The Birds of the Philippine Islands Vol 1 (Part 1 of 2)

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS VOLUME I

THE BIRDS /'

OF THE

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS WITH NOTES ON THE MAMMAL FAUNA

'By THE

HON. 1

MASAYJI tIACHISUKA F.Z.S., F.R.C.S.

Member of the Ornithological Society of Japan; Member of the British Ornithologists' Union; Corresponding Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union

VOLUME I PARTS I & II GALLIFORMES TO PELECANIFORMES

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H. F. &7 G.

Witherby

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Part I, Pages 1 to 168, pllbNslted I6tlt 11larclt 193 1 Part I I, Pages 169 to 439, pub/islltd 14th September 193 2

PRINTED FOR MESSRS H. F .

THE

RIVERSIDE

PRESS

!.9' G. WITHERBY BY

LIMITED,

ED!NBU RGH.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS DURING the long course of preparation of the present volume many ornithological friends have shown great interest in this work, and have given me valuable assistance. \Vithout their sympathetic attitude the value of the work would have been greatly reduced.

As already stated in the chapter on Ornithological History, the major part of the Philippine specimens which have been collected during recent years naturally includes a large mass of valuable material.

These collections have been mainly divided into two parts-one preserved in the British Museum and the other at Lord Rothschild's Museum at Tring Park.

To Lord Rothschild, who for many months allowed me the privilege of working at his museum, giving me all possible help and encouragement, I wish to offer my sincere thanks.

Unfortunately, however, I was able to work through the Philippine series only as far as the Timelidre before the collection was disposed of to the American Museum of Natural History, New York. l I am much indebted to Mr. G. M. Mathews for his kindness in allowing me to make use of a number of original text figures which were reproduced in his great work" The Birds of Australia."

Amo.ng the many well-known authorities on Oriental birds Dr. E. Stresemann, of the Berlin Museum, has given me his constant advice and greatly facilitated my research.

In order to investigate types and little-known specimens I have been obliged to seek information from various sources, and in this connection I would like to mention: Monsieur J. Berlioz, Paris Museum; Dr. H. Friedmann, U.S. National Museum, Washington; Dr. G. Frankenberg, Brunswick Museum; Dr. H. Schauinsland, Bremen Museum; Dr. W. Meise, Dresden Museum; Mr. P. H. Grimshaw, Edinburgh Museum; Mr. F. Leney, Norwich Museum, for their kindness in the loan of specimens and for information received. Lastly, my thanks are due to Miss M. Lawson, of the Bird Room, British Museum, for her help in the typing of the ,manuscript.

1

v

The Auk, xlix., p. 395, 1932.

TO

MY FATHER

CONTENTS PAGE

LIST OF PLATES

IX

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES LIST OF MAPS .

Xill •

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS PREFACE

Xlll

xv I

I. GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE PHYSICAL FEATURES

•

CLIMATE IN GENERAL • RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY

II. ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

III. A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

5 5 7 10 15

BAGUIO

53 53 55 58

VOYAGE TO DAVAO

60

EXPLORATION OF MOUNT Apo

62

THE PLAIN OF COTABATO

81

ZAMBOANGA AND RETURN JOURNEY

86

SECOND EXPEDITION TO MINDANAO

90

PALMAS ISLAND

94

VOYAGE TO MANILA LUZON

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY ApPENDIX I An~D~II

.

V. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT.

96 145 146 150

ADDENDUM

410

INDEX

4II

vii

LIST OF PLATES PLATE

I.

Polyplectron emphanum Palawan Peacock-Pheasant

Frontispiece

l

FACI NG PAGE

(Upper). A Native Market, on the way to Bagnio (Lower). The Author at the Entrance of a Mumm Y Cave 3 (Top Left). An Ingorot W9man of Mountain province} (Centre). An Ingorot Woman (Top Right). An Old Ingorot Chief (Lower). Mountain Province, Home of Ingorot Tribes 4. The Earliest Inhabitants of the Philippines, Negritos 2

"

j

"

" " " " " " "

" " " "

"

" " "

} 5 (Upper). Ho~ Manila Hemp grows (Lower). Wealth of Timber in the Philippines 6. A Pair of Bagobos in Full Dress 7. At Balcatan . .8. Members of the Expedition, below Todaya 9. At Lunch 10. The Author at Lake Faggamb II. A Morning Dip in the Faggamb Crater Lake .

12. Two Views of Mount Apo's Craters 13. Inscription on a Rock at the Summit of a Peak in the Apo Range 14. A Sketch, after Montano, of a View of the Apo, from the Southern Side 15. A Manobo, cooking Rice and Maize in Bamboo, at Quinatilan 16. A Manobo Girl with a Colasisi 17. One Leaf of the Alacasia mMcrorrhiga (H.) schott compared with the Author 18 (Left). An Old Manobo with a Decoy Limucon, at} Kidapawan (Right). A Big Gecko ix

54

56 58

60 62 64 66 68

70 72 74

80 82

86

LIST OF PLATES

x

P'ACTj\; G "AGE

PLATE 19 (Upper). Miss Yamamuraand her Twin Pets at Basilan) (Lower). A species of the Bat Tribe, Chiromclus tor-Jl

88

q~tat'lts

"

20

" " "

" "

"

"

"

"

"

2I.

22.

(Upper). Strange comrades} (Lower). A Baby Tarsier

90

How Manobos keep Rice in their Granaries at Kidapawan

92

Air View of a Primeval Forest at Lake Leonard Wood; north of Dumaquilas Bay, Mindanao

94

23路 (Upper). Megapodius jreycinet cumingi'

Cuming's Megapode (Lower). Turnix sylvatica whiteheadi Whitehead's Button Quail

,

15 0

f

Gallus gallus gallus } Red Jungle Fowl

25路 Phapitreron amethystina amethystina Bonaparte'l Amethystine Brown Pigeon I Le'ucotreron oc.,cipitalis incognitus Tweeddale J" Mindanao Yellow-breasted Fruit Pigeon 26. N eoZeucotreron merriUi MCGregOr} Merrill's Fruit Pigeon N eoZeucotreron marchei (Oustalet) Marche's Fruit Pigeon 27路 Zonophaps mindorensis (Whitehead) 1 Mindoro Zone-tailed Pigeon I Zonophaps poliocephala nobilis HachisukaJ' South Philippine Zone-tailed Pigeon 28. Leucotreron leclancheri leclancheri (Bonaparte) Black-chinned Fruit Pigeon Macropygia phasianeUa tenuirostris Bonaparte Slender-billed Cuckoo Dove J Phapitreron leucotis leucotis (Temminck) Northern White-eared Pigeon 29路 GaUicolumba criniger (J acquinot and Pucheran)) Hair-breasted Pufialada I GaUicolumba luzonica (Scopoli) Luzon Pufialada 30 . Gallicolumba keayi (Clarke) N egros Pufialada

182

188

200

1

j

208

218

222

LIST OF PLATES PLATE

"

"

"

.,

Xl

1

F ACiN G PA GE

3I. Myristicivora bicolor bicolor (ScopoU) Pied Imperial Pigeon Chalcophaps indica indica (Linmeus) Indian Bronze-winged Dove J Calamas nicobarica nicobarica (Linmeus) Nicobar Pigeon 32 . (a) Nycticorax caledonicus manillensis vigors 'l Philippine Night Heron (juvenile) (b) Hypotcenidia torquata (Linnceus) J Philippine Rail 33路 1. Erolia m. rujicollis 2. Erolia temminckii 3. Charadrius d. dubius 4. Cirrepidesmus m. mongolus 5. Arenaria i. interpres 6. Cirrepidesmus veredus 7. Leucop~lius a. dealbatus 8. M icrosa1'cops cinereus 9. Limosa l. melanuroides 10 . M esoscolop,ax minuta II. Numenius p. variegatus 12. Numenius a. lineatus 13. Tringa ocrophus 14. H eteroscelus brevipes IS. Numenius cyanopus 34路 I. Nest and Egg of Red-footed Booby (Sula sula rubripes) , Bancoran Island, Sulu Sea 2. Red-footed Boobies nesting, Bancoran Island 3. Group of East Indian Sooty Terns (5. f. i,njuscata) nesting, Maeander Reef, Sulu Sea 4. Swift Tern (5. b. cristata) nesting. An East Indian Sooty Tern (5. f. injuscata) in the foreground, Maeander Reef 5. Eggs and Young of Swift Tern, Maeander Reef 6. Young of Worcester's White-capped Noddy (M egalopterus m. worcesteri)

" 35路 Dissoura episcopus (Boddaert) White-necked Stork (a) Platalea minor Temminck and Schlegel J Lesser Spoonbill (b) Plegadis jalcinellus peregrinus (Bonaparte) Australian Glossy Ibis

1

224

23 0

280

Xl1

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE 36. (a) Gorsachills 111,eianolophu,s k~dteri (Cabanis) Philippine Oriental Bittern (adult and juvenile) (b) G01'sachius goisagi (Temminck) Japanese Bittern (c) I xobrychus cinnamomeus (Gmelin) Cinnamon Bittern (juvenile) (d) Ixobrychus eurythmus (Swinhoe) Schrenck's Bittern

"

370

37. (Top Right). Ixobrychus Ci11,namOme1,ts (Gmelin) (Top Left). Ixobrychus s. sinensis (Gmelin) (Bottom Right). Butorz'des striatus (adult) (Bottom Left). B1,ttorides striatus (juvenile) A. M areca penelope (L.) d' B. N yroca juligula (L.) d' c. Dafila acuta acuta. (L.) d' D. Nyroca marila mariloides (Vigors) d' E. A nas zonorhyncha Swinhoe F. Nettion crecca (L.) d' G. N ettion c~ecca (L.) Sj2 H. Spatula clypiata (L.) d' 1. Spatula clypiata (L.) Sj2 J. Querquedula querquedula (L.) d' K. Querquedula q1,terquedula (L.) Sj2 L. T adorna tadorna (L.) d' 38. Ptilocolpa carola mindanensis Grantl Mindanao Fruit Pigeon l A nas luzonica Fraser J Philippine Mallard

"

1

39路 Sula rubl'ipes Gould Red-footed Booby A Nesting Colony on Usong Island, Tub-Bataha Reef, off Palawan ' Portion of Colony of Nesting Boobies on Usong ISland'J showing a female S. s. rubripes mated with a male S. l. Plotus

LIST OF TEXT FIGURES I' AGE

Turnix sylvatica whiteheadi. Turnix worccsteri (a) Leucotreron occipitalis incognitus (b) Leucotreron occipitalis occipitalis Showing different proportion of colour pattern on heads. { Different shape of the bills is not a constant character. .

The Head and Leg of Porphyria pulverulentus Orthorhamphus magnirostris Cirrepidesmus leschenaultii Tail Feathers of Erolia minuta Erolia acuminata Capella megala .

(A) Limosa lapponica baue'Yi I (B) Limosa limosa melanuroides f Limosa l. melanuroides .

Limosa lapponica baueri Sula s. rubripes

1

168 186 244

25 8 273 294 297

3I I

3 IB 31 9 320 40 5

LIST OF MAPS F ACI NG PAG E

Philippine Islands, showing Mean Annual Rainfall Mindanao, the Routes of the Author's Expeditions

Xlll

II

94

SYSTEMA TIC LIST OF BIRDS VOLUME I Family MEGAPODIIDiE PAGE

I. M egapodius jreycinet cumingii Dillwyn 2. M egapodius jreycinet pusillus Tweeddale 3· M egapodius jreycinet tabon Bachisuka

151 15 2 153

Family PHASIANIDiE

4- Excaljactoria chinensis lineata (Scopoli) 5· Gallus gallus gaU~ts (Linnreus) 6. Polyplectron emphanum Temminck 7· Francolinus pintadeanus pintadeanus (Scopoli)

154 15 6 159 161

Family TURNICIDiE 8. Turnix oceUata (Scopoli) 9· Turnix jasciata jasciafJa (Temminck) 10. Turnix jasciata nigrescens Tweeddale II. Turnix sylvatica whiteheadi Grant 12. Turnix sylvatica celestinoi McGregor I2a. Turnix sylvatica masaaki Hachisuka .

13. T~trnix sylvatica suluensis Mearns 14. Turnix worcesteri McGregor .

162 163 164 165 166 410 166 168

Family TRERONIDiE

IS· 16.

17· 18.

19· 20.

21.

22.

23· 24· 25·

Sphenurus jormosce australis McGregor Treron cU1'virostra curvirostra Gmelin Treron pompadora axillaris Bonaparte Treron pompadora everetti Rothschild Treron vernans vernans Brisson Phapitreron leucotis leucotis Temminck Phapitreron leucotis mindorensis Hachisuka Phapitreron leucotis limucon Hachisuka Phapitreron leucotis nigrorum Sharpe Phapitreron leucotis samarensis Mearns Phapitreron leucotis albijrons McGregor xv

170 172 173 174 175 177 178 178 179 179 179

XVI

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

26. Phapt'treron Zeucott's brevirostris Tweeddale 27. Phapdreron leucot1's occipitalis Salvadori 28. Phapitreron am,ethystina amethyst ina Bonaparte 29. Phapit?feron amethyst1'na poUllens1's Hachisuka 30. Phapdrero1rt al11,cthystina frontalis Bourns and Worcester 31. Phapit'reron amethyst ina macul1:pectus Bourns and Worcester 32. Phapdreron amethystina br'/,tnnet'ceps Bourns and Worcester 33. Phapdreron amethystina cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester 34. Lellcotreron occ1pdal1:s occ1'pitalis Bonaparte .

35. Leucotreron occipdahs incognit'Us Tweeddale .

36. Lellcotreron leclancheri leclancheri Bonaparte .

37. Leucotreron leclancheri palawana subsp. nov.

38. N eoleucotreron merrilli McGregor 39. N eoleucotreron marchei Oustalet 40. Ptilinopus temminck1,'1' Prevost and De Murs 41. H cematcena melanospila bangueyens'Z:s Meyer 42. Ducula cenea cenea Linnceus .

43. Ducula cenea chalybma Bonaparte 44· Ducula cenea palawq,nensis Blasius 45. Ducula cenea fugaens's Hachisuka 46. Duwla cineracea pic!?'eringii Cassin 47· D'/,icula dneracea langhornei Mearns 48. Ducula dneracea pal111,asensis Mearns 49· Zonophaps poliocephala poliocephala G. R. Gray 50. Zonophaps pohocephala nobilis Hachisuka 51. Zonophaps mindorensis Whitehead 52. Ptilocolpa carola carola Bonaparte 53· Ptilocolpa carola nigrorum Whitehead 54. Ptilocolpa carola mindanensis Grant .

55· Myristicivora bicolo1 f b1'color Scopoli Fam2'ly 56.

57· 58.

59·

181 181 182 182 183 183

IR4 I8S 186 187 188 189 191 192 194 194 195 196 197

I97 I9 R I99 200 200 202 203 203 204

COLUMBIDJE

jantha;nas vitiensis griseogularis Walden and Layard M acropygia phasianella tenuirostris Bonaparte M acropygia phasianella phcea McGregor M acropygia phasianella septcntrionalz's Hachisuka Family

180 181

20 5 207 208 208

PERISTERIDJE

60. Streptopelia dussumie'r i Temminck 61. Streptopelia chinenst's palawana subsp. nov.

62. CEnopopelia tranquebarica h2imilis Temminck 63. Geopelia striata Linnceus

2II

2I2 21 3 2I5

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XVll J'AGE

64· 65· 66.

67· 68.

69· 70.

Chalcophaps indica indica Linnceus Gallicolumba luzonica Scopoli Gallicolumba platence Hartert GaUicolumba keayi Clarke Gallicolumba criniger Jacquinot and Pucheran Gallicolumba menagei Bourns and Worcester Calcenas m'cobarica n£cobarica Linnceus

21 7 21 9 220 221 221 222 224

F am£ly RALLID.iE

71.

72.

73· 74· 75· 76.

77·

78.

79· 80.

81.

82.

83· 84· 85· 86.

Hypotcenidia striata striata Linnceus .

Hypotcenidia philippens£s pMlippensis Linnceus Hypotcenidia torquata Linnceus Rallina fasciata Raffles Rallina s~tPerciliaris eurizonoides Lafresna ye Porzana pusilla pusilla Pallas Porzana plumbea filipina subsp. nov.

Poliolimnas cinere~ts collingwoodi Mathews L imnobcenus fuscus fuscus Linnceus Limnobcenus paykulli Ljungh A maurornis olivacea ohvacea MeyeDi .

A maurornis phcenicura Javanica HQrsfield Gallinula chloropus lozanoi Lletget Gallicrex cinerea Ginelin Porphyrio pulverulentus Temminck Fulica atra atra Linnceus

226 227 229 23 0 23 1 23 2 234 235 23 6 237 23 8 239 240 242 243 24 6

Family PODICIPID.iE

87· Pod~'ceps ruficollis pMlippensis Bonnaterre 88. Podiceps nigr1:collis nigricollis Brehm

247 249

Family PROCELLARIID.iE

25 1

89· Oceanodroma ? sp. McGregor Fam~'ly

PUFFINID.iE

9°· Puffinus le'llcomelas Temminck 91. Puffimts pacific1.tS chlororhynchlls Lesson

25 2 253

Family GRUID.iE

92. A ntigone antigone sharpii Blanford

25 6

Family BURHINID.iE

93· Orth01'hamphus magnirostris magnirostris Vieillot

257

XVlll

SYSTEMA TIC LIST OF BIRDS Family

JACANIDlE PAG It

94· Hydrophasianus chirurgus Scopoli 95· Iredlparra gaUinacea nakamural' subsp. nov.

260 261

Faml'ly ROSTRATULID.fE 96 . Rost1'atula benghalensis benghalensis Linnreus

263

Family CHARADRIIDlE 97· 9 8.

99· 100.

101.

102.

10 3.

104.

105· 106.

Himantop~ts

leucocephalus leucocephalus Gould Cha'radrl:US dtibi~f,S dub ius Scopoli Leucopolius alexandrinus dealbatus Swinhoe Leucopolius peroni Schlegel.

Cirrepidesmus leschenau ltii Lesson Cirrepl'desmus mongolus mongol us Pallas Cirrepidesmus veredtts Gould Pluvialis dominicus julvus Gmelin Squatarola sq~latarola hypomelcena Pallas Mic1'osarcops cinereus Blyth

26 5 26 7 26 9 27 0 27 2 274 275 27 6 27 8 280

Family SCOLOPACIIDlE 107.

108.

10 9.

IIO. III. 112.

II3· II4· II5· II6.

II7· II8.

II9· 120.

121.

122.

12 3.

124.

125.

126.

12 7.

128.

Tringa ocrophus Linnreus Tringa glareola Linnreus Totanus totanus eurhinus Oberholser A ctitis hypoleucos Linnreus .

H eteroscel~ls brevipes Vieillot Glottis nebularius Gunnerus X em£s cinere~ls G1:ildenstadt E rolia minuta rttficollis Pallas E rolia temminckii Leisler Erolia acuminata Horsfield Erolia testacea Pallas Limicola jalcinellus sibirica Dresser.

Crocethia alba Vroeg Calidris canutus rogersi Mathews Calidris tenuirostris Horsfield A renaria interpres interpres Linnreus Capella gallinago gallinago Linnreus Capella stenura Bonaparte.

Capella megala Swinhoe Numenius arquata lineatus Cuvier N umenius cyanopus Vieillot N'ltmenitlS phceop'us variegatus Scopoli

282 28 4 28 5 286 288 28 9 29 1 293 295 297 299 3 00 3 02 303 3 04 3 05 3 08 3 09 3 II 3 13 314 315

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS

XIX PAGE

I29· I3 0 .

I3I. 13 2.

M esoscolopax minuta Gould Limosa limosa melal1!Uroides Gould Limosa lapponica baueri Naumann.

Phalaropus lobatus Linnceus

3I 7 3 I8 320 322

Family GLAREOLIDJE

I33· Glareola pratincola maldivarum Forster

3 24

Family LARIDJE

134· I35· I3 6.

137· 138.

I39· I4 0 .

I4I. 142 .

I43· 144· I45· I46 .

Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin Larus argentatus vegce Palmen Chlidonias leucoptera Temminck Chlidonias leucopareia swinhoei Mathews Sterna hirundo hirundo Linnceus Sterna longipennis Nordmann Sterna bergii cristata Stephens Sterna ancethetus ancethetus Scopoli .

Sterna fuscata infuscata Lichtenstein Sterna albifrons sinensis Gmelin Sterna sumatrana suratrana Raffles A nous stolidus pileatus Scopoli .

M egalopterus minutus worcesteri McGregor

326 328 33 I 33 2 333 334335 33 6 337 33 8 340 34 I 343

Family PLEGADIDJE

I47· Plegadis falcinellus peregrinus Bonaparte 148. Plata lea minor Temminck and Schlegel

345 347

Family CrCONIIDJE

.I49· Dissoura episcopus episcopus Boddaert

348

Family ARDEIDlE

ISO. 151.

I5 2 .

I53· I54· ISS· 156.

157· 158.

159· 160.

Ardea cinerea rectirostris Gould A rdea purpurea manillensis Meyen .

A rdea sumatrana sumatrana Raffles Egretta alba modesta Gray Egretta intermedia 1:ntermed1'a Wagler Egretta gar~etta garzetta Linnceus " Demigretta sacra sacra Gmelin Bubulcus ibis coromandus Boddaert Butorides striatus javanicus Horsfield Butorides striatus amurensis Schrenck Dupetor flavicollis flavicoll1:S Latham

..

35 0 352 353 354 355 35 6 357 359 360 362 3 63

xx

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF BIRDS rAGE

16I. 162.

16 3.

164.

165· 166.

167.

168.

169.

170 .

I xobrychus sinens£s sinensis Gmelin I xobrychus cinnamomeus Gmelin I xobrychu,s e'u,rythmus Swinhoe Bota~trus steUaris steUafis Linmeus' .

Gorsachi~ts melanolophus k1t6tteri Cabanis Gorsachius melanolophus rufolineatus Hachisuka Gorsachius goisagi Temminck Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax Linnreus Nyc#corax caledonicus manillensis Vigors Nycticorax caledonicus maJor Hachisuka

3 65 366 368 36 9 37 1 37 2 373 374 375 37 6

Family ANATIDlE

17I. 17 2 .

173· 174· 175· 176 .

177· 178.

179· 180.

18I. 182.

18 3.

N ettap~ts coromandelianus Gmelin arcuata Horsfield Dendrocygna g1,tttata Schlegel T adorna tadorna Linnreus · A nas luzom'ca Fraser A nas zonorhyncha Swinhoe M areca penelope Linnreus · N ettion crecca Linnreus Dafila ac'Vtta acuta Linnreus Querquedula que11quedulla Linnreus Spatula clypeata Linnreus · Nyroca fuligula Linnreus Nyroca marila mariloides Vigors

Dendrocyg1~a

37 8 381 382 383 385 386 387 388 390 391 393 394 396

Family PELECANIDlE

184. Pelecanus philippensis Gme1in

398

Family PHALACROCORACID.tE

185. Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis Shaw and Nodder

4 00

Family ANHINGIDlE

186. A nhinga rufa melanogaster Forster .

4 02

Family SULIDA:':

187. S1da s~tla rubripes Gould 188. Sula leucogaster Plotus Forster

4 04 406

Fam1:ly FREGATIDlE

189. Fregata aquila Linnreus 190. Fregata ariel ariel Gray

4 07 4 08

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III

PREFACE THE contents of the present volumes, "The Birds of the Philippine Islands," are somewhat larger and wider in scope than most of 'the conventional " bird books."

Even at the present day the Philippine Islands are, to a gr~at extent, well off the beaten tourist-track! but it was not until I had read the experiences of the early travellers and naturalists, and had been some time in the archipelago, that I gained a true conception of the tremendous hardships and difficulties these pioneers had to undergo.

Magellan, the first circumnavigator of the globe, discovered the archipelago, and named it after St. Lazarus. Later, on 27th April 1521, he lost his life durin,g an attempt to subjugate it for the K~g 'Of Cebu and the Catholic faith. In 1541 the islands were renamed the Philippines, after Philip II. of Spain.

Li~e many inhabitants of the South Seas, the Filipinos are passionately fond of . music and of the fragrant wild flowers that grow' in these tropic isles. These flowers, as well as beautiful bird feathers, are used extensively for personal ornamentation. Necklaces of sampagita flowers (]asminum multiflorum and J. sambac) and the perfume of the ilang-ilang (Canangium odoratum) are especial favourites amongst the fair sex.

It 'is likely that the town of Manila derives its name from the Tagalog word manilad, signifyTing a place where there are many nilad growing. The nilad (1xora manila) is a shrub with dainty white blossoms. Legazpi made his administrative centre there in' 1571.

Thereafter the conquest of Luzon proceeded rapidly, and Manila became the centre of the Orient. An extensive trade was done with Mexic'o! and Augustinian and Franciscan friars "caused Catholic influence to penetrate as far as Arnoy and Nagasaki. . .

A few Philippine birds were known to ~ience before 'Linmeus published his first edition of Systema Naturce " in 1758. - Since -then numerous well- known naturalists have investigated the ornis.路 ~J II

A

I

2

PREFACE

these islands, with the result that many additions have been made to the birds inhabiting the archipelago, and numbers of new species discovered.

In the present part I have traced the history of ornithology in the archipelago, and hope that it will be a slight memorial to my predecessors. In this connection an exhaustive bibliography is given, both ornithological and topographical, which is not only a reference to all the works mentioned in the history of the islands, but also forms an essential key to the synonymy of each bird.

My personal knowledge of the islands was a great aid in writing this book, and I have included a chapter on my expedition to Mount Apo, the highest and most interesting peak in the archipelago, and the other parts I visited. Needless to say, the value of a work of this description is much enhanced by a first-hand knowledge of the country.

A part of the book is devoted to the question of zoogeography, and it is of especial i,nterest to know that the innumerable islands will supply us with complex and interesting distributional data. Moreover, the Philippine Islands are situated on the borderline between the Oriental and Australasian. regions, and so far little has been done to determine the natural boundary line between the two, or their biological sub-areas. Zoologists are still somewhat ignorant as to how the Wallace line would run eastward from Bali and Lombok. Assisted by some knowledge of mammals, the author has therefore attempted to solve this problem, and there is no doubt that the mammal group will be of more fundamental importance in arriving at an answer.

Within the confined limits of a preface it would be impossible to mention more than a few of my numerous friends, at home and abroad, who have rendered me assistance in the preparation of this volume, upon which I have been engaged for some years. Amongst these I must include my friend Dr. Guillemard, the distinguished naturalist, who has shown much interest in my work, and has very kindly looked through the proof sheets. To him I tender my grateful thanks. He is one of the very few living authorities who has explored the littleknown area of the Philippines in the famous Marchesa, whose cruise was an outstanding ~vent at the close of last century.

Mr. W. L. Sclater, the editor of the Zoological Record, has also read the proofs, 'and I have to gratefully acknowledge his generous help.

PREFACE

3 I must express my sincere gratitude to the Trustees of the Natural History Museum for permitting me to use the collections and library, and in this connection I would like to mention the names of Dr. P. R. Lowe and Mr. N. B. Kinnear, of the Bird Room, as also that of Mr. H. B. Usher, who has given me constant assistance.

The series of maps has been expressly prepared for this work by Mr. H. F. Milne, of the Royal Geographical Society; while the excellent drawings in the book, both coloured and uncoloured, are by Mr. S. Koyabashi and Mr. H. Gronvold.

Most of the Philippine photographs have been taken by Mr. Ichikawa, a member of the Mount Apo Expedition, and by myself.

M. H. loth October 193 o.

I

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE PHYSICAL FEATURES

IT is most essential for zoologists to know the exact nature of the country where they conduct their operations, and, moreover, of the utmost importance that they gain an accurate knowledge of their surroundings, especially as regards physical formation and climatic conditions.

To one who has not had an ,opportunity of visiting the islands the present references will show their inseparable connection with the problem of zoogeography.

The rainfall map reproduced was prepared by Mr. Milnes, of the Royal Geographical Society. It is based on the report of the weather bureau of Manila, the most up-to-date of its kind.

The Philippine Islands form a part of the great archipelago known as the East Indies. They lie south and east of the continent of Asia, nearly south of the Japanese Islands, and north of Borneo and Celebes, between the meridians of u6째 40' and 126 0 34' east longitude, and between the parallels of 4 0 40' and ~1째 10' north latitude-that is, entirely within the Tropics. The boundaries and the limits of the group are set forth in the paragraph concerning limits in the Treaty of Paris, between the United States and Spain, of loth December 1898 .

In addition to the lands above delimitated, the United States subsequently acquired from Spain the little group of islands known as Cagayan Sulu, and nine other small islands, lying off the north coast of Borneo.

The Philippine Islands are structurally connected with Borneo and Celebes by three isthmuses, which are partly submerged. The westernmost of these connects, through Mindoro, the Calamianes and Palawan (Paragua), with the northern point of Borneo. The passage between the southern point of Palawan and Borneo is shallow and much interspersed with islands-the largest of which is Balabac-and by many coral reefs. The second of these isthmuses connects with the north-easteI'll point of Borneo, and is continued through the Tawi Tawi, Siassi, Jolo and Basilan groups to the south-west point of Mindanao at Zamboanga; thence it follows the peninsula of Zamboanga, and is continued through the Visayan Islands to central Luzon. Between 5

6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

these two connections lies the Sulu Sea, with a maximum depth exceeding 2000 fathoms. The third and easternmost of these isthmuses connects the north-eastern point of the irregular island of Celebes through the Sangur Archipelago to the south-eastern point of Mindanao; thence its course may be traced northward in a great Gurve through the easternmost ranges of Mindanao to Leyte and Samar, and through south-eastern Luzon. This encloses the Celebes Sea, which is much deeper than the Sulu Sea. These three lines of elevation converge in central Luzon, and these combined appear to form the mountain system in the northern part of that island.

Thus these two seas, the Sulu and Celebes, are nearly enclosed, their connections with the Pacific and with the China Sea being everywhere shallow. The result is that their waters are, as a rule, much warmer than those of the adjacent oceans, since warm surface waters only can flow through the passages connecting them.

Considering the Philippine Archipelago by itself, it may be regarded as having the form of a triangle, open at the base and with its most acute angle pointing northward, this being represented by Northern Luzon and the Batan and Babuyan Islands. The western leg of the triangle is represented by Palawan and dependent islands, and the eastern one by the Visayan Islands and Mindanao, with the Sulu Sea lying between them.

These islands, and their mountain ranges, have in general a trend which may be roughly described as northward and southward, although certain of the latter, such as those forming the backbone of Palawan, trend nearly north-east and south-west, while others trend to the west of north and east of south. The trend of these ranges seems to indicate the direction of the forces 路which produced the folds and faults which brought these lands above the sea. This is apparently the only indication of system in the archipelago, and it may be merely fortuitous.

The coastline of the archipelago facing the Pacific is confined almost entirely to the islands of Luzon, Samar and Mindanao, and the west coast to Luzon and Palawan. Within these are included most of the Visayan Islands, besides many hundreds of lesser importance.

The east coast is comparatively simple. It is subjected during most of the year to the continuous force of the trade-winds and a heavy precipitation. Moreover it takes the full force of the equatorial current. This coast contains very few harbours, and its indentations of any sort are slight as compared with other parts of the archipelago.

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

7

ISLANDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO

Number of islands having an area of10,000 square miles or more 1,000 square miles or more, and less than 10,000 square ~~

2

9

100 square miles or more, and less than 1000 square mil~

10 square miles or more, and less than 100 square miles I square mile or more, and less than 10 square miles 0·1 square mile or more, and less than I square mile • Less than 0·1 square mile • • • • Total

•

Number of islands listed by name Number of islands and islets not named

20 73 262 729 2046 31 41 1668 1473

Total Total area of the Philippine Islands, II5,oz6 square statute miles.

CLIMATE IN GENERAL

The Philippine Archipelago is situated in the Torrid Zone, or within the Tropics. The climate is, therefore, generally speaking, tropical, although there are points in the islands where it cannot strictly be so termed. The exceptions are due to the fact that there are so many causes which influence the climatological conditions of the archipelago that the different islands, and even different parts of the same island, have meteorological values so unlike that they possess climates entirely distinct. Not only does the latitude affect the climate, as the word " climate" itself seems to indicate, but also the altitude, the relative distribution of land and sea, the size and configuration of the island, the proximity of mountain ranges, the composition of the soil, the vegetation, the ocean currents-especially those in the straits and the channels-in fine, all those causes which can in any way modify the climatological elements already mentioned.

Before writing of these elements · I propose to say a few words concerning the effects of each of the above causes in the different regions of the archipelago.

Of all the causes mentioned above which have influence on the climatological elements, perhaps the relative latitude has the least

.g

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

influence. For example, Zamboanga, in Mindanao, and Aparri, in Luzon, are separated from each other by more than eleven degrees of latitude, but although Zamboanga is much nearer to the Equator than Aparri it enjoys a climate quite as mild as that of Aparri, which is at the extTeme north of Luzon. The same may be said of Jolo, Davao, Dapitan, and other towns of Mindanao, in comparison with those of the north of Luzon.

Altitude has a great influence on temperature, humidity and direction of the winds in the islands. This may be observed by comparing the climate of the relatively high Baguio with that of the plain of Pampanga. Many other examples of the influence which altitude has on the climate might be cited, such as the towns surrounding Lake Lanao,othe altitude ofowhich is 2200 feet above the level of the sea, compared with the climate of the lowlands around Iligan Bay; the climate·of the highlands of Abra and Lepanto-Bontoc with that of the Cagayan valley; the climate of the rising land all along the ridge, which runs from the River Pansipit to its western slope, with the plain of Balayan, although tnis rising ground is only 300 feet above the level of the sea.

The archipelago is situated between the Pacific Ocean and the China Sea, at a distance of some 500 miles from the Asiatic continent and about 1000 miles from Australia. On one side of the archipelago is the lower limit of an immense area of high pressure, which is caused by the cooling off of the air in the interior of the continent, and on the other is the western limit of the enormous area of high pressure situated in the Pacific. The first area of high pressure slowly changes its position during the course of the year from east to west and from west to east between the parallels 30° and 40° N. During the winter months the centre of the Siberian high-pressure area lends force to the polar wind currents, as well as to the north-east monsoon. The permanent centre of the Pacific high-pressure area, on the other hand, has some influence on the predominance of the east and the south-east winds, especially at the period when the monsoon dies away. It is also very probable that the distribution of land and sea in this part of the Far East is the principal cause of the non-existence of the south-west monsoon in the archipelago, although it blows in the Indian Ocean.

The climatological conditions of the eastern coasts of the larger islands of the archipelago, such as Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Mindoro, Samar and Leyte, are quite different from those of the interior and western coasts of these islands. This is especially the case if the islands extend from east to west, as with Mindanao, Panay and Mindoro. If, on the other hand, the islands are not very broad, and are prolonged in

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

9

the direction north-south, as ale the islands Cebu and Palawan, then the difference is not so great, while if the islands are narrow, like Tablas, Dinagat, Ticao and Burias, there is scarcely any difference between the climate of the interior and that of the eastern and western coasts, no matter what be the general direction of their prolongation.

In saying that the vegetation of a country has some influence on the climate, we mean it to be taken in the sense of amount of vegetation or the amount of land covered by vegetation. Vegetation in general has a very direct influence on the condensation of aqueous vapour, as well as on the radiation of heat, and consequently can modify in a very notable degree the climatological conditions. The two principal elements which it modifies are the rainfall and the temperature.

If we look at a map of the isotherms of the world it will be seen that in many places they are irregular, and depart greatly from the east-and-west course which we would naturally expect them to follow.

The reason for this variation is to be found in the course of the great ocean currents, which cause the interchange of ocean waters between the equator and the poles, and thus cool or warm the surrounding land. There are two geneml currents which affect the zone of the archipelago; the one which extends from latitude 5째 N. to ro o N. has great influence on the temperature of the archipelago of J 010 and the whole of the south coast of Mindanao. The other current, which in some respects is like the Gulf Stream, but much greater, comes from the east in the Pacific and extends from close to latitude roo N. as far as the northern extremity of the tropics-that is, as far as 23째 N. This immense current inclines to the north on reaching the archipelago and then curves to the south of Japan, and flows on from there to the east.

As this current brings cool water it tempers the heat of the eastern coasts, especially during the hot months, when the influence of the north monsoon has become a minimum-that is to say, during the months of March, April and May, during which period it is very probable that this current also contributes to the prevalence of the winds from the second quadrant.

The temperature probably constitutes the principal element of a climate which is considerably modified by the thermic oscillations, especially by the annual oscillation. This annual thermic change varies within the archipelago from 7째 C. on the Batan and Babuyan Islands to 2-3째 C. in the southernmost parts of the Philippine group.

I t must be well understood that we speak of the variations of the mean monthly temperature, not of the extreme, which occur during the year. .This oscillation does not, however, increase uniformly from the J 010 I

10

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

group to the Batanes, but is distributed somewhat irregularly between these limits of the Philippine Archipelago, as the following Table shows : ANNUAL THERMIC OSCILLATION

Place

A nm tal Oscillation Lati tude (0 C,) (N,)

Santo Domingo, or Basco (Batan Island) Aparri (Cagayan, Luzon) San Isidro (Nueva Ecija, Luzon) Tarlac (Tarlac, Luzon) , Surigao (Mindanao) Arayat (Pampanga, Luzon) Baguio (Benguet, Luzon) Antimonan (Tayabas, Luzon) Dagupan (Pangasinan, Luzon) San Fernando (La Union, Luzon) Iloilo (Panay) , Legaspi (Albay, Luzon) Manila, Iba (Zambales, Luzon) J: Capiz (Panay) , Orinog (Leyte) , Cebu (Island of Cebu) Davao (Mindanao) Tagbilaran (Bohol)

7'0

20 28

6'S

18 22

5'2 5'2

IS 22 IS 3 1

4'6 4'6

9 47 IS 8

4'0

16

3S

4'3

14

2

4'3

16

4

4'2

16

37

3'8

IO 42

3'5 3'5

13 9 14 3S IS 21 I I 36

3'4 2'9 2'8

IO 18

2'7

10 18

2'2

7

2'1

9 38

I

From tbis Table we learn, generally speaking, that the thermic oscillation increases with latitude, and in equal latitudes the oscillation is less on the coast than in the interior.

RAINFALL AND HUMIDITY

There cannot be any doubt that the most interesting feature of the climate of the Philippines is the monthly distribution of rainfall, If this element were about the same throughout the archipelago there would be hardly any difference of climate in the Philippines, But, as it is, the different position of the islands, which makes them, or part of them, more or less exposed to the general winds prevailing in the Philippines, both in winter and in summer, is the principal cause of the different kinds of climate, in spite of the relatively small extension of the archipelago from east to west, especially in Luzon, In winter the rains of the Philippines are due mainly to the north-easterly air currents, which, coming directly from the Pacific, cause abundant

BORNEO

~~

.

.... ...

yv.

Sv.

•. ",..I? ' •.•.

~~

' .

•

. 0;::>

<

V

""'-~

C

~

e,......

•

:-

v·

r1

~.~ j~ . ~. 'lY~ ;.,0 cP~

'0 0

•. oQ..

. ~;. ....

.'

~~o

~

. po:,

..? ...•.

.~~

G;:S

<}Babuyan., P;

o

../!

0;

so I I

,

0 !

100

ft

60

80

60

Over 120

100 " 120

80 " ]00

to

40

Und.er 40 inches

Reference

I

50

St-at;u.te Mile s I

150

ISLANDS

Me an Annual Rainfall

showing

PHILIPPINE

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

II

rains to fall over the eastern part of the archipelago. Hence they are sometimes called "N.E. monsoon rains." In summer and autumn the rains are due mainly to the influence of typhoons, which either cross the islands, generally from E.S.E. to W.N.W., or pass some distance to the north. These rains, though quite general throughout the archipelago, are more abundant in Luzon and the Visayas, and exceptionally heavy at times in the western part of these islands, which is more exposed to the westerly and south-westerly winds. As the great majority of typhoons that occur from June to October pass to the N.E. or N. of the Philippines, or cross the northern part of Luzon, the winds from W. and S.W. are the most prevalent during that season. These cyclonic rains are far from being continuous, their frequency depending entirely on the frequency of typhoons.

The following remarks on the winter rainfall in the Philippines made by Father Miguel Saderra Maso in his pamphlet, "Annual Amount and Distribution of Rainfall in the Philippines," may be of interest to our readers : " These winter rains cannot be called continuous, for they depend not only on the fluctuations of the continental centre of high pressure, but also on the barometric oscillations of less importance which occur in the southern part of the Philippines. Whenever the N. winds are due to the formation and advance of the continental centre of high pressure, the barometric gradient is very conspicuous as far as I3째 lat.

N., but not in lower latitudes, although the winds from the N. and N.E. keep their strength all along the northern and eastern coasts of the archipelago as far as 6째 lat. N. It sometimes happens that, when the barometers rise very much on the continent and in the neighbouring seas, the northers reach as far as the centre and W. of Luzon and the Visayas, with cloudy and wet weather, known in the country as the dirty norther.' In this case the N. winds may be considered as normal, as they are also when the barometric gradient is specially pronounced, owing to some depression crossing the southern part of the archipelago. But there is a special case which happens frequently and which must be reckoned as a peculiar circumstance of the Philippine norther-viz. that sometimes when the continental centre of high pressure decreases, and the barometers fall considerably on the China coast and in the neighbourhood of Formosa, slight depressions are formed, which remain almost stationary over the Visayas or Mindanao.

When this occurs the northers lose all their force above 20째 N. lat., but continue in the archipelago, sometimes with considerable strength, and with rain for about a week. This is due entirely to the slow development and movement of the depression in the S. t

12

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

" The epoch or date on which the winter rains usually begin is very uncertain; isolated periods of the N.E. monsoon may occur at the beginning of November or even during October, while on the other hand there are years in which the first northers do not come till the second half of December. The same happens with regard to the end of the period; though during the months of January and February the centre of high pressure advances toward the E. and S.E., and consequently the winds in the archipelago revert quickly to the E. ; nevertheless, it is not extraordinary to have a few gusts of N. wind after the middle of February. " The other rains, that occur mainly in spring, and may be called , thunderstorm rains,' are of little importance, as compared with the other two kinds of rainfall just mentioned, and they are generally observed only in the afternoon or in the evening."

It will be appropriate here to give a short account of the different types of rains, which can be classified into four : First Type.-Two pronounced seasons, dry in winter and spring, wet in summer and autumn. Only the cyclonic or summer rainfall prevails, the other being hardly noticeable; hence, the dry season of winter, lasting from three to six or seven months. This is the type shown by the monthly distribution of rainfall in all the stations on the western part of the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and Palawan, and the western and southern part of Panay.

Strictly speaking, by a dIY month in the Philippines should be understood a month with less than 50 millimetres of rain; yet sometimes a month with even more than 100 millimetres of rain is considered a dry month, especially if it comes after three or more very dry months.

Thus Father Saderra Maso says: " It is noteworthy that the mean rainfall of May in the central plains ann mountain regions of Luzon surpasses the monthly normal average; nevertheless, this month is considered as a dry one because the rain is not sufficient to prepare the fields for the next rice crop. " Second Type.-No dry season; with a very pronounced maximum rain-period in winter. The regions enjbying this type of climate or of monthly dist~ibution of rainfall are Catanduanes, Sorsogon, the eastern part of Albay, the eastern and northern part of Ambos Camarines, a great portion of the eastern part of Tayabas, practically the whole of Samar, the eastern part of Leyte, and a great portion of the eastern part of Mindanao. There is in the regions of this type much of cyclonic or summer and autumn rainfall, but the maximum monthly rainfall is .generally that of December and January, while the monthly amounts of rain for the summer and autumn months are far from being so great.

There is not a single month dry in regions of this type, the minimum

GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

13

monthly rainfall occurring in some places in spring, and in other places In summer.

Third or Intermediate A Type.-No very pronounced maximum rain-period; with a short dry season lasting only from one to three months. This type is intermediate between the preceding two, although it approaches more the first type, inasmuch as there is in it a short dry season. Regions with this type of climate are the western part of Cagayan, Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya Provinces, the easternmost part of Mountain Province, a small portion of the southern part of Tayabas, Masbate, Romblon, the north-eastern part of Panay, the eastern part of Negros, the central and southern part of Cebu, part of Misamis, Agusan and Bukidnon Provinces, the peninsula of Zamboanga, and a good portion of Eastern Palawan. The short dry season experienced in regions of this type occurs in some places in winter and in other places in spring.

Fourth or Intermediate B Type.-No very pronounced maximum rain-period and no dry season. This is also an intermediate type between the first and the second, but approaching more the second, inasmuch as there is no dry season in it. Regions with this type of climate are the Batanes Province, the easternmost part of Northern Luzon from Cagayan Province to about one-third of the Tayabas east coast, the western part of Ambos Camarines and Albay Provinces, the Bondoc Peninsula, the eastern part of Mindoro, Marinduque, a small portion of Samar near Calbayog, the western part of Leyte, the northernmost -p art of Cebu, the islands of Bohol, J 010 and Basilan, and a great portion of Mindanao, including the provinces of Lanao and Cotabato, the western part of Davao and Misamis Provinces, and the eastern part of Zamboanga Province.

Both cyclonic and N.E. monsoon rains, as well as thunderstorm rains, are experienced in these regions, with not a single month dry during the year, the minimum monthly rainfall occurring generally in spring, although in Davao it takes place in January.

The reason why the Batanes and the easternmost part of Northern Luzon have this fourth type of climate and the second type, like the regions of the eastern part of the archipelago, may be this: typhoons crossing Northern Luzon and the Batanes Islands are the most frequent in summer, hence the amount of cyclonic or summer rains over that region is so great that, no matter how much rain may fall there during the N.E. monsoon, the period of winter rain is no more pronounced than the period of summer and autumn rain.

There is a very great amount of water-vapour in the atmosphere of the Philippine Islands. This quantity of vapour is due to the extraordinary evaporation from the seas that surround them on all sides . to

14

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the richness of their vegetation, to the different prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year, and finally, to the abundant rains so proper to a tropical country. The first two may be considered as general causes of the great humidity which is usually observed in all the islands throughout the year, while the other two may influence different regions of the archipelago. Thus in winter, when the rains are so abundant in the eastern part of the Philippines. owing to the prevailing north-easterly winds, the humidity must be greater there than in the western part, where a dry season prevails. On the other hand, from June to October, the rains, although quite general throughout the archipelago, are more abundant in the western part of the Philippines, which is more exposed to the prevailing westerly and south-westerly winds; hence the humidity of the air is greater there than in the eastern part of the archipelago.

REFERENCES

"Climatologia de l~s Filipinas in EI Archipelago Filipino," vol. ii.

"Census of the Philippine Islands," 1903. Washington, 1904.

"EI Archipielago Filipino." Coleccion de datos Torno I and II. Washington, 1900 .

.

"The Climate and We ther of the Philippines, 1903 to Coronas, S.]. Manila, 1920.

1918.~~

By Jose

II: ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY THE 路following is an attempt to give an account of the historical events in the ornithological development of the Philippine Islands with sufficient detail to explain each fact. The author, however, met with considerable difficulty in searching through literature on the subject, and in some instances sufficient materials could not be found.

Therefore it is to be understood that some points are but briefly described through lack of sufficient data. On the other hand, several pages have been devoted to an expedition that was thought to supply interesting and suitable details.

The Philippine Islands supplied the materials for- the earliest memoir on exotic birds that has come down to us, written by Georg Joseph Camel, the Moravian Jesuit, in 1703; his name is familiar to us through the flower Camellia, which was called after him.l Camel sent his collections to a well-known English naturalist, James Petiver, in London, who described seventy-one species, made known to us in the Philosophical Transactions. From examples collected in the Philippine Archipelago by Poivre and by Sonnerat, the descriptions of many of the oldest species in our books were taken.

The literature of the subject practically commences with Brisson,2 who in his well-known work published original descriptions of many species said to have been obtained in the Philippines. Most of these are true Philippine species; but several of them were obtained in other parts of the world, and have no claim to a Philippine habitat.

The next, and certainly the most important, writer was Sonnerat, 3 the French traveller. He described and figured sixty-five species as having been obtained by him when in the Philippines; but a careful investigation shows that only thirty are inhabitants of the archipelago.

Several of his species remain to this day undetermined; yet his descriptions and figures were probably taken from actual specimens, although he is frequently most inaccurate in the localities he assigns.

Besides the species made known in his "Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinee," Sonnerat brought to Paris several Philippine specimens, which were subsequently described by Buffon or by Montbeillard, and figured

by D'Aubenton. On many of the Brissonian descriptions Linnc.eus 1 II De Avibus Philippensibus," Philosophical Transactions, vol. xxiii. 1702-1703.

'M. J. Brisson, .. Ornithologia," 1760. a "Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinee," 1776.

15

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

16

founded titles; and to nearly all the plates in Sonnerat's work Scopoli, and after him Gmelin, gave binominal designations; while some of the species described in the" Histoire N aturelle," or figured in the" Planches Enluminees," received names from either Ludwig Statius Mtiller, Gmelin, or Latham, and in some cases from all of these writers.

Generally subsequent authors named the species they described, and consequently little difficulty is encountered in the endeavour to recognize their species.

After residing at Manila, and forming collections in the interior of Luzon, Sonnerat visited Antique, the capital of the island of Panay, and then Zamboanga. Dussumier, a well-known French collector in the Far East-more particularly in the Malay Peninsula-brought back to Paris sixty-four bird skins in r820, and on several occasions presented collections to the museum there. He stayed at Manila, in the Philippines. Turtur dussumieri, Cyclopsittacus lunulatus and Psittacus loxia were eventually discovered amongst his collections.

In January, r829, a Russian corvette, the Semarine, called at Manila, and Kittlitz, who was under Captain Ltitke, obtained some new species of birds. An interesting account of Ltitke's voyage, 芦 Autour du Monde" (Bd. IlL, r836, pp. 325-328), was written by A. Postels. 1 Turdus luzoniensis and Dicceum pygmceum were Kittlitz's discoveries. He is known to have been a renowned collector in the Pacific, and the discoverer, in May of the same year, after leaving Manila, of the now extinct Bonin Island Grosbeak Chaunoproctus.

