed Pitta (sordida group) should appear north of Sanghir Island. This character is constant among P. s. novce-guinece. In looking through the description I have full reason to believe the bird has not attained full plumage, but it can be recognized at once from other Philippine and Bornean members of Pitta sordida by having entirely black primaries and uniform gr~en tail. We are all aware that Steere (ante, Volume I, p. 20) brought his collection to London and it was critically examined by Sharpe, and it probably included the only skin of P. persola. It may be of interest to my readers to know what Sharpe has stated on two specimens of the Black-headed Pitta from Palawan (Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., i., p. 33I, I877) : " Considering the number of Bornean forms shown by Dr. Steere to inhabit Palawan it is interesting to note that the Black-headed Pitta of that island is the true Philippine species, and not the Bornean one.

424

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Brachyurus Mulleri (P. s. mulleri). These two birds are closely related, but the Bornean species almost entirely wants the black patch on the belly and has the thighs blackish instead of ochraceous brown." It may be added further that the endemic Palawan species has a general tendency to turning into a more highly and vividly coloured type when compared with its allied geographical species in other islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Examples are found among Chrysocolaptes, Thriponax, Parus, and others. But the present Pitta, however, appears dull-coloured when compared with its relatives.

CORRIGENDA Page 187.

Caption of text figure, M earnsia picini, should read M earnsia picina.

Page 231. Page 240.

Yungipicus should appear in italic type. (Plate 38) 'Type specimne" . " specImen.

should read

Type

Page 245. Chrysocolaptes ludic us should read Chrysocolaptes lucid~ts. Page 252. Philippine Black Woodpecker, the vernacular name of Thriponax javensis philippinensis, has been omitted.

INDE X S&ielltijic /lames, as adopted ;m th;is work, are indicated by the setting of their page fo/'ios in Clare"do" type, El1glish and Native names are pri•• ted in ordit.ary type

abbotti, Hirundo javanica, 278, 279 abbotti, Hypurolepis javanica, 278 abbotti, lvTalacocincla, 4II abbotti, Pitta cucullata, 265 abbotti, Spilornis cheela, 2 I abessynicus, Colletoptera affinis, 191 A brornis olivaGea, 342 a-bu'-cay, 77 abyssiniGQ., Sawyopatis chloris, 137 accentoY, Androphilus, 401 Accentor, Luzon 'Vood, 398 Accentor, Malindang Wood, 400 Accentor, Mindanao Wood, 399 Accipiter, I, 8 Accipiter accipiter, 8 Accipiter gularis, 9, 10 Accipiter manillensis, 9, 10 Accipiter virgatus, 9, 10 A ccipUer virgatus affinis, I I Accipiter virgatus besra, I I Accipiter virgatus confusus, 9, 1 0 Accipiter virgatus rufotibialis, 10 Accipiter virgatus virgatus, I I Actenoides hombroni, 146 Actenoides moseleyi, 1 45 addendus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 ad,spersus, Batrachostomus javensis, 109, 110, III adusta, Butalis, 288 /Egithina, 371, 372, 373 /Egithina nigrolutea, 373 /Egithina tiphia aJquanimis, 372 /Egithina tiphia damicra, 373 /Egithina tiphia horizoptera, 373 /Egithina tiphia humei, 373 /Egithina tiphia micromelaJna, 373 /Egithina tiphia multicolor, 373 /Egithi1~a tiphia scapularis, 373 /Egithina tiphia singapurensis, 373 /Egithina tiph'ia styani, 373 ./Egithina tiphia tiphia, 373 /Egithina tiphia viridis, 373 /Egithina viridissima, 373 agyptius, Cen.tropus, 2 16 agyptius, Cuculus, 223 anigma, Collocalia francica, 18 1 aquanimis, /Egithina tip hia, 372 aquatorialis, Circus ranivorus, 6 arophila, Collocalia vestita, 178 aruginosus, Cacomantis merulinus , 2 0 8 a ruginosus, Circus, 3

42 5

aJruginosus Circus aJruginosus, 5, 6 aJruginosus, Falco, 2, 5 aJruginosus harterti, Circus, 6 /Ethorhynchus, 373 /Ethos tom a, 412 affinis abessYl~icus, Colletoptera, 191 affinis, Accipiter virgatus, I I affinis bannermani, Colletoptera, 19 1 affinis, Batrachostomus, 111 affinis, Borisia nigrocapitatus, 418 affinis, Caprimulgus affinis, 1I6 affinis, Colletoptera, 190 affinis, Colletoptera affinis, 191 affinis, Collocalia esculenta, 183 affinis galilejensis, Colletoptera, 1 91 affinis griseatus, Caprimulg~£s, 114, 1I5, 116, II8 affinis kasuidori, Caprimulgus, II6 affinis koenigi, Colletoptel'a, 19 1 affinis mindanensis, Caprimulgus, 115, II 6 affinis, Ninox scutulata, 65 affinis nipalensis, Colletoptera, 191 affinis, Penelopides panini, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165 affinis, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 affinis propinquus, Caprimulgus, 1I6 affinis schmackeri, Penelopides, 160 affinis subfurcatus, Colletoptera, 191 affinis, Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 90 affinis, Tchitrea paradisi, 329, 330 affinis, Zosterornis, 418 alba, Strix, 69, 72 alba, Tyto, 74 alberti, Eudynamys scolopaoea, 2 16 alberti, Sauropatis chloris, 137 albicaudata, Eumyias, 346 albicilla, HaliaJetus, 26 albidus, Spilornis cheela, 21 albifrons, Pericrocotus erythropygius, 366 albigularis, Rhinomyias, 332, 333 al-bi-lo'-ri-o, 227 albipes, Cuncuma, 25 albiventris, Otus manadensis, 58 albiventris, Philentoma, 319 albiventris, Rhipidura, 317, 319 albogu laris, P silopus, 305 albolaxatus, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 albolimbata, Rhipidura, 322 alboniger, Spizaetus nipalensis, 15 albononotus, Caprimulgus macrurus, 1I9 A lceao, 123, 124, 135

INDEX Alcedo atthis atthis, 125 Alcedo atthis bengalensis, 124, 125 Alcedo atthis jloresiana, 125 Alcedo atthis formosan a, 124 Alcedo a,tthis hispidoides, 125 Alcedo atthis ispida, 125 Alcedo atthis pallasii, 125 Alcedo atthis pelagica, 125 Alcedo atthis salomone?~sis, 125 Alcedo atthis taprobana, 125 Alcedo bengalensis, 124 Alcedo biru, 138 Alcedo capensis, 147 Alcedo collaris, 135 Alcedo coromanda, 138 Alcedo gularis, 140 Alcedo ispida, 124 Alcedo meninting cottarti, 127 Alcedo m eninting meninting, 126, 127 Alcedo meninting phillipsi, 126 Alcedo meninting ruftgastra, 127 Alcedo meninting scintiltans, 126 Alcedo meninting verreauxi, 127 Alcedo pileata, 143 Alcedo senegalensis, 138 Alcedo tridactyla, 127 Alcedoides, 126 Alcippe, 302 Alcippe pectoralis, 331 Alcyone cincta, 127 alfredi, Halcyon, 141 alfrediana, Coracina striata, 352 alifura, Muscicapula hyperythra, 300 A-li-mu-cung, 258 Alseonax, 282, 288 A lseonax latirostris lal'irostris, 290 Alseonax latirostris poonensis, 290 Alseonax latirostris (? subsp.), 288 Alseonax latirostris segregata, 290 alterum, Edolisoma ccerulescens, 354 amabilis, Loriculus, 103 amauronota, Strix, 73 amauronota, Tyto longimembris, 73,

amelis, Collocalia unicolor, 179 amelis, Hypothymis azurea, 312 americanus, Merops, 170 americanus, M erops viridis, 169, 170 amethystina, Lampromorpha, 210 amethystinus, Chalcites xanthorhynchus, 210 ammna, Sauropatis chloris, 138 amphiryta, Sauropatis chloris, 137 anachoreta, Sa,uropatis chloris, 137 analis, Pycnonotus goiavier, 395 anatum, Falco peregrinus, 41 andamanensis, Centropus, 220 andamanensis, Pericrocotus jlammeus, 364 andamanensis, Spizae-tus cirrhatus, 17 andamanicus, Caprimulgus macrurus, II9 Androphilus, 398, 401 Androphilus accent or, 401 Androphilus castaneus castaneus, 401, 403 Androphilus castaneus disturbans, 401 Androphilus castaneus musculus, 401 annamensis, Criniger jlaveolus, 392 annamensis, M uscicapula hyperythra, 300 annamensis, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 anonym us, Centropus sinensis, 222 anthoides, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 A nthracoceros, 156 A nthracoceros lemprieri, 158 A nthracoceros malayanus, 156 Anthracoceros marchii, 158 Anuropsis, 397, 412, 421 A 1zuropsis cinereiceps, 413 Anuropsis malaccensis, 414 apaister, Merops, 168 apicalis, Loriculus, 98, 101 apicalis, Loriculus philippensis, 95, 98, 99 , 101

74,

422

amauroptera, Ramphalcyon, 150 amaurotis batanensis, Microscelis, 379, 3 80 amaurotis bo'r odinonis, Microscelis, 381 amaurotis camiguinensis, Microscelis, 380 amaurotis fugensis, Microscelis, 379, 380, 3 86 amaurotis harterti, M icroscelis, 38 I amaurotis hensoni, Microscelis, 380 amaurotis, Hypsipetes, 379 amaurotis insignis, Microscelis, 381 amaurotis, Microscelis, 386 amaurotis, Microscelis amaurotis, 380 amaurotis ogawce, Microscelis, 381 amaurotis pryeri, Microscelis, 381 amaurotis squamiceps, NIicroscelis, 38 I amaurotis stejnegeri, M icroscelis, 38 I amaurotis, Turdus, 379 amechana, Collocalia vestita, 178 amelis, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179

apivorus, Falco, 31 apivorus orientalis, Pernis, 32 apivorus, Pernis, 33 apivorus, Pernis apivorus, 32 apo, Dryobates moluccensis, 235 apo, Muscicapula melanoleuca, 305 apo, Rhipidura supercilia,ris, 316 apoensis, Collocalia, 177 apoensis, Collocalia whiteheadi, 177 apus, Hirundo, 189 archeri, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 ardens, Harpactes, 192 ardens, Trogon, 192 argentata, Ceyx, 132 argentatus, Ceyx argentatus, 129, 132 argentatus fiumenicolus, Ceyx, 133 argentea, Nlixornis gularis, 4II arignota, Ramphalcyon capensis, ISO Arizelomyia, 288 armstrongi, Sauropatis chloris, 137 Artamides cebuensis, 350 Artamides guillemardi, 351 Artamides kochi, 350 Artamides Mindorensis, 349 Artamides Panayensis, 349 aruensis, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 aruensis, Sauropatis chloris, 137

INDEX A-so-ni-pu-song, '228 assimilis, Gollocalia jrancica, 180 assimilis, Phodilus badius, 72 Astur, I, 6, 8 Astur cuculoides, 7, 8 Astur kienerii, 13 Astur (Nisus) gularis, 9 Astur soloii nsis, 7 Astur trivirgatus rufitinctHs, 6, 7 Astur trivirgalus trivirgatus, 7 AtILene fiorellsis, 63 atricapilla, Pitta, 263 atricapilla rothsclLildi, Pitta, 263 atriceps baweanus, Brachypodius, 391 atriceps, Brachypodius atriceps, 390, 391 atriceps chrysoplzortts, Brachypodius, 390 atriceps, Goracina atriceps, 353 atriceps juscofiavescens, Brachypodius, 391 atriceps hyperemus, Brachypodius, 391 atriceps magnirostris, Goracina, 353 atriceps major, Brachypodius, 391 atriceps , Turdus, 390 atripemll s, Gaprimulgus 11wcl'urus, 119 atrocaudata iltex, Tchitrea, 329 atrocaudata periopthalmica, Tchitrea, 329 atrocaudata tadai, Terpsipho1te, 326, 328 atrocaudata, Tchitrea atroca.udata, 329 atthis, Alcedo aUlds, 125 atthis bellgalensis, Alcedo, 124, 125 atthis jforesiana, Alcedo, 125 atthis jormosana, Alcedo, 124 atthis, GYacula, 124 atthis hispidoides, Alcedo, 125 atthis ispida, Alcedo, 125 aUhis paltasii, Alcedo, 125 atthis pelagica, Alcedo, 125 althis salomonensis, Alcedo, 125 atthis taprobana, Alcedo, 125 Au-a, 286 audacis, J1Juscicapula hyperythra, 300 auranti ijYons, Loriculus, 103 aurantiventyis, Dryobates nanus, 236 auricaptlla, Gryptolopha, 338 auritus, Balrachostomus , 105 australis, Ghalcites lucidus, 212 Aviceda, 13, 33 Aviceda cltculoides, 33 Aviceda j erdoni borneensis, 36 Aviceda jerdoni celebensis, 36 Aviceda jerdoni ceylonensis, 36 Aviceda jeydoni jerdoni, 36 Aviceda jeydoni leucopais, 35 Aviceda jerdoni magnirostris, 34 azela, Sauropatis chloris, 137 azuyea amelis, Hypothymis, 312 azure a calocara, Hypothymis, 312 aztwea r;eylonensis, Hypothymis, 312 azure a consobrina, Hypothymis, 312 azure a jorrestia, Hypothymis, 312 azurea gigantoptera, Hypothymis, 312 azurea, Hypothymis, 323 azurea, Hypothymis azurea, 310, 3II azurea idiochroa, Hypothymis, 312 azurea isocara, Hypothymis, 312

42 7

azure a karimatensis, Hypothymis, 312 azure a leucophila, Hypothymis, 312 azurea, l\Iluscicapa, 310 azurea nicobarica, Hypothymis, 312 azurea oberholseri, Hypothymis, 312 azuyea ponera, Hypothymis, 312 azure a prophata, Hypothymis, 312 azure a r'i chmondi, Hypothymis, 312 azure a sipora, Hypothymis, 312 azure a styani, Hypothymis, 312 azurea sykesi, Hypothymis, 312 azuyea symmixta, Hypothymis, 3 I I azure a tytleri, Hypothymis, 312 azureus, Eurystomus, 123 Babaqua, 266, 267 Babbler, Ashy-headed Wood, 413 Babbler, Basilan Ground, 405 Babbler, Basilan Tit, 408 Babbler, Black-crowned Tree, 418, 419 Babbler, Bohol Tit, 407 Babbler, Cagayan Sulu Tit, 410 Babbler, Kettlewell's Tit, 409 Babbler, King Boris's Tree, 417 Babbler, Lesser Ground, 403 Babbler, Mindanao Ground, 405 Babbler, Mindanao Tit, 407 Babbler, Mountain Tit, 408 Babbler, Palawan Ground, 403 Babbler, Palawan Tit, 410 Babbler, Platen's Tree, 420 Babbler, Pygmy Tree, 416 Babbler, Rufous-chinned Tree, 418 Babbler, Rufous-crowned Tree, 4I9 Babbler, Rufous-headed, 4I2 Babbler, Striped Tree, 4I5, 4I6 Babbler, Tit, 406 Babbler, Whitehead's Tree, 414 Ba-buy ba-buy-an, 348 ba-ca-ca, 135 bacha, Falco, 20 bacha, Spilorllis, 20 badius assimilis, Phodilus, 72 badius, Phodilus badius, 71, 72 badius saturatus, Phodilus, 71 badius, Strix, 70, 71 Bagobo Bird, \iVood 's, 402 bagobo, Gollocalia esculenta, 177, 178, 183 Ba-ha6, 215 bah6w, 216 bakeri, G~cculus Ca1!orUS, 203 bakeri, Pericyocotus fiammeus, 364 bakkamama boholensis, Otus, 54 bakkamama cO'l1doyiensis, Otus, 56 bakkamcena deserticoloY, Otus, 56 bakhamcena everetti, OtttS, 55 bakkamcena gangetic us, OtttS, 56 bakkamcena glabriPes, Otus, 56 bakkamcena lempiji, Ot~tS, 56, 59 bakkamcena lettia, Otus, 56 bakkamcena mara/lice, Otus, 56 bakkamcena, Otus, 51, 53 bakkamcena, Otus baftkamcena, 56 bakkamcena plumipes, Otus, 56

INDEX bakkamama pryeri, Otus, 56 bakkamcena semitorques, Otus, 56 bakkamcena ussuriensis, Otus, 56 bakkamcena whiteheadi, Otus, 53, 56 ba-li-a-la, 321 balicus, Criniger flaveolus, 392 Ba-ling-sa-say-ao, 32 I Bang-a6,60 bangkana, Pitta cucullata, 265 bangsi, Cuculus canorus, 202 bangsi, Eutomothera coromanda, 138 bangsi, Halcyon coromanda, 138, 139 bangueyensis, Chalcites xanthorhynchus, 211 banken, Centropus melanops, 221 bannermani, Colletoptera affinis, 191 ba-nog',28 banyumas, Cyornis, 291 ba,rbatus, Criniger, 391 Barbet, Rose-throated, 229 Barbet, Yellow-chinned, 228 Ba-ri'-ta, 149 Barrotii Phcenicophaus, 227 bartelsi, Collocalia francica, 181 ba.rtelsi, Criniger flaveolus, 392 bartelsi, Spizaetus nipalensis, 15 bartschi, Collocalia fuciphaga, 180 barussarum, Surn-iculus lugubris, r98 Ba.-sac ba-yu-cu, 226 basalis, Chalcites, 2 I 3 basalis, Cuc-z,tlus, 210 basilanica, Ceyx, 131 basilanica, Dendrobiastes, 302 basilanica, Hydrocorax hydrocorax, 154 basilanica mindanensis, Ptilopyga, 405 basilanica minuta, Ptilopyga, 403 basilanica, M uscicapula, 301 basilanica, M uscicapula basilanica, 302 basilanica, Penelopides, 165 basilanica, Penelopides panini, 161, 165 ( ?) Basilanica, Ptilocichla, 405 basilanica, P tilopyga basilanica, 405, 406 basilanica, Rhinomyias ruficauda, 334 basilanica samarensis, Muscicapula, 303 Basilanicus, P oliolophus, 389 basilanicus, Poliolophus urostictus, 389 Basilanicus, Yungipicus, 234 bassus, Falco, 20 bass-z,ts, Spilornis cheela, 2 I batanensis, H ypsipetes, 379 batanensis, Microscelis amaurotis, 379, 380 batasiensis infumatus, T achynautes, 189 batasiensis pallidior, Tachynautes, 188 batasiensis palmarum, Tachynautes, 189 batasiensis, Tachynautes, 188 batasiensis, T achynautes batasiensis, 189 B atrachostomus, 105 Batrachostomus affinis, 111 B atrachostomus auritus, 105 B atrachostomus javensis adspersus, 10 9, 110, I I I B atrac hostomus javensis hodgsoni, 11 1 B atrac hostomus javensis javensis, 1 10 B atrachostomus menagei, 10 7

Batrachostomus micYorhynchus, 106, log Batrachostomus septimus, 109 Batrachostomus septimus menagei, 107 Batrachostomus septimus septimus, 106, 109 Batrachostomus sp., 107 Ba.-tuc, 233 bau-ba6, 215 baweana, Strix o路Yientalis, 70 baweanus, Brachypodius atriceps, 391 baweanus, Spilo1'nis cheela., 2 I Baza leucopais, 35 Baza leucopia, 35 Baza magnirostris, 34 Bee-eater, Green-headed, 168 Bee-eater, Philippine B lue-cheeked, 168 Bee-eater, Philippine Chestnut-headed, 17 0 Behr-riss behr-riss, 340 bella, Cyanoptila, 308 bengalensis, Alcedo, 124 bengalensis, Alcedo atthis, 124, 125 bengalensis, Centropus bengalensis, 224 bengale1~sis javanensis, Centropus, 223, 224 bengalensis lignator, Centropus, 224 bengalensis medius, Centropus, 224 bengalensis sarasinorum, Centropus, 224 bernsteini carpenteri, Centropus, 218 bernsteini, Centropus, 2 I 7 bernsteini, Centropus bernsteini, 218 be'Ynsteini mindorensis, Centropus, 217, 218 bernsteini nigricans, Centropus, 2 I 8 besra, Accipiter virgatus, I I bicolor, Coracina, 353 bicolor, M erops, 170 bicornis, Buceros, 151 bido, Spilornis cheela, 2 I bimaculatus, Caprimulgus macrurus, Ilg Bird, B r ain-fever, 205 biru, Alcedo, 138 B lagrus, 25 blandus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 blanfordi, Pycnonotus blanfordi, 396 blanfordi robinsoni, Pycnonotus, 396 blasii, Hypothymis puella, 312 Blueb ird , Black-ma nt led Fairy, 378 Bluebird, E ll a's Fairy, 378 Bluebird, Luzon Fair y, 377 Bluebird, Tweeddale's Fairy, 375, 37 6 Bo-bo'-toc, gua-ya-be'-ro, 90 boholensis, M acronus striaticeps, 407 boholensis, Minodoria striaticeps, 407 boholensis, Otus bakkamcena, 54 boholensis, Penelopides panini, 164 B olb opsittacus, 78, 90 Bolb op sittac~ts intermedius, 9 1 B olbop sittacus lunulatus, 90 B olbopsittacus lunulatus intermedius, 91 B olbopsittacus lunulatus lunulatus, 90, 91, 92 B olbopsittacus lunu.latus mindanensis, 91 bonap artei, Loriculus, 100 bonapartei, Loriculus Philippensis, 9 5, 100 bonap artena, Pitta, 422

INDEX bonapartena, Pitta sordida, 265 Borisia, 398, 416, 420, 42 I Borisia capitalis, 419, 420 Borisia dennistouni, 416, 417, 418 Borisia nigrocapitatus, 416 Borisia nigrocapitatus affinis, 418 Borisia nigrocapitatus lIigrocapitatus, 417, 418 Borisia plateni, 420 borneensis, Aviceda jerdoni, 36 borneensis, Centropus, 221 borneensis, Dinopium javanense, 239 borneensis, M ixornis gular is, 41 I borneensls, Ninox scutulata, 63, 65 borneensis, Tchitrea paradisi, 330, 33 I borodinonis, Microscelis amaurotis, 381 botelensis, Otus sunia, 62 bot~rdilloni, Lynconlis macrotis, II4 bournsi, Ceyx, 133 boul'nsi, Loriculus, 94 bournsi, Loriculus philippensis, 94, 95 BrachypodiLls, 371, 390 Brachypodius atriceps, 391 Brachypodius atriceps atriceps, 390, 391 Brachypodius alriceps bawea1vus, 39'1 Brachypodius atriceps chrysophorus, 390 Brachypodius atYiceps fuscoflavescens, 391 Brachypodius atYiceps hyperemus, 391 Brachypodius atriceps major, 391 Rrachypodius chalcocephalus, 391 Brachypodius cinereoventris, 391 BI'achypodius melanoleucus, 391 Brachypodius plueocephalus, 391 Brachypteryx malaccensis, 412 Brachypus cinereifrons, 395 Brachypus UYostictus, 388 brachyura, Sauropatis chloris, 138 Brachyurus Mulleri, 264, 424 Brachyurus propinquus, 259 BI'achyuyus steerii, 266 brachyurus, Corvus, 257 brachyurus, Surniculus lugubris, 198 brevicaudata, Hirundo, 275 brevicaudata, Riparia paludicola, 275 brevirostris affinis, Pericrocotus, 365 brevlrostris annamensis, Pericrocotus, 365 brevirostris anthoides, Pericrocotus, 365 brevirostris, Collocalia vestita, 178 brevirostris etllologus, Pericrocotus, 365 brevirostris neglectus, Pericrocotus, 365 brevirostris, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 brevirostris tonkinensis, Pericrocotus, 365 Broad bill , Samar, 255 BroadbiJI, Steere's, 254 brookei, Falco peregrinus, 41 brunneiceps. Dryobates moluccensis, 235 bubutus, Centropus, 221 bubutus, Centropus sinensis, 221, 222 Bu-cao', 58, 65 Bucco hcemacephalus, 228 Bucco Philippensis, 229 Bucco philippinensis, 228 Buceros bicornis, 151 Buceros hydrocorax, IS [

Buceros insculptus, 162 Buceros leucocephalus, 166, 167 Buceros manillce, 159 Buceros manillensi s, 159 Buceros mindanensis, 152 Buceros montani, 156 Buceros panayensis, 162 Buceros panini, 158, 162 Buceros planicornis, 151 Buceros platyrhynchus, 151 Buceros sulcatus, 167 Buceros sulcirostris, 159, 162 bu-ga-ung-6n, 369 Bulbul, Ashy-fronted, 395 Bulbul, Ashy-headed, 383 Bulbul, Batan Red-eared, 379 Bulbul, Black, 381 Bulbul, Black-headed, 390 Bulbul, Camiguin Red-eared, 380 Bulbul, Dwarf, 372 Bulbul, Everett's Yellow, 382 Bulbul, Fuga Red-eared, 379 Bulbul, Grey-throated Hairy, 391, 392 Bulbul, Haynald's Yellow, 382 Bulbul, Large Olive, 396 Bulbul, Mindanao, 386 Bulbul, Mindoro, 385 Bulbul, Mountain, 384 Bulbul, Northern Wattled, 388 Bulbul, Palawan, 387 Bulbul, Palawan Hairy, 393 Bulbul, Philippine, 384 Bulbul, Philippine Yellow-vented, 394 Bulbul, Rufous-throated, 386, 387 Bulbul, Siquijor, 383 Bulbul, Southern Philippine Yellowvented, 395 Bulbul, Southern Wattled, 389 Bulbul, Steere's, 385 Bulbul, Steere's Wattled, 389 bungurensis, Coracina striata, 352 burbidgei, Otus rufescens, 51 burbidgei, Tanygnathus, 88 burbidgei, Tanygnathus mulleri, 88 burkii, Sylvia, 338 burmce, Tchitrea paradisi, 33 I burmanica, Ninox scutulata, 65 burmanica, Pelargopsis, 147 burmanica, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 b~wmanicus, Criniger flaveolus, 392 burmanicus, Spilornis cheela, 2 I buryi, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 Bu-ta-bu'-ta, 181 Butalis adusta, 288 ? Butalis manillensis, 286 Butastur, 12, 23 Butastur indicus, 23, 25 Butastur liventer, 25 Butastur rufipennis, 25 Butastur teesa, 25 Buteo cristatus, 45 Buteo holosPilus, 22 buttikoferi, Thriponax javensis, 254 Buzzard, Crested Honey, 3 I

43 0

INDEX

Buzzard Hawk, Eastern, 23 Buzzard, Steere's Crested Honey, 32 Buzzard, Tic-'i\'ee, 23

Cacatus ducorpsii, 76 Cacomantis, 195, 205, 208 Cacomanlis castaneiventris, 207 Cacomantis merulinus, 205 Cacomantis 1nerulinus addendus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus tZruginosus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus blandus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus dumetorum, 208 Cacomantis merulinus everetti, 206 Cacomantis merulinus fortior, 208 Cacomantis merulinus infaustus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus macrocercus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus merulinus, 205, 207 Cacomantis merulinus oblitus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus oreophilus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus passerinus, 207 Cacomantis merulinus que1'ulus, 207 Cacomantis merulinus sepulcralis, 207 Cacomantis merulinus stresemanni, 208 Cacomantis mert/linus ? subsp., 208 Cacomantis merulinus threnodes, 207 Cacomantis merulinus variolosus, 208 Cacomantis merulinus virescens, 208 Cacomantis merulinus websteri, 208 Cacomantis prionurus, 207 Cacomantis variolosus everetti, 206, 207 ctZrulea, Muscicapa, 310 ctZruleiceps, Cyanoptila, 310 ctZruleogrisea, Coracina ctZruleogrisea, 353 ctZruleogrisea strenua, Coracina, 353 ctZrulescens alterum, Edolisoma, 354 ctZrulescens, Ceblepyris, 354 ctZrulescens, Edolisoma ctZrulescens, 354, 355, 35 6

ctZrulescens, Microhierax, 37 ctZruleus, Elanus ctZruleus, 3 I ctZruleus, Falco, 30 . ctZruleus hypoleucus, Elanus, 30, 31 ctZruleus vociferus, Elanus, 31 ctZsius, Elanus, 30 ca-gak', 79 cagayanensis, Mixornis, 410 cagayanensis, Mixornis gularis, 410 Ca-hu-rao 'ku -rao, 369 cajeli, Ceyx lepidus, 135 ca-Ia-mang-ti-gon, 321 ca-Iang'-ai, 77 Ca-Iao, 151 calayensis, Muscicapula, 298 calayensis, Muscicapula hyperythra, 298 calayensis, Gtus, 61 caledonica, Coracina striata, 352 calidus, Falco, 38 calidus, Falco peregrinus, 38, 40 Ca-li-pat'-pat, 180 CalltZops, 327, 328 CalltZops periopthalmica, 326, 328 calocara, Hypothymis azurea, 312 Cal-o-gai, 186 calonyx, Eurystomus, 122

calonyx, EurystOl11ltS orientalis, 123 Calophasis mikado, 329 Ca-man-ti'-gon, 292 camiguinensis, Hypsipetes, 380 camiguinensis, l\tIicroscelis amaurotis, 380 Camiguinia, 314 Camiguinia personata, 313 Campephaga, 346 canariensis, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 canicapillus, Dryobates names, 235 canorus bakeri, Cuculus, 203 canorus bangsi, Cuculus, 202 canorus, Cuculus, 201 canorus, Cuculus canorus, 202 canorus fallax, Cuculus, 203 canorus gula.ris, Cuculus, 202 canorus telephonus, Cuculus, 201, 202, 204, 20 5 cantonensis, Pericrocotus divaricatus, 367 capensis, Alcedo, 147 capensis arignota, Ramphalcyon, ISO capensis burmanica, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis cyanopteryx, Ramphalcyon, ISO capensis fioresiana, Ramphalcyon, 150 capensis gigantea, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis gouldi, Ramphalcyon, 147, 148, 149, 150

capensis gurial, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis hydrophila, Ramphalcyon, 150 capensis intermedia, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis isoptera, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis javana, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis malaccensis, Ramphalcyon, 150 capensis nesoeca, Ramphalcyon, 150 capensis, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 capensis simalurensis, Ramphalcyon, 149 capensis smithi, Ramphalcyon, 148 capensis sodalis, Ramphalcyon, ISO capensis, Turdus, 393 capitalis, Borisia, 419, 420 capitalis, Mixornis, 419 Caprimulgus, III, 114 Caprimulgus affinis affinis, 116 Caprimulgus affinis griseatus, 114, lIS, 116, II8

Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus

affinis kasuidori, I16 affinis mindanensis, 115, 116 affinis propinquus, 116 europtZus, I14 griseatus, I14 indicus indicus, 121 indicus innominatus, 121 indicus jotaka, 120, 121 indicus kelaarti, 12 I jotaka, 120 macrotis, II2 macrurus, II 6, II7 macrurus albolaxatus, 120 macrurus albononotus, 119 macrurus andamanicus, 119 macrurus aruensis, 120 macrurus atripennis, II9 macrurus bimaculatus, 119 macrurus celebensis, 119

INDEX Caprimulgus macrurus delacouri, 119 Caprimulgus macrurus kuehni, 120 Caprimulgus macrurus macrttrus, 116, IIB, 119

Caprimulgus mClCYUrUS fnanillensis, 117, II9

Caprimulgus Caprimulgus Caprimulgus CaprimulgHs Caprimulgus

macyurus meeki, 120 macyurus mesophanis, 119 macrurus nipalensis, 119 macyurus obe'l'holseyi, 1I9 macrurus salvadorii, II6, 117,

II9

Caprimulgus macrurus schillmolleri, 120 Caprimulgus macyurus yoyki, 120 Caprimttlgus manillensis, 117 Caprimulgus phalama, 120 capritis, Collocalia vestita, 17B Ca-ri-ac'-ri-ac', 349 Cal'idagrus, 147 carlo, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 carolinensis, Pandion haliaetus, 47 carpenteri, Centyop~tS bernsteini, 218 Car-pen-te-ro rna-Jiit', 231 cashmeriensis, Delichon urbica, 273 cassidix, Cranorl'hinus, 167 cassini, Falco peregyinus, 41 castaneiventris, Cacomantis, 207 castaneus, AndrophilttS castaneus, 401, 403 castaneus disturbans, Androphilus, 401 castaneus musculus, AndrophilttS, 401 Ca-ta-la, 77 catamena, Loriculus, 103 caudatus malindangensis, Pseudotharrhale us, 400 caudatus, Pseudotharrhaleus, 39B, 400, 401 caudatus, Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus, 398, 400, 4 01

caudatus unicolor, Pseudotharrhaleus, 399, 400, 4 01

Ceblepyris ctBrulescens, 354 cebuensis, A rtamides, 350 cebuensis, Collocalia, IB2 cebuensis, Coracina striata, 350 cebuensis, Cryptolopha, 343 cebuensis, Seiceycus olivaceus, 343 celebensis, Aviceda jerdoni, 36 celebensH, Caprimulgus macrurus, 1I9 celebensis, Centropus celebensis, 220 celebensis, ChtBtura gigantea var., 1B5 celebensis dubius, Hirundapus, 185 celebensis, Hirundapus celebensis, 185 celebensis, M alacocincla, 412 celebensis, Pernis celebensis, 33 celebensis, Pitta, 267 celebensis rufescens, Centropus, 220 celebensis steerei, Pernis, 32, 33 celebensis tweeddalei, P ernis, 33 Centrococcyx, Mindorensis, 217 Centropus, 216, 217 Centropus tBgyptius, 216 Cel1tropus andamanensis, 220 Centropus bengalensis bengalensis, 224 Centropus bengalensis javanensis, 223, 224 Centropus bengalensis lignator, 224

43 I

Centropus bengalensis medius, 224 Centropus bengalensis sarasinorum, 224 Centropus bernsteini, 217 Centropus bernsteini bernsteini, 2IB Centropus bernsteini carpenteri, 218 Centropus bernsteini mindorensis, 217, 2IB Centropus bernsteini nigricans, 2IB Centropus borneensis, 221 Centropus bubutus, 221 Centropus celebensis celebensis, 220 Centropus celebensis rufescens, 220 Centropus javanicus, 223 Centropus melanops, 220 Centropus melanops banken, 221 Centropus melanops m elanops, 220 Centropus molkenboeri, 223 Centropus nigrifrons, 220 Centropus philippensis, 221 Centropus purpureus, 222 Centropus sinensis, 221 Centropus sinensis anonymus, 222 Centropus sinensis bubutus, 221, 222 Centropus sinensis intermedius, 222 Centropus sinensis parroti, 222 Centropus sinensis sinensis, 222 Centropus spilopterus, 21B Centropus steerii, 218 Centropus unirufus polillensis, 219 Centropus unirufus unirufus, 219 Centropus viridis, 223 ceramense, Edolisoma, 360 ceramensis, Collocalia fuciphaga, IBo Ceratogymna, ISS Cerchneis, 13, 42 Cerchneis tinnunculus archeri, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus buryi, 41 Cerchneis tinnunculus canariensis, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus carlo, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus dacotitB, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus dorriesi, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus interstinctus, 43 Crrchneis tinnunculus japonensis, 42, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus neglectus, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus objurgatus, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus rupicoltBformis, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus rupicolus, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus saturatus, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus tanganyiktB, 43 Cerchneis tinnunculus tinnunculus, 43 cerviniceps, Lyncornis, II2 cerviniceps, Lyncornis macrotis, II3 cerviniventris, Eumyias indigo, 346 ceylonensis, Aviceda jerdoni, 36 ceylonensis, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 336, 337, 33 B ceylonensis eophila, Culicicapa, 336 ceylonensis, Hypothymis azurea, 312 ceylonensis meridionalis, Culicicapa, 33 6 ceylonensis orientalis, Culicicapa, 33 6 ceylonensis pellopira, Culicicapa, 33 6 ceylonensis, Platyrhynchus, 336 ceylonensis sejuncta, Culicl:capa, 337 ceylonensis, Spizaetus cirrhatus, 17 ceylonensis, Tchitrea paradisi, 330

43 2

INDEX

Ceyx, 123, 127, 135 Ceyx argentata, 132 Ceyx argentatus argentatus, 129, 132 Ceyx argentatus flumenicolus, 133 Ceyx basilanica, 131 Ceyx bournsi, 133 Ceyx cyanopectus, 127 Ceyx cyanopectus cyanopectus, 127, 129 Ceyx cyanopectus nigrirostris, 128 Ceyx diltwynni, 132 Ceyx dispar, 135 Ceyx erithacus erithacus, 131 Ceyx erithacus macrocercus, 132 Ceyx erithacus motleyi, 132 Ceyx eurytMa, 129 Ceyx flumenicola, 133 Ceyx goodfellowi., 134 Ceyx innominatus, 132 Ceyx lepidus, 135 Ceyx lepidus cajeli, 135 Ceyx lepidus collectoris, 135 Ceyx lepidus goodfellowi, 134 Ceyx lepidus lepidus, 134 Ceyx lepidus margarethaJ, 133, 134 Ceyx lepidus sacerdotis, 135 Ceyx lepidus uropygialis, 134 Ceyx lepidus wallacii, 135 Ceyx Malamaui, 133 Ceyx margarethaJ, 133 Ceyx melanura, 130 Ceyx melanurus melanurus, 130 Ceyx melanurus mindanensis, 131 Ceyx melanurus samarensis, 130 Ceyx mindanensis, 131 Ceyx nigrirostris, 128 Ceyx philippinses, 127 Ceyx platenaJ, 131 Ceyx rufidorsa, 129 Ceyx rufidorsus, 129, 131, 132 Ceyx samarensis, 130 Ceyx solitarius, 135 Ceyx steerii, 127 Ceyx suluensis, 133 Ceyx tridactyla, 131 ChaJtura dubia, 185 ChaJtura gigantea var. celebensis, 185 ChaJtura nudipes, 184 ChaJtura picina, 186 Chalcites, 195, 210 Chalcites basalis, 213 Chalcites lucidus australis, 212 Chalcites lucidus lucidus, 212 Chalcites lucidus malayanus, 212 Chalcites lucidus plagosus, 212 Chalcites lucidus paJcilurus, 212 Chalcites xanthorhynchus amethystinus, 210 Chalcites xanthorhynchus bangueyensis, 2II

Chalcites xanthorhynchus xanthorhynchus, 211 chalcites, Cuculus, 210 chalcocephalus, Brachypodius, 391 Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus, 210

chalepa, Perissolalage, 370 cheela abbotti, Spilornis, 21 cheela albidus, Spilornis, 21 cheela bassus, Spilornis, 2 I cheela baweanus, Spilornis, 21 cheela bido, Spilornis, 21 cheela burmanicus, Spilornis, 21 cheela davisoni, Spilornis, 2 I cheela floweri, Spilornis, 21 cheela hoya, Spilornis, 21 cheela kinabaluensis, Spilornis, 2 I cheela klossi, Spilornis, 21 cheela minimus, Spilornis, 21 cheela palawanensis, Spitornis, 20 cheela pallidus, Spilornis, 21 cheela perplexus, Spilornis, 21 cheela richmondi, Spilornis, 2 I cheela ricketti, Spilor nis, 21 cheela rutherfordi, Spilornis, 21 cheela salvadorii, Spilornis, 21 cheela spilogaster, Spilornis, 21 cheela, Spilornis cheela, 2 I Chelidon dasypus, 272 Chelidonaria dasypus, 272 chersonesus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 244 chinensis, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 chinensis, Hirundo, 275 chinensis, Tyto longimembris, 74 chloris abyssinica, Sauropatis, 137 chloris alberti, Sauropatis, 137 chloris am rena, Sauropatis, 138 chloris amphiryta, Sauropatis, 137 chloris anachoreta, Sauropatis, 137 chloris armstrongi, Sauropatis, 137 chloris aruensis, Sauropatis, 137 chloris azela, Sauropatis, 137 chloris brachyura, Sauropatis, 138 chloris chloroptera, Sauropatis, 137 chloris collaris, Sauropatis, 135 chloris colcloughi, Sauropatis, 137 chloris colonus, Sauropatis, 137 chloris cyanescens, Sauropatis, 137 chloris davisoni, Sauropatis, 137 chloris enigma, Sauropatis, 137 chloris forsteni, Sauropatis, 136 chloris grayi, Sauropatis, 137 chloris, Halcyon, 135 chloris hyperpontia, Sauropatis, 137 chloris keiensis, Sauropatis, 137 chloris melanodera, Sauropatis, 138 chloris meyeri, Sauropatis, 136 chloris novaJhiberniaJ, Sauropatis, 137 chloris nusaJ, Sauropatis, 137 chloris palmeri, Sauropatis, 137 chloris orii, Sauropatis, 138 chloris ornata, Sauropatis, 138 chloris santoensis, Sauropatis, 13 chloris, Sauropatis chloris, 136 chloris solomonis, Sauropatis, 137 chloris sordida, Sauropatis, 137 chloris stresemanni, Sauropatis, 137 chloris suvensis, Sauropatis, 137 chloris tannensis, Sauropatis, 137 chloris teraokai, Sauropatis, 136

INDEX chloris, Timalia, 409 chloris torresia na, Sauropatis, 138 chloris tristrami, Sauropatis, 137 chloris utuPU(IJ, Sauropatis, 138 chloris vicina, Satiropatis, 138 chloris vidali, Sauropatis, 137 Chloropsis, 3]1, 373 Chloropsis jia,v ipennis, 374 Chloropsis palawanensis, 374, 375 Chloropsis venusta, 375 Chloropsis viridis zosterops, 375 chloroptera, Sauropatis chloris, 137 Choucari, 347 chrysocerctts, 111erops superciliosus, 169 Chrysococcy-,; limborgi, 212 Chrysocolaptes, 230, 238, 239, 241, 245, 424 Chrysocolaptes erythrorephalus, 239 Chrysocolaptes festivus, 245 Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 245, 424 Chrysoeolaptes lucidus chersonesus, 244 Chrysocolaptes lucidus delesserti, 244 Chrysocolaptes lucidus erythrocephalus, 239, 24 1 Chrysocolaptes lucidus grandis, 241, 242 Chrysocolaptes I Hcidus guttacristatus, 244 Clirysocolaptes lucidus h(IJmatribon, 240, 24 1, 24 2 , 244 Chrysocolaptes lucidus indomalayicus, 244 Clirysocolaptes lucidus lucidus, 241, 243 Chrysocolaptes lucidus maculiceps, 241, 244 Chrysocolaptes lucidus rufopunctatus, 241, 242 Chrysocolaptes lucidus strick landi, 244 Chrysocolaptes lucidus sultaneus, 244 Chrysocolaptes maculiceps, 244 Chrysorolaptes montanus, 243 Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus, 242 Chrysocolaptes samarensis, 242 Chrysocolaptes validus, 245 Chrysoeolaptes xanthocephalus, 241, 245 chrysonotus, Loriculus, 96 chrysonolus, Loriculus Philippensis, 95 96,99 chrysophorus, Brachypodius atriceps, 390 cineta, Alcyone, 127 cinereieeps, A l1uropsis, 413 cinereiceps, Drymocataphus, 413, 414 cinereiceps, Hemichelidon, 287 cinereiceps, Iole, 383 cinereiceps, Ixos siqttijorensis, 383 cinereifrons, Brachypus, 395 cinereifrons, Pycnonotus plumosus, 395, 39 6 cinereigula, Pericrocotus montanus, 366 cinereoeapilla, Culicicapa, 336 cinereoventris, Brachypodius, 391 cinereus, Pericrocotus, 360, 366 cinnamomeus iredalei, P ericrocotus, 364, 36 5 cinnamomeus malabaricus, Pericrocotus, 36 5 cinnamomeus pallidus, P ericrocotus, 365 II. -2 E

433

cinnamomeus peregrinus, P ericrocotus, 364 cinnamomeus, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus. 36 5 cinnamomeus saturatus, Pericrocotus, 365 cinnamomeus vividus, Pericrocotus, 364 cinnamomeus, Xeocephus rufus, 324 cinnamomeus, Z eocephus, 324 Circus, I, 2 Circus (IJ'r uginosus, 3 Circus (IJruginosus (IJruginosus, 5, 6 C~rcus (IJruginosus harterti, 6 Circus melanoleucus, 2, 4 Circus philippensis, 2 Circus ranivorus (IJquatorialis, 6 Circus ranivorus ranivorus, 6 Circus spilonotus, 2, 3 Circus spilonotus macroscelis, 4 Circus spiionottts maillardi, 4 Circus spilonotus spilonotus, 2, 3 Circus spilothorax, 4 Circus teesa, 23 cirrhatus andamanensis, Spizaetus, 17 cirrhatus ceylonensis, Spizaetus, 17 cirrhatus floris, Spizaetus, 17 cirrhatus lanceolatus, Spizaetus, 17 cirr/!atus limn(IJetus, Spizaetus, 15, 17 cirrhatus, Spizaetus cirrhatus, 17 Clamator, 194, 195 Clamator eoromandus, 195 Clivieola riparia ijim(IJ, 274 eochinchinensis, Turdus, 373 Cockatoo, Black, 18 Cockatoo, Philippine, 77 Cockatoo, Polillo, 77 eeelestis, Cyanomyias, 312, 314 eeelestis, Hypothymis, 314 Cok-cok ba-buy, 61 Co-Ian'-si, 96 Co-Ia -si ' -si, 9 2 , 93 coleloughi, Sauropatis chloris, 137 collaris, Aleedo, 135 collaris, Sauropatis chloris, 135 eollectoris, Ceyx lepidus, 135 Colletoptera, 187, 190 Colletoptera affinis, 190 Colletoptera affinis abessynieus, 191 Colletoptera affinis affinis, 191 Colletoptera affinis bannermani, 191 Colletoptera affinis galilejensis, 191 Colletoptera affinis koenigi, 191 Colletoptera affinis nipalensis, 191 Colletoptera affinis subfureatus, 19t Colloealia, 174 Collocalia apoensis, 177 Collocalia cebuensis, 182 Colloealia eseulenta affinis, 183 Colloealia eseulenta bagobo, 177, 178, 183 Collocalia eseulenta cyanoptila, 183 Colloealia esculenta dodgei, 183, 184 Colloealia esculenta elachyptera, 183 Colloealia eseulenta eseulenta, 184 Colloealia eseulenta isonota, 182, 183 Collocalia esculenta linchi, 183 Collocalia esculenta maxima, 184

434

INDEX

Collocalia esculenta minuta, 184 Collocalia esculenta neglecta, 184 Collocalia esculenta oberholseri, 183 Collocalia esculenta stresemanni, 184 Collocalia esculenta sumbawce, 184 Collocalia francica, 179, 180 Collocalia francica cenigma, 181 Collocalia francica assimilis, 180 Collocalia francica bartelsi, 18 I Collocalia francica eichhorni, 180 Collocalia francica francica, 180, 181 Collocalia francica germani, 180, 181 Collocalia francica heinrichi, 181 Collocalia francica inexpectata, 180, 181 Collocalia francica infuscata, 180 Collocalia francica javensis, 181 Collocalia francica micans, 18 I Collocalia francica reichenowi, 180 Collocalia francica spodiopygia, 180 Cotlocalia francica terrceregince, 180 Collocalia francica townsendi, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga, 177, 178 , 179 Colla calia fuciphaga amelis, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga bartschi, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga ceramensis, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga excelsa, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga fuciphaga, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga hirundinacea, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga inquieta, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga mearnsi, 178 Collocalia fuciphaga moluccarum, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga rukensis, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga spodiopygia, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga ? subsp., 179 Collocalia fuciphaga unicolor, 180 Collocalia fuciphaga vanikorensis, 179 Collocalia fuciphaga yorki, 179 Collocalia germani, 180 Collocalia linchi isonota, 182 Collocalia lowi lowi, 175 Collocalia lowi palawanensis, 175 Collocalia lowi robinsoni, 175 Collocalia lowi tichelmani, 175 Collocalia (lowi?) vulcanorum, 175 Collocalia marginata, 182 Collocalia origenis, 176 Collocalia troglodytes, 181 Collocalia unicolor amelis, 179 Collocalia vestita cerophila, 178 Collocalia vestita amechana, 178 Collocalia vestita brevirostris, 178 Collocalia vestita capritis, 178 Collocalia vestita elaphra, 178 Collocalia vestita vestita, 178, 179 Collocalia whiteheadi, 175 Collocalia whiteheadi apoensis, 177 Collocalia whiteheadi origenis, 176, 177 Collocalia whiteheadi tsubame, 176 Collocalia whiteheadi whiteheadi, 175, 177, 178 , 179, 180 colonus, Rhinomyias, 335 colonus, Sauropatis chloris, 137 cottarti, Alcedo meninting, 127 comata, Hemiprocne, 173

comata, Hemiprocne COl-nata, 173 comata major, Hemiprocne, 172, 173 comata major, Macropteryx, 172 comata nakamurai, Hemiprocne, 172 comatus, Cypselus, 173 conca lor, Microscelis psaroides, 381 concreta, Coracina striata, 352 concreta, Halcyon, 147 concretus, Cuculus micropterus, 205 condoriensis, Mixornis gularis, 4II condoriensis, Otus bakkamama, 56 confusus, Accipiter vi-rgatus, 9, 10 confusus, Thriponax javensis, 249, 250, 25 1, 25 2 , 253 connectens, Eurystomus orientalis, 123 connectens, M ixornis gularis, 41 I consobrina, Hypothymis azurea, 312 cooki, Micropus paciftcus, 190 Coquus, 370 Coracias orientalis, 121, 122 Coracias puella, 375 Coracina, 346, 347, 35 2 , 353, 354, 359 Coracina atriceps atriceps, 353 Coracina atriceps magnirostris, 353 Coracina bicolor, 353 Coracina cceruleogrisea cceruleogrisea, 353 Coracina cceruleogrisea strenua, 353 Coracina dobsoni, 353 Coracina javanensis javanensis, 351 Ooracina javanensis larutensis, 351 Caoracina javanensis larvivora, 352 oracina javenensis layardi, 352 Coracina javanensis macei, 351 Coracina javanensis nipalensis, 352 Coracina javanensis rex-pineti, 352 Coracina javanensis S'iamensis, 352 Coracina larutensis, 353 Coracina larvata larvata, 353 Coracina larvata melanocephala, 353 Coracina larvata normani, 353 Coracina larvata parvula, 353 Coracina larvata personata, 353 Coracina leucopygia, 353 Coracina novce hotlandice, 353 Coracina papuensis, 352 Coracina striata alfrediana, 352 Coracina striata bungurensis, 352 Coracina striata caledonica, 352 Coracina striata cebuensis, 350 Coracina striata concreta, 352 Coracina striata difficilis, 347. 351 Coracina striata enganensis, 352 Coracina striata floris. 352 Coracina striata guillemardi. 349. 351. 35 2 Coracina striata kochii. 350 Coracina striata lifuensis, 352 Coracina striata mindorensis, 348, 349. 350, 35 1 Coracina striata panayensis, 349 Coracina striata personata, 352 Coracina striata pollens. 352 Coracina striata schistacea. 352 Coracina striata striata, 348. 349

INDEX Coracina striata sumatrensis, 352 Coracina striata unimoda, 352 Coracina temminckii temminckii, 353 Coracina temminckii tonkeana, 353 coromanda, Alcedo, 138 coromanda bangsi, Entomothera, 138 coyomanda bangsi, Halycon, 138, 139 coromanda, Halcyon coromanda, 140 coromanda major, Halcyon, 140 coromanda minor, Halcyon, 139, 140 coromanda mizorhina, Halcyon, 140 coromanda neophora, Halcyon, 140 coromanda ochrothorectis, E?~tomothera, 139 coromanda ochYothorectis, Halcyon, 139 coromanda pagana, Halcyon, 140 coromanda rufa, Halcyon, 140 coromandus, Clamator, 195 coromandus, Cuculus, 195 coronata, H emipyocne, 173 corrugatus, Cranobrontes, 167 corvina, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 Corvus brachyurus, 257 Corvus papuensis, 347 Corvus striatus, 348 Corydonix pyrrhopterus, 223 Coryllis, 92 Coryllis hartlaubi, 101 Co-si, 97 Coucal, Batan Island, 218 Coucal, Common, 221 Coucal, lavan, 223 Coucal, Luzon Rufous, 219 Coucal, Mindoro, 217 Coucal, Philippine Black-eyed, 220 Coucal, Polillo Rufous, 219 Coucal, Red-winged, 223 Coucal, Samar Black-eyed, 221 Coucal, Steere's, 218 Coucal, Sulu Common, 222 cowani, Riparia paludicola, 275 Cow-cow, 107 Craniorrhinus waldeni, 166 Cranobrontes, 151, 166 Cranobrontes corrugatus, 167 Cranobrontes leucocephalus, 167 Cranobrontes waldeni, 166, 167 Cranorrhinus, 166 Cranorrhinus cassidix, 167 crassirostris, Eurystomus orientalis, 123 Criniger, 371, 391, 393 Criniger barbatus, 391 Criniger everetti, 382 Criniger finschii finschii, 393 Criniger finscltii palawanensis, 393 Criniger flaveolus annamensis, 392 Criniger flaveolus balicus, 392 Criniger flaveolus bartelsi, 392 Criniger flaveolus burmanicus, 392 Criniger flaveolus flaveolus, 392 Criniger flaveolus frater, 391, 393 Criniger flaveolus griseiceps, 392 Criniger flaveolus henrici, 392 Criniger flaveolus pallidus, 392 Criniger flaveolus sumatranum, 392

435

Criniger ftaveohts tephrogenys, 392 Criniger frater, 391 Criniger gutturalis gutturalis, 392 Criniger haynaldi, 382 Criniger palawanensis, 393 Criniger ruficrissus, 392 criniger, Irena puella, 376 cristatus, Buteo, 45 cristatus, Pandion haliaiftus, 45, 46 croceus, Pericrocotus, 366 Crow-Pheasant, 223 Cryptolopha auricapilla, 338 Cryptolopha cebuensis, 343 Cryptolopha flavigularis, 343 Cryptolopha malindangensis, 341 Cryptolopha mindanensis, 340 Cryptolopha nigrorum, 339 Cryptoloplta xanthopygia, 339 Ctenoglaux, 63 Cua-gong-ta-Ia'-hib, 73 cu-ao', 215 cu-aoo', 215 Cuckoo, Asiatic, 201 Cuckoo, Asiatic Hawk, 199 Cuckoo, Everett's Plaintive, 206 Cuckoo-Falcon, Philippine, 34 Cuckoo-Falcon, Whitehead's, 35 Cuckoo, Harrington's, 226 Cuckoo, Horsfield's Hawk, 199 Cuckoo, Indian, 204 Cuckoo, ]avan Violet, 211 Cuckoo, Malayan Banded Bay, 209 Cuckoo, Malayan Emerald, 212 Cuckoo, Palawan Glossy Drongo, 196 Cuckoo, Philippine Drongo, 197 Cuckoo, Philippine Plaintive, 205 Cuckoo, Philippine Violet, 210 Cuckoo, Red-winged Crested, 195 Cuckoo, Rough-chested, 226 Cuckoo, Scale-feathered, 227 Cuckoo, Short-winged, 204 Cuckoo, Swinhoe's, 203 Cuckoo-Shrike, Black and White, 368 Cuckoo-Shrike, Cebu, 354, 355 Cuckoo-Shrike, Cebu Barred, 350 Cuckoo-Shrike, Elusive, 357 Cuckoo-Shrike, Everett's, 359 Cuckoo-Shrike, Guillemard's Barred, 351 Cuckoo-Shrike, Koch's Barred, 350 Cuckoo-Shrike, Luzon, 354 Cuckoo-Shrike, Luzon Barred, 348 Cuckoo-Shrike, McGregor's, 356 Cuckoo-Shrike, Mindanao, 358 Cuckoo-Shrike, Mindoro Barred, 349 Cuckoo-Shrike, Neumann's Pied, 369 Cuckoo-Shrike, Palawan Barred, 347. 348 Cuckoo-Shrike, Steere's, 368 Cuckoo-Shrike, Visayan, 355 Cuckoo-Shrike, Visayan Barred, 349 cucullata abbotti, Pitta, 265 cucullata bangkana, Pitta, 265 cucullata, Pitta, 423 cucullata, Pitta cuc~tllata, 265 cuculoides, Astur, 7, 8