Quite a number of classical Philippine birds were sent home by Mr. H. H. Lindsay, of Canton, who, in the summer of r830, collected about fifty-six species in the neighbourhood of Manila. At least fifty of these had not previously been in any English public collection at that time. His collection was exhibited by Vigor at a meeting of the Zoological Society, 28th June r83I. A descriptive letter from the collector was read. I t gave notes as to species as well as Tagalog names.

New names are as follows:

Hierax erythrogenys; Buteo holospilus; Caprimulgus macrotis; Dacelo lindsayi; Dacelo lessonii; M uscicapa occipitalis; Rhipidura nigritorquis; Irena cyanogaster; Oriolus acrorhynchus; Psittacula rubifrons; Picus spilolophus; Picus modestus; Lampromorpha amethystina ; Nycticorax manillensis.

It is possible that Hugh Cuming may have visited all the localities, a路s well as many others not covered by S6nnerat. He resided for a long :,

lj

Also" Memoires presentes a l'Aca~l. Imp. Sc. de St Petersburg," vol. 'ii. (1833), and" Kupfertafeln z. Naturgesch. d. Vogel" (1832-33).

1

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

I7

time in the Philippines, between r836 and r839, but, as his large collection of birds was broken up without being catalogued (having been brought to Europe at a time when geographical distribution attracted less attention than now), we possess no published record of the exact localities where his specimens were obtained.

A large portion of his ornithological collection was made in the southern part of the island of Luzon,I and sent from Manila to the Zoological Society in November r837. It contained 395 birds and r2 quadrupeds. Since then, however, it has become scattered, and the origin of many of the individual specimens cannot now be identified.

Hugh Cuming, originally a shell collector, went specially to collect plants, 2 and birds were an additional line.

Nevertheless many novel species, such as the endemic Philippine Cuckoo and Duck, Lepidogrammus cumingi and A nas luzonica, were described by Fraser 3; moreover, the rare Puifonus leucomelas was collected by him.

A French expedition by La Bonite called at Manila in December r836, and the zoologist on board, named Eydoux, procured several bird specimens through Gironniere, and others residing in that town. 4 Dumont d'Urville's second expedition in another schooner, also called L'Astrolabe, and La Zelee, remained at Zamboanga in June and July of r839, and obtained a few zoological specimens. Naturalists on board for this voyage au P~le Sud were Hombron and Jaquinot.

Halcyon hombroni was discovered in the Philippines, as was Pachycephala jaquinoti of New Guinea. A beautiful Philippine Ground-Pigeon, GaUicolumba criniger, highly praised by aviculturists, was named by J aquinot and Pucheran.

A certain French naturalist, called Barrot, in r839 brought home to Paris forty-three bird skins, including the type of Omeotreron batilda, from the Philippines.

A South Sea surveying and exploring expedition was thought to be necessary by Commodore Jones and his friends in the United States navy. This met with the approval of the learned societies of the United States, and towards the end of r837 was practically in being.

To Mr. Titian Ramsay Peale were assigned the subjects of Mammalogy and Ornithology. Others were given different branches of work.

Disagreement as to whom the command should be entrusted ended in Lieutenant Charles Wilkes being appointed to this post, and final instructions were issued in r838. The expedition, after having spent Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. 93.

R. A. Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew, 1908, p. II6; E. D. Merrill, Pub. Bur. Gov. Lab. Manila, Dec. 1906, p. 6g; H. and A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc., Nov. 10, 1863, 1

2

p. 1.

3

~

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1839, p. IIZ. "Zoologie du Voyage de La Bonite," L, 1841.

B

18

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

four years in the Pacific and Antarctic Seas, returned to Washington, bringing numerous Philippine specimens back with them.

A good deal of misunderstanding and unpleasantness resulted.

About one hundred copies of Peale's report were printed. The copies were to be illustrated with plates of mammals and birds, but as these were not ready in time Peale was dismissed from his post, on 14th June 1848. The book was eventually issued without Peale's introduction, which explained the conditions and instructions under which the report was drawn up. In 1851 a fire destroyed all copies not distributed. Cassin brought out a second edition in 1858, together with Peale's plates rearranged and renumbered. All the Philippine birds mentioned in Cassin's narrative (volume viii., dealing with Mammalogy and Ornithology) were collected by Peale in the Wilkes Expedition of 1838-42.1 In 1844 La Favorite sailed to the Philippines. The ship's surgeon was C. R. A. Lec1ancher, who collected a male type of Loriculus bonaparti in Sulu in June, and also Leucotreron leclanchert路. This voyage must not be confused with the one he made in the Venus, when he collected Passerina leclancheri in America. La Favorite was out on the high seas between 1841 and 1844. Lec1ancher's extensive collection, now preserved in the Paris Museum, was made chiefly in Borneo and Celebes.

H.M.S. Samarang, under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, sailed to the East Indies and Japan in 1848, and Arthur Adams, the ship's surgeon, made researches into the natural history of the lands visited. No birds were described after the return of this famous cruise.

In June r858 an Austrian round-the-world frigate, Novara, called at Manila for a short time, and tbe naturalist on board was George von Frauenfeld. A magnificent account of the voyage was published in Vienna in 1861.

A. Fedor Jagor was a German traveller in the Philippines in 1859-60, and gave a collection of natural history specimens to the Berlin Museum. His interesting narrative appeared in English, "Travels in the Philippines" (1875), fully illustrated. His trip is memorable for the finding of Dermophrys jagori, from Luzon.

Well known as the author of "Iconographie des Perroquets " (1857), and as a private collector, Charles de Souance contributed to the Philippine avifauna by recognizing several forms in Colasisi (Loriculus).

Manila was visited from time to time by different travellers and explorers, and new species were obtained, which, on being qrought to Europe, were described and named. But our knowledge of the 1 G. M. Mathews, "Notes on Volume VIII. of the United States Exploring Expedition,

by Titian R. Peale, published in 1848." Ibis, 1929, p. 690.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

19

ornithology of the Philippines still remained of a most elementary character, only 193 species having been noted by 1866. 1 The few ornithologists who have visited the archipelago since the time of Sonnerat (1771) do not exceed eight in number, and only three or four points were touched at by them-viz. Manila, Antique, and Zamboanga. In 1871 new ground was broken by Mr. Leopold C. Layard, who collected in Negros and Guimaras. His interesting account of the islands was taken chiefly from his letter written to his father, Edgar L. Layard, the South African ornithologist, and published in Ibis, 1872, by Viscount Walden. Two species, Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus and Dicrurus mirabilis, were described as new.

A well-known German naturalist, Dr. Adolf Bernhard Meyer, tra velled between 1870 and 1873 in the East Indian Archipelago, having been induced to go out to this part of the globe in the hope that its myriad islands would afford the possibility of studying the variation of species in the Darwinian sense. Meyer took his course to the Philippines in the month of December 1871, and the first three months of the following year some of the principal islands were visited. During that short period this indefatigable collector obtained a large series of ornithological specimens representing ninety-six species.

Two species, Hyloterpe philippinensis and Orthotomus castaneiceps, were new to science. 2 The islands visited by him were Luzon, Negros, Cebu, Cujo and Guimaras. Meyer's materials were worked out by Viscount Walden, who published a much-improved list,3 deriving great assistance in regard to this collection from the work of Dr. Eduard v. Martens.

Hitherto most of the authentic so-called Philippine specimens of birds contained in European collections had been procured in Luzon, collected at no very great distance from the town of Manila, and nearly all the zoological travellers who had visited the Philippines had confined their researches to the vicinity of that town. It follows, consequently, that" the Philippines "-so frequently occurring as a geographical expression in lists from the days of Brisson, until the time when Viscount Walden received collections from various islands in the group, and was finally led to publish his new list in Transactions of the Zoological Society in 1875-must be taken to mean the country adjacent to the town of Manila. However, only a very few species must be excluded from this rule, and Sonnerat is the only exception before the publication of G. R. Gray's Handlist.

Viscount Walden, the President of the Zoological Society, in his 1 2

Martens, Journ. fur Ornith., 1866.

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, pp. 252-253.

8 Trans. Linncean Soc., 1875.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

20

list made an important improvement in the subject. In the former list (by Martens) there were still several authentic species omitted, and in some instances titles belonging to the same were treated as belonging to distinct species; moreover some new species had been discovered and described since Dr. Eduard v. Martens wrote. Nor in the somewhat intricate synonymy is the subject in all instances dealt with, and Walden endeavoured to fix on a firm basis the nomenclature of all Philippine birds up to those so far known.

Walden's list compared with Martens deducts 24; 4 from being undeterminable, 7 because they are not found in the Philippines, 2 because the Philippine habitat is not satisfactorily established, and I I because they bear as distinctive titles the synonyms of species already catalogued under other titles. The author thus admits 170 of Martens' list, and added 49, bringing the number of birds authentically known to him up to 2Ig. (Palawan, Balabac and the Sulu Archipelago are excluded from the Philippine zoogeographical area. Both of these island groups were all but zoological blanks, only about half-a-dozen species having been reported from the Sulu.) The author later admitted the total number as 218, a diminution of 1. 1 During the years 1870-74 Dr. ], B. Steere, Professor of Zoology in the University of Miohigan, made an extended trip for the purpose of gathering zoological specimens and ethnological materials, and in the course of his journey visited the Philippine Islands.

He found the archipelago in an unsettled condition. The fierce Moros, one of the civilized yet most pugnacious tribes in the south, Mohammedans by religion, interfered somewhat with his work, and the means of communication between the islands was most unsatisfactory.

Dr. Steere was hampered by ill-health, but, in spite of the disadvantages under which he laboured, he secured a considerable collection of birds, which he took with him to London. Dr. Sharpe, who was responsible for their classification, proved that the collection contained representatives of no less than forty-three species hitherto unknown to science.

The report appeared in the Transactions oj the Linntean Society in r877路2 A magnificent Cuckoo from Palawan, Dryococcyx harringtoni, was named in honour of Mr. Harrington. This gentleman was a Professor of Botany at the University of Michigan, and was an old schoolfellow and college friend of Dr. Steere, and the name was given by request of the collector.

There were altogether more than sixty species to be newly added in this essay.

Tweeddale, Froc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 686.

Sharpe, Trans. Lin. Soc., Ser. 2, "Zool.," vol. i., November 1877, pp. 307-355. pIs. xlvi .. liv.

1

2

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

21

Sharpe writes as follows: "There is no doubt that even this number would have been increased but for the severe attacks of a fever he contracted in Balabac. As it is, however, the results are considerable, and Dr. Steere ... is to be heartily commended by all naturalists for the vigorous way in which he combated the difficulties of climate and personal danger in the pursuit of science; and how, in the face of such trials, he reaped such an abundant harvest. The danger from pirates alone may be estimated from the fact that he collected many of his specimens in the company of native hunters and their dogs. The latter animals were in.dispensable companions on such an expedition, as they could give timely warning of the approach of piratical Malays. Again, even in Basilan, it was impossible even to bathe under the shelter of the fort without keeping firearms at hand for personal defence."

The route of Steere's expedition was as follows: "Leaving HongKong for Manila, in May r874, Dr. Steere crossed the island of Luzon by way of Mauban and Lucban to the Pacific, passing some time on the mountain of Ma-hay-hay, near the Laguna de Bay. In July he went by steamer to the colony of Puerto Princesa, on the east side of the island of Palawan, where he stayed a month. Thence he crossed to the island of Balabac and remained a month, afterwards visiting the south-east corner of the island of Mindanao and spending a month and a half at Zamboanga and the Indian village of Dumalon, in the same province. The island of Basilan, lying between Mindanao and the Sooloo group, was next visited; and here he stayed two weeks, after which he returned to Zamboanga and thence to Manila. In the month of December he again went south, stopping at Ilo-Ilo, on the island of Panay, and visiting the mountains in the interior. After a short stay on the neighbouring island of Guimaras he crossed over to Negros, journeying on horseback round the north end of the island; thence in a native boat he traversed the sea to Cebu, which he crossed, till he arrived at the town of the same name, where he took horse again and rode southward, crossing the island once more and passing over the strait to the town of Dumaguete, on the island of Negros. Dr. Steere then went back to Cebu and crossed to the island of Bohol; after passing round part of this island he returned to Cebu and afterwards to Manila, where he visited the Negritos on the north side of the Bay of Manila, leaving finally in April for Singapore." 1 The Challenger Expedition (r873-76) arrived in the Philippines about the same time as Steere's first and private trip, and visited six islands-viz. Panay (Ilo-Ilo), Manila, Cebu, Camiguin, Malanipa, and Zamboanga and Pasananca in Mindanao. I t is not on record that two of these islands, Camiguin and Malanipa, had ever previously been 1

Nature, 3rd August 1876.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

22

visited by any ornithologist, and from .M indanao only some nineteen species of birds were known.

Dr. Steere, at about the time the Challenger was near Mindanao, collected many additional species of birds on that island, as he did also in the islands of Cebu and Panay.

The exact course taken by the Challenger was recorded, the extract from Dr. J. Murray's ornithological notebook adding to each specimen of bird the scientific name assigned by the Marquess of Tweeddale. 1 The following were then described as new: Loric'Ul'Us panayensis; Batrachostotn'Us septimus; Buceros mindanensis; Dicceum mindanense; N ectarophila J'ulice; Phabotreron brevirostris.

Dr. Murray later lived in Edinburgh, where he was Director of the Scottish Marine Station for Scientific Research, while he was also a member of the Fishery Board for Scotland.

Besides being favourably known as an able, energetic and zealous field naturalist, and one of the foremost explorers of the fauna of Borneo, A. H. Everett was also one of the most successful ornithological collectors in his field, the tropical East. His painstaking work in the Philippines in those days must have been, a veritable self-sacrifice. Everett arrived in Manila at the beginning of r877. He commenced his zoological collecting at Monte Alban, now known as a picturesque spot near the city. A water-reservoir was found; it can now be reached easily by motor-car. He collected at San Matteo, not far from Manila. Everett collected three hundred and sixty-one skins from January to March.

The month of 'April and a few days in May were spent in Cebu. He was the fourth after r872, when A. B. Meyer obtained eighteen species.

Later on Dr. Steere and members of the Challenger Expedition increased the number of known Cebu species to twenty-three. Everett was dissatisfied with the result of his labours on the island, an attack of fever having confined him for some time to the house. Notwithstanding this he very considerably extended the knowledge regarding Cebu birds, having succeeded in securing two hundred and eighty-two specimens, representing seventy-five species. He was able, during the short period of his stay, to add fifty-four new species,2 including six hitherto undescribed-viz.

Oriolus assimilis; Phyllornisflavipennis; Zosterops everetti; Prionochilus quadricolor ; Turnix nigrescens; M egapodius pusillus.

Some of these names were considered as synonyms by Mr. McGregor in his "Manual of the Philippine Birds," but an examination of Everett's type specimens in the British Museum proves that some of the 1

Proc. Zoo I. Soc., 1877-

: Ibid.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

23

names can be used for distinct races. The months of May, June and July were spent in Mindanao. Everett no longer stayed at Zamboanga, where, since Sonnerat's visit, Dr. Steere had collected and added some twentynine species, which number the Challenger increased by eleven. Everett selected new ground and proceeded to Butuan, on the Butuan river in the north, and afterwards changed his station to Surigao, situated at the northern point of Mindanao, and then to Placer, on the north-east side.

In spite of being attacked by fever and hindered by the rainy season he added forty-three to the already known fifty-nine species.

Of these nine were new to science-viz.

Tanygnathus everetti; M ulleripicus fuliginosus; Penelopides ajjinis; Criniger everetti.. Orthotomus nigriceps; DicCBum cinereigulare; lEthopyga bella; A nthothreptes griseigularis; Leucotreron incognita.

The north (except Lanao), north-east, and east of Mindanao were visited only by Everett. I know of no one who has revisited those districts. He then investigated the islands of Dinagat, Bazol, Nipa and Sakuyok, lying north of Mindanao. These islands are separated from one another by very narrow channels, but they are situated in an area where strong winds blow in various directions, either the S.W. or the N.E. monsoon, wi h little cessation during the greater part of the year, accompanied by violent squalls and typhoons, so that any high degree of specialization in the local avifauna would seem' a priori out of the question. In spite of this condition Everett found birds to , be excessively rare in Dinagat; nevertheless he obtained thirtynine species, seven being new 1 : Ceyx argentata; Hypothymis cCBlestis ; M ixornis capitalis,. DicCBum everetti ; DicCBum schistaceum; Prionochilus olivaceus " lEthopyga dubia.

The month of August was spent in Nueva Valencia and Dumaguete in the extreme south of Negros, whence Z osterops nigrorum,. M acropygia eurycerca

were described as new. 2 The island of Leyte was visited at A.mparo on the south-west coast, whence Thriponax pectoralis; Arachnothera flammifera

were new. 3 Everett visited Panay for the first time in September and October, where, at San Francisco, on the west coast of th~ i~land, he discovered DicCBum modestum. 4 1

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878.

2

IMd.

3

Ibid.

4

Ibid.

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

24

Again Everett called at Zamboanga, previously visited by the naturalists of the Challenger Expedition, who collected in the vicinity of the town, thereby increasing the total of known species to fiftynine. Everett arrived at Zamboanga in March 1877, and collected within a radius of ten miles of the settlement, chiefly in the hilly country some five miles distant at the back of the town. Of the ninety-eight species collected, only thirty-three had previously been known to inhabit this part of Mindanao, so that sixty-five species were added by Mr. Everett, eleven being new to the Philippines and six to science. 1 Among those newly descrjbed is Chtetura picina, rarest of rare birds. Its scarcity may be judged from the fact that four or five specimens were discovered sporadically, with an interval of five-or say ten-years between successive specimens. It was a great joy to me to have the good fortune to rediscover this Swift on the outskirts of Mount Apo in February 1929' Examples of six species previously said to have a Philippine habitat Mr. Everett found at Zamboanga and its vicinity, so that the known total of Zamboanga species identified from specimens amounted to one hundred and eighteen in 1878, thus reducing the numbers of uncertain Philippine species to twenty-nine. Everett also visited Palawan in November r877. He landed at Puerto Princesa and remained to the beginning of January; then becoming disabled by fever he was obliged to return to Manila to recruit his health. He succeeded, however, in getting fifty-two species of birds, thirty-two of which were additional to those obtained by Dr. Steere. Steere collected twelve species not obtained by Everett, therefore the total number of Palawan species in 1878 was only sixty-four, all collected in the vicinity of Puerto Princesa. Nine were described as new. 2 Mter leaving Leyte, Everett stopped for a week at Talibon, on the north coast of the island of Bohol, and then left for Palawan, while his brother proceeded to the interior of the island. There he found a country covered with grass twelve feet high and with no forest except on the tops of a few hills.

Bird life was disappointing, yet he discovered seven species new to the Philippines. In the year 1876 the island of Basilan was for the first time visited by Steere, who during the fortnight he resided at the Spanish settlement of Isabela 3 obtained examples of twenty-three species of birds.

Everett reached Basilan in May 1879, and remained there during June. Fifty-six species were obtained in alL Of these twelve only Froc. Zool. Soc ., 1878.

Ibid., p. 611.

3 I adopt the spelling Isabela, not Isabella; Manila, not Manilla; Cebu, not Zebu.

The genuine Spanish spelling is employed in American official use and in the Times Atlas.

1

2

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

25

were enumerated by Sharpe, but, through Everett's exertions, Lord Tweeddale was able to increase the number by forty-eight. These eleven not met with by Everett were collected by Steere, so that the total number of Basilan species in 1879 was sixty-seven.

Mr. Everett wrote to the Marquess of Tweeddale as follows: "Wet season at its height, and the rain has been incessant. The hostility of the natives renders it impossible to go beyond a radius of four or five miles from the village without a well-armed party. Hence the collection is rather meagre. Apart from these causes, however, the collection is likely to prove disappointing; for the avifauna of the island does not seem to offer any very marked features to distinguish it from that of the Zamboanga peninsula." 1 A curiously interesting Sulu Hornbill, A nthracoceros montani, was first discovered by MM. Montano and Rey, who were sent by the French Government on a scientific mission to the Philippine Archipelago.

This rare bird was first described and made known to the scientific world in 1880, and only once since then has another specimen been collected.

Ninox Reyi also was discovered, and named in honour of the latter naturalist.

Dr. Montano then crossed over to Davao, and made an ascent of Mount Apo and reached the summit-probably for the first time.

He then explored the interior of Mindanao along the Agusan river.

His interesting narrative was published in Paris, entitled "Voyage aux Philippines et en Malasie," 1886.

Dr. Kutter, of Neustadt, Germany, visited Manila about this period, and brought back some bird skins to Berlin. They finally found their way to Cabanis, who described a few birds, including Butio kutteri, in 1881.

A French naturalist, Alfred Marche, introduced himself to ornithological circles by bringing back some specimens from the Gaboon district in Africa. Numida marchei (Oustalet) was then discovered.

It is probable that this naturalist was working in the Philippines between the years 1880-85. He sent six different collections to Paris.

On looking through the register at the museum, 1593 skins, including those of a few mammals, were found to be catalogued. The localities he visited and the number of skins he collected are as follows: Marinduque, Catanduanes, Luzon, ISS; Puerto Princesa, Pandaya in Palawan, and Tandikane, 357; Magisda, Danlig in Palawan, Dumaran, Maitiaguit, Tandikane, Marinduque, 302; Balabac, Dlugan Bay in Palawan, Malapon in Siasi, Bongao in Tawi Tawi, Pandami, Mananapou on the island of Tarra (Tawi Tawi), and the island of Pandami, 406.

1

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879.

26

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Buceros marchei and Halcyon alfredi were found in these collections (L e Naturaliste, 1887). Above all, the gem of all he collected must be Ptilopus marchei, one of the rarest of many rare Philippine birds. It is a very peculiar type of Fruit Pigeon, known from Luzon by only three or four specimens even to this day.

Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard, resident at Trumpington, near Cambridge, has told me many a tale about the M archesa and her cruise in the Seven Seas. She was an auxiliary screw schooner yacht of 420 tons; Mr. C. T. Kettlewell, captain and owner; was commissioned in the Clyde in November 1881, and returned to England in March 1884. Her stay in the Sulu Islands extended over a period of about six weeks.

Artamides guillemardi was established by Salvadori. Dr. Guillemard himself described many species, including Mixornis cagayanensis, Pericrocotus marchestB and Macronus kettlewelli,I out of over two hundred skins, comprising sixty-four species. As is natural, the Sulu Islands supply useful data concerning the problem of life distribution, and Dr. Guillemard devoted several pages to the subject in his interesting topograp~ical volumes, "The Cruise of the M archesa to Kamschatka and New Guinea." (with notices of Formosa, Liu Kiu and various islands of the Malay Archipelago), Cagayan Sulu (volume ii., chapter i.), Sulu (chapte s ii.-iv.), r886.

Most of Guillemard's collection, including all the types, are now preserved in Lord Rothschild's Museum.

A few birds were brought from Sulu by Mr. F. W. Burbidge, a wellknown botanist. Tanygnathus burbidgei Sharpe was named after him.

On examination of the group, together with its fauna, Dr. Guillemard found that "the Sulu Archipelago is not zoogeographically separable from the Philippines. Westwards of the island of Tawi Tawi the narrow Sibutu channel forms a boundary line between the archipelago and the greatly differing Borneo almost as striking as that shown

by Wallace to exist between Bali and Lombok." Mr. Burbidge's opinion, reached from the viewpoint of the botanist, agrees with the presentday ornithological belief. "In Sulu," he says, "the flora shows a marked resemblance to that of the Philippines and the Celebes group." 2 Everett went over to the islands of Bongao, Sibutu and Tawi Tawi, in the Sulu Archipelago. Bongao and Tawi Tawi were visited ornithologically for the first time. Sir Hugh Low, however, brought back a few odd skins from Sibutu, and Sarcops lowii was named in his honour.

The main island of Sulu had been visited by Burbidge and Guillemard, and also by Marche and Platen. Everett writes to Sharpe 3 as follows: 1

Proc . Zool. Soc ., 1885.

2

"Garden of the Sun," p. 343.

3

Ibis, 1894, p. 240.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

27

" I spent ten days on the island of Sibutu and seventeen days at Bongao, sending my men to the main island of Tawi Tawi also for a few days. Most unfortunately, after waiting five years for an opportunity of working these islands, I was seized, the very day I landed in Sibutu, by what I now know to have been a severe attack of influenza (so called), which so entirely prostrated me that I was unable even to attend to the sexing of the specimens, and had to leave it to my native hunters-a fact which you will bear in mind in looking over the skins.

From the day that I landed until I had to leave, owing to no rice being procurable, I was unable to do any collecting, or even to walk, most of the time."

This collection affords us a fairly accurate knowledge of resident birds in the Sulu Archipelago, and supplies us with good evidence in zoogeography.

Dr. A. Chadenberg ascended Mount Apo in February r882. Otto Koch must have made the ascent at about the same time, for Vidal (Synopsis Atlas, r883) figures some species of plants that were collected by him from the summit of Mount Apo. Both made bird collections at Sibulan. Kutter worked these out, and they were published later at Berlin.

Mr. E. P. Lempriere's collection of birds from Southern Pala,wan was worked out by Sharpe, and the result appeared in Ibis in r884.

The chief interest attaching to this collection arises from the fact that it was made in a portion of the island previously unvisited. 1 Gymnolcemus and Cyornis were new, while Thriponax hargitti (p. 3r7) was called after Mr. Edward Hargitt, Picidre specialist, and Siphia lemprieri and A nthracoceros lemprie1'i were both named after the collector.

Mr. Frederick Maitland-Heriot, residing in Manila, sent two collections of bird skins, which were made in the neighbourhood of that town, to Mr. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay in r886, and Cyornis heriotii 2 was described.

Dr. C. C. Platen, a German naturalist and physician at Amoy, made many collecting trips-to South Celebes (r878), Malacca, Borneo, the Moluccas, and Waigiou (r884), North Celebes (r884-86), Great Sangir (r886-87), Philippines, in Sulu and Palawan (r887-92), and Bat jan (r892-94). His collection was later sold to' the Brunswick Museum and to Herr Nehrkorn's Museum, at Riddagshausen, near that city.

His materials were worked out by Blasius and published between the years r888 and r890. Amongst them a fine Ground-Pigeon, Crim'ger platence, was named after Frau Platen, who had always accompanied her husband on his journeys.

1 Sharpe writes as above, but he apparently did not mention in Ibis the localities Lempriere visited.

Z Ibis, 1886, p. 159.

28

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Two species, one of Turnix and the other of Criniger, were named in honour of Dr. Ludwig Haynald by Blasius. Haynald was the Cardinal Archbishop of Kolocsa, in Hungary, being a patron of natural history, especially botany. Dr. E. F. von Homeyer-a species of Hyloterpe is named after him-was a well-known German Palcearctic ornithologist.

Herr Schmacker also was a German naturalist, who visited Mindoro in December 1888 and January 1889. Dr. Hartert has published a scientific account of his work in the]ournal fur Ornithologie, 1891.

Dr. Steere's successful results tempted others to visit this littleknown field, but so far Everett was the only one who made extensive collections. Believing that much still remained to be done in regard to the birds and mammals of the archipelago, Dr. Steere, then Professor of Zoology in Ann Arbor (Michigan), planned to visit the Philippines again in 1887-88, and organized an expedition, including three of his own university pupils, who were to bear their own expenses, profit by his experience and his knowledge of the country, and in turn allow him to work up the material they would collect. An interest in the study of birds, as well as a desire to aid in the exploration of a little-known country, led these younp and ardent students-namely, Drs. E. L. Moseley, Frank S. Bourns and D. C. Worcester-to join his expedition. The Steere Expedition consisted of Dr. Steere himself, the above three gentlemen, and Mateo Francisco, a full-blooded Filipino native, whom Dr. Steere had taken home with him in 1874, and who had continued to live in the United States. They arrived in Manila in September 1887, and during the next eleven months visited Palawan, Mindanao, Basilan, Guimaras, Panay, Negros, Siquijor, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, Leyte, Masbate, Marinduque, Mindoro and Luzon.

They found their health seriously impaired by hardship and exposure towards the close of their trip: Worcester writes: " Bourns and I were firmly convinced that we should never again wish to risk such an undertaking. But unpleasant experience became enjoyable in retrospect as we worked over our material and realized what had been accomplished and what remained to be done."

Fifty new birds-an amazing number-were described in " A List of the Birds and Mammals collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines," now a rare pamphlet, issued by the Courier office, Ann Arbor, on 14th July 1890. I understand the materials collected during this expedition are now kept in Michigan and Chicago respectively.

A year after the Steere Expedition returned, Bourns and Worcester were making vigorous efforts to find ways and means for a second and more extended visit to the Philippines. They succeeded in interesting Mr. Louis F. Menage, of Minneapolis, Minn., in their project, and, through

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY his liberality, their second trip was made possible. They sailed in July r890, intending to remain in the islands for two years. At the close of the second year Mr. Menage gave them an eight months' extension of time. Bourns then went to Borneo to collect the interesting mammals of that region, Worcester remaining in the Philippines. They worked Luzon, Panay, Guimaras, Negros, Siquijor, Cebu, Mindoro, Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi Tawi, Palawan, Culion, Busuanga, Samar, Romblon, Tablas, Sibuyan and Masbate. They stayed on each island long enough to get a fairly representative collection of its birds and mammals.

Dicrachibia menagei of Tablas was collected on this occasion, a mono typic genus recently established by myself as confined to this little island.

When all the localities in which Bourns and Worcester had planned to make collections, with the exception of Northern Luzon and the Babuyanes and l3atanes islands, had been visited, a serious attack of illness brought Mr. Worcester's work to an end, and this promising field, from which they anticipated much, had to be left unexplored. Among the islands they visited, however, Tawi Tawi, Tablas, Romblon and Sibuyan were virgin fields to the zoologist. "Preliminary Notes on the Birds and Mammals collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands" appeared as occasional papers (vol. i., No. r) from the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences by both Bourns and Worcester.

Thirty-six species were then described as new. The second part was also intended for publication, but, as that institution was unable to meet the necessary expense, the right to use the manuscript reverted to Mr. McGregor, who permitted the publication of their notes in his" A Manual of Philippine Birds," in r909, quoting" Bourns and Worcester MS." at each. Later Dr. Bourns placed his services at the disposal of his country, and on account of his special knowledge of the Philippine Islands he was attached to the Intelligence Department during the Philippine insurrection, and was assigned to study on the staff of the Commander-in-Chief of the American Forces stationed there. Being an X-ray specialist he finally settled in Seattle, setting up as a practising physician.

Dr. Edwin Lincoln Moseley,! after whom two birds-Actenoides moseleyi, Halcyon moseleyi-were named, and who himself described two Flycatchers, Cryptolopha nigrorum and Abrornis olivacea, from Negros,2 became, I understand, a contract surgeon, and now is living in one of the Pacific states. Previous to I9r4 he was working in the Department of Biology, Ohio State Normal College, Bowling Green, Ohio.

1 Cattell. American Museum of Science. 1927.

2

Ibis. 1891. p. 47. pI.

2.

30

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Two birds were named in honour of Mr. H. V. Winchell. Bourns and Worcester write-" through whom interest in our proposed expedition was first awakened." Winchell was a geologist at Minnesota.

After Worcester returned home, and was about to leave for Europe to enter upon his new career, he was suddenly called to Washington at the time the Philippines were taken over by the United States.

He was wanted in the islands as one who was well acquainted with them, and he accepted the proffered post. Dr. Worcester was one of the members of the First Commission, IgOO-I3, and became a Secretary of the Interior during the term of office of Governor-General Harrison under the Taft Cabinet. His activity induced him to establish a Division of Ornithology in General Zoology at the Bureau of Science in Manila, and in IgOI Mr. Richard C. McGregor was placed in charge of the division. (The account of the late Dr. Worcester was given me by his son, Mr. F. L. Worcester, who accompanied him in his many tours of the islands. Mr. Worcester is now residing at Zamboanga, and has his father's valuable collection of photographs, mostly unpublished, which are of zoological, botanical and ethnological importance.) D. C. Worcester was the author of "The Philippines and their People" (IgOI) and" The Philippines Past and Present" (2 vols., IgI4). A revised edition of the latter was brought out by Palston Hayden in Ig30, while his "Non-Christian Tribes of the Philippine Islands" appeared in the National Geographic Magazine, November IgI3. During his Secretaryship of the Interior he was in charge of the non-Christian tribes. He died in IgI4.

The name of Whitehead now comes into the pages of Philippine ornithological history. There was no such able field naturalist as he was in his day, and certainly he played one of the most active parts among ornithologists who conducted expeditions privately and publicly over the archipelago.

He writes the account of his trip to Palawan as follows: " I left Labuan on 18th June 1887 in a small trading steamer belonging to a Chinaman who had several stores on the southern end of Palawan. The steamer landed us at Taguso, on the S.E. coast (many miles south of Puerto Princesa), promising to return in two and a half months; but as she did not turn up until nearly four I was unable to change my collecting-ground to the N.W. coast, as I had intended.

When we landed in Taguso there were no Spaniards there, and the natives were doing much as they liked. Palawan is notorious for the bad characters who have taken refuge there from the Sulu and other islands; and twice since I have been in the ' Far East' have the Sulus murdered the Chinese and sacked their stores. " IR the interior of Palawan is another race, nearly related to the

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

31 Bornean Dusans and Muruts; these people are under the thumb of the coast Sulus. The Sulus will not allow a Dusan to sell any jungleproduce to the Chinese, but make the Chinese buy from them, as middlemen. As one Sulu said to me, when I asked questions on this subject: 'How am I to get a living if things are otherwise? ' " All my attempts to make friends with the Dusans failed; the Sulus, though promising to help me, were all the time, I believe, influencing the Dusans against me, they thinking, no doubt, that my real object was to trade direct with the native inland. After two weeks' palavering I went some miles inland to visit a chief, but he would give me no assistance. A few days later I went to the mountains, my own men carrying sufficient provisions for three days; but the natives we met were very uncivil, refusing even to show us the right paths. " A few days after my return to the coast some fifty Dusans came to the store and threatened to attCllck us if we went inland again. As my party numbered only nine, and there was nothing to be gained ' by such short expeditions, I did not attempt the interior again in that direction. " Some weeks afterwards I made friends with a Dusan chief some distance off, and spent a week on a mountain about 2000 feet high.

On this hill I collected Cryptalapha mantis, but no other mountain species. I should rather doubt if an island like Palawan, which has no land above 6000 feet in altitude, has a very numerous highland fauna.

"The continued rain during the first months of my sojourn in PalC\.wan made preserving large specimens very difficult, most of my birds being obliged to be dried before the fire.

"The accommodation we had to put up with was very bad, the store being placed on the edge of a mud-swamp. I built my bed up with empty oil-cases and planks. At high water the sand inside the shed became quite soft. Numbers of disgusting land-crabs would heave up heaps of wet, stinking, black mud during the night all over the store, and often enough you would find a small eruption within a few feet of your bed in the morning. Then there was a peculiar red boiled-looking lobster, which made great heaps all over the place. " The Chinese smoked opium during the greater part of the day p,nd were all ill with fever; this was only to be expected from the position of their house. All my men and I myself suffered from this several months after we had left the islaJ;ld.

"I will now try to give some account of our collecting-grounds.

The coast is fringed with high forest, reaching inland about half-a-mile ; this fringe is probably left by the natives to break the wind and to shelter their rice-crops. ~n this forest Megapodes abound, Pitt as and

32

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Jungle Fowl are plentiful, and, more rarely, that prince of birds, Polyplectron. In the trees above, the most numerous are the various species of pigeons and screaming parrots, but neady all the small species in the following list may be met with.

"Behind this band of forest are plains of coarse grass, inhabited by two species of Quails, Cisticola and Centrococcyx; a few white egrets attend the Sulu cattle. This sort of scenery continues until you reach the foot of the mountains, no great distance from the coast. When the great rush of birds from the far north takes place these plains have a much more lively aspect; hundreds of wagtails, pipits, snipes, and other small waders are continually flying up on your approach. " The swamps at the river-mouths have also their occupantssun-birds, Rhipiduras, and several species of herons and kingfishers, which are not met with elsewhere. " Towards the middle of September, after we had collected all the resident species within our reach, the sea-coast, with its rocky points and estuaries, was by far the most attractive hunting-ground, for about that time the great winter migration from the north reaches the coasts and forests of Palawan. Most waders passed between 5 P.M. a.nd 6 P.M., all in one directioll, S.W.; if a small flock settled and was disturbed, never did the birds eturn, but still hurried on their southward course. By continuing this line of flight they would touch Balabac, and then turn due south down to the coast of Borneo, where some remain for the winter, but most seem to travel further still.

When the wind was blowing gales from the S.W., bringing up heavy clouds loaded with rain, then was the liveliest time for moving; on calm, and even moderate, days it was seldom worth while to visit the coast. All these great travellers were as fat as butter, and in no state for a bird-collector." 1 Later W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, who was in charge of working through his collections ' in the British Museum, published, between 1894-97, a full report, including Whitehead's itinerary and letters. One could not do better than give an account of Whitehead's expedition written by one who had first-hand knowledge. Therefore the following is mostly borrowed from Grant's description: " Most of the readers of the Ibis are no doubt already aware that Mr. John Whitehead is once more busily engaged in the collecting-field, determined, if possible, to eclipse his former splendid achievements on Mount Kina Balu, Borneo. This time the scene of his labours is the island of Luzon, one of the Philippines of which the greater part, especially the mountains to the north, has never been visited by a naturalist. The only collections that have been made in this island 1

John Whitehead, Ibis, r890, ii. 38.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

33

have been obtained in the immediate neighbourhood of Manila, all the highlands of the north being unexplored. For many years it has been one of my most earnest desires to induce some really first-rate naturalist thoroughly to explore Luzon and some of the larger unknown islands of the group, and it was with unbounded satisfaction that I succeeded in securing Mr. Whitehead's co-operation. The mountains in the north of this island rise to a height of 7000 to 8000 feet, and there can be little doubt that many unknown birds will be discovered, while possibly some almost forgotten species, such as Polyplectron napoleonis and Arboricola gingica, the localities of which are unknown, will be rediscovered. 1 " Being merely the result of a three weeks' trip to Mount Arajat, forty miles to the north of Manila, the present collection contains no novelties; but, as the locality had not been previously visited by a naturalist, I have thought it worth' while to record the various species and to record a few notes. In the last letter received from Mr. Whitehead, written from the' highlands of North Luzon, 5000 feet,' he tells me that he has made a large collection containing a number of interesting forms, which I hope to have the pleasure of examining shortly. He appears to have lost none of his old energy and indomitable perseverance, rising superior to all difficulties which presented themselves on his arrival. One of the most serious obstacles he had to contend with was the impossibility of obtaining men who knew how to make skins.

The Malay taxidermist that he expected to join him at Singapore failed to appear. He has now, however, taught two men to skin birds fairly well, although as yet. they have no idea of how to make up their specimens into good cabinet skins, and the whole of this work has to be done

by Mr. Whitehead himself. The specimens in the first collection are as beautifully prepared as in former years, and I hope this will be only the first of a series of interesting records of unknown lands and their birds. 2 " Mr. Whitehead's third collection, formed in the province of Isabela, arrived in London on the 5th of October, and though the number of birds collected was comparatively small-somewhat less than fortyseveral remarkably interesting forms were included, two being new to science. " Perhaps the most interesting novelty is a second species of my new Timaliine genus Zosterornis. 3 This species, which I have named Z. strt'atus on account of its striped underparts, although displaying 1 Polyptectron is the Palawan Peacock-Pheasant.

Whitehead failed to find any representatives in the highlands of Luzon. I am content with 'Whitehead's having proved that the genus Polyplectron does not exist in the island of Luzon, an important fact. Arboricola gingica is, I believe, erroneously included in the Philippine list. The type and only specimen exists in the Leyden Museum.

2 Ibis, 1894, 406-407.

3 Ibid., 510.

e

34

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

all the generic differences which mark Z. whiteheadi 1 at the first glance, reminds one strongly of the members of the allied genus ]l.1ixornis (especially M. montana Sharpe, from Kina Balu) in its general coloration and style of markings, but this resemblance is only superficial. " The other new bird is an Oriole named Oriolus isabellce, of which unfortunately only the female was obtained; but it can readily be distinguished from the only allied form O. albiloris, the type of which was obtained during Mr. Whitehead's second expedition, and described in the volume of Ibis for r894 (p. 504). Several specimens of the rare Fruit Pigeon, Carpophaga mtchalis Cabanis, were obtained, and Mr. Whitehead has now ascertained beyond doubt that the smaller Fruit Pigeons, Ptilocolpa griseiPect~ts and P. carola, are respectively the male and female of one and the same species. Another important point has also apparently been settled regarding the little kingfishers commonly known as Ceyx cyanipectus (Lafresnaye) and C. Philippensis Gould. For many years these beautiful birds have been considered as merely sexes of one species, but now a male and female have been sent in the C. cyanipeGtus plumage, and a pair in that of C. Philippensis.

As the sex of all these four specimens was carefully determined by Mr. Whitehead himself, I think there can be no doubt that Gould was perfectly right in describ~ng C. philippensis as distinct. " Mr Whitehead's start on this third expedition was by no means successful, for the only man who had proved to be a good taxidermist during the previous trip, and who had promised to accompany him again to the mountains of the north-east, was not on board the steamer when it started from Manila, having purposely missed it. A second man, who professed to be a good shot and experienced collector, turned out worse than useless, being afraid to fire off his gun and being perfectly incompetent as a taxidermist, so that Mr. Whitehead, having only in addition two comparatively useless boys, was entirely dependent on his own efforts. Having reached the extreme north of the island he made his way to the mountains on the north-east coast.

The country was mostly fiat or undulating and covered with coarse grass. When the hills were reached they were found to be almost impossible collecting-grounds, being covered with thick bamboo growth intermingled with very high trees. Birds were very scarce, and this was the reason that so few' specimens were procured. In addition to the birds a few small mammals, including a new bat and a new mouse, were obtained, also some reptiles (among them a new lizard), batrachians and fishes, while insects, especially beetles, were numerous. " In returning from Isabela Mr. Whitehead rode over the mountains 1

Ibis, 1894, Plate XV., fig.

I.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

35

across the middle of the North Luzon to Manila, which he reached in eleven days. Immediately on arriving at the capital he was seized with a severe attack of fever and liver derangement, which kept him in that most unhealthy town for some time, but when I last had news of him he was located on the south-east coast, enjoying excellent health, and was to sail across to the island of Catanduanes in a small boat for a month's collecting. He expected to be again in Manila by the middle of October, when he intended to dispatch his collections, which appear from his letters to contain many interesting birds. 1 " Mr. Whitehead collected near some mountains in the neighbourhood of Tobacco, in the province of Albay, which is situated in the extreme south-east of Luzon. There, however, he obtained very few specimens, for, being a great hemp-growing district, most of the forest had been cleared and bird life was extremely scarce, but it was here that he obtained all his specimens of the splendid Green Fruit Pigeon, Carpophaga poliocephala, now recorded for the first time from Luzon.

Thence he shifted his camp to the foot of the Mayon volcano, remaining there for some three weeks; but there again birds were far from common, though it was on this collecting-ground that the Yellow-Green White-eye, Zosterops htzonica, was obtained. During the whole of this trip, which spread over the last part of July and the months of August .and September, almost incessant rain greatly increased the difficulties of collecting; and, to add to Mr. Whitehead's troubles, most of the birds were in full moult at this season and difficult to make into good -cabinet skins, though especially interesting from our point of view as showing the changes of plumage. " In the beginning of September the first of the migrants had begun to arrive, in the shape of the Asiatic Golden Plover, which still had the greater part of the breast mixed with the black breeding-plumage; but Mr. Whitehead did not devote much time to the Waders, and on the 7th of September he set sail in a small boat to the adjacent island of Catanduanes, and after collecting there for a month returned to Manila.

The only animals obtained were a few bats, and we hear that mammals .are extremely scarce in every part of Luzon that Mr. Whitehead has visited. Of reptiles and fish a small collection was made, but contained nothing of special interest; and there was also a considerable collection of insects belonging to various orders. 2 "On the 6th April r895 Mr. vVhitehead started off once more for the north of Luzon, his destination this time being Engafio, the extreme north-east point of the island. From thence he hoped to reach the ranges of mountains that run parallel with the east coast, but the impossibility of obtaining either Negrito porters or boats proved a serious 1

Ibis, 1895, 160 路168.

2

Ibid., 1898, 25 0

36

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

obstacle. Having arrived safely at Aparri, where he was obliged to remain for some days, as it was semana santa (holy week), he managed to charter. a large coasting-boat to take him on to Cape Engafio.

The start was made on a Monday night, but a contrary wind drove the boat in a northerly direction far out of its course, and for a couple of days she was obliged to seek shelter under Fuga Island, one of the Babuyan Group. Here Mr. Whitehead landed, and though the time at his disposal was very limited, several interesting birds were collected, the most important being examples of a new species of Bulbul, Hypsipetes fugensis, which finds its near ally in the Liu Kiu Islands.

The boat having been only chartered to put him down at Engafio, he was obliged to move when the Indian captain thought fit, and, the wind becoming favourable, arrived at his destination two days later. The Cape proved somewhat of a disappointment, for, owing to the want of boats and porters, he was unable to reach the east coast. The Negrito tribes which inhabit that part of Luzon never do any baggage-carrying, so a move to any great distance was out of the question, and, to add to other troubles, the weather was miserably wet, rain falling for three or four days on end. By making a couple of trips in a canoe, which he managed to procure, a small quantity of baggage was taken up a neighbouring river; but, all the Negritos having run away, he found it impossible to proceed further, and during the ten days he spent in the forest not a native was to be seen. As it was impossible to remain longer where he was, he returned to the Cape, and taking advantage of a large coasting-boat belonging to a Spaniard sent one of his men back to Aparri, with a view to obtaining a boat and returning to the Babuyan group. This boat was wrecked in the same typhoon which swamped one of the coasting-steamers and drowned nearly two hundred people. " Mr. Whitehead's servant, however, had better luck, and escaped with his life, but his mission was not attended with success, for, the natives being scared by the recent disaster, not a boat was to be hired even for 100 dollars per month, and he returned to Cape Engafio. It was a long time before there was another chance of returning,to Aparri, and for ten days Mr. Whitehead and his men had to wait, and camped out on the shore to the south of the Cape. " A few mammalia and reptiles were sent from Cape Engafio, and among them a pair of the great rat, Phlcemys cumingi, and examples of a new species of frog. A small collection of Hymenoptera sent from Engafio has been worked out by Col. Bingham and contains specimens of no less than seven new species, one being a remarkably large form of the handsome genus Scolia, which has been called S. whiteheadi.

This paper has been published in the A nnals and Magazine of Natural History and the Ibis.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

37

"On this occasion, also, a beautiful Golden-headed Babbler, Zosterornis, was discovered. It was named in honour of Mr. John Dennistoun, one of those who took such a kindly interest in the success of Whitehead's expedition. 1 " Through a lamentable accident the entire results of four months' work in the island of Samar have apparently been lost, owing to the destruction of the s.s. Weiland by fire off Singapore.

Steamers running directly between the Philippine Islands and London are comparatively few and far between, and the Weiland, belonging to a German firm of merchants, appears to have been a somewhat cranky vessel, to which such a valuable collection should not have been consigned; but against this risk had to be considered the probable deterioration of specimens lying packed for months at Manila, and exposed to danger from heat, damp and insects. The Weiland had a cargo of hemp, and caught fire while lying off Singapore, where she was undergoing some repairs, her engines having broken down.

"The collection made there contained examples of about 100 species, and from the. descriptions given some of them must, no doubt, have been new. His letters contained interesting remarks about the birds collected, and notes on the colours of the soft parts in almost every species, which mafes the loss of the collection the more to be deplored, as these particulars are now rendered practically useless. At the present time Mr. Whitehead is once more on the island of Samar, having returned there towards the end of May of the present year, with a view to making good the lost collection, though it is likely enough that some of the species previously obtained may not be met with again.

On the 19th October 1895 he left Manila with a staff of seven collectors for the island of Mindoro, with the object of exploring the well-wooded highlands of this comparatively little-known island, and returned to Manila on the 16th February 1896, after a four months' absence. The results of this expedition are, Mr. Whitehead considers, by no means satisfactory, for at the time of his visit the wet season was at its height, and, owing to the almost continuous rain, collecting could be carried on only under great difficulties. He tells us that during his stay on Mindoro seventy days out of a hundred were very wet, twenty dull and drizzling, while only ten were comparatively bright and fine; so it can be easily understood that he was unable to do nearly as much as he had hoped. Bird life was comparatively scarce, and there can be little doubt that the majority of species, at least, change their abode during the rainy season and seek more sheltered quarters. " Unfortunately, he experienced great trouble with his collectors, all of whom suffered at one time or another from fever, and took every I(

1

Ibis, 1896, lI8.

38

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

opportunity of misbehaving. One man robbed him of his money, while others, left at the foot of the mountain to make a lowland collection, did practically nothing during many weeks, and sold both gun-caps and powder to the natives.

"Although the Mindoro collection, representing 'four months' very hard work and slow starvation,' is not large, all the skins are as perfect as those sent in previous consignments, and one of the novelties, an enormous Fruit Pigeon, obtained at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 feet, is certainly one of the finest and most remarkable birds that Mr. Whitehead had discovered during his travels. " On landing at Mindoro a guide was engaged as pilot to the high ground, but this worthy led the expedition by a wrong path, and after a long day's march, in the usual deluge of rain, Mr. Whitehead found himself on the bank of a fine river, surrounded by the most dense and magnificent forest, where he was forced to remain for ten days waiting for porters. It was here that the expedition was nearly wrecked, the river coming down in a tremendous flood with very little warning. The camp had been pitched about 20 feet above the river, which was at this part about 200 yards wide, but in less than twelve hours, fortunately in daylight, the water was running from 2 to 3 feet deep like a millrace through Mr Whitehead's tent , while his men had to escape in canoes from another hous lower down the river, where most of the less portable boxes had been left. " By great exertions all the baggage was saved. 'I have,' writes Mr. Whitehead, ' seen a good deal of the tropics, but I never encountered such deluges, such incessant rain, or such thousands of leeches. The leeches quite crippled two of my men, and one of the two caught berriberri, so I sent him back to Manila. All the others had fever, but I got off with two mild attacks of dysentery. I was so reduced, from having nothing to eat but tinned foods and rice, that I became quite weak, losing most of my energy at times. In four months I had eaten only five pigeons, two parrots and some few thrushes, and, with the exception of eggs, there was no other fresh food to be had.' Such is life in the highlands of the Philippines. " By making friends with a chief of the true aborigines of Mindoro the twenty-five porters required to carry the baggage were at last obtained, and after two days' march, under heavy continuous rain, Mr. Whitehead and his men camped at an altitude of 4500 feet on Mount Dulangan, in the main range of Mindoro. This range of mountains is somewhat horseshoe-shaped. Mr. Whitehead continues: To cut a long story short, it rained all November, all December and all January: one deluge began on the lIth of December and was perhaps second only to that which floated Noah and his great zoological col-

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

39

lection, for it continued until the 6th of January r896. But for all this I was in good health, the climate being cool, seldom over 60째 F., and some nights only 52째 F. In such weather it was hardly expected that we should do very much; in my opinion birds migrate to other and drier situations during such seasons. Pittas certainly do, and perhaps most other species. The west coast range would be much drier in October to February during the north-east monsoon, but much more difficult to reach unless a special steamer were to be chartered. The mountain on the east side is perhaps over 8000 feet, but the ranges are mostly from 5000 to 6000 feet. I was guided by the natives to a part that attained nearly 6000 feet, but we could not reach the rest of the mountain from this position. The weather, as I have told you already, was too bad for anything. There is no open land in Mindoro, which is an island covered with dense forest, very different from Luzon, which is comparatively thinly wooded. The undergrowth is very dense, and without cutting paths impossible to get through. Between 4500 and nearly 6000 feet we only obtained twenty species of birds, though, no doubt, there were others we did not see.' " Some idea of the difficulties under which the Mindoro collection of birds has been made may be gathered from reading the above, and it seems almost incredible that such perfect skins as those before me can have been prepared under such adverse circumstances. l " About the middle of May 1896 Mr. John Whitehead once more left Manila for the island of Samar, to make another collection in place of the one which had been lost off Singapore. There is no really high ground in Samar, and nowhere do the hills attain a greater altitude than about 1500 feet above sea-level. The greater part of the island is covered with a dense and lofty forest, many of the trees being over 240 feet high. Under these circumstances collecting was often a matter of difficulty, for birds, especially large ones, some 80 yards overhead, are hardly to be brought down with a charge of shot from an ordinary gun. The climate is hot and damp, and, as might be expected, the rainfall usually heavy, while the mud, for which the island is proverbial, renders locomotion most disagreeable. With very few exceptions, the present collection from Samar contains all the more important birds met with previously, but a little owl, Scops sp., the lovely blue Flycatcher, Cyanomyias helence, and the Flower-pecker, Prionochihts olivaceus, were not again seen. There were also a number of less important forms from the higher ground which were not procured on the second expedition, such as Ninox pMllppensis, Zeocephus rufus, Megalur'Us ruficeps, Copsychus mindanensis, Macropteryx comata, Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus, Chalcophaps indicus and Amaurornis olivaceus ; 1

Ibis, 1896, 457-46 1.

40

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

while from Calbega, on the west coast, Elanus hypoleucus, Cinnyris jugularis, Calornis panayensis, Pelargopsis gigantea, Numenius arquatus, Limosa cegocephala, Scolopax megala, Phoyx manillensis, Bldorides javanica, Anas luzonica and Dendrocygna arcuata were among the birds lost. Of all these the little owl, Scops sp., is the most serious loss, for it appeared to have belonged to an undescribed species. " On the other hand, several remarkable species not included in the first collection were added to the list; among these may be specially mentioned the Great Forest-Eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi. The discovery of this new and splendid bird of prey was well worth the expedition to Samar, and to some extent makes up for the loss of the previous collection. " On the 25th of July it was determined to change the collectingground, and, if possible, to reach the neighbouring island of Biliran in a large open boat; but the wind, at this season of the year from the south-west, was blowing a gale, and the boat, failing to reach her destination, shaped her course. for the north of Leite, which is much nearer and more sheltered. Mr. Whitehead arrived there on the night of the 27th, and moved inland to a small village near the mountains.

Here porters were obtained, and a camp was formed at a spot .about rooo feet above the se~ The mouID.tains in this island range from 5000 to 7000 feet; but no collecting could be done on the really high ground, for the paths and roads were at this season impossible for porters, and, to make matters worse, the birds were mostly in full moult. Having spent three weeks in Leite, Mr. Whitehead thought it advisable to return to Manila, and after a rough voyage arrived there safely on the 8th of September. On landing he found that the Indians had risen, and the whole neighbourhood of Manila was in a state of active rebellion. Martial law had been proclaimed, and, as it was impossible to obtain a permit to leave the town with firearms, a couple of months were spent waiting for matters to quieten down, but in vain.

To remain in Manila was obviously a waste of time, so in November it was determined to return home, via America. Mr. Whitehead arrived in England at the end of last [r896J December, after an absence of more than three years." 1 Mr. John Maclauchlan, Director of the Dundee Museum, submitted to Dr. W. Eagle Clarke a collection of Negros birds made by Mr. W. A. Keay between the middle of November r894 and the end of April r895.2 Mr. Keay was running a sugar plantation on the east coast of the island of Negros. During his sojourn of seven months, from February 1 2

Ibis, 1897, 2 0 9-21I. Ibid., 1895.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

41

1899, he discovered Phlogamas keayi, which was described III 1900 in the Ibis, p. 359, one of three formerly undescribed birds. 1 William Doherty, an American naturalist, travelled in Persia, India, and the East Indian Archipelago. He was a highly talented linguist and entomologist, and has written a great deal on Lepidoptera from India. His only contribution to Philippine ornithology is Doherty's Colasisi, named by Hartert from Basilan. 2 Mr. Walter Goodfellow, whose name is very familiar to Japanese zoologists as the discoverer of the Mikado Pheasant in Arizan, Formosa, and who later became the leader of the British Ornithologists' Union Expedition to New Guinea, selected the southern group of the Philippines, the north having been so well explored by Whitehead.

Goodfellow chose Mount Apo, in Mindanao, and commenced exploration in April 1903, having started from Davao. His journey was undertaken largely with the object of obtaining living examples of new or littleknown birds; but he also made a small collection of skins, which subsequently found its way to the Tring Museum, and the novelties of which were described by Dr. Hartert. 3 These were: Trichoglossus joh'nstonÂŁce; GoodfeUowia miranda; Rhipidu1'a nig1'ocinnamomea; Cryptolopha mindanensis; Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus; Zosterops goodfeUowi; Zosterops whiteheadi; Zosterops vulcani.

This collection proved of such interest that Lord Rothschild shortly after called the attention of Mr. Waterstradt to Mount Apo. J. Waterstradt (Johannes, or John, as he called himself when writing in English) was born in I869, of Danish parentage. He was a professional collecting naturalist, who made extensive expeditions in Ceylon, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and the Moluccas, also in Mindanao and Palawan. In 1897 he sent his Bornean hunters to the Talaut Islands. He was previously a Lepidoptera collector. It appears that he must have visited the skirts of Mount Apo, presumably 3000 to 8000 feet up, where he obtained Prioniturus waterstradti Rothschild and Dicceum apo Hartert, between September 21st and November 1903.

Most, if not all, of his ornithological collection went to the Rothschild Museum at Tring,4 andMr.]. H. Fleming's collection in Toronto, Canada.

Goodfellow visited his collecting-ground on Mount Apo again in I90.5 and procured a large series of birds, This collection was subsequently acquired by the British Museum. This again proved to be of interest not only in containing new things but in proving that the British 1 Ibis, 1895, 262; 1898, II9; 1900, 351.

2 Nov. Zoot., 1906.

3 Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club, xiv., No. c. 10-15, 1903.

4 Ibid., No. cvi. 71, and No. cvii. 79, 80.

42

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Museum e'n riched species, previously described by Drs. Hartert and Mearns, were nothing but endemic to Mindanao, most of them being known only from this interesting high region. Those newly described

by Ogilvie-Grant are as follows: Ptilocolpa mindanensis; Chrysocolaptes montanus; Ceyx good/ellowi; Bolbopsittacus mindanenst's; Rhinomyias good/ellowi; Pericrocot~tS J路ohnstonite.

Goodfellow's aim was to obtain live birds for Mrs. Johnstone. This lady is well known as an aviculturist particularly successful at breeding parrots in captivity. Goodfellow brought home a few specimens of Mrs. Johnstone's Lorikeet, and these thrived for some time in England.

The first coloured figure with Goodfellow's full account of its discovery appeared in the Avicultural Magazt'ne, I906, p. 83. It reads: NOTES ON MRS. JOHNSTONE'S LORIKEET

The picturesque and active volcano of Apo stands about 20 miles inland from the S.E. coast of the Davao province, and appears to fall away in a success'on of gradual forest-covered slopes to the sea; but, on nearer acquaintaJ;lce, these slopes are not nearly so gentle as they appear to be from a distance, for the luxuriant forests hide many a deep gorge where raging torrents rush down from the heights above and whose cold waters must be traversed for considerable distances and crossed again and again with no little danger to travellers. Cliffs must be scaled at dizzy heights where scarce a foothold exists beyond that afforded by a few clinging roots. Turning some ugly corners in this manner is extremely risky work and at first sight appears an impossibility. There is another and longer trail up the mountains to the highest Bagobo village of Tandaya, by which the worst part of the waters is avoided; but it is in some ways more tiring and is only used by the natives during the rainy season when the former is impassable.

The whole mountain is covered with dense jungle up to about 8500 feet, beyond which comes a broken, white stony slope and crumbling cliffs intersected by many burning fissures from which proceed an incessant noise as of colossal machinery at work underground. The white slope viewed from a distance conveys the impression of a snowcapped summit, and it is difficult to believe that it is not so. At sunrise and sunset it glows with all the beautiful tints of a snowy peak.

The upper forests are dark and gloomy, and the thick, hangingand often black-looking-mosses which cover every trunk and branch give a funereal aspect to the whole. One seems to come upon this depressing region with a strange suddenness, for a little below are many

â&#x20AC;˘ ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

43 deep arms in the mountain containing hot springs from which steam, always arising, causes a rank growth of the most verdant tropical vegetation imaginable to spring. Giant ferns and beautiful orchids here struggle with each other for supremacy.

On a bright early morning I first came upon T. J¡ohnstonce.

Ascending from my camp to the upper forest limits, I stood for a while looking up the white slopes to the crater above, when I was surprised to hear the unmistakable sound of Lorikeets chattering near by. I had no sooner located the noise in an isolated tree, which stood a lonely giant amidst all the stunted vegetation around, than a flock of thirty or more flew out, and after circling round at a great height again entered the tree-top. Beyond noticing the yellow undersides of their wings flash as they turned in the sunlight, it was impossible to gather any idea of their appearance. I was convinced that this must be a new species, but there seemed little chance of securing any specimen there, as the tree was quite inaccessible from where I stood, with no means of getting round to it. The next day I was again on my way to the same place, but long before I reached the forest limit my Bagobo guide stopped and pointed to some birds he had seen in the thick bushes overhead. Personally, I could see notming; neither was there a sound to be heard, but at length I noticed the leaves moving, although it was impossible to distinguish any bird, so gloomy was it all round. I fired and nothing fell, but the air was suddenly alive with the screaming of Lories beyond the tree-tops. Even then I could get no sight of them.

My boy assured me that I had killed one, and at length I could see it hanging by its feet, and only after much trouble did we succeed in dislodging it, and then for the first time I held T. johnstonice in my hand.

During my first visit to Mindanao, in 1903, I had but little opportunity to become acquainted with these birds, as my stay on the volcano was cut short on acr.ount of the rainy season setting in with greater violence earlier than usual. In the beginning of the present year I saw much more of them, and succeeded in obtaining not only a series of skins but some live specimens also, four of which reached England alive, one of these succumbing though, a few days after its arrival.

The native Bagobo name for them is "Lish-lish," after their callnote. This custom of naming birds by their call is generally adopted by wild tribes all the world over, and almost entirely so by the Bagobos.

Every evening from my camp on Apo I used to hear them passing overhead in small flocks to their sleeping-places lower down the mountain, returning again to the higher forests with the break of day; but at these times it was seldom possible to even catch a passing glimpse

44

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

of them, on account of the camp being much shut in by trees. When flying they utter incessantly their pretty lish lish.

After leaving Davao on my first visit in 1903 we took on board at Malabang a number of Moro prisoners of note. One of them was accompanied by a little boy who had one of these Lorikeets as a pet.

It was fastened by the leg to a stick and was perfectly tame. I tried in vain to buy it, but nothing would tempt the youngster to part with it, and he even cried in anticipation that I should take it by . force.

The American soldiers in charge of the prisoners advised me to take it if I wanted it, but after seeing how much he treasured it I did not wish to deprive him of it. The bird had evidently come with the Moros from the Lake Lanao region, which is situated at a considerable altitude above the sea. I have since heard that they are plentiful on the mountains round the lake.

During my recent visit to Apo numbers of trees bearing masses of beautiful scarlet flowers were in full bloom, about the highest village of Tandaya, which were frequented all day by the Lish-lish. The natives said they come down when these trees are in bloom. This is probably their lowest range-4Qoo feet-for at the next village of Sibulan, a little lower down, the Bagobos told me they were not found around there. After infinite tr(\)uble I succeeded in getting the natives of Tandaya to catch me some, but ~t was a still greater trouble to get them down to the coast and on to Davao, and they must have found the days of rough travelling and the heat of the coast very trying.

However, I got them safely through, and they remained in Davao for several months, but although they had a roomy cage, and were kept as cool as possible, they undoubtedly suffered at first, more from the heat than anything else, and three of them soon died. It was remarkable how, with one exception, they quickly got tame, several of them climbing on to my hand together while I was feeding them. Coming down from the mountains I fed them on wild honey, diluted with water, but as soon as I reached the coast I substituted Swiss milk for it; they took to this readily, as I have found all Lories will, in fact their supply had to be regulated or they filled their crops so full that it ran from their beaks. This was the only food I could get them to take for a long time, until one after another they began to nibble a little banana, which they finally got to like very much. On the voyage home they also readily ate grapes and oranges. They were very fond of bathing and every day plunged fearlessly into the water one after the other until they were completely drenched.

There appears to be little or no outward difference that I could discover between the sexes, but about April last they paired off, and their happy home was broken up for a time. Fighting, screaming

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

45

and confusion was the order of the day until each pair kept a perch or corner of the cage to themselves. One old male had to be removed altogether or undoubtedly there would have been murder. At this time they added a sweet warbling love song to their usual calls, and their love dance was really amusing if somewhat absurd. At these times the males swayed backwards and forwards on their perches with all feathers ruffled and uttered a blowing noise. One pair (the pair Mrs. Johnstone now has) eventually ruled the cage, and this caused the weaker pairs to forget minor difficulties and chum somewhat together, but their compact was not lasting and they sometimes forgot themselves, until their natural enemies stepped in and the down-trodden ones were friends again in face of the common foe. Several eggs (four I think in all) were dropped in the cage and broken, so I have no doubt that Mrs. Johnstone will be able to breed her namesakes next year if she gets them through the present winter, which I think she is sure to do in her beautiful new aviaries at Burrswood. Given sufficient space I have no doubt that several pairs would nest together in harmony, and perhaps, like Budgerigars, do so more readily. They ought to thrive well in England so far as climate is concerned. During February and March I kept a record of the tempemture at my camp at Apo, and at six o'clock in the m<Drning I often found it as low as 34° F., while the highest midday temperature in the shade was 62 °. This was an isolated reading, for it more often reached only 56° and S8 ° F. This was the dry season during the N.E. monsoon, but in July and August the temperature would doubtless be somewhat higher. l An avicultural medal was awarded to Mrs. Johnstone for the Mrs. Johnstone Lorikeet she bred in I906.2 I recently learned from Mr. Koike, of Davao, who was with my expedition to Mount Apo, that Mr. Goodfellow again made an ascent of Mount Apo, accompanied by Mr. Koike, up to Todaya (3000 feet) to obtain many live birds, including Goodfellowia.

Major Edgar Alexander Mearns was surgeon to the chief U.S. military officer at Mindanao and Sulu, in the time of Leonard Wood, when he was still Major-General of Mindanao and Sulu previous to his appointment as the Governor-General of the Philippines. Wood was a keen promoter of science and became the President of the Philippine Scientific Association in July I903. The activity of this organization resulted in a large national collection, which has been sent to the United States National Museum. With the assistance of members of this 1 Walter Goodfellow, M.B.O.U., Avic. Mag. iv., Jan. 1906.

2 .. The Nesting of Trichoglossus johnston'ice," by Mrs. Johnstone, Avic. Mag., p. 44, 19°7·

46

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Association, Major Mearns, during the period of over a year that he was stationed at Zamboanga, did splendid work. He was the second (Goodfellow being the first) who succeeded in getting good materials, in June and July (I904), from Mount Apo, the highest mountain in the Philippines. He succeeded in getting most, if not all, of Goodfellow's novelties, and, additional to this, he discovered many new species in the Apo region. The most interesting of all his finds was certainly a new genus and species of Timeline bird, Leonardia woodi, a name given to it in honour of Governor-General Wood. My expedition was stationed at Todaya (the type locality of this bird) and Galog, for about a week. The district was rich in avifauna, and I collected many interesting specimens-including a new species-but my search for L. woodi proved fruitless. This bird, known only from the type specimen, is one of the rarest and most mysterious of Philippine birds.

As in many similar cases, Mearns' hard work and his constant exposure to an inclement tropical climate had its effect. In September I904 he was sent t~ the Army General Hospital at San Francisco, suffering from a complication of tropical parasitic disorders.

At Washington he described six new genera and twenty-five new species of mammals, as well as nineteen new species of birds. He was an indefatigable worker, holding every specimen to be of potential scientific value, and everything he considered worth picking up was labelled with its full history.

During the two years of his second service in the Philippines he had the good fortune to accompany General Wood on tours of inspection to the northernmost and southernmost points of the archipelago. In May I906 he was placed in command of a Biological and Geographical Reconnaissance of the Malindang mountain group - organized to explore and map the region and to make a collection of its natural products. This expedition, originally consisting of twenty-one whites and twenty-eight native carriers, left the old fort at Misamis on 9th May. Many difficulties were experienced throughout. Spur after spur of the mountains they ascended, only to discover that an impassable gorge, several hundreds of feet deep, barred the way to the main peak.

By 25th May the party had become reduced to half its original strength owing to the departure of various of its members to the coast. The remainder, however, battled on, and at I1.30 A.M. on 4th June reached the summit of the Grand Malindang, the second highest point in the Philippines, previously untrodden by the foot of civilized man. The weather was foggy and cold, but Mearns remained on the summit for three days and nights so that he could secure a good series of the animal life of that altitude. An excellent map of the region was prepared,

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

47

and he again found many specimens, including an endemic alpine form of Cuckoo-Shrike, M alindangia mcgregori. Altogether he named five different birds as malindangensis. 1 In company with Dr. E. D. Merrill and others hewas the first to scale Hakon, the third highest peak. His party, consisting of eleven whites and twenty-two natives, left Calapan on 1st November. The expedition experienced difficulties similar to those undergone by Whitehead.

Several uncharted rivers were discovered, all of which had either to be forded or spanned by rude bridges constructed by the party. Progress was greatly impeded by the almost continual rains, the difficulties of trail-cutting, and by the ever-present swarms of leeches-the latter constituting a serious drawback to travel in the forestgo of that region.

He was also the first to visit Sarangani and Balut, islands of the Sarangani group, where he found Tanygnathus megalorhynchus, the only locality in the Philippines where it has been obtained. A small coral island, Palmas Island, in the Celebes Sea, off the Gulf of Davao, was also worked, and Muscadivorus palmasensis was named. He then visited Tumindao Island, off Sitanki Island, and found Otus steeri and, on Siasi Island, Yungipicus siasiensis.

Mearns returned to he States in 1907. Of frail build, and not more than five feet four inches in height, he probably never weighed much in excess of one hundred and forty pounds, but he was blessed with a dogged spirit of determination that enabled him to accomplish practically every task he undertook. It was hard to believe that he had been engaged in so many difficult expeditions.

Later he had a wonderful opportunity to extend his studies to the African continent, where he accompanied President Roosevelt on his extensive hunting and scientific expedition.

Roosevelt wrote him: " Dr. Walcott recommended you to me as being the best field naturalist and collector in the United States; and as I already know well the admirable work you have done, I was only too glad to assent to the recommendation, and accordingly at his request have detailed you to take charge of the scientific work of the expedition. I know no one who could do it as well." 2 On the voyage of the United States Bureau of Fishery steamer, A lbatross, to the Philippine Islands, Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smithsonian Institution, accompanied that vessel as a representative of the United States National Museum, and made collections of birds whenever 1 Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi. 435-447, 1909; Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii. 1-8.

2 A uk, xxxv., 1918, " C. W. Richmond. Obituary Note with Portrait."

48

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .

opportunity offered, being assisted in his work by the regular staff of the Albatross.

Collections were thus made at Midway Island, 7th and 8th November I907; at Guam, I9th to 2Ist November I907; and at Sandakan, Borneo, and its vicinity, Ist to 3rd March I908. By far the largest collection, however, was gathered in the Philippine Islands. The following forms were then described as new by Mearns. Ramphalcyon capensis smithi, Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis, Collocalia bartschi.l Mr. Willoughby P. Lowe, whose name is familiar to us in association with M. Delacour and the fauna of Indo-China, paid a visit to Palawan in June I907, to see his cousin, Colonel White, who was in charge of the Philippine penal colony at I wahig.

Puerto Princesa had been visited by a few ornithologists, but I believe I wahig was worked first by Mr. Lowe. He writes: "The island is very fertile, and for the most part covered with virgin forest which cannot be penetrated. However, there are a good many spaces that have been cleared by convict labour, 'and wonderful crops are grown. It is to these clearings that most of the birds resort, as they like the fresh air and sunshine, where there is more insect life. Certain species, however, prefer the forest, where grow giant trees of incredible size covered with all sorts of parasitic plants and entwined with a tangle of vines and creepers, and the trunks of these trees are covered with minute snails. Here is the home of the lovely Palawan PeacockPheasant, which never appears to venture into the true light of day, for the sun does not penetrate his damp and lonely solitudes."

I do not know of more than two or three gentlemen who are themselves acquainted (not merely repeating a story told by a native at Puerto Princesa during a very limited stay of time) with the home of this Peacock-Pheasant.

Mr. Lowe collected eighty-two species, though nothing new was described by him in his paper that appeared in Ibis in I9I6. It was, however, on going through his collections that I had to distinguish some trinominally of those I described in the Bull. Brit. Ornith. Club in the years I926 and I927.

The Fleming collection in Toronto has some six hundred and twenty-five skins from the Philippines. These were collected between I8th April I909 and 2Ist November 19IO, by J. J. Mounsey, an engineer. It appears that the places visited by him were Mindoro, Luzon, Samar, Leyte, Cebu and Mindanao. The skins were not well prepared" but they carry full scientific data on labels.

Since the establishment of the Division of Ornithology at the Bureau of Science, and Mr. R. C. McGregor being placed in charge of 1

E. A. Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi. 463-478, I909.

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

49

this branch in Ig01, the activity of this gentleman accumulated a vast number of specimens for the Bureau, and the collection for which the late Dr. Worcester and Mr. McGregor were mainly responsible is now really one of the finest collections of Philippine birds in existence; moreover, it includes all McGregor's type specimens and the co-types of Mearns. Many new localities were visited by Mr. McGregor himself and his collectors. " A Handlist of the Birds of the Philippine Islands," by Worcester and McGregor, was published in Ig06. Finally, in Ig0g, " A Manual of Philippine Birds" appeared, and. thus a key to the islands' ornithology was supplied by Mr. McGregor.

This book includes everything published to that date, admitting 747 species of birds.

In his many years' residence Mr. McGregor has published a large number of papers in The PhilipPine Journal of Science. His work covers the following localities: Ilocos Norte Province, Pauai, Mount Pulog in Benguet Province, small islands (Camiquin, Y' Ami, Babuyan and Claro islands) off North Luzon, Lubang, Verde, N. and N.E. Mindoro and small adjacent islands (Apo Island, Caluya, Sibay and Libagao), Cuyo, C~gayancillo, Agutaya, Masbate, Ticao, Culion, Cagayan Sulu, Palawan" Calayan, Fuga, Babuyan Group, Northern Negros, Bantayan Islands in the province of Cebu, Antique Province in Panay, Polillo, and the islands of Sabtan and Dalupiri, Siquijor and Batan. He added a great many species and subspecies. His important ground was Polillo, a comparatively large island near Luzon, visited by him for the first time, and many specimens were recognized as new in Ig10.

His important discoveries may be pointed out. N eoleucotreron merrilli, Ig16; Prionochilus parso'Y'i, 1927; Prionochilus anthonyi, 1914, and Chcetura dubia, 1905, were newly recognized by science; important rediscoveries were T erpsiphone periophthalmica (nigra of McGregor, Ig07), Mearnsia picina, Pithecophaga jefferyi, Gallicolumba keayi, and many Palrearctic migrants and tropical species with wide range were newly taken for the first time from the Philippines.

Mr. John T. Zimmer made a scientific collection of birds in Luzon, Mindoro and Palawan during the years Ig13-16, when he was stationed at Port Moresby, Papua. He rediscovered such rare species as Turnix whiteheadi, Leucotreron marchei, Ceyx melamtra, Cyornis he1'ioti, Iole everetti, and several others, while Hyloterpe crissalis, from Laguna, was described as new.

Mr. Zimmer gave several interesting distributional data in The Philippine] ournal in 1918, while his private collection is now kept at Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. D

50

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Governor-General W. Cameron Forbes, on his official tour of inspection to the islands-which resulted in the gathering together of three collections of birds, in 19II, 1913 and 192I-was sometimes accompanied by General Leonard Wood, the Hon. Dean C. Worcester and Mr. R. C. McGregor, and he had also the expert assistance of Mr. A. Celestino.

His collections were presented to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, where Dr. Outram Bangs described five new forms from the collections.

Zosterops forbesi was then named.

Then comes an interval of several years, nobody outside of the Philippine Islands having directed their attention to the island avifauna. No field ornithologists, such as Steere, Bourns, Worcester or Mearns from America, or Everett, Whitehead or Goodfellow from England, or any schooners or yachts, called at any ports of the islands.

No systematists like Tweeddale, Ogilvie-Grant or Hartert left any literature of great length after the appearance of McGregor's " Manual."

One must, however, not forget the names of Valenciennes, Dubois, Kaup, Gurney, Salvado i, Oberholser, Ingram and Sclater, who worked on woodpeckers, owls, kingfishers, swifts, rails, warblers and raptores, and contributed to the Philippine ornis in these groups of birds.

The Bureau of Science has Andres Celestino, a Filipino collector working under Mr. McGregor. He is now an ' old man, but was, years ago, Whitehead's right - hand collector. He was with him collecting throughout the island, and shared all his hardships.

On loth February 1899 Whitehead arrived at Manila, but after remaining there for two weeks, during which time fighting between the Americans and Tagalogs continued daily, he was reluctantly obliged to give up all idea of investigating the fauna of the highlands of Mindanao and other islands forming the 's outhern part of the archipelago, which he had not been able to visit during his previous expeditions, and, returning to Hong-Kong, made his way to Hainan.

Celestino was one of the four he engaged in Manila. The reading of the last part of the diary of this intrepid and unrivalled field naturalist, melancholy though it may prove, nevertheless provides much interest.

The following extract is from the 19th to the 30th of April: "The bird collecting is going along slowly-my men (Filipino and Chinese) being all ill one day or another; one or two have been ill every day with fever. I am perhaps in better health than I have been for some time.

Lu women catching caterpillars for food. It rains heavily and thunders every afternoon, and our life here, owing to fever, is most miserable."

Andres Celestino was with him at this time in the Five-Finger Mountains

ORNITHOLOGICAL HISTORY

5I

(Ngau-tchi-lea) in the interior. About three weeks later Whitehead fell a victim to the terrible forest fever, which is notorious at certain seasons in Hainan.

Turnix celestinoi was named by McGregor in Celestino's honour.

The ornithological collection of the Bureau of Science would lose much of its value without the Celestino collection. Francisco Rivera is also an ardent native collector, who has already made several collecting trips, under Mr. McGregor's instruction, and secured much interesting material, including a most striking new species, Phodilus riverce McGregor, in I927. Macario Ligaya, the bird artist of the Bureau, must be mentioned as being alone responsible for the entire illustrations in McGregor and Elizabeth Marshall's" Philippine Birds for Boys and Girls," I927. Indeed, most illustrations in the Bureau's scientific papers have been executed by this skilled artist.

In collaboration with Captain L. L. Gardner-renowned for his conquest of Mount Apo in 1928-McGregor has recently published an interesting account of the Philippine bird traps. In this, numerous diagrams have been prepared by Lagaya. The work is the first attempt ever made on the subject, and much ethnographical importance attaches to it.

After a lapse of many years, with little recorded in the history of Philippine ornithology, Japanese collectors came on the scene. The owner of the Basilan Development Co., Dr. U. Yamamura, of AtongAtong plantation, on the island of Basilan, who takes great interest in collecting natural history specimens, collected a vast number of materials, with the aid of his son and daughter. On the occasion of Miss Yaeko Yamamura's visit to the island in I926 three specimens of representative Basilan birds (Hydrocorax mindanensis, Loriculus p. dohertyi, Pelargopsis gigantea) were presented to H.LM. the Emperor of Japan, and others to specialists in different branches; to Mr. K. Kishida, mammals and reptiles; Dr. N. Kuroda, birds; Mr. S. Tanaka, fishes; Mr. S. Kinoshita, insects; Dr. T. Iwakawa, shells; Dr. K. Kishigami, corals.

Dr. Kuroda published his report in the same year in Tori, and Oriolus chinensis yamamurce was newly described out of one hundred and ten species and subspecies, mostly collected and prepared by Miss Yamamura.

The next and the last event was the Mindanao Expedition, led by myself in I929, followed by that of I930. Accounts of these are detailed fully in the next section.

We naturally wonder whether any contributions were made by Spanish investigators down the many centuries during which the islands were under the domination of Spain.

52

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

In Manila a first-rate printing establishment was found, and many now rare and valuable books were printed-e.g. a dictionary of Tagalog, books on ecclesiastical subjects, and maps; and in the botanical line, "Flora de Filipinas," by Manuel Blanco, was published in r837.

The Weather Bureau is even to this day run by Spanish Jesuit priests. Casto de Elera is the only one who has written anything at all about birds in the Philippines. This was in r895. Morena, in r885, brought out a book in Madrid about birds as a part of a general natural history.

There is, to my knowledge, no up-to-date or strictly scientific work in existence on the birds of the Philippines in the Spanish language.

III:

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF AUTHOR'S TO JOURNEY PHILIPPINES

THE THE

VOYAGE TO MANILA

IT had been my desire for many years to make a collection in the elevated regions of Mindanao and Mount Apo. This mountain had already been visited by Goodfellow, Mearns and Waterstradt, who had brought back with them some astonishing specimens. This territory is still but little known to ornithologists, and the elimination of this stumbling-block would bring many important zoological problems to light. I had very little knowledge of the conditions of Mount Apo, which I had vaguely intended to climb, and it was not until we had arrived at Manila, and furthermore at Davao, that my party succeeded in climbing and descending to Cotabato. This event is of interest, not only from the point of view of research, but as being the first achievement of the kind made by any explorer.

My train arrived at Kobe from Tokio on the morning of 2Ist December I928. We were a party of three-namely, Mr. Y. Nakamura, an associate of the Ministry of Agriculture in Tokio, himself an experienced collector, and Mr. S. Ito, from my household, who accompanied me as general assistant. We were immediately conducted to the 5.5. President Wilson, and were comfortably installed. We were due in Shanghai on 26th December, and upon our arrival there we found the town looking gay for the Christmas festivities and the approaching New Year, which is much the greatest event in the Far East. I went straight to the Chinese quarters to see the birds, for the caged birds in Shanghai are somewhat different from those found in Pekin. The narrow streets were packed with bird stores, and the cages were hung up on the roofs and entrances, leaving hardly any space to enter the shops. We left Shanghai at II.30 A.M. on the 27th December, and the boat started, descending the famous river, when, sirn,ultaneously, Nakamura and I saw three swallows flying low over the water. How unusual to find them round Shanghai at this time of the year! The climate, in winter, in spite of its southerly position, is actually far more severe than in Tokio.

We arrived at Hong-Kong in the early dawn of 29th, December.

53

54

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Myriads of twinkling lights on the peak are specially impressive to the traveller. We landed and went up the peak by the cliff lift, also visiting the very delightfUl beach of Repulse Bay, which is the customary thing to do. Here we had already passed the Formosan Channel and the result was a considerable change in the climate. The weather was warm and sunny, yet the breeze was cool enough. We already noticed a number of tropical plants, besides imported palms and crotons in gardens.

I was invited to play golf where the tees were surrounded by mangroves, and the White-coloured Kingfishers, Halcyon chloris, were seen along by the river-side. The hills looked very bare and as if the fauna would be scarce, though it seems that my friend, Mr. Kinoshita, manager of the N. Y. K.-a keen local sportsman-had encountered pythons, bamboo-snakes and tigers in that neighbourhood. Giant eels, eight feet long, were found many times in the water-reservoir.

There is a local museum in the town, but it is so badly kept that it is not worthy of any record. They have a few stuffed birds, such as peacocks, ostriches, etc., and some well-known animals from abroadguinea-pig, antiquated double-headed calf, and so on! I think objects of this description reduce much of its value in the eyes of the scientist.

We visited a few bird stores, where we found a number of large black cockatoos. This bird is not attractive, but is rare in avicultural collections. The favourite cage birds here were no longer larks, but Japanese Blue Flycatcher, Narcissus Flycatcher, Laughing Thrush and Magpie-Robin. The melody of the last-mentioned is a series of delicate accentuations. There was a butcher's shop near by, in which live snakes were sold. Twenty or more of these wretched creatures were tangled irregularly in a wire-netted cage. It was also very surprising to see armadillo vertically cut in half in the same way in which we cut mutton at home. It is hung up by a nail from the roof and sticks out into the street, affording one of the many choice materials used for the famous Canton chop-suey! I am told the Cantonese eat rats, but that is not by any means all! By the way, the commonest dog in Hong-Kong is a fat, black-tongued, Teddybear-looking animal, known to be very faithful to its master. It is a native Chow dog, the word" Chow" meaning" to eat." The name bestowed on this much-favoured q.nimal therefore means" a dog to be eaten." We then strolled into a big fish-market, where vegetables and birds were sold in one corner. Domesticated Chinese geese (Cygnopsis), with a big knob, and Canton duck were carelessly packed in cages. Several species of teal were also observed-namely, Garganey.

Spectacled, Falcated and others - also locally killed pheasants.

I picked out one Silver Pheasant, but it was afterwards proved-by

Birds oj the Philippine Islands, Plate 2.

(Upper).

A NATIVE MARKET ON THE WAY TO BAGUIO. IMPORTANT INDIAN BREED.

THE CATTLE ARE OF AN

(Lower).

THE AUTHOR AT THE ENTRANCE OF A MUMMY CAVE. THE LID OF A COFFIN HAS CRUDE ORNAMENTS RESEMBLING A LIZARD OR A CROCODILE. THE CAVE HAD A PECULIAR SMELL. SWEET AND HONEY-LIKE A SMALL BLACK SWIFT SHOT OVER HIS HEAD AND ESCAPED INTO THE OUTSIDE WORLD.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

55

the contents of the crop-to be an aviary bird. Common Quails and Francolins (F. chinensis) were seen. I arranged to send the latter to Japan, having hoped to establish them there as a new game bird, but they all died on the journey, owing to the bad season and the unsatisfactory way of packing them.

LUZON

On 30th December we all changed into white summer kit.

We were due in Manila early on the morning of 1st January 1930.

We caught a glimpse of the city in the morning mist and then very soon afterwards white buildings became visible, reflected under the strong sun. I noticed a number of "water-hyacinths" (Eichhornia crassipes) floating in the bay, quite a distance from the land. It is a native of tropical America, introduced about 1912 as an ornamental plant.

We were met on board by Mr. H. Okamoto, of the Japanese Consulate. Our party-the Mount Apo Expedition-was already expected by the public, n.ot to mention the Japanese community, and I had to go through the customary interviews by Press men and others.

I also spent wasteful hours in going through certain formalities with regard to imported firearms and ammunition. This was all facilitated by Mr. Okamoto, who had previously arranged matters with the Governor-General. Trunks were all checked and marked "O.K." Captain (at that time Lieutenant) and Mrs. L. T. Wolfe called on me. He is a fellow-member of the Hooper Ornithological Club of California. Although we had already been in correspondence, this was the first time that we had actually met. He took me round to the Aquarium, the Botanic Gardens, and finally to the Bureau of Science to meet Mr. McGregor, the author of" Birds of the Philippines," who has a beautiful collection of bird skins, including all his types and many of Mearns' co-types. On 3rd January, Nakamura captured a shrew on the turf in front of the Manila Hotel-an AI specimen of the expedition. On 5th January we were invited-by my Filipino friend, Mr. Limjap, and his brothers-to a shooting-party at Hagonoy, where fish preserves are situated. We left Manila at 3 A.M. by car, and reached our destination at dawn. The day being unbearably hot, we finished our shooting at II A.M. Each of us was seated in a dug-out canoe, and sixty to seventy shots were fired. We obtained about a hundred and fifty moorhen, which are very common there, and a few coots. " Bakkaos "-as the little bittern (1xobrychus) is called in the Tagalog dialect-were commonly seen. Little Grebes were also numerous.

I shot an unusually large bird of this kind, which turned out to be a

56

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Black-necked Grebe-the first recorded from the Philippines. Black and White Fantails, Rhipidura nigritorquis, and Drongo Cuckoos, Surniculus, and ordinary kingfishers were obtained; also several other common species were seen.

Several days were spent in Manila in order that we might purchase our equipment, such as tents, camp-beds, cooking materials, etc. My outfit was made by the army tailor, through the kindness of Captain Wolfe, it being the most practical wear in the tropics.

On 6th January I was invited by the Captain to see the birds on Lake Taal. We left the hotel at 5 A.M. Taal is a large crater lake and is believed to be very deep. There is a very dense forest along the shores of the lake, and although some places are undoubtedly cultivated by natives, yet some are totally impenetrable. It is only a few kilometres' distance from a village. We saw birds of prey soaring in the sky, and finally the Captain discovered the nest of a Brahminy Kite, Haliastur indus i11.termedius. It was at once examined, but found to contain only fresh leaves, as it was before the time for laying eggs. The smallest birds of prey, Pygmy Falcons (Microhierax), were seen; they were also about to nest in the hole of a tree. Coucal, Centropus bengalensis, Bronze-winged Dove, Chalcophaps, many Bulbuls, White-eyes, Flower-peckers, Lories and monkeys were commonly seen.

I once caught a glimpse of a beautiful Rough-crested Cuckoo (Lepidogrammus cumingi) flying high overhead in the valley. The Captain observed Hombills (Hydrocorax). In this thick valley a Rufous FlyCatcher (Xeocephus) was found, a rather unexpected occurrence. This bird was formerly believed to be a mountain inhabitant, but apparently appears in places where there are thick forests, and the altitude has little to do with its distribution.

We were to be inoculated by Dr. Schobel against cholera, typhoid and dysentery, at the Bureau of Science, and three syringes were given to us as a protection against cobra-bite. These were to be carried with us during the Mount Apo Expedition.

Mount Apo had been visited eleven months previously (1928) by a few American officers, stationed in Manila and Zamboanga. The route they selected started from Cotabato to Apo and back. The local paper gave the following report: . " The first civilized man to leave a record of climbing the mysterious old slumbering volcano was a German orchid-hunter, who accomplished the feat in 1886 and wrote an account of his experience.

"For many years, almost since the first occupation of Mindanao

by Americans, it has been the ambition of adventurous explorers to reach the summit from the north-west, or Cotabato, side-through the so-called back door. Several attempts have been made but have

Birds of th ! P h ilippine I slands, Plat e 3.

( TOp L eft ).

AN IGOROT WOMAN OF MOUNTAIN PROVINCE. WITH CHARACTERISTIC TATTOO ON THE ARMS.

(Centre). IGOROT WOMEN KNOW THE ART OF WEAVING WHICH POSSESSES CHARACTERISTIC PATTERNS AND GAY COLOURS. SILVER IS ALSO VALUED FOR THEIR BODILY ORNAMENT. WHEN THE LONG , LINGERING, RAINY SEASON COMES DURING THE SUMMER MONTHS THEIR DRESSES ARE MADE OF LONG COUNTRY GRASS AND WHEN THEY ARE WORKING IN THE RICE FIELDS THEY WEAR PRACTICALLY NEXT TO NOTHING .

(Top Right).

AN OLD IGOROT CHIEF WITH HIS MUCH VALUED HEADS.

lLow er). THE MOUNTAIN PROVINCE IS THE HOME OF IGOROT TRmES. ONE COMES ACROSS THE BONTOC-IGOROT NEAR PAUAI. THIS IS A HEAD-HUNTING TRIBE AND IS CLOSELY RELATED TO THE INHABITANTS OF ARIZ AN, FORMOSA. ITS HOME IS A SIMPLE ONE BUT IT HAS MANY KINDS OF WEAPONS AND LIKES TO PASS ITS TIME IN WAR DANCES.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

57

been baffled by the sheer precipices encountered. Finally a route wa5 discovered by Manobo chiefs, working under the direction of Governor Gutierrez of Cotabato, and on r6th February a party of officers, after a most arduous experience, succeeded in reaching the top.

"The party consisted of the following: Colonel Earl H. Bnms, Medical Corps, U.S. Army; Major Allen Fletcher, 4Sth Infantry, U.S. Army; Major Dionicio Gutierrez, Philippine Constabulary, Governor of Cotabato Province; Captain Leon L. Gardner, Medical Corps, U.S. Army; and Lieutenant A. Montera, Philippine Constabulary.

"Some months ago, while in the Sternberg General Hospital in Manila, Major Fletcher and Colonel Bruns held a number of talk-fests regarding their mountain-climbing experiences. The Colonel is a mountain climber of renown, having scaled many of the highest peaks in the United States and elsewhere. The Major told the Colonel about the unsuccessful attempts to scale Mount Apo from the north, and also about the hitherto unsealed heights of Mount Piapayungan, on the Cotabato-Lanao boundary, the second highest mountain in the Philippines. The two officers agreed then and there that as soon as leave of absence could be arranged they would endeavour to accomplish both feats.

"When Major Fletcb,er returned tio Zamboanga he communicated with Governor Gutierrez and learned that the Governor was also harbouring the ambition to be the first to climb Old Papa from the north. In fact the Governor then had Manobo scouts out searching for a pass over or around the cliffs. The expedition was arranged, and Colonel Bruns and Captain Gardner arrived at Zamboanga from Manila on the roth February."

When the party returned triumphantly to Manila it aroused a considerable amount of public interest. The memory of this great event still remained fresh in the Philippines, and, oddly enough, I had chosen to start from Davao, over Mount Apo, and then to descend to Cotabato. This had never, as yet, been achieved by either white men, Bagobo, or Manobo, the latter being the primitive races inhabiting that region, or if so it has never been recorded. In this connection, I was invited by Captain Gardner to a dinner on nth January. We spent an agreeable evening, and he gave me the most valuable information about the Moros, that cultured yet most pugnacious tribe of Mohammedan race who live on the coast of Mindanao. We studied the projected plan, with the assistance of a large map. I put down in my notebook the names of villages, the source of a river, and a lake named Faggamb, which is on the Apo and was discovered by Captain Gardner's party, all of which had not as yet been mapped. Names of useful natives as guides were also worthy of note.

58

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

I now realized that my undertaking, if I ventured to continue, was to be a far more difficult project than any of my previous expeditions, and that such a trip, through a virgin mountain district in the East, was quite incomparable with African safari or exploring in boreal Iceland, of both of which I had a certain knowledge. The thickness of the jungle, with almost impenetrable undergrowth, is so characteristic in Mindanao, where the rainy season lingers, that collecting is very often out of the question. How Whitehead must have suffered in Leyte and in Mindoro! The latter island is often called" a grave of white men."

The heat is almost incredible. How Mearns must have suffered from malaria in Mindanao !

BAGUIO

On I2th January the President of the Philippine University, Dr. Palmer, kindly invited me to visit the Agricultural School at Los Ball0s.

It is situated on Laguna de Bay, and good work is carried on by Filipinos, in some cases supervised by American officials.

I met Nakamura and Ito, as previously arranged, in that town.

They had been there two days, and had added many new things to the collection, but all were well-known species, Button Quails, Painted Snipes, White-eyes, Flower-peckers, Woodshrikes, and a few waders.

Our equipment was ready, and we were due to start for Davao by a Filipino boat called the Luzon, but our plans were altered, and we sailed by the Akimaru, a Japanese Australian liner, on 26th January. The long delay, of course, hindered our active work in Mindanao, so under the circumstances we chose to collect in the mountain regions in Baguio.

We left Manila, by car, at IO.30 on the evening of I6th January, and arrived at Baguio at 6 A.M. the next day. It is in Mountain Province, the altitude being calculated at 4500 feet. Although it closely resembles the tropics in appearance it is characterized by a pine forest (Pinus insularis) of the Philippine species. We selected Santo Tomas as our collecting-ground; nine kilometres from the town. The Black Thrush was seen, a typical mountain inhabitant, found in many mountains in the archipelago. Crossbills, Bullfinches, and again Rufous Flycatchers, and all birds frequenting mountains or thickly forested areas, were collected. This place is known to have a mummy cave, which was discovered by the Japanese not many years ago. The cave is situated under a big rock, and about a dozen mummies were found.

Some were just laid on the floor, with their legs tucked up close to their bodies, while others were placed in coffins. The coffins were about four feet by a foot and a half, and were two feet deep. The lids had crude ornaments, resembling a lizard or a crocodile. I did not find anything besides these, with the exception of a few bits of cloth which bore the

the Ph ili p pine I slands. Plat e -l..

THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES ARE THE PRIMITIVE NEGRITOS. BY NO MEANS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE AFRICAN PIGMYS . THEY RESEMBLE VERY NEARLY THE MINCOPIES OF THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS AND PERHAPS ALSO THE PAPUANS OF NEW GUINEA ; SO THAT TOGETHER THEY FORM AN EASTERN GROUP OF THE BLACK DWARFS. THEIR DWELLING IS IN A TALL TREE . AND THE MEN ARE SKILLED AT USING A BOW AND ARROW. THEY WHOLLY SUBSIST UPON THE SPOILS OF THE CHASE. WOMEN ALSO SOMETIMES TAKING PART.

B ird s 0/

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

59

geometric designs of the Igorot, a head-hunting tribe of a mountain region of Luzon, who closely resemble the Formosan aboriginals. Some fabric-wear rattan baskets and bracelets were also found. Perhaps the most interesting item was the tattooed leg of a woman, beautifully preserved. I have often seen the same pattern on the arms of the Igorot women, but never on the legs. The cave had a peculiar smell, sweet and honey-like, and I at once noticed nests of small swifts; series of nests were stuck on the wall, but it is not an edible species of Collocalia.

The moss and lichen were tightly fused by the birds' saliva. Birds were seen on the nests, but the nests contained no eggs.

We spent one day in collecting at Haight's Place, or Pauai, as it is called by the natives; it is fifty-six kilometres from Baguio on the Benguet road. This place was so called after an American ex-army officer, who had lived there some thirty years ago, and had married an Igorot woman. His daughters kept a small house, where we installed ourselves comfortably. This place is considerably higher than Baguio, and some of the trees looked quite different-trees with white trunks being characteristic on many tropical mountains. There were many tall bamboos in full flower. Here I shot a Bamboo-Sparrow, which is an extremely rare bird, shy in habit, while its plumage harmonizes well with its surroundings. Zosterornis wlviteheadi-very rare and endemic -was also collected. Nuthatches, Calisitta-belonging to special mountain races-were common. Their pale-coloured backs looked very conspicuous among the pine-trees. The Elegant Tit (Pardaliparus elegans) was also found, a bird later classified into a new mountain race, as distinguished from the lowland form. Two species of Shrikes (Lanius), Rock Thrush (Monticola), Pied Chat ((Enanthe cap rata) and, rather unexpectedly, Swallow-Shrikes (Anamides) were commonly seen.

We also caught sight of a Bald-headed Starling (Sarcops).

After our return to Manila we again collected on the Laguna de Bay, in a wide stretch of Pistia. Birds new to us were a Purple Gallinule, Porphyrio, and Jacanas, Hydrophasianus. I secured from a local bird-stuffer a fine specimen of the Monkey-eating Eagle, which came from Davao. This eagle is indeed one of the rarest in existence, there being not more than t~enty specimens among the museums of the world. It was discovered by Whitehead, and named Pithecophaga jefferyi, after his father, by Ogilvie-Grant. Is it not extraordinary that such an enormous bird should exist on so comparatively small an island, and not choose to live on a big stretch of the continent?

The zoologists are still unable to solve this question, in fact some small islands are patronized by exceptionally large animals. For instance, in the West Indies there are many large parrots, and in the small island of Komodo, in the East Indies, we find the enormous Komodo Dragon

60

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

-the largest lizard in existence. In the Philippines there is a species of water-buffalo called Timalao on the small island of Mindoro, while its nearest ally is found in a smaller form in Celebes.

We spent most of our time in Manila in the Bureau of Science, at Mr. McGregor's division of Ornithology. It was a great pleasure for me to examine all his type specimens. Some of the novelties he describes are very wonderful things, and probably nobody, with the exception of McGregor himself, has ever handled the specimens.

Whilst investigating at the Bureau of Science I paid particular attention to the study of the Pygmies, aboriginals of the archipelago 1 ; like many other primitive tribes they are in danger of becoming extinct, for if they do not intermarry with other tribes they will shortly disappear and their race will die out altogether. It is generally well remembered that the art of the bow-and-arrow was originally learned from them, also how to produce fire by rubbing two bamboo sticks together.

The distribution of such a tribe over oceanic islands leads one to believe that the archipelago was once a submerged continent, which was at one time connected with the Asiatic mainland. This idea coincides with many avifaunal distributions.

W. A. Reed published an exhaustive account of the Negritos of Zambales, but unfortunately this book is difficult to get hold of nowadays. 2 We were due on board the s.s. Akimaru on the morning of 26th January, and our three weeks' stay in Luzon had by no means been wasted.