INDEX cuculoides, Aviceda, 33 Cuculus, 194, 198, 201 Cuculus eegypti1~S, 223 Cuculus basilis, 210 Cueulus canorus, 201 Cuculus canorus bakeri, 203 Cueulus canorus canorus, 202 Cuculus canorus bangsi, 202 Cuculus canorus fallax, 203 Cuculus canorus gularis, 202 Cuculus canorus telephonus, 201 , 202, 203, 204, 20 5 Cuculus ellalcites, 210 Cuculus coromandus, 195 Cuculus ftavus, 205 Cuculus fugax, 198, 199 Cuculus glandarius, 195 Cuculus javanensis, 223 Cuculus kelungensis, 203 Cuculus lucidus, 212 Cuculus lugubris, 196 Cuculus malayanus, 212 Cuculus micropterus, 204 Cuculus micropterus concretus, 205 Cuculus micropterus micropterus, 204 Cuculus mindanensis, 215 Cuculus nisicolor, 199 Cuculus optatus kelungensis, 203, 204 Cuculus optatus optatus, 204 Cuculus orientalis, 313 Cucutus philippensis, 223 Cuculus rufipennis, 223 Cuculus saturatus, 203 Cuculus sonneratii, 209 Cuculus sparverioides, 199 Cuculus telephonus, 201 Cuculus venustus, 209 Cuculus viridis, 223 Cuculus xanthorhynchus, 211 cu-di-nang'-a', 231 cuI-cuI, 394 Culicicapa, 283, 288, 336 Culicicapa eeylonensis eeylonensis, 336, 337, 33 8 Culieieapa ceylo'nensis eophila, 336 Culicicapa eeylonensis meridionalis, 336 Culieieapa ceylonensis orientalis, 336 Culieit<apa eeylonensis pellopira, 336 Culieieapa ceylonensis sej uncta, 337 Culieicapa cinereocapilla, 336 Culieicapa helianthea helianthea, 338 Culieieapa helianthea panayensis, 337, 338 cumatilis, Cyanoptila eyanomelana, 310 cumingi, L epidogrammus, 226, 227 eumingi, Minodoria striuticeps, 406 eumingi Phcenieophaus, 227 Cuneuma, 12, 25 Cuncuma albipes, 25 Cuncuma leueogaster, 25, 26 Cuncuma leucorypha, 26 Cuneuma vocifer, 26 Cuncuma voeiferoides, 26 cu- yab' ,23 cuyensis, Dtus cuyensis, 57, 58, 59, 60

euyensis romblonis, Dtus, 59 eyanea, Irena puella, 376 eyarteieeps, Prioniturus, 80 eyaneseens, Neoxeoeephus, 325 eyanescens, Sauropatis chloris, 137 eyaneseens, Xeoeephus, 324 eyaneseens, Zeocephus, 325 cyaniceps, Muscipeta, 317 cyaniceps, Rhipidura cyaniceps, 317, 319 cyaniceps sauli, Rhipidura, 318 cyanocephala, Eudynamys, 216 Cyanoderma, 414 cyanogastra ellee, Irena, 378 eyanogastra, Irena cyanogastra, 377, 378 cyanogastra melanochlamys, Irena, 378 cyanomelana cumatilis, Cyanoptila, 310 cyanomelana, Cya1~optila cyanomelana, 308, 30 9 eyanomelana intermedia, Cyanoptila, 310 cyanomelana, Alluscicapa, 308 Cyanomyias, 284, 312, 314 Cyanomyias cee/estis, 312, 314 Cyanomyias helenee, 313, 314 cyano-pectus, Ceyx, 127 cyanopectus, Ceyx cyanopectus, 127, 129 oyanopectus nigrirostris, Ceyx, 128 cyanopteryx, Ramphalcyon capensis, 150 Cyanoptila, 282, 308, 309 Cyanoptila bella, 308 Cyanoptila ceeruleiceps, 310 Cyanoptila cyanomelana, 308 Cyanoptila cyanomelana cumatihs, 310 Cyanoptila cyanomelana cyanomelana, 308, 30 9 Cyanoptila cyanomelana intermedia, 310 cyanoptila, Collocalia esculenta, 183 cyanota, Pitta, 260 Cyclopsitta mindanensis, 91 Cyornis, 283, 290, 291, 343 Cyornis banyumas, 291 Cyornis erithaca, 296 Cyornis herioti, 295 Cyornis lemprieri, 293 Cyornis mindorensis, 292 Cyornis pallipes hainana, 295 Cyornis pallipes herioti, 295 Cyornis pallipes pallipes, 295 Cyornis paraguee, 296 Cyornis philippinensis, 292 Cyornis platenee, 296 Cyornis rufigaster djampeana, 293 Cyornis rufigaster indochina, 293 Cyornis rufigaster kalaoensis, 293 Cyornis rufigaster karimatensis, 293 Cyornis rufigaster lampra, 293 Cyornis rufigaster litoralis, 291 Cyornis rufigaster longipennis, 293 Cyornis rufigaster mindorensis, 292 Cyornis rufigaster neseea, 293 Cyornis rufigaster omissa, 293 Cyornis rufigaster peromissa, 293 Cyornis ruftgaster philippinensis, 292 Cyornis rufigaster rhizophoree, 293 Cyornis rufigaster rufigaster, 293

INDEX Cyornis rujigaster swnatrensis, 293 Cyornis rujigaster tickellite, 293 Cyorl1is ruftgastra litoyalis, 291 Cyornis simplex, 292 Cypselus comatus, 173 Cypselus giganteus, 184 Cypselus parvus, 188 Cypselus subfurcatus, 191 CypsiurHs, 188 Da,eelo Ii ndsayi, 144 dacotite, Cerehlleis til1nunculus, 43 dahli, Rhipidura, 310 damicra, /EgithiHa tiphia, 373 Dam meria, 300 Dasycrotapha, 397, 417, 420, 421 Dasycyotapha speciosa, 420 Dasylophus, 225, 226 Dasylophus superciliosus, 226 dasypus, Chelidon, 272 dasypus, Chelidonaria, 272 dasypus, Delichol1 urbica, 272, 273 dauriea disJuneta, Hirundo, 281 dauriea domieella, Hirundo, 281 daurica emini, Hirundo, 281 daurica erythropygia, Hirundo, 281 dauyica, Hirundo daurica, '281 daurica hyperythra, Hirundo, 281 dau.rica /Iumboensis, Hirundo, 281 dallYlca melanocrissa, Hiru.ndo, 280 dallrica rothschildiana, H irundo, 281 daurica rufula, Hirundo, 280 daurica striolata, Hiru.ndo, 279, 281 davisoni, Lalage nigra, 370 davisoni, Sau.ropatis chloris, 137 davisoni, Seicercus montis, 339 davisoni, Spilornis cheela, 21 delacouri, Caprimttlgus macrurus, 119 delesserti, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 244 delica, Xantholtema htemacephala, 229 Delichon, 271 Delichon nipale'nsis, 271, 273 Delichon urbica cashmeriensis, 273 Delichon urbica dasypus, 272, 273 Delichon urbica meridionalis, 273 Delichon u,rbica nigrimentalis, 273 Delichon urbica urbica, 273 Delichon urbica whiteleyi, 273 Dendrobiastes, 302 Dendrobiastes basilanica, 302 dennistouni, Borisia, 416, 417, 418 dennistouni, Zosterornis, 416, 417 deserticolor, Dtus bakllamama, 56 dichrorhynclia, Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha, 150 dicruroides, Surniculus lugubris, 198 difficilis, Coracina striata, 347, 351 difficilis, Graucalus sumatrensis, 347 dillwynni, Ceyx, 132 diluta, Ripa,r ia rip aria, 274 Dinopium, 230, 238, 239 Dinopium Javenense borneensis, 239 Dtnopium Javanense everetti, 238 Dinopium javanense exsul, 239

437

Dinopium javanense intermedium, 239 Dinopium javanense javanense, 239 Dinopium javanense palmarum, 239 Dinopium javanense rubropygialis, 239 discurus malindangensis, Prioniturus, 82, 84 discurus mindorensis, Prioniturus, 81 ,84 discurus platente, Prioniturus, 80, 84 discurus, Prioniturus discurus, 79, 81, 84 discurus, Psittacus, 79 discurus suluensis, Prioniturus, 82, 84 discurus waterstradti, Prio11ittlYus, 81 , 82, 84 disjuncta, Hirundo daurica, 281 dispar, Ceyx, 135 disturbans, A ndrophilus castaneus, 401 divaricatus cantonensis, Pericrocotus, 367 divaricatus inte'r medius, Pericrocotus, 367 divaricatus japonicus, Pericrocotus, 367 divaricatus, Pericrocotus, 361 divaricatus, Pericrocotus divaricatus, 366, 367 divaricatus tegimte, Pericrocotus, 367 djampete, Tanygnathus megalorhY11chos, 90 djampeana, Cyornis rufigaste'Y, 293 dobsoni, Coracina, 353 dodgei, Collocalia esculenta, 183, 184 doerriesi, Dryobates nanus, 236 dohertyi, Edolisoma morio, 359 dohertyi, Loriculus philippensis, 95, 99 dohertyi, Seicercus neglectus, 341 domicella, Hirundo daurica, 281 domicola, Hirundo javanica, 279 Doo-roogh-bah-long, 402 dorriesi, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 Drymocataphus cine,'eiceps, 413 Dryobates, 230, 231 Dryobates kizuki, 235 Dryobates moluccensis, 236 Dryobates moluccensis apo, 235 Dryobates moluccensis brunneiceps, 235 Dryobates moluccensis excelsior, 235 Dryobates moluccensis fulvifasciatus, 234 Dryobates moluccensis grandis, 235 Dryobates moluccensis gymnopthalmos, 235 Dryobates moluccensis hardwickii, 235 Dryobates moluccensis leytensis, 233 Dryobates moluccensis maculatus, 232 Dryobates moluccensis menagei, 232 Dryobates moluccensis moluccensis, 235 Dryobates moluccensis validirostris, 231 Dryobates nanus, 236 Dryobates nanus aurantiventris, 236 Dryobates nanus canicapillus, 235 Dryobates nanus doerriesi, 236 Dryobates nanus kaleensis, 236 Dryobates nanus nanus, 235 Dryobates nanus obscurus, 236 Dryobates nanus omissus, 235 Dryobates nanus scintilliceps, 236 Dryobates nanus semicoronatus, 235, 236 Dryobates nanus suffusus, 236 Dryobates nanus swinhoei, 236 Dryobates ra.msayi ramsayi, 236, 237, 238

INDEX Dryobates rm'l'l sayi siasiensis, 237 Dryobates temmincki, 237, 238 Dryobates wattersi, 236 Dryococcyx, 224, 225 Dryococcyx harri ngto1?i, 225 Dryoscopus, 254 dubia, Chc:etwm, 185 dubius, Hirundapus celebe1~sis, 185 ducis, Riparia paludicola, 275 ducorpsii, Cacatus, 76 ducorpsi'i, Ducorpsi'Hs, 78 Ducorpsius, 76 Ducorpsius ducorpsii, 78 Ducorpsius goffini, 78 Ducorpsius hc:ematuropygius hc:ematuropygius, 77 Ducorpsius hc:ematuropygius mcgregori, 77 Ducorps'ius roseicapillus, 78 Ducorpsius sanguineus, 78 Ducorpsius typus, 76 dumetorum, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 Eagle, Great Forest, 17 Eagle, Grey-headed Fishing, 27 Eagle, Javan Hawk, IS Eagle, Monkey-eating, 17 Eagle, Palawan Serpent, 20 Eagle, Philippine Hawk, 14 Eagle, Philippine Serpent, 22 Eagle, White-breasted Sea, 25 Edolisoma, 346, 347, 353, 359 Edolisoma cc:erulescens alterum, 54 Edolisoma cc:erulescens cc:erulescens, 354, 355, 35 6 Edolisoma ceramense, 360 Edolisoma el'btsum, 357 Edolisoma everetti, 359 Edolisoma (Graucalus) panayensis, 355 Edolisoma incertum, 360 Edolisoma marescoti, 353 Edolisoma mcgregori, 356 Edolisoma melan, 353 Edolisoma morio, 360 Edolisoma morio dohertyi, 359 Edolisoma mOl'io elusum, 357 Edolisoma morio ema.ncipata, 359 Edolisoma morio everetti, 359 Edolisoma morio mindanensis, 357, 358, 359 Edolisoma morio morio, 359 Edolisoma morio salvadorii, 360 Edolisoma morio talautense, 360 Edolisoma morio timoriensis, 359 Edolisoma morio wiglesworthi, 359 Edolisoma panayensis, 355, 356, 359 eichhorni, Collocalia francica, 180 elachyptera, Coltocalia esculenta" 183 Elanus, 12, 30 Elanus cc:erule'bts cc:eruleus, 3 I Elanus cc:eruleus hypoleucus, 30, 31 Elanus cc:eruleus vociferus, 3 I Elanus cc:esius, 30 Elanus hypoleucus, 30 Elanus leucurus, 3 I

Elanus notatus, 31 Elanus scriptus, 31 elaphra, Collocalia vest ita, 178 elegans, Siphia, 291 elgini, Spilornis, 22 Ellc:e, Irena, 378 ellc:e, Irena cyanogastra, 378 elusum, Edolisoma, 357 elusum, Edolisoma morio, 357 emancipata, Edolisoma morio, 359 emini, Hirundo daurica, 281 empheris, Lalage nigra, 370 enganensis, Coracina striata, 352 enganensis, Siphia, 295 enigma, Sauropatis chloris, 137 enigmaticus, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 Entomothera, 138, 139 Entomothe1'a coromanda bangsi, 138 Entomothera coromanda, ochrothorectis, 139 eophila, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 336 Ephialtes mantis, 52 erithaca, Cyornis, 296 erithacus, Ceyx erithacus, 131 erithacus macrocercus, Ceyx, 132 erithacus motteyi. Ceyx, 132 erithacus, Siphia, 296 ernesti, Falco, 39 ernesti, Falco peregrinus, 39, 40 erythrocephalus, Chrysocolaptes, 239 er throcephalus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 239, 24 1 erythrocephalus, Harpactes, 193 erythrogaster, Hirundo rustica, 277 erythrogastra, Pitta erythrogastra, 258 erythrogastra propinqua, Pitta, 259 erythrogastra yairocho, Pitta, 259 erythrogenys, Hierax, 36 erythrogenys meridionalis, lWicrohierax, 37 erythrogenys, Microhierax erythrogenys, 36 Erythromyias, 296 erythropygia, Hirundo daurica, 281 erythropygius albifrons, Pericrocotus, 366 erythropygius, Pericrocotus erythropygius, 3 66 esculenta affinis, Collocalia, 183 esculenta bagobo, Collocalia, 177, 178, 183 esculenta, Collocalia esculenta, 184 esculenta cyanoptila, Collocalia, 183 esculenta dodgei, Collocalia, 183, 184 esculenta elachyptera, Collocalia, 183 esculenta, Hirundo, 174 esculenta isonota, Collocalia, 182, 183 esculenta linchi, Collocalia, 183 esculenta maxima, Collocalia, 184 esculenta minuta, Collocalia, 184 esculenta neglecta, Coilocalia, 184 esculenta oberholseri, Collocalia, 183 esculenta stresemam~i, Collocalia, 184 esculenta sumbawc:e, Collocalia, 184 Ethelornis, 307 ethologus, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 Eudynamys, 213 Eudy'l'lamys frater, 215 Eudynamys honorata, 213

INDEX Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys EudY1~amys

cyanocephala, 216 facialis , 216 melanorhynchus, 216 scolopacea alberti, 216 scolopacea chinensis, 216 scolopacea corvina, 216 scolopacea enigmaticus, 216 scolopacea everetti, 215, 216 scolopacea frater, 215 scolopacea hay terti, 216 scolopacea malayana, 216 scolopacea mindanensis, 214,

Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys Eudynamys 215 Eudynamys scolopacea onikakko, 214 Eudynamys scolopacea orientalis, 216 Eudynamys scolopacea paraguena, 213, 214, 216

Eudynamys scolopacea yujiventer, 216 Eudynamys scolopacea salvadorii, 215, 216 Eudynamys scolopacea sanghirensis, 216 Eudynamys scolopacea scolopacea, 216 euerythra, Ceyx, 129 Eumyias, 282, 343, 346 Eumyias albicaudata, 346 Et.tmyias indigo cerviniventris, 346 Eumyias indigo indigo, 346 Eumyias indigo ruficrissa, 346 Eumyias panayensis, 346 Ettrnyias panayensis harterti, 345 Eumyias panayensis nigriloris, 345 E!tmyias panayensis nigrimentalis, 344 Ewnyias panayensis obiensis, 345 Eumyias panayensis panayensis, 344, 345 Eumyias sordida, 346 Eumyias thalassina thalassina, 345, 346 Eumyias thalassina thalassoides, 346 europceus, Caprimulgus, 114 Eurylcemus, 256 Eurylcemus steerii, 254 Eurystomus, 121 Eurystomus azureus, 123 Eurystomus calonyx, 122 Eurystomus glaucurus, 123 Eurystomus orientalis, 123 Eurystomus orientalis calonyx, 123 Ettrystomus orientalis connectens, 123 Eurystomus orientalis crassirostris, 123 Eurystomus orientalis gigas, 123 Eurystomus orientalis neohanoveranus, 123 Eurystomtts orientalis orientalis, 122, 123 Eurystomus orientalis pacificus, 123 Eurystomus orientalis solomonensis, 123 eutreptorhyncha, Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha, 150 everetti, Cacomantis merulinus, 206 everetti, Cacomaldis variolosus, 20 6, 207 everetti, Criniger, 382 everetti, Dinopium javanense, 238 everetti, Edolisoma, 359 everetti, Edolisoma morio, 359 everetti, Eudynamys scolopacea, 215, 216 everetti haynaldi, hos, 382 everetti, Ixos, 384 everetti, I xos everetti, 382

439

everetti, Mixornis gularis, 4II everetti, Ninox, 68 everetti, Ninox spilocephala, 68 everetti, Dtus bakkamcena, 55 everetti, Scops, 55 everetti, Tanygnathus, 87 everetti, Tanygnathus mulleri, 87, 88, 89 everetti, Tiga, 238 exarhatus, Rhabdotorrhinus, 165 exarhatus sanfordi, Rhabdotorrhinus, 165 excelsa, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179 excelsior, Dryobates moluccensis, 235 exilis, Loriculus, 104 exsul, Dinopium javanense, 239 exsul, Pericrocotus, 364 facialis, Eudynamys, 216 falcata, Ptilocichla, 403 Falco, 13, 37 Falco cel'uginosus, 2, 5 Falco apivo'Yus, 31 Falco bacha, 20 Falco bassus, 20 Falco cceruleus, 30 Falco calidus, 38 Falco ernesti, 39 Falco fringiUarius, 36 Falco gentilis, 6 Falco gironnieri, 36 Falco guttatus, 41 Falco haliae'tus, 44 Falco ichthycetus, 27 Falco indicus, 23 Falco indus, 28 Falco leucogaster, 25 Falco leucorYPhus, 25 Falco Limnceetus, 15 Falco maud~tyti, 14 Falco melanogenys, 39 Falco melanoleucus, 4 Falco palumbarius, 6 Falco peregrinus, 37, 39 Falco peregrinus anatum, 41 Falco peregrinus brookei, 41 Falco peregrinus calidus, 38, 40 Falco peregrinus cassini, 41 Falco peregrinus ernesti, 39, 40 Falco peregrinus fruitii, 40 Falco peregrinus macropus, 41 Falco peregrinus pealei, 40 Falco peregrinus perconfusus, 41 Falco peregrinus peregrinator, 40 Falco peregrinus peregrinus, 40 Falco peregrinus radama, 41 Falco ptilorhyncus, 31 Falco rupicolus, 42 Falco sericeus, 36 Falco severus, 41 Falco severus papuanus, 42 Falco severus rufipedoides, 41 Falco severus severus, 41 , 42 Falco soloe'nsis, 7 Falco subbuteo, 37 Falco tinnunculus japonicus, 42

440

INDEX

Falcon, Eastern Peregrine, 38 Falcon, Grant's Pygmy, 37 Falcon, Hose's Peregrine, 39 Falcon, Philippine Cuckoo-, 34 Falcon, Philippine Pygmy, 36 Falcon, Whitehead's Cuckoo-, 35 fallax, Cuculus canorus, 203 fasciatus, Trogon, 192 fasciolatus, Penthoceryx sonneratii, 210 fastosa, Pitta, 267 feddeni, Thriponax javensis, 253 ferruginea, Hemichelidon, 287 festivus, Chrysocolaptes, 245 ftnschi, M alacocincla, 4 I 2 ftnschii, Criniger, 393 ftnschii, Criniger ftnschii, 393 ftnschii palawanensis, Criniger, 393 flabellifera, M uscicapa, 315 flammea, Strix, 69, 72 flammeus andamanensis, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus bakeri, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus flammifer, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus fohkiensis, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus fraterculus, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus johnstonice, Pericrocotus, 362, 363 flammeus leytensis, Pericrocotus, 362 flammeus marchesce, Pericrocotus, 363 flammeus minythomelas, Peric'l'ocotus, 364 flammeus modiglianii, Pe'l'icrocotus, 364 flammeus nov us, Pe'l'ic'l'ocotus, 361 flammeus, Pericrocotus, 364, 366 flammeus, Pericrocotus flammeus, 364 flammeus siebersi, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus speciosus, Pericrocotus, 364 flammeus xanthogaster, Pericrocotus, 364 flammife'l', Pericrocotus flammeus, 364 flaveola, Gerygone sulphurea, 306, 307 flaveolus annamensis, Criniger, 392 flaveolus balicus, Crinige'l', 392 flaveolus bartelsi, Criniger, 392 flaveolus burmanicus, Criniger, 392 flaveolus, C'I'iniger flaveolus, 392 flaveolus frater, Criniger, 391, 393 flaveolus griseiceps, Criniger, 392 flaveolus henrici, Criniger, 392 flaveolus pallidus, Criniger, 392 flaveolus sumatranum, Criniger, 392 flaveolus tephrogenys, Criniger, 392 flavicans montanus, Prioniturus, 83, 84 flavicans, Prioniturus flavicans, 84 flavicans verticalis, Prioniturus, 83, 84 flavicollis frigida, Mixornis, 410 flavicollis kelleyi, Mixornis, 410 flavicollis. Mixornis flavicollis, 410 flavicollis woodi, Mixornis, 410 flavigularis, Cryptolopha, 343 flavipennis, Chloropsis, 374 flavipennis, Phyllornis, 374 flavoviridis meyeri, Trichoglossus, 76 flavoviridis, Trichoglossus flavoviridis, 76 flavus, Cuculus, 205 florensis, Athene, 63 floresiana, Alcedo atthis, 125

floresiana, Ramphalcyon capen sis, 150 floris, Coracina striata, 352 floris, Seicercus montis, 339 floris, Spizaetus cirrhatus, 17 floris, Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 90 floris, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 flosculus, Loriculus, 104 floweri, Spilornis cheela, 2 I flumenicola, Ceyx, 133 flumenicolus, Ceyx arge1~tatus, 133 fluvialis, Pandion, 44 Flycatcher, Basilan, 302 Flycatcher, Basilan Rufous-tailed Jungle, 334 Flycatcher, Black-and-Cinnamon Fantail-, 3 20 Flycatcher, Black-and-White Fantail-, 321 Flycatcher, Black-masked Verditer, 344 Flycatcher, Black-naped, 310 Flycatcher, Black Paradise, 326, 327, 328, 32 9 Flycatcher, Blue-breasted, 295 Flycatcher, Brown, 288, 289 Flycatcher, Calayan, 298 Flycatcher, Celestial Blue, 314 Flycatcher, Chestnut-eyed Jungle, 335 Flycatcher, Common Grey-spotted, 286 Flycatcher, Ferruginous, 287, 288 Flycatcher, Goodfellow's Jungle, 333 Flycatcher, Grant's, 297 Flycatcher, Grey-headed Yellow, 336 Flycatcher, Guava, 394 Flycatcher, Helen's Masked, 313 Flycatcher, Hutchinson's Fantail-, 320 Flycatcher, Japanese Blue, 308 Flycatcher, Kurile Island Grey-spotted, 28 7 Flycatcher, Large Blue, 325 Flycatcher, Lempriere's Blue, 293, 295 Flycatcher, Long-tailed Rufous, 322, 323 Flycatcher, Luzon Jungle, 331 Flycatcher, Malay Paradise, 329 Flycatcher, Mindanao Blue Fantail-, 315 Flycatcher, Mindanao Verditer, 345 Flycatcher, Mindoro, 299 Flycatcher, Mindoro Blue, 292 Flycatcher, Mount Apo, 301 Flycatcher, Mount Apo Blue Fantail-, 316 Flycatcher, Narcissus, 307 Flycatcher, Palawan Blue, 291 Flycatcher, Panay Verditer, 344, 345 Flycatcher, Philippine Blue, 292 Flycatcher, Philippine Rufous-tailed Jungle, 334 Flycatcher, Philippine Yellow, 337, 33 8 Flycatcher, Platen's, 296 Flycatcher, Rufous-bellied Fantail-, 317, 3 18 Flycatcher, Samar, 303 Flycatcher, Samar Blue Fantail-, 316 Flycatcher, Saul's Fantail-, 318 Flycatcher, Short-tailed Rufous, 324 Flycatcher, Siberian, 285 Flycatcher Warbler, Cebu, 343

INDEX Flycatcher Warbler, Green, 339 Flycatcher \Varbler, "Mount Apo, 340 Flycatcher \Varbler, Mt. Malindang, 341 Flycatcher Warbler, Olivaceus, 342 Flycatcher Warbler, Palawan, 339 Flycatcher, \Vesterman' Pied, 304 Flycatcher, White-bellied Fantail-, 319 Flycatcher, \Vhitehead's, 299 Flycatcher, '''' hite-throated Jungle, 332 Fly-eater, Philippine, 306 johkiensis, P ericl'ocotus flammeus, 364 johkiensis, Riparia riparia, 274 jokiensis, Spizae路tus nipalel1sis, 15 jormosana, Alcedo atthis, 124 jornlosanus, lHilvus lineatus, 29 jorJ1tosus, Hieraaiitus kienerii, 13 jorlnostls, Lophotriorchis kienerii, 13, 14 jorresti, Thripollax, 253, 254 jorresha, Hypothymis azure a , 312 jorsteni, Sa!tropatis chloris, 136 jor/iol', Cacomantis merulinus, 208 jrancica assimilis, Collocalia, 180 jrallcica bal'telsi, Collocalia, 181 jrancica, Collocalia, 179, 180 jrancica, Collocalia jrancica, 180, 181 jrancica eichhorni, Collocalia, 180 frallcica germani, Collocalia., 180, 181 jrancica heinrichi, Collocalia, 181 jl'all.cica inexpectata, Collocalia, 180, 181 jrancica infuscata, Collocalia, 180 fr allcica javensis, Collocalia, 181 jrancica micans, Collocalia, 181 jrancica reichenowi, Collocalia, 180 jrancica spodiopygia, Collocalia, 180 jrancica terrmreginm, Collocalia, 180 jrancica townsendi, Collocalia, 180 jrater, Criniger, 391 jrater, Criniger flaveolus, 391, 393 jrater, Eudynamys, 215 jrater, Ettdynamys scolopacea, 215 jraterculus, Pericrocotus flammeus, 364 jreeri, Tanygnathus muller-i, 78, 88 jrigida, Mixornis flavicollis, 410 jrigida, Zosterops, 410 jringillarius, Falco, 36 jringiUarius, Microhierax, 37 Frogmouth, Blyth's, I I I Frogmouth, Bornean, 110 Frogmouth, Menage's, 107 Frogmouth, Small-billed, 106 Frogmouth, Tweeddale's, 109 jrontalis, Hirundo javanica, 279 jruitii, Falco peregrinus, 40 juciphaga amelis, Collocalia, 179 juciphaga bartschi, Collocalia, 180 juciphaga ceramensis, Collocalia, 180 juciphaga, Collocalia, 177, 178, 179 juciphaga, Collocalia juciphaga, 179 juciphaga excelsa, Collocalia, 179 juciphaga hirundinacea, Collocalia, 179 juciphaga inquieta, Collocalia, 180 juciphaga mearnsi, Collocalia, 178 juciphaga moluccarum, Collocalia, 179 juciphaga ruklln~ts, Collocalia, 180

441

juciphaga spodiopygia, Collocalia, 180 juciphaga) subsp., Collocalia, 179 juciphaga unicolor, Collocalia, 180 juciphaga vanilwrensis, Collocalia, 179 juciphaga yorki, Collocalia, 179 jugax, Cuculus, 198, 199 jugax, Hierococcyx jugax, 200 jugax hypel'ythrus, Hierococcyx, 200 fugux nisicolor, Hierococcyx, 199, 200 jttgensis, Hypsipetes, 379 jugensis, Jli[icroscelis amaurotis, 379, 380, 3 86

juliginosa, Hemichelidon, 284 juliginosa, Hemichelidon sibirica, 285 juliginosa, Scops, 55 juliginosus, Lichtensteinipicus, 246, 247 juliginosus, lVfulleripicus, 246 julvijasciatus, Dryobates moluccensis, 234 julvijasciatus, Iyngipicus, 234 julvus intermedius, Lichtensteinipicus, 247 julvus, Lichtensteinipicus, 247 julvus ochraceus, Lichtensteinipicus, 247 julvus wallacei, Lichtensteinipicus, 247 junebris, Lichtensteinipicus junebris, 246, 247

junebris, Picus, 246 jusca, Halcyon smyrnensis, 141 juscoflavescens, Brachypodius atl'iceps, 391 jUSCttS mesolettcus, Pipilo, 400 galgulus, Loriculus, 102, 103 galgulus, Psittacus, 92, 102 galilejensis, Colletoptera affinis, 191 ganeesa, lVficroscelis psaroides, 381 gangeticus, Dtus bakkammna, 56 generosa, Halcyon smyrnensis, 141 gentilis, Falco, 6 germani, Collocalia jrancica, 180, 18 I Gerygone, 283, 305, 306 Gerygone neglecta, 339 Gerygone rhizophorm, 306 Gerygone simplex, 306 Gerygone sulphurea flaveola, 306, 307 Gerygone sulphurea jacobsoni, 306 Gerygone sulphurea modiglianii, 306 Gerygone sulphurea muscicapa, 306 Gerygone sulphurea pectoralis, 306 Gerygone sulphurea plesseni, 306 Gerygone sulphurea salvadorii, 306, 307 Gerygone sulphurea simplex, 306 Gerygone sulphurea sulphurea, 306 gigantea, Pelargopsis, 149 gigantea, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 gigantea vaT. celebensis, Chmtura, 185 giganteus, Cypselus, 184 giganteus, Hirundapus giganteus, 184, 185 giganteus indicus, Hirundapus, 185 gigantoptera, Hypothymis azurea, 312 gigas, Eurystomus orientalis, 123 gironnieri , Falco, 36 girrenera, Haliastur indus, 29 glabriPes, Dtus bakkammna, 56 glandarius , Cuculus, 195 glaucurus, Eurystomtts, 123