VOYAGE TO DAVAO

We were now sailing for Davao. The Akimaru passed the Strait of Mindoro at 3 P.M. on the 16th of January. Although it is constantly swept by devastating typhoons, the vegetation of Mindoro is somehow almost incredible. Bare white sand stretches along the shore, where massive trees grow in an unbroken line, forming a virgin forest. The distant end of the high hill is veiled by clouds.

The fourth day after having left Manila the Akimaru entered the Bay of Davao. It is twice as large as the Bay of Manila. The town is situated at the northern extremity of the bay. Apo was on our left as we approached the wharf. The mountain looked very irregular, and appeared to consist of many smaller peaks. A long 1 D. C. Worcester in The National Geographic Magazine: "Field Sports among the Wild Men of Luzon," March 19II; "Taal Volcano and its Recent Destructive Eruption," April 1912; "Head Hunters of Northern Luzon," September 1912; "The NonChristian Peoples of the Philippine Islands," November 1913.

2 William Allan Reed. "Negritos of Zambales."

Ethnological Survey Publications, vol. ii. Part I. 1904.

Birds 0/ the Philippine Islands, Plat e 5.

(Upper). HOW MANILA HEMP (Abaca) GROWS . MINDANAO IS RENOWNED FOR THIS PRODUCT. WHICH IS CLAIMED TO BE OF THE FINEST QUALITY. FOR THE MOST PART THE PLANTERS ARE JAPANESE .

(Lower). THE WEALTH OF TIMBER IS AMAZING IN THE PHILIPPINES, AND, IN DAVAO .

SHOWS AN EARLY STAGE OF PLANTATION. THE FOREST WILL EVENTUALLY TURN INTO A HEMP FIELD.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

6r

stretch of volcanic rock shone white as snow. Below the tree-line was a sheet of deep indigo, perfectly expressed by Hiroshige in his print. There is an adjoining mountain to Apo, tolerably high, and entirely covered by a forest. This forest is called McKinley by the inhabitants of Davao; it is not, however, indicated on any map.

I imagined the most attractive birds might be hidden behind that morning mist !

On our arrival at 9 P.M. we were received by representatives of the Japanese community. We took up our quarters at the ViceConsul's (Mr. A. Saito's) residence.

Mr. Koike, the former secretary of the Japanese Association, was recommended to me as a general manager for the Apo Expedition, as he knew the language well and also understood the customs of the natives; moreover, he had already investigated the peak of the Apo twice previously, being the most enthusiastic mountaineer in Davao. As an escort for the expedition Commander Leonor, of the Philippine Constabulary, had supplied me with a bodyguard consisting of Sergeant Manuel and six other members of his force.

The arrangements were made with the utmost rapidity, as we were already late in arriving at Davao. We had to alter our plans considerably, owing to the fact that the entire trip had to be made on foot. Every article had to be carried on the men's backs, owing to the steepness of the valley, the depth of the rivers and the thickness of the jungle, which would not allow any other means of conveyance, even that of suspending the packs to poles to be carried by two men.

The use of domestic animals was equally impossible. Our provisions, arranged for in Manila, and calculated to last six persons for forty days, were now by no means ample.

The whole store-room space of an hotel had been filled with importations from Japan. We had to make each package of about 50 lbs. weight, carefully wrapped in waterproof sheeting. We also had to be particularly careful in wrapping the skinning materials, salt, sugar, matches and ammunition. Each bundle contained about one day's necessary provision-mainly milk, oatmeal and sausages. The tinned food was bound together by brass wire, which was chosen for the purpose because it is highly valued by the natives, who use it for ornament. While engaged over all this, I reckoned that about fifty porters had to be obtained. We were not relying upon the supply of provisions at any village before descending to the plain of Cotabato.

I had made up my mind to ascend Mount Apo along the gorge of the River Sibulan, and to reach Faggamb on the third day, where I hoped to find a hut on the lake-side which had been built by the army officers in the previous year. Although it was more than likely that I should

62

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

find it very weather-beaten I relied upon the fact that my men would be able to restore it. I intended to make this our collecting centre for a week or ten days and then to descend to the Cotabato side by taking a course selected by the army officers, passing, probably, in the inverse order, the following villages-Quinatilan, Kabacan and Pikit-on my way to Cotabato. I hoped to meet Mr. and Mrs. J. M'Laren at Kabacan and Governor Gutierrez at Cotabato. I should then leave Cotabato by boat for the Buluan district, where I hoped to collect chiefly in the marsh district, returning to Davao by way of the southern slope of Apo, to Santa Cruz. I calculated that this trip would occupy a month.

EXPLORATION OF MOUNT

Apo

It would not be out of place here to give a brief acccount of Mount Apo and its various ascents.

The earliest record is by the first Governor of Davao, Jose Oyanguren, in 1859. Twenty-seven men died during this initial expedition. A second attempt was made in the year 1870, but success was not forthcoming, and the summit was not gained. This expedition was led by a military offiCl:er from Davao, by name Real.

In 1880 a third attempt was successful, and during this expedition the mountain was explored zoologically by Dr. Jose Montano and Sefior J. Rajal, then Governor of Davao.

The next recorded ascent was in 1882, when German naturalists, Alexander Schandenberg and Otto Koch, reached the summit, where the latter succeeded in collecting botanical specimens. In the Sinopsis Atlas (1883) D. Sebastian Vidal figures some plants collected in the high altitude of Apo. In the year 1888 Martin Juan Doyle, of the Weather Bureau in Manila, attempted to scale the mountain, but he managed to reach only an altitude of 3000 metres.

In 1907 Dr. Merrill, a renowned Philippine botanist, wrote: (/ Since 1880 Mount Apo has been climbed many times by various persons, to my knowledge by at least ten Americans within the last five years."

Major Mearns must have been one of the ten.

W. Goodfellow, an English naturalist, explored the mountain twice, in 1903 and 1905, and reached a point 8000 feet high.

J. Waterstradt, a Danish naturalist, also made a collecting trip, after Goodfellow attained the 8000 feet altitude. 1 I know of about ten or more Japanese residing in Davao who made 1 According to the account given to me by Mr. Goodfellow, the highest point he gained must have been just over 7000 feet, at the southern side of the mountain.

Birds of the Philipp ine Islands, Plat e 6.

A PAIR OF BAGOBOS IN FULL DRESS. THE ORNAMENTS ON DRESSES AND WEAPONS SHOW THEIR WEALTH, WHILE THE MAN'S IVORY EAR- PLUG IS A MUCH VALUED ARTICLE. HIS HEAD-DRESS HAS A WHITE PATTERN AGAINST RED CLOTH. WHEN THE RED IS OF A DARKER HUE IT SHOWS THAT HE HAS KILLED MANY PEOPLE .

THE WOMAN WEARS BELLS ABUNDANTLY SUPPLIED WITH RINGS ON HER KNEES AND A BASKET OVER THE SHOULDER.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

63

a successful trip within the last five or six years, without, however, leaving records of any importance.

As before mentioned, until recently, the journey has been made from the Davao side alone. In 1928, however, a party of U.S. army officers, six in number, led by Colonel Fletcher of Petit Barak, Zamboangu, made a first ascent to the summit from the town of Cotabato.

They marched along the Mindanao river, and on the journey discovered and named Lake Faggamb, a most successful achievement.

In the following year, 1929, the first Hachisuka Zoological Expedition, led by myself, ascended from Davao. We remained on the mountain for several days, during which time we explored the highest region. The party then descended to Davao, thereby establishing the first record of Mount Apo's traverse.

The blue belt of the mountains as seen above the clouds from the boat seemed indeed a Mecca to naturalists. A strange endemic Starling, Poo-lo, as it is called by the Bagobos, inhabits that virgin forest. Specimens were brought over to London and named after its discoverer, Goodfellow, some thirty years ago. After that no more was heard of the bird. The quest of this bird was, indeed, the chief object of my expedition. Tliere were, however, several other novelties, such as Leonardia woodi, a Timeline bird known only from the type, and Pseudothalahaleus, of which only three specimens had been collected from various mountains in Mindanao. Apoia and Hypocriptadiidce (both belonging to the Zosteropidice family) are also a genus and subfamily endemic to Apo. Species and subspecies confined to this mountain are very numerous.

The plain of Cotabato attracted my attention for the reason that there I had more chance of discovering species, both migratory and resident, common to the Southern Hemisphere, especially to Celebe~.

It had been reported to me how interesting the bird life was in that district. The marshes swarmed with waders and ducks, there were also many crocodiles, yet not a single specimen had been examined by any scientist. In this district the Glossy Ibis, the darter and the very rare Philippine Mallard were seen in plenty.

On one occasion, during my stay at Davao, I was the guest of Mr. Miyasaka, of the Ohta Development Co., at Talomo, and there, at his house, I saw an enormous stuffed bird, one of the rare endemic Monkey-eating Eagles already mentioned, with a wing-span of over seven feet. It was very surprising to me to come across it so unexpectedly, and it gave me great pleasure when it was kindly presented to me by Mr. Miyasaka. The bird had been shot by Mr. Kojima, the owner of the plantation at Catalnan, ten kilometres west of Davao, about March I928. It was the second specimen which had come into my hands.

64

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

On 1st February, at 7 A.M., we were ready to start for Davao.

The expedition consisted of Koike (general manager), Nakamura (collector), Ito (collector and cook), Ichikawa (photographer-most of the photographs reproduced are prepared by him), Sergeant Manuel, six others and myself.

We motored as far as Balcatan, where the road ends; though it is not steep the mountain slope is covered with a thick jungle. There are a few Japanese employed on the abaca plantation. Mr Narimatsu and others kindly gave me the use of four Calabao (water-buffalo) sledges. Our luggage was dragged through miles of hemp forest. We were going through the territory of the Bagobos, and Nakamura and myself and the soldiers guarding our sledges all had our guns loaded in case of any possible attack. The Bagobos are a wild tribe, inhabiting the Apo, and although primitive they are not considered in this part j of the world to be dangerous natives. The fact remains that many immigrants have lost their lives by their spears. We called on the native village-master (the Datu), but he was not at home. His womenfolk were dressed up for us. Their clothes were made of hemp fibre, and patterned and dyed in the local manner, which was most interesting. There was also a man who played music upon a gong to welcome us. This instrument is much favoured by the East Indian inhabitants, including the Malayans, but their method of playing is different. Here, they are hung up in a room instead of being arranged in a row on a wooden rail.

We arrived at 4 P.M. at Kamansha and put up at Datu Anteki's house. A Japanese called Takamori was there with freshly killed wild boar for us. This animal is called Babuy in the native language. The birds seen and collected were not very interesting, only the common species inhabiting the plain, a few medium-sized birds of prey, Penelopides, Sarcops, Leucotreron, Tanygnathus and so on. Wecollected some ethnological and anthropological materials, and we were busy taking cephalic measurements of the Bagobos in the evening.

On 2nd February we were much disturbed by the sudden storm of the previous night. The bamboo house, without walls on three sides, was deluged with rain. A night watchman was on duty and some of us slept fully armed, some with revolvers and a big bolo (a native sword) on the hip. We were not quite Bagobo-minded yet!

From to-day onward we did the real" hiking," as an Americanized Filipino would say. Our expeditionary party consisted of over fifty men. About forty strong Bagobo lads had been selected by Takamori; each carried a big bolo with which to cut his way through. I had with me a boy called Ouvah, good at shooting with a '410 gun, quick at pointing out birds, and sure at retrieving a kill from the jungle. He showed a

0/ the Philipp ine Island s, Plate 7,

AT BALCATAN. THE END OF THE ROAD. PROVISIONS FOR THE MT. APO EXPEDITION BEING PACKED ON FOUR CALABAO SLEDGES , EACH OF WHICH IS TO BE GUARDED BY A PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY OFFICER. TROUBLE MAY OCCUR, BUT. AS A RULE , THE BAGOBOS ARE HOSPITABLE AND GOOD-NATURED.

Birds

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

65

keen interest in birds and knew the correct names of the native species.

Most of the other lads were ignorant or next to useless as collecting companions. They were ready to tell any lies in order to lessen their work. If one scolded them they escaped by night. It was not possible for one soldier on night duty to keep his eye on so many of them, for they slept anywhere in the open.

We departed at 8 A.M., slowly making our way along the River Sibulan. We halted for lunch at Bano, in the valley, where Indian corn is obtainable from the natives. We saw a big hornbill (Hydrocorax) for the first time. They are frequently to be heard calling here and there, and their dull notes are a common sound echoing through this luxuriant valley. I saw a big swift flying high above the valley, far too high to be touched by any gun, but the sudden rain-clouds forced it low down. The wing-span was more arched than in any big swift I had come across. A small flock swept down overhead with amazing rapidity. They must have been flying at well over 100 miles an hour, I think. A lucky shot of mine brought one down, and on examination it turned out to be M earnsia picina, of which not more than half-a-dozen specimens are known to exist; they are, in fact, rarer than the Monkey-eating Eagle.

My barometer showed the altitude to be about 2500 feet.

We arrived at Todaya, where we intended to stay the night. The altitude being just below 3500 feet the night was cool. The jungle, however, was still very thick and the bamboos grew to a tremendous height and thickness. This place must be the type locality of Ramphocorax panayensis todayensis.

Todaya is the last and the highest village of Bagobo. Literally, daya means "west," and to means "this" or "above," the two together meaning " the westernmost high place"; the region beyond this, towards Apo, is not inhabited by natives, therefore this is the last Bagobo village, and the vast territory of the Apo region is a no-man's land. It is occasionally a hunting-ground of the natives. Some wander about for several days with their spears and a poisonous snare called "balatic." Slaves are caught, or rather stolen, from the Manobo tribe, inhabiting the other side of the mountain, so the two tribes have illfeelings toward each other. Therefore this joint hunting-ground, where they pursue babuy and deer, is by no means safe for anyone to enter.

A native rightly considers that anyone he meets in this territory who does not speak his own dialect can be looked upon as an enemy.

We were kept busy with skinning until midnight, by the light of a fire which was made by drying and then lighting a certain fruit berry, which contains a lot of oil and burns well, although very smokily.

We heard the cackling of some animal breaking the silence of the E

66

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

night. Takamori went out with his gun and an electric torch, returning in a few minutes with a big flying fox, trailing its long wings over the floor.

On 3rd February I heard the noisy screech of birds from a tall flowering tree, blossoming a beautiful salmon-pink, Bombax ceiba.

These birds were Trichoglossus johnstonce, a species of brush-tongue lory endemic to Mount Apo. Goodfellow 1 must have found his bird in about the same place.

To-day's journey brought us to Galog, at over 4000 feet altitude. In this place there is the source of a hot sulphur spring, which was originally discovered by an American about fifteen years ago. I t had lately been patronized a great deal by the Japanese of Davao, who built a shed there for future use. Bird life was abundant, and I decided to remain there for a few days, intending, in the meantime, that the party led

by Koike should investigate the Faggamb Lake. The living accommodation had to be arranged for, and, furthermore, our path to the Cotabato side had to be opened at once.

Galog was a perfect centre for collecting, as bird life was rich.

Though not quite in a mountain region yet, zoologically speaking, several lowland species had already disappeared: Sarcops, Pycnonotus, Oriolus, Tanygnathus, C~ntropus, Merops, Thriponax, Halcyon chloris and Halcyon gularis.

On 6th February Koike left for the lake, taking with him five soldiers and most of the camping materials and provisions. Sergeant Manuel returned to Todaya in order to obtain more rice and fifteen fresh Bagobo porters. The new birds we encountered here were Macronus striaticeps, Hyloterpe philippensis, Dicceum, Halcyon hombroni, Craniorrhiwus, Hypocriptadius, Rhipidura nigro cinnamomea, Rhipidura superciliaris, Pardaliparus, Turdus kelleri.

Ouvah shot a fine flying lemur, which had a good deal of white hair on various parts of the back. We saw no more fruit bats.

Former collectors had never obtained a female of Rhipidura cinnamonea nigro, and Ouvah and I shot many, and out of a dozen only two females were amongst them. Both sexes are identical in appearance. I had the opportunity of studying the habits of Hypocryptadius. It is slightly related to a group of White-eye, which I consequently made a subfamily of its own.

We thoroughly enjoyed our hermit-like existence and life in this ravine. We were seven-Nakamura, Ito, Ichikawa, Takamori, Ouvah, one soldier and myself. The place swarmed with natives and they were most inquisitive about everything. They tried to steal foodeven arsenic without knowing it! We could not let them out of our 1

See p. 4 2 â&#x20AC;˘

MEMBERS OF THE EXPEDITION, BELOW TODAYA. BAMBOO STILL THRIVES 300 FEET UP MT. APO . IT GROWS IN SUCH IMPENETRABLE MASSES THAT CUTTING A WAY THROUGH IS A FORMIDABLE TASK.

Birds oj the Philippine Islands, Plate 8.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

67

sight, and were glad we had none of them now except Ouvah, a keen young hunter who collected four or five new birds every day.

The morning temperature dropped down to 10째 C. Rain by night refreshed our souls in the morning, but it hampered our collecting, as the foliage was drenched, and we got wet through.

The undergrowth was sometimes taller than a man.

Galog was certainly an ideal collecting-ground: we would have liked to have stayed longer if circumstances had permitted. Conveniencies in the bamboo shed were as good as we could expect.

In the evening, after the noisy cicadas had ceased their steam-whistlelike cry, we had regular baths in the hot spring and river, fireflies skimming over the surface of the water.

On 7th February, Manuel returned with fifteen Bagobos and several sacks of rice from Todaya. We determined to complete our ascent to Faggamb. It is a difficult journey, and we decided to make it in only one day in order to save trouble as to accommodation, and also to avoid discouraging the natives. The only guide to the summit beyond Faggamb was a man called Salidan, who rendered good service to the army expedition in the previous year. This Arab-Malayan-looking fellow, with hooked nose and prominent cheekbones and eyebrows, would have been my best guide, as well as the most influential among his people, but most unfortunately he left me at Galog on account of ill-health. By the way, when Salidan broke firewood with both hands he broke it across his head instead of round his knees as we do !

We were relying upon Takamori's guidance; but neither he nor anybody else had ever been as far as the lake. We accidentally came across a messenger sent by Mr. Koike. The message was as follows : SIR,-On reaching the lake we halted at Batlat where hunters have made a little shed. I just put up a tent and stayed. The journey is very hard and you are not able to reach here by one lap.

I know you have no tent, but a shed can be made in an hour and a half. Plenty of good water to drink. On the 5th we boiled rice before sunrise and then started. We had to cross over the side of Mount Apo above 6500 feet. Many gorges had to be crossed-almost impassable. We vaguely started circling, keeping the peak on our left, and arrived finally at the lake. One Bagobo was lost.

It is of absolute importance to order Sergeant 'Manuel to keep porters together within sight of you, they are easily lost in ravines.

We arrived at last at the lake at 12 A.M. Its calmness, reflecting the peak in the water, the cool air, together with totally different vegetation, were impressive amidst the solitude. I found a house made

68

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

by the American party; it is a large one but was burnt and cannot be of any use to us. We put up the tent and had" chow." In the afternoon we struggled to build a hut but in vain, owing to the heavy rain. We huddled together in the tent and spent the night there.

Some went out to shoot deer by night, but that was also a failure.

Early on the sixth morning I sent two soldiers and two natives with an ample amount of rice for lunch and a fresh tin of oatmeal, to descend to Cotabato. They are expected to return with twenty natives on the Ioth and are bringing their own food for three days.

I am careful with the consumption of rice, always keeping my eyes on the natives when meal-time comes. Altitude is 6930 feet, the temperature 53째 F.. I am sending ten Bagobos back with this messenger-you must make them work. They are eager to return because they cannot stand the cold of the mountains. Bird life seems interesting.

At the lake where the wind is invigorating, KOIKE.

6th February.

The gorge of Sibulan became too narrow and impassable, so we traversed a ridge. The undergrowth became less tangled and we could walk without using a bolo, yet it was steep ahead. We did not require ropes, as there was plenty of rattan and roots to hold on to. At 6000 feet we caught sight of three drongo -like birds; they did not fly far and were stealthy in habit. At closer range I found it could not be a drongo, the tail was too long for the Black Thrush we met occasionally. Nakamura never failed in his aim and brought one down. It proved to be a Goodfellowia miranda, my quest on Mount Apo. I took it to be a Tu-ca-ling (it was erroneously described in McGregor's book, as most of the natives do not know this starling and took it to be a common Bald-headed Starling, Sarcops). The Bald-headed Starling is a bird of the plains, and we did not meet it above 3000 feet, while its allies, the nearest genus Go odfellowia , are geographically replaced above 6000 feet.

I saw a native coming down; his red and white coat indicated that he was one of my men. He brought me a second letter from Mr. Koike, which read as follows:

7th F ebntary.

SIR,-The two soldiers and two Bagobos which I sent yesterday, in the hope of opening a route to Kidapawan, returned at 4 P.M. They report that it .was impossible to descend. I have ordered two other soldiers to report to you but they have refused to go., Rice is

AT LUNCH. FROM THE RIGHT. OUVAH. AUTHOR. GALOG IS A PERFECT CENTRE THE RICHEST REGION IN THE NUMBER TOGETHER WITH AN ABUNDANT

MR. ITO. PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY SOLDIER. MR. NAKAMURA AND TH E FOR COLLECTING. THIS ALTITUDE (OVER 4 ,OOOFT. ) MUST BE COUNTED AS OF SPECIES. CLEAR. GOOD WATER AND A MINERAL HOT SPRING .

SUPPLY OF BAMBOO MADE OUR STAY VERY COMFORTABLE.

Birds 01 th e Philippin e Island s, Plai e 9

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

69

fast disappearing ! You must persuade Salidan to come, otherwise it is impossible to go down to Cotabato.

With anxiety, also much thinking, KOIKE.

I explained the contents of the letter to Sergeant Manuel and inquired whether the porters could stand the hard journey until sunset.

Although Koike's party spent two days and thirteen hours on the journey, yet the messenger took, as I had already calculated, only six hours during the morning. We had been struggling along for two hours, and it was only ten o'clock. Sergeant Manuel and I decided to march on to the lake before sunset, whatever difficulties we might meet. Koike must have wasted about two hours on the first day when putting up the tent and by other preparations.

In the primeval forest, heretofore untouched by man, the earth and the trunks of the trees are covered with watery moss and lichen.

We were up to our knees in spongy soil, feeling as if in deep snow. No sound of anything could be heard, and the men had not sufficient energy to talk. The forest was dark; tall trees spread their thick branches ove the sky like umbrellas. The sun does not penetrate to this world: oqcasional mountain-mist veiled our course.

Suddenly the scream of a Racket-tailed Parakeet echoed down the ravine, stimulating our numbed ears. How strange to find a red flower up in a tree I-the most gorgeously coloured one I ever saw: it was an orchid. This strange world was divine, but nobody knew when we were coming to the end of it. On this spongy damp ground we knew of no method of kindling a fire. The Bagobos looked very frightened and were shivering from cold and fatigue. Sometimes we had to follow a track made by wild animals. A tempting, natural log-bridge over a gorge broke into pieces when we stepped on to it.

The marvels of a primeval forest like this are incredible. The varieties of moss and lichens are many, and I collected quite a good number of them. Some looked like the fine scales of fish-skin, while others resembled tassels. Their colouring shaded from emerald-green into sapphire-blue. Some with small berries were observed. If the antiquity of certain old Japanese gardens is rightly judged by the richness of the moss on rocks and trees, then this forest is, indeed, incomparably older than any of the oldest I know!

A dead trunk of a tree was covered With this moss, and on touching it with one's hand it broke up in the strangest way, as if a gust of wind had blown powdery snow from the branch of a fir-tree.

Finally, the whole colossal trunk fell noiselessly, turning into shapeless debris on the ground.

70

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Our constant watch in the fog was on the porters, for the loss of one man might easily result in the entire failure of the expedition.

We crossed several ridges, and then, suddenly, the forest came to an end.

The lake opened up before our eyes, and at last we found the . tent. Nakamura, Ichikawa, Ouvah and one Bagobo were with me.

The other party, conducted by Manuel and Ito, did not arrive that night, having stayed in the terrible forest all night without a moment's sleep. We, also, not having enough blankets for everybody, were curled up o~ rush-piled beds, fighting against hunger and cold.

8th February.-The morning temperature was 8째 C. Hardly one of us had any sleep last night.

Nakamura and I went out to shoot Black Thrush and Snipe for food; they are very plentiful by the lake.

It was a fine day 'and the peak of Apo appeared very beautiful.

There was not a ripple on the surface of the water.

I opened a blue printed map which was the biggest scale map to be found in Manila, and \lpon which many details are wrongly indicated.

This lake, without a name on the map, is ten times as big as shown there, and is marked as the source of the River Sibulan. In reality the river came to an end several ridges away from the lake, and this water, without an inlet OI outlet, is nothing more than a crater lake.

Colonel (then Major) Fletcher, the leader of last year's expedition, writes in The Mindanao Herald as follows: "The water in Lake Faggamb is not clear and is almost ambershade in colour. The bottom and the shore are covered with waterliving plants."

9th February.-Manuel, with great determination, and accompanied by two Bagobos and ample rice for three days, started scouting Quinatilan. Koike and Ichikawa endeavoured to open up a trail to the summit.

We had originally intended to accomplish our ascent on nth February, that day being a national festival in Japan.

Bird life in Faggamb is somewhat poor, and although we may not actually have collected many species of birds and mammals yet we both saw and heard them.

Two kinds of swifts (one of which afterwards proved to be a new species) were commonly seen along the lake-side.

The booming-rather than cooing-sounds of a beautiful Fruit Pigeon, C. mindanensis, were commonly heard every day. In fact, these sounds and the melodious note of the Orthotomus and the Black Thrush are the only sounds to be heard, except those of an occasional flock of Racket-t-ailed Parakeets, with their peculiar scream.

THE AUTHOR AT LAKE FAGGAMB . Hypo cryptadi us Goodjellowia , Apoia AND NUMEROUS OTHER SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES PECULIAR TO MOUNT APO INHABIT THE SHORES OF THE LAKE. THIS LAKE IS WELL SHELTERED . AND EVEN ON WINDY DAYS IS DEAD CALM. THE ALTITUDE IS JUST BELOW 8.000 FEET. a nd BAMBOOS ARE NO LONGER TO BE FOUND. THE MELODIOUS SONG OF TAYLOR WARBLER (Phy lleTgat es h et eTolre mus) AND THE STRANGE COO - ING OF A FRUIT PIGEON (Ptilocolpa mindanen sis ) IS HEARD AT MORNING AND EVENING . A FLOCK OF MT. APO RACKET-TAILED PARAKEETS ( PrionituTus wateTstradti) WAS OFTEN SEEN FLYING OVER THE LAKE. THIS LAKE. AND THE VALLEY. WERE ONLY DISCOVERED IN 1928 BY A PARTY OF AMERICAN OFFICERS. AND REOEIVED ITS NAME SUBSEQUENTLY.

Birds oj th e Philipp i ll e I sl a nds . Pla l ~ 10.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES :71 We shot several Flowerpeckers (first discovered by Mearns) hunting along a mossy branch. How strange it is that tropical birds can live in a forest like this, with nights so frosty and cold! We caught sight of a Goodfellowia again and shot it. So skulking are they in habit that the noise of a gun hardly startles them, they only hide the deeper in the mossy trunk of a tall tree. We also lost a wounded bird in the same manner. They are hard birds to get, though they may not be rare. We seldom saw them. The soft cushion of moss easily prevents even a dead bird from falling to the ground.

About six o'clock small bats started flapping round the tent, and Scops Owls screeched solemnly in the dark solitude; we did not manage to get any of the latter. This owl is so far unrecorded. It flies like a f.ocket, so one has no chance of getting a snap-shot, while the height of the surrounding mountains affords little chance of getting him against the sky.

My botanical collections from this mossy region and from the summit of Mount Apo were subsequently presented to the British Museum on my arrival in London, and the following is the list of names and their brief distributions.

There are many extliemely rare plants amongst them. Moreover, it is of 'interest to kno that so many endemic species have been collected.

Collection from the Philippines by the Hon. M. Hachisuka The following determinations have been made by the members of the Botanical Staff : FLOWERING PLANTS DICOTYLEDONES POL YPETALÂŁ

W interacea1.

Drimys piperita Hook. f. Borneo to New Guinea.

Pittosporacea1.

Pittosporum brachysepalum Turcz.

According to Merrill (" Enumeration of Philip: Flowering Plants," vol. ii., p. 223) the highest locality previously known is I400 m. Endemic to Philippines.

Myrtacea1.

Leptospermum flavescens Sm.

Burma to tropical Australia.

A. W. Exell.

72

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS GAMOPETALlE

Ericacece.

Rhododendron mindanaense Merr. Mossy forest of Mount Apo (about 2700 m.). Endemic to the mountain.

Rhododendron apoanum Stein. Mount Apo and Urdaneta; scarcely more than a variety of R. malayanum Jack. Endemic to Min"danao.

Rhododendron Quadrasianum Vid. Exposed ridges in the mossy forest (r200-2500 m.). Philippines.

Vacciniacece.

Vaccinium microphyllum Bl. On mossy exposed ridges and also epiphytic on mossy trees on the highest mountains (r600-2800 m.).

Moluccas.

Vaccinium V illarii Vid. Celebes, Tidore.

E pacridacece.

Styphelia philippinensis Merr.

Myrsinacece.

Rapanea venosas Elm.

Philippines.

Philippines.

G. Taylor.

APETALlE

N epenthacece.

Nepenthes sp. (material insufficient).

Loranthacece.

Loranthus sp. (material insufficient).

Casuarinacece.

Casuarina Rumphiana Miq.

Celebes, Moluccas.

G. Taylor.

MONOCOTYLEDONTS Orchidacece.

Calanthe sp.

Eria longicruris Leavitt. Mindanao (Mount Apo and 2800m. in Misamis). ? Malaxis sp.

Podochilus sp.

Cyperacece.

Gahnia javanica Moritzi. In the mossy forest, in open heaths, etc. (altitude r700 to 2700 m.). Malay Pen. to Western China, south to New Guinea and Polynesia.

Vincentia malesica Stapf. Sumatra, Borneo.

J. E. Dandy.

01 the Philippill e I slands , Plat e 11.

A MORNING DIP IN THE FAGGAMB CRATER LAKE. BELTS OF ANCIENT TREES FRINGE THE SHORE, AMONGST WHICH COUNTLESS DEER ROAM BY NIGHT. TWO PEAKS OF THE APO ARE TO BE SEEN IN THE BACKGROUND. THE SUMMIT MAYBE REACHED BY A HARD TWO HOURS' .. HIKE."

Birds

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

73

FERNS Gleicheniacece .

Gleichenia hirta Bl. Moluccas, Java.

Gleichenia circinata Sw. Malaya.

Polypodiacece.

Dryopteris sp. (juvenile).

Dipteris conJugata Reinw. Malay to Polynesia.

Blechnum egregium Copel. Philippines.

Blechnum vestitum (Bl.) Kuhn. Malaya.

Leucostegia immersa (Wall.) Presl. India and Malaya.

Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. Madagascar to Japan and Polynesia.

Humata vestita (Bl.) Moore. Malaya.

Lindsaya pulchella (J. Sm.) Mett. Malaya to Samoa.

V ittaria pusilla Bl. Malaya.

Acrosorus exaltatus Copel. Mt. Apo and Mt. Calelan.

Polypodium pubinerve (Bl.) Christ. J ava, Celebes.

Polypodium incurvatum Bl. Malaya.

Polypodium celebicum Bl. Malaya.

Polypodium mollicomum Nees and Bl. Malaya.

Calymmodon clavifer (Hook) Moore. Very rare in the Philippines, where it has been found once before on Mt. Apo. Common on Mt. Kinabalu (Borneo), Arfak Mts. (New Guinea).

Calymmodon cucullatus (Nees and Bl.) Presl. Malaya.

Hymenolepis spicata (L. f.) Presl. Malaya.

Lycopodiacece.

Lycopodium verticillatum L. f. Mascarenes, Polynesia and Trop. America.

Lycopodium cernuum Linn. Pantropic. .

Lycopodium scariosum Forst. Mt. Apo is the most westerly station for this Pacific species.

Selaginellacece.

Selaginella Eschscholzii Hieron. Philippines.

Selaginella peUata Presl. Philippines.

Selaginella afJ.Ramosii Hieron. Philippines.

Selaginella U steri Hieron. Philippines.

Psilotacece.

Tmesipteris tannensis Berm. This Pacific specIes is found only on Mt. Apo in the Malayan region.

There is a paper on the ferns of Mount Apo in Elmer's" Leaflets," vol. iii., p. 791. The occurrence of the Pacific species Tmesipteris tannensis and Lycopodium scariosum is of especial interest.

A. H. G. Alston.

74

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

11th February.-We had prepared to scramble all round the peaks, but this day was unfortunately very cloudy. It is the condition usual to the Apo peak, and one can seldom see the top from below.

Two hours were spent in reaching the top; strong winds do not allow any trees to grow to any height. The vegetation in the last hour was less than the' height of a man.

Salmon-pink rhododendron and azalea were in full bloom. We still often saw a solitary deer roaming here and there, fearlessly gazing at the intruders.

An aluminium water-flask was found on the way-it must have belonged to one of last year's party.

The top of the peak is barren and scanty in vegetation, but wherever the soil is exposed, and not bleached by sulphur fumes, there a thick cover of bush grows.

We found the white skull of a monkey (rather surprising). We had not seen one at that high altitude, though monkeys are very common in the tropical regions. We were completely foiled in making a survey owing to the thick fog, which prevented us from seeing beyond a distance of ten yards. However, we got up to the western peak.

I here borrow a description from Colonel Fletcher's notebook : " 15th February 19z8.-We found the saddle to be a beautiful little enclosed valley, and here we made our final camp before the climb to the top of Apo. This valley is about one thousand yards long, roughly pear-shaped, entirely surrounded by dense forest, and with a lovely little lake of crystal-clear water at one end. The floor of the valley is perfectly smooth and is covered with very short grass and moss. It was an ideal camping-place. The cold was intense and the cargadores suffered a great deal.

"Apo loomed up very distinctly to the southward in the clear afternoon air. Two clearly defined peaks could now be distinguished, and the western slope of the highest peak could be dimly outlined through a cleft between them.

"This valley was literally covered with deer droppings, and after sundown our grizzly-bear hunter, Captain Gardner, oiled up his trusty blunderbuss and announced that the mess would have venison cutlets for breakfast.

"As our little valley and lake seemed to have no name, we thought it would be the proper thing to give them one. We decided to make a pronounceable word from the first letters of names of the seven members of the party. This resulted in FAGGAMB-the initials of the names Fletcher, Apang, Gutierrez, Gardner, Aduk, Montera and Bruns. Let us hope that Faggamb Lake and Valley will be noted on future charts

B irds of the Philippine I slands , Plate 12.

TWO VIEWS OF MOUNT APO 'S CRATERS . PHOTOGRAPHED FOR THE FIRST TIM E.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

75

and maps about two miles from Apo peaks, with a compass bearing of about north fifteen degrees west. " Apang announced that this was as far as he had ever been. A dense fog rolled over us, and soon we could not see ten feet ahead.

And then the rain began to fall. The north and west upper slopes of Apo's peaks are covered nearly to the top with a growth consisting of scattered scrubby trees with trunks four or five feet high, and with twisted branches struggling up through a conglomerate mass of brakes; vines, ferns and cogon grass . . " Old man Apang tried to break a trail into this mass, but in five minutes he had exhausted himself, and other members of the party took turns in smashing through the tangle. Bolos were useless. The vines were armed with needle-like thorns and a trail breaker soon had his hands cut to ribbons. The aneroid barometer had no difficulty in keeping pace with the progrtss bf the party. It was impossible to crawl through the growth. The only way headway could be made was for the leader to throw his weight upon the tangle and break it down, thereby gaining a foot or two at the expense of every ounce of his strength. Everybody was drenched to the skin and shivering with cold. a At 9.3 0 A.M. the summit of the north peak was reached.

The fog had passed a little, but the atmosphere was still pretty thick.

The view from this peak is one of grandeur and would require a more facile pen than mine to describe. One could but feel the puny insignificance of mortal man. The other peaks in the group loomed up dimly through the haze and seemed to be hundreds of feet higher than they really were. This seemed to be accounted for by the theory that when looking through a haze one's eyes will not follow a horizontal line. " All hands flopped down to rest and the proposition of climbing the other peaks was discussed. Colonel Bruns expressed the opinion that the peak to the south of us was the highest of the group, and to settle the argument he declared' We'll climb 'em all! ' " Bruns and Gardner were deep-sea ginks on geology, hikeology, botany, weather, temperature, chemistry and such other junk as a boy has to fool away a couple of years with in school, but, would you believe it, they didn't even bring a thermometer with them? One would think they would have needed four or five cargadores to lug their scientific instruments and things about, but not an instrument did they have. They even groomed their finger-nails with a bolo. t< On the highest peak several empty bottles were found.

Parties climbing the mountain from the Davao side had left names and data in these bottles, but some subsequent vandal had stolen the contents.

76

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

" Soon after our arrival at the top the wind began to blow like a hurricane and the clouds and fog were whipped across the mountain tops at a terrific rate. The cold was intense. The cargadores crawled into a crevice and covered themselves with a shelter tent. Now and then the fog would clear slightly and the sun would peep around a cloud, but out would go the light before a camera could be opened, and the operator would say something that even the hard-boiled writer would hesitate to repeat. " An empty quart bottle was requisitioned from the commissary department, and a piece of white paper with the following inscription, placed so it could be read without opening the bottle, was sealed up therein: FIRST TO CLIMB MOUNT APO FROM THE COTABATO SIDE LIEUT.-COL.

E.

C. BRUNS,

D. GUTIERREZ, CAPT. L. L. GARDNER, LIEUT. A. MONTERA, M~JOR A. S. 1;'LETCHER. GOV.

February 16, 1928.

"The bottle was placed securely in a cache on the pinnacle of the highest peak.

"We climbed down to a point within several hundred feet of the bottom of this crater. The floor of the crater was covered with sulphur, and vapour and smoke were boiling out of large cracks in two places. In one place the volume of smoke was very great. The odour of sulphur was almost overpowering at times. It was unfortunate that no pictures of the crater could be made because of the foggy weather.

"We returned to the summit of the highest peak and an attempt was made to eat lunch in the shelter of a boulder. The strong wind .was erratic and shifted direction every few moments. The enjoyment of a good lunch was interrupted by shaking hands and rattling teeth. " At the request of Governor Gutierrez the most westerly peak was then visited. This proved to be a tough baby. More of that dense tangle was encountered, and when within only a few feet of getting through it seemed that the proposition would have to be given up, but we finally made it. Bruns, Fletcher and Gardner climbed an almost vertical ledge about fifty feet high by hanging on with their

INSORIPTION ON A ROOK AT THE SUMMIT OF THE NAMELESS PEAK IN THE APO RANGE. IN JAPANESE AND READS FROM LEFT TO RIGHT. HA CHI SU KA 11 , II. 1929.

IT IS WRITTEN

Birds 01 th e Phil i pp i n e Islands , Plat e 13.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

77

eyelashes. The Governor, aided by Apang, found an easier route by crawling along the left edge of the ledge. " On this peak was found a square post about four feet high on which were carved Japanese characters, evidently placed there by Japanese of Davao, who believed it was the highest elevation. The barometer showed that the altitude was thirty feet less than the highest peak. Our observation was that the highest elevation cannot be seen from either Cotabato or Davao on account of its being masked by other peaks.

"What is known as Mount Apo is really about ten peaks superimposed on one base about two miles in diameter and about 1500 feet below the highest peak. At one time it must have been a great volcanic mountain and the top was blown off. The present peaks form an almost circular group with the highest peak near the north side.

Between these peaks are five or six old craters, most of them now being small lakes. The live crater is toward the south-east of the group.

All of the elevations are distinct peaks and not ridges. The ridges or spurs extending off the main group toward the north and south-west, when viewed from certain angles, may look like peaks also. Our camp in the little valley was undoubtedly at one time a large crater. " As the weather showed no signs of clearing up so that we could get some good pictures, the party returned to the camp 2500 feet below, arriving there about 4 o'clock. During our absence the cargadores, under the supervision of soldier-cooks Bebe and Santos, constructed a large grass house. The framework was of hard wood lashed with the best rattan, and will probably stand for several years for the accommodation of other explorers. The shelter was very gratifying after a day's hard climb. During the morning Santos shot a beautiful black deer, and we had those venison cutlets Gardner promised us the day before. This deer is different from the ones found in the lowlands.

It seems to be larger and stronger and has a thick fur."

Owing to the bad weather my party failed to find the bottle deposited by the army party. Combating a strong wind and biting cold, Koike finally found a way to a peak which appears to be very lofty and certainly afforded some stiff climbing, but we reached the top without wasting much time. There we found a number of Japanese writings on a rock; Koike's previous ascent was also recorded. This is presumably the most westerly peak.

It was about II A .M. We fixed a compass to due north, taking that to be the direction of Japan. We sang the national song as it was a national day, and drank the health of the Mikado.

Several hours were spent in engraving with a bolo (not having provided ourselves with a steel chisel) my name and the date on the

78

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

flat surface of the largest rock we could find. It measured about four feet high. The inscription in Japanese Kana lettering reads from left to right: "Hachisuka, II. II. 1929."

The party consisted of eight-namely, Koike, Nakamura, Ito, Ichikawa, Takamori, two Bagobos and myself.

Towards the south I caught a glimpse, between clouds, of a big slope stretching probably 2000 feet downwards, the vegetation, being very scanty and shaggy, looked greyish in colour. "A flow of lava," I thought to myself. If this was not the case, some recent flow of sulphurous fumes must have killed all life there. It must have been on this side, in 1880, that Montano made a first successful ascent, and he pictures a remarkable crevasse in his book.

Owing to the strong wind and thick clouds, we could not survey the place, and decided to return to Faggamb. Ichikawa and Takamori volunteered to spend the night there in the hope of getting good photographs early next morning. The others returned in good spirits, only Ito fell ill, owing probably to the cold weather and the strenuous day.

12th February.-The two men from the top returned at 8 A.M. Ichikawa looked feverish and slept all day; he had spent the night in the least windy corner of a small crater, covered with my winter overcoat, which I had left with him on top. The temperature must have been only 2 or 3 0 C. He took a fine series of bird's-eye views of the country, as well as many peaks, with his camera. A fine achievement!

He should be highly commended, for it is probable that he was the first person who ever passed the night there, or even spent more than a few hours. At 2 P.M. Manuel suddenly appeared at the tent. At a glance I found that his breeches were torn away from the middle and his sleeves torn into ribbons. I found that he had spent two days out in the wild in order to get to Quinatilan. He brought with him twenty Manobos, including Datu Apang, the chief man of the village, who had guided Fletcher's party just twelve months ago, and in naming this little lake "Faggamb" the second letter was taken from his name.

13th February.-Just a week was spent at Faggamb-from the 7th, and we were now starting for Quinatilan. I here sent fifteen Bagobos with a number of boxes containing bird skins and other specimens to the Davao side. It was to my regret that Ouvah, my useful native boy hunter, refused to come with me any farther. He liked his work, and enjoyed our company, but as we were going into the country of another tribe (Manobos), he was averse from going with us there.

So now we had not a single native from the Davao side, and the entire outfit was entrusted to the hands of Apang and his men.

Birds 0/ the Philippine Islands, Plat e 14.

A VIEW OF THE APO FROM THE SOUTHERN SIDE AT AN ALTITUDE OF 2,200 METRES. A FRENCH NATURALIST AND TRAVELLER, DR. MONTANO, MADE A SUCCESSFUL ASCENT AS EARLY AS 1880. HE WRITES :-" IT OPENS ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE OF THE MOUNTAIN, THE NORTHERN SIDE BEING COVERED WITH VEGETATION UP TO THE TOP. AROUND THIS CREVASSE, WHICH IS ABOUT 50 METRES WIDE AND 20-60 METRES DEEP. THERE RUNS THE SPACE DENUDED OF ALL VEGETATION AND COVERED WITH A MANTLE OF SULPHUR. ASHES. AND ANDESITIC BLOCKS. THE CREVASSE SEEMS TO RUN UP FROM THE HEIGHT OF 2,400 METRES TO NEAR THE TOP OF THE CRATER." (Sketch alter Montano .)

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

79

14th February.-Exceeding any of the hardships we had previously experienced, either in the damp forest or amongst frigid peaks; to-day was the most strenuous day of the whole expedition.

Apang was with us, and none of us had any anxiety as to our route.

This was the most memorable day of the expedition because we accomplished the first recorded traverse of the vast territory of the Apo range from south to north. The Manobos of the plain found for the first time a human being descending from the mountain.

The journey proved to be a thirteen hours' march to Quinatilan, and we descended nearly 8000 feet, toiling for three hours in fording Malabul river. It started raining heavily at 10 A.M., as we left the divine Lake Faggamb. Our house, which we lived in and used for taxidermy, with its nicely designed kitchen, had to be abandoned. It will probably never be used again; more likely it will have perished before any expedition reaches there again. This bit of the journey was described by the army party as follows : " In spite of the fact that Datu Apang estimated it would require two days to reach the last camping place in the saddle, it was decided to attempt to cover the distance in one day. All girded up their loins and hit the grade for the Malabul river, which was reached about 9.30 in the morning.

"The trail led up this river for about four miles, along both banks of which were groves of beautiful pine-trees, their deep green foliage and the familiar pungent odour reminding one of the pine woods of one's youth.

"It was necessary to ford the river more than twenty times, and the going was not only difficult but dangerous. The one redeeming feature was that the boulders were not slippery, due, as one of the medicos claimed, to the chemical action of the water. Both banks of the river were nearly vertical throughout the entire distance. It would be a mighty bad place to be caught in during a cloudburst, and would be an impossible route during the rainy season. Two of the fords were crossed with exceptional difficulty. The water was swift and deep. It seemed remarkable that fifty men could cover four miles, jumping from boulder to boulder, and not a strained ankle or injury of any kind in the party. The water of the Malabul has a milky colour and tastes like sulphur.

"While climbing a very steep hogback before reaching the Malabul river, every man in the column was suddenly halted in his tracks by a most weird droning sound coming out of the ether. I t sounded like a flock of aeroplanes at a distance, and then like the sad murmuring of many people. The strange sound apparently came down the canon from Mount Apo and rose and fell in volume for over a minute.

80

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Every eye was strained to find the source of the phenomenon, but nothing was seen and there was much speculation. According to pagan superstition Mount Apo is the abode of M adarangan, the god of evil, and many tales are told of his supernatural deeds of devilry.

No wild man will ever ascend to the top unless accompanied by a foreigner. The noise was probably a congregation of many hundreds of limucons somewhere in the dense forest of the canon. The limucon (Phabotreron) is that beautiful little dove that has such a prominent part in the legends and superstitious beliefs of the wild people of Mindanao. Wily old Datu Apang undoubtedly knew the origin of the heavenly chorus, but he looked very mysterious and shook his head in awe."

This uncanny noise was made by a waterfall. When we reached it we found the valley was fairly wide, and we were nearly suffocated by the smell of sulphur. Hot-spring water rushing into the fall and making an ideal hot-water pool provided us with a good bath.

Avoiding many such falls, we descended a vertical cliff. Incessant rain made our foothold and handgrip almost impossible. We had again returned to the tropical vegetation and the thorny branches gave us some rather nasty wounds.

The volume of water increased with every hour and it soon reached to our breasts, while we could scarcely hold a gun or a stick.

Shooting was quite out of the question while all the cartridge-cases in our belts and pockets were swollen and would not fit into the guns.

I again quote Fletcher's description, as he and his party were the first white men ever seen in that place and the first to describe it in a paper. My party took the same route from the top, and we were led by the same guide, Datu Apang. " It is not hard to understand why Apo has never been scaled from the Cotabato approach. Looking toward the mountain from the westward one sees a massive jagged-topped peak. Running off towards the south-west and circling towards the west is a very high spur with a vertical side facing toward the north; and extending from the mountain toward the north and circling gently toward the west is another spur with a vertical wall facing toward the observer.

The Malabul river comes down out of a canon with its head at the foot of Apo. The precipitous ledge extends from the Malabul river nearly to the top of the most westerly peak of Apo, a distance of thousands of feet. The two spurs mentioned form an angle of about I30 degrees, and from the air would resemble the open arms of a pair of callipers with Apo at the head of the angle. " One might roam about in the Malabul canon for months and never find a little sliver of a spur, densely covered with tropical jungle,

AT QUINATILAN. A MANOBO COOKING RICE AND MAIZE IN BAMBOO. A FRESH, GREEN BAMBOO NEVER ORACKS WHEN PLACED OVER FIRE. IT, HOWEVER, BURNS QUITE BLACK, AND IN THE MEANTIME WATER STEAMS OUT AND BEAUTIFULLY COOKED RICE IS SOON READY,

Birds 01 the Philippill e Islands, Plate 15.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

81

which seems to lean against the big spur that runs to the north from the mountain. This narrow spur has a nearly vertical side towards the Malabul, and from the river it looks like part of the main spur and impassable for anything but monkeys. This hidden spur or ridge is the key to Mount Apo from the north. " Our trail led up the Malabul river to a point about 200 yards above a waterfall 100 feet in height. Here we left the river and climbed the west bank, and a few yards farther on old Datu Apang disclosed the hidden spur. The ridge was so narrow that a misstep meant a fall of hundreds of feet, and the trail was so steep in many places that the man in the lead could flip the ashes from his cigar into the eyes of the last of the fifty-three men in the column. Should the man in the lead slip and fall he would probably catapult the whole fifty-three into the Malabul river below. At one place there was a log a hundred feet long lying along the crown of the ridge and the column was compelled to walk its entire length as there was no room on either side.

"When the summit of this ridge was reached the barometer showed an altitude of 7600 feet. The trail left the Malabul at an altitude of 4200 feet, This meant that the boys had climbed 3400 feet and had covered a distarice of about two miles. From this ridge we dropped about 400 feet into the ' sa.ddle' which had been seeh through the glasses from the Kidapawan."

It was pitch dark when we arrived at Apang's house in Qtrinatilan.

All the soldiers, excepting Manuel and the porters, were late and did not arrive at Apang's, as owing to the heavy rain the torches could not be lighted. However, they put up at a native's house a little distance a way.

Nakamura and Koike did not come with me because they were making preparations to send things back to Davao, and they spent the night at Faggamb. I understand that afterwards torrential rain made it impossible for them to light a fire, and they were awake all night owing to the bitter cold.

THE PLAIN OF COTABATO

15th February.-It so happened that the birthdays of two of the members of the expedition came during' this journey. One Was Nakamura's at the memorable Faggamb, and this day was my own, my twenty-sixth.

Sergeant Manuel went out to shoot Jungle Fowl. Ito also went to a native house near by and bartered for some fresh maize with tinned vegetables.

F

82

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

The women of Apang's family cooked rice in the hollows of green bamboos.

Several bamboos containing rice and water (each being nearly three feet long between the joints) were placed on the fire. The fire was made by the primitive method of rubbing two dry split bamboo sticks together. A rice-filled bamboo on a fire gradually burns and shr~s into smoky brown, it never cracks as one might imagine. By this time the rice is properly cooked through, and the bamboo sheath is easily peeled off.

It is worthy of note that tomatoes grow wild on Mount Apo up to nearly 5000 feet. We gathered some at Galog and we saw them again at Quinatilan. I understand they were originally introduced .by the Spaniards from Mexico. They are about as big as a gooseberry in size and are very delicious to eat.

Koike and Nakamura arrived safely in the afternoon, and we all celebrated our success in the fulfilment of such a journey across the Apo region for the first time by man.

The bird life here is very rich, though no longer of the Alpine region-a large number of sunbirds, turtle-doves and many species of pigeons, hornbills, broad-billed rollers, cuckoo-shrikes, hawks, and so on.

The noisy cicadas sound almost like a factory whistle, singing so near one's ears. Very comfortable, warm nights were spent on the elevated bamboo floor of Apang's house, while myriads of fireflies were seen round the house.

With the exception of the timarao, of Mindoro, the Philippines have no dangerous big game like other tropical countries, so the native has ' no worry of that kind at night, except perhaps from the" baratics " -snares they set in the second growth near the house for deer and wild hog.

It is needless to say that Mount Apo is one of the most active volcano-seismic centres of the archipelago, and I once felt a shock for . a few seconds in the afternoon when I was sitting engaged in skinning. It would have been a fairly bad one if it had been under a town. r8th February.-We left Quinatilan, which is situated at about r800 feet above sea-level. It is the last village before going up the Apo and is not shown on any map. Having left at 9.30 A.M. we arrived at Kidapawan early in the afternoon. Apang escorted us.

There were no villages in between, but we came across some solitary Manobo houses surrounded by a patch of cultivation and bananafields.

Kidapawan is not highly situated; it is calculated to be about n80 feet above sea-level. The country around is well cultivated, o

B i rds

0/

t h e Ph ilip pine I sl and s, P la t e 16.

r路

AT QUINATILAN. A

MANOBO

GIRL

WITH A COLASISI (Loriculus). TIDS IS PRACTICALLY THE ONLY KIND OF BmD THE NATIVES KEEP AS A PET.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

83

though enormous trees grow here and there. The second growth is thick and impassable, so that collecting is not possible.

We found Ptilocolpa calori mindanensis common there. This pigeon is no longer considered to be the endemic Mount Apo species.

Philippine Green Parrots and Lories were common, but we no longer met with the Racket-tailed Parakeet, Prioniturus. White cockatoos appeared for the first time; a flock came soaring over a field. They are showy birds, are a menace to the maize-fields and are hated by the natives. We stayed in some empty barracks, there being no soldiers stationed there at that time.

Big hornbills were common, their crowing notes sounding over the fields. Serpent-Eagles were probably the most plentiful amongst the birds of prey. I saw a pair of gigantic eagles soaring high above the fields. We distinguished them clearly through our field-glasses, and in all probability they were the famous Monkey-eating Eagles.

The distant hills consisted of wonderful dipterocarp forests.

This was the first time we had come into touch with civilization, and the Tagalog teachers of the Farm School were most kind to us.

We hired a horse and a carabao cart from them which was driven by a Manobo schoolboy. It was surprising to find that nearly half the schoolchildren were suffering from many tropical skin diseases, mostly yaws and" double-skin." They found our small medicine-box very useful, and most of them received treatment for the first time. Our skinning hour was considerably shortened owing to the patients who waited outside for medical treatment.

The trail between Kidapawan and Kabacan is an almost straight one, the virgin jungle having been cut through, and the main road is easy going for horses or men but unsuitable for wheeled transport.

Great forests containing millions of feet of the finest timber stretch along both sides of the trail. Beautiful wild flowers and myriads of vari-coloured butterflies were everywhere most pleasing and restful to the eyes.

From this place to Kidapawan is a thick, second-growth jungle.

I think it is called Parang by the Malays. The birds inhabiting this district are sun-loving, open-country species, easy to collect, but there are some shy types of birds, such as frogmouths, Orthotomus or Macronous, which are exceedingly hard to even catch sight of. We added several species to our collection.

On several occasions panting water-buffaloes ran into a filthy pool near by, drenching most of our luggage. The entire country from the Malabul river to Kabacan is a distance of about thirty-five miles. It is about the best agricultural land in the Philippine Islands. The soil is wonderfully rich, and much of it is covered with beautiful forests of

84

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

commercial timber. The average slope from Quinatilan to the ridge east of Kabacan is only about one per cent.

When we had nearly completed half our journey we came across a lonely hut inhabited by a Moro family. We there procured some drinking water and a few camote (sweet potatoes) to eat.

Upon entering the native village we found that it was a wellknown fact and generally recognized that the Moros use their bolos (beautiful double-edged swords, the elaborate ones being ornamented with ivory) for murder, and never for wood-cutting! The Americans had made a regulation forbidding the Moros to wear these swords, but the Moros produced a special thin-bladed working bolo, which they carried about over their shoulders without a shield. These bolos proved to be still more dangerous, and finally this regulation became useless.

This day was the hottest we had encountered throughout the whole expedition. A few minutes' halt in the jungle always put us into a deep sleep. The water which we found occasionally on the way was not safe for drinkil:~g purposes.

Amongst other birds I shot for the first time was the Bolbopsittacus -an endemic genus of parrot, belonging to the Philippines j otherwise collecting was poor.

Our march ended after thirteen hours, and we were fortunately favoured by bright moonlight. Though we occasionally encountered night jars it was difficult to shoot them owing to the tall trees on both sides, and an occasional glimpse of these birds against the sky afforded us no opportunity of securing a specimen. By its large size we identified it as being the rare Lyncornis, a bird which has a tuft of feathers resembling ears.

At 2 A.M. we arrived safely at the barracks of Kabacan, where Sergeant Manuel and other soldiers awaited us.

21St M arch.-Mr. and Mrs. J. M'Laren, two charming Scotch people who owned a rubber plantation, kindly invited me to be their guest during our stay at Kabacan. This is the centre of the plain of Cotabato, and in this fertile soil hemp and coconuts grow like weeds.

The altitude above sea-level at Kabacan is about 160 feet, at Kidapawan about lI80 feet, and at Quinatilan about 1800 feet. In this corner of Mindanao are over 500,000 acres of splendid virgin land, and it is practically uninhabited. Mr. and Mrs. M'Laren were a perfect host and hostess, and my sincere thanks are due to them, and also to Miss Young, Mrs. M'Laren's sister. Both these ladies had accompanied Fletcher's expedition to Kidapawan in the previous year.

They were the first white women to take this trail into the interior

Birds of the Philippine Islands, Plate 17 .

AT

QUINATlLAN.

Alacasia macrorrhiga(H.) schott, IS A HUGE KIND OF TREE, OF A POISONOUS NATURE AND GROWS IN THE INTERIOR OF MINDANAO. CLUMPS OF THESE STAND OUT DISTINCTLY IN THE FIELDS. NATIVES AVOID TOUCHING THEM, BUT THE SAP IS EMPLOYED TO POISON ARROW-HEADS AND FOR CERTAIN METHODS OF BIRTH-CONTROL. THE HEIGHT A CAUDEX ATTAINS IS THREE TIMES THAT OF A MAN. THIS PICTURE SHOWS ONE LEAF COMPARED WITH THE AUTHOR.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

85

of Mindanao, being good shots and horsewomen. They put their house entirely at our disposal, and consequently we were able to keep our collections and skins in much better order.

We have among our live animals a tiny baby tarsier (Tarsius philippensis), brought to me at Kidapawan.

It is a charming monkey-like little animal with brilliant big eyes like an owl. It is common to Mindanao, and is also known in Masbate, Cebu, Negros, Panay and Samar. These animals are easily caught while sleeping during the daytime.

Whitehead 1 writes an interesting account: " In habits the' Magou,' as it is called by the Bisayas, is nocturnal, as the enormous owl-like eyes would lead one to suppose; it frequents abandoned clearings where the new growth has sprung up to a height of some twenty feet, where the ground is also thickly covered with ferns and other plants to a height of some three feet. In such places this little animal easily conceals itself during the day. " The Tarsius was clinging to the stem of a small tree just above the fern-growth, with its peculiar hands ;round the tree. It was awake and intently watching my movements, and permitted me to approach as close as I wished, when, doubtless, at the least sudden movement of my hands, it would have jumped to the ground and made off in the thick undergrowth. " During the night the' Magou ' is very active, and may often be heard, in localities where they are very numerous, uttering a peculiar squeak, like a monkey. From its habit of feeding only on insects, this animal has a strong bat-like smell.

"In Samar, where at different times I kept several ('Magous' alive, I found them very docile and easily managed during the day.

They fed freely off grasshoppers, sitting on their haunches on my hand.

When offered an insect, the' Magou ' would stare for a short time with its most wonderful eyes, then slowly bend forward and with a sudden dash would seize the insect with both hands, and instantly carry it to its mouth, shutting its eyes and screwing up its tiny face in a most whimsical fashion. The grasshopper was then quickly passed through the sharp little teeth, the kicking legs being held with both hands. When the insect was beyond further mischief, the large eyes of the ' Magou ' would open, and the legs and wings were then bitten off, while the rest of the body was thoroughly masticated. My captives would also drink fresh milk from a spoon. After the sun had set this little animal became most difficult to manage, escaping when possible, and making tremendous jumps from chair to chair. When on the floor it bounded like a miniature kangaroo, travelling about the room with 1

Trans. Zoot. Soc., r8g8, p, 382.

86

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

the tail stretched out and curved upward, uttering peculiar shrill monkey-like squeaks, and biting quite viciously when the opportunity offered. " During the day the pupil of the eye becomes so contracted that it appears only as a fine line, but after dark it is so expanded as to fill up most of the iris."

Bird life at Kabacan was again different. These were all inhabitants of the plains. Orioles, Lalage, Barbet with eggs, two specimens of kingfishers (H. chloris and H. gularis) , pigeons, Bolbopsittacus, SwallowShrikes, Purple Herons and Jacanas, also the egg of a Megapode, were brought in. Crocodiles were already plentiful in the River Rio Grande, which runs just beyond the house and affords beautiful scenery.

Much to my regret, on the second day of our stay there, I fell ill, with a high temperature and muscular pains in my legs, which prevented my collecting any further or attending to the skins.

We descended the river via Pikit, and arrived at Cotabato.

We were now recognized as being the first to have made the traverse, and a hearty welcome was given us by the Governor, who was himself one of tIfe members of the previous year's expedition which was the first to conquer the Apo from this province and to return the same way. .

We visited the local Datu, and Nakamura and others collected birds. My fever haq improved but slightly, and we had to give up all hope of returning to Davao via the Buluan district.

We eventually sailed by the Mindanao III., a queer-looking Spanish gunboat which had been turned into a commercial vessel, and on the second day we were brought safely to Zamboanga.

I am especially grateful for the hospitality of Governor and Mrs. Gutierrez, at whose residence I was obliged to stay in bed whilst suffering from the fever, being regularly attended by a doctor.

The Governor has a rare collection of ethnographical material of Lanao and Cotabato Moros, mostly weapons.

ZAMBOANGA AND RETURN JOURNEY

I paid a visit to Colonel Fletcher at Petit Barracks. He was the leader of last year's Mount Apo Expedition. I also visited Mr. F. L. Worcester (the son of the great Worcester, one of the members of the Commission to the Philippines), himself a naturalist. The late D. C. Worcester was an anthropologist as well as an ornithologist, and took many interesting photographs during his lifetime of his various trips about the Philippines. Mr. Worcester keeps this valuable collection, and only a few of these photographs have been published.

AT KIDAPAWAN. AN OLD MANOBO WITH A DECOY LIMUCON I Phabotreron) IN CAGE. HE IS HOLDING A BAMBOO TUBE CONTAINING LIME. THIS PIGEON IS ASSOCIATED WITH MANY NATIVE SUPERSTITIONS. AND ITS DAINTY COO-ING IS TO BE HEARD IN THE VICINITY OF VILLAGES .

ONE CAN OFTEN HEAR A STRANGE LOUD CRY IN THE HOUSE . EMITTED BY NEITHER ANIMAL NOR BIRD. ITS PERPETRATOR IS A BIG GECKO, THE LENGTH IS ABOUT 295 MM.. WHOSE FAVOURITE HUNTING GROUND IS THE CEILING OVERHEAD.

Birds 0/ the Philippin e Islands, Plat e 18.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

87

2nd March.-We were the guests of Mr. 1. Yamamura, the owner of the Atong Atong Plantation in Basilan, and we then crossed the channel by vinta to Isabela.

The fauna of this island was well known to Steere, and he actually landed at Isabela.

The Yamamuras are a family of naturalists and the first Japanese to have opened up the field of natural history in the Philippines.

The flying lemur appears to be very common in the Philippines, we met it at first in Galog and Zamboanga and again in Basilan.

By tapping against the trunk of a tree one can easily frighten this animal, or at least make it move sufficiently to give one the chance of a shot.

It is distributed throughout the archipelago, and its individual variation is very extensive. In the British Museum those collected

by Hugh Cuming in Luzon are pale-furred, while Whitehead's Samar specimen is just as dark chocolate-brown as those in my collection.

Two skins from Dinagat have large white markings on the forehead, but others from Malaya are as red as dried almonds. We kept one alive for several weeks. It was a tame and gentle creature, quite harmless to man, and it ate bananas readily.

Once, near Mr. Yama,mura's house at Basilan, we shot a mediumsized bat at dusk, while it was flying at great speed. I was amazed at its strange appearance. The body was practically hairless, just a few coarse fibres sprouting here and there. Its snout, big ears and short neck resembled those of a pig. There were a pair of big pouches in the wings, each of which was very deep, and when I put my fingers in they met at the back, a thin division of skin separating them.

Afterwards I identified this creature as Chiromeles torquatus Horsfield, known from Singapore and Borneo. My specimen, however, was actually the first recorded from the Philippines.

The following account is given in the British Museum Catalogue (" Chiroptera," p. 405, I878) : " This most remarkable species, the only known representative of the genus, differs altogether from all the species of this group inhabiting the Eastern Hemisphere, and appears to be most closely allied to some of the species of the genus M olossus, which is limited to America. In no species of bat is the gular glandular apparatus so greatly developed and so different in structure according to sex, and in none also is the integument of the body so remarkably thickened and devoid of hair. The nursing pouches are also peculiar to this species, and are probably absolutely necessary for the preservation of the young, which could scarcely otherwise succeed in maintaining its hold on the naked body of the mother during flight. It is interesting to find these

88

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

pouches developed in both male and female; their presence in the former suggests th~ idea that, where two young are born together, the male may relieve the female of one of them."

Mr. Yamamura told us of the occurrence of "mermaids" on the Basilan coast. Relative interest attaches to this locality, for Casto de Elera records Halicore dugon vaguely from Mindanao, and their frequency is suspected in the Southern Philippines. Mr. Yamamura, however, is the first to mak.e a modern and authentic statement on the subject.

A new species of LQricutus was collected in Zamboanga market.

I bought it from a Moro woman. At first it appeared to be merely a beautiful specimen of ~n ordinary species, but it afterwards proved to be a bigger and so far undescribed bird, identical with the one Salvadori mentioned some years ago in the " Catalogue of Birds." I subsequently named it Loriculus salvadorii.

We collected in a swampy district by vinta near Zamboanga; plovers and rails were common, but there was nothing els~ worthy of note.

6th March.-.We sailed by the s,s. Cebu, and on 7th March, at 8 P.M., we called at Naganaga. This short stay did not allow us any time for collecting. The forest looked very thick, the trees not having been cut in any large areas.

We passed the channel of Salangani, in which we saw two islands.

It is the only locality of Tanygnathus megalorhynchus. We saw white-tailed tropic birds darting into the sea.

On returning to Davao, Nakamura and Koike went for a five days' trip to Samal Island, which is situated in the Gulf of Davao. There they obtained many specimens, including a new rac~ of Whiskered Swift apd c\lckoo.

During our absence fro;m the Apo a few Japanese went up to Mount McKinley, an adjoining mountain in a range of the Apo peak, in order to collect some skins for me.

The highest point reached by them was roughly 8000 feet, but they brought me several Goodfellowia, Prioniturus and Glossy Starlings; the last-mentione<;l is a typical race and not todayensis.

The S.s. A kimaru, which was to take us back to Manila, was due on 15th March, and I paid my farewell visits to Governor Generoso and other authorities on the morning of my departure; we had an enjoyable trip back to Manila, arriving on 18th March. I had by that tiwe quite recovered from the fever which I had contracted whilst in the plain of Cotabato, and was once more busy at work classifying the Mount Apo collection at the Bureau of Science, under Mr. McGregor.

Meanwhile Mr. Nakamura went to Aloneros, in the Tayabas Province, to

B irds 01 the Ph ilippine I slands, Plat e 19.

AT BASILAN .

(Upper.) MISS YAMAMURA AND HER TWIN PETS, NATIVE FRUIT PIGEONS (Phabotreron oCcipitalis). THESE BIRDS HAVE A CHARMING COO, AND ARE KNOWN AS LlMUCON

BY THE FILIPINOS. tLower). Chirom elus torquatus.

THIS SPECIES IS THE MOST PECULIAR LOOKING OF ALL THE BAT TRIBE. THE BODY IS NAKED , WHILE THE HEAD RECALLS THE PIG .

IT WAS FIRST DISCOVERED IN THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

89

collect from 23rd March to 2nd April, and obtained I22 bird skins. His energetic work resulted in his securing many rare birds-Orthotomus and a Frogmouth, Podargus, which is by no means a well-known bird. Through painstaking efforts he also shot a most beautiful little kingfisher.

During my stay in Manila, Captain Wolfe kindly invited me to visit him and to study the bird life round Fort M'Kiling, Rizal. The country round there is open and rough, quite different from anywhere I had so far been. Here we encountered quails, the Excalfactoria and Turnix, and also met frequently with francolins. Grass-owls were seen several times. Many of the birds had already begun breeding and we came across a nest of eggs belonging to the Streptopelia. Hypotcenidce were seen on a few occasions. One cannot imagine a genuine rail living in a dry field; he runs and flies much like a game-bird.

On 5th April we sailed by the Empress of France on our return journey. We took with us a large store of live animals; interesting things were the new species of Loriculus and a magnificent cuckoo, Lepidogrammus, but nfortunately both the last-mentioned were lost on the way. We retur ed safely to Kobe on I6th May, at which time it was still not too late to admire the c~erry-blQssom.

The tranquillity and solitude of Faggamb, the bugle-call of a beautiful fruit-pigeon, the melody of Orthotomus or a herd of black deer will not be disturbed again in the Apo for many years to come: the Bagobos we had taken with us were too superstitious and would never return again to any height. Many treasures to naturalists will once more remain undisturbed in the heart of the mountain of heaven, Apo. I wish to express my sincere thanks to several gentlemen, both in the Philippines and in Japan, for much kind assistance. Principally I have to thank the American Charge d'Affaires in Tokio, Mr. Edwin L. Neville, who most kindly gave me a letter of introduction to Mr. Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State, and at that time GovernorGeneral of the Philippine Islands.

It was through Mr. Stimson that many special privileges were granted me. Naturally my sincere gratitude is also due to the Japanese communities in Manila and Davao, both official and private, who showed the utmost generosity in connection with my expedition. It is impossible to give all the names here, but I should particularly like to mention the names of Messrs O. Yonegaki and H. Okamoto, Mr. A. Saito, of the Japanese Consulate in the Philippines, Mr. Y. Morokuma and Mr. K. Miyasaki, of the Ohta Development Company, Mr. K. Matsumoto and Mr. T. Yanagihara, of the Japanese Association at Davao.

My expedition to Mount Apo would not have been possible had

90

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

it not been for the fact that Governor Sebastian Generoso of Davao Province, and Governor Dionicio Gutierrez of Cotabato Province, most courteously extended to me their utmost facilities. To the Philippine constabulary also I tender my grateful thanks for their unfailing courtesy and assistance.

SECOND EXPEDITION TO MINDANAO

Mr. Yukio Nakamura again left for Mindanao on I8th December I929 for a six months' expedition. On the return journey he visited Menado, Pelew, Yap and Saipan, and, wherever time allowed, he made collections. He selected five main localities in Mindanao.

Altogether he spent eighty-six days collecting in the field, during which time he obtained 784 specimens, and this despite the fact that he suffered badly from fever. On the return journey from Lake Buluan he was practically tied on 'the back of a bullock, being too weak to travel on foot. The jungle was indescribably dense and his Japanese companions and native followers had to cut a passage-way through for about forty-five miles, this strenuous task taking them four days to accomplish.

There is no lack of Japanese field naturalists who have done good work in the tropics. Many novel specimens collected by Katsumata in Hainan and Kikuchi in Formosa have aroused much interest in the scientific world. It is doubtful, however, if these collectors ever encountered such difficulties as those undergone by Mr. Nakamura.

Dr. Uchida, of the Ministry of Agriculture, certainly recommended me the best man to be had in Japan, one who had, moreover, done yeoman service with the Imperial Japanese Army in Manchuria.

Mr. Nakamura is to be heartily congratulated on the fruitful results of his expedition. His valuable notes, setting down descriptions of birds and their habits, were recently sent to me, and the systematic parts of all of these will be printed in full; while his collection is now being worked through in the British Museum.

He writes: "I was favoured by the good weather. Not more than two or three times rains were met with for the first twenty-eight days.

The wet season commenced towards the end of my stay, but as the showers came regularly it did not hinder my work much. During an important part of the trip-from the 3rd to the nth February - I was suffering from bad malaria. This was in the virgin ground of Buluan, and throughout its duration I was compelled to give up collecting. " The itinerary of the journey is as follows:

Birds 0/ the Philippine Islands , Plate 20.

(Upperl.

STRANGE

COMRADES.

A

AT BASILAN. YOUNG PHILIPPINE PALM CIVET.

GREEN

PARROT

AND

BABY

(Lower). THE TARSIER IS BY NO MEANS A RARE ANIMAL AND HAS BRILLIANT LARGE EYES LIKE AN OWL. IT FEEDS ON GRASS-HOPPERS AND SUCH LIKE. WE KEPT THIS BABY TARSIER FOR SOME TIME. AND IT BECAME QUITE TAME.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

91

(I) BULUAN DISTRICT

Departed from Davao, 15th January; returned lIth February.

Twenty-eight days collecting. Owing to the unfavourable climate, geographical conditions, and to the difficulty in getting provisions, matters were much less easy than in our Mount Apo Expedition of 1929. Owing to the flat nature of the country the heat was incredible, and for several days we were short of drinking water. Four out of our party were ill in turns, and I especially had little hope of ever returning alive to Davao.

16th J anuary.-Before arriving at Padada from Digos I saw a large flock of Grey Phalarope, previously known only from the Basilan channel. I first planned to take a direct route by Danlatalaal and Wuljun, but we were told the natives there were inhospitable, and that even should we succeed in getting porters these men would refuse to accompany us to the next village.! I was thus compelled to take a much more devious route to the south. The way to Fukalael lay through a high forested region. Mammals were numerous, amongst them being deer, wild hog, Wild cat, monkeys, and the flying lemur. Hornbills, jungle fowls, megapodes, parrots, woodpeckers, all were numerous, and pigeons were rich in variety. About seventy skins were collected.

21st January.-Trail between Fukalael and Gogong lay through a grassy plain in which only small trees grew. Button quails, larks, chats, paradise fly-catchers, and a beautiful pair of babblers were shot.

22nd.-Left Gogong. Bird life is dull and poor in species. A few sun-birds collected.

24h-25th.-Dajangas. Natives here belong to tribes called Bilans and Kalagans. Hired a horse from a Moro. Birds are common sorts.

A few waders were seen in meadows.

26th.-Dajangas to Tupi; then on to Lataya, 27th. Took two days. Country is flat and grassy.

28th.-Arrived at Buluan.

Song of Reed Warblers and especially the call-note of Poliolimnas is deafening. We almost cannot hear our conversation. The edge of the lake is nothing but a big stretch of lotus, and extends for countless miles. Coots and jacanas scuttle fearlessly about on this stretch, like so many barnyard fowls. Centre of the lake is free from lotus growth. Snakebirds were swimming. Their neck movements were sinuous, putting one in mind of a snake. When swimming the body is completely submerged.

The northern side of the lake is inhabited by Stilts, Godwits and 1

It appears that A. H. Savage Landor had made a journey through this country.

Cj. .. The Gems of the East."

92

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Glossy Ibis. Grey herons were seen near mouth of river. Water is muddy and never clear.

28th.-Through the kindly aid of the local constabulary I was enabled to visit Kabaksalan, the northern end of the swamp. This was believed to be a good place for birds. The night of the 30th was spent in a banca, a Moro dug-out canoe, and we arrived at Kabaksalan on the 31st. Collecting was done in a canoe. Obtained a pelican for the first time. Innumerable glossy ibis and whistling teal here.

The sun was clouded out when they flew in massed formation, and the sound of their beating wings deafened our ears. The sight was almost un believable.

There were numerous floating islands, upon which grew trees of considerable size. Day by day one can see them gradually drifting from one place to another. In this district forty-seven species of birds were observed.

2nd February.-Left Kabaksalan and back to Buluan. On this day both Nakamura and Koike were taken ilL Alip to Kidapawan is by no means far, bVt owing to their ill-health, four days were spent in accomplishing this journey.

As approaching a skirt of Mount Apo, the population is very meagre. From Mullan to Kidapawan the country consists of several high hills, blanketed with heavy forest. A trail had to be hacked through. Baggage had to be often carried by men, while the oxen had to be made to ford the river.

My illness reached a critical 's tage. We saw birds, but were unable to collect any. These consisted of big hornbills, several green pigeons, flower-peekers, several hawks, drongos, paradise fly-catchers, parrots and bulbuls.

IIth.-After a two days' stay in Dig-os our health improved, and we returned direct to Davao."

Two hundred and forty-three specimens were collected during this trip. Mr. Koike, our general manager on the Mount Apo Expedition, Messrs T. Hoshi, Uchimura and Ishii, were the gentlemen who took part in the trip, and we owe much to their valuable assistance. Mr. K. Miyasaka, of the Ohta Development Co., moreover provided several introductions to local authorities. This gentleman has shown particular interest in scientific research, and, as I have already stated, he presented me with a rare Monkey-eating Eagle on a previous occasion.

(2) KATALNAN

This is a district between the rivers Talomo and Davao, just outside the town of Davao. It is partly cultivated, and good clear water can

Birds

AT

0/ the Philippine Islands, Plate 21.

KIDAPAWAN.

HOW MANOBOS KEEP RICE IN THEIR GRANARIES, WHICH ARE ENTIRELY FREE FROM THE RAT MENACE.

AUTHOR'S JOURNEY TO THE PHILIPPINES

93

be had. A virgin forest stretches alongside the cultivated area, thus forming a most ideal collecting-ground within easy reach of Davao. " I worked for ten days on two occasions: 7th to IIth January and 20th to 24th March.

This is a good place for pittas, and I collected two species. The nests of Racket-tailed Parakeets were interesting. These were holes bored in big trees, and colonies of them were grouped together. Young and incubating females were observed in the holes from close range, and the latter exhibited no fear."

It must be remembered this place is probably somewhere near the type locality of Dicceum davao.

(3)

LASANG

This place is about twelve miles north-east of Davao, and is situated neart he mouth of the Lasang river. Forest, plain, cultivated ground and seaboard alike give different types of birds. Ten days-Ist to Ioth March-were spent in this district, II3 skins being preserved.

We saw the storks (episcopus) for the first time. They are extremely shy and wary, and this even holds good with the captive . specimens brought from Mindoro to okyo while still quite young.

Several koals in the adult and juvenile stage were worth collecting.

The high-pitched cry of these birds-kaaoh, kaaoh-resounds throughout the tropic night.

(4)

SASA

Sasa is situated five miles north of Davao. Two days were spent here and fourteen birds collected. Nothing of note was observed, with the exception of many species of sun-birds.

(5)

MOUNT TUMADGOPT AND SIGABOY

Mr. Nakamura covered two districts which were explored for the first time. One is a Buluan lake district and the second is this mountain. I had great expectations of the latter district, as it is in a high mountain chain running north to south along the Pacific coast of Mindanao. This is separated from the other part of the island by the Agusan valley.

The climate of this eastern division of Mindanao is much more humid than the other part, and is, moreover, the only Pacific coastal belt in the Philippines free from the typhoon.

Mount Tumadgopt is said to be 6000 feet high, and this altitude is enough to form an isolated region believed to be the headquarters of all the interesting east coast animals.

94

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Nakamura, as knowing Mount Apo, has ascended this mountain.

He spent twenty-nine days on this trip, working from the coast to the summit between 25th March and 22nd April. He obtained over three hundred skins and placed some mammals in spirit, a most fruitful result!

I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Hirasawa, who rendered much service on this trip.

The itinerary was as follows: 25th March-3rd April.-Ten days at Bilongan.

4th-loth April.-Seven days at Mount Tumadgopt.

IIth-I4th.-Four days at Talisay and Bilongan.

15th-Igth.-Five days at La Union and Sigaboy.

2oth-22nd.-Three days at La Union to Bilongan.

Bilongan is situated on the north-west skirt of Mount Tumadgopt, and it appears that it has no altitudinal importance. Meadows, paddyfields, coconut plantations and forest contain big hornbills, drongos, babblers, woodpeckers, green parrots, paradise-flycatchers, cuckoos, pittas, sunbirds, waders, kingfishers, small herons, bitterns, coots, rails, jungle fowls, weavers) small doves, quails, larks, Cisticolas, bulbuls, bee-eaters, night jars and owls. Orioles, Bolbopsittacus, and also small parakeets are common.

Sigaboy, Talisay and La Union alie much the same type of country, although they lack meadows and lakes. Birds in the open country here are scarce.

Mount Tumadgopt, the highest peak in the peninsula, is entirely clothed with thick forests. The trees are by no means so high as those on Mount Apo, a fact which may be due to the poor nature of the soil. From the middle of the mountain to the summit is a matted tangle of undergrowth, almost impossible of penetration. The natives are very superstitious, and will not enter this uninhabited territory.

The collection made on the mountain totalled 105, including Halcyon lindsayi and Macronous. It was extremely interesting to note that some Mount Apo birds such as Goodfellowia, Hypocryptadius and Trichoglossus, were not seen there.

Nakamura's collection is the latest from the Philippines, and taps two new grounds; while, to the best of my knowledge, he is the first man on record to have ascended Mount Tumadgopt.

PALMAS

ISLAND 1

In the Celebes Sea there is a small island known as Palmas Island, probably of coral formation. It can be reached by boat from Davao 1 "The Island of Palmas Arbitration before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague." A street scene in Miangas is reproduced.

AIR VIEW, AT ABOUT 2,500 FEET ALTITUDE, OF A PRIMEVAL FOREST AT LAKE LEONARD WOOD , NORTH OF DUMAQUILAS BAY, IN MINDANAO. SUCH LUXURIANT GROWTH SOMETIMES CONTINUES TO THE BEACH. THE INTERIOR OF THE FOREST IS DAMP AND DARK. THE SUN CAN SELDOM PENETRATE THE THICK FOLIAGE , THUS GIVING RISE TO A STRANGE ATMOSPHERE. (Court esy 0/ U.S. Ai r Serv i ce')

Birds 0/ the Philippi n e I sland s, PIa t e 22 .

1Z6路

12't-

I

L L

Ai N

A

BOngllljl

B A Y I

7路~-------J+---------~--------~--~--~--~~----------~----------i

L

F

Po

s"'~----- ---~---------,~----

o

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Routes in

MINDANAO of the

Hachisuka Expeditions 1929 &1930 Sta..tute Miles

- - - - ---II s"

IV

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1831

1. GRAY,

J. E.

"Description of new species of Birds discovered by Captain Hay in the Philippine Islands." Zool. Miscellany, 3.

Pitta macrorhynchus and Oriolus Phillipensis are newly described. Natives use the plumes of these birds.

2. VIGORS, N. A. "On a collection of Birds from Manilla, presented by H. H. Lindsay, with characters of new species." Proc. Zool.

Soc., 96-98.

Hierax erythrogenys, Buteo holospilus, Caprimutgus macrotis, Dacelo lindsayi, Dacelo lessonii, Muscicapa occipitalis, Rhipidura nigritorquis, Irena cyanogastra, Oriolus acrorhynchus, Pstttacula rubifrons, Picus spiloloPhus, Picus modestus, Lampromorpha amethystina and Nycticorax Manillensis are newly described.

1845 3. HAY, LORD ARTHUR. "Descriptions of some supposed new, or impe~fectly described, species of Birds." Madr. Jour. Lit. and Sci., xiii. 145-164. Reprinted in Tweeddale's" Ornith. Works" (I88I), I-IS路 Description of Muscicapa bella, new species, on page 158.

1850 4. GOULD, J. "The Birds of Asia," vols. i.-vii., 18,0-1883. See under 1883.

1851 5. DILLWYN, L. L. "On an undescribed species of Megapodius." Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, rr8"I20, pI. 39.

Description and plate of M egapodius cumingii, new species, with notes on the nesting habits of the Bornean species.

1866 6. MARTEN, ED. v. "Zusammenstellung der bekannten philippinischen Vogel." Journ.fur Ornith., 5-3I. This gives a brief account of Philippine Ornithological history, a complete list of birds, numbering 192, and is the most fundamental systematic work, and also the first attempt. It concludes with a short note on the distribution. The author points out that the fauna is nearest to Celebes by having the Cockatoo and the Megapode, but Woodpeckers, Hornbills, Lories and Jungle Fowls are of Oriental origin, while the island is distantly related to Papuasia by Birds of Paradise and Cassowaries.

96

BIBLIOGRAPHY

97

1867 7. ELLIOT, D. G. "Monograph of the :Pittidre or family of Ant 31 col. pIs. First edition.

Thrushes,'~'

8. SHARPE, R. B. "Monograph of the Alcedinidre or family of Kingfishers," 1-315, 120 col. pIs. 1867-71 Full descriptions of all the then known species of Kingfishers.

The Philippines are rich in this group.

9. WALDEN, VISCOUNT. "On the Rufous-tailed Shrikes." Ibis, 2II-226, pIs. 5 and 6. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (I88I), 38-48 .

Synonymy and critical notes on Lani~ts cristatus, L. lucionensis and L. sup ercilio sus.

1868 10. SHARPE, R. B. "On the genus Ceyx." Proc. Zoot. Soc. London, 587-599.

A review and key of the genus, with descriptions of the species.

11. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "Note on Lanius melanthes SWillhoe, and on Lanius cephalometas Bp." Ibis, 68-71. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "'Qrnith. Works" (I88I), 50-51.

Lanius cephalomelas Bonaparte is identified as L. nasutus Scopoli. . , ;

1869 12. SHAR'PE, R. B. "On the genus Alcyone." Proc. Zoot. Soc. London, 35I-357路 Key to, and descriptions of, all the then known species of Alcyone.

13. - - - ".Additional notes on the genus Ceyx." Proc. Zoot. Soc--. Londqn, 507-5 11.

A comparison of the arrangement of the species of Ceyx as given by Sharpe and by Salvadori, with a key, and with remarks on Ceyx r~tftdorsa and C. sharpii.

14. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "On the Cuculidre described by Linnreus and Gmelin, with a sketch of the genus Eudynamis." Ibis, 324-346 , pI. 10. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (I88I},57-70.

List of the Cuckoos described by Linnreus and Gmelin in the I2th and 13th editions of the "Systema N atune" and a review of the genus Eudynamis.

1870 15. SHARPE, R. B. "On the genus Pelargopsis Gloger." Proc. Zoot. Soc. London, 61-69. , A review of the genus, with key to the species and descriptions of new species.

G

98

tHE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1870-continued

16. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "On the Sun-birds of the Indian and Australian regions." Ibis, 18-51, col. pI. I. Reprinted in Tweeddale's ÂŤ Ornith. Works" (1881), 71-93.

A systematic work on the group. Philippine species known to that date are discussed. A useful paper a'S regards the revision of the family.

1871 17. MARSHALL, C. H. T. and G. F. L. "Monograph of the Capitonidce, or Scansorial Barbets," 1-189, 73 col. pIs. Full description of all the then known species of the group.

18. SHARPE, R. B.

ÂŤ

Monograph of the Alcedinidce." See under 1867.

1872 19. ELLIOT, D. G. "Monograph of the Phasianidce, family of the Pheasants," 2 vols., 2 :plain and 79 col. pIs. The Palawan Peacock-Pheasant is the only Philippine representative.

20. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "A list of the Birds known to inhabit the Islands of Celebes." Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 8, pt. 2, 23-II8, pIs. 3-10. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 127-215.

Discussion of the zoological relationships of Celebes and notes on a number of species which range to the Philippines. lEgialitis peronii is figured on plate 10.

21. - - - "On two new species of Birds from the Philippine Islands."

Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., iv. 10,252.

Hyloterpe Philippinensis and Orthotomus castaneiceps, new species, described.

22. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT, and LAYARD, E. L. "On Birds recently observed or obtained in the Island of Negros, Philippines." Ibis, 93-107, pIs. 4-6. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), II4-I23.

Notes on 22 species observed or collected by Layard; Ianr thcenas g1'iseogularis, Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus and Dicntrus mirabilis, new species, are figured and described.

23. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "On a collection of Birds recently made

by Mr. A. H. Everett in Northern Borneo." Ibis, 360-383, pI. 12.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),217-233.

Notes on Spilornis bacha, Centrococcyx javanensis, Surniculus lugubris, Tchitrea affinis, M elanopitta mt-telleri, Oriohts xanthonotus, and several commoner species which range to the Philippines.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

99

1873 24. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands."

Proc. Zool. Soc., 519-526.

Gives an early history of the island. Ornithology and zoogeographical discussions.

1874 25. SALVADORI, COUNT T. "Catalogo Sistematico degli Uccelli di Borneo."

Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, publicati per cura di Giacomo Doria, vol. v. 1-380.

A classical work by Count Salvadori on Borneo, dealing with over 400 species. Distributional list of each species arranged as a table; a map and col. pI. of birds representing Pityriasis gymnocephala, Chotorea mystacophanus, Pericrocotus ardens, Pitta bertce, Setaria pectoralis, I yngipicus aurantiiventris, T rt"cholestes mim-ttus, Kenopia striata.

26. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Accipitres, or Diurnal Birds of Prey, in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, i. 1-479, pIs. 1-14.

Synonymy and descriptions, with keys, of all species of eagles, hawks, etc., known at time of publication. The Philippine species figured are: Astur soloensis, Astur cuculoides and Baza magnirostris.

27.

"Contributions to a history of the Accipitres or Birds of Prey: on the females of the Common and South African Kestrels." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 580-584, pI. 68.

The female of Cerchneis tinnunculus is figured.

28. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "Descriptions of two new species of Birds." Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., iv. 13, 123. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 253.

Pelargopsis gigantea, new species, described from Salok Island.

1875 29. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Striges, or nocturnal Birds of Prey, in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, ii. 1-325, pIs. 1-14.

Synonymy and descriptions, witb keys, of all species of Owls known at date of publication. No Philippine species is figured.

30. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "A list of the Birds known to inhabit the Philippine Archipelago." Trans. Zool. Soc. London, ix., pt. 2, 125-252, col. pIs. 23-34. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith.

Works" (1881), 293-413.

A most important review of Philippine ornithology, giving a list of 218 species with critical notes and a map of the Philippine

IOO

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Archipelago; the following species are figured: Limnaetus philippensis, Ninox Philippensis, Pseudoptynx Philippensis, Lempijius megalotis, M erops bicol,or, M. sumatranus, Cranorrhinus leucocephalus, Penelopides panini, Lanius lucionensis, Pseudolalage melanoleuca, Graucalus striatus, Volvocivora ccer'ulescens, D1'crUr1ts balicassi~ts, Hyloterpe philippensis, Philentoma cyaniceps, Pycnonotus urostictus, Copsychus mindanensis, Ama'ttrornis olivacea, Leucotreron gironieri, Phapitreron amethystina.

1876 31. SALVADORI, COUNT T. "Intorno alia supposta femmina del Dicceum retrocinctum Gould." Annali Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, viii. 509-511.

It is explained that the supposed female of Dicceum retrocinctum Gould is a different bird, belonging to D. r~tbriventer.

32.

"Intorno a due picco Ie collezioni di Dccelli, l'una di Petta (!sole Sanghir) e l'altra di Tifore e di Batang Ketcil, inviate dal Signor A. A. Bruijn al Museo Civico di Genova." Annali Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. Genova, ix. 50-65.

Zoogeographically Sanghir Island shows a character intermediate between Celebes and the Philippines, with, however the element oÂŁ the former island predominating. lIO skins, belonging to 28 species, were sent to the Museum by Signor A. A. Bruijn, and the following were newly described :-Pitta cceruleitorques, Dicceum sanghirense, Prionochilus sanghirensis, Calornis sanghirensis. The island of Batang Ketcil was visited in August by the same collector and 6 species were collected.

The fauna is closest to Molucca and not related to Celebes.

33. SHARPE, R. B. "Professor Steere's Expedition to the Philippines."

Nature, xiv. 297, 298.

A short account of Steere's first expedition to the Philippines and brief preliminary descriptions of ten new species: Eurylcemus steerii, PhyUornis palawanensis, Brachyurus steerii, lEthopyga magnifica, lEthopyga shelleyi, lEthopyga pulcherrima, Arachnothera dilutior, Dicceum dorsale, Dicceum hcematostictum.

34. SHELLEY, G. E. "Monograph of the Nectariniidre, or family of Sunbirds," 2 vols., 1-393, 121 col. pIs. Many species of Sun-birds are known to exist in the Philippine Islands; with full descriptions of all the known species at date of publication.

35. WALDEN, ARTHUR, VISCOUNT. "Letter showing that only one species of Artamus is known to inhabit the Philippine Archipelago."

Ibis, 133-136. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (I88I), 420-422.

A discussion on the various names which have been given to the Philippine Swallow-Shrike.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

101

1877

36. SHARPE, R. B. t, On the Birds collected by Prof. J. B. Steere in the Philippine Archipelago." Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool., pt. 6, 307-355, 9 col. pIs. 138 species are recorded and a table of distribution is given; also coloured plates of endemic Philippine species.

37.

"Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Coliomorphre. Containing the families Corvidre, Paradiseidre, Oriolidre, Dicruridre, and Prionopidre." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, iii. 1-343, pIs. 1-14.

Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all species of the families named in the title. Oriolus steerii, a new species, is the only Philippine species figured. An important work.

38. TWEEDDALE, MARQUIS OF. "Letter on Anthus g'Ustavi." Ibis, 258.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),437.

Notes the occurrence of A nthus gustavi in Celebes, and that it is to be looked for in the Philippines in winter.

39,

" Notes on the Species of the genus Batrachostomus inhabiting the Indian Region." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 420-445, pIs. 45-49.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),438-459.

Detailed descriptions and plate (45) of Batrachostomus affinis.

40.

" Reports on the collections of Birds made during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger. No. II. On the Birds of the Philippine Islands." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 535-551. Reprinted in "Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76." Zool. (1881), ii. 5-25, pIs. 1-6. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 459-475路 Notes on 49 species. Totanus incanus, Gallinago stemtra, Demiegretta sacra and Sterna bergii are recorded for the first time from the Philippines, and the following new species are described: Loriwlus panayensis, Batrachostomus septimus, Dicrurus striat'Us, N ectarophila j~tlice, Buceros mindanensis, Dicceum mindanense, Phabotreron brevirostris. The following species are figured with the Challenger reprint: Loric1tlus panayensis, Batrachostomus septimtts, Buceros mindanensis, Dicrurus striatus, Dicceum mindanense, Nectarophila julice, Phabotreron brevirostris.

41.

"Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No.!.

On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Luzon." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 686-703, pIs. 72 and 73.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),512-528.

A list of 86 species, of which M otacilla ocularis, A nthus mac~tlatus and Turnix fasciatus are recorded as new to the Philippines. M egalurus ruficeps, Oxycerca eperetti and Dicceum xanthopygi1tm are figured.

102

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1877-contimled

42 TWEEDDALE, MARQUIS OF. "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. II. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Zebu." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 755-769, pIs. 76 and 78. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith.

Works" (1881), 529-543.

A list of 75 species, of which Hirundo javanica and Rallina euryzonoides are recorded as new to the Philippines; the new species described are: Zosterops everetti, Turnix nigrescens, Oriolus assimilis, Phyllornis flavipennis, Prionochiltts quadricolor, M egapodius pusillus; all of the new species except the :first two are figured.

43.

" Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. III. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Mindanao." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 816-834, pIs. 82-85.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 543-561.

In this paper 43 species are added to the species known from Mindanao; Cisticola grayi, lEgialitis cantianus and LimnocinclllS acuminatus are recorded as new to the Philippines; Loric~tllls hartlaubi, Mulleripicus juliginosus, Criniger everetti and Orthotomus nigriceps are figured.

44.

"Letter relating to two species of Batrachostomus described

by Mr. A. O. Hume." Ibis, 388-392. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),506-509.

The identity of Batrachostomus affinis Blyth is discussed.

45. - - - "Description of four new species of Birds from the Indian Region." Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., IV. xx. 94-96. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),509-510.

Three Philippine species described: Megalurus ruficeps, Dicceum xanthopygium and Oxycerca everetti.

46.

"Descriptions of some new species of Birds." A nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., IV. xx. 533-538. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith.

Works" (1881), 561-565.

Includes :first descriptions of the following Philippine birds: Tanygnath~ts everetti, Ceyx argentata, Mulleripiws juliginosus, Penelopides affinis, Mixornis (?) capitalis, Criniger everetti, Hypothymis ccelestis, Prionochihts olivaceus, Dicceum schistaceum, D. everetti, lEthopyga bella, Ptilopus incognitus.

1878 47. ELLIOT, D. G. "On the Fruit Pigeons of the genus Ptilopus." Proc.

Zoot. Soc. London, 500-575, pIs. 33 and 34, text figs. 1-6.

An elaborate review of the genus and its literature, with descriptions, synonymy and key to the species.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

103

1878-continued 48. TWEEDDALE, MARQUIS OF. « Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. IV. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Islands of Dinagat, Bazol, Nipah and Sakuyok."

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I06-II4, pIs. 6-8. Reprinted in Tweeddale's « Ornith. Works" (I88I), 566-573. .

A list of 39 species obtained in Dinagat and 13 species obtained in the small islands of Nipah, Bazol and Sakuyok. The species figured are: Ceyx argentata, Hypothymis ccelestis, Mixornis capitalis, Dicceum schistaceum, D. everetti, and Prionochilus olivaceus.

49.

"On a new Philippine genus and species." Proc . Zool. Soc. London, II4, II5, pI. 9. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith.

Works" (1881),573,574.

Dasycrotapha speciosa, a new genus and species, described and figured.

50.

"On a new species of the genus Buceros." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 277-280. Reprinted in Tweeddale's « Ornith. Works" {I88I),584-5 86 .

Buceros semigaleatus, new species, described from Leyte; text figures of heads of B. mindanensis and B. semigaleatus.

I "Contribution~ to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. V. On the collectIon made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Negros." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 280-288. Reprinted in Tweeddale's « Ornith. Works" (I88I), 586-594.

A list of 56 species, 24 of which are recorded from Negros for the first time, and three, Collocalia francica, Butalis latirostris and Limosa cegocephala, are new to the Philippines. Zosterops nigrorum and M acropygia eurycerca are described as new species.

51.

52.

"Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. VI. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Leyte ." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 339-346. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),595-602.

A list of 67 species, of which A rachnothera flammi/era is new.

53.

"Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. VII. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Panaon." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 379-381. Reprinted in Tweeddale's « Ornith. Works" (1;88I), 602-604.

A list of 20 species. Dicceum modestum is the only new species described in this paper.

54.

"Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. VIII. On some Luzon Birds in the Museum at Darmstadt." Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, 429-430, pI. 26. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (I88I), 604-606.

Notes on 8 species collected by von Othberg, and said to have come from the vicinity of Manila. The plate illustrates Pitta

I04

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

THE BIRDS OF -THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

kochi. The other species listed are: Collocaliafuciphaga, T1trdus obscurus, T. chrysolaus, T. varius, Acrocephalus fasciolatus, A nthus gustavi and A. mac'Vtlat'l-ts.

TWEEDDALE, MARQUIS OF. "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No . IX. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Palawan." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 6II-624, pIs. 37 and 38. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith.

Works" (1881), 606-620.

A list of 52 species, of which 32 were not obtained by Steere on his first visit to Palawan. The following new species are described: Dicr'Vtrus palawanensis, Broderipus palawanensis, Drymocataphus cinereiceps, Brachypus cinereifrons, Criniger palawanensis, Corvus pusill'Vts, Crytostom'lts a'ltrora, Tiga everetti and Trichostoma rujifrons. The last two species are figured on the two plates.

"Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. X. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the Island of Bohol." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 708-712. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works路" (1881), 620-625.

A list of 47 species collected in Northern Bohol, of which Cisticola cursitans, Alauda wattersi, Terekia cinerea, Limicola platyrhyncha, Limosa lapponica, Tri1'lga albescens and Strepsilas interpres are recorded as new to the Philippines. " Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. XI. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett at Zamboanga, in the Island of Mindanao." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 936-954, pIs. 57-59. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 627- 645.

A list of 101 species, of which 65 species have been newly added

by Mr. Everett; of these Accipiter stevensoni, Ninox l'llgubris, Coccystes coromandus, Cacomantis sepulchralis and Ptilopus melanocephalus are new to the Philippines. Pseudoptynx gurneyi, Ninox spilocephalus, Scops everetti, Lhcetura picina, Lyncornis mindanensis are newly described. The species figured are: Accipiter stevensoni, Pseudoptynx gurneyi and (hcetura picina.

"Notes on the Dicruridre, and on their arrangement in the catalogue of the collection in the British Museum." Ibis, 69-84.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881), 574-583.