442

INDEX

goffini, DUCOl'psius, 78 goiavier analis, Pycnonotus, 395 goiavier, Muscicapa, 394 goiavier, Pycnonotus, 396 goiavier, Pycno11otus goiavier, 394 goiavier suluensis, Pycnonotus, 395 goodfellowi, Ceyx, 134 goodfellowi, Ceyx lepidus, 134 goodfellowi, Rhinomyias, 333 Goshawk, Chinese, 7 Goshawk, Horsfield's, 7 Goshawk, Large Crested, 6 gouldi, Pelargopsis, 147 gouldi, Ramphalcyon capensis, 147, 148, 149, 15 0 Gracula atthis, 124 grandis, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 241, 242 grandis, Dryobates moluccensis, 235 Graucalus, 347 (Graucalus) panayensis, Edolisoma, 355 Graucalus pollens, 351 Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis, 347 grayi, Sauropatis chloris, 137 griseatus, Caprimulgus, 114 griseatus, Caprimulgus affinis, 114, II5, II 6, II8 griseiceps, Criniger ftaveolus, 392 griseigularis, Pericrocotus solaris, 365 griseipectus, Pseudotharrhaleus, 399, 4 00 ,

401

griseisticta habereri, H emichelidon, 287 griseisticta habereri, Muscicapa, 287 griseisticta, Hemichelidon griseisticta" 286, 28 7 Guaiabero, Intermediate, 91 Guaiabero, Luzon, 90 Guaiabero, Mindanao, 91 guia-guia, 349 guillemardi, Artamides, 351 guillemardi , COl'acina striata, 349, 351, 35 2 Guimarasensis, Iole, 385 guimarasensis, Ixos Philippensis, 385 gularis, Accipiter, 9, 10 gularis, Alcedo, 140 gularis argentea, Mixornis, 4II gularis, Astur (Nisus), 9 gularis borneeniss, Mixornis, 4II gularis cagayanensis, Mixornis, 410 gularis condoriensis, Mixornis, 4II gularis connectens, Mixornis, 41 I gularis, Cuculus canorus, 202 gularis everetti, lVIixornis, 41 I gularis, Halcyon, 140, 141 gularis javanica, Mixornis, 4II gularis lutescens, Mixornis, 4II gularis, Mixornis gularis, 41 I gularis montana, Mixornis, 41 I gularis, Philedon, 384 gularis prilloitzi, Mixornis, 4II gularis, Rhinomyias, 33 2 , 333, 335 gularis rubicapilla, Mixornis, 41 I gularis sulphurea, Mixornis, 411 gulmergi, Hemichelidon sibirica, 286

gurial, Ramphalcy011 cape11Sis, 149 gurneyi, Mimizuku, 50 gurneyi, Pseudoptynx, 50 guttacristatus, ClI1'ysocolaptes lHcidus, 244 guttatus, Falco, 41 gutturalis, Criniger guttural is, 392 gutturalis, Hinmdo, 276 gutturalis, Hirundo rustica, 276, 277 GymnolC8mus, 151, 158 GymnolC8rmtS marchii, 158 gymnopthalmos, Dryobates moluccensis, 235 Gypaetus, 19 habereri, H emichelidon griseisticta, 287 habereri, M uscicapa griseisticta, 287 hC8macephala delica, X antholC8ma, 229 hC8macephala indica, XantholC8ma, 229 hC8macephala lutea, XantholC8ma, 229 hC8macephala, X antholC8ma hC8macephala, 228 hC8macephalus, Bucco, 228 hC8matodus, Trichoglossus, 75 hC8matopus, Trichoglossus, 75 hC8matribon, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 240, 24 1 , 24 2 , 244 hC8matribon, Picus, 240 hC8maturopygia mcgregori, KakataJ, 77 hC8maturopygius, Ducorpsius liC8maturopygius, 77 hC8maturopygius mcgregori, Ducorpsius, 77 hC8maturopygius, Psittactts, 77 hainana, Cyornis pallipes, 295 hainanus, Pycnonotus, 396 Halcyon, 124, 127, 138 Halcyon alfredi, 141 Halcyon chloris, 135 Halcyon concreta, 147 Halcyon coromanda bangsi, 138, 139 Halcyon coromanda coromanda, 140 Halcyon coromanda major, 140 Halcyon coromanda minor, 139, 140 Halcyon coromanda mizorhina, 140 Halcyon coromanda neophora, 140 Halcyon coromanda ochrothorectis, 139 Halcyon coromanda pagana, 140 Halcyon coromanda rufa, 140 Halcyon gularis, 140, 141 Halcyon hombroni, 146, 147 Halcyon lindsayi, 147 Halcyon lindsayi lindsayi, 144, 145 Halcyon lindsayi moseleyi, 145 Halcyon pileata palawane1lSis, 142 Halcyon pileata pileata, 143 Halcyon sanctus, 135 Halcyon smyrnensis fusca, 141 Halcyon smyrnensis generosa, 141 Halcyon smyrnensis saturatior, 141 Halcyon smyrnensis smyrnensis, 141 Halcyon winchelli nigrorum, 142 Halcyon wincheZZi wi11cheZZi, 141 HaliC8etus, 25, 26 HaliC8etus albicilla, 26 HaliC8etus leucocephalus, 26 HaliC8etus niger, 27

INDEX Haliaetus pelagicus, 18, 26, 27 haliaetus carolinensis, Pandion, 47 haliaetus crisatus, Pa.ndion, 45, 46 haliaetus, Falco, 44 haliaetus microhaliat'tus, Pandion, 47 haliaetus, Pa·n dion haliae'tus, 44, 46 haliaetus ridgwayi, Pandiol1, 47 Haliastur, 12, 28 Haliastur indus girrenera, 29 Haliastwr indus indus, 29 Haliastur indus intermedius, 28, 29 Haliastur intermedius, 28 Haliastur pondicerianus, 28 Haliastur sphenurus, 29 Haliastur sphenu'Ytts johannce, 29 hardwickii, Dryobates moluccel1sis, 235 hargitti, Thrjponax, 251 hargitti, Thriponax javensis, 251,252, 253 Harpactes, 192, 193, 389 Harpactes ardel1s, 192 Harpactes erythrocephalus, 193 Harpactes rhodiosternus, 192 Harpacles whiteheadi, 193 Harpia ha·r pyja, 18, 19 Harrier, Eastern Marsh, 2 Harrier, Marsh, 5 Harrier, Pied, 4, 5 haningtoni, Dryococcyx, 225 harterli, Circus ceruginosus, 6 harterti, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 harterti, Eumyias panayensis, 345 harterti, j'vIicroscelis amaurotis, 381 harterti, NI utleripicus pulverulentus, 248 hartlaubi, Coryltis, 101 hartlaubi, Loricutus, 98 hasselti, lvIuscicapula melanoleuca, 305 Hawk Cuckoo, Asiatic, 199 Hawk Cuckoo, Horsfield's, 199 Hawk Eagle. Javan, 15 Hawk Eagle, Philippine, 14 Hawk, Eastern Buzzard, 23 Hawk, Japanese Sparrow-, 9 Hawk, Lesser Rufous-bellied, 13 Hawk Owl, Brown, 63 Hawk Owl, Mindoro, 68 Hawk Owl, Philippine, 65 Hawk Owl, Rey's, 69 Hawk Owl, Spotted, 66 Hawk, Philippine Sparrow-, 9 haynaldi, Crin'igel', 382 haynaldi, 1xos everetti, 382 hebetior, Pitta sordida, 265 heinrichi, Coltocalia francica, 181 helence, Cyanomyias, 313, 314 helianthea, Culicicapa helia·nthea, 338 helianthea, j'vI uscicapa., 337 helianthea panayensis, Culicicapa, 337, 338 Hemichelidon, 282, 284, 288 Hemichelidon cinereiceps, 287 Hemichelidon ferruginea, 287 Hemichelidon fuliginosa, 284 Hemichelidon griseisticta griseisticta, 286, 28 7 Hemichelidon griseisticta habereri, 287

443

Hemichelidon sibirica fuliginosa, 285 Hemichelidon sibirica gulmergi, 286 Hemichelidon sibirica incerta, 285, 286 Hemichelidon sibirica rothschildi, 286 Hemichelidon sibirica sibirica, 285, 286 Hemiprocne, 172 Hemiprocne comata., 173 H emiprocne coma.ta comata, 173 Hemiprocne comata major, 172, 173 H emiprocne cornata l~aka.murai, 172 Hemiprocne coronata, 173 H emiprocne longipennis, 173 Hemiprocne longipennis wallacei, 173 Hemiprocne major ~lakamurai, 172 Hemiprocne mystacea, 173 Hemixus, 381 henrici, Criniger flaveolus, 392 henrici, M uscicapula, 300 hensoni, Microscelis amaurotis, 380 herioti, Cyornis, 295 herioti, Cyornis pallipes, 295 Hieraaetus kienerii formosus, 13 Hierax erythrogenys, 36 Hierococcyx, 194, 198 Hierococcyx fugax fugax, 200 Hierococcyx fugax hype·r ythrus, 200 Hierococcyx fugax nisicolor, 199, 200 Hierococcyx sparverioides, 199, 200 hirsuta, Ninox scutulata, 63, 64 hirsuta, Strix, 63 Eirundapus, 174, 184 Hirundapus celebensis celebensis, 185 Hirundapus celebensis dubius, 185 Hirundapus giganteus giganteus, 184, 185 Hirundapus giganteus indicus, 185 hirundinacea, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179 Hirundo, 271, 276 Hirundo apus, 189 Hirundo brevicaudata, 275 Hirundo chinensis, 275 Hirundo daurica daurica, 281 Hirundo daurica disjttncta, 281 Hirundo daurica do micella, 281 Hirundo dawrica emini, 281 Hirundo daurica e·r ythropygia, 281 Hirundo daurica hyperythra, 281 Hirundo da~trica kumboensis, 281 Hirul~do daurica melanocrissa, 280 Hirundo daurica nipalensis, 281 Hirundo dawrica rothschildiana, 28 I Hirundo dawrica rufula, 280 Hirundo daul'ica striolata, 279. 281 Hirundo esculenta, 174 Hirundo gutturalis, 276 Hirundo javanica abbotti, 278, 279 Hirundo javanica domicola, 279 Hirundo javanica frontalis, 279 Hirundo javanica hypolampra, 279 Hirundo javanica javanica, 279 Hirundo javanica namiyei, 279 Hirundo longipennis, 172 Hirundo pacifica, 189 Hirundoripa·ria, 273 Hintndo rustica, 276

444

I NDEX

Hirundo rustica erythrogaster, 277 Hirundo rustica gutturalis, 276, 277 Hirundo rustica loudoni, 277 Hirundo rustica palmeri, 277 Hirundo rustica rustica, 277 Hirundo rustica savignii, 277 Hirundo rustica transitiva, 277 Hirundo rustica tytleri, 277 Hil'undo striolata, 279 Hirundo tahitica, 279 hispidoides, Alcedo atthis, 125 Hobby, Burmese, 41 hodgei, Thriponax, 254 hodgsoni, Batrachostomus javensis, I I I hodgsoni, Thriponax javensis, 253 holospilus, Buteo, 22 holospilus, Spilornis, 22, 23 hombroni, Actenoides, 146 hombroni, Halcyon, 146, 147 honorata, Eudynamys, 213 horizoptera, lEgithina t'i phia, 373 Hornbill, Basilan, 154 Hornbi1l, Intermediate, 154 Hornbill, Lord Walden's, 166 Hornbill, Luzon, 151, 159 Hornbill, Mindanao, 152 Hornbill, Montano's, 155 Hornbi1l, Palawan, 158 Hornbill, White-headed, 167 horrisonus, Tanygnathus lucio?짜nsis, 87 hoya, Spilornis cheela, 2 I \ Huhua scutulata malaccensis, 64 hu-hu-co, 258 humei, lEgithina tiphia, 373 humilis, I cthyophaga humilis, 28 humilis plumbea, Icthyophaga, 28 hutchinsoni, Rhipidura, 320 hutchinsoni, Rhipidura n'igrocinnamomea, 320 Hydrocorax, 151, 356 Hydrocorax hydrocorax, lSI, 356 Hydrocorax hydrocorax basilanica, 154 Hydrocorax hydrocorax hydrocorax, 151 , 15 2 , 153, 155

Hydrocorax hydrocorax mindanensis, 152, 153, 155

Hydrocorax semigaleatus, 153, 154, 356 hydrocorax basilanica, Hydrocorax, 154 hydrocorax, Buceros, 151 hydrocorax, Hydrocorax hydrocorax, 151 , 15 2 , 153, ISS

hydrocorax mindanensis, Hydrocorax, 152,

hyperythra mala)'a,}w, JIuscicapula, 300, 3 02

hyperythra mindorensis, j\1uscicapula, 299 hyperythra, Muscicapula, 298, 301 hyperythra, Muscicapula hyperythra, 300 hyperythra negroides, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythra nigrorum, M uscicapula, 299 hyperythra pallidipectus, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythra ruftgula, Muscicapula, 300 hyperythra ? subsp " Muscicapula, 300 hyperythra sumatrana, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythra vulcani, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythrus Hierococcyx fugax, 200 hypolampra, Hirundo javanica, 279 hypoleucus, Elanus ceeruleus, 30, 3 I Hypothymis, 284, 310, 312, 314, 3 1 5, 3 2 3 Hypothymis azure a., 323 Hypothymis azure a amelis, 312 Hypothymis azure a azurea, 310, 3II Hypothymis azure a calocara, 312 Hypothymis azurea ceylonensis, 312 Hypothymis azure a consobrina" 312 Hypothymis azure a forrestia, 312 Hypothymis azure a gigantoptera, 312 H ypothymis azure a idiochroa, 3 I 2 Hypothymis azure a isocara, 312 Hypothymis azure a karimatensis, 312 Hypothymis azure a leucophila, 312 Hypothymis azurea nicoba.rica, 312 Hypothymis azurea oberholseri, 312 Hypothymis azurea ponera, 312 Hypothymis azure a prophata, 312 Hypothymis azure a richmondi, 312 Hypothymis azure a sip ora, 312 Hypothymis azurea styani, 312 Hypothymis azurea. sykesi, 312 Hypothymis azure a symmixta, 3 I I Hypothymis azure a tytleri, 312 Hypothymis ceelestis, 314 H ypothymis occipitalis, 3 I 0 Hypothymis puella blasii, 312 Hypothymis puella puella, 312 Hypothymis puella rowleyi, 312 Hypothymis Samarensis, 316 H ypothymis superciliaris, 3 I 5 Hypsipetes amaurotis, 379 Hypsipetes batanensis, 379 Hypsipetes camiguinensis, 380 Hypsipetes fugensis, 379 . Hypsipetes ruftgularis, 386 Hypurolepis javanica mallopega, 278 Hypurolepis javanica abbotti, 278

153, I SS

hydrophila, Ramphalcyon capensis, 150 hyperemus, Brachypodius atriceps, 391 hyperpontia, Sauropatis chloris, 137 hyperythra alifura, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythra annamensis, Muscicapula, 300 hyperythra audacis, Muscicapula, 300 hyperythra calayensis, M uscicapula, 298 hyperythra, H irundo daurica, 28 1 hyperythra innexa, M uscicapula, 300 hyperythra luzoniensis, Muscicapula, 297, 29 8 , 299, 3 00

ibong-pa'-re, 369 ichthyeetus, Falco, 27 ichthyeetus, Icthyophaga ichthyeetus, 27, 28 ichthyeetus plum biceps, I cthyophaga, 28 Icthyophaga, 12, 27 I cthyophaga humilis humilis, 28 I cthyophaga humilis plumbea, 28 I cthyophaga ichthyeetus ichthyeetus, 27, 28 I cthyophaga ichthyeetus plumbiceps, 28 I cthyophaga javana, 27 idiochroa, Hypothymis azurea, 312

INDEX igneus, Pericrocotus, 360 ijimce, Clivi cola ripa.ria, 274 ijimce, Riparia riparia, 274 illex, Tchitrea atrocaudata, 329 incei, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 incerta, H emichelidon sibirica, 285, 286 incertum, Edolisoma, 360 indica, Xantholcema hcemacephala, 229 indicus, Butastur, 23, 25 indicus, Caprimulgus indicus, 121 indicus, Falco, 23 indicus, Hirundapus giganteus, 185 indicus innominatus, Caprimulgus, 120 indicus jotaka, Caprimulgus, 120, 121 indicus kelaarti, Caprimulgus, 121 indicus, Loriculus, 103, 104 indigo cerviniventris, Eumyias, 346 indigo, Eumyias indigo, 346 indigo, Muscicapa, 343 indigo ruficrissa, Eumyias, 346 indochina, Cyornis 路rufigaster, 293 indochinensis, Tchitrea paradisi, 331 indomalayicus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 244 indus, Falco, 28 indus girrenera, Haliastur, 29 indus, Haliastur indus, 29 indus i -n termedius, Haliastur, 28, 29 inexpectata, Collocalia francica, 180, 181 infaustus, Cacomantis mentlinus, 208 infumatus, Tachynau,tes batasiensis, 189 infuscata, Collocalia francica, 180 innexa, 1\11uscicapula hyperythra, 300 innominatus, Caprimulgus indicus, 121 innominatus, Ceyx, 132 inornata, Seicercus montis, 339 inquieta, Collocalia fuciphaga, 180 insculptus, Buceros, 162 insignis, Microscelis amaurotis, 381 insignis, Rhinomyias, 331, 332, 333 insularis, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 intermedia, Cyanoptila cyanomelana, 310 intermedia, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 intermedia, Xantholcema, 229 intermedia, X antholcema rosea, 229 intermedium, Dinopium javenense, 239 intermedius, Bolbopsittacus, 91 intermedius, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, 91 intermedius, Centropus sinensis, 222 intermedius, Haliastur, 28 intermedius, Haliastur indus, 28, 29 intermedius, Lichtensteinipicus fulvus, 247 intermedius, Pericrocotus divaricatus, 367 interstinctus, Cerc)meis tinnunculus, 43 Iole cinereiceps, 383 Iole Guimarasensis, 385 Iole Mindorensis, 385 Iole monticola, 384 Iole philippensis saturatior, 386 Iole Siquijorensis, 383 Iole striaticeps, 387 lora, Palawan Black-winged, 372 iredalei, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, 364, 36 5 Irena, 370, 371, 375, 377, 389, 391

445

Irena cyanogastra cyanogastra, 377, 378 Irena cyanogastra ellce, 378 I rena cyanogastra melanochlamys, 378 Irena Ellce, 378 Irena malayensis, 376 I rena melanochlamys, 378 I rena puella criniger, 376 I rena puella cyanea, 376 Irena puella puella, 376 Irena puella turcosa, 376 Irena puella tweeddalii, 375 I rena tweeddalii, 375 I renella, 377 isidori, Lophotriorchis, 14 isocara, Hypothymis azure a, 312 isola, Rhinomyias ruficauda, 335 isolata, Ninox scutulata, 65 isonota, Collocalia esculenta, 182, 183 isonota, Collocalia linchi, 182 isoptera, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 ispida, Alcedo, 124 ispida, Alcedo atthis, 125 hos, 372, 381, 38 7, 394 Ixos everetti, 384 I xos evej'etti everetti, 382 I xos everetti haynaldi, 382 Ixos olivacea, 387 Ixos Philippensis, 382, 386, 387 I xos philippensis guimarasensis, 385 Ixos phiUppensis mindorensis, 385, 386 Ixos philippensis philippensis, 384, 385, 386 Ixos philippe1~sis saturatior, 386 hos rufigu1aris, 384, 386, 387 Ixos siquijorensis, 384 I %OS siquijorensis cinereiceps, 383 I xos siquijorensis monticola, 384 I %os siquijorensis siquijorensis, 383 I %os striaticeps, 387 Ixos virescens, 381 I yngipicus fulvlfasciatus, 234 I yngipicus menagei, 232 I yngipicus picatus, 236 I yngipicus ramsayi, 236 jacobsoni, Gerygone sulphurea, 306 jakuschima, Zanthopygia narcissina, 308 japonensis, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 42, 43 jap017ica, Ninox, 63, 64 japonicus, Falco tinnunculus, 42 japonicus, Pericrocotus divaricatus, 367 javana, Icthyophaga, 27 javana, Pelargopsis, 147 javana, Pitta sordida, 265 javana, Ramphalcyon, 148 javana, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 javanense borneensis, Dinopium, 239 javanense, Dinopium javanense, 239 javanense everetti, Dinopium, 238 javanense exsul, Dinopium, 239 javanense intermedium, Dinopium, 239 javanense palmarum, Dinopium, 239 javanense rubropygialis, Dinopium, 239 javanensis, Centropus bengalensis, 223, 224

INDEX jav,anensis, Coracina javanensis, 351 JavanensÂŁs, Cuculus, 223 javanensis larutensis, Coracina, 351 javanensis larvivora, Coracina, 352 javanensis layardi, Coracina, 352 javanensis macei, Coracina, 351 javanensis, Ninox scutulata, 65 JOavanensis nipalensis, Coracina, 352 javanensis, Picus, 238 javanensis rex-pineti, Coracina, 352 javanensis siamensis, Coracina, 352 javanica abbotti, Hirundo, 278, 279 javanica abbotti, Hypurolepis, 278 javanica domicola, Hirundo, 279 javanica frontalis, Hirundo, 279 javanica, Hirundo javanica, 279 javanica hypolampra, Hirundo, 279 javanica mallopega, Hypurolepis, 278 javanica, Mixornis gularis, 411 javanica namiyei, Hirundo, 279 javanica nigritorquis, Rhipidura, 321 javanica, Rhipidura, 316 javanica, Rhipidura javanica, 322 javanicus, Centropus, 223 JOavanicus, Merops superciliosus, 170 javensis adspersus, Brachostomus, 109, 110, III

javensis, Batrachostomus javensis, 110 javensis biiltikoferi, Thriponax, 254 javensis, Collocalia francica, 181 javensis confusus, Thriponax, 249, 250, 25 1 , 25 2 , 253 javensis feddeni, Thriponax, 253 javensis hargitti, Thriponax, 251, 252, 253 javensis hodgsoni, Batrachostomus, III javensis hodgsoni, Thriponax, 253 javensis mindorensis, Thriponax, 251, 252, 253 javensis multilunatus, Thriponax, 250, 251, 253 javensis parvus, Thriponax, 253 javensis pectoralis, Thriponax, 250, 253 javensis philippinensis, Tlwiponax, 252, 253, 4 2 4 javensis, Picus, 248, 249 javensis richardsi, Thriponax, 253, 254 javensis suluensis, Thriponax, 251, 253 javensis, Thriponax, 253, 254 javensis, Thriponax javensis, 253 jefferyi, Pithecophaga, 17, 18 jerdoni, Aviceda jerdoni, 36 jerdoni borneensis, Aviceda, 36 jerdoni celebensis, Aviceda, 36 jerdoni ceylonensis, Aviceda, 36 jerdoni leucopais, Aviceda, 35 jerdoni magnirostris, Aviceda, 34 johannce, Haliastur sphenurus, 29 johnstonice, Pericrocotus, 363 jolmstonice, Pericrocotus fiammeus, 362, 363 johnstonice, Trichoglossus, 75, 76 ] ora viridis, 372 JOotaka, Caprimulgus, 120 jotaka, Caprimulgus indicus, 120, 121

Kakatce hcematuropygia mcgregori, 77 kalaoensis, Cyornis rttfigaster, 293 kaleensis, Dryobates nanus, 236 kamtschaticus, Micropus pacificus, 190 Kararabi, 189 karimatensis, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 karimatensis, Hypothymis azurea, 312 Karorobit, 326 kasuidori, Caprimulgus affinis, II6 keiensis, Sauropatis chloris, 137 kelaarti, Caprimulgus indicus, 121 kelaarti, SpizaeOtus nipalensis, 15 kelleyi, Mixornis flavicollis, 410 kelungensis, Cuculus, 203 kelungensis, Cuculus optatus, 203, 204 Kestrel, Japanese, 42 kettlewelli, M acronus, 409 kettlewelli, Minodoria striaticeps, 409 kienerii, Astur, 13 kienerii formosus, Hieraae-tus, 13 kienerii formosus, Lophotriorchis, 13, 14 kienerii, Lophotriorchis kienerii, 14 kinabaluensis, Spilornis cheela, 21 Kingfisher, Asiatic, 124 Kingfisher, Bangs's Ruddy, 138 Kingfisher, Black-billed, 128 Kingfisher, Black-capped, 143 Kingfisher, Blue-breasted, 127 Kingfisher, Goodfellow's, 134 Kingfisher, Gould's Stork-billed, 147 Kingfisher, Hombron's, 146 Kingfisher, Kaup's, 130 Kingfisher, Lindsay's, 144 Kingfisher, Malayan Blue-eared, 126 Kingfisher, Masbate Stork-billed, 148 Kingfisher, Mindanao, 131 Kingfisher, Moseley's, 145 Kingfisher, Mrs Platen's, 133 Kingfisher, Negros, 142 Kingfisher, Oberholser's Ruddy, 139 Kingfisher, Palawan Black-capped, 142 Kingfisher, Philippine Stork-billed, 149 Kingfisher, Philippine White-collared, 135 Kingfisher, Red-backed, 129 Kingfisher, Samar, 130 Kingfisher, Silvery, 132 Kingfisher, Steere's River, 133 Kingfisher, White-throated, 140 Kingfisher, Winchell's, 141 Kite, Black-winged, 30 Kite, Formosan Black-eared, 29 Kite, Malayan Brahminy, 28 kizuki, Dryobates, 235 klossi, Spilornis cheela, 21 kochi, A rtamides, 350 kochi, Pitta, 258, 260, 263 kochii, Coracina striata, 350 Koel, Allied, 2 I 5 Koel, Mindoro, 214 Koel, Palawan, 213 Koel, Philippine, 215 koenigi, Colletoptera affinis, 191 koikei, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 86 Kong Kong, 260, 263 Â°

INDEX K'ri-kri, 301 kuehni, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 kumboensis, Hirundo daurica, 281 kurodce, Micropus pacificus, 190 Lai-ang' lai-ang', 278 Lalage, 346, 347, 367 Lalage melanoleuca melanoleuca, 368, 369 Lalage melanoleuca minor, 368 Lalage nigra davisoni, 370 Lalage nigra empheris, 370 Lalage nigra mitifica, 369 Lalage nigra nigra, 370 Lalage nigra pumila, 370 Lalage nigra rotumce, 370 Lalage nigra schisticeps, 369, 370 Lalage nigra sueurii, 370 Lalage nigra woodi, 370 Lalape schisticeps, 369 Lalocitta, 329 lampra, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 Lampromorpha amethystina, 210 Zanceolatus, Spizaiftus cirrhatus, 17 lanceolatus, Spizaiftus nipalensis, 15 lan-gae, 122 langbianis, 111uscicapula melanoleuca, 305 Lanius melanocephalos, 390 lansbergei, Pericrocotus, 365 larutensis, Coracina, 353 larutensis, Coracina javanensis 351 larvata, Coracina larvata, 353 larvata melanocephala, Coracina, 353 larvata normani, Coracina, 353 larvata parvula, Coracina, 353 larvata personata, Coracina, 353 Zarvivora, Coracina javanensis, 352 latifrons, Microhierax, 37 latirostris, Alseonax latirostris, 290 latirostris, Muscicapa, 288 latirostris poonensis, Alseonax, 290 latirostris segregata, Aiseonax, 290 latirostris (? subsp,), Alseonax, 288 La-uin, 2, 28 layardi, Coracina javenensis, 352 Leafbird, Palawan, 374 Leafbird, Yellow-quilled, 374 lempiji, atus, 56 lempiji, atus bakkamcena, 56, 59 Lempijius? megalotis, 53 lemprieri, Anthracoceros, 158 lemprieri, Cyornis, 293 Leonardina, 397, 402, 421 Leonardina woodi, 402 Lepidogrammus, 225, 226 Lepidogrammus cumingi, 226, 227 lepidus cajeli, Ceyx, 135 lepidus, Ceyx, 135 lepidus, Ceyx lepidus, 134 lepidus coUectoris, Ceyx, 135 lepidus goodfeUowi, Ceyx, 134 lepidus margarethce, Ceyx, 133, 134 lepidus sacerdotis, Ceyx, 135 lepidus uropygialis, Ceyx. 134 lepidus watlacii, Ceyx, 135