Useful notes on the family Dicruridre, with some notes on the genus I rena.

"Letter on the genus Artamus." Ibis,383-385. Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),625-627.

Maintains that the specific name leucorhynchus should be used for the Philippine Swallow-Shrike.

1879 60. SALVADORI, COUNT T. "On Melaniparus semilarvatus." Ibis, 300-303, col. pI. 9.

Plate of, and nqtes on, this species.

BIBLI OG RAPHY

195

1879-contimted 61. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cichlomorphre. Part I. Containing the families Campophagidre and Muscicapidre." Cat. Birds, Brd. Mus. London, iv. I-494, pIs. I-14.

Contains keys, synonymy and descriptions of the species in the families mentioned. The work is important. No Philippine species is figured.

62.

"A contribution to the Avifauna of the Sooloo Islands."

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 3II-317.

Notes on 20 species, mostly collected by Burbidge in the Island of Sulu. The new species described are T anygnathus burbidgii and Gallus stramineicollis.

63.

" A list of the Birds of Labuan Island and its Dependencies."

Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 317-354, pI. 30.

A list of' 137 species, largely from the collections of Low, Vssher and Treacher, with valuable notes. The paper includes interesting references to a number of species which range to the Philippines.

64. TWEEDDALE, MARQUtS OF. "Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines. No. XII. On the collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in the I~land of Basilan." Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 68-73.

Reprinted in Tweeddale's "Ornith. Works" (1881),645-651.

A list of 56 species, of which 48 were not obtained by Steere.

Totanus calidris was obtained in Basilan, thus giving it a definite locality in the Philippines.

1880 65. OUSTALET, E. "Description de deux oiseaux nouveaux des Iles Sooloo."

Bull. Hebd. Assoc. Sci. France, 205-206 .

Buceros M ontani 'a nd N inox Reyi are newly described from Sulu, collected by Dr. Montano and Dr. Rey, of the French Government.

66. SHELLEY, G. E. "Monograph of the Nectariniidre." See under 1876. "

1881 67 . CABANIS, J. "Description of Butio kutteri from Luzon." ] ourn. iii-r.

Orn., 425.

My name-Gorsachius melanolophus blytlti-is preoccupied by the present name. ' Rallina (Euryzona) zonativentris is described from Malacca.

68. RAMSAY, R. G. W. "The Ornithological Works of Arthur, 9th Marquis of Tweeddale." Reprinted from the originals by the desire of his widow. Edited and revised by his nephew, Robert G. Wardlaw Ramsay, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B .O.V., ,Captain 74th Highlanders

106

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (late 67th Regiment), together with a biographical sketch of the author by William Howard Russell, LL.D., London. For private circulation. London, 1-760.

Maps and many coloured plates are supplied to some copies.

Includes reprints of the important papers on Philippine birds

by Tweeddale, mostly from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Ibis, and the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, but without the plates. The appendix contains the important "Revised list of the Birds known to occur in the Philippine Islands, showing their Geographical Distribution," compiled by Ramsay from the writings of Tweeddale and Sharpe.

69. SCLATER, P. L. "Report on the Birds: Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, under the command of Captain George S. Nares, R.N., F.R.S., and Captain Frank Turle Thomson, R.N." Prepared under the superintendence of Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Kt., F.R.S., etc.

Zoel., ii. 5-25, pIs. 1-6.

Two of the papers deal with Philippine birds: (1.) "On the Birds collected in the Philippine Islands," 5-25, col. pIs. 1-6, being a republication from the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877. The species figured are: Loriculus panayensis, Batrachostomus septimus, Buceros mindanensis, Dicrurus striatus, Dicceum mindanense, N ectarophila ju~ice and Phabotreron brevirostris.

The other paper is: (X.) " On the Laridre collected during the Expedition," 13 -140, being a republication of Saunders' paper from the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877. The Philippine specimens recorded are: Hydrochelidon hybrida and Larus ridib2tndus from Manila, and Sterna bergii from Zamboanga.

70. SEEBOHM, H. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cichlomorphre. Part II. Containing the family Turdidre (Warblers and Thrushes)." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, v. 1-426, pIs. 1-18.

Synonymy, keys and description of all species known in this group at the date of publication. Locustella fasciolata is the only Philippine species among the plates.

71. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cichlomorphre. Part III. Containing the first portion of the family Timeliidre (Babbling Thrushes). Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, vi. 1-420, pIs. 1-18.

An important work on the first part of the Timeliidre, with keys, descriptions and synonymy. The Philippine species figured are: Iole rufigularis, Criniger frater and Criniger palawanens1路s.

1882 72. ELLIOT, D. G. "Monograph ofthe Bucerotidre, orfamily ofthe Hombills."

With 3 plain, 57 col. pIs., and full descriptions of all the known species at date of publication.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

107

1882-contimted 73. GADOW, H. "Catalogue of the Passerifonnes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cichlomorphre. Part V. Containing the families Paridre and Laniidre (Titmice and Shrikes), and Certhiomorphre (Creepers and Nuthatches)." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, viii. 1-385, pIs. I-g.

This essential volume contains synonymy, keys and descriptions of all species of Titmice, Shrikes and Nuthatches known at date of publication. No Philippine species is figured.

74. GOULD,]. "The Birds of Asia," vols. i.-vii.

It is needless to say much about this pUblication. Includes birds from the Eastern Palrearctic and Oriental regions, and also Celebes. Most of the Philippine species known up till that date are illustrated practically in actual size ..

1883 75. KUTTER, DR. "Beitrag zur Ornis der Philippinen." Journ. fitr. Orn., 2g1-3 17路 Herr O. Koch and Dr. A. Schadenberg made a journey to the Philippines. They stayed a l'I\0nth in Luzon to study Negritos.

After visiting Panay, Guimaras and J010 in Sulu they arrived at Davao, and stayed at Sibulan from December 1881 to April 1882.

76. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passerifonnes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cichlomorphre. Part IV. Containing the concluding portion of the family Timeliidre (Babbling Thrushes)." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, vii. I -6g8, pIs. I -IS. An important work on part of the family Timeliidre, with keys, synonymy and descriptions; no Philippine species figured.

77.

" Notes on some species of Birds of the family Dicreidre." Proc.

Zool. Soc. London, 578-580.

In this paper Dicceum schistaceum Tweeddale is considered to be the young of D. rubriventer Lesson, and D. modestum Tweeddale the young of D. everetti.

1884 78. BOURNS, F . S., and WORCESTER, D. C. "Preliminary notes on the Birds and Mammals collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands." Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, 1., No. I, 1-64.

A very interesting paper, containing descriptions of 36 new species of birds; new localities for 226 species previously known from the Islands; two species, Caprimulgus jotaka and Priono,;hilus modestus, recorded from the Philippines for the first time, and additional descriptions and notes concerning some 40 previously little known species. The new species described

108

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS are: N inox spilonotus, Phabotreron cinereiceps, P. brunneiceps, P. maculipectus, P. frontalis, Phlogcenas menagei, Batrachostomus menagei, Ceyx nigrirostris, Centropus steerii, Iyngipic~ts menagei, Chibia menagei, Oriolus cinereogenys, O. nigrostriatu,s, lEthopyga arolasi, .IE. bonita, lE. minuta, Dicceum pallidior, D. sibuyanica, D. intermedia, D. assimilis, Prionochil'Us ceruginows, P. bicolor, Zosterops siquijorensis, Hyloterpe winchelli, H. mindm'ensis, Cryptolophaflavigularis, Geocichla cinerea, Cittocincla superciliaris, Ptilocichla miwuta. Iole cinereiceps, I. monticola, MusCÂŁcapula samarensis, Rhipidura sauli, Rhinomyias albt"gt,tlaris, and R. oC1;tlaris.

79. DRESSER, H. "Monograph of the

Meropid~."

See under 1886.

80. GADOW, H. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Cinnyrimorph~. Containing the families Nectariniid~ and Meliphagid~ (Sun-birds and Honey-eaters)." Cat. Birds, Brit, M1;tS. London, ix. 1-126, pI. 1.

This essential volume contains synonymy and descriptions of all species of Sun-birds known at the date of publication. No Philippine species is figured.

81. RAMSAY, R. G. WARDLAW. ÂŤ Contributions to the Ornithology of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. On two collections of Birds from the vicinitl of Manila ," Ibis, 330-335, I col. pI. Report of a lew bird skinI' sent by Mr. Frederick MaitlandHeriot, of Manila.

Ceyx philippinensis is proved to be the male of Ceyx cyanopectus. Beautifully illustrated.

1885 82. GUILLEMARD, F. H. H. "Report on the collection of Birds made during the voyage of the yacht M archesa. Part I. A provisional list of the Birds inhabiting the Sulu Archipelago." Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, 247-275, pIs. 17 and 18.

A list of 65 species, with copious notes, largely from material collected by author. Plates and descriptions of three new species!

Iyngipicus ramsayi, M acronus kettlewelli, Pericrocotus marchesce.

A useful map of the Sulu Archipelago is given.

83.

"Report on the collection of Birds' made during the voyage of the yacht Marchesa. Part II. Borneo and the Island of Cagayan Sulu ." Proc. Zool . Soc. London, 404-420, pI. 25.

Notes on IS species from Cagayan Sulu, with description and plate of one new species, Mixornis cagayanensis.

84. JORDANA Y MORENA, R. "Bosquejo geogranco e hist6riconatural del Archipielago Filipino," 176-190; aves, pI. 5 . Madrid.

A general description of the commoner and more notable birds found in the Tagalog dialect. Names of rIO species in the form of a table. The coloured plate illustrates Buceros hydrocorax.

BlBLl OG RAPHY

10 9

1885-continued 85. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes. Part 1.

Containing the families Dicceidce, Hirundinidce, Ampelidce, Mniotiltidce and Motacillidce." Cat. Birds, Brit. M~ÂŁs. London, x. 1-682, pIs. 1-12.

Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all the Flower-peekers, Swallows and Wagtails known at date of publication. Philippine species figured are M otacilla ocularis and M otacilla jlava. A very important volume.

86. SHARPE, R. B., and WYATT, C. W. "Monograph of the Hirundinidce."

See under 1894.

87. SHARPE, R. B., "Description of a new species of Hornbill from the Island of Palawan." Proc. Zool. Soc., 446, pI. 26 .

Original description of A nthracoceros lemprieri, with a beautiful hand-coloured drawing. ' '

1886 88. DRESSER, H. "Monograph of tile Meropidce, or family of the Bee-eaters," 1-140.

Two species from the Philippines are mentioned.

89. GUILLEMARD, F. H. "The Cruis of the Marchesa to Kamschatka and New Guinea," 1st edition, voL i. 1-284,53 illus. and 5 maps; voL ii. 1-399, 89 illus. and 9 maps.

Philippine birds figured are Pericrocotus marchesCB in colour and Macronus kettlewelli. Lists of the Cagayan Sulu and Sulu birds are given. See also 2nd edition in 1889.

90. RAMSAY, R. G. WARDLAW. "Second contribution to the Ornithology of the Philippine Islands. On additional collections of Birds from the vicinity of Manila." Ibis, 155-162.

30 species are recorded, of which Cyornis herioti and Mirafra Philippinensi:; are new species.

91. SALVADORI, COUNT T. "On some Papuan, Moluccan and Sulu Birds."

Ibis, 151-155.

A critical note on a few birds collected by Nehrkorn and Guillemard.

1\

1887 92. SEEBOHM, H. "Geographical distribution of th~ Charadriidce, or Plovers, Sandpipers, Snipes, and their Allies," 1-524, 21 col. pIs. All the Philippine Waders known at date of pUblication are mentioned.

93. SHARPE, R. B . . Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John Whitehead on the mountain of Kina Balu, in Northern Borneo, with descriptions of new species." IMs, 435-454, col. pIs. 13 and 14.

Cryptolopha montis is one of the new species described. tt

110

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1888

94. BLASIUS, W. "Die Vogel von Palawan." Ornis, 301-320.

Dr. and Mrs. Platen visited Palawan at Puerto Princes a in the summer of 1887, and collected many bird skins.

Dr. Blasius examined the collection, and notes 130 species.

Turnix H aynaldi is newly discovered.

95. SCLATER, P. L. "Pittidre and Eurylremidre." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mtts.

London, xiv. 4I I-449, 454-470.

Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all the Pittas and Broadbills known at date of publication. No species from either of these families is figured. This is an important work.

96. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes.

Part III. Containing the family Fringillidre." Cat. Birds, Brit.

Mus. London, xii. 1-871, col. pIs. 1-16.

Synonymy, keys, and descriptions of all the Fringillidre known at date of publication. No Philippine species is figured.

97.

"List of a collection of Birds made by L. Wray in the main range of mountains in the Malay Peninsula, Perak." Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, 268-28r.

Muscicapula westermanni, a new species, is described in this paper.

98.

" On a collection of Birds from the Island of Palawan." Ibis, 193-204, col. pIs. 3 and 4.

A list of 129 species collected by Whitehead. 8 new species are described: Prioniturus cyaneiceps, Baza leucopias, Syrnium whiteheadi, Scops fuliginosa, Hyloterpe whiteheadi, Siphia erythacus, Iole striaticeps and Prionochilus y"ohannce. Three of the new species are figured: Syrnium whiteheadi, Siphia erythacus and Prionochilus y"ohannce.

99. STEERE, J. B. "The Philippine Islands." Nature, November, 37,39.

A letter dated Manila, 2nd July 1888. The Philippine Islands defined as a zoological province, comprising a number of subprovinces, each characterized by representative species of Birds, and probably of Mollusca.

100. WHITEHEAD, J. "Notes on some Oriental Birds." Ibis, 409-413.

Eudynamis orientalis, M egapodius cumingi, Plotus melanogaster are discussed.

1889 101. EVERETT, A. H. "Remarks on the zoogeographical relationships of the Island of Palawan and some adjacent islands." Proc. Zool.

Soc. London, 220-228, pI. 23 (map).

Everett concludes tha t "Palawan and the other islands (Balabac and the Calamianes) mentioned by Prof. Steere have never been

BIBLIOGRAPHY

III

directly connected with the Philippines, but that they have been almost certainly so connected with Borneo, or, more correctly perhaps, with a south-eastern extension of continental Asia, of which Borneo forms a part."

102. EVERETT, A. H. "A list of the Birds of the Bornean group of Islands." Jour. Straits Branch Roy. As. Soc., xx. 91-212.

A useful check-list of the birds of Borneo as well as of Palawan ; critical remarks, names of collectors and the leading references to literature are induded.

103. GUILLEMARD, F. H. H. "The Cruise of the Marchesa to Kamschatka and New Guinea, with notices of Formosa, Liu Kiu, and various islands of the Malay Archipelago," 2nd edition, 1-455, 139 illustrations, 14 maps. London.

This is a popular narrative of Guillemard's experiences while naturalist on the yacht Marchesa. Notes are given on the birds of Cagayan Sulu, Sulu, Siasi and Tawi Tawi, 175, 187, 189,199200, 230-232. A full-page illustration of Macronus kettlewelli Guillemard is given on p. 232, and the head of Sarcops calvus is figured.

1889-1890 104. SHARPE, R. B. "Olf the Ornithology of Northern Borneo." With notes by John Whitehead. ~bis, seven parts, with pages and plates as follow : Part 1. (1889) 63-85, col. pIs. 2-4; Part II. (1889) 185-205, col. pIs. 7 and 8; Part III. (1889) 265-283, col. pI. 9; Part IV. (1889) 409-443, col. pIs. 12 and 13 ; Part V. (1890) 1-24; Part VI. (1890) 133-149, col. pI. 4; Part VII. (1890) 273-292, col. pI. 8.

This important contribution to the ornithology of Borneo contains numerous notes on species which range to the Philippines.

Cryptolopha montis is figured in Part II., pI. 8. Part VII. (274-285) contains a table of distribution showing the relation of the Bornean ornis to that of the surrounding islands.

1890 105. BLASIUS, W . "Die von Herrn Dr. Platen und dessen Gemahlin im Sommer 1889, bei Davao auf Mindanao gesammelten Vogel."

Journ. fur Om., 144-149.

Platen's collection was passed on to the author through the kindness of A. Nehrkorn.

The following species are newly described: Ceyx platence.

Ceyx margarethce, Musct路capula mindanensis, Micropus nehrkorni, Mixornis plateni, Ptilopyga m'indanensis, Arachnothera clarce.

106. - --

"Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse von Dr. Platen's ornithologischen Forschungen auf den Sulu-Inseln." Jottrn. fur . Om., 137-144.

304 skins, including 70 species, were brought home by Platen.

The following species are newly described: Prioniturus discurus-

112

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS var. suZucnsis, Thriponax javensis var. suluensis, Eudyna1nis mindanensis var. albomac~tlata, Ceyx s~tluensis, Hyloterpe Homeyeri, Criniger Haynaldi.

107. HARGITT, E. "Catalogue of the Picarire in the collection of the British Museum. Scansores. Containing the family Picidre." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xviii. 1-597, pIs. I-IS. Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all the Woodpeckers known at date of publication. The Philippine species figured are Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus and Thriponax pectoralis.

This work is essential.

108. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the collection of the British Museum. Sturniformes. Containing the families Artamidre, Sturnidre, Ploceidre, Alaudidre, also the families Atrichiidre and Menuridre." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xiii. 1-702, col. pIs. I-IS. Synonymy, keys and descriptions of the Swallow-Shrikes, Starlings , Weaver-Finches and Larks known at date of publication.

No Philippine species is figured. Spodiopsar, new name, p. 665, to replace Poliopsar Sharpe, preoccupied. M unia cabanisi new name, p. 353.

109. STEERE, J. B. "A list of the Birds and Mammals collected by the Steere Expedition to the Philippines, with localities and with brief preliminary descriptions of supposed new species." Ann Arbor, Mich., 14th July, 1-27.

A list of 367 species, with islands on which they were found by the members of this expedition, J. B. Steere, D. C. Worcester, F. S. Bourns and E. L. Moseley, and with descriptions of the following new species: Prioniturus lu{onensis, P. mindorensis, Cyclopsitta mindanensis, Loriculus siquijorensis, L. mindorensis, L. worcesteri, Circus Philippinensis, Spilornis panayensis, Thriponax Philippinensis, T. mindorensis, Chrysocolaptes samarensis, Y~tngipic~ts basilanicus, Y. leytensis, Ceyx samarensis, C. mindanensis, C. basilanica, C. flumenicola, C. bournsi, C. malama~ti, Actenoides moseleyi, Centrococcyx mindorensis, Penelopides basilanica, P. samarensis, P. mindorensis, Artamides mindorensis, A. mindanensis, A. panayensis, Edoliisoma (Graucalus) panayensis, Pseudolalage minor, Pericrocotus leytensis, Hypothymis samarensis, Cyanomyias helena:, Setaria samarensis, Oriohts samarensis, M acronus mindanensis, Mixornis nigrocaPitat~ts, Ptilocichla? basilanica, Ptilocichla? mindanensis, Irena ella:, PolioloPhus basilanicus, Iole guimarasensis, I. mindanensis, I. siquijorensis, Cittocincla cebuensis, Orthotomus panayensis, O. samarensis, Zosterops basilanica, Philemon Philippinensis, Dica:um besti, Prionochilus samarensis, Cin1'lyris guimarasensis, Corvus samarensis and Sarcophanops samarensis. Although the descriptions are usually extremely meagre, and often altogether too short, this is the most important single paper on Philippine birds since Sharpe's report on the Steere collection.

BlBLl OG RAPHY

113

1890-contin'Ued

110. WHITEHEAD, J. "Notes on the Birds of Palawan." Ibis, 38-61, col. pI. 2.

Gives an account of the author's trip to Taguso, on the southeast coast of the island.

155 species are recorded, and Buchanga palawanensis is newly described. Each species is affixed with a sign to show its zoogeogra phical relationship.

1891 111. HARTERT, E. "Die bisher bekannten Vogel von Mindoro, nebst Bemer-

kungen uber einige Vogel von anderen Ins~ln der PhilippinenGruppe." Journ. fUr Orn., 199-206, 292-302.

Notes on 64 species, mostly from Mindoro. The introduction contains a short account of the work done by Philippine collectors.

112. MOSELEY, E. L. "Descriptions of two new species of Fly-catchers from the Island of Negros, Philippines." Ibis, 46-47, col. pI. 2 .

Cryptolopha nigrorum and Abrornis olivacea are described and figured.

113. SALVADORI, T. "Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xx.

1-658, col. pIs. 1-;r8.

Contains synonymy, keys and descriptions of all the known Parrots at date of publication. The Philippine species figured are: Tanygnathus everetti, Tanygnathus bu,rbidgei, and Bolbopsittac'/;ls intermedius, the last a new species. Bolbopsittacus is a new genus quite essential for the study of the Parrots.

114.

" On a rare species of Lorikeet in the Rothschil.d Collection."

Ibis, 48-51, col. pI. 3.

Description and plate of Loric~6lus bonapartei.

115. SCLATER, P. L., and SHELLEY, G. E. "Catalogue of the Picariee in the collection of the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges.

Containing the families Rhamphastidee" Galbulidee and Bucconidee by P. L. Sclater, and the families Indicatoridee, Capitonidee, Cuculidee and Musophagidee by G. E. Shelley." Cat. Birds, Brit.

MZls. London, xix. 1-484, col. pIs. 1-13.

The parts of this volume indicated above, dealing with the Barbets and Cuckoos, include keys, synonymy and descriptions of all species known at the date of'issue. A useful and necessary work; no Philippine species is figured.

116. STEERE, J. B. "Ornithological results of an expedition to the Philippine Islands in 1887 and 1888." Ibis, 301-316.

This paper is practically the same as "List of Birds and Mam., Steere Exped. (1890)." Ptilocichla basilanica and I rena ellce are figured in colours.

H

II4

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1892

117. SALVIN, 0., and HARTERT, E. "Catalogue of the Picarire in the collection of the British Museum . Upupre and Trochilire by O. Salvin ; Cypselidre, Caprimulgidre, Podargidre and Steatornithidre by E. Hartert." Cat. Birds, Brit. M~ts. London, xvi. 1-703, col. pIs. 1-14.

Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all Swifts, Night-jars and Frogmouths known at date of publication. Plates of Caprim'ttlg1ts griseat~ts and Lyncornis mindanensis. Essential for a study of these families.

118. SHARPE, R. B., and GRANT, W. R. O. "Catalogue of the Picaric:e in the collection of the British Museum. Coracire (continued) and Halcyones, with the families Leptosomatidre, Coraciidre, Meropidre, Alcedinidre, Momotidre, Todidre and Coliidre, by R. B . Sharpe; Bucerotes and Trogones, by W. R. Ogilvie Grant."

Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xvii. 1-522, col. pIs. 1-17.

Synonymy, keys and descriptions of all the known Trogons and Hornbills. No plates of Philippine species.

Gymnolcemus, new genus for A nthracoceros lemprieri Sharpe.

This work is essential.

1893 119. DRESSER, H. "Monograph of the Coraciidre, or family of the Rollers," 1-108,27 col. pIs. An important work. The only Philippine representative is Eurystomus orientalis.

120. ELLIOT, D. G. "A Monograph of the Pittidre." See under 1895.

121. GRANT, W. R. O. "Catalogue of the Game Birds (Pterocletes, Gallinre, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii) in the collection of the British Museum."

Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xxii. 1-585, pIs. 1-8.

Descriptions and synonymy of all Philippine species of Megapodiidce, Phasianidce and Turnicidce are included, but no plates of Philippine species.

122. SALVADORI, T. "Catalogue of the Columbre, or Pigeons, in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xxi. 1-676, pIs. I-IS. Contains synonymy, keys and descriptions of all Doves and Pigeons known at date of pUblication. Osmotreron axillaris is the only Philippine species figured. Phabotreron occipitalis is described as new. This volume is necessary for a study of the Columbre.

123. SHARPE, R. B . "Classification of the Rallidre." Bull. Brit. Om. Club, i.26- 2 9路 Includes the diagnosis of Poliolimnas, a new genus, type P. cinere't.(,s Vieillot.

BlBLl OG RAPHY

115

1893-contimted 124. SHARPE, R. B. "New Birds from the Sulu Archipelago." Bttll. Brit. (lllb, iii. 9, 10.

Diagnosis of Scops sibutuensis, Prionit1trus verticalis, Dicceum sibutuense and Edoliisoma everetti, new species.

am.

125. - - - "On the distribution of the species of the genus Butorides."

Bull. Brit. am. Club, iii. 17, 18.

Notes on Butorides javanica and B. amurensis; diagnosis of B. spodiogaster, new species. ' 126. WHITEHEAD, J. "A new Fly-catcher." Bttll. Brit. Orn . Chtb., i. 31.

Diagnosis of Cryptolopha xanthopygia, a new species, from Palawan.

1894 127. CLARKE, W. E. "On some Birds from the Island of Negros, Philippines." Ibis, 531-535.

A list of 25 species, of which Chcetura celebensis is recorded from the Philippines for the first time and Cinnyris guimarasensis, Pelargopsis gigantea, Thriponax hargitti, Spilornis holospilus and Gallicrex cinerea are recorded as new to N egros.

128. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part 1.

Mount Arajat, Central Luzon. With field notes by John Whitehead." Ibis,406-4II. This is the first of the series of important papers by Grant on the collections made by John Whitehead; 40 species are listed.

129.

"On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part II . The highlands of North Luzon, 5000 feet. With field notes by J. Whitehead." Ibis, 501-522, col. pIs. 14 and IS路 This is an important paper on a collection of 94 species from (vicinity of Trinidad?) Benguet Province. Two new species, Musdcapula luzoniensis and Cettia seebohmi, are described, and the following 17 species, first characterized in Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, are more fully described: Scops longicornis, Oriolus albiloris, Stoparola nigrimentalis, 11'1 entla thomassoni, Chimarrhornis bicolor, Zosterornis whiteheadi, Hyloterpe albiventris, Lanius validirostris, Dendrophila mesoleuca, lEthopyga flavipecttts, Eudrepanis jefferyi, Cinnyris whiteheadi, C. obscurior, Dicceum luzoniense, D . obscurum, Loxia luzoniensis and Cltlomra brunneiventris. Two species, E1'nberiza pusilla and E. sllljurata, are recorded as new to the Philippine avifauna. Cinnyris wltiteheadi, Stoparola nigrimentalis, Zosterornis wh1'teheadi and Chimarrhornis bicolor are figured on the two plates.

130. SHARPE, R. ' B ., and WYATT, C. W. "Monograph of the Hirundinidre, or family of Swallows," 1885-1894, i.-ii. 127, col. pl., 26 maps.

A most elaborate and exhaustive work . A few species occur in the Philippines.

rr6

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

1894-continued 131. SHARPE, R. B. Catalogue of the Fulicarice and Alectorides in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. Mm. London, xxiii. 1-353, pIs. 1-9.

The Rails and Cranes are described, with keys and full synonymy. The work is an important one. Rallina euryzonm:des is figured on pl. 8. t(

132.

Notes on the Bitterns and Herons." Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl7tb, iii. 30-33.

Gives the distribution of the various species of A rdetta and calls attention to the name Ardea manillensis of Meyer, which must be used for the Asiatic race of A. purpurea.

133.

Notes on the Ardeince." Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl7tb, iii. 37-39.

Sharpe accepts the name Phoyx for the large Purple Herons, and proposes among other new generic names, that of M esophoyx for H erodias intermedia.

t(

t(

134. - - -

On Micropus nehrkorni." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iv. 2.

Sharpe shows that the Microptts nehrkorni of Blasius is really a M elaniParus.

135.

t(

On a collection of Birds sent by Mr. Alfred H. Everett from the Sulu Archipelago." Ibis, 238-259, I map.

78 species ar~ listed. It gives a table of distribution. t(

136. STEERE, J. B. On the distribution of genera and species of nonmigratory land-Birds in the Philippines." Ibis,4II-420.

An elaborate essay, in which the author attempts to prove that the law of distribution of non-migratory land-birds of the Philippines may be stated as follows: The genus is represented by but a single species in a place." Or in more general terms as follows: No two species near enough alike structurally to be adapted to the same conditions will occupy the same area." On this subject see Worcester Proc. U:S. Nat. lv!1ts. (1898),20,567.

137.

A uk, II, 231-240. On the same subject as the preceding article in the Ibis. t(

t(

t(

1895 138. CLARKE, W. E. On some Birds from the Island of Negros, Philippines." (Second contribution.) Ibis, 472-479.

Notes on 12 species; Falco atriceps is recorded as new to the Philippines. t(

139. ELERA, CASTO DE. Catdlogo sistematico de toda fa~tna de Filipinas conocida hasta el presente y a la vez el de la coleccion zoologic a del museo de PP. dominicos del colegio-universidad de Santo Tomas de Manila escrito con motivo de la exposicion regional FÂŁlipina.

Manila (vertibrados), 52-398 (aves).

In the pages indicated Father Casto has listed all the birds known from the archipelago, and in addition all the species of

BIBLIOGRAPHY

117

birds represented in the Santo Tomas Museum. Native names, distribution and copious synonymy are given for nearly every species, but there are no descriptions. Some 25 new names are proposed, but as they are without the slightest diagnosis they need not be given here. A large number of species are credited to the Philippines which no previous author has recorded from the islands; some of these species are doubtless entitled to a place on the Philippine list, but so many of these records are clearly erroneous that none of them can be accepted without the greatest caution: Mainat~ts religios~ts, lvI. javanic%s and M. palawanensis are recorded from Palawan; Calornis metaUica, C. chatybcea and C. panayensis from Luzon. These and similar cases are sufficient to throw suspicion on the more plausible records.

140.

D. G. "Monograph of the Pittidce, or family of Ant-Thrushes," 51 col. pls. Second edition. 1893-95.

ELLIOT,

Full description of all the then known species. are richly represented by this group.

A. H. "A list of the Birds of the Island of Balabac, with some notes on, and additions to, the Avifauna of Palawan."

Ibis, 21-39.

Notes on 10 species from Palawan not enumerated in Whitehead's" Notes a the Birds of ~alawan"; a list of 68 species from Balabac.

141.

EVERETT,

142.

GRANT,

143.

The Philippines

W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part III. The mountains of the province of Isabela, in the extreme north-east of Luzon. With field notes by ]. Whitehead." Ibis, I06-II7, pIs. 4 and 5路 This important paper lists 30 species from Isabela Province, and contains additional notes on Oriolus isabellce and O. albiloris which were previously described in Bull. Brit. Om. Cl%b. Zosterorm:s striatus is described as new; Munia formosana and Cotile sinensis are added to the Philippine list. Zosterornis striat%s, Dendrophila mesoleuca, .lEthopyga flavipect%s and Eudrepanis jefferyi are the subjects of the two plates.

"On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Partly. The province of Albay, south-east of Luzon, and the adjacent island of Catanduanes. With field notes by]. Whitehead." Ibis, 249- 267.

This paper lists 46 (?) species from Albay Province and 48 species from Catanduanes. Additional descriptions and notes are given of Callceops periopthalmica, Zosterops l%zonica and Cinnyris excellens, which were previously described in B%ll. Brit.

Orn. Club. There are extended notes on variation in Sarcops calv~ts and Prionitunts disc%rus.

Carpophaga poliocephala is recorded from Luzon for the first time, and Emberiza spodocephala, from Catanduanes, is recorded as new to the Philippines.

118

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1895-continued

144. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part V. The highlands of the province of Lepanto, North Luzon. 'Vith field notes by J. Whitehead." Ibis, 433-472, pIs. 12-14.

Notes on lIO species. Additional descriptions of Scops longicornis, Scops whiteheadi, Rhinomyias insignis, Lllsciniola seebohmi, Cettia seebohmi, Brachypteryx poUogyna, Pselldotharrhaleus caudat~ts, Zosterops aureiloris, Pyrrhttla leucogenis, Batrachostomlls microrhynchus and Priom'tur'Us montanus, which were previously described in Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl'ub. Collocalia whiteheadi is described as new; Cinnyris obscurior is rejected as being based on C. jugularis in worn plumage; Pitta kochi and PtiloP11S marchei and the females of Dicceum xanthopyg1'lIm and Cittoc1'ncla htzoniensis are fully described. Notes on plumages of M aeropygia temtirostris; Falco severus added to the Luzon list; Cerelzneis tinnunc~tl~ts and Collocalia linchi added to the Philippine list.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

"New species of Birds discovered by Mr. John Whitehead in the mountains of Lepanto, in Northern Luzon." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, iv. 40-41.

The following species are newly described: Scops whiteheadi, Rhinomyias 'nsignis, Lusciniola seebohm1;, Brachypteryx poliogyna, Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus, Zosterops aureiloris, Pyrrhula leucogenis, Batrach~ stomus microrhynchus, Prionitllrtts rnontamls: Pseudotharrhaleus being a new genus.

HARTERT, E. "A new Prionochilus from the Philippirles and note on an Anthreptes." Nov. Zool., 64-65.

Prionochilus inexpectatus is newly described. " On a small collection of Birds from Mindoro." Nov. Zool., 486 -488 .

Gives a list of 37 species collected by Everett, made during November-December 1894.

SALVADORI, COUNT T. "Anseres." Cat. Birds, Brit. J).,lus. London, xxvii.

23-493, pIs. 1-5路 An important review of the Ducks, Geese and Swans, with keys, synonymy and descriptions. Dendrocygna guttulata is figured on plate 1.

SHARPE, R. B. "List of the species of Ardeidre." Bull. Brit. Om. Cl1tb, V. 10-13.

A list of the species of Herons and Bitterns as determined for the Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxvi.

1896 150. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part VI. The vicinity of Cape Engano, North-East Luzon, Manila Bay, and Fuga Island, Babuyan Group. With field notes by J. Whitehead." Ibis, 101-I28, pI. 3.

Additional notes and descriptions of SipMa enganensis, Hypsipetes !1Igens1's, Orthotom11s chloronotus and Zosterornis dennisio1lni,

BlBLl OG RAPHY

IIg

all previously described in Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. Critical notes on the plumages of Accipiter gularis. Young male of Parus semilarvat~ts described. First Luzon record of Fregata minor.

Notes on the Eudynamys of Fuga. Orthotomus chloronotus and Zosterornis dennistouni are figured on plate.

151. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part VII .

The highlands of Mindoro. With field notes by J. Whitehead."

Ibis, 457-477, pI. II. A list of 52 species, with numerous notes. Ninox mindorensis and T1trdus mindorensis are new species. Carpophaga mindorensis Whitehead is redescribed and figured. Locusiella ochotensis is recorded, for the second time, from the Philippines. Notes on Scops sp. inc., later described by Whitehead as S. mindorensis.

A useful key to the Philippine species of Iyngipicus is given.

152.

"On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part VIII . The highlands of N egros. With field notes by J. Whitehead." Ibis, 525-5 65.

A list of 86 species: Artamides ceb~tensis, Turdus nigror~tm, Brachypteryx b1'unneiceps and Cittocincla nigrorum are new species .

Keys to the Philippine species of Oriol'Us, Rhi11Omyias, Artamides and Edolisoma. Oriolus basilanicus, new name. First Negros records for Tanygnathus everetti and Surniculus vel~ttinus; first Philippine rec rd for Cuculus micropterus. Iole guimarasensis is considered ~ be distinct from Iole p hilippinesis; M unia brunneiceps is considered to be the worn plumage of M. jagori.

Notes on the plumages of SpiZornis panayensis and Falco ernesti.

153. SALVADORI, COUNT T. "Catalogo di una collezione di Dccelli delle vicinanze di Deli in Sumatra." Bollettino dei Musei Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. universita di Torino, xvii. 250, I-I4.

A collection from North-East Sumatra, comprising I09 species.

The majority of them are common to the Philippines.

154. SAUNDERS, H., and SALVIN, O. "Catalogue of the Gavire and Tubinares in the collection of the British Museum. Terns and Gulls by H. Saunders j Petrels and Albatrosses by O. Salvin."

Cat. Birds, Bn路t. M1tS . London, xxv. I-475. col. pIs. I-8.

This group of birds is described with keys, synonymy and descriptions. The only Philippine species is described on p. 370.

155. SHARPE, R. B. "Catalogue of the Li,micolre in the collection of the British Museum." Cat. Birds, Brit. M'tts. London, xxiv. I -794, col. pIs. I-7.

A very important review, with descriptions, keys and synonymy of all the Limicolre. No plate of Philippine species.

156.

Ibis, 253-257. See B'u lt. Brit. Orn. Club, I895, IO-I3, by the same author.

A systematic list of the family Ardeidre.

120

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1897

157. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Part IX. The Islands of Samar and Leyte. With field notes by].

Whitehead." Ibis, 209-250, pIs. 5 and 6.

A list of 93 species, with numerous notes. Additional notes on Pithecophaga jefferyi, Rhabdornis minor and Rhabdomis inornatus, which were previously described in Bull. Brit. Om. Club. N[icrohierax meridionalt"s is described as new; notes on Ceyx; female of M icrostictus fuliginosus described. Keys to the Philippine species of Orthotom1;('s, 111 acromts, Zosterornis and Rhabdornis.

Poliolopht,ts basilanicus is considered not distinct fromP. urosthtus.

8 species new to Samar and I4 species new to Leyte.

158. HARTERT, E. Das Tierreich: Aves. Lief. I. I-89.

Podargidce, Caprimulgidce and M acropteryg1路dce. Entire revision of the respective families known to that date. Keys and diagrams.

159. SHARPE, R. B. "On a new Owl." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vi. 47.

Ninox everetti, a new species, described from Siasi.

160. WHITEHEAD,]. "On a new Pigeon." Bull. Brit. Orn. C[1Itb, vi. 34.

Ptiiocolpa nigrorum, a new species, described from Negros.

161.

Ibis, 439. 'rhe same as preceding work.

162.

" On a new Fl;y-catcher." BUIll. Brit. Orn. Chtb, vi. 43.

Muscicapuia nigrorum, a n,ew species, described from Negros.

163.

Ibis,446 . The same as preceding work.

164.

" On the genus Dendrophila." Brit. Orn. Club, vi. 49.

Dendrophila Iilacea, a new species, described from Samar.

165.

Ibis, 450, 451. The same as preceding work.

1898 166. CLARKE, W . E. "On some Birds from the Island of Negros, Philippines. Part III." Ibis, II9-I24Notes on 4I species, of which 6 are recorded as new to Negros-viz. Hirundo gutturaIis, Caprimulgus manillensis, Microhierax erythrogenys, Porzana fusca, A maurornis olivacea and Gallimela chloropus.

167. GRANT, W . R. 0., and WHITEHEAD,]. "On the nests and eggs of some rare Philippine Birds." Ibis, 23I-247, col. pIs. 5 and 6.

Short descriptions and measurements of the eggs of 36 species, mostly from specimens collected by Whitehead. The two plates illustrate the eggs of I6 species.

168. MEYER, A. B ., and WIGLESWORTH, L. W . "The Birds of Celebes and the neighbouring Islands," 2 vols., 45 col. pIs., 7 maps: i. I-392; ii. 393-962.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

121

189B-continued

169.

170.

171.

172.

Vol. I. includes Introduction, containing" Travel and Literature," "Seasons and Winds in the East Indian Archipelago," " Migration in the East Indian Archipelago," "Variation" and "Geographical Distribution," and Systematic Part, including from order Accipitres to family Musciapidre in order Passeres, comprising 141 species, excluding races.

Vol. II. starts from family Laniidre to family Podicipedidre in order Pygopodes, and includes 252 species. The two volumes record a total of 393 known to the authors.

This is a standard work on Celebesian ornithology, although many new discoveries were made by Riley and others in recent years. Students of Philippine ornithology, especially of Mindanao, must not overlook this publication.

Pages 1-10 give a brief history of naturalists and collectors, some of whose names are familiar in the Philippines. Examples are Leclancher, Meyer, Murray, Platen, Guillemard, Everett, Doherty and Waterstradt. On pp. II-I6 is a bibliography, constituting an important contribution. Geographical distribution as arranged in tables gives a column" Philippine Islands," on PP路9 0 - IIO .

SHARPE, R. B., and GRANT, W. R. O. "Platalere (Ibises and Spoonbills), Herodiones (Herons and Storks), by R. B. Sharpe; Steganopodes (Cormorants, Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds and Pelicans), Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes) by W. R. O. Grant."

Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. London, xxvi. 1-687, 15 col. pIs. This includes synonymy, keys and descriptions of all Philippine species in the Platalere, Herodiones, Steganopodes and Pygopodes known at date of publication. The Philippine species figured are Phoyx rnanillensis and Butorides spodiogaster.

WHITEHEAD,]. See Grant, W. R. O. WIGLESWORTH, L. W. See Meyer, A. B. WORCESTER, D. C., and BOURNS, F. S. "Contributions to Philippine Ornithology. Part I. A List of the Birds known to inhabit the Philippine and Palawan Islands, showing their distribution within the limits of the two groups." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xx. 549-566.

This is a most useful list; the species and islands are arranged in tabular form, with indication of the species collected by the Menage Expedition.

173. WORCESTER, D. C. "Contributions to Philippine Ornithology. Part II. Notes on the distribution of Philippine Birds." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xx. 567-625, pIs. 55-6r.

This paper consists of a discussion on the zoological relationships of the various island groups based upon the evidence furnished by their birds. The divisions are mainly the same as those advocated by Steere, but Bohol is grouped with Leyte instead of with Cebu. Cebu is separated from the central islands,

122

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS and Balabac and Palawan with the Calamianes are shown to be more closely related to Borneo than to the rest of the Philippines.

The conclusions reached are too extended to be repeated here.

Steere's law of distribution is fully described by the origin and distribution of the genera and species of resident Philippine landbirds which are set forth in considerable detail; the conclusions are too lengthy for repetition. A bibliography concludes the paper.

Plate 55 is a map of the Philippine Islands. The remaining plates are diagrammatic.

1899 174. OBERHOLSER, H. C. "Some untenable names in Ornithology." Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 51,201-216.

This paper consists of proposed changes in numerous generic and in a few specific names. Mttlleripicus Bonaparte is revived again for Picus p'btlverulentus Temminck; Pyrotrogon Bonaparte is shown to be the correct generic term for Trogon ardens Temminck; Calornis Gray is found to be untenable because of the previous Calornis Billberg; and Lamprocorax Bonaparte is suggested for the Glossy Starling. The other names considered do not affect species on the Philippine list.

175. WATERHOUSE, F. H. "Avium Generum Index Alphabeticus." Bull.

Brit. Orn. Cl'btb, ix. 1-31.

An index to the genera adopted in the 27 vols. of the Cat. Birds, Brit. M'bts. .

176. WHITEHEAD, J. "Field notes on Birds collected in the Philippine Islands in 1893-96." Ibis, Part I. 81-IIl; Part II. 210-246; Part III. 381-399; Part IV. 485-501.

An enumeration of 359 species collected or observed by Whitehead, with notes of considerable interest and importance. Most of the species were previously recorded in the series of articles

by Grant.

1900 177. CLARKE, W . E . "On some Birds from the Island of Negros, Philippines.

Part IV." Ibis, 351-361, pI. 8.

Notes on 26 species, of which Phlogcenas keayi, a new species, is described and figured; an unknown Batrachostomus and the female of Caprimulgus griseat'Us are described; Ardea sumatra1~a, D'btpetor flavicoUis and N annocnu s eurythmus are recorded as new to Negros .

1901 178. F INSCH, O. Das T iern'ch : Aves . Lief. XV. I -54. Zosteropidce.

Entire revision of the Wbite-Eye group known up to Ig01.

Many new discoveries have been made since that date. Several figures of heads and bills.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I23

1901-continued

179. SHARPE, R. B. "Notes on the Muscicapidre." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xi. 60.

Siphia enganensis Grant is referred to S. herioti Ramsay; Dendrobiastfts basilanica Sharpe is said to be without doubt the female of M uscicap~tla mindanensis Blasius, and this species should stand as Muscicapula basilanica (Sharpe).

1902 ISO. RICHMOND, C. W. "Descriptions of eight new Birds from islands off the west coast of Sumatra." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xv.

187- 1 90 .

Pigeons, Woodpeckers and Fly-catchers belonging to Philippine genera are dealt with. lSI. SEEBOHM, H., and SHARPE, R. B. "Monograph of the Turdidre, or family of Thrushes," i. 1-337; ii. 1-250, 149 col. pIs. Full descriptions of all the known species at date of publication. The Philippines have many migrant as well as resident species.

1903 IS2. FINSCH, O. ÂŤ Ueber einen neuen Nashornvogel der Gattung Penelopides Reichb." Notes Leyden Mus., xxiii. 190-.194.

Description of Penelopides talisi, new species, from Cagayan, Northern Luzon.

IS3. HARTERT, E. "Ten new species described from the Philippines (Southern Mindanao)." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xiv. 10-14.

Trichoglossus johnstonice, Goodfellowia, G. miranda, Rhipidwra nigrocinnamomea, Cryptolopha mindanensis, Hypocryptadius, H. cinnamomeus, Zosterops goodfellowi, Zosterops whiteheadi, Z. 1ÂŁ). v~tlcani are newly described.

1S4. - - - " On the Birds collected on the Tukang-Besi Islands and Buton, south-east of Celebes, by Mr. Heinrich Kiihn." Nov. Zool., 18-38.

The first collection ever made on that island, and 73 species are listed. The following are new to science: Pisorhina mindanensis kalidu,pce, Tanygnathus megalorhynch~ts viridipennis, Phcenicophaus calorhynchus rufiloris, Dicceum kuhni, Cinnyris infrenata, Zosterops jlavissima, Oriolus broderipi oscillans, Ptilinopus melanocephala aurescentior. lS5. HELLMAYR, C. E. Das Tierreich: Aves. Lief. XVIII. 1-250. "Paridre, Sittidre and Certhiidre."

Entire revision of the respective families known to that date.

With keys to subspecies. The 75 figures are useful, 75 birds being figured.

124

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1903-continued

186. MCGREGOR, R. C. "On Birds from Luzon, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Cuyo, Culion, Cagayan Sulu and Palawan." BtUl. Philippine Mus, i. 1-12.

Chibia c~tyensis is described as new. Six species, either new to the islands or of uncertain status, are noted: Q1terqued1-tla querquedula, SPat~tla clypeata, P halacrocorax carbo, T achornis infumata, Uroloncha fuscans and Sturnia sinensis.

Descriptions or notes of interest are recorded for the following: Caprimulg~ts griseatus, Oriolus albiloris, O. isabellce, Orthotom'lts chloronotus, N ettopus coromandeliamts, Fuligula f1thgula, Col1ocalia marginata, Cinnyris whiteheadi, A nthothreptes griseig~tlarÂŁs, Cittocincla superciliaris and Cyanomyias ccelestis. New localities for species are recorded as follows: Luzon, 5 species; Mindoro, I species; Culion, 3 species; Palawan, I species; Cagayan Sulu, 12 species; Cuyo, 22 species; Masbate, 10 species; Ticao, 91 species.

187. MEARNS, E. A . "Note on a specimen of Pithecophaga jefferyi OgilvieGrant ." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xviii. 73.

Record a:qd measurements of a specimen from Mindanao.

188. RICHMOND, C. W. "Birds collected by Dr. W . L. Abbott on the coast and Islands of North-West Sumatra." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxvi. 485-524.

Dr. Abbott, in the course of a five months' cruise on the northwest coast of Sumatra, brought to Washington about 450 specimens, representing nearly 140 species. His first stopping-place was Loh Sidoh Bay, a few miles south of Acheen Head. Simalur, a hilly and well-wooded island about 55 miles in length, was next visited, and many other interesting islands off the west coast of Sumatra were explored.

Richmond refers to 152 species of birds, of which 19 are believed to be new-namely, Macropygia simalurensis, Spilornis abbotti, Pisorhina umbra, Palceornis major, Psittimts abbotti, Pelargopsis simahtrensis, P . sodalis, Thriponax parvus, Macropteryx perlonga, Cyanoderma fulviventris, Stachyris banjakensis, M alagopteron notatum, Hypothymis abbotti, H . consobrina, TcMtrea procera, Graucalus babiensis, G. simalurensis, Campephaga compta and Oriolus mundus.

1904 189. HARTERT, E . "Exhibition of some new Birds from Angola and Mindanao ." Bull. Brit. Om. Club, xiv . 72-74.

Pseudotharraleus unicolor is the only Philippine species.

190. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Birds from Benguet Province, Luzon, and from the islands of Lubang, Mindoro, Cuyo and Cagayancillo." Bull.

Philippine Mus., iii. 1-16.

Pericrocotus novus is fully described for the first time, and notes of interest on about 40 species are recorded. From Lubang

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I25

73 species are recorded; from Verde, 35 species; from Agutaga, 8 species; from Cagayancillo, 45 species; to the Mindoro list 16 are added; to the Cuyo list IS are added. This paper ends with a list of 72 species from Benguet Province, Luzon.

191. MCGREGOR, R. C. "The Birds of Calayan and Fuga, Babuyan Group."

Bull. Ph1:lippt'ne Mus., iv. 1-34.

This paper includes descriptions and records of several species which come from neither Calayan nor Fuga, and unfortunately their places of capture are not always clearly indicated. The new species are: TlIrnix worcesteri, Macropygia phcea, Otus cuyensis, O. calayensis, Eudynamis frater, Zosterops flavissima and Hyloterpe fallax. The following are recorded as new from the Philippines: Oceanodroma species, Sterna fluviatilis, Polionetta zonorhyncha, Mareca penelope, Spodiopsar sericeus, Chrysomitris spinus, Saxicola omanthe, Acrocephalus sorgophilus, Chelidon dasypus, Clivicola rip aria , Astur CUculO1:des, Turdus pallidus, Antigone sharpei and Fringilla montifringilla.

192. ROTHSCHILD, W. "Exhibition of a new species of Parrot from the Philippines.'" Bull. Brit. Om. Club., xiv. 71-72.

Prionit~trus waterstradti is described as new.

1905 193. HARTERT, E. "Fam. urylremidre. Gen. Avium," Part 1. 1-8, pI. 1.

An enumeration of the Broadbills, with keys, references and distribution. The head of Sarcophamops steerii is illustrated on the plate, fig. 6.

194. MCGREGOR, R. C. (I)" Birds from Mindoro and small adjacent islands." (2)" Notes on three rare Luzon Birds." Bureau of Government Laboratories, No. XXXIV. 1-29, pIs. 1-17.

Chcetura dubia (IS) and Edoliisoma elusum (19), out of no recorded from Mindoro itself, are new. Chibia worcesteri (26) from Semerara is new. Lists of birds from Maestre de Campo, Semerara and Sibay are given.

The second paper deals with Antigone sharpei, Botaurus stellaris and Zosterornis nigrocapitatus, birds which are rare in Luzon .

195.

(I) "Birds from the islands of Romblon, Sibuyan and Cresta de Gallo." "(2) Further notes on Birds from Ticao, Cuyo, Cullon, Calayan, Lubang and Luzon." Pub. B'Ulr. Gov. Laboratories, Manila, No. XXV. 1-34, pIs. 1-10.

84 species are recorded in the 'first paper, while Otus rombionis (Romblon, 12) and Lor1'culus bournsi (Sibuyan, 16) are new.

IS species are noted in the second paper, containing 2 new species -Tachornis pallid1'or (27) and lEthopyga rubn'nota (30).

196. MEARNS, E . A. "Descriptions of a new genus and eleven new species of Philippine Birds." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, XVIII. 1-8.

Leonardia, new genus; Leonardia woodi, Pseudotharrhaleus mindanensis, !Y[acronus mindanensis montamts, lEthopyga boltoni,

I26

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Cyrtostomus dinagatensis, A nthreptes cagayanensis, lv[ erula kelleri, Gerygone rhizophorce, MuscicapZtla monf1'gena, Pardaliparus elegans mindanensis, new species.

197. MEARNS, E. A. "Description of eight new Philippine Birds, with notes on other species new to the Islands." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xviii. 83-90.

Turnix suhtensis, lVIuscadivora Ianghornei, Caprimulgus ajJinis mindanensis, Phyllergates heterolcem'Lts, Cephalophoneus suluens1's, Hyloterpe apoensis, Dicceum davao and Lamprocorax todayensÂŁs are described as new. Leonardina is proposed in place of Leonardia Mearns, preoccupied. Seven species are recorded from the islands for the first time-namely, Limonites minutus, Hydralector gallinaceus, Plegadis faicinellus, Herodias timoriensis, Loriculus galguIus, Collocalia francica inexpectata and Hirundo r1tstica rustica.

198.

"Two specimens of Chcetura celebensis (Sclater)." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xviii. 185.

Record and measurements of two specimens from Basilan.

199. OBERHOLSER, H . C. "The avian genus BIeda Bonaparte and some of its allies." Smiths. Misc. Colls. Washington, xlviii., No. 1588, 149-17 2 .

Trichophorus Temminck is revived to replace Criniger; the other generic names considered do not affect species on the Philippine list .

200. RICHMOND, C. W.

"Notes on the Birds described by Pallas in the Adumbratiuncula of Vroeg's Catalogue." Smiths. Misc. Colls.

Washington, xlvii., No. 1551,342-347.

In this paper Dr. Richmond identifies the species described in the Ad'/,tmbratiuncula. Limosa lapponica, Actitis hypoleucos and Calidris alba seem to be the only species of interest to students of Philippine ornithology.

201. SALVADORI, T. "Fam. Cacatuida:. Gen. Avium, " PartV. 1-7, pIs. I and 2.

An enumeration of the Cockatoos, with keys, references and distribution.

202. SHERBORN, C. D. "The new species of Birds in Vroeg's Catalogue, 1764." Smiths . Misc . Colls. Washington, xlvii., No. 1551,332-341.

A reprint of the Adumbratiuncula of P. S. Pallas, in which a number of new species are described. Tringa alba affects the Philippines.

1906 203. GRANT, W. R. O. ÂŤTwo new species of Birds collected by Mr. Walter Goodfellow in South-East Mindanao." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xvi.

IOO-IOr.

Pseudoptynx described.

mindanensis

and

Sarcops

melanonotus

are

BIBLIOGRAPHY

127

1906-continued 204. GRANT, W. R. O. "On the Birds collected by Mr. Walter Goodfellow on the volcano of Apo and in its vicinity, in south-east Mindanao, Philippine Islands." Ibis, 465-505, pIs. 18 and 19.

A list of 124 species, with many critical and field notes. Hypocriptadius cinnamomells, Rhinomyias goodfellowi and Pericrocotus johnstonce are figured. This paper lists no new species previously described in Bull. Brit. Om. Clllb. Geocichla andromeda recorded as new to the Philippines. 4 species-Caprim'ttlgus griseatus, T urd1l s obscuru s, A nthu s m aculatu s and A nth'tts gustavi-are noted as new to Mindanao.

205. HARTERT, E. "Notes on Birds from the Philippine Islands." Nov. Zool., xiii. 755-758, col. pI. 2.

10 species are dealt with, while Loriculus Philippensis dohertyi (Basilan) is newly distinguished.

Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea and Goodfellowia miranda are figured in colour for the first time.

206. MCGREGOR, R. c., and WORCESTER, D. C. "A Handlist of the Birds of the Philippine Islands." P""bl. Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila, No. XXXVI. ;1:-123.

An enumeration of 693 species with their orders, families and genera, and with the exact distribution of each species within the archipelago . This is a useful list.

207. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Notes on Birds collected in Mindoro, and in small adjacent islands." Philip. Journ. Sci ., i., Part 1., 697-704.

13 species newly found in Mindoro. Other islands collected from are Caluya, Sibay and Libagao. IIO species are recorded.

208.

"Notes on four Birds from Luzon, and on a species of doubtful occurrence in the Philippines." Philip. Journ. Sci., i., Part 1. 765-766.

Strix candida, Antigone sharpei, Herodias timoriensis, Platalea minor, Chcet'ttra sp . ? are dealt with.

209.

"Notes on Birds from Apo Island." Philip. Journ. Sci., i., Part 1., 767.

Apo is a small coral island, 24 miles west of Sablayan, the nearest point thereto on the Mindoro coast. Out of 5 genera, Turd'tts, Acanthopneuste, Horornis and A nthus are Palcearctic migrants, while Eudynamis is the only resident.

210. - - - " Notes on a collection of Birds from Banton." Philip. Journ.

Sci., i., Part I. 768-770.

Banton is a volcanic island of II square miles, situated some 16 miles due north of Tablas. 21 species are listed. The presence of Loricuhts, Iole and Zosterops indicates a close relationship between Banton and the Luzon-Marinduque group .

128

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1906-continued

211. MCGREGOR, R. C. Notes on a collection of Birds from the Island of Tablas." Philip. journ. Sci., i., Part 1. 77I-777, pIs. I-7.

This island was first explored by Worcester, who discovered many new species. This is the second ornithological trip. He remained from I5th August to 30th September I905, and found 4 birds previously unrecorded-namely, Osmotreron axillaris, Gallicrex cinerea, Pernis ptilonorhync/tlls and Salangana marginata.

50 species are known to exist on Tablas. Strix, Lalage, Zosterops, Chibia and Rhipidura are illustrated . tl

. 212.

" Notes on a collection of Birds from Palawan Island." Philip. journ. Sci., i., Part II. 903-908 .

Collections of 80 species were made by Celestino and Anton at Puerto Princesa and Tinabog-the latter is situated 25 miles north of Puerto Princesa.

Hypotcenidia striata, being a new record, is new to Palawan.

213.

" Papers on Philippine Birds. I. A collecting trip to Calayan and Fuga." Condor, viii. I2-I6.

An account of the writer's ornithological journey. Well-known birds, both resident and migrant, are recorded.

214.

" Papers on Philippine Birds. II. The routine of a collector's work." Condor, viii. 70-73 .

A useful account for field collectors who work in the Philippines.

215.

"Notes on Birds observed while travelling from Yokohama to Manila." Condor, viii . 98-IOO. This paper deals chiefly with Japanese birds, and does not deal with Philippine birds, as the title suggests.

1907 216. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Notes on a collection of Birds from the Island of Basilan, with descriptions of three new species." Philip. j ourn. Sci., ii . .279-291.

I5I species were collected, three being new: Thriponax multilunatus, Orthotomus mearnsi, Pitta fastosa. 29 species were newly found from Basilan.

217.

"Descriptions of four new Philippine Birds." Philip. Journ.

Sci., Part II. 292-294.

Turnix celestinoi Bohol; Zosterornis affinis Luzon; Pardaliparus albescens Ticao; Pardaliparus edithce Calayan, are newly described.

218.

"The occurrence of Blyth's Wattled Lapwing and the Scaup Duck in the Philippine Islands." Philip. journ. Sci., Part II. 295.

Microsarcops cinereus and Fllligula marila were recorded for the first time from Luzon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

12 9

1907-continu ed 219. MCGREGOR, R. C. Note on a Bird unrecorded from Mindanao ."

Philip. Journ. Sci., Part II. 296.

Rhabdornis inornata was taken for the first time on 3rd May 1907, at Lake Lanao.

220. " Notes on specimens of the Monkey-eating Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant) from Mindanao and Luzon ." Philip.

Journ. Sci., Part II. 297.

Record of the bird from Lanao and Rizal. The latter island proves the first authentic specimen found in Luzon.

221.

Notes on Birds collected in Cebu ." Philip. Journ. Sci., Part II. 298-309.

Zoologically, Cebu is the most anomalous island of the archipelago. I I species are peculiar to this island. 24 are newly recorded in this paper, totalling 149 known species.

It

It

Birds observed in Bantayan Island, Province of Cebu."

Philip. Journ. Sci., Part II. 3IO-3I4. .

By the presence of Orthotomus cinereiceps and Iole guimarasensis this island zoogeographically, belongs to the Central Philippines and not to Cebu. 66 birds are recorded.

222 .

It

"The Birds of Bohol." PMlip. Journ. Sci., Part II. 3I5-333,

223.

pI.

I.

Characteristic genera represented in Bohol and absent from Cebu are II. The number of species occurring in both islands represented by local forms are 10. Those found in Bohol and Samar-Leyte are 8, and 13 to be counted if Mindanao is to be included. 147 species are known from Bohol, while amongst them Otus boholensis, Zosterops lceta and Eudrepanis decorosa are new.

"The Birds of Batan, Camiguin, Y'Ami and Babuyan Claro, 224.

Islands north of Luzon." Philip. Journ. Sci ., Part II . 337-351, pIs. 1-5.

Camiguinia described as a new genus. Sphenocercus australis, Terpsiphone nigra, Camiguinia personata, Hypsipetes camiguinensis, Hyloterpe illex, Zosterops mayleri are described as new species out of 79 species collected.

225. MEARNS, E. A. "Two additions to the Avifauna of the Philippines."

Phil. Journ. Sci., ii .. Sec. A, 353 .

B~ttorides spodiogaster and Spodiopsar cineraceus recorded for the first time from the Philippines.

226 .

"Description of a new genus and nine new species of Philippine Birds." Phil. Journ. Sci., ii., Sec. A, 355-360.

M alindangia, new genus; M alindangia mcgregori, Cyornis mindo'rensis, Centropus carpenteri, Rhipidura hutchinsoni, Hypsipetes batanensis, M eru,la malindangensis, M. mayonensis, Geocichla mindanensis, Zosterops halconensis, new species. A key to the Philippine species of M erula is also given.

I

I30

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1907-continued

227. MERILL, ELMER D. "The ascent of Mount Halcon, Mindoro." Philip. jMtrn. Sci., Sec. II. 179-203.

A narrative of a geological and biological expedition to Mount Halcon, planned under the direction and support of MajorGeneral Leonard Wood. I t also gives a brief history of the ascent of other Philippine mountains, the author being a botanist.

228. SHUFELDT, R. W. "Osteological and other notes on Sarcops calvus of the Philippines." Phil. jo~trn. Sci. Manila, ii., Sec. A, 257267, pI. r.

A description of the skeleton of Sarcops, with some notes on the osteology of Oriolus and Lamprocorax. The plate illustrates the skeleton of Sarcops calvus.

229. WORCESTER, D. C. "On a nesting specimen of Caprimulg~ts griseatus Walden." Phil. journ. Sci., ii., Sec. A, 271, pIs. 1-2.

Nesting of this species in Northern Luzon, with reproductions of three photographs of the bird and one photograph of its eggs.

230.

"On a nesting place of Sula sula (Linnreus) and Sterna ancestheta Scopoli." Phil. journ. Sci., ii., Sec. A, 275-276, pJ. r.

States th,a these two species probably nest on Didikas Rocks.

The plate is from a photograph of these rocks.

1908 ' 231. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Notes on a collection of Birds from Siquijor, Philippine Islands. Some necessary changes in the names of Philippine Birds: Philippine Ornithological Literature, 1." Phil. journ. Sci., iii. 275-28r.

9 species were recorded for the first time from Siquijor, making a record total of 96. Authors' names are alphabetically arranged in bibliography from G to S. 232.

"Some necessary changes in the names of the Philippine Birds." Philip. journ. Sci. iii. 283.

Aluco, Megalurus,Zosterops and Cinnyris are mentioned.

233.

" Philippine Ornithological Literature, I." Phil. j ourn. Sci., iii., Sec. A, 285-292.

Fifty articles (including a catalogue of birds) are arranged alphabetically under the authors' names. A short review is given under each heading.

1909 234. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Manual of Philippine Birds," Part I.-II. 1-769.

Bureau of Printing, Manila.

A complete work on the Philippine birds-the most complete work ever undertaken. The present book is based mainly upon this book.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I3 I

1909-continued 235. MCGREGOR, R. C. "A collection of Birds from Northern Mindanao, Philippine Ornithological Literature, II." Phil. Journ. Sci., iv.

67-86.

A collection made by Celestino at Cagayan and Esperanza on the Agusan river. Mareca penelope, Tachornis pallidior, Camiguinia helence, Eudrepanis pulcherrima, Oriolus samarensis and Corvus samarensis were newly taken. The bibliography consists mainly of the titles of papers by the Marquis of Tweeddale.

236. MEARNS, E. A. "Additions to the list of Philippine Birds, with descriptions of new and rare species." Proc. U.S. Nat. M us., xxxvi. 435-447.

Phapitreron samarensis, Muscadivores paZmasensis, Otus steerei.

Prionit~trus malindangensis, Yungipicus siasiensis, Rhinomyias ruficauda mindanensis, Cryptolopha malindangensis, Pseudotharrhaleus malindangensis, Brachypteryx malindangensis, Hyloterpe apoensis basilanica, Zosterops goodfellowi malindangensis, Cyrtostomus jugularis mindanensis, C. J'. woodi, Pyrrhula steerei, Dicrur~ts balicassius m1:ndorensis, Chibia cagayanensis are newly described.

237.

" A list of Birds collected by Dr. Paul Bartsch in the Philippine Islands, Borneo, Guam and Midway Islands, with descriptions of three new forms." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxvi. 463-478.

121 species oollected from the Philippines. Ramphalcyon capensis smithi (466) and Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis (470) are new. Among 7 species from Borneo, 5 from Guam, IO from Midway Island and vicinity recorded, Collocalia bartschi (476) at Guam is new.

1910 238. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Birds collected in the Island of Polillo, Philippines." Phil. Journ. Sci., v. I03-II4.

McGregor, with his two Filipino assistants, was practically the first to collect on Polillo. Out of IOI species the following were newly taken and described: Tanygnathus freeri, Penelopides subnigra and K ittacincla parvimaculata.

239.

" Birds from Pauai and Mount Pulog, sub-province of Benguet, Luzon." Phil. Journ. Sci., v. 135-138.

Of the 22 species collected only Pyrrhula leucogenys and Rhinomyias insignis are confined to the mossy forest. The poverty of the avifauna of these high mountains is emphasized.

240.

(I) "Additional notes on Birds from Northern Mindanao.

Philippine Islands." (2) "Note on the migration of the Ticwee Buzzard in the Philippine Islands." (3) ., Philippine Ornithological Literature, III." Phil. Journ. Sci., v. 197-209.

(I) 7 species collected on the Agusan river; (2) An account of autumn migration and habits of Butastur indicus: Plate I

132

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS represents two views of this bird; (3) Alphabetically arranged bibliography, with short explanations in each heading.

241. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Birds from the coast of Northern Luzon and from

the Islands of Sabtan and Dalupiri." P Ml. J ourn. Sci., V. 2I9-22I. A report of a collection made by the author during his short stay. Naturally only common birds are dealt with.

242. SETH-SMITH, D.

"On the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines (Pithecophaga jefferyi)." Ibis, 285-290, I col. pI., I text fig.

The Zoological Gardens acquired a live specimen of this Eagle through the kindness of Mr. Willoughby Lowe. The live bird reminds one somewhat of a huge Goshawk. It survived six months, and then died of tuberculosis, on 8th February 1910.

243.

VAN

OORT, E. D. "List of a collection of Birds from Western Java and from Krakatau." Notesfrom the Leyden Mus., xxxii. II. It records 185 species, many of which are common to the Philippines. Gerygone modiglianii jacobsoni has previously been described by the same author from this collection.

1911 244. MCGREGOR, R. C.

"Notes on a collection of Birds from Northern Negros." Phil. Journ. Sci., vi. 36-46.

Report of a collection made by A. Celestino in the vicinity of Cadiz. Out of 55 the following-Ast~tr trivirgatus, Tachorm's pallidior, Cyanomyias ccelestis and lEthopyga bonita-were taken for the first time.

245.

"Record of a Puffinus new to Philippine waters and description of a new species of Micranous." Phil. Journ. Sci., vi., NO.4, 183-184Puffinus chlororhynchus obtained at Zambales coast. Micrano'Us worcesteri, newly discovered to science from Cavilli Island, off Sula Sea.

246. WORCESTER, D. C. "Newly discovered breeding-places of Philippine

Sea-Birds. Hybridism among Boobies." Phil. Journ. Sci., vi.

167-182.

Discovery of breeding Terns (Sterna melanauchen, S. gracilis) in July, the first time from the Philippines. Brown- and redlegged Boobies were found breeding abundantly on Bankoran Island.

Sterna boreotis, S. fuscata, A nous stolidus, Micranous worcesteri, Fregata aquila, Sula cyanops are dealt with. A cross between Sula cyanops and S. leucogastra was observed. 9 plates of photographs taken by the author represent Sula leucogastra, S. piscator, Sterna f~tscata, S. boreotis, Micranous worcesteri, Stda cyanops.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

133

1912 247. OBERHOLSER, H. C.

"Descriptions of one hundred and four new species and subspecies of Birds from the Barussan Islands and Sumatra." Smiths. Misc. Colls. Washington, Ix., NO.7, 1-22.

A report of Dr. W. L. Abbott's collection from Sumatra itself and the Barussan chain off the western coast of the main island -namely, Simalur, Lasia, Babi, Nias, Engano and the Banjak Batu and Pagi group. Many forms allied to the Philippine species are described. They are too numerous to be quoted here.

Abbott's collection is preserved in the United States National Museum.

248. RICHMOND, C. W.

"Descriptions of five new Birds from the west coast of Sumatra." Proc. Bioi. Soc. Washington," xxv. 103-106. lvluscadivores consobrina babiensis, 103; Thriponax javensis blittikoferi, 104; Dicamm sumatranum batuense, 104; Alcedo meninting proxima, 104; Copsychus saularis pagiensis, 105, are newly recorded races, all the genera occurring in the Philippines.

1913 249. BAKER, E. C. STUART. "Indian Pigeons and Doves," 1-260,26. col. pIs.

An important work on the subject; many species are also found in the Philippines.

1914 250. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Description of a new species of Prionochilus from the highlands of Luzon." Phil. Journ. Sci., ix. 531, pI. I. The original description of P. anthonyi, with a coloured plate

of the bird.

251. STRESEMANN, E. "Wasist CollocaliaJuciphaga (Thunb.) ?" Ver.Ornith.

Ges. Bayern, xii. 1-12.

A short bibliography includes Hartert, Oberholser and others.

The author examines Java and Sumatra materials, distinguishing the following new races: Collocalia Juciplzaga micans (Savu 6), C. f. moluccarum (Banda 7), C. f. hirundinacea (Juli 7) C. c. palawanensis (Puerto Princesa 10).

252.

" Die Vogel von Seran (Ceram), (Aus den zoologischen Ergebnissen der II. Freiburger Molukken-Expedition)." Nov. Zool., xxi. 25-153, pIs. 3-5.

530 skins, containing lI8 species, were collected during the expedition. Gives a history of the collectors (27-33).

D'Albertis and Platen are familiar to Philippine ornithology.

Important bibliography is given, 34-35. Megapodius duperreyii bllrllens1's (Gunung Fogha Buru 41); Sterna bergii thalassina (Goilon auf Rodriguez 57) ; Sterna sumatrana mathewsi (AldabraInseln 60) ; Hemiproc-ne mystacea confirmata (Amahei, Seran lIO) ; Dendrobiastes hyperythra negro ides (G. Pinaia, Mittel-Seran 125) ; Jl.Iyiagra galeata seranensis (Seran 127); Paclzycephala pectoralis

I34

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS alfurorum I32; A ndrophihts disturbans musc1ltlus (Gunung Pinaia, Mittel-Seran I36); Zosterops obstinatus seranensis (Pinaia I39); Zosterops obstinatus ternatanus (Ternate I39) ; Erythrura trichroa pinaice (Gunung Pinaia I47) and Dicrurus hottentottus manumeten (Manusela, Seran I48) are new to science.

1916

253. BUNKER, PAUL D. Nesting of the Philippine Glossy Starling." PMl. Journ. Sci. Biol., 267.

The nesting of Lamprocorax panayensis is observed at Fort Wint, Subic Bay, Luzon. it

254. HARTERT, E. One of the rarest Birds." Nov. Zool., xxiii. 335-336, col. pI. 1.

The history and description of Callaeops periophthalmica. it

255. LOWE, WILLOUGHBY P. Some Birds of Palawan, Philippine Islands."

Ibis, 6째7-623.

The author collected at Puerto Princesa and Iwahig in I907, and deals with 80 species. The nomenclature is the same as in McGregor's Manual." . it

it

256. MCGREGOR, R. C. New or noteworthy Philippine Birds, 1." Phil.

Journ. Sci., xi. 269-275.

Original description of Ltucotreron merrilli. Occurrence of Plata lea minor, Ardea cinerea, Totanus stagnatilis and Sporcegintkus amandcwa. The last-mentioned is introduced." Diagrams represent L. merrilli and P. minor. it

it

257. MEARNS, E. A. On the geographical forms of the Philippine Elegant Titmouse, Pardaliparus elegans (Lesson), with descriptions of three new subspecies." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Ii. 57-65.

7 subspecies are recognized, of which P. e. panayensis, P. e. guimarasensis, P. e. sul'litensis are new. Table of measurements at the end. it

258. STRESEMANN, E. Uber die Formen der Gruppe Corvus coronoides Vig. Horsf." Ver. Ornith. Ges. Bayern, xii., Part IV. 277-304.

A revision of skins kept in the Tring Museum, British Museum and Mathew's collection. Corvus coronoides connectens (Miyakoshima 28I); C. c. madaraszi (Colombo 285) and C. c. hainanus (Hoihow, Hainan 286) are new. C. c. philippinus is on p. 288. it

1917 259. HARTERT, E. "On a new subspecies of A nthreptes and notes on Edolisoma." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxxviii. 26-29.

The following species are ne",ly described: A nthreptes hypogrammica intensior, Malay; Edolisoma obiensi pelingi, Peling (type) and Banggai, islands east of Celebes; E. mindanense sula, Sula Besi and SuI a Mongli; E. morio pererratum, Tukang-Besi, islands south-east of Celebes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

135

1917-contimted 260. OBERHOLSER, H. C. "The Birds of Bawean Island, Java Sea." Proc.

U.S. Nat. Mus., Iii. 183-198.

This volcanic island lies in the Java Sea, about I75 miles south of Borneo and about 75 miles north of Eastern Java, and has an area of approximately IOO square miles. The highest point reached is about 2200 feet above sea-level.

Strix baweana and 5 endemic races are known to the writer.

1918 261. BEEBE, W. "A Monograph of the Pheasants." See under 1922.

262. MCGREGOR, R. C. "New or noteworthy Philippine Birds." journ. Sci. xiii., Part II. I-I8, 3 pIs.

Phil.

Megapodi$ts cumingi, Leucotreron merriUi, Hydrochelidon leucoptera, Sterna gracilis, S. ancestheta, S. fuscata, S. sinensis, S. melanauchen, Ochthodromus veredus, Mesoscolopax minuta, M acrorhamphus semipalmat$ts, Totanus stagnatilis, Gallinago megala, LObipes lobatus, Plegadis autumnalis, Fregata ariel, Anhinga melanogaster, Pithecophaga jefferyi, Chcetura dubia, Micropus subfurcatus, Zosterornis ptateni.

Diagrams re~.t;.esent: in Fig. I, Mesoscolopax minutus ; Fig. 2, Macrorhamphus semipalmatus; Fig. 3, Totanus stagnatilis; Fig. 4, Gallinado gallinago and G. stenura; Fig. 5, G. megala ; Fig. 6, Lobipes lobatus; Fig. 7, Plegadis autumnalis; Fig. 8, Pithecophaga jefferyi; Fig. 9, Chcet$tra dubia; Fig. IO, C. gigantea; plate in colours, Leucotreron merrilli; in photograph, A nhinga melanogaster, Pithecophaga jefferyÂŁ and Gallinago megala.

263. RILEY, J. H . "Two New Guinea, and eight new Birds from Celebes: Mr. H. C. Raven's collection." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxi.

I55- I60 .

The following are new: Caprimulgus affinis propinquus (I55, Parigi Celebes); Collocalia vestita cenigma (I56, Parigi Celebes) ; Rhamphococcyx centralis (I56, Rano Lindoe Celebes); LoPhozosterops striaticeps (I57, Goenoeng Lehio Celebes); Coracorm:s, a new monotype apparently related to Pachycephala Vig. and Horsf.; Coracornis raveni (I57, Rano Rano, Celebes); Cataponera abditina (I58, Rano Rano); Celebesia: discovery of this genus is most interesting to the Mindanao ornithology, as it shows a close affinity to Malindangia; Celebesia abbotti (I58, Rano Rano); Cryptolopha nesophila (I59, Goenoeng Lehio) .

264. ZIMMER, JOHN T. "A few rare Birds from Luzon and Mindoro."

Phil. jO'Ltrn. Sci. Biol., 223-232.

A collection of birds was made by the writer during 1913-16, and they are now preserved in his private collection at Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A. Among 41 species dealt with the following account is interesting: new locality for Turnix whiteheadi, Leucotreron marchei,

136

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Cyornis herioti, Rhipidura hutchinsoni and Orioltts albÂŁloris. Many migrants are recorded. Hyloterpe crissalis is newly described from Mount Banahao, Laguna Province.

265. ZIMMER, JOHN T. "Some notes on the Birds of Southern Palawan and adjacent Islands." Philip. Journ. Sci. Biol., 327-357.

Mr. Zimmer spent most of March and the first few days of April on Palawan and collected birds. Here he gives 92 species, with very interesting field notes. All the specimens are preserved in the Zimmer private collection at Lincoln, Nebraska.

1919 266. BANGS, O. "A new Striated Grass-Warbler from the Philippines."

Proc. New England Zoo. Club, vii. 5-6.

Description of M egalurus palustris forbesi from Baguio.

267. OBERHOLSER, H. C. "Diagnosis of a new genus of Bucerotidre."

JO~trn. Washington Acad. Sci., ix. 167-168.

Platycorax for Buceros semigaleatus as monotypic. Five genera of Hornbills exist in the Philippines.

"Birds collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on various islands in the Java Sea." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., liv. 177-200.

On Solombo Besar Island ten species are represented, eight of which are here amed. On A!rends Island, out of three species collected, two were previously named by the author. The last island is Pulo Matasiri, where thirteen specimens of eight species were obtained, while five of them were separated. It is obvious that most of the many birds described by Oberholser are based on a single individual, or a series represented by a very limited number of individuals. As a rule systematists are not able to find so many species and subspecies of endemic birds on coral islands detached from the main island.

269. RILEY, J. H. "Six new Birds from Celebes and Java." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xxxii. 93-96.

Specimens collected by H. C. Raven belong to species hitherto undescribed; they are: Excalfactoria ch7:nensi's palmeri (93, Doroe, Java), Anas s'Vtpercilliosa percna (93, Koelawi, Celebes), M egalurus celebensis (94, Besoa, Celebes), Pachycephala plllviosa (95, Rano Rano, Celebes), Zosterops atrifrons surda (95, Rano Lindoe, Celebes).

270. SHUFELDT, R. W. "Osteological and other notes on the Monkey-eating Eagle of the Philippines, Pithecophaga jefferyi Ogilvie-Grant."

Philip. Journ. Sci., xv. 31-58, pIs. I-II. Comparative study of this Eagle with Morphnus guianensis, Thalassoaetus pelagicus, Aquila chryscetus canadens1:s, Gypcetus barbatus, Hal1'cetus leucocephalus, Thrasaetos harpyja.

Concludes that Pithecophaga is nearest to Thrasaetos. The author does not agree with classifications of this group followed

by Sharpe in his handlist. This is a unique paper of its kind, and the point relating to the Monkey-eating Eagle is particularly interesting.

268.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

137

1919-continued 271. SHU FELDT, R. W. "The Osteology of the Giant Gallinule of the Philippines, Porphyrio pulverulentus Tern." Ph1路lip. JM~rn. Sci., xiv. 87-101, pls. 1-5.

Osteology of the bird compared with Gallinula and Fulica, also a few notes on TachybaPt~~s and Hydrophasiam拢s.

272. WORCESTER, D. C. "A nesting-place of Microp~~s sUbfurcatus in Mindoro." Philip. Journ. Sci., xv. 533-534.

Nests with young were found in the Caguray river in Mindoro, on 13th May 1919.

1920 273. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Index to the Genera of Birds." Bureau of Science, Mam路la. Publication No. 14, 1-185.

Alphabetically arranged; generic and subgeneric names are found in Bonaparte's conspectus, Gray's handlist, the catalogue of birds, Sharpe's handlist, Dubois's synopsis, and in the three lists by Richmond. A few names not in any of. these works have been included, but no name published later than 1915 has been considered.

274. " Some features of the Philippine Ornis, with notes on the vegetation in relation to the Avifauna." Philip. Journ. Sci., xvi. 361-437, pIs. 1-35.

A very elaborate essay; there is no other like it in existence .

It describes, firstly, the scarcity of sea-birds in the Philippine waters, and then goes on to describe the topographical features of the Manila area, shore-birds of the Pampanga Delta, birds of thickets and grasslands. It gives in the next chapter, "The Introduced Element of the Philippine Flora," a most important essay to the student of ecology. It gives introduced plants, and explains various types of forests. Species of birds are treated in distributional tables classified into eleven zoogeographical areas.

There are a number of useful plates illustrating different types of vegetation and birds.

275. OBERHOLSER, H. C. "A revision of the subspecies of the Whitecollared Kingfisher, S auropatis chloris (Boddaert)." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Iv. 351-395.

The result of an examination of 386 specimens: 24 races are recognized,s described as new. A Philippine race is S. chloris collaris (Scopoli), based on "Le Martin Pecher a collier blanc des Philippines" of Sonnerat.

276.

" Notes on Dr. W. L. Abbott's second collection of Birds from Simalur Islands, Western Sumatra." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Iv. 473-49 8 .

Dr. Abbott's second trip (the previous one was made in 1901).

He obtained seventy specimens, representing thirty-eight species.

Two species, Macropygia emiliana hypopercna and Treron curvirostra haliploa of Oberholser are actual additions to the avifauna of this island. He spent most of his time at Sibabo Bay.

I38

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1920-continTed

277. RILEY, ]. H. "Four new Birds from the Philippines and Greater Sunda Islands." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxiii. 55-58.

Anthreptes malaccensis paraguce, Puerto Princesa, Palawan; A. m. bornensis, Po Bui Island, Sandakan; Enodes erythrophrys centralis, Goenoeng Lehio, Celebes; Munt"a punctulata particeps, Rano Lindoe, Celebes.

1921 278. MCGREGOR, R. C.

279.

280.

281.

282.

"New or noteworthy Philippine Birds. Hr." Philip. Journ. Sci., xviii. 75-82, pIs. I-4.

Canutus rogersi Mathews, Canutus tenuirostris (Horsf.), M~lS颅 cicapu,la calayensis, sp. nov., Gerygone simplex Cabanis, Rhipidura mgritorquis Vig., Xeocephus rufus (Gray), Neoxeocephus,gen. nov., Terpsiphone periopthalmica are dealt with. Important essay for systematists.

- - - "Birds of Antique Province, Panay, Philippine Islands." Philip.

Journ. Sci., xviii. 537-556. " New or noteworthy Philippine Birds. IV." Philip. Journ.

Sci., xix. 69I-705, pIs. I-4.

Among many birds dealt with, Francolinus pintadeanus and Amandava amandava are introduced. The following species are of interest: Lophotriorchis 'f?,ieneri, Spizaetus limncectus, Baza magnirostris, Chcetura picina.

M alindangia mcgregori is for the first time figured in colour.

RILEY, J. H. "Five new genera of Birds." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxiv路5 I -54路 Compcenas for Carpophaga radiata (type) and mindorensis, Lamprura for Columba r~tfigaster, Diopezus for Phlegcenas tristigmata, Cranobrontes for Buceros leucocephalus (type), corrugatus and waldeni, Orodytes for Arachnothera celebensis.

Four new Birds from Celebes." Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxxiv. 55-57.

The following are new: Scolopax celebensis (55, Rano Rano), Dendrobiastes hyperythra jugosce (56, Indrulaman, S. Celebes), Lamprocorax montosa (57, Rano Lindoe).

It

1922 283. BAKER, E. C. STUART. "The Fauna of British India." See under I930' 284. BANGS, O. "Notes on Philippine Birds collected by Governor W. Cameron Forbes." Bull. M~ts. Comp. Zool., lxv. 77-84.

Governor-General Forbes has presented to the Museum of Comparative Zoology three large collections of Philippine birds, made in I9II, I9I3 and 192I. Five new races are recognized: Lalage niger mitifica, lEgi-

thina tiphia cequanimis, Orthotomus r~tficeps nuntius, Zosterops forbesi, Oriolus xanthonotus persuasus.

BlBLl OG RAPHY

139

1922-continued 285. BEEBE, W. "A Monographofthe Pheasants," 4 vols., 90 col. pIs., 1918-zz.

Palawan Peacock-Pheasant is the Philippine representative.

286. DICKERSON, R. E. "Review of Philippine Pala:ontology." Philip.

Journ. Sci., xx. 195-zz9, pIs. 1-I6.

Although it is not strictly an ornithological paper, this article is very important to those who deal with life distribution.

287. SHUFELDT, R. W.

"A mounted specimen of the Monkey-eating Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) of the Philippines." Philip. Journ. Sci., xx.

343,Pl. 1.

Description of a photograph taken from the specimen in the Norwich Museum, which Mr. Gurney has kindly lent to the author.

1923 288. DICKERSON, R. E. "The development of Baguio Plateau. A study in Historical, Geological and Physiographical conditions of the Tropics." Philip. Journ. Sci., xxiii. 413-453, pIs. I-IZ. Baguio Plateau is a remnant of an early old-age surface formed during the P eistocene Period. The vast acceleration of geologic processes in the tropics is not due merely to the quantity of rainfall, but to rainfall delivered as torrential downpours.

A list of Vigo fauna which is referable to the Vigo-Miocene is interesting. Fauna and flora in the highlands of Luzon show close relationship to Celebes. This paper is important to the student of zoogeography.

289. MEINERTZHAGEN, R. "A review of the genus Oriolus." Ibis, 5z-96.

An exhaustive study of taxonomy, with full synonymy and distribution.

290. PHILIPS,

J.

C. "A Natural History of the Ducks," 4 vols. See under

19 z6 .

1924 291. MCGREGOR, R. C. "Birds of Ilocos Norte Province, Luzon." Philip.

Jo~trn. Sci., xxv. III-IZ1.

About IOO species are recorded. It makes clear to us that many species believed to be rare are found to be fairly common as migrants on the north coast. They are as follows: Pericrocot~tS

cinereus, Calliope, Acrocephalus: Horornis, A nthus, Emberiza su,lph~trata, etc.

1925 292. HACHISUKA, M.

"Remarks on the forms of the Night Herons (Nycticorax caledonicus), with description of a new subspecies, N. c. major." B1JtU. Brit. Orn. Cl~tb, xlvi. I03.

N. c. major ZamboangaandN. c.subsp.ofPalawan are dealt with.

I40

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1925-continued

293. HACHISUKA, M. "Descriptions of five new forms." Bllll. Brit.

Orn. Club, xlvii. 68.

A nthreptes malaccensis basilanicus is the only Philippine form.

294. HEBERLEIN, H. "Salanganen - Siedlungen in Chinesenhausern auf Java." Ornith. Monatsb., xxxiii. 69-70.

A note on the edible Swift's nest in Chinese houses in Java.

295. Low, GEORGE C. "The Literature of the Charadriiformes from 18941924, with a classification of the Order and lists of the Genera, Species and Subspecies," 1-220. London.

Gives tables of classification by Shufeldt, P. R. Lowe and the author. Each shows slight difference in arrangement from the others; some important general references are given, dated 18 94- 1923.

Special literature is given from p. 27, covering orders from families Otididre, Burhinidre, Scolopacidre, Charadriidre, Parridre, Chionididre, Dromadidre, Glareolidre, Cursoriidre, Attagidre. This book is recommended to all students of Waders.

296. OBERHOLSER, H. C. ÂŤ Notes on Birds collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott on the Karimata Islands, o~ West Borneo." Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., lxiv. 1-4 Cyornis banyumas karimatensis (3) is new out of 10 species collected. The majority mentioned are Philippine genera.

297. RILEY, J. H. "A collection of Birds from North-central Celebes." .

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., lxiv. l-II8.

Mr. Raven collected in the extreme northern tip at Likoepang, Parigi, in middle Celebes, on the Gulf of Tomini, crossing from Toboli, the northern peninsula to Paloe Bay, and southward up the valley of the Paloe river. Then he returned to the coast, and collected at Tamboe (north of Doggala), Dampelas and Lende.

202 species were collected; two of the species acquired new generic names-namely, Coracornis and Celebesia; while Scolopax celebensis and M egalurus celebensis belong to genera hitherto unreported from Celebes.

Nyroca australis and Poliomyias mttgimaki are new additions to the avifauna. Leaving out of consideration the mere segregation of previously reported species, Mr. Raven has added 5 genera and 12 species to the avifauna.

A wonderful showing, considering that he covered less than half the area of the island. Remarkable discoveries came from mountains of the north central part of the island. It can readily be appreciated that the avifauna of Celebes is far from well known, and will be so for many years to come.

The following birds have been named previously from Mr. Raven's Celebesian collection: Scolopax celebensis, A nas superciliosa percna, Rhamphococcyx centralis, Collocalia vestita cenigma, Caprimulgus affinis propinquus, Dendrobiastes hyperythra jugosce,

BIBLIOGRAPHY Celebesia abbotti, Cataponera abditiva, Megal1tr'Us celebensis, Cryptolopha nesophyla, Pachycephala pluviosa, Coracornis raveni, Zosterops atrifrons surda, Pseudozosterops striaticeps, Munia punctulata partÂŁceps, Lamprocorax montosa, Enodes erythrophrys centralis, Dicmropsis montana.

1926 298. CHASEN, F. N., and KLOSS, C. BODEN. "Spolia Mentawiensia Birds."

Ibis, 269-306, pI. III, and map.

The Mentawi Group lies to the west of Sumatra: Siberut, Sopora and North and South Pagi. The first-mentioned had never been worked by a naturalist until 1924.

An interesting account of an ornithological journey.

82 species are recorded. The following are new, Butorides str1;at~'s sipora, 277; Spilornis elegina sipora, 278, col. pI. 3; Hypothymis aZI/Jtrea sipora, 287; Dicr'ttrus leucogenis siberu, 294 ; Oriolus chinensis sopora, 294; O. c. siberu, 294; O. xanthonotus mentawi, 295; Chalcostetha chalcostetha siberu, 297; lEthopyga . siparaja siberu, 298.

299. HACHISUKA, M. "Description of fifteen new forms from the Oriental region." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlvii. 52-58.

Philippine sp,ecies are: Dicceum hcematostictum whiteheadi, 55, and Dicceum p) mcetfm palawanorum, 55.

300.

" A revision of the genus Gorsachius." Ibis, 585-592.

The two known species, goisagi and melanolophus, are fully discussed; G. m . blythi (Philippine Islands, 591), G. m. rufolineat'Us (Iwahig Palawan, 591) and G. m. minor (Nicobar, 592) are newly named.

301. MEINERTZHAGEN, R. "Introduction to a review of the genus Corvus."

Nov. Zool., xxxiii. 57-121, pIs. 1-12.

The two species of Philippine Crows are recorded, Corvus enca pusillus, 72, C. e. subsp. (?) Mindoro, 72, C. coronoides philippinus, 86.

302. PHILIPS, ]. C. "A Natural History of the Ducks," 4 vols., 1923-26.

An elaborate and most exhaustive work.

The PhiJippines have many resident and migratory species.

1927 303. BANGS, 0., and PETERS, J. L. "Birds from Maratua Island, off the East Coast of Borneo." Occ. Papers, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 235-242.

Out of 16 species collected, 7---':'viz. M egapodius cumingii tolutilis, Tanygnathus lucionensis horrisonus, Hypothymis ceria, Microtarsus hodiernus, Kittacincla barbouri, A nthreptes malaccensis mJ'oberg1;, Aplonis panayensis suggrandis-were new.

The island is closely related to the Philippines.

142

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1927-continued

304. KLOSS, C. B. "A note on Gorsachius melanolophus." Ibis, 526-527.

The author thinks Hachisuka's races established in the Ibis, 1926, are doubtful.

305. KURODA, NAGAMICHI. "On the collection of Birds from Basilan."

Tori, V. xxiii. 199-261, map I, figs. 29-35.

IIO species and subspecies are recorded from a collection made by Dr. U. Yamamura and his family. Oriolus chinensis yamamurce, 257, is new.

306. MARSHALL, E. J. See McGregor.

307. MATHEWS, GREGORY M. "Systema Avium Australasianarum," i. 1-426.

Published by the British Ornithologists' Union.

A most up-to-date list, with full synonymy, type localities and extra-limital ranges. .

All the Philippine species, of which the distribution extends into Australian regions, are included.

Classification follows Sharpe's Handlist. The present part covers order Cassuariformes to M enuriformes.

308. MCGREGOR, R. C., and MARSHALL, E. J. "Philippine Birds for Boys and Girls," 1-138. Second edition. Manila.

A popular hand-book, dealing with 30 common or well-known birds. A seven-page note gives sufficient descriptions of birds for identification, with binominal nomenclature; 32 illustrations

by Macario Ligaya, in ink drawing, and a few in colours.

309. MCGREGOR, R. C. "New or noteworthy Philippine Birds. V." Philip.

Journ. Sci., xxxii. 513-525,2 pIs. 25 species are dealt with.

P hodilus riverce and Prionochilus parsonsi are new species.

Two subgenera-Polisornis (type, Prinochilus anthonyi), Bournsia (type, Prionochilus ceruginosus) - are established. Subgenus Polisornis novum is fully discussed. Col. pI. I is Gallicolumba keayi and pI. II has photographs of Pithecophara jefferyi.

J. H. "Note on the genus Irena, Horsfield." ProG. BioI. Soc. Washington, xl. 23-24.

I renella newly proposed for cyanogastra.

311. - - - " Description of a new Owl from Engano Island." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xl. 93-94.

Otus umbra enganensis is distinguished from its ally of Simalur Island.

312. " Spolia Mentawiensia." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xl. 95-96.

Three new birds from the Mentawi Islands-Muscadevores ceneus vicinus Sipora, Microtarsus melanoleucos proximus Siberut and Orthotomus sepium concinnus-were named from the Kloss collection.

313.

"Description of new forms of Birds collected by H. C. Raven in North-east Borneo." Proc. BioI. Soc. Washington, xl. 139-141.

The following races are described: Dinopium raveni, Pula Erabin; Yungipicus moluccensis tantul1.ts, Tanggaroeng, River 310. RILEY,

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I43

Mahakkam; Collocalia francica perplexa, Pulo Maratura; C. vestita maratua, Pulo Maratura; Chalcostetha chalcostetha proxima, Pulo Perawan.

1928 314. DICKERSON, R. E. "Distribution of lite in the Philippines." Monographs of the Bureau of Science, Manila, Part I. xxi.

"Birds of the Philippines," 168-213, 21 figs., 2 maps, is written

by R. C. McGregor, and divided into five chapters, dealing with families, genera, endemic species, faunal area and summary.

Very useful work to get a general idea of the island avifauna.

315. HACHISUKA, M. "Notes on some Oriental Birds." Tori, xxv. Engl. column, 19-24.

Emphanis napoleonis, Chibia hottentotta palawanensis, C. h. cuyensis, C. h. worcesteri, and newly proposed genus Dicrachibia, 23, for Chibia menagei, are of the Philippines.

1929 316. BARTELS, JR., M., and STRESEMANN, E. "Systematische Ubersicht der Bisher von Java, nachgewiesenen Vogel." Treubia, xi., Livraison 1., a01"tt, 89-146.

436 species and subspecies are noted. A most up-to-date record of the locality.

317. HACHISUKA, M. "Contribution to the Birds of the Philippines. No. I." Ornith. Soc. Japan Suppl., XIV. 1-140.

Briefly describes the physical and climatical conditions of the archipelago. Historical events of the 'Philippine ornithologists are interesting to read. A bibliography deals with 233 papers, each with a short review. Island zoogeography is discussed in full. An index of local names is given.

318. KLOSS, C. B. "The zoogeographical Boundaries between Asia and Australia and some Oriental Sub-Regions." Bull. Raffles Mus., No. II. 1-10,4 text maps.

Indo-Chinese, Malaysian, Philippine, Austro-Oriental and Papuan sub-regions are defined between India and Australia.

319. MATHEWS, G. M. "Notes on Volume VIII. of the United States Exploring Expedition, by Titian R. Peale, published in 1848."

Ibis, 690-700.

Vol. viii., containing ornithology, was written by Peale himself in 1851. This small copy was destroyed by fire. In 1858 Cassin brought out a second editio.n.

The list given by Mr. Mathews contains the names of new species of birds described by Peale, with the type-localities, in 1848.

320. SCLATER, W. L. "Bibliographical note on George Gray's Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds." Ibis, 650-652.

Only one copy of the Addenda to Gray's Catalogue is known, and is kept in the library of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh . .A full reprint of the Addenda is given.

Several Philippine genera are included in it.

144

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 1929-continued

321. SIEBERS, H. C. "'Neue Vogelrassen aus dem Indo-Australischen Gebiet." Tre'lltbia, xi., Livraison 1., Aout, I49-I53.

Description of the following races: Arborophila javanica bartelsi (Java), Ducula badia capistrata (Java), Garrulax rufifrons stamatensis (Java), Zosterops palpebrosa sindorensis (Java), Macropygia phasianella megala (Kemgean), Macropygia phasianella barussa (Sumatra), Ducula cenea sulana (Sula).

1930 322. BAKER, E. C. STUART. "The Fauna of British India, Birds," i.-viii.

I922 -3 0 .

This is the most up-to-date standard work on the birds of India, Ceylon and Burma, with numerous plates and figures.

2293 species and subspecies are included in the six volumes, the last two volumes containing the synonymy, corrigenda, and addenda.

323. GARDNER, L. L. "Whistling of Snipe in Luzon." Condor, xxxii.

I64-I65路 Field note a out the drumrping of Philippine snipe.

324. - - - " Filipino Coc -fighting." Condor, xxxii. 242-246, 3 figs.

An account of cock-fighting, the Philippine national pastime.

325 . - - - "Swiftlets and a Manobo." Auk, xlvii., No. 1. 86-87.

On the finding of a nest of Collocalia ? origenis at a lake-side in Mount Apo. My name is mentioned relating to the expedition.

326 . HACHISUKA, M. "Contribution to the Birds of the Philippines.

No. II." Ornith. Soc. Japan, Suppl., XIV. 14I-222.

Systematic list of over 450 species and subspecies of birds collected by, and familiarly known to, the author.

The first exhaustive work of its kind since McGregor's in I909.

Preliminary work to the present book. Newly described are: Subfamily Hypocryptadiince in Zosteropidce, Apoia for Zosterops goodfellowi, Collocalia apcensis, Loric'llts salvadorii. 26 subspecies of endemic birds are described .

327. MCGREGOR, R. C., and GARDNER, L. L. "Philippine Bird Traps."

Condor, xxxii. 89-IOO, I3 illustrations.

Gives many types of traps and snares for various Luzon birds.

9I species are recorded which are found in the Manila market.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

145

APPENDIX I TH~

following is a list of pUblications in general, dealing with various subJects. Zoological travellers to the Philippines should be acquainted with some of them.

MARTINEZ, DE LUNIGA. tt An Historical View of the Philippine Islands" (Manila, r803). In 2 vols. r9r2. London. Translation by John Maver, Esq. tt Estado de las Islas Filipinas."

2 vols. r843. Madrid. tt Informe sobre el estado de las Islas Filipinas."

2 vols. r843. Madrid.

ADAMS, ARTHUR. tt Notes from a Journal of Research into the Natural History of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher." r848. London.

MACMICIGNG, ROBERT. tt Recollections of Manilla and the Philippines." r850. London.

PROUST DE LA GIRONIERE, P. "Vingt annees aux Philippines." Paris, r853. Engli~h translation, London, r856.

BOWRING, SIR JOHN. "A Visit to the Philippine Islands." r859. London.

HUGEL, KARL FREIHER~ VON. tt Der Stille Ocean und die Philippinen." r860. Wien.

SEMPER, DR. C. tt Die Philippinen und ihre Bewohner." r869. Wiirzburg.

JAGOR, F. tt Reisen in den Philippinen." r873. Berlin.

CANAMAQUE, FRANCISCO. tt Recuerdos de Filipinas." 2 vols. r877. Madrid.

JIMENEZ, F. JAVIER DE MOYA. tt Les Islas Filipinas." r883. Madrid.

MONTANO, J. tt Voyage aux Philippine et en Malasie." r886. Paris.

GUERRA, DON JUAN ALVAREZ. tt Viajes por Filipinas: De Manila a Tayabas; De Manila a Marianas; De Manila a Albay." r887. Madrid.

MARCHE, ALFRED. tt Lu<;on et Palaouan. Six annees de voyage aux Philippines." r887. Paris.

FOREMAN, JOHN. tt The Philippine Islands." r890. London.

MORGA, DR. ANTONIO DE. tt Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas." r890. Paris.

RAJAL Y LARRE, D. JOAQUIN. "Exploracion del Territorio de Davao." r89r. Madrid.