447

lettia, atus bakkamcena, 56 Leueo.262 leucocephalus, Buceros, 166, 167 leucocephalus, Cranobrontes, 167 leucocephalus. Haliceetus, 26 leucocephalus, 1l1icroscelis, 381 leucocephalus. Pandion, 45 leucogaster, Cuncuma, 25'. 26 leucogaster, Falco, 25 leucogaster, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 leucogrammica, Ptilopyga, 406 leuconyx. Micropus pacificus, 190 leucopais, Aviceda jerdoni. 35 leucopais, Baza. 35 . leucophila, Hypothymis azure a, 312 leucopia, Baza, 35 . leucoptera, Sylvia, 372 leucopygia, Coracina, 353 leucorypha, Cuncuma, 26 leucoryphus, Falco, 25 leucospilus, atus manadensis. 58 leucotis, M acronus, 407 leucurus. Elanus. 31 leytensis. Dryobates moluccensis. 233 leytensis, Penelopides panini. 161, 164 Leytensis, Pericrocotus, 362 leytensis, Pericrocotus flammeus, 362 Leytensis Yungipicus, 233 Lichtensteinipicus, 230, 238, 246 Lichtensteinipicus fuliginosus. 246, 247 Lichtensteinipicus fulvus. 247 Lichtensteinipicus fulvus intermedius, 247 Lichtensteinipicus fulvus ochraceus, 247 Lichtensteinipicus fulvus wallacei, 247 Lichtensteinipicus funebris, 247 Lichtensteinipicus funebris funebris , 246. 247 lifuensis, Coracina striata, 352 lignator. Centropus bengalensis, 224 Lim-bas', 23 limborgi, Chrysococcyx, 212 Limnceetus, Falco, 15 limnceetus, Spizaiftus cirrhatus. 15, 17 Limnophalus, 151, 155 Limnophalus montani, 155, 156, 157 linchi, CoUocalia esculenta, 183 linchi isonota, Collocalia, 182 lindsayi, Dacelo, 144 lindsayi, H alcyon, 147 lindsayi. H alcyon lindsayi, 144, 145 lindsayi moseleyi, Halcyon, 145 line"tus formosanus, Milvus, 29 lineatus, 1l1ilvus, 29 Ii-o-co, 258 Lish-lish, 75 litoralis,. Cyornis rufigaster, 291 litoralis, Cyor-nis rufigastra, 291 liventer, Butastur) 25 longicornis mindorensis, atus, 61 longicornis. atus longicol'nis. 60, 61 longicornis. Scops, 60 longimembris amauronota, Tyto. 73, 74, 422 longimembris chinensis, Tyto, 74

INDEX longimembris ? oustaleti, Tyto, 74 longimembris papuensis, Tyto, 74 longimembris, Strix, 72 longimembris, Tyto longimembris, 74 longimembris walleri, Tyto, 74 longipennis, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 longipennis, Hemiprocne, 173 longipennis, Hirundo, 172 longipennis wallacei, Hemiprocne, 173 Lophotriorchis, I I, 13 Lophotriorchis isidori, 14 Lophotriorchis kienerii formosus, 13, 14 Lophotriorchis kienerii kienerii, 14 Loriculus, 78, 92, 103 Loriculus amabilis, 103 Loriculus apicalis, 98, 101 Loriculus aurantiifrons, 103 Loriculus bonapartei, 100 Loriculus bournsi, 94 Loriculus catamena, 103 Loriculus chrysonotus, 96 Loriculus exilis, 104 Loriculus jlosculus, 104 Loriculus galgulus, 102, 103 Loriculus hartlaubi, 98 Loriculus indicus, 103, 104 Loriculus mindorensis, 93 Loriculus panayensis, 94 Loriculus philippensis apicalis, 95, 98, 99, 101

Loriculus philippensis bonapartei, 95, 100 Loriculus philippensis bournsi, 94, 95 Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus, 95, 96,

lowi tichelmani, Co/local'ia, 175 (lowi?) vulcanorum, Collocalia, 175 lucidus australis, Chalcites, 212 lucidus, Chalcites lucidus, 212 lucidus chersonesus, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucidus, Chrysocolaptes, 245, 424 lucidus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 241, 243 lucidus Cuculus, 212 lucidus delesserti, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucidus erythrocephalus, Chrysocolaptes, 239, 241 lucidus grandis, Chrysocolaptes, 241, 242 lucidus guttacristatus, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucidus hcematribo11, Chrysocolaptes, 240, 24 1 , 24 2 , 244

lucidus indomalayicus, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucidus maculiceps, Chrysocolaptes, 241, 244 lucidus malayanus, Chalcites, 212 lucidus, Picus, 243 lucidus plagosus, Chalcites, 212 lucidus pcecilurus, Chalcites, 212 lucidus rufopunctatus, Chrysocolaptes, 241, 242 lucidus strick landi, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucidus sultaneus, Chrysocolaptes, 244 lucionensis horrisonus, Tanygnathus, 87 lucionensis koikei, Tanygnathus, 86 l-u:cionensis moro, Tanygnathus, 87 lUcionensis paraguenus, Tanygnathus, 86, 87

tucionensis, Psittacus, 85 lucionensis salvadorii, Tanygnathus, 87 lucionensis talautensis, Tanygnathus, 87 lucionensis, Tanygnathus, 87 lucionensis, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 85,

97,99

89 luc-lac, 394

Loriculus philippensis dohertyi, 95, 99 Loriculus philippensis mindorensis, 93, 95, Loriculus philippensis panayensis, 94, 95 Loriculus philippensis philippensis, 92/ 95, 97, 99, 102 Loriculus philippensis regulus, 94, 95, 99 Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis, 95, 97, 101, 102

Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus L01'iculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus Loriculus

philippensis worcesteri, 95, 97 pusillus, 104 regulus, 94 salvadorii, 101, 102 sclateri ruber, 103 sclateri sclateri, 103 siquijorensis, 97 sp., 101 stigmatus, 102 stigmatus quadricolor, 103 stigmatus stigmatus, 103 tener, 103 vernalis, 104 worcesteri, 97

Lorikeet, Mrs. Johnstone's, 75 Lo-ro in'-chic, 122 lou doni, Hirundo rustica, 277 lowi, Collocalia, 175 lowi, Collocalia lowi, 175

lowi palawanensis, Collocalia, 175 lowi robinsoni, Collocalia, 175

luconensis, Prioniturus, 79, 84 lugubris barussarum, Surniculus, 198 lugubris brachyurus, Surniculus, 198 lugubris, Cuculus, 196 lugubris dicruroides, Surniculus, 198 lugubris minimus, Surniculus, 196, 197, 19 8 lugubr'is musschenbroeki, SurnicuLus, 198 lugubris, Ninox, 63 lugubris, Nino:>: scutulata, 65 lugubris stewarti, Surniculus, 198 lugubris, Surniculus lugubris, 198 lugubris velutinus, Surniculus, 197, 198 lunulatus, Bolbopsittacus, 90 lunulatus, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, 90, 91, 92

lunulatus intermedius, Bolbopsittacus, 91 lunulatus mindanensis, Bolbopsittacus, 91 lunulatus, Psittacus, 90 lufea, Xantholcema hcemacephala, 229 lutescens, Mixornis gularis, 4II luzoniensis, Muscicapula, 297, 298 luzoniensis, Muscicapula hyperythra, 297, 29 8 , 299, 3 00

Lyncornis, III, 112 Lyncornis cerviniceps, 112

INDEX Lyncornis Lyncornis L yncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis Lyncornis

macropterus, II3 macro tis bourdilloni, 114 macro tis cerviniceps, I 13 macrotis macropterus, II4 macro tis macrotis, 112 macl'otis rnindanensis, 113 macl'otis papuensis, II4 macrotis? subsp., 113 macrotis temmincki, 114 mindanensis, II3 /emmincki, 113

macei, Coracina javanensis, 351 macrocercus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 macrocercus, Ceyx erithacus, 132 M acronus, 406 M acronus kettlewelli, 409 lVlacronus leucotis, 407 j\tIacronus Mindanensis, 407 Macronus mindanensis montanus, 408 All acronus striaticeps, 406, 408 M aC'r onus striatj,ceps boholensis, 407 macropten£s, Lyncornis, II3 macropterus, Lyncornis macrotis, 114 Macropteryx comata major, 172 macropus, Falco peregrinus, 4 1 macroscelis, Circus spilonotus, 4 macrotis bourdilloni, Lyncol<nis, 11 4 macrotis, Caprimulgus, 112 macrotis cerviniceps, L yncornis, II 3 macrotis, Lyncornis macrotis, 112 macrotis macropterus, Lyncornis, II 4 macro/is n~indanensis, L yncornis, 113 macro tis papuensis, L yncornis, II 4 macrotis? subsp ., Lyncornis, II 3 macro tis temmincki, Lyncornis, 11 4 macrwrus albolaxatus, Caprimulg"'ts, 120 macrurus albononotus, Caprimulgus, 1 19 macrurus a/~damanicus, Caprimulgus, 11 9 macrurus al'uensis, Caprimulg~ts, 120 macrurus atripennis, Caprimulgus, II9 macrurus bimaculatus, Caprim~£lgus, II9 macY1Jtrus, Caprimutgus, 11 6, II7 macrurus, Caprimulgus macrurus, 116, lI8, 119

macrurus macrurus macrur'Us macrurus

celebel1sis, Caprimulgus, II9 delacouri, Caprimulgus, 119 kuehni, Caprimutgus, 120 manillensis, Caprimulgus, 117,

119

macl'urus meeki, Caprimulgus, 120 macrurus mesophanis, Caprimulgus, 119 macrurus nipalensis, Caprimulgus, II 9 maCY1J£rus oberholseri, Caprimulgus, II9 macrul'us satvadorii, Caprimulgus, 116, II 7, II9

macrul'us schillm6lleri, Caprimulgus, 120 macrurus yorki, Caprimulgus, 120 maculatus, Dryobates moluc,censis, 232 maculatus, Ficus, 232 macu,ziceps, Chrysocolaptes, 244 maculiceps, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 24 1,

244 mada,

Prionit~trus,

lI.-2 F

449

magicus, Dtus manadensis, 58 magnirostris, Aviceda jerdoni, 34 magnirostris, Baza, 34 magnirostris, Coracina atriceps, 353 magnil'ostris, M icroscelis amaurotis, 38 I mailtardi, Circus spilonotus, 4 major, B rachypodius atriceps, 391 major, H alcyon coromanda, 140 major, H emiprocne comata, 172, 173 major, Macropteryx comata, 172 major nakamurai, Hemiprpcne, 172 major, P icus, 23 1 malabaricus, P ericrocotus cinnamomeus, 365 malaccensis, A1~uropsis, 41 4 malaccensis, Brachypteryx, 4 12 malaccensis, Huhua scutulata, 64 malaccensis, R amphalcyon capensis, 150 Malacocincla, 397, 411 , 4 12, 42 1 M alacocincla abbotti, 4II JV! alacocincla celebensis, 4 12 Malacocincla finschi, 4 12 Malacocincla rufifrons, 412 M alacocincla rufiventris, 403 Malacopteron palawanense, 4 12 Malamaui , Ceyx, 133 malayana, Eudynamys scolopacea, 2 16 malayana, M~£scicapula hyperythra, 300, 3 02 malayanus, A nthracoceros, 156 malayanus, Chalcites lucidus, 212 malayanus, Cuculus, 212 malaye?~sis, I rena, 376 malayensis, Dtus rufescens, 52 malindangensis, Cryptolopha, 341 malindangensis, PrionituY1J£s, 82 malindangensis, Prioniturus discuY1J£s , 82, 84

malindangensis, Pseudotharrhaleus, 400 malindangensis, Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus, 400 malindangensis, Seicercus neglectus, 341 lVI alindangia, 356 Malindangia mcgregori, 356 mallopega, Hypurolepis javanica, 278 m a- m in-di' -ta, 124 manadensis atbiventris, Dtus, 58 manadensis leucospilus, Dtus, 58 manadensis magic us, Dtus, 58 manadensis mantanal~ensis, Dtus, 57 manadensis, Dtus manadensis, 57, 58, 59, 60

manadensis sibutuensis, Dtus, 56, 57 manadensis steeri, Dtus, 57 m a-n a'-guin, 79 ma- n a -o',2 m a-n a -ol', 25 mandarinus, P ericrocotus sola·ris, 365 maniUCB, Buceros, 159 manillCB, Penelopides panini, 159, 1 60, manitlensis, Accipiter, 9, 10 manillensis, Buceros, ,159 manillensis, ? B utalis, 286 manillensis, Capri mulgus, 1 17

16 1

INDEX

45 0 manillensis

Caprimulgus macrurus, 117,

119

manillensis, Nisus, 7, 9 mantananensis, Dtus manadensis, 57 mantis, Ephialtes, 52 Ma-nuc'-toc, 252 marathce, Dtus bakkamama, 56 marchesce, Pericrocotus, 363 marchesce, Pericrocotus flammeus, 363 marchii, Anthracoceros, 158 marchii, Gymnoltilmus, 158 marescoti, Edolisoma, 353 margarethce, Ceyx, 133 margarethce, Ceyx lepidus, 133, 134 marginata, Collocalia, 182 ma-ri-a-ca-pra, 321 ma-ri-a cong cong, 321 Martin, Eastern Sand-, 274 Martin, Indian Sand-, 275 Martin, Japanese House-, 272, 273 Ma-sa-kit', 205 . matthice, Rhipidura, 320 mauduyti, Falco, 14 mauritanica, Riparia paludicola, 275 maxima, Collocalia esculenta, 184 maxima, Pitta, 267 mcgregori, Ducorpsius hcematuropygius, 77 mcgregori, Edolisoma, 356 mcgregori, Kakatce hcematuropygia, 77 mcgregori, M alindangia, 356 mearnsi, Collocalia fuciphaga, r78 Mearnsia, 174, 186 Mearnsia picina, 186, 187,424 medius, Centropus bengalensis, 224 meeki, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 mefoorana, Pitta sordida, 265 megalorhynchos affinis, Tanygnathus, 90 megalorhynchos djampece, Tanygnathus, 90 megalorhynchos floris, Tanygnathus, 90 megalorhynchos morotensis, Tanygnathus, 90

megalorhynchos, Psittacus, 85, 89 megalorhynchos subaffinis, Tanygnathus, 90 megalorhynchos sumbe.nsis, Tanygnathus, 90 megalorhynchos, Tanygnathus, 89, 90 megalorhynchos viridipennis, Tanygnathus, 90 ? megalotis, Lempijius, 53 megalotis, Dtus, 53 megalotis, Scops, 53 melan, Edolisoma, 353 melanocephala, Coracina larvata, 353 melanocephalos, Lanius, 390 melanochlamys, Irena, 378 melanochlamys, Irena cyanogastra, 378 melanocrissa, Hirundo daurica, 280 melanodera, Sauropatis chloris, 138 melanogenys, Falco, 39 melanoleuca apo, Muscicapula, 305 melanoleuca hasselti, M uscicapula, 305 melanoleuca, Lalage melanoleuca, 368, 369 melanoleuca langbianis, Muscicapula, 305 melanoleuca minor, Lalage, 368 melanoleuca, M uscicapula melanoleuca, 305

melanoleuca, Pseudolalage, 368 melanoleuca westermanni, Muscicapula, 304, 305 melanoleucos, M icrohierax, 37 melanoleucus, Brachypodius, 391 melanoleucus, Circus, 2, 4 melanoleucus, Falco, 4 melanops banken, Centropus, 221 melanops, Centropus, 220 melanaps, Centropus melanops, 220 melanorhyncha dichrorhyncha, Ramphalcyon, 150 melanorhyncha eutrePtorhy1~cha, Ramphalcyon, 150 melanorhyncha, Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha, 150 melanorhynchus, E.udynamys, 216 melanura, Ceyx, 130 melanurus, Ceyx melanurus, 130 melanurus mindanensis, Ceyx, 131 melanurus samarensis, Ceyx, 130 menagei, Batrachostamus, 107 menagei, Batrachostomus septimus, 107 menagei, Dryobates molucce1~sis, 232 menagei, Iyngipicus, 232 meninting, Alcedo meninting, 126, 127 meninting caltarti, Alcedo, 127 meninting phillipsi, Alcedo, 126 meninting ruftgastra, Alcedo, 127 meninting scintillans, Alcedo, 126 meninting verreauxi, Alcedo, 127 meridional is, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 336 meridianalis, Delichon urbica, 273 meridionalis, Micrahierax, 37 meridianalis, Microhierax erythrogenys, 37 Merops, 168 Merops americanus, 170 Merops apaister, 168 M eraps bicalar, 170 Merops persicus, 170 Merops philippinus, 168, 170 Merops sumatranus, 171 M erops superciliosus, 169, 170 Merops superciliosus chrysocercus, 169 Merops superciliosus javanicus, 170 Merops superciliosus persicus, 169 Merops superciliosus philippinus, 168, 170 Merops superciliosus salvadori, 170 Merops superciliosus superciliosus, 169 Merops viridis americanus, 169, 170 M erops viridis veridis, 171 merulinus addendus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus ceruginosus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus blandus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus, Cacamantis, 205 merulinus, Cacomantis merulinus 205, 207 merulinus dumetorum, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus everetti, Cacomantis, 206 merulinus fortior, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus infaustus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus macrocercus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus oblitus, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus oreophilus, Cacamantis, 208 merulinus passerinus, Cacomantis, 207

INDEX meYl{lillus quel'ulus, Cacomantis, 207 meyuhnus sepulcralis, Cacomantis, 207 mel'ulinus stresemanni, Cacomantis, 208 merulinus? subsp., Cacomantis, 208 merulinus thYeJl0des, Cacomantis, 207 mel'ulintts varzolosus, Cacomantis, 208 mel'ulinus websteri, Cacomantis, 208 mesoleucus, Pipilo luscus, 400 mesophams, Caprimulgus macyurus, II9 meyeri, Saul'opalls chloris, 136 meyel'i, Trichoglosslls fiavoviridis , 76 micans, Collocalia IYancica, 18 1 11'[ icroglossus, 18 microhaliaiitus, Pandion haliaiftus, 47 M icrohierax, 13, 36 111 icrohierax carulescens, 37 ill iCl'ohieYa ,y; el'ythrogenys erytJwogenys, 36 JIicrohierax erythrogenys meridionalis, 37 l11icrohierax Iri Hgillal'ius, 37 ]1,1 ierohieJ'ax latl (rons, 37 Jllicroh ierax melanoleucos, 37 lvIicrohierax meridionalis, 37 micI'omelana, /Egithina tiphia, 373 micl'opterus concre/us, Cuculus, 205 micropterus, Cuculus, 204 micropterus, Cuculus micYoptents, 204 JIIicropus, 187, 189, 190 M icropus pacific us cooki, 190 JIicropus pacificus kamtschaticus, 190 iH iCYopus paeificus kuyoda, 190 .11icropus pacificus leuconyx, 190 Jl1icroplls pacificus pacificus, 189, 190 mlcrorhynchus, Batrachostomtts, 106, 109 MicYoscelis, 372, 379, 380, 381, 386 Jllicroseelis amauro/is, 386 JlIicroscelis amaurotis amauYotis, 380 ]1,1 icyoseelis amaurotis batanensis, 379, 380 "11 icroscelis amaurotis borodinonis, 38 I jliCI'oseelis amaurotis camigttinensis, 380 JlJicroscehs amaurotis lugensis, 379, 380, 3 86 J11 icroscel is amauro/is hay terti, 38 I Jl1 icyoscelis amaurotis hensoni, 380 J11 IcroscellS arnattrotis insignis, 381 11-1icyoscelis amauyotis magnirostris, 38 I J11 ieyoscelis amaurotis ogawa, 38 1 Jll icroscehs amattrotis pryeri, 38 I 1I-1icroseelis amauyotis squamiceps, 381 JlIicroscelis arnaurotis stejnegeri, 38 1 ]1.1 iCl'oscelis leucocephalus, 38 I 11-1 icroscelis psaroides concolor, 38 I ]1.1 icyoscelis psaroides ganeesa, 38 I lItI icroscelis psaroides nigerrimus, 38 I Micl'oscelis psaroides nigrescens, 381 lItIicroscelis psaroides perniger, 381 lvIicroscelis psaroides psaroides, 38 1 M icroscelis psal'oides sinensis, 38 I migrans, Milvus, 30 mikado, Calophasis, 329 Mi lvus, 29 Milvus lineatus, 29 Milvus lineatus l ormosanus, 29 Milvus migrans, 30 Mimizuku, 48, 50

45 1

Mimizuku gtmteyi, 50 mindanensis, Bolbopsittacus lunulatus, 91 mindanensis, Buce'Yos, 152 mindanensis, Caprimulgus affinis, 115, II6 mindanensis, Ceyx, 131 mindanensis, Ceyx melanuyus, 131 mindanensis, Cryptolopha, 34-0 mindanensis, Cuculus, 215 mindanensis, Cyclopsitta, 9 1 mindanensis, Edolisoma morio, 357, 358, 359 mindanensis, Eudynamys scolopacea, 214, 21 5 mindanensis, Hydrocoyax hydYocorax, 152, 153, 155 mindanensis, Lyncornis macYotis, 113 mindanensis, Macronus, 407 mindanensis, Minodoria striaticeps, 407, 408 mindanensis montanus, l1'iacronus, 408 mindanensis, Muscicapula, 302 mindanensis, Pseudoptynx, 49 mindanensis, Pseudoptynx Philippensis, 49 (?) lVIindanensis, Ptilocichla, 405 mindanensis, Ptilopyga, 405 mindanensis, Ptilopyga basilanica, 405 mindanensis, Rhinomyias rujicauda, 334 mindanensis, Seicercus neglectus, 340, 341 mindanensis, Volvocivora, 358 Mindorensis, Artamides, 349 Mindorensis, Centrococcyx, 217 mindorensis, Centropus bernsteini, 217, 218 mindorensis, Coracina striata, 348, 349, 350, 35 1 mindorensis, Cyornis, 292 Inindorensis, Cyornis rufigaster, 292 lVI indoYensis, 101e, 385 mindorensis, 1xos Philippensis, 385, 386 mindorensis, Loriculus, 93 mindorensis, Loriculus phitippensis, 93, 95, 97,99 mindorensis, Muscicapula hyperythra, 299 mindorensis, Ninox, 68 mindorensis, Ninox spilocephata, 68 mindorensis, Otus 10ngicol'nis, 61 mindorensis, Penelopides, 160 mindorensis, Penelopides panini, 160, 161 mindorensis, Prioniturus, 81 mindorensis, Prioniturus discurus, 81, 84 mindorensis, Scops, 61 min40rensis, Thriponax, 252 mindorensis, Thl'iponax jave'Mis , 251, 252, 253 miniata, Muscicapa, 360 miniatus, P ericrocotus, 365 minimus, Spilornis cheela, 21 minimus, Surniculus lugub'Yis, 196, 197, 19 8 Minivet, 346 Minivet, Ash y, 366 Min ivet, Fier y, 360 Min ivet , Guillemard 's P hilip pine, 363 Minivet, Mrs. j ohnstone's P h ilip pine, 363 Mini vet , R a m say's P hilippine, 361

45 2

INDEX

Minivet, Steere's Philippine, 362 Minodoria, 398, 401, 406, 421 l\tIinodoria striaticeps, 407 .lItIinodoria striaticeps boholensis, 407 Minodoria striaticeps cumingi, 406 Minodoria striaticeps kettlewelli, 409 M inodoria striaticeps mindanensis, 407, 408 Minodoria striaticeps montanus, 4째6, 408 Minodoria striaticeps striaticeps, 407, 408, 40 9 minor, Halcyon coromanda, 139, 140 minor, Lalage melanoleuca, 368 minor, Pseudolalage, 368 minor, Riparia paludicola, 275 minuta, Collocalia esculenta, 184 minuta, Ptilocichla, 404 minuta, Ptilopyga basilanica, 403 minythomelas, Pericrocotus ftammeus, 364 mitifica, Lalage nigra, 369 Mixornis, 398, 409, 414, 416, 420, 421 Mixornis cagayanensis, 410 Mixornis capitalis, 419 MixOl'nis ftavicollis ftavicollis, 410 Mixornis ftavicollis frigida, 410 Mixornis ftavicollis kelleyi, 410 Mixornis ftavicollis woodi, 410 M ixornis gularis argentea, 4 I I Mixornis gularis borneensis, 4II Mixornis gularis cagayanensis, 410 Mixornis gularis condoriensis, 4II Mixornis gularis connectens, 4II Mixornis gularis everetti, 4II Mixornis gularis gularis, 4II Mixornis gularis javanica, 4II Mixornis gularis lutescens, 41 I M ixornis gularis montana, 4 I I Mixornis gularis prilloitzi, 4II Mixornis gularis rubicapilla, 41 I Mixornis gularis sulphurea, 4II Mixornis montana, 416 Mixornis nigrocapitatus, 418 Mixornis plateni, 416, 420 l\tIixornis woodi, 410 mizorhina, Halcyon coromanda, 140 mjobergi, Muscicapula, 301, 302 modestus, Picus, 246 modiglianii, Gerygone sulphurea, 306 modiglianii, Pericrocotus flammeus, 364 molkenboeri, Centropus, 223 moluccanus, Psittacus, 75 moluccarum, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179 moluccensis apo, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis brunneiceps, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis, Dryobates, 236 moluccensis, Dryobates moluccensis, 235 moluccensis excelsior, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis fulvifasciatus, Dryobates, 234 moluccensis grandis, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis gymnopthalmos, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis hardwickii, Dryobates, 235 moluccensis leytensis, Dryobates, 233 moluccensis maculatus, Dryobates, 232 moluccensis menagei, Dryobates, 232 moluccensis, Pitta, 267

moluccensis tantalus, YungipicHs, 235 moluccensis, Turdus, 267 moluccensis validirostris, Dryobates, 231 montana, lIIixornis, 416 montana, Mixornis gularis, 41 I montani, Buceros, 156 montani, Limnophalus, 155, 156, 157 montanus, Chrysocolaptes, 243 montanus cinereigula, Pericrocotus, 366 montanus, M acronus mindane1!sis, 408 montanus, Minodoria striaticeps, 406, 408 montanus, Pericrocotus montanus, 366 montanus, Prioniturus, 83 montanus, Prioniturus ftavicans, 83, 84 monticola, Iole, 384 monticola, I xos siquijorensis, 384 montigena, Muscicapula, 301, 302 montis davisoni, Seicercus, 339 montis floris, Seicercus, 339 montis inornata, Seicercus, 339 montis, Seicercus montis, 339 montis xanthopygius, Seicercus, 339 morio dohertyi, Edolisoma, 359 morio, Edolisoma, 360 morio, Edolisoma morio, 359 morio elusum, Edotisoma, 357 morio emancipata, Edolisoma, 359 morio everetti, Edolisoma, 359 morio mindanensis, Edolisoma, 357, 358, 359 morio salvadorii, Edolisoma, 360 morio talautense, Edolisoma, 360 morio timoriensis, Edolisoma, 359 morio woiglesworthi, Edolisoma, 359 moro, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 87 morotensis, Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 90 moseleyi, Actcno!dr>s, 145 moseleyi, Halcyon lindsayi, 145 motleyi, Ceyx erithacus, 132 Mulleri, Brachyurus, 264, 424 mulleri burbidgei , Tanygnathus, 88 mulleri everetti, Tanygnathus, 87, 88, 89 mulleri freeri, Tanygnathus, 78, 88 mulleri, Pitta sordida, 264, 265, 424 mulleri sangirensis, Tanygnathus, 89 mulleri, Tanygnathus, 87 mulleri, Tanygnathus mulleri, 89 Mulleripicus, 231, 247 Mulleripicus fuliginosus, 246 M ulleripicus pulverulentus harterti, 248 M ullerip icus pulverule ntus pulverulentus, 247,248 multicolor, JEgithina tiphia, 373 multilunatus, Thriponax, 250 multilunatus, Thriponax javensis, 250, 251, 253 Mus-ca-d'or ca-ne'-lo, 322 Muscicapa azurea, 310 lVIuscicapa caJrulea, 310 M uscicapa cyanomelana, 308 M uscicapa ftabellifera, 3 I 5 Muscicapa goiavier, 394 Muscicapa griseisticta habereri, 287

INDEX l'vlusiciapa helianthea, 337 Muscicapa illdlgo, 343 111 uscicapa latirostris, 288 1I1uscicapa miniata, 360 lIIuscicapa Ilarcissina, 307 1I1uscicapa paradisi, 325 .VI uscicapa poonensis, 288 111 uscicapa psidti, 394 Muscicapa sibirica, 284, 285 AI ltscica pa tricolor, 307 AIuscicapa ulldulata, 288 lllusctcapa, Gerygone sulphUl'ea, 306 1I1uscicapula, 283, 290, 297, 298, 302, 304 M Itscicapula basilanica, 301 lIf uscicapula basilanica basilaniea, 302 111 uscicapuln baHlanica samarensis, 303 111 uscicapu1a calayensis, 298 llIuscicapula hellrtCl, 300 iII uscicapula hypel'ythra, 298, 301 A-1 uscicapula hyperythra alifura, 300 111 uscicapula hyperythra anl1amensis, 300 AIuscicapttia Jzyperythra audacis, 300 111 uscicapula hypelythl路a calayensis, 298 1I1uscicapula hyperythra hyperythra, 300 111 uscicapula hyperythra innexa 300 JUuscicapula hyperythra luzolliensis, 297, 298, 299, 3 00 il1uscicapula hyperythl'a malayana, 300, 302 111 uscicapllia Ityperythra mindoreltsis, 299 J11 ltsclcapula hyperythra negroides, 300 .lluscicapula hyperythra nigrorttm, 299 jlluscicapula hyperythra pallidipecttts, 300 III uscicapula hyperythra rufigula, 300 J\Ilbcicapula hypel'ythra? subsp., 300 111 Ilscicapula lzyperythra sumatrana, 300 1I1uscicapula hyperythra vulcani, 300 lI/uscicapula luzoniensis, 297, 298 lIIuscicapula melanoleuca apo, 305 lI.Jltscicapula melanoleuca hasselti, 305 ill Hsclcapula melanoleuea langbianis, 305 ill uscicapltla melanoleuca melanoleuca, 305 AI uscicapula melanoleuca westermanni, 304, 305 111 usctcapula mindanensis, 302 jUuscicapula mjobergi, 301, 302 il1l1scicapula montigena, 301, 302 AIuscicapula mgroyum, 299 l11l1scicapula samarensis, 303 Muscicapula sapphira, 297 lI111sctcapula vivida vivida, 301 AI usclcapula westermanni, 304 111 uscipeta cyaniceps, 3 I 7 1ntlsculus, A ndrophilus castaneus, 401 musicus, Pe1'tthocery,,", sonneratii, 210 mussehenbroeki, Surniculus lugubris , 198 mystacea, Hemiprocne, 173 nakamurai, Hemiprocne comata, 172 nakamurai, Hemiprocne major, 172 namiyei, Hirundo javanica, 279 nanus aurantiventris, Dryobates, 236 nanus canicapillus, D ryobates, 235 nanus doerriesi, D ryobates, 236 nanus, Dryobates, 236

453

nanus, Dryobates nanus, 235 nanus !?aleensis, Dryobates, 236 nanus obscurus, Dryobates, 236 nanus omissus, Dryobates, 235 nanus scintilliceps, Dryobates, 236 nanus semicoronatus, Dryobates, 235, 236 nanus suffusus, Dryobates, 236 nanus swinhoei, Dryobates, 236 nareissina jakuschima, Z anthopygia, 308 narcissina, Nluscicapa, 307 narcissina shonis, Zanthopygia, 308 nareissina, Zanthopygia narcissina, 307, 3 08

nareissina zanthopygia, Zanthopygia, 308 neglecta, Collocalia esculenta, 184 neglecta, Gerygone, 339 negleetus, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 neglectus doheytyi, Seieercus, 3.P negleetus malindal1gensis, Seicercus, 341 negleetus mindanensis, Seieercus, 340, 34 1 neglectus nigrOl'um, Seicel'cus, 339 neglectus notatus, Seieercus, 341 neglectus, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 neglectus, Seieercus neglectus, 3-P negro ides, Nluscicapula hyperythra, 300 neohanoveranus, Eurystomus orie ntalis, 123 neophora, Halcyon cOl'omanda, 140 Neoxeocephus, 284, 324 Neoxeocephus cyaneseens, 325 nepalensis, Ninox, 62 nescea, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 nesoeca, Ramphalcyon capensis, ISO nicobarica, Hypothymis aZtwea, 312 nicobarica, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 Ni-do, 182 niger, H aliceetus, 27 niger, Turdus, 367 nigerrimus, lIIicroscelis psaroides, 381 Night jar, Delacour's, II9 Jightj ar, Japanese, 120 Night jar, J avan, 116 Nightj ar , Manila, II7 N ight jar , Mindanao Eared, 113 N ight ja r , Mindanao Grey, 115 Nigbtjar, Philippine Eared, 112 ightjar, Philippine Grey, 114 nigra davisoni, Lalage, 370 nigl'a empheris, Lalage, 370 nigra, Lalage nigra, 370 nigra mitifica, Lalage, 369 nigra pumila, Latage, 370 nigra rotulnce, Lalage, 370 nigra schisticeps, Lalage, 369, 370 nigra sueurii, Lalage, 370 nigra, Terpsiphone, 326, 328 nigra woodi, Lalage, 370 nigreseens, il1icyoscelis psayoides, 38 1 nigricans, Centropus bernsteini, 218 nigrifrons, Centropus, 220 nigriloris, Eumyias panayensis, 345 nigriloris, Stoparola panayensis, 345 nigrimentalis, Delichon urbica, 273 nigrimentalis, Eumyias panayensis, 344 nigrimentalis, S toparola, 344

454

INDEX

nigrirostris, Ceyx, 128 nigrirostris, Ceyx cyanopectus, 1~8 'nigritorquis, Rhipidura, 32 I, 322 nigritorquis, Rhipidura javanica, 321 nigrocapitatus affinis, Borisia, 418 nigrocapitatus, Borisia, 416 nigrocapitatus, Borisia nigrocapitatus, 417, 418 nigrocapitatus, Mixornis, 418 nigrocinnamomea hutchinsoni, Rhipidura, 320 nigrocinnamomea, Rhipidura, 317, 320 nigrocinnamomea, Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea, 320 nigrohttea, /Egithina, 373 nigrorum, Cryptolopha, 339 nigrorum, Halcyon winchelli, 142 nigrorum, IVluscicapula, 299 nigrorum, M uscicapula hyperythra, 299 nigrorum, Seicercus neglectus, 339 Ninox, 48, 62 Ninox everetti, 68 Ninox J'aponica, 63, 64 Ninox lugubris, 63 Ninox mindorensis, 68 Ninox nepalensis, 62 Ninox ochracea, 66 Ninox philippensis, 65, 67, 69 Ninox plateni, 68 Ninox reyi, 69 Ninox scutulata affinis, 65 Ninox scutulata borneensis, 63, 65 Ninox scutulata burmanica, 65 Ninox scutulata hirsuta, 63, 64 Ninox scutulata isolata, 65 Ninox scutulata javanensis, 65 Ninox scutulata lugubris, 65 Ninox scutulata scutulata, 63, 64, 66 Ninox scutulata totogo, 63 Ninox scutulata ussuriensis, 64, 65 Ninox spilocephala, 67 Ninox spilocephala everetti, 68 Ninox spilocephala mindorensis, 68 Ninox spilocephala reyi, 68, 69 Ninox spilocephala spilocephala, 67 Ninox spilonota, 66, 67 Ninox spilonotus, 66 nipalensis alboniger, SPizaB'tus, 15 nipalensis bartelsi, Spizaetus, 15 nipalensis, Caprimulgus macrurus, 119 nipalensis, Colletoptera affinis, 191 nipalensis, Coracina javanensis, 352 nipalensis, Delichon, 271, 273 nipalensis fokiensis, SPizaB'tus, 15 nipalensis, Hirundo daurica, 281 nipalensis kelaarti, SPizaB'tus, 15 nipalensis lanceolatus, Spizaetus, 15 nipalensis orientalis, SPizaB'tus, 15 nipalensis philippensis, Spizaetus, 14 nipalensis, Spizae路tus nipalensis, 15 nisicolor, Cuculus, 199 nisicolor, Hierococcyx fugax, 199, 200 (Nisus) gularis, Astur, 9 Nisus manillensis, 7, 9

normani, Coracina larvata, 353 notatus, Elanus, 31 notatus, Seicercus neglectus, 341 novee-guinee, Pitta sordida, 265, 423 noveehiberniee, Sauropatis chloris, 137 noveehollandiee, Coracina, 353 noveehollandiee, Tyto, 74 nov us, Pericrocotus, 361 nov us, Pericrocotus flammeus, 361 nudipes, Cheetura, 184 nusee, Sauropatis chloris, 137 oberholseri, Caprimulgus macrurus, 119 oberholseri, Collocalia esculenta, 183 oberholseri, Hypothymis azurea, 312 obiensis, Eumyias panayensis, 345 obiensis, Pitta ruftventris, 260 objurgatus, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 oblitus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 obscurus, Dryobates nanus, 236 occipitalis, H ypothymis, 310 ochracea, Ninox, 66 ochraceus, Lichtensteinipicus fulvus, 247 ochrothorectis, Entomothera coromanda, 139 ochrothorectis, Halcyon coromanda, 139 ocularis, Rhinomyias, 335 ocularis, Rhinomyias ruftcauda, 335 ogawee, Microscelis amaurotis, 381 olivacea, Abrornis, 342 olivacea, I xos, 387 olivaceus cebuensis, Seicercus, 343 olivaceus, Psilopus, 305 olivaceus, Seicercus olivaceus, 342, 343 omissa, Cyornis ruftgaster, 293 omissus, Dryobates nanus, 235 onikakko, Eudynamys scolopacea, 214 optatus, Cuculus optatus, 204 optatus kelungensis, Cuculus, 203, 204 Oreicola, 296, 297 orephilus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 orientalis baweana, Strix, 70 orientalis calonyx, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis connectens, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis, Coracias, 121, 122 orientalis crassirostris, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis, Cucul us, 3 1 3 orientalis, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 336 orientalis, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 orientalis, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis, Eurystomus orientalis, 122, 123 orientalis gigas, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis neohanoveranus, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis paciftcus, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis, Pernis apivorus, 32 orientalis seloputo, Strix, 70 orientalis solomonensis, Eurystomus, 123 orientalis, SpizaB'tus nipalensis, 15 orientalis, Strix orientalis, 70 orientalis, Turdus, 367 orientalis weipkeni, Strix, 69 origenis, Collocalia, 176 origenis, Cotlocalia whiteheadi, 176, 177 orii, Sauropatis chloris, 138 ornata., Sauropa.tis chloris, 138

INDEX Osprey, Common, 44 Osprey, White-headed, 45 O/us, 48, 51 OtttS bakkamama, 5 r , 53 Otus bakkamama bakkamcena, 56 Otus bakkamcena boltolensis, 54 Otus bakkamcena condoriensis, 56 O/us bakkamcena deserticotor, 56 Otus bakkamcena everetti, 55 Otus bakkamcena gangeticus, 56 Otus bakkamcena glabriPes, 56 O/us bakkamcena lempiji, 56, 59 Otus bakkamcena lettia, 56 Otus bakkamcena marathtB, 56 Otus bakkamcena plumipes, 56 Otus bakkamcena pryeri, 56 O/us bakkamce17a semitorques, 56 Otus bakkamcena ussuriensis, 56 Otus bakkamcena whiteheadi, 53, 56 Otus boholensis, 54 Otus calayensis, 61 Otus cuyensis cuyensis, 57, 58, 59, 60 Otus cuyellsis romblonis, 59 O/us lempiji, 56 Otus longicornis longicornis, 60, 6r Otus tongicornis mindorensis, 61 O/us manadensis albiventris, 58 oeus manadensis leucospilus, 58 Otus manadensis magicus, 58 Otus tJlanadensis manadensis, 57, 58, 59, 60 O/us manadensis mantananensis, 57 O/us manadensis sibbttuensis, 56, 57 Otus manadensis s/eerei, 57 Otus megalo/is, 53 O/us romblonis, 59 D/us rujescens, 5 I, 52 Otus rujescens burbidgei, 51 Otus rujescens malayensis, 52 O/us rujescens rujescens, 52 Otus stec1'ei, 57 Otus sunia botelensis, 62 ? ous/ale/i, Tyto longimembris, 74 Owl, Bay, 71 Owl, Bohol Scops, 54 Owl, Brown Hawk, 63 Owl, Calayan Scops, 6r Owl, Cuyo Scops, 58 Owl, Everett's Hawk, 68 Owl, Everett's Scops, 55 Owl, Grass, 73, 422 Owl, Gurney's Horned, 50 Owl, Long-horned Scops, 60 Owl, Luzon Horned, 48 Owl, Mindanao Horned, 49 Owl, Mindoro Hawk, 68 Owl, Mindoro Scops, 61 Owl, Palawan Barred, 69 Owl, Philippine Hawk, 65 Owl, Rey's Hawk, 69 Owl, Romblon Scops, 59 Owl, Sibutu Scops, 56 Owl, Spotted Hawk, 66 Owl, Sulu Rufous Scops, 51

455

Owl, Tumindao Scops, 57 Owl, Tweeddale's Hawk, 67 Owl, Whitehead's Scops, 53 owstoni, Zanthopygia narcissina, 308

pacifica, Hirundo, 189 pacificus cooki, Micropus, 190 pacificus, Eurystomus orientalis, 123 pacificus kamtschaticus, Micropus, 190 pacificus kurodtB, Micropus, 190 pacificus teuconyx, Micropus, 190 pacificus, Micropus pacificus, 189, 190 pagana, Halcyon coromanda, 140 pa-hao', 215 Pa'-Ia-go, 385, 394 palawanense, Malacopteron, 412 palawanensis, Chloropsis, 374, 375 palawanensis, Collocalia lowi, 175 palawanensis, Criniger, 393 palawanensis, Criniger finschii, 393 palawanensis, Halcyon pileata, 142 palawanensis, Phyllornis, 374 palawanensis, Spilornis checla, 20 Pa-Ie'-ta, 79 pallasii, Alcedo atthis, 125 pallidior, Tachornis, 188 pallidior, Tachynautes batasiensis, 188 pallidipectus, Muscicapula hyperythra, 300 pallidus, Criniger flaveolus, 392 paUidus, l?ericrocotus cinnamomeus, 365 pallidus, Spilornis cheela, 21 pallipes, Cyornis pallipes, 295 pallipes hainana, Cyornis, 295 pallipes herioti, Cyornis, 295 palmarum, Dinopium javanense, 239 palmarum, Tachynautes ba/asiensis, 189 palmeri, Hirundo rus/ica, 277 palme'ri, Sauropatis chloris, 137 paludicola brevicaudata, Riparia, 275 paludicola cowani, Riparia, 275 paludicola ducis, Riparia, 275 paludicola mauritanica, Riparia, 275 paludicola minor, Riparia, 275 patudicola, Riparia paludicota, 275 paludicota schamsis, Riparia, 275 palumbarius, Falco, 6 Panayensis, Artamides, 349 panayensis, Buceros, 162 panayensis, Coracina striata, 349 panayensis, Culicicapa helianthea, 337, 338 panayensis, Edotisoma, 355, 356, 359 panayensis, Edolisoma (Graucalus), 355 panayensis, Eumyias, 346 panayensis, Eumyias panayensis; 344, 345 panayensis harter/i, Eumyias, 345 panayensis, Loricutus, 94 panayensis, Loriculus philippensis, 94, 95 panayensis nigriloris, Eumyias, 345 panayensis nigriloris, S/oparola, 345 panayensis nigrimentalis, Eumyias, 344 panayensis obiensis, Eumyias, 345 panayensis, Spilornis, 22, 23 panayensis, Xan/holestes, 337 Pandion, I, 44

INDEX Pandion jluvialis, 44 Pandion haliMtus carolinensis, 47 Pandion haliMtus cristatus, 45, 46 Pandion haliae"tus haliaetus, 44, 46 Pandion haliae"tus microhaliMtus, 47 Pandion haliaetus ridgwayi, 47 Pandion leucocephalus, 45 panini affinis, Penelopides, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165 panini basilanica, Penelopides, 161, 165 panini boholensis, Penelopides, 164 panini, Buceros, 158, 162 panini leytensis, Penelopides, 161, 164 panini manillce, Penelopides, 159, 160, 161 panini mindorensis, Penelopides, 160, 161 panini, Penelopides panini, 161, 162 panini samarensis, Penelopides, 161, 163, 16 4 panini sub nigra, Penelopides, 160 panini ticaensis, Penelop'ides, 162 pa-nu-ca', 384 papuanus, Falco severus, 42 papuensis, Coracina, 352 papuensis, Corvus, 347 papuensis, Lyncornis macro tis, II4 papuensis, Tyto longimembris, 74 paradisi affinis, Tchitrea, 329, 330 paradisi horneensis, Tchitrea, 330, 331 paradi~~ burmce, Tchitrea, 33~ paradisi ceylonensis, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi jloris, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi incei, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi indochinensis, Tchitrea, 331 paradisi insularis, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi leucogaster, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi, Muscicapa, 325 paradisi nicobarica, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi pro cera, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi saturatior, Tchitrea, 331 paradisi sumbae'nsis, Tchitrea, 330 paradisi, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 paradisi turkestanica, Tchitrea, 330 paraguce, Cyornis, 296 paraguena, Eudynamys scolopacea, 213, 214, 216 paraguenus, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 86, 87 Parrakeet, Blue-crowned Hanging, 102 Parrakeet, Blue Racket-tailed, 80 Parrakeet, Bourns's Hanging, 94 Parrakeet, Bonaparte's Hanging, 100 Parrakeet, Cebu Hanging, 96 Parrakeet, Central Island Hanging, 94 Parrakeet, oDoherty'S Hanging, 99 Parrakeet, Everett's Racket-tailed, 83 Parrakeet, Luzon Crimson-spotted Racket-tailed, 83 Parrakeet, Luzon Hanging, 92 Parrakeet, Luzon Racket-tailed, 79 Parrakeet, Malindang Racket-tailed, 82 Parrakeet, Mindanao Hanging, 98 Parrakeet, Mindoro Hanging, 93 Parrakeet, Mindoro Racket-tailed, 81 Parrakeet, Panay Hanging, 94

Parrakeet, Philippine Racket-tailed, 79 Parrakeet, Salvadori's Hanging, 101 Parrakeet, Siquijor Hanging, 97 Parrakeet, Sulu Racket-tailed, 82 Parrakeet, Waterstradt's Racket-tailed, 81 Parrakeet, Worcester's Hanging, 97 Parrot, Burbidge's Blue-backed, 88 Parrot, Everett's Blue-backed, 87 Parrot, Freer's Blue-backed, 88 Parrot, Koike's Green, 86 Parrot, Large-billed, 89 Parrot, Palawan Green, 86 Parrot, Philippine Green, 85 Parrot, Sulu Green, 87 parroti, Centropus sinensis, 222 Parus, 315, 424 parvula, Coracina larvata, 353 parvus, Cypselus, 188 parvus, Thriponax javensis, 253 passerinus, Cacomantis merulinus, 207 pealei, Falco peregrinus, 40 pectoralis, Alcippe, 331 pectoralis, Gerygone sulphurea, 306 pectoralis, Rhinomyias, 336 pectoralis, Thriponax, 250 pectoralis, Thriponax javensis, 250, 253 pelagica, Alcedo atthis, 125 pelagicus, H a,liceetus, 26, 27 pelagicus, H aliMtus, 18 Pelargopsis burmanica, 147 Pelargopsis gigantea, 149 Pelargopsis gouldi, 147 Pelargopsis javana, 147 pellopira, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 336 Penelopides, 151, 158 Penelopides affinis, 164 Penelopides affinis schmaclleri, 160 Penelopides basilanica, 165 Penelopides mindorensis, 160 Penelopides panini affinis, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165 Penelopides panini basilanica, 160, 161, 165 Penelopides panini boholensis, 164 Penelopides panini leytensis, 161, 164 Penelopides panini manilce, 159, 160, 161 Penelopides panini mindorensis, 160, 161 Penelopides panini panini, 161, 162 Penelopides panini samarensis, 161, 163, 16 4 Penelopides panini subnigra, 160 Penelopides panini ticaensis, 162 Penelopides samarensis, 163 Penelopides sub nigra, 160 Penelopides talisi, 159 Penthoceryx, 195, 205, 209 Penthoceryx sonneratii fasciolatus, 210 Penthoceryx sonneratii musicus, 210 Penthoceryx sonneratii sonneratii, 210 Penthoceryx sonneratii venustus, 209, 210 Penthoceryx sonneratii waiti, 210 perconfusus, Falco peregrinus, 41 peregrinator, Falco peregrinus, 40

INDEX peregrinus alla/um, Falco, 41 peyegrillus brookei, Falco, 41 peYegrin/{s catidus, Falco, 38, 40 peregrinus cassini, Falco, 41 peregrimts ernesti, Falco, 39, 40 peregrinus, Falco, 37, 39 peregyinus, Fa,leo peregrinus, 40 peregrinLts jruitii, Falco, 40 peyegril1us macyopus, Falco, 41 peregri1llis pealei, Falco, 40 peregrillus pereanjusus, Falco, 41 pl'regril1l1s peregyina/or, Falco, 40 peregrll1ltS, Pel ieroeotlls einnamomeus, 364 peregrl/lus radama, Falco, 41 l'e-ric', 170 Periaoeo/us, 346, 347, 360 Perieroeo/us breviros/ris affinis, 365 PeriO'oeo/us bre1!1ros/ris annamensis, 365 Per/eroeo/lis b,'eVlrostris anthoides, 365 Pe1'l'CI'ocotus brevirostri s brevirostris, 365 Pel ieYOco/llS urevirostyis etlzologus, 365 Perieyoeo/us blcl'irostyis negleetus, 365 PCI ieroeo/us brevirostris to nkinens is, 365 Pel ieroeo/us cillcreus, 360, 366 Pericrocotus einnamomeus cinnamomeus, 365 PErieroeo/lIs eillnamomeus iredalei, 364, 3 65 Pe/ieroeo/lls ei Ilnamomeus malabarietts, 36 5 Paieroeo/us cillllamomeus pallidus, 365 PeYlcroeo/us einlZamomeus peregrinus, 364 Perieroeo/us eilll1amomeus saturatHs, 365 PeY/eroeotus elJlnamomeus vividus, 364 Peyieroeotus eroeeus, 366 Pericl'oeotus divarieatus, 361 Pericroco/lis divarieatus eantonensis, 367 Penel'oeotlls dival'ieatus divarieatus, 366, 36 7 Pericroco/lls divarieatus intermedius, 367 Perierocv/lis divarieatus japonieus, 367 Pericl'oeotHs diva/'ieatus tegimte, 367 Perieroeo/lis erythropygius albijrons, 366 PeY/croeatlls ery/hropygius erythropygius, 3 66 Pericroeatus e.1:Sul, 364 Perieroeo/l{s flammeus, 364, 366 Periel'ocotlts flammeus andamanensis, 364 Perieyocotus flammeus bakeyi, 364 Perieroeotus jlammeus jlammeus, 364 Pericroeo/us flammeus flammijer, 364 Perieroco/Hs flammeus johkiensis, 364 Perieroeotus jlammeus jratereulus, 364 Pericrocotus flammeus johnstonite , 362, 363 Perieroeotus jlammeus leytensis, 362 Perieroco/us flammeus mareheste, 363 Pericroeotus jlammeus minythomelas, 364 Perierocotus flam me us modiglianii, 364 Peyicrocotus flammeus novus, 361 Peyicrocotus flammeus siebersi, 364 Perieroeotus flammeus speeiosus, 364 Peyieyoeotus flammeus xanthogaster, 364 Perieyoeotus igneus, 360 Perieroeotus johnstonite, 363

457

Pericrocotus lansbergei, 365 Pericroeotus Ley tens is, 362 Perieroeotus mareheste, 363 Perierocotus miniatus, 365 Perierocotus montanus einereigula, 366 Perieroeotus montanus montanus, 366 Perierocotus novus, 361 Perieroeotus roseus roseus, 367 Perieroeotus roseus stanjordi, 367 Perieroeotus solaris griseigularis, 365 Perierocotus solaris mandarinus, 365 Pericroeotus solaris I'ipponi, 365 Perieroeotus solaris solar is, 365 Perieroeotus speciosus, 366 periopthalmiea, Callteops, 326, 328 pel'iopthalmiea, Tchitrea, 326, 329 periopthalmiea, Tehitl'ea atroeaudata, 329 Perissolalage ehalepa, 370 perlata, Rhipidura, 322 perniger, Nliel'oscelis psal'oides, 381 Pernis, 12, 31 , 33 Pernis apivorus apivorus, 32, 33 Pe'Y1~is apivol'us orientalis, 32 Pel'nis eelebensis eelebensis, 33 Pernis eelebensis steerei, 32, 33 PeYl~is celebensis tweeddalei, 33 Pernis ptilonorltyneus, 31 Pernis ptilorhyneus ptilorh'y neus, 31 , 32 Pernis ptilOl'hyneus rufieollis, 32, 33 peromissa, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 pel'plexus, Spilornis eheela, 21 persicus, jVI erops, 170 pe1'Sieus, 111erops supel'Ciliosus, 169 persola, Pitta, 264, 422, 423 personata, Camiguinia, 312 personata, Coraeina larvata, 353 personata, COI'aeina striata, 352 phteoeephalus, Braehypodius, 39 I Phagieola pitheeophagicola, 20 phaltena, Caprimulgus, 120 Pheasant, Crow-, 223

Philedon gularis, 384 Philentoma albiventris, 319 philippensis apiealis, LOI'ieulus, 95, 98, 99, 101

pltilippensis bonapartei, Lorieulus, 95, 100 Philippensis bournsi, Lorieulus, 94, 95 philippensis, Bueco, 229 philippensis, Centropus, 22 I philippensis ehrysonotus, Lorieulus, 95, 96, 99

Philippensis, Circus, 2 philippensis, Cueulus, 223 philippensis dohertyi, Loyieulus, 95, 99 philippensis guimarasensis, Ixos, 385 philippensis, hos, 382, 386, 387 philippensis, hos philippensis, 384, 385, 3 86 philippensis, Loriculus philippensis, 92, 95, 97, 99,

102

philippensis mindanensis, Pseudoptynx, 49 philippensis mindore'l'/sis, I xos, 385, 386 philippensis mindorensis, Lorieulus, 93, 95, 97,99

45 8

INDEX

philippensis, Ninox, 65, 67, 69 philippensis panayensis, Loriculus, 94, 95 philippensi.s, Pithecophaga, 17 philippensis, Poliolophus urostictus, 389 philippensis, Pseudoptynx, 48 philippensis, Pseudoptynx philippensis, 48, 49

philippensis, Psittacus, 92 philippensis regulus, Loriculus, 94, 95, 99 philippensis saturatior, Iole, 386 philippensis saturatior, has, 386 philippensis, Scops, 48 philippensis siquijorensis, Loriculus, 95, 97, 101, 102 philippensis, SPizai3'tus, 14 philippensis, SpizaiJtus nipalensis, 14 philippensis, Turdus, 384 philippensis worcesteri, Loriculus, 95, 97 philippinarum, Picus, 240 philippinensis, Bucca, 228 philippinensis, Cyornis, 292 philippinensis, Cyornis ruftgaster, 292 Philippinensis, Thriponax, 252 Philippinensis, Thriponax jave12sis, 252, 253, 424

philippinses, Ceyx, 127 philippinus, Merops, 168, 170 Philippinus, Merops supe cilios~ts, 17 0

phillipsi, Alcedo meninting, 126 Phodilus, 70 Phodilus badius assimilis, 72 Phodilus badius badius, 71, 72 Phodilus badius saturatus, 71 Phodilus riveraJ, 71 phamicobia, Tachynautes, 188 PhaJnicophaus Barrotii, 227 PhaJnicophaus Cumingi, 227 Phamicophaus superciliosus, 226 phaJnicura, Rhipidura, 320 Phamicura rubeculoides, 290 Phyllornis, 373 Phyllornis ftavipennis, 374 Phyllornis palawanensis, 374 Phylloscopus, 342 picatus, Iyngipicus, 236 picina, ChaJtura, 186 picina, Mearnsia, 186, 187,424 Pi-coy', 85

Picus funebris, 246 Picus haJmatribon, 240 Picus javanensis, 238 Picus javensis, 248, 249 Picus lucid~ts, 243 Picus maculatus, 232 Picus major, 231 Picus modest us, 246 Picus philippinarum, 240 Picus pulverulentus, 247 Picus spilolophus, 240 Picus strictus, 239 Picus validirostris, 231 pileata, Alcedo, 143 piteata, Halcyon palawanensis, 142

168,

pileata, Halcyon pileata, 143 pi-ley pi-ley, 170

Pinarocichla, 389, 390 Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus, 400 Pi-ping-au, 182 Pi-pit a-zul, 310

Pithecophaga, II, 17, 18, 19 Pithecophaga jefferyi, 17, 18 Pithecophaga philippensis, 17 pithecophagicola, Phagicola, 20 pithecops, Strix, 74 Pitta, 257 Pitta atricapilla, 263 Pitta atricapilla rothschildi, 263 Pitta bonapartena, 422 Pitta celebensis, 267 Pitta cucullata, 423 Pitta cucullata abbotti, 265 Pitta cucullata. bangkana, 265 Pitta cuc~tllata cucullata, 265 Pitta cyanota, 260 Pitta erythrogastra erythrogastra, 258 Pitta erythrogastra propinqua, 259 Pitta erythrogastra yairocho, 259 Pitta fastosa, 267 Pitta kochi, 258, 260, 263 Pitta ma,xima, 267 Pitta moluccensis, 267 Pitta persola, 264, 422, 423 Pitta ruftventris obiensis, 260 Pitta ntftventris ruftventris, 260 Pitta sO'rdida, 265, 267, 422, 423 Pitta sordida bonapartena, 265 Pitta sordida hebetior, 265 Pitta. sordida javana, 265 Pitta sordida mefoorana, 265 Pitta sordida mulleri, 264, 265, 424 Pitta sordida novaJ-guineaJ, 265, 423 Pitta sordida rosenbergi, 265 Pitta sordida sanghirana, 265 Pitta sordida sordida, 263 Pitta sordida sumatrana, 265 Pitta steeri, 266 Pitta, Black-headed, 263, 264, 265, 423 Pitta, Blue-winged, 267 Pitta, Brodkorb's, 422 Pitta, Koch's, 260 Pitta, Muller's, 264 Pitta, Palawan, 259 Pitta, Red-breasted, 258 Pitta, Sibutu, 259 Pitta, Steere's, 266 Pi-uc', 379

plagosus, Chalcites lucidus, 2 I 2 planicornis, Buceros, 151 platenaJ, Ceyx, 131 platenaJ, Cyornis, 296 platenaJ, Prioniturus, 80 platenaJ, Prioniturus discurus, 80, 84 platenaJ, Siphia, 296 platenaJ, T akatsukasaia, 296 plateni, Borisia, 420 plateni, Mixornis, 416, 420 plateni, Ninox, 68

INDEX platurus, Pl'ioniturus platurus, 84 platurus, PsittaClls, 78 platurus talautellsis, Prioniturus, 84 Platyceros, 151 Platyrhynchus ceylonensis, 336 platyrhynchus, Buceros, 151 plesseni, GerJ'gol1e sttlphurea, 306 plicatus, Rhyticeros, 168 pltunbea, Icthyophaga humilis, 28 plumbiceps, I cthyophaga ichthycetus, 28 plumipes, Dtlts ba,kkamama, 56 plumosLls cinereifrons, Pycnonotus, 395,396 plumosus, Pycnonotus plumosus, 396 pmcilurus, Chalcites lucidus, 212 polillensis, Centropus uniyufus, 219 Poliolophus, 371, 388, 389, 390 Poliolophus Basilanicus, 389 Poliolophus urostictus basilanicus, 389 Poliolophus urostictus philippensis, 389 Poliolophus arostictus urostictus, 388, 389 pollens, Coracina striata, 352 pollens, Gmucalus, 351 pondiceriallus, Haliastur, 28 poneya, Hypothymis azurea, 312 poonellsis, Alseonax latirostris, 290 poonensis, AIuscicapa, 288 prilloitzi, Alixornis g1~laris, 411 Pl'ioniturus, 78 P"ioniturus cyaneiceps, 80 Prioni/"YHS discurus discurus, 79, 81, 84 PY101lUltyUS discuyus malindangensis, 82, 84 Priolliturus discurus mindorensis, 81, 84 Pyiolliturus discurus platence, 80, 84 Prionituytts discurus suluensis, 82, 84 Pyiolliturus discurtts waterstradti, 81, 82, 84 Prionituyus fiavicans jiavicans, 84 Prioniturus jiavicans montanus, 83, 84 Prionituyus fiavicans verticalis, 83, 84 PrionztuyuS luconensis, 79, 84 PrionitHYttS mada, 85 Prjonituyus malindangensis, 82 PrionitttYHS mindorensis, 8 I Prioniturus montanus, 83 Pnoniturus platence, 80 Prioniturus platurus platurus, 84 Prionitur1ls platuyus talautensis, 84 Prionittt1'us verticalis, 83 Prioniturus waterstradti, 8 I priol1urus, Cacomantis, 207 pro cera, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 prophata, Hypothymis azurea, 312 Pyopillqua, Pitta erythrogastra, 259 propinquus, Brachyurus, 259 propinquus, Caprimulgus affinis, II6 pryeri, Alicroscelis amaurotis, 381 pryeri, Dtus bakkammna, 56 psaroides concolor, lV1icroscelis, 381 psayoides ganeesa, lVI icroscelis, 381 psaroides, Microscelis psaroides, 381 psaroides nigerrimus, M icroscelis, 38 I psaroides nigrescet!s, M icroscelis, 38 I psaroides perniger, Microscelis, 381 psaroides sinensis, JIIlicroscelis, 381

459

Pseudolalage melanoleuca, 368 Pseudolalage minor, 368 Pseudoptynx, 48 Pseudoptynx gurneyi, 50 Pseudoptynx mindanensis, 49 Pseudoptynx philippensis, 48 Pseudoptynx philippensis mindanensis, 49 Pseudoptynx philippensis philippensis, 48, ' 49 Pseudoptynx solomonensis, 50 Pseudotharrhale1ts, 397, 398, 401, 421 Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus, 398, 400,401 Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus caudatus, 398, 400, 401 Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus malindangensis, 400 Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus unicolor, 399, 4 00 , 4 01 Pseudotharrhaleus griseipectus, 399, 400, 401 Pseudotharrhaleus malindangensis, 400 Pseudotharrhaleus unicolor, 399 psidii, Muscicapa, 394 Psilopus, 305 Psilopus albogularis, 305 Psilopus olivaceus, 305 Psittacella, 92 Psittacus discurus, 79 Psittacus galgulus, 92, 102 Psittacus hcematuropygius, 77 Psittacus lucionensis, 85 Psittacus lunulat1ts, 90 Psittacus megalorhynchos, 85, 89 Psittacus moluccanus, 75 Psittacus philippensis, 92 Psittacus platurus, 78 Ptilocichla, 397, 403, 404, 42 I Ptilocichla (?) Basilanica, 405 Ptilocichla falcata, 403 Ptilocichla (?) M 'i ndanensis, 405 Ptilocichla minuta, 404 ptilonorhyncus, Pernis, 31 Ptilopyga, 397, 403, 404, 421 Ptilopyga basilanica basilanica, 405, 406 Ptilopyga basilanica mindanensis, 405 Ptilopyga basilanica minuta, 403 Ptilopyga leucogrammica, 406 Ptilopyga mindanensis, 405 ptilorhyncus, Falco, 31 ptilorhyncus, Pernis ptilorhyncus, 31, 32 ptilorhyncus ruficollis, Pernis, 32 , 33 puella bIas ii, Hypothymis, 312 puella, Coracias, 375 puella criniger, Irena, 376 puella cyanea, Irena, 376 puella, Hypothymis puella, 312 puella, I rena puella, 376 puella rowleyi, Hypothymis, 312 puella turcosa, I rena, 376 puella tweeddalii, Irena, 375 pulverulentus harterti, M ulleripicus, 248 pulverulentus, M ulleripicus pulverulent us , 247, 248 pulverulentus, Picus, 247

INDEX pumila, Lalage nigra, 370 purpureus, Centropus, 222 pusillus, Loriculus, 104 Pycnonotus, 371, 385, 393 Pycnonotus blanfordi blanfordi, 396 Pycnonotus blanfordi robinsoni, 396 Pycnonotus goiavier, 396 Pycnonotus goiavier analis, 395 Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier, 394 Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis, 395 Pycnonotus hainanus, 396 Pycnonotus plumosus cinereifrons, 39 6 Pycnonotus plul110SUS plumosus, 396 Pycnonotus sinensis, 396 Pycnonotus stictocepkalus, 396 Pycnopygius, 396 pygmceus, Zosterornis, 416 Pyrrhocentor uni1'ufus, 219 pyrrhopterus, Corydonix, 223

395,

quadricolor, Loriculus stigmatus, 103 querulus, Cacomantis merulinus, 207 radama, Falco peregrinus, 41 Ramphalcyon, 124, 147 Ramphalcyon amauroptera, 150 Rampha.lcyon capen sis arignota, 150 Ramphalcyon capen sis burmahica, 149 Rampkalcyon capensis capens1"s, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis cyanopteryx, 150 Ramphalcyon capensis ftoresiana, 150 Ramphalcyon capensis gigantea, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis gouldi, 147, 148, 149, 15 0 Ramphalcyon capensis gurial, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis hydrophila, 150 Ramphalcyon capensis intermedia, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis isoptera, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis javana, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis malaccensis, 150 Ramphalcyon capensis nesoeca, 150 Rampkalcyon capensis simalurensis, 149 Ramphalcyon capensis smithi, 148 Ramphalcyon capensis sodalis, 150 Ramphalcyon javana, 148 Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha dichrorhyncha, 150 Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha eutreptorhyncha, 150 Ramphalcyon melanorhyncha melanorhyncha, 1 5 0 ramsayi, Dryobates ramsayi, 236, 237, 238 ramsayi, I yngipicus, 236 ramsayi siasiensis, Dryobates, 237 ramsayi, Siphia, 293 ranivorus cequatorialis, Circus, 6 ranivorus, Circus ranivorus, 6 regulus, Loriculus, 9 4 regulus, Loriculus philippensis, 94, 95, 99 reichenowi, Collocalia francica, 180 r eloj del m onte, 151 rex-pineti, Coracina javanensis, 352 reyi, Ninox, 69

reyi, Ninox spilocephala, 68, 69 Rhabdotorrhinus, 168 Rhabdotorrhinus exal'haius, 165 Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatlls sa17fordi, 165 Rhinomyias, 283, 331 , 335 Rhinomyias albigularis, 332, 333 Rhinomyias colonus, 335 Rhinomyias goodfellowi, 333 Rhinomyias gularis, 332, 333, 335 Rhinomyias insignis, 331, 33 2 , 333 Rhinomyias ocularis, 335 Rhinomyias pecto1'alis, 336 Rhinomyias rujicauda basilanica, 334 Rhinomyias ruficauda isola, 335 Rhinomyias ruficauda mindanensis, 334 Rhinomyias rujicauda ocularis, 335 Rhinomyias rujicauda 1'ujicauda, 334 Rhil10myias rujicauda rujicl'issa, 333, 335 Rhinomyias ruficauda samarensis, 334 Rhinomyias umbralilis, 333, 336 Rhipidura, 283, 315, 318, 320, 321, 322 Rhipidura albiventris, 317, 319 Rhipidura albolimbata, 322 Rhipidura cyaniceps cyaniceps, 317, 319 Rhipidura cyaniceps sauli, 318 RhipidU1'a dahli, 320 Rhipidura hutchinsoni, 320 Rhipidura javanica, 317 Rhipidura javanica javanica, 322 Rhipidura J"avanica nigritorquis, 321 Rhipidura matthice, 320 Rlzipidura nigritorquis, 321, 322 Rhipidura nigrocinnamo11lea, 317, 320 Rhipidura nigrocinnamo111ea hutchinsoni, 320 Rhipid~(Ya nigrocinnamomea nigrocinnamomea, 320 Rhipidura perlata, 322 Rhipidura phamicura, 320 Rhipidura sauli, 318 Rhipidura superciliaris apo, 316 Rhipidura supe1'Ciliaris samarensis, 316 Rhipidura superciliaris superciliaris, 315, 3 16 R hipidura tenebrosa, 322 rhizophorce, CyoY11is rujigaster, 293 rhizophorce, Gerygone, 306 rhodiosternus, Harpactes, 192 Rhodophila, 296 Rhynchodon, 37 Rhyticeros, 168 Rhyticeros plicatus, 168 richardsi, Thriponax javensis, 253, 254 richmondi, H ypothymis azurea, 312 richmondi, Spilornis cheela, 2 1 ricketti, 5 pilornis cheela, 21 ridgwayi, Pandion haliaetus, 47 Riparia, 271, 273 R iparia paludicola brevicaudata, 275 Riparia paludicola cowani, 275 Riparia paludicola ducis, 275 Riparia paludicola mauritanie a, 275 R iparia paludicola minor, 275 R iparia paludicola paludicola, 275

INDEX Riparia pailldicoia sehamsis, 275 Rlparia riparia diluta, 27{ Riparia riparia fohkiensis, 274 RiPal'ia riparia ijimee, 274 RiPa/ ia riparia riparia, 27{ Ripal'ia ripana shelleyi, 27{ Riparia rtparia subsoccata, 274 ripayia dilufa, Ripayia, 274 rip.:lria falthiensls, Riparia, 274 riparia, Hirulldo, 273 riparia ljimee, Clivicola, 274 "ipal'ia iJimee, Riparia, 274 riparta, Rlparia riparia, 274 riparia shelleyi, Riparia 274 nparia mbsoccata, Riparia, 274 rippolli, Puicrocotlls solaris, 365 , it'eree, PllOdLlus, 71 robi1lsoni, Collocalia lowi, 175 robinsoni, pYC1l0l1otus blanfordi, 396 Roller, Broad-billed, 122 romblol/is, Otus, 59 ,'omblollls, Olus cuyensis, 59 1'osea inteYmcdia, Xantholeema, 229 rose a, Xantholeema rose a, 230 1'oseicapillus, Dttcorpsius, 78 rosel/bergt, Pitta sordida, 265 ,'oseus, Pericrocotus roseus, 367 ,'oselts stallfordi, Pericrocotus. 367 rothschildi, Hemiehelidon sibirica, 286 rothschildi, Pitta atricapilla, 263 mthsehildialla, Hirtmdo daurica, 281 rotumce, Lalage nigra, 370 Roughtemple, Beautiful, 420 1'owlfyi, Hypothymis puella, 312 Royigerygone, 307 rtlbeettloides, Phamicura, 290 rubel, Lorieulus sclateri, 103 rubicapilla, lIIixornis gularis, 4Il rubropygialis, Dinopium javanense, 239 ntfa, Halcyon eoromanda, 140 Yltfa, Tchifrea, 322 rufeseells bltrbidgei, Otus, 51 nifescel/s, Centropus celebensis, 220 Yllfescens malayensis, Otus, 52 rufescells, Olus, 51, 52 rufescells, Oilts Y!~fesceHs, 52 ruficaudu basitaftica, Rhinomyias, 334 ruficalttla isola, Rhinomyias, 335 nrficaudu mindallensis, Rhinomyias, 334 ruficauda oeula"is, Rhinomyias, 335 ruficauda, Rhinomyias ruficauda, 334 1'uficaud{~ yuficrissa, Rltinomyias, 333, 335 ruficauda samarensis, Rhinomyias, 334 rufieauda, Setarta, 334 ruficolhs, Pernis ptilorhyncus, 32, 33 rufierissa, Eumyias indigo, 346 nrfierlssa, Rhinomyias ruficauda, 333, 335 1l1fierissus. Criniger, 392 nifidorsa, Ceyx, 129 rlljidorsus, Ceyx, 129, 131, 132 rufifrons, 1\11 alacocincla, 412 r1tfifrons, Trichostoma, 412 rufigaster, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 rufigaster djampeana, Cyornis, 293

rufigaster indochina, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster kalacensis, Cyorllis, 293 rufigaster karimatellsis, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster lampra, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster litoralis, Cyor,nis, 291 rufigaster longipennis, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster mindorens'is, Cyornis, 292 rufigaste'r neseea, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster omissa, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster peromissa, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster phitippinensis, Cyornis, 292 rufigaster rhizophoree, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster sumatrensis, Cyornis, 293 rufigaster tickelliee, Cyornis, 293 rufigastra, Alcedo meninting, 127 rufigastra litoralis, Cyornis, 291 rufigula, Muscicapula hyperythra, 300 rufigularis, Hypsipetes, 386 rufigularis, hos, 384, 386, 387 rufipedoides, Falco sevents, 41 rufipennis, Butastur, 25 rufipennis, Cuculus, 223 rufitinctus, Astur trivirgatus, 6, 7 ,'ufitinctus, Spizaiitus, 6 rufiventer, Eudynamys scolopaeea, 216 rujiventris, M alacocincla, 403 rufiventris obiensis, Pitta, 260 nrfiventris, Pitta rufiventris, 260 rufopunctatus, Chrysocolaptes, 242 rufopunctatus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 241, 242 I' ufotibialis, Accipiter virgatus, 10 rufula, Hirundo dauriea, 280 rufus cinnamomeus, Xeoeephus, 324 ruf~ts talautensis, Xeoeephus, 324 rufus, Xeocephus, 327 rufus, Xeocephus rufus, 322, 324 rukensis, Colloealia fuciphaga, 180 rupicoleeformis, Cerclmeis tinnunculus, 43 rupicolus, Cerehneis tinnunculus, 43 rupicolus, Falco, 42 rustiea erythrogaster, Hirundo, 277 rustica gutturalis, Hirundo, 276, 277 rustic a, Hirundo, 276 rustica, Hirundo rustica, 277 rustica lou doni, Hirundo, 277 rustica palmeri, Hirundo, 277 rustica savignii, Hirundo, 277 rustica transitiva, Hirundo, 277 rustica tytleri, Hirundo, 277 rutherfordi, Spilornis cheela, 21 sa-ba-cot', 223 sa-cal', 124 saeerdotis, Ceyx lepidus, 135 sa-guc'-soc, 223 sai-ao, 181 Sa-lac-sa'-can, 122, 369 Salangana vest ita, 178 sa-lin-ba-ba'-tang, 180 salomonensis, Aleedo atthis, 125 Sal-pac', 127 Sa-luc-sac, 138 sa-lum-p i-ping-ao, 182

INDEX salvadori, M erops superciliosus, 170 salvadorii, Caprimulgus macrurus,

II 6,

II 7, II9

salvadorii, Edolisoma morio, 360 salvadorii, Eudynamys scolopacea, 215, 216 salvadorii, Gerygone sulphurea, 306, 307 salvadorii, Loriculus, 101, 102 salvadorii, Spilornis cheela, 21 salvadorii, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 87 Sal-yb-see'-bon, 301 samarensis, Ceyx, 130 samarensis, Ceyx melanurus, 130 samarensis, Chrysocolaptes, 242 samarensis, Hypothymis, 316 samarensis, Muscicapula, 303 samarensis, Muscicapula basila,~ica, 303 samarensis, Penelopides, 163 samarensis, Penelopides panini, 161, 163, 16 4 samarensis, Rhinomyias ruficauda, 334 samarensis, Rhipidura superciliaris, 316 samarensis, Sarcophanops, 255 Samarensis, Setaria, 334 Sa-mot', 379 sanctus, Halcyon, 135 sanfordi, Rhabdotorrhinus exarhatus, 165 sanghirana, Pitta sordida, 265 sanghirensis, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 sangirensis, Tanygnathus mulleri, 89 sanguineus, Ducorpsius, 78 santcensis, Sauropat'is chloris, 138 sapphira, Muscicapula, 297 sarasinorum, Centropus bengalensis, 224 sarasinorum, Seicercus, 342 Sarcophanops, 254, 256 Sarcophanops samarensis, 255 Sarcophanops steerii, 254, 255, 256 saturatior, Halcyon smyrnensis, 141 saturatior, Iole philippensis, 386 saturatior, I xos philippensis, 386 saturatior, Tchitrea paradisi, 331 saturatus, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 saturatus, Cuculus, 203 saturatus, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, 365 saturatus, Phodilus badius, 71 sauli, Rhipidura, 318 sauli, Rhipidura cyaniceps, 318 Sauropatis, 124, 135 Sauropatis chloris abyssinica, 137 Sauropatis chloris alberti, 137 Sauropatis chloris amcena, 138 Sauropatis chloris amphiryta, 137 Sauropatis chloris anachoreta, 137 Sauropatis chloris armstrongi, 137 Sauropatis chloris aruensis, 137 Sauropatis chloris azela, 137 Sauropatis chloris brachyura, 138 Sauropatis chloris chloris, 136 Sauropatis chloris chloroptera, 137 Sauropatis chloris colcloughi, 137 Sauropatis chloris collaris, 135 Sauropatis chloris colonus, 137 Sauropatis chloris cyanescens, 137

Sauropatis chloris davisoni, 137 Sauropatis chloris enigma, 137 Sauropatis chloris forste ni, 136 Sauropatis chloris grayi, 137 Sauropatis chloris hyperpontia, 137 Sauropatis chloris keiensis, 137 Sauropatis chloris melanodera, 138 Sauropatis chloris meyeri, 136 Sauropatis chloris novcehibernice, 137 Sauropatis chloris nusce, 137 Sauropatis chloris orii, 138 Sauropatis chloris ornata, 138 Sauropatis chloris palmeri, 137 Sauropatis chloris santcensis, 138 Sauropatis chloris solomonis, 137 Sauropatis chloris sordida, 137 Sauropatis chloris stresemanni, 137 Sauropatis chloris suvensis, 137 Sauropatis chloris tannensis, 137 Sauropatis chloris teraokai, 136 Sauropatis chloris torresiana, 138 Sauropatis chloris tristrami, 137 Sauropatis chloris utupuce, 138 Sauropatis chloris vicina, 138 Sauropatis chloris vidali, 137 savignii, Hirundo rustica, 277 scapularis, .lEgithina tiphia, 373 schillm6lleri, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 schistacea, Coracina striata, 352 sqhisticeps, Lalage, 369 schisticeps, Lalage nigra, 369, 370 schmackeri, Penelopides affinis, 160 schcensis, Riparia paludicola, 275 scintillans, Alcedo meninting, 1.26 scintilliceps, Dryobates namts, 236 sclateri, Loric~tlus sclateri, 103 sclateri ruber, Loriculus, 103 scolopacea alberti, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea chinensis, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea corvina, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea enigmaticus, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea, Eudynamys scolopacea, 216 scolopacea everetti, Eudynamys, 215, 2 I 6 scolopacea frater, Eudynamys, 215 scolopacea harterti, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea malayana, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea mindanensis, Eudynamys, 214, 215 scolopacea onikakko, Eudynamys, 214 scolopacea orientalis, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea paraguena, Eudynamys, 213, 214, 216

scolopacea rufiventer, Eudynamys, 216 scolopacea salvadorii, Eudynamys, 215, 216

scolopacea sanghirensis, Eudynamys, Scops everetti, 55 Scops fuliginosa, 55 Scops longicornis, 60 Scops megalotis, 53 Scops mindorensis, 61 Scops philippensis, 48 Scops sibutuensis, 56 Scops sp., 61

216

INDEX Scops umbratzlls, 55 Scops whlteheadi, 53 sCliptus, E/anus, 31 sCHtulata affi }lis, N inox, 65 scutulata borl1ee1'lsis, Ninox , 63, 65 scutu/ata bU1'IHanica, Ninox, 65 scutulata hirsuta, Ninox, 63, 64 scutulata isolata, Ninox, 65 scutula,ta javanel1sis, Ninox, 65 sClItulata lagl/uris, Ninox, 65 scutulata malaccensis, Huhua, 64 scutulata, Ninox sct~tulata, 63, 64, 66 scutulata, Stnx, 63 scutulata totogo, Ninox, 63 scutulata ussuriensis, Ninox, 64, 65 segrcgata, Aiseonax lalirostris, 290 Seicercus, 283, 338 Seicercus montls davisoni, 339 Selcercus montis floris, 339 Sficercus montis inornata, 339 Seicercus montis montis, 339 Seicercus montis xanthopygius, 339 Seicerms neg/ectus dohertyi, 341 Seicel'Cus neglectus malindangensis, 341 Seicel'cus 'Iegleetus mindanensis, 340, 34 1 Seiccrcus neglectus neglect us, 341 Seicercus neglect us nigrorum, 339 Seicerclts neglectus notatus, 34 1 SeicercHs olivaceus cebuensis, 343 Seicerctls o/waceus olivaceus, 342, 343 Seicerrus sarasinorum, 3路P Seicerclls waterstradti, 342 sejulleta, Culicicapa ceylonensis, 337 seloputo, Stnx orientalis, 70 semicoronatus, Dryobates nanus, 235, 236 scmigaleatus, Hydrocorax, 153, 154, 356 semitorq~{es, Otus bakkamcena, 56 senegalellsls, Alcedo, 138 septimus, Batrachostomus septimus, 106, 109 septimlt< menagei, Batrachostomus, 107 sepulrralls, Cacomantis merulinus, 207 serlcells, Falco, 36 Setaria ruficauda, 334 Setaria Samurensis, 334 severus, Falco, 41 severltS papuanus, Falco, 42 sevel'us rufipedoides, Falco, 41 shelleyi, Riparia l'iparia, 274 shonis, Zanthopygia narcissina, 308 Shrike, 346 Shrike, B lack an d W hite Cuckoo- , 368 Shrike, Cebu Barred Cu ck oo-, 350 Shrike, Cebu Cu ckoo-, 354, 355 Shrike, Elusive Cuckoo-, 357 Shrike, Everett's Cuck oo-, 359 Shrike, Guillemar d's Barred Cu ckoo-, 351 Shrike, Koch's Barred Cuckoo-, 350 Shrike, L uzon Barred Cuckoo- , 348 Shrike, Luzon Cu ckoo-, 354 Shrike, McGregor's Cu ckoo-, 356 Shrike, Mindan ao Cuckoo-, 358 Shrike, Mindoro B arred Cuckoo-, 349 Shrike, Neuma nn's Pied Cuckoo-, 369 Shr ike, Palawan Barred Cuckoo-, 347, 34 8

Shrike, Steer e's Cuckoo-, 368 Sh rike, Visayan Barred Cuckoo-, 349 Shrike, Visayan Cuckoo-, 355 siamensis, Coracina javanensis, 352 siasiensis, D ryobates 1'amsayi, 237 siasiensis, Yungipicus, 237 sibirica fu liginosa, H emichelidon, 28 5 sibirica gulmergi, H emichelidon, 286 sibirica, H emichelidon sibirica, 285, 286 sibirica incerta, H emichelidon, 28 5, 286 sibirica, NI uscicapa, 284, 285 sibirica rothschildi, Hemichelidon, 286 sibutuensis, Otus manadensis, 56, 57 sibutuensis, Scops, 56 Si-cub', 22 siebersi, P ericrocotus flammeus, 364 si-ga-cok', 223 simalurensis, Ramphalcyon capensis, 149 simplex, Cyornis, 292 simplex, Gerygone, 306 simplex, Gerygone sulphurea, 306 sinensis anonymus, Centropus, 222 sinensis bubutus, Centropus, 221, 222 sinensis, Centropus, 22 I sinensis, Centropus sinensis, 222 sinensis intermedius, Centropus, 222 sinensis, Nlicroscelis psaroides, 381 sinensis parroti, Centropus, 222 sinensis, Pycnonotus, 396 singapurensis, IEgithina tiphia, 373 Siphia, 296 Siphia elegans, 29 1 Siphia enganensis, 295 Siphia erithacus, 296 Siphia platence, 296 Siphia ramsayi, 293 sipora, H ypothymis azure a, 312 siquijorensis cinereiceps, 1xos, 383 Siquijorensis, 10le, 383 siquijorensis, 1xos, 384 siquijorensis, 1xos siquijorensis, 383 siquijorensis, Loriculus, 97 siquijorensis, Loriculus philippensis, 95, 97, 101, 102 siquijorensis monticola, 1 xos, 384 smithi, R amphalcyon capensis, 148 smyrnensis fusca, Halcyon, 14 1 smyrnensis generosa, H alcyon, 141 smyrnensis, H alcyon smyrnensis, 141 smyrnensis saturatior, H alcyon, 14 1 sodalts, R amphalcyon cape?2sis, 150 solar~tS griseigularis, P ericrocotus, 3 6 5 solarts mandarinus, P ericrocotus, 365 solaris, Pericrocotus solaris, 365 solaris ripponi, P ericrocotus, 365 solitarius, Ceyx, 135 soloensis, Astur, 7 soloensis, Falco, 7 solomonensis, Eurystomus orientalis, 123 solomenensis, P seudoptynx, 50 solomonis, S auropatis chloris, 137 sOn1~eratii, Cuculus, 209 sonneratii f asciolatus, Penthoceryx, 2 I 0 sonneratii m u sicus, P enthoceryx, 210

INDEX sonneratii, Penthoceryx sonneratii, 210 sonneratii venustus, Penthoceryx, 209, 210 sonneratii waiti, Penthoceryx, 210 sordida bonapartena, Pitta, 265 sordid a, Eumyias, 346 sordida hebetior, Pitta, 265 sordida javana, Pitta, 265 sordida mefoorana, Pitta, 265 sordida mulleri, Pitta, 264, 265, 424 sordida novce-guince, Pitta, 265, 423 sordida, Pitta, 265, 267, 422, 423 sordida, Pitta sordida, 263 sordida rosenbergi, Pitta, 265 sordida sanghirana, Pitta, 265 sordida, Sauropatis chloris, 137 sordida sumatrana, Pitta, 265 sordidus, Turdus, 263 sp., BatracJwstomus, 107 sp., Loriculus, 101 sp., Scops, 61 Sparrow-Hawk, Japanese, 9 Sparrow-Hawk, Philippine, 9 sparverioides, Cuculus, 199 sparverioides, Hierococcyx, 199, 200 speciosa, Dasycrota.pha, 420 speciosus, Pericrocotus, 366 speciosus, Pericrocotus flammeus, 364 sphenurus, Haliastur, 29 sphenurus johannce, Haliastur, 29 spilocephala everetti, Ninox, 68 spilocephala mindorensis, Ninox, 68 spilocephala, Ninox, 67 spilocephala, Ninox spilocephala, 67 sp'ilocephala reyi, Ninox, 68, 69 spilogaster, Spilornis cheela, 2 I spilolophus, Picus, 240 spilonota, Ninox, 66, 67 spilonotus, Circus, 2, 3 spilonotus, Circus spilonotus, 2, 3 spilonotus macroscelis, Circus, 4 spilonotus maillardi, Circus, 4 spilonotus, Ninox, 66 spilopterus, Centropus, 2 18 Spilornis, 12, 20 Spilornis bacha, 20 Spilornis cheela abbot/i, 2 I Spilornis cheela albidus, 2 I Spilornis cheela bassus, 2 I Spilornis cheela baweanus, 2 I Spilornis cheela bido, 2 I Spilornis cheela burmanicus, 2 I Spilornis cheela cheela, 2 I Spilornis cheela davisoni, 2 I Spilornis cheela floweri, 2 I Spilornis cheela hoya, 2 I Spilornis cheela kinabaluensis, 2 I Spilornis cheela klossi, 21 Spilornis cl~eela minimus, 21 Spilornis cheela palawanensis, 20 Spilornis cheela pallidus, 2 I Spilornis cheela perplexus, 21 Spilornis cheela richmondi, 2 I Spilornis cheela ricketti, 2 1 Spilornis cheela rutherfordi, 2 I

Spilornis cheela salvadorii, 2 I Spilornis cheela spilogaster, 21 Spitornis elgini, 22 Spilornis holospitus, 22, 23 Spilornis panayensis, 22, 23 spilothorax, Circus, 4 spodiopygia, Coltocalia francica, 180 spodiopygia, Collocatia fuciphaga, 180 SPizaiftus, II, 14 Spizaetus cirrhatus andamanensis, 17 Spiza8'tus cirrhatus ceylonellsis, 17 Spizaetus cirrhatus cirrhatus, 17 Spizaetus cirrhatus floris, 17 Spiza8'tus cirrhatus lanceolatus, 17 Spizae路tus cir-rhatus timnceetus, 15, 17 Spizaetus nipalensis alboniger, 15 Spizaetus nipalensis bartelsi, 15 Spizae路tus nipalensis fokiensis, 15 Spizaetus nipalensis kelaarti, 15 Spizaetus nipalensis lanceolatus, 15 Spizaetus nipalensis nipalensis, 15 Spizaiftus nipalensis orientalis, 15 Spizae路tus nipalensis philippensis, 14 Spizae路tus phitippensis, 14 Spizaiftus rufitinctus, 6 squamiceps, Microscelis amaurotis, 38 I stanfordi, Pericrocotus roseus, 367 steerei, Dtus, 57 steerei, Dtus manadensis, 57 steerei, Pernis celebensis, 32, 33 ste,(!rii, Brachyurus, 266 steerii, Centropus, 218 steerii, Ceyx, 127 steerii, Eurylcemus, 254 steerii, Pitta, 266 steerii, Sarcophanops, 254, 255, 256 stejnegeri, Microscelis amaurotis, 38 I stewarti, S~trniculus lugubris, 198 stictocephalus, Pycnonotus, 396 stigmatus, Loriculus, 102 stigmatus, Loriculus stigmatus, 103 stigmatus quadricotor, Loriculus, 103 Stoparola, 343 Stoparola nigrimentalis, 344 Stoparola panayensis nigriloris, 345 Stoporala, 343 strenua, CO'r acina cceruleogrisea, 353 stresemanni, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 stresemanni, Collocalia esculenta, 184 stresemanni, Sauropatis chloris, 137 striata alfrediana, Coracina, 352 striata bu,ngurensis, Coracina, 352 striata caledonica, Coracina, 352 striata cebuensis, Coracina, 350 striata concreta, Coracina, 352 striata, Coracina striata, 348, 349 striata difficilis, Coracina, 347, 351 striata enganensis, Coracina, 352 striata floris, Coracina, 352 striata guillemardi, Coracina, 349, 351, 352 striata kochii, Coracina, 350 striata lifuensis, Coracina, 352 striata mindorensis, Coracina, 348, 349, 35 0 ,

35~

INDEX striata panaJ'cnsis, Coracina, 349 striata persona/a, Coracina, 352 striata pol/ellS, COYacina, 352 striata schistacea, Coracina, 352 striata sumatrensis, Coracina, 352 striata unil'ltoda, Coracina, 352 st'Yiaticeps boltolensis, M acronus, 407 striaticeps boholensis, Minodoria, 407 striaticeps cUlningi, Milwdoria , 406 s/riaticeps, Iole, 387 st'riaticeps, 1."(os, 387 striaticeps kettlewelli, Minodoria, 409 stn:aticeps, M aCI'onus, 406, 408 striatÂŁceps mindanensis, Minod01'ia, 407, 4 08

striaticeps, Nlinodoria, 407 striatieeps, lIrf inodoria striatieeps, 407, 408, 40 9 striatieeps monta,nus, Nlinodoria, 406, 408 striatus, Corvus, 348 striatus, Zosterornis, 415 s/riekla1~di, Chrysocolaptes lueidus, 244 strietus, Pic'us, 239 striolata, Hirundo, 279 striolata, Hirundo dauriea, 279, 281 Strix, 69, 72 Strix alba, 69, 72 Strix amauronota, 73 Strix badius, 70, 71 Strix jlam,mea, 69, 72 Strix hirsuta, 63 Strix longimembris, 72 Strix orientalis baweana, 70 Strix orientalis orientalis, 70 Strix orientalis seloputo, 70 Stri,"( orientalis wiePke1~i, 69 Strix pttheeops, 74 Strix se1ttulata, 63 styam, /Egithina tiphia, 373 styani, Hypothymis azurea, 312 subaffinis, Tanygnathus megalorhynehos, 90 subbuteo, Falco, 37 subfureatus, Colletoptera affinis, 191 subfureatus, Cypselus, 191 sub nigra, Pene!opides, 160 subnigra, Penelopides panini, 160 subsoecata, Riparia riparia, 274 subsp.?, Caeomantis merulinus, 208 subsp.?, Colloealia fueiphaga, 179 subsp. ?, Lyneornis maerotis, II3 su bsp. ?, 111uscieapula hyperythra, 300 Sue-sue, 223 sueurii, Lalage nigra, 370 suffusus, Dryobates nanus, 236 sulcatus, Buceros, 167 suleirostris, Buceros, 159, 162 sulphurea fiaveola, Gerygone, 306, 307 sulphurea, Gerygone sulphurea, 306 sutphurea jacobsoni, Gerygone, 306 sulphurea, Mixornis gularis, 4II sulphurea modliglianii, Gerygone, 306 sulphurea muscicapa, Gerygone, 306 sulphurea pectoralis, Gerygone, 306 sulphurea plesseni, Gerygone, 306 rr.-2 G

sulphurea salvadorii, Gerygone, 306, 307 sulphurea simplex, Gerygone, 306 ntltaneus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, 244 sulue'nsis, Ceyx, 133 suluensis, Prioniturus diseurus, 82, 84 suluensis, Pyenonotus goiavier, 395 suluensis, Thriponax javensis, 251, 253 sumatrana, Muscicapula hyperythra, 300 sumatrana, Pitta sordida, 265 sumatranum, Criniger jlaveotus, 392 sumatranus, Nlerops, 171 sumatrensis, Coraeina striata, 352 suma/rensis, Cyo'r nis rujigaster, 293 sumatrensis difficilis, Graucalus, 347 sumbaensis, Tehitrea paradisi, 330 sumbawce, Collocalia esculenta, 184 sumbensis, Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 90 sunia botelensis, Dtus, 62 superciliaris a,po, Rhipidura, 316 superciliaris, Hypothymis, 315 supereiliaris, Rhipidura supereitiaris, 315, 3 16

supereiliaris samarensis, Rhipidura, 316 superciliosus ehrysocercus, M erops, 169 superciliosus, Dasylophus, 226 superciliosus javanicus, Merops, 170 supereiliosus, Merops, 169, 170 superciliosus, Nlerops supereiliosus, 169 superciliosus persieus, Merops, 169 superciliosus philippinus, Merops, 168, 17 0

superciliosus, Phamieophaus, 226 swpereiliosus salvadori, M erops, 170 Surniculus, 194, 196 Surniculus lugubris barussarum, Ig8 Surniculus lugubris brachyurus, 198 Surniculus lug~tbris dicr~troides, Ig8 Surnieulus lugubris lugubris, 198 Surnieulus lugubris minimus, 196, 197, 198 Surniculus lugubris musschenb'YlBki, 198 Surniculus lugubris stewarti, Ig8 Surnieulus lugubris velutinus, 197, 198 Surnieulus velutinus, 197 Su-sul'-bot, 124 suvensis, Sauropatis chloris, 137 Swallow, Asiatic, 278 Swallow, Common, 276 Swallow, Eastern Chimney-, 276 Swallow, Eastern Red-rumped, 279 Swallow, Mosque, 279 Swift, Bagobo, 183 Swift, Celebes Spine-tailed, 185 Swift, Common Whitehead's, 175 Swift, Giant Spine-tailed, 184 Swift, Indian Whiskered, 173 Swift, L esser White-rumped, 191 Swift, Lesson's, 178 Swift, Mindanao Whitehead's, 176 Swift, Mt. Apo, 177 Swift, Nakamura's Whiskered, 172 Swift, Oberholser's, 182 Swift, Oustalet 's, 180 Swift, Paler Palm, 188

INDEX Swift, Palawan Whitehead's, 176 Swift, Philippine Spine-tailed, 185 Swift, Philippine Thunberg's, 179 Swift, Philippine Whiskered, 172 Swift, Pygmy, 181 Swift, Salvadori's, 182 Swift, Stresemann's, 175 Swift, Tweeddale's Spine-tailed, 186 Swift, White-rumped, 189 Swift, White-throated Spine-tailed, 186 swinhcei, Dryobates nanus, 236 sykesi, Hypothymis azurea, 312 Sylvia burkii, 338 Sylvia leucoptera, 372 symmixta, Hypothymis azure a, 3II Synallaxis, 398 Syrnium whiteheadi, 69 Syrnium wiepkeni, 69 tac-ca-rit, 135 Tachornis, 188 Tachornis pallidior, 188 Tachynautes, 187, 188 Tachynautes batasiensis, 188 Tachynautes batasiensis batasiensis, 189 Tachynautes batasiensis infumatus, 189 Tachynautes batasiensis pallidior, 188 Tachynautes batasiensis palmarum, 189 Tachynautes phcenicobia, 188 tadai, Terpsiphone atrocaudata, 326, 328 Ta-din, 320 ta-ga-tac, 122 Tah-g6-saa, 408 tah-go-say'-ahn, 408 tahitica, Hirundo, 279 Takao, II5 Takatsukasaia, 283, 296 Takatsukasaia platence, 296 talautense, Edolisoma morio, 360 talautensis, Prioniturus platurus, 84 talautensis, Tanygnathus lucionensis, 87 talautensis, Xeocephus rufus, 324 Ta-lic-tic, 159 talisi, Penelopides, 159 tam-si, 384 tanganyikce, Cerchneis tinnunculus, 43 tannensis, Sauropatis chloris, 137 tantalus, Yungipicus moluccensis, 235 Tanygnathus, 78, 85 T anygnathus burbidgei, 88 Tanygnathus everetti, 87 Tanygnathus freeri, 88 Tanygnathus lucionensis, 87 Tanygnathus lucionensis horrisonus, 87 T anygnathus lucionensis koikei, 86 Tanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis, 85, 89 Tanygnathus lucionensis moro, 87 Tanygnathus lucionensis paraguenus, 86, 87 Tanygnathus lucionensis salvadorii, 87 Tanygnathus lucionensis talautensis, 87 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 89, 90 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos ajfinis, 90 Tantgnathus megalorhynchos djampece, 90 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos floris, 90

Tanygnathus megalorhynchos morotensis, 90 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos subajfinis, 90 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos sumbensis, 90 Tanygnathus megalorhynchos viridipennis, 90 Tanygnathus mulleri, 87 Tanygnathus mulleri burbidgei, 88 Tanygnathus rnulleri everetti, 87, 88, 89 Tanygnathus mulleri freeri, 78, 88 Tanygnathus mulleri mulleri, 89 Tanygnathus mulleri sangirensis, 89 Tao-si', 164 taprobana, Alcedo atthis, 125 tar-man'-op, 408 ta-ric', 162 Ta-ric'-tic, 160, 162 Tarictic, Allied, 164 Tarictic, Basilan, 165 Tarictic, Bohol, 164 Tarictic, Leyte, 164 Tarictic, Luzon, 159 Tatictic, McGregor's, 160 Tarictic, Mindoro, 160 Tarictic, Panay, 162 Tarictic, Samar, 163 Tarictic, Ticao, 162 Tchitrea, 284, 325 Tchitrea ajfinis, 329 Tchitrea atrocaudata atrocaudata, 329 Tchitrea atrocaudata illex, 329 Tchitrea atrocaudata periopthalmica, 329 Tchitrea paradisi ajfinis, 329, 330 Tchitrea paradisi borneensis, 330, 331 Tchitrea paradisi burmce, 331 Tchitrea paradisi ceylonensis, 330 Tchitrea paradisi floris, 330 Tchitrea paradisi incei, 330 Tchitrea paradisi indochinensis, 33 I Tchitrea paradisi insularis, 330 Tchitrea paradisi leucogaster, 330 Tchitrea paradisi nicobarica, 330 Tchitrea paradisi paradisi, 330 Tchitrea paradisi procera, 330 Tchitrea paradisi saturatior, 331 Tchitrea paradisi sumbae'nsis, 330 Tchitrea paradisi turkestanica, 330 Tchitrea periopthalmica, 326, 329 Tchitrea rufa, 322 tees a, Butastur, 25 tees a, Circus, 23 tegimce, Pericrocotus divaricatus, 367 telephonus, Cuculus canorus, 201, 202, 203, 204, 20 5 temmincki, Dryobates, 237, 238 temmincki, Lyncornis, II3 temmincki, Lyncornis macrotis, 114 temminckii, Coracina temminckii, 353 temminckii tonkeana, Coracina, 353 tenebrosa, Rhipidura, 322 tener, Loriculus, 103 tephrogenys, Criniger flaveolus, 392 teraokai, Sauropatis chloris, 136 Terpsiphone, 325 Terpsiphone atrocaudata tadai, 326, 328

INDEX Te1psiphone HIg; a, 326, 328 terymYegtJ/m, (olZocalia jrancica, 180 Tetragol1opyga, 190 tlialassiHa, Eumyias thalassina" 345, 346 thalassina thalassoides, Eumyias, 346 T halassom[us, 27 thalassoides, EumyiGts thalassina, 346 thre11odes, Cacomantis meyulinus, 207 Thriponax, 231, 248, 424 Thriponax jorresti, 253, 254 Tltripona;r liargitti, 251 Th1-ipol1ax hodgei, 254 Thriponax javensis, 253, 254 Tlzriponax J'avensis biittikoferi, 254 Tltriponax J'avensis confusus, 249, 250, 251, 25 2 , 253 Thriponax javeltsis jeddeni, 253 Thriponax javensis hargitti, 251, 252, 253 Thl'iponax javensis hodgsoni, 253 Thripollax javensis javensis, 253 Tll1'ipona/c javensis mindorensis, 251, 252, 253 Thriponax javensis multilunatus, 250, 251, 253 Thriponax javensis parv~ts, 253 Thriponax javensis pectoralis, 250, 253 Tllriponax javel'!Sis phil'i ppinensis, 252, 253, p~

Thripolta.x javensis richards'i, 253, 254 T/triponax javensis suluensis, 251, 253 Thrip01W;1! NIindo1'ensis, 252 Thriponax multilunatus, 250 Thriponax pectoralis, 250 Thriponax Philippinensis, 252 tlCfZ12Sis, Penelopides panini, 162 Ti-ca-rol', 135 tichelmani, Collocalia lowi, 175 tic/eellim, Cyornis rufigaster, 293 tic-wee', 23 Tiga everett!, 238 Tig-ba-ya, 383 Til-ma-ma-noc', 140 Timalia chloris, 409 timoriensis, Edolisoma morio, 359 tinnunculus archer'i, Cerclmeis, 43 tinnunculus bU'yyi, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus canariensis, Cerchneis, 43 tinmmculus cal'lo, Cerchneis, 43 ti1mUncttlus, Ceyclmeis tinnunculus, 43 tinnunculus dacotim, Cerclmeis, 43 tinnunculus dorriesi, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus interstinctus, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus japonensis, Cerchneis, 42, 43 tillnu~tculus japonicus, Falco, 42 tinnunculus neglectus, Cerchneis, 43 tinmtncultts objurgatus, Cerchneis, 43 tinltunculus rupicolmjormis, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus rupicolus, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus saturatus, Cerchneis, 43 tinnunculus tanganyikm, Cerchneis, 43 tiphia, lEgithina tiphia, 373 tiphia mquanimis, lEgithina, 372 tiphia damicra, lEgithina, 373 tiphia horizoptera, lEgithina, 373

tiphia humei, lEgithina, 373 tiphia micromelmna, lEgithina, 373 tiphia mult'icolor, lEgithina, 373 tiphia scapularis, lEgithina; 373 tiphia singapurensis, lEgithina, 373 tiphia styani, lEgithina, 373 t'i phia viridis, lEgithina, 373 Tit Babbler, 406 Tit Babbler, Basilan, 408 Tit Babbler, Bohol, 407 Tit Babbler, Cagayan Sulu, 410 Tit Babbler, Kettlewell's, 409 Tit Babbler, Mindanao, 407 Tit Babbler, Mountain, 408 Tit Babbler, Palawan, 410 Ti-uay-uay, 326 tonkeana, Coracina temminckii, 353 tonkinensis, Pericrocotus brevirostris, 365 took-took, 228 torresiana, Sauropatis chloris, 138 Totogo, 63 totogo, Ninox scutulata, 63 townsendi, Collocalia jrancica, 180 transitiva, Hi1'undo rustica, 277 Trichoglossus, 75 Trichoglossus ftavoviridis ftavoviridis, 76 Trichoglossus ftavoviridis meyeri, 76 Trichoglossus hmmatodus, 75 Trichoglossus hmmatopus, 75 Trichoglossus johnstonim, 75, 76 Trichophorus, 370 Trichostoma rufifrons, 412 tricolor, Muscicapa, 307 tridactyla, Alcedo, 127 tridactyla, Ceyx, 131 Iristrami, Sauropatis chloris, 137 trivirgatus, Astur trivirgatus, 7 trivirgatus rufitinctus, A stUI', 6, 7 troglodytes, Collocalia, 181 Trogon ardens, 192 Trogon fasciatus, 192 Trogon, Philippine, 192 tsubame, Collocalia whiteheadi, 176 Tu-ba-Ia'-tuc, 245 Tuc-ca-ro', I I 7 tuc-tuc-ba-Ia'-tuc, 245 Tug-bi-a, 384 Tu-la-cuc', 223 Tul-tu-Ian, 249 turcosa, Irena puella, 376 Turdinus, 41 I Turdu'S amaurotis, 379 Turdus atriceps, 390 Turdus capensis, 393 Turdus cochinchinensis, 373 Turdus moluccensis, 267 Turdtts niger, 367 Turdus orie?ttalis, 367 Turdus philippensis, 384 Turdus sordidus, 263 turkestanica, Tchitrea paradisi, 330 tweeddalei, P ernis celebensis, 33 tweeddalii, Irena, 375 tweeddalii, Irena puella, 375

I NDEX typus, Ducorpsius, 76 tytleri, Hirundo rustica, 277 tytleri, Hypothymis azurea, 312 Tyto, 70, 72 Tyto alba, 74 Tyto longimembris amauronota, 73, 74, 422 Tyto longimembris chinensis, 74 Tyto longimembris longimembris, 74 Tyto longimembris ? oustaleti, 74 Tyto longimembris papuensis, 74 Tyto longimembris walleri, 74 Tyto novcehollandice, 74 U-li-li-su , 3 I 7 U-lis', 83 umbratilis, Rhinomyias, 333, 336 umbratilis, Scops, 55 undulata, M uscicapa, 288 unicolor amelis, Collocalia, 179 unicolor, Collocalia fuciphaga, 180 unicolor, Pseudotharrhaleus, 399 unicolor, Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus, 399, 400, 4 0 1 unimoda, Coracina striata, 352 unirufus, Centropus unirufus, 219 unirufus polillensis, Centropus, 219 unirufus, Pyrrhocentor, 219 urbica cashmeriensis, Delichon, 273 urbica dasypus, Delichon, 272, 273 urbica, Delichon urbica, 273 urbica meridionalis, Delichon, 21.3 urbica nigrimentalis, Delichon, 2~3 urbica whiteleyi, Delichon, 273 uropygialis, Ceyx lepidus, 134 urostictus basilanicus, Poliolophus, 389 urostictus, Brachypus, 388 urostictus philippensis, Poliolophus, 389 urostictus, P oliolophus urostictus, 388, 389 ussurienS'is, Ninox scutulata, 64, 65 ussuriensis, Otus bakkamama, 56 utupuce, Sauropatis chloris, 138

validirostris, Dryobates moluccensis, 231 validirostris, Picus, 231 validus, Chrysocolaptes, 245 vanikorensis, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179 var. celebensis, Chcetura gigantea, 185 variolosus, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 variolosus everetti, Cacomantis, 206, 207 velutinus, Surniculus, 197 velutinus, Surniculus lugubris, 197, 198 venusta, Chloropsis, 375 venustus, Cuculus, 209 venustus, Penthoceryx sonneratii, 209, 210 vernalis, Loriculus, 104 verreauxi, Alcedo meninting, 127 verticalis, Prioniturus, 83 verticalis, P rioniturus flavicans, 83, 84 vestita cerophila, Collocalia, 178 vestita amechana, Collocalia, 178 vestita brevirostris, Collocalia, 178 vestita capritis, Collocalia, 178 vestita, C ollocalia vestita, 178, 179 vestita elap hra, Collocalia, 178

vestita, Salangana, 178 vicina, Sauropatis chloris, 138 vidali, Sauropatis chloris, 137 Villiareyni, 377 virescens, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 virescens, Ixos, 381 virgatus, Accipiter, 9, 10 virgatus, Accipiter virgatus, I I virgatus affinis, Accipiter, I I virgatus besra, Accipiter, I I virgatus confusus, Accipiter, 9, 10 virgatus rufotibialis, Accipiter, 10 viridipennis, Tanygnathus megalorhynchos, 90

viridis, /Egithina tiphia, 373 viridis americanus, Merops, 169, 170 viridis, Centropus, 223 viridis, Cuculus, 223 viridis, jora, 372 viridis, Merops viridis, 171 viridis zosterops, Chloropsis, 375 viridissima, /Egithina, 373 vivida, Muscicapula vivida, 301 vividus, Pericrocotus cinnamomeus, 364 vocifer, Cuncuma, 26 vociferoides, Cuncuma, 26 vociferus, Elanus cceruleus, 31 V olvocivora mindanensis, 358 voravorao, 124 vulcani, Nluscicapula hyperythra, 300 vulcanorum, Collocalia (lowi ?), 175 Vulture, Bearded, 19 waiti, Penthoceryx sonneratii, 210 waldeni, Craniorrhinus, 166 waldeni, Cranobrontes, 166, 167 wallacei, Hemiprocne longipennis, 173 wallacei, Lichtensteinipicus futvus, 247 watlacii, Ceyx lepidus, 135 walleri, Tyto longimembris, 74 Warbler, Cebu F lycatcher, 343 War bler, Green F lycatcher, 339 Warbler, Mount Apo F lycatcher, 340 Warbler, Mount Apo Pied, 305 Warbler, Mt. Malindang Flycatcher, 341 Warbler, Olivaceus Flycatcher, 342 Warbler, Palawan F lycatcher, 339 waterstradti, Prioniturus, 81 waterstradti, Prioniturus discurus, 81, 82, 84

waterstradti, Seicercus, 342 wattersi, Dryobates, 236 websteri, Cacomantis merulinus, 208 weipkeni, Strix orientalis, 69 westermanni, M uscicapula, 304 westermanni, M uscicapula melanoleuca, 304, 305 whiteheadi apoensis, Collocalia, 177 whitehead-i, Collocalia whiteheadi, 175, 177, 17 8 , 179, 180 whiteheadi, Harpactes, 193 whiteheadi origenis, Collocalia, 176, 177 whiteheadi, Otus bakkamcena, 53, 56 whiteheadi, Scops, 53

INDE X whiteheadi, SYI'IIIIHIL, 69 whiteheadi tsltbame, Collocalia, 176 whiteheadi, Zoslerornis, 414, 415, 416 white/eyi, Delichon urbica, 273 wieplicni, Synllum, 69 wiglesworthi, Edolisoma moria, 359 n ilsollavis, 307 wlllchelli, Hctlcyon winchelli, 141 winchelli 1ligromnt, Halcyon, 142 woodt', Lalage nigra, 370 woodi, Leonardina, 402 woodt', ,lIix0Y11is, 410 woodi, ll1lYOIIIIS jiavicollis, 410 Wooupecker, Basilan B lack, 250 \\'oodpecker, Basilan Crimson- backed, 244 Woodpecker, Everett's Three-tred, 238 \Vooripeckpr, Funereal, 246 \Voodpl'cker, Great Slaty, 247 Woodpecker, Hargitt's Black, 251 Woodpecker, Hargitt's Pygmy, 234 Woodpecker, Large-billed Pygmy, 231 Woodpecker, Leyte Pygmy, 233 \Voodpecker, Luzon Crimson-backed, 240 Woodpecker, j\Ialay Black, 249 \\'oodpecker, Menage's Pygmy, 232 \Voodpecker, Mindanao Cr~mson-backed, 243 \Voodpccker Mindoro Black, 252 Woodpecker, Mount Apo Pygmy, 235 \\ ooripecker, Philippine Black, 424 \Voodpecker, Polillo Crimson-b acked, 242 Woodpecker, Ramsay's Pygmy, 236 路Woodpecker, Red-faced Golden, 239 Woodpecker, Red-spotted Crimsonbacked, 242 Woodpecker, Siasi Pygmy, 237 Woodpecker, Sooty, 246 Woodpecker, Spotted Pygmy, 232 Woodpecker, Sulu Black, 25 1 \Voodpecker, Tweeddale's Black, 250 Woodpecker, Yellow-headed Golden, 245 worcesteri, Loriculus, 97 worcesteri, Loriculus Philippensis, 95, 97 \Vow-ha', 263, 264 Yallthocephalus, Chrysocolaptes, 241, 245 xanthogaster, Pericrocotus jlammeus, 364 X antholtema, 228 Xantholtema htemacephala delica, 229 Xantholtema htemacephala htemacephala, 228

Xantholtema htemacephala indica, 229 Xantholtema htemacephala lutea, 229 Xantholtema intermedia, 229 Xantholtema rose a intermedia, 229 X antholtema rosea rose a, 230 Xantholestes panayensis, 337 xanthopygia, Cryptolopha, 339 xanthopygia, Zanthopygia, 307 xanthopygius, Seicercus montis, 339 xanthorhynchus amethystinus, Chalcites,

210 xanthorhynchus bangueyensis, Chalcites, 211 xanthorhynchus, Chalcites xanthorhynchus, 211 xanthorhynchus, Chalcococcyx, 210 xanthorhynchus, Cuculus, 2 I I Xeocephus, 284, 322, 324 Xeocephus cyanescens, 324 Xeocephus rufus, 327 Xe(')cephus rufus cinnamomeus, 324 Xeocephus rufus rufus, 322, 324 Xeocephus rufus talautensis, 324 yairocho, Pitta erythrogastra, 259 yorki, Caprimulgus macrurus, 120 yorki, Collocalia fuciphaga, 179 Yungipicus, 231, 424 Yungipicus Basilanicus, 234 Yungipicus Leytensis, 233 Yungipicus moluccensis tantalus, 235 Yungipicus siasiensis, 237 Zanthopygia, 282, 307, 308, 309 Zanthopygia narcissina iakuschima, 308 Zanthopygia narcissina narcissina, 307, 308 Zanthopygia narcissina owstoni, 308 Zanthopygia narcissina shonis, 308 Zanthopygia narcissina zanthopygia, 308 Zanthopygia xanthopygia, 307 zanthopygia, Zanthopygia narcissina, 308 Zeocephus cinnamomeus, 324 Zeocephus cyanescens, 325 Zosterops, 306, 414 zosterops, Chloropsis viridis, 375 Zosterops frigida, 410 Zosterornis, 398, 414,415, 416, 4 17, 42 1 Zosterornis ajfinis, 418 Zostero'rnis dennistouni, 416, 417 Zosterornis pygmteus, 416 Zosterornis striatus, 415 Zosterornis whiteheadi, 414, 415, 416