STEVENS, JOSEPH EARLE. "Yesterdays in the Philippines." r893. London.

AQUILAR, S. N. "Mindanao su historia y geografia." About r893. Madrid.

GUMMA, ALFRED. "Le Dondiin et les Philippines." r.896. Barcelona (?).

WORCESTER, D. C. tt The Philippine Islands and their People." r898. New York.

YOUNGHUSBAND, MAJOR G. J. "The Philippines and Round About." r899路 London. " E1 Archipielago Filipino." 2 vols. r900. Washington.

K

146 -

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

"Report of the Philippine Commission to the President," vol. i. 31st January 1900. Washington.

SAWYER, FREDERIC H. "The Inhabitants of the Philippines." 1900.

London. " War Department: Report of the Philippine Commission." 5 vols. 19001901. Washington.

"Bureau of Census: Census of the Philippine Islands taken under the direction of the Philippine Commission in the year 1903." 4 vols.

Washington.

LANDOR, A. HENRY SAVAGE. "The Gems of the East: Sixteen Thousand Miles of Research Travel among Wild and Tame Tribes of Enchanting Islands." 2 vols. 1904. London.

ATKINSON, FRED. W. "The Philippine Islands." 1905. Boston.

LE Roy, JAMES A. "Philippine Life in Town and Country." 1905. New York. " War Department: Fifth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission."

3 parts. 1905. Washington.

DAUNCEY, MRS. CAMPBELL. "An Englishwoman in the Philippines." 1906.

London.

BLOUNT, JAMES H. "1'he American Occupation of the Philippines." 1912.

New York.

WORCESTER, D. C. "The Philippines, Past and Present." 2 vols. 1914.

London. New edition by Ralston Hayden. 1930.

OROSA, SIXTO Y. "The Sulu Archipelago and its People." 1923. London. " Counter-Memorandum of the United States of America: The Island of Palmas Arbitration before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague." 23rd January 1925.

FERNANDEZ, LEANDRO H. "The Philippine Republic." 1926. New York.

TUCKERMANN, WALTHER. "Die Philippinen." 1926. Leipzig.

APPENDIX II THE following is a list of works by the present author. It includes a number of papers not recorded in the Zoological Record.

1921 Letter to the Editor: "Photographs of the Brown Gannet, etc."

32-33路

1922 " Pheasants in Britain" (with frontispiece). Tori, II1-II9. " On Chaunoproctusferreirostris." Tori, Nos. 12-13, 2 pIs. 2 photos.

Letter to the Editor: "Note from Norfolk." Tori, 158-159.

Tori,

ElELl OG RAPHY

1-+7

1921?-continued Miscellaneous: " Number of Tail Feathers among Pheasants." " Japanese names to Pheasant Tribes." " Difference between LocusteUa ochotensis and L. pleskei." " A Thrush found in Izu." " A Bibliography to Tu,rdus terrestris." Tori, 249- 250 .

Letter to the Editor: "Rheinardtius ocellatus." Tori, photo.

1923 " On a Rare Pheasant, Rheinardtius oceUat~ts." Tori, No. '15, pl. 7.

Miscellaneous: " Fam Island," 3 photos. " Albino Pheasants." Tori, 334-336.

1924 "Two Unusual Blackbirds' Nests." Brit. Birds, xvii. 186-187, I photo.

"The Identification of the Chinese Phcenix." Journ. Roy. Asiatic Soc. London, 585-589, I pI. This article has recently been translated into French by M. J abouille. " A New Subspecies of Alcemon." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlv. 86-87. " Remarks on Pseudotador a cristata." B'ull. Brit. Orn. Club, lxv. 46-48. " Notes on Some Birds from Egypt." Ibis, 771-773.

"The Identification of the Chinese Phcenix." Tori, Nos. 16-17, lIO-I20.

I pI. and 2 text figs. " Branta bernicla bernicla does not occur in Japan." Tori, No. 18, 185-189, I text fig.

Miscellaneous: " A Trip to 'a Desert (Egypt)." I photo. " A Race of Alcemon." Tori, 246-247.

1925 "A Comparative Handlist of the Birds of Japan and the British Isles," 8-107, Cambridge (Univ. Press).

BUTLER, A. L. (Remarks on the author's paper.) "The Alcemon of Omdurman." Ibis, 299-300. Also "Letter on the Alcemon of Omdurman." Ibis, 532.

TAKA TSUKASA, N., and AUTHOR. "A Contribution to Japanese Ornithology."

Ibis, 898-908, ' "On the Breeding of Apus melba melba in Switzerland." Tori, No. 19, 265-268, 2 figs. " On the Genus Graphophasiamts." Tori, No. 20, 335-336.

"On the Genus Branta." Tori, No. 20, 351-353. " Note on Emberiza spodocephala melanops."

The bird from Sakhalen cannot be racially separated. (Later it was named by Sushkin.)

148

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

1925--continued Miscellaneous: " Announcement of Publication. (Comparative Handlist.) Private Collection." Tori, 297-298.

TAKA TSUKASA, N., and AUTHOR . "Obituary Note (Ogilvie-Grant}." Tori, 326 , 33 2-333 . " Story of Balceniceps rex." Tori, 375-384, I map, 2 photos.

TAKA TSUKASA, N., and AUTHOR. "Luxembourg Bird Protection Conference." Tori, 402-404. " A Review: Comparative Handlist of the Birds of Japan and the British Isles." Tori,408-4II.

1926 " Remarks on an Aberration of Phasianus. A New Form of Nycticorax."

Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlvi, IOI-I03. " A New Race of Skylark from Saghalien." Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xlvii. 23-24. " The Nomenclatorial Problems of Mutations. Descriptions of Fifteen New Forms from the Oriental Regions ." Bull. Brit. Om. Club, xlvii. 50-58.

Five New Oriental Birds." Bull. Brit. Orn. ChÂŁb, xlvii. 68- 69.

Avifauna of Liu Kiu Isiands." Ibis, 235-237. " A Revision of the Genus Gorsachius." Ibis, 585-592.

SUSHKIN, P: (Remarks on the author's paper.) "Classification of the Fringillidce." Ibis, 83I-832 . " Birds of the Eiffel Tower." Ibis, 834. " Notes Ornithologiques d'Islands." L'Oiseau, vii. I07-II9, photos. " Swans in Europe." Tori, I33-I43, I map, 3 photos. " Unwelcome Introduction of Korean Pheasant into Japan." Tori, I48-I5I. " Chattering of the Sparrows." Tori, I73-I74. " The Oriole of British North Borneo." Tori, I76-I77.

"Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Dutch Ornithological Society, and the Sixth International Congress in Copenhagen."

Tori, I84-I90, 3 photos.

"Birds of Egypt." Orn. Soc. Japan Suppl. Pub. No. II. 4 col. pIs. "Notes on the Allied Genera Graphophasianus, and their Generic Characters." Tori, 95-Ioo, pI. 4.

(C

(C

1927 " A Handbook of the Birds of Iceland," 5-I23, map, 7 pIs. London (Taylor & Francis). " Note on Recently Described Races, and on a New Race of Passer." Bull.

Brit. Om. Club, xlvii. 75-76 .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

149

1927-continu,ed 芦

On the Variation of the Common Guinea-Fowl." Bull. Brit. Om. Club, xlvii. 91.

" Note

SUT

une Mutation de Faisan." L'Oisea'U, viii. 297-299, col. pl.

I.

" Birds in Japanese Art and Life." Trans. and Proc. of the Japan Soc. London, xxiv. 2-13, I text fig .

II

II

Avifaunal Distribution of the Strait of Tsushima, with Introductory Note on the Original Distribution of the Japanese Fauna and Flora."

C. R. Sam. des Seances Soc. Biogeographie, Paris, 26 supp1., 25-37, 2 maps.

The Discovery of Sassins simplex. Rothschild and Hartert ." Tori, 368-370.

1928 " Variations among Birds (chiefly Game Birds): Heterochrosis, Gynandromorphs, Aberration, Mutation, Atavism and Hybrids." Orn. Sec. Japan Suppl. P~tb. No. 12. 1-85, 4 col. and 20 uncol. pIs. " The Study of Mutations among Birds." Tori, 4II-42I, 8 col. pIs. " Ornithological Recollections from Hawaii." Tori, 494-499, fig. " Notes on Some Oriental Birds." English Coil. Tori, 19-24, fig . " Egyptian Birds' Mummies." English C011. Tori, 1-5. " Birds in the Chamonix Valley, France." English Coil. Tori,6-14.

1929 DELACOUR, J ., and AUTHOR. "Note sur les Variation de Plumage chez les Oiseaux." L'Oiseau, x . 73-76.

"The Distribution of Birds in the Alps."

Society of Japan, 5- 13.

BttU. of the Biogeographical

" African Fauna" (Review) . Tori, 141-142. " A Few Lines on Philippine Birds" (Review). " Japanese Vernacular Names of Birds." Tori,I7 I - I 73 路 " Obituary Note (P. P. Sushkin)." Tori, 207-2II . " Game Preserves and Bird Protection" (Review). Tori,2I6-2I7.

II

Contributions to the Variations among Birds."

29-40 , 3 figs.

English ColI.

Tori,

1930 II

A Journey to the Bonin Islands." of Japan.

Bttll. of the Biogeographical Society

" A Journey to Iceland." Tori, I04-II2.

V

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Order GALLIFORMES Megapodes, Painted Quail and Pheasants

BILL short and stout; culmen curved; head small; body heavy; wings short and rounded, curved to the body; tail either very short or greatly elongated; legs moderate to heavy; claws well developed; toes four, slightly webbed at base. Members of this order are terrestrial; their flight is strong and swift but cannot be sustained for a long distance. Their food consists of grain seeds and insects.

The nest is usually a slight hollow in the ground, hidden by grass or brush; the Megapodes, however, bury their eggs in mounds.

Key to Suborders (a) Hind toe on a level with the other toes; feet and claws very heavy; colours plain; the sexes similar in colour-MEGAPODII, p. ISO. (b) Hind toe slightly elevated; feet and claws moderate in size; sexes very different in colour; males much brighter-PHAsIANI, p, 154.

Suborder MEGAPODII Family MEGAPODIIDA':

Nostrils oval, situated near anterior border of surrounding membrane; bill moderate, culmen curved; orbital area nearly naked; ear-opening small; chin, throat and face scantily_feathered with short plumes, the skin usually red or dusky; legs, feet and claws very large and powerful; claws slightly curved and usually blunt; anterior face of tarsus bearing a row of large scutes; rectrices short, exceeding the coverts but little in length; sexes alike.

Genus MEGAPODIUS Gaimard, Bull. Gen. Univ. Annan. Nouv. Sci. Paris, ii., p. 450, 1823.

Type (by subsequent designation, Selby, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Types, Aves, p. 40, 1840), M. freycinet.

Characters the same as those given for the family.

All measurements are given in millimetres.

150

Birds

(Upper).

CUMING'S MEGAPODE

(Lower).

WHITEHEAD'S

BUTTON

(Megapodius

QUAIL

0/

th e Philippine I slands, Plate 23.

/reycinet

(Turnix

cumingi).

sylvatica

whiteheadi).

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT I.

15 1

M egapodius freycinet cumingii Cuming's Megapode

Megapodius cumingii Dillwyn, Proc. Zool. Soc., r85r, p. II9, col. pI. 39: Labuan; Twceddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., r8n, p. 766, footnote.

M egapodius lowii Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., r875, p. IIr : Labuan (type in the British Museum); G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., r86r, pp. 288-296,3 col. pIs.

Distribution.-Palawan, Balabec, Labuan, and small islands off Borneo, including Maratua Island.

Description.-Adult male.-Top of head dark blue-grey, with a wash of olive-brown; a narrow grey collar on hind neck; rest of upper parts, including exposed parts of folded wing, rich olive-brown; lower parts dark blue-grey. Iris brown; bill yellow, dusky at base and about nostrils; legs and nails black or dark brown; skin about eye varies from bright red to almost black.

Wing, 230; tail, 72'4; tarsus, 62; middle toe with claw, 57 ; bill from nostril, 14.

Adult jemale.-Wing, 235; tail, 70; tarsus, 58; middle toe with claw, 57; bill from nostril, 14. Iris dark chocolate-brown; bill light yellowish at tip, brown at base; legs sometimes dark brown, but usually strongly tinged With red, especially at back; feet dark brown to black; nails black.

Nidification.-The eggs are prized by the natives for food; both the eggs and the birds are quite palatable. When fresh the thin surface layer of the egg is dark pink, usually smooth, but occasionally roughened by small lumps; when exposed to air and light for some time the colour becomes dull dirty brown, and in many cases the outer layer crumbles away, exposing the true shell, which is dull white and closely pitted. Eggs measure: 78 x 52; 82 x 52'5; 82'5 x 47; 80 x 51 ; 79 x 5I. General Notes and Habits.-This species probably occurs on every island of any size in the group. It is frequently met with a considerable distance inland, where it frequents wooded plains and hills. It has also been observed by the author at 7000 feet on Mount Apo. Its nest is usually, though by no means always, built near the seashore. Several pairs of bird~ frequently nest in the same mound, scratching up a little additional material every time that an egg is deposited, eventually fornling a very large mound of earth, decayed leaves, sticks, etc., which in extreme cases measures from 4 to 5 metres in diameter, by It metres high, in the middle. The mound is frequently formed around the roots of some old stump.

'When ready to lay, the female tunnels into this mound, sometimes even burrowing into the solid ground to a depth of halÂŁ-a-metre or

152

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

more, so that the eggs are one to two metres below the surface of the mound. The egg is deposited at the bottom of the burrow, which is then filled up. The young birds dig to the surface as soon as hatched. They can run and fly when they leave the shell, and seem always to shift for themselves from the day of their birth.

The birds seem to lay all the year round, the female apparently depositing an egg about once a week.

The old birds seem rather reluctant to take wing, and when flushed fly but a short distance, alight on the ground and run with great rapidity.

There is much individual variation as to size and colour even in birds from one locality.

The present race is like nicobariensis: the back and the lower part of the body are practically the same colour but a darker brown.

2.

M egapodius freycinet pusillus Philippine Megapode

M egapodius pusill1;ÂŁ Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 765, col. pI. 78 : Cebu (founded on a young specimen in the British Museum).

Megapodius cumingi balukensis Oberholser, Journ. Washington Ac. Sc., 14, p. 294, 1924: Baluk Baluk Is. off Basilan.

Megapodi1;tS dillwyni Tweeddale, Froc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 766: Manila (type in British Museum).

Native Names.-Ou-cong, Calayan, Camiguin N., Ta-bon, Luzon,

Mindoro, Cagayancillo, and in general.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Cagayancillo, Calayan, Camiguin N., Cebu, Gresta de Gallo, Fuga, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Romblon, Samar, Sibutu, Sibuyan, Sulu, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao.

Description.-This bird is similar to M. j. cumingii; but the upper surface rich, ruddy yellowish brown; uropygium, upper tail-coverts and rectrices brown; 'chin and throat dirty yellowish brown, the feathers being .light grey at their insertion; neck and upper breast slate-grey, tipped with ruddy brown; lower breast, abdomen and flanks slate-grey, but faintly washed with ruddy brown; ventral region paler grey, tinged ""ith ochreous brown; thigh-coverts distinct ruddy, almost rusty brown; under tail-coverts dull ashy brown; primaries uniform brown; secondaries margined externally with the ' hue of the back; tertiaries and wing-coverts like the back; side of head and forehead slightly paler than the head.

The measurements are like M. j. cumingii, but larger on an average.

The present race is intermediate between the three Philippine Megapodes.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

153

3. M egapodius freycinet tabon. subsp. nov.

Southern Philippine Megapode

(Type from Piso, S.E. Mindanao, in the British Museum, collected by W. GOODFELLOW. Brit. Mus. Reg. No. Igo5, II, 26, 235) Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-Mindanao birds attain a very large size (wing, 253 ; tail, 98; tarsus, 83). Back and wing-coverts are much redder than the northern race; under part of body has a strong smoky-black colour; throat is thinly feathered ..

The present race approaches M. f. sanghirensis and M. f. gilberti.

Specimens from Basilan and Sulu belong to the M. f. pusillus, but occasionally lalge birds of this new race are found with them.

Allied Forms and their Range.-The present genus has a wide distribution in the Australasian islands. About four closely related geographical species are recognizable. They are:

M. layardi (New Hebrides); M. reinwardti (New Guinea); M. laperouse (Micronesia) ; M. freycin~t.

M. reinwardti is the largest in size, being coal-black in colour; the crest feather is developed and the skin of the throat becomes almost bare. The last character is most emphasized in M . layardi; M. laperouse is the smallest in size and has a different-coloured crown.

The northern races of M. freycinet are paler and smaller, while the southern races of this group are found to be larger, having also a redder and browner shade.

Races of M . freycinet are as follows: M. f.

IVI. f.

M. f.

M. f.

M. f.

M. f.

M. f.

M. f.

nicobariensis Blyth gilberti Gray sanghirensis Schlegel bernsteini Schlege freycinet Gaimard geelvinkianus Meyer b"'truensis Stresemann forstenii Gray

. Nicobars . Celebes Sangi Sulu Island Waigou and Moluccas Mafoor, Misori, Jobi Islands Bum Island Amboina

There are also a few more names given to the southern island specimens. Megapodes are known from most of the small islands off Borneo, but, curiously enough, they are never found on the main island.

M. c1,ttningii tolutilis Bangs and Peters, from Maratua Island, is a synonym of the North Philippine race, M egapodiu,s f. pusillus.

154 THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLNADS Suborder PHASIANI Family PHASIANIDlE Bill strong and horny; nostrils oblong, never hidden by feathers; culmen curved but not hooked; tarsi naked, and in the male armed with spurs (E xcal/actoria is without spurs) ; toes four, naked, and never pectinated along the sides; sexes differently coloured.

Genus EXCALFACTORIA Bonaparte, Camp. Rendu, xlii., p. 881, 1856: type E. chinens1¡s.

This genus resembles Turnix, but is distinguished from it by having a hind toe; the male is much handsomer than the female; the tail has but eight short rectrices, which are hidden by the long upper coverts.

4. Excalfactoria r;hinensis lineata Island Painted Quail Oriolus lineat'Us Scopoli, "Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr.," ii., p. 87, 1786 : Luzon (ex Sonnerat, "Voy. Nov. Guinee," p. 54, pI. 24. "La petite Caille de l'Ile de Lucon ").

Coturnix Philippensis Brisson, "Om.," i., p. 254, pI. 25, fig. ' ,1, 1760 : Lmoo. â&#x20AC;˘ Tetrao manillensis Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," i., part ii., p. 764, 1789: Luzon.

Native Names.-Pu-gong bu-quet, ..ti-co ti-co, Manila; Pu-go fng pa-rang, Calapan, Mindoro.

Distribution.-Basilan, Batan, Bongao, Calamianes, Cebu, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Ticao.

Description .-Adult male.-Upper parts dark brown; most of the feathers with light shaft-lines, large subterminal black blotches, and some black bars; the black markings heaviest on lower back; forehead, circumorbital area, sides of neck, breast and flanks slate-blue; chin, upper throat and lower half of face black; throat patch bordered posteriorly by a wide, crescentic, white patch which is bordered posteriorly by a narrow black band; also a white patch on side of face from lower mandible to below the ear, the anterior end of which is pointed; a narrow white line from below nostril to eye; a patch of rich chestnut covering middle of abdomen and lower breast; wings sandy brown; coverts and secondaries vermiculated with darker brown; tail chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut mixed with slate-blue. Iris deep red; bill dark blue, black along upper part ; legs dark yellow; nails brown.

Wing, 66 to 70; tail-coverts, 26 to 28; exposed culmen, 9 to I I ; tarsus, 18 to 19.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I55

Adult /emale.-Upper parts and wings as in male, but with a light buff median line on head; forehead, sides of head and throat dark buff; the black and white throat patch of male replaced in female by an equal area of dark buff, in which the white bases of feathers show through on chin a.nd upper throat; a line of fine black spots from gape to below ear-coverts; breast and flanks light buff, each feather crossed by one to three crescentic marks of blackish brown; middle of abdomen white or with a pale buff wash.

Wing, 67 to 71; tail-coverts, 22 to 26; exposed culmen, 10 to I I ; tarsus, 17 to IS':).

Young.-Upper parts, including wings and coverts, are blackish brown; top of head marked with three buffy lines, extending from forehead to nape, and separated by wide blackish brown bands; wingcoverts and feathers of back, with edges and shafts, buff; chin and throat pale yellow; upper breast, sides and flanks black, with wide white shaft-stripes; belly dirty yellowish buff. A nearly full grown male in mixed plumage has the black chin-spot developed, the white patches partly developed, and the breast, abdomen and flanks retain some of the old striRed feathers of the first plumage along with the new chestnut and slate feathers.

Habits.-Both the Painted and Button Quails frequent grassy fields and plains, usually in small companies. When flushed they fly but a short distance, and seldom get up a second time, seeming to place more reliance on running than on flight.

Allied Forms and their Range: E. c. chinensis (Linn~us) India, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Tonkin, Formosa Celebes E. c. m~'nima Gould Borneo E. c. ccerulescens Hachisuka .

Sumatra, Philippines, New Guinea, E. c. lineata (Scopoli) Marianne Island E. c. lepida Hartlaub Duke of York Island, New Britain E. c. australis Gould Australia It is represented by E. adansoni (Verreaux) in Africa (south of the Sahara).

Genu s GALLUS Linnreus, "Faun. Suecica," p . 6r, 1746; Brisson, "Om.," i ., p. r66, 1760; Temm., "Pig. et GalL," ii., p. 87, 1813 : type G. gallus.

Head surmounted by a fleshy comb; a wattle on each side of throat; tail laterally compressed, the central feathers being higher

156

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

than the lateral ones, the former greatly elongated and curved in the males; feathers of neck and rump long and pointed; each tarsus in the male armed with one long sharp spur.

5. Gallus gallus gallus Red Jungle Fowl Phasianus gallus Linnreus, "Syst. Nat." loth ed., i., p. 158, 1758: type locality restricted to Pulau Condor, off the mouth of the Mekong, IndoChina.

Gallus stramineicollis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 317 : Sulu (type in the British Museum). This name is given to a domestic bird.

The term Gallus is applied by Linnreus to the Domestic Fowl. If one refuses to recognize names applied to domestic races, one must use bankiva for the Formenkreis of the Red Jungle Fowl.

Bangs and Penard, Proc. New England Zool. Club, vii., pp. 23-25, 1919.

Robinson and Kloss, Records of the Indian Museum, xix., part i., NO.3, pp. 13-15, 1920; part iv., pp. 181-183,1920: Riley, Proc. U.S. Nat. l11us., lxiv., p. 9, 1925, Rothschild, Nov. Zool., xxxiii., pp. 206-207, 1926.

Kloss, Bull. B.O .C., xlvii., pp. 82-83, 1927.

Delacour and Kinnear, Bull. B .O.C., xlix., pp. 48-49, 1928.

Native Names. - La-bz't-yu, Lubang, Manila, and generally; ma-noc i-has, Bohol.

Distribution.-Balabac, Basilan, Bohol, Bongoa, Calamianes, Camiguin, Calayan, Cebu, Fuga, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Sulu, Tablas, Ticao.

Description.-Adult male.-Sides of head, chin and throat clothed with scattered hair-like feathers; ears protected with short close-set feathers; feathers on top of head, neck and mantle lanceolate, those of mantle very long; head, neck and sides of neck dark reddish brown, becoming lighter and yellowish near ends of longest feathers and forming a zone of orange-yellow, the tips again darker, reddish, and shaft-lines darker; mantle feathers hidden by hackles, and lesser coverts blackish brown with slight gloss; lower back and median coverts rich maroonred, forming a wide crescent; lanceolate rump feathers dark orangered; below (except a few lanceolate reddish feathers on throat) blackish brown, with a slight green gloss not always evident; primaries dark brown edged with buff; secondaries dark brown, with exposed outer webs dark cinnamon, mottled near tips; alula and greater coverts blackish brown, the latter with green and purple gloss; tail and its upper coverts black, glossed with green; middle pair of rectrices curved outward and about twice the length of next pair.

Top of head decorated with a deeply emarginated, fleshy comb, crimson

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I57

in colour; a wattle on each side of throat also crimson; a round lappet below each ear light bluish; other bare areas of head and neck pale crimson; bill dark brown above, lighter below; legs grey; spurs black; nails dark brown.

Wing, 235; tail, 368; bill, from front of comb, I7; tarsus, 74 ; middle toe with claw, 59; spur, 24-28.

Adult fC'I1lale.-Top of head rust-red, shading into orange on the neck and pale yellow on the upper mantle, each feather with a wide black stripe down the centre; rest of upper parts pale reddish brown, finely mottled with black and with pale shafts; quills blackish brown, the outer half of the outer web of secondaries mottled with pale reddish brown; forepart of neck chestnut; chest and breast pale light red, shading into pale reddish brown on sides; flanks and belly each feather with a pale shaft; under tail-coverts brownish black; tail feathers like the secondaries, the centre pair of feathers mottled on the margins of both webs, and the outer pairs on the outer web with pale rufous. Soft parts much the same as those of the male; comb very much smaller, and wattles absent.

Wing, I90; tail, T40; tarsus, 6r.

Irmnatu1'e males.-Ifave the hackles of the mantle much paler than in the majority of a(;lult birds, and mostly with dark shaft-stripes; the chestnut pair of the outer webs of the secondaries finely mottled with black nearly to the margins; the feathers underlying the hackles of the mantle dull brownish black without any green gloss, and the comb and wattles rudimentary.

CMck.-Below light yellow buff, palest on chin; throat, upper breast and sides of neck washed with brownish buff; top and sides of head dark yellow buff; a band from above angle of mouth, backward through eye to sides of neck, dark cinnamon, bordered above with blackish brown; middle of crown and hind neck with a wide, blackbordered cinnamon patch, which becomes diffused on interscapular region, reappears on middle of back and is continued to the tail, the back bordered on each side light buff, followed by dark brown; wings and tail light brown, speckled and vermiculated with darker brown.

Iris light brown; bill, legs and nails flesh-colour.

Nidification.-A slight hollow dug in the earth in the shelter of bushes or grass is the usual nest. The eggs measure respectively: 47 x 36; 44 x 34; 45 x 35; 46 x 35路 In colour the eggs are light creamy buff; the shape is similar to that of the eggs of the domestic variety.

General Notes and Habits.-The Jungle Fowl is found throughout the Philippines, and the males are frequently domesticated by the natives and used for their national pastime of cock-fighting. In this country at least the wild chickens afford the gunner no sport whatever,

158 THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS as they habitually remain within thick tangles of brush where wingshots are impossible, or if by chance caught in the open they scurry to the nearest thicket. There is no great difficulty, however, in securing specimens, if one cares to kill them sitting. Their flesh is usually tender, and more savoury than that of the domestic birds.

The male has a high falsetto voice, resembling very much that of a young domestic cock. Delighting in small growth mixed with a tangle of bamboo and rattan, especially if near cultivated fields, this species generally avoids true forest, unless there be near-by clearings. The natives are very successful in taking the cocks alive by employing a live decoy, which they picket within a small corral of snares.

It is generally believed that the Jungle Fowl in the Philippines are indigenous. Mr. Beebe, however, in his "Monograph of the Pheasants," treats it as an introduced species, without giving proof.

Supposing the Jungle Fowl was brought over by human agency it must have been by the Malayan Mohamedans or Chinese, their influence in the Philippines being so close and intimate in the early days of its history, prior to the Spanish conquest. If it was the case it is inexplicable that the Wild Fowl are not found in adjacent Borneo or Formosa. It is almo t inconceiva'ble that many birds could have been taken over to remote islets to be let loose in the archipelago, which is very thinly inhaBited.

On looking at the distribution of the Megapode, which is in many ways allied to the Jungle Fowl, it shows a strikingly similar distribution.

Both birds are found in small islands off the north coast of Luzon but not in Formosa. Again in Palawan and Sulu both are commonly found, but missing in the adjacent zoologically different area of Borneo.

Domestic Fowl are commonly kept by primitive men in the jungle. They roost at night freely out of doors near houses, and never seem to escape, but I hear that they often fight with the Jungle Fowl. The cross breed between them can be obtained under control, but appears extremely scarce in the free state.

Allied Forms and their Range:

G. g. gallus Linnceus G. g. robinsoni Rothschild .

Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Annam Sumatra, Hainan and west to Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Yunnan G. g. murghi Robinson and Kloss India and east to Assam G. g. jabouillei Delacour and Kinnear North of Annam and Tonkin G. g. bankiva (Temminck) Java, Lambok (introduced)

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

159

Genus POLYPLECTRON

Temminck, "Pig. et Gall.," ii., p. 363, 1813: type P. chinquis (bicalcaratum).

Bill similar to that of Gallus; feathers of crown forming a long crest; wings short and rounded; rectrices twenty-four in number and greatly graduated; upper tail-coverts lengthened; tarsi covered with transverse plates, and each tarsus armed in the male with two or three sharp spurs; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw.

6. Polyplectron emphanum Pala wan Peacock -Pheasan t Polyplectron emphanum Temminck, "Plo Col.," v., pI. 18, No. 540, 1831: type locality restricted to Puerto Princesa.

Polyplectron napoleonis Lesson, "Traite d'Om.," 1831, pp. 487, 650.

Emphania Reichenbach, "Nat Syst. Vag.," p. 29, 1852, P. napoleonis.

Emphania napoleonis Hachisuka, Tori, v. p. 19, 1928.

Polyplectron nehrk rnce Blasius, Mitth. Orn. Ver. Wien, pp. 1-2, 1891; P. R. Lowe, Ibis, 1925, p. 476.

Native Names.-Pavo real (Spanish name), Sula Malak, D1Jtsan Bertik, ? Tandikan (Everett).

Distribution.-Palawan.

Description.-Adult m~le.-Top of head black; crest and hind neck green, changing with the light to purple; a large white patch from base of lower mandible extending over ear-coverts; a narrow superciliary line of white (this line is absent in some specimens; in others, wider and confluent on nape) ; mantle, secondaries and greater and median wing-coverts green, changing to blue and purple, bases of the feathers black; remainder of wings brown or blackish; back and rump black, thickly marked with smail, rusty-buff spots; longest coverts and rectrices similar, but the spots fewer and lighter, and each feather with two large, round or oval spots of peacock-green, surrounded by a black ring and an outer grey ring; longest coverts tipped with a narrow line of pale buff; rectrices tipped with lines of black, grey, white-and-grey, the white line narrow and sharply defined; under parts ail black except tail-coverts, which are speckled with buff. Bill black, tipped with pale horn-colour; (qes chocolate-brown; legs, feet and nails brown.

Wing, 190; tail, 240; exposed culmen, 28; bill from nostril, IS ; tarsus, 66; middle toe with claw, 56.

Adult jemale.-Top of head and short crest dark brown; sides of face, chin and throat, white; remainder of the plumage brown, more rusty above and on wings, finely speckled with dark brown and black;

r60

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

tail with the large round metallic spots of the male replaced by black spots having little or no metallic colour.

Wing, 180; tail, 183; exposed culmen, 22; bill from nostril, 13 ; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 48.

Young.-An immature male resembles the female, but has tail and greater coverts like those of adult male, though the ocelli are much smaller and absent on inner webs of all the tail-feathers, except three middle pairs; one or two feathers of mantle have a metallic bluish green patch in the middle, and traces are apparent of black plumage on mantle, wing-coverts, throat and under parts. It is exceedingly shy in the wild state and seldom seen. All the specimens so far collected, except one instance, have been snared by the natives.

Allied Forms and their Range.-Polyplectron is a typical Malayan genus, the closest being the Borneo representative.

P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P.

bicalcaratum bicalcaratum Linnceus bicalcaratum ghigii Delacour bicalcaratum bakeri Lowe bicalcaratum bailyiLowe katsumatce Rothschild malaccensis Scopoli germaini Elliot schleifmacheri Brtigg

Burma Annam Bhotan Doars Locality unknown . Hainan Malay Cochin China . Borneo

A genus, Chalcurus, with two species-inopinatus (mountains of Malay Peninsula) and chalcurus (mountains of Sumatra)-is sometimes placed under the genus Polyptectron.

Genus FRANCOLINUS Steph. in Shaw's" Gen. Zoo1.," xi., part ii., p. 316, 1819: type Tetrao Jrancolimts.

This genus contains a very large group of Partridges, represented by various species and subspecies almost throughout temperate and tropical Palcearctic, JEthiopian and Oriental regions. In general appearance they are very like the true Partridges, but have only fourteen tail-feathers instead of sixteen or eighteen. The legs are both longer and stouter, and in the males are furnished with a spur, sometimes, however, very small or obsolete. The wing is about one-quarter to one-third longer than the tail, but is short and rounded; the third and fourth primaries are longest, the fifth and sixth a little shorter.

In some species the sexes are alike, in others, dissimilar.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

161

7. Francolinus pintadeanus pintadeanus Chinese Francolin

Tetrao pintadeanus Scopoli, "Del. Flor. et Faun.," part ii., p. 93,1786.

China.

McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., xix. p. 691, pI. I, fig. I, 1921.

Distribution.-Neighbourhood of Manila, Luzon (introduced).

Description.-Adult male.-General colour dark brown, with many conspicuous white spots; top of head blackish brown, on each side ot this a tan stripe from base of bill to occiput, a black stripe from bill through eye to neck, below eye a white stripe from hill to ear, below this a black line; neck and mantle black, each feather with four or six white spots; back, rump and tail-coverts black barred with narrow wavy white lines; chin and upper throat white; lower throat black, spotted with white, similar to mantle bu more white; the white spots increase in size on breast and abdomen until the black is reduced to bars; under tail-coverts rusty-buff; wings dark brown; legs and feet ochreous-orange; nails horn-grey.

Wing, 147; tail, 85; tarsus, 40; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 17 ; middle toe with claw, 37.

Adult jemale.-General colour and pattern similar to that of the male, but stripes on side of the head obscure.

Wing, I40; tail, 84; tarsus, 37; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, I4'5 ; middle toe with claw, 34.

General Notes.-This is an introduced species, first noticed in I9I9. Known localities are Balagbagin, Rizal Province and Fort William McKinley, all in the vicinity of Manila.

This Francolin is found in a rather scanty, soiled, open upland.

I am acquainted with them in the latter locality and apparently they are increasing. It is supposed the live stock have been brought over from Hong-Kong, where one can see hundreds in a native market during the winter months. They have also been introduced into Reunion and the Mauritius.

Allied Forms and their Range.-Francolins and Partridges are true Oriental birds evenly distributed over the regions mentioned, and the Philippines are practically the only exception. The present species is a genuine continental species. Two races are recognized, the southern Chinese, including Hainan, being the typical form, while F. p. phayrei is the western form, ranging through Siam, Burma, the Shan States, Yunnan and Indo-China.

L

r62

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Order TURNICIFORMES

Button Quails Culmen curved but not hooked; nostrils opening by a slit beneath a horny scale; tarsi naked, without spurs; hind toe absent; wings, short, rounded and curved to the body; rectrices short, soft, and neady hidden by the long fluffy coverts.

According to Dr. P. R. Lowe the present order occupies a basal position in relation to Pigeons and Sand-Grouse (Ibis, 1923, p. 276 ; 1926, pp. 182-183).

Family TURNICIDlE

Size small; the largest Philippine species under 200 mm. in length, the others much smaller. Birds of this family resemble Excal/actor1'a in general form, but may be recognized by their lack of a hind toe.

They are usually found in grassy plains. The flight is rapid, but of short duration; the birds get up at one's feet but seldom flush a second time. The nest is placed on the ground, beneath a tuft of grass; eggs, three or four, spotted with brown.

Genus TURNIX Bonnatere, "Tabl. Encycl. Meth.," i. p. lxxxii, sylvatica.

1790,

type Tetrao

Characters the same as those given for the family.

8. Turnix ocellata Spotted Button Quail Oriolu,s ocellatus Scopoli, "Del. Flof. et Faun. Insubr.," part ii., p. 88, 1786. Type locality restricted to Manila.

Native Names.-Pu-gong-gu-bat, Manila.

Distribution.- Luzon.

Description.-Adult male.-Above mottled and spotted; head and sides of face black, with roundish white spots and some rusty edging to feathers; rest of upper parts with large black centres to feathers, whose edges are light buff and tips rusty; a slight trace of chestnut on nuchal collar; chin and throat white, with fine black edges to the feathers; breast uniform rufous-chestnut; middle of belly dirty white; flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts dirty buff; primaries brown, with pale edges; secondaries mottled, and with wider buff edges; coverts and tertials buff, each with a larger, roundish, black spot. Iris white; upper mandible greyish brown at tip, pale yellow

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT from nostrils back, lower mandible pale yellow, except tip light brown; legs and feet light straw-yellow, except joints and soles light brown; nails grey.

Wing, 100; tail, 33; culmen, IS ; tarsus, 25 ; middle toe with claw, 24.

Adult female. -Similar to male, but larger; throat and chin, black; chestnut of breast continued above as a wide nuchal collar. Iris white; bill pale yellow, greyish at tip; legs dull yellow; nails whitish.

Wing, 104; tail, 37; culmen, 17; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 27-5.

Y01.mg.-In young males the throat is more or less spotted with black, and many of the breast feathers are subterminally spotted with black. In young females the throat is more or less spotted with white.

Allied Forms and their Range.-This is a predominating species confined to Luzon only. Its large size can be compared with the Australian melanogaster and variu.s, but the coloration is quite distinct.

There is no species closely allied to it.

g.

~urnix

jasciata jasciata

Philippine Button Quail Hemipodi2tS fasciatus Temminck, "Pig. et Gall.," iii., pp. 634,757,1815.

Type locality restricted to Manila.

T'btrnix haynaldi Blasius, "Ornis," iv., p. 317, 1888. Puerto Princesa, Palawan.

Native Names.-Pu-gong daan, Manila; fic-ti-co, Calapan, Mindoro.

Distribution.-Calamianes, Luzon, Masbate, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Sibuyan.

Description.-Adult male.-Above blackish brown; feathers of back largely black, with white or buff margins; in some specimens the margins largely rufous; chin and throat white; breast and sides light buff, with clear-cut, subterminal, black cross-bars; abdomen and belly, dirty white; flanks and under tail-coverts washed with buff; quills blackish brown, first three or four narrowly edged with pale buff or white; first alula-quill widely edged with pale buff or white; coverts, light buff, more or fewer with strong cross-bars. Bill black, yellow at base; legs pale gre.enish yellow.

Wing, 68-76 ; tail, 23-28 ; culmen, 12-13; tarsus, 21-22; middle toe with claw, 18-19'5.

Adult female.-Like the adult male but larger; chin and throat black; hind n~ck and sides of neck decorated with a collar of rich chestnut. Iris white; bill yellow, slightly greenish towards tip; legs greenish; nails flesh-coloured.

164

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 72-81; tail, 29-30.5; culmen, 13-14; tarsus, 23-25; middle toe with claw, 20-23.

Young.-Immature birds of both sexes resemble the adult male, but the bars on breast are reduced to spots or to irregular V-shaped bars; above more uniform dull rusty brown, and edges of feathers more or less rusty; wing-coverts blackish brown, notched with white.

There is much variation in the colour of the upper parts, due to wear; birds in fresh plumage (February, Manila) are mostly chestnut above, and males may have a narrow chestnut collar; the rich colour fades and the feathers become abraded very rapidly. The species is easily recognized in any plumage by the black bars (spots in young) on breast.

Nidification.-The eggs of the Philippine Button Quail are gIeyish white, densely covered with specks and dots of yellowish brown and small blotches of pale purple. The three examples collected by the Steere Expedition in N egros, loth November, are very broad ovals, and measure respectively: 28路4 x 21"3; 27 x 2I"}; 26 x 21路3.

A nest believed to belong to this species was found in Mindoro on 23rd March 1905. It was made of dry grass, and placed on the ground in an old clearing, whete it was well ltidden by the surrounding grass.

The three eggs were slightly incubated; two of them measure 25 x 20, and the third measures 24.6 x 19.8. One specimen from Manila, 30th July 1908, measures 23路5 x 18路5. The ground-colour is white, closely speckled with dull greenish brown and occasional small spots of various shades of lilac, the larger end rather thickly marked with blotches of blackish brown.

Habits.-Common among old paddy-fields and on grassy plains.

It flies but a short distance and then buries itself in the grass, where it runs rapidly and hides so well that one is seldom able to flush a bird a second time.

10.

Turnix fasciata nigrescens Dusky Button Quail

Turnix nigrescens Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 755, Cebu. specimen in British Museum.

Type.

Distribution.-N egros, Cebu.

Description.-This race can be readily distinguished by its darker coloration. The upper parts, especially the head, are more smokyblack, while the chestnut-colour is almost disappearing, except on the hind neck and wing-coverts. The breast very heavily barred; throat almost entirely black.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Allied Forms and their Range.-The nearest ally is T. rufilata, of Celebes, which may be proved to be a race of T. jasciata when their plumage change is studied, while T. powelli of Flores is a bigger and heavily marked bird.

II.

Turnix sylvatica whiteheadi Whitehead's Button Quail

T'Urnix whiteheadi Grant, "Handbook Game Bds.," ii., p. 276, r896.

Type specimen in British Museum.

Distribution.-Luzon.

Description.-Adult male.-General colour above black, finely vermiculated with grey and dull reddish brown, or with dull chestnut; crown mostly black, with dull chestnut tips to the feathers; a distinct median line of buff from bill to neck; many feathers on back edged with buff or whitish buff; forehead and whole side of face pale buff, most of the feathers tipped with black; chin, upper throat and abdomen white; breast dark buff; a few black spots on sides of breast; under wings dull chestnut; quills brown, with light edges; long alula-quill edged with white; coverts mostly ochreous-buff or dull chestnut, and more or less marked with large black spots; long scapulars broadly edged with ochreous-buff or pale yellow-buff. Iris white; upper mandible dark horn; lower mandible dull blue; legs and nail$ flesh-coloured.

Wing, 56'5--61; tail, r6'5-28; culmen, 9-10; tarsus, 16'5-18.

Adult jemale.-Differs from the adult male in having median crown-line, and sides of face pale straw or whitish; a narrow collar of dull chestnut; above generally darker and marked with a greater amount of dull chestnut.

Wing, 60-64 ; tail, 18-22 ; culmen, 9'5-II'5; tarsus, 17-18.

Young.-Immature birds are similar to adults, but have the breast white, streaked with dark brown; upper parts more uniformly and less richly coloured.

Nidification.-Eggs white, with numerous, obscure, lilac markings; round the larger end a band of dark sienna; larger end covered to middle of egg with a wash of dark brown; edge of this colour area well defined and slightly irregular; smaller end of egg with a few small specks and a faint brown wash. Two eggs measure 20 x 16 and 20 x 16"5- Another example, measuring 20'6 x 16'2, is white, speckled with 路brown, and has nearly one-half of the surface at the larger end covered with dark vandyke-brown. Eggs are deposited in August, so far as is known.

Whitehead's Button Quail was first discovered in the Quinta

I66

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Market, Manila. It is said that they are trapped in the vicinity of Parafiaque, some seven kilometres from Manila.

Mr. Zimmer found them in cogon-covered hills near Bondog Point, in the southern part of Tayabas Province.

I2.

Turnix sylvatica celestinoi Celestino's Button Quail

Turm·x celestinoi McGregor, Phil. jo'ltrn. Sci., ii., sec. A, pp. 292, 3I7, I907. Type locality, a grassy hill near the town of Guindulman, Bohol (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution. - Bohol.

Description.-Adult male (type and only specimen).-Groundcolour of upper parts black; feathers of head narrowly edged with dull buff, paler on forehead; a narrow median line of pale buff from forehead to nape; hind neck, mantle, rump and tail-coverts with wavy, broken cross-lines of dark rusty buff, obsolete on neck; lores and side of head light buff, with small black tips to feathers; a patch on each side of neck pale vinaceous buff, with narrow black cross-lines; chin and throat white, eac:h feather with narrow buff tips; middle of abdomen white; rest of ~ower parts rusty buff or clay-colour, a trifle lighter than in T. worcesteri; each feather on sides of breast marked with a wide black bar; primaries, secondaries, primary-coverts and alula drab-grey; first primary and first feather of alula edged exteriorly with ochreous-buff; secondary coverts and inner secondaries with wide edges of ochreous-buff, preceded by large black spots or bars; wing lining and axillars drab-grey; tail bluish slate, and hidden by the long coverts.

Wing, 65·5; tail, 18·1; exposed culmen, rr·5; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 4; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18·5.

General Notes.-The only specimen known was taken on a grassy hill near the town of Guindulman, in Bohol, 22nd June 1906. It is closely related to T. s. suluensis.

I3. Turnix sylvatica suluensis Sulu Button Quail Turnix suluensis, Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 83, 1905, Sulu (type in U.S. Nat. Museum).

Distribution.-Sulu.

Description.-Adult female (type and only specimen).--General colour of upper parts walnut-brown, the feathers finely banded and

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT vermiculated with grey and black; top of head clove-brovm, the feathers almost imperceptibly edged with grey, divided by a median stripe of isabelline extending from the base of the bill to the occiput; sides of head and neck buffy white, speckled with clove-brown; nape walnut-brown, the feathers edged with grey; mantle walnutbrown, the feathers edged with grey and vermiculated with black, grey, and traces of very pale cinnamon; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts clove-brown, the feathers narrowly edged with grey on the back and upper rump and more broadly with cinnamon on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts; tail greyish drab, the feathers perceptibly cross-banded with wavy lines of dusky brown, edged with cinnamon on outer webs, with middle pair of feathers extending 7 mm. beyond the next pair; scapulars and humerals conspicuously edged externally with golden-buff and cinnamon; primaries greyish drab, the two outer ones edged externally with wood-brown; secondaries darker drab, edged with cinnamon on the outer web; greater wingcoverts cinnamon, drab at base, with a subterminal black spot on the outer web; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, edged with buff, with a subterminal black ocellus; chin, upper throat and malar region whitish, the last speckled with blackislf brown; lower neck and upper breast clay-colour, bordered by a chain of oval black spots, the largest 3 mm. in length; lower breast and middle of belly whitish; sides of lower neck, and sides of chest and breast chestnut, mixed with black and clay-colour; flanks light clay-colour; under tail-coverts darker clay-colour; lining of wings pale clay-colour and pale greyish drab.

Wing, 68; tail, 3I; culmen, II'5; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 3'8; tarsus, I9路5 路 Allied Forms and their Range.- The present species is widely distributed over the Oriental region to Mrica, while it appears not to be represented in Borneo. l

Turnix Turnix Tmnix Tltrnix

s. s. s. s.

dussumieri 2 Temminck davidi Delacour . sykesii Jerdon bartelsorum Neumann

. India Indo-China . India N.W. Java

Turnix sylvatica mikado, subsp. nov.

Type l' in the British Museum, Brit Mus. Reg. No. 89, 5, 13, 133, collected by R. Swinhoe in December 1868, Tokow, Formosa.

Distribution .-Formosa, South China, Siam, Hainan ?, Tonkin.

Description.-The present race is intermediate between whiteheadi and dussumie1'i in coloration. The upper part of the body is as dark as whiteheadi, but the vermiculation is bolder and the light rufous-buff of the chest darker. Its size is similar to dussumi eri, which appears to be paler on the under surface.

2 Twrnix .ioudera, Swinhoe, Ib路is, 1861, p. 50, is synonym of T. tanki and not T. dussumieri.

1

I68

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Turnix s. sylvaticus Desfontaine Turnix s. lepurana A. Smith . .

.-

Spain, N. Africa Tropical Africa

~ ÂŁ;;:::::::~

-:/1 Turnix sylvatica whiteheadi.

Turnix worcesteri.

I4. Turnix worcesteri Worcester's Button Quail Turnix worcesteri McGregor, Bull. Philip. M'/;ts., iv., p. 8, pL 1904, Luzon (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

I,

fig.

I,

Distribution.-Luzon.

Descrlption.-Aault (sexes nearly alike).-General colour above

black; forehead spotted with white; feathers of crown and nape tipped with pale buff and some edged with whi e, producing an incomplete white line on middle of head (this line may be perfect in a well-made skin) ; feathers on back and rump barred and tipped with pale buff; tertials and scapulars edged with whitish buff; feathers on sides of face mostly white with black tips; lores white; feathers on sides of neck black, each with a wide subterminal white bar; a small black spot behind ear; breast and throat rusty billÂŁ or dark clay-colour, this colour extending up each side of the white chin-area, with rusty buff tips to the feathers, and bounded above by the black-tipped white feathers of the malar region; flanks, under tail-coverts, sides of abdomen and breast also rusty buff, but paler; middle of abdomen whitish; a few feathers on sides of abdomen barred with blackish brown; primaries, their coverts and secondaries, drab-grey; four outer primaries narrowly edged with whitish; secondaries barred with whitish on outer webs; secondary coverts blackish, mottled and edged with pale buff ; rectrices blackish, edged with buff. Bill pale bluish; legs flesh-pink; nails slightly darker; iris very pale yellow: Male.-Wing, 65; tail, 27; culmen from base, 10; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 5; tarsus, 17; middle of toe with claw, 16.

Female.-Wing, 71; tail, 23'5; culmen, II'4; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 5'8; tarsus, 16'7; middle toe with claw, 18.

This is the second species of a small Button Quail closely related to T. whiteheadi, known only from .Quinta Market, Manila.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

169

Order COLUMBIFORMES Doves and Pigeons

Tip of bill horny and strongly convex, forming a " nail," which is often of a shade or colour different from that of the soft, contracted, basal portion; covering of nostril generally tumid; toes four, three in front, cleft to the base, or with a slight web; hind toe not elevated; legs and toes never much lengthened; tarsus either slightly longer or slightly shorter than middle toe without claw; wing flat and rather long; in several genera the primaries variously cut or attenuated; tail usually square or slightly rounded, never forked; in Macropyg£a and Geopelia the rectrices are greatly graduated. A few genera are terrestrial, but most of them are more or less arboreal, and generally capable of strong, swift and sustained flight. Their food is largely grain and small seeds; the larger species feed on the fruits of trees, rarely on the leaves. The nest is a slight structure of twigs placed on the ground, in a shr b, or in a tall tree. Eggs, one or two, pure white or slightly cream-coloured; in shape rather long, equal-ended ovals.

'Suborder COIJUMBlE

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Families (A) 1 Sales very broad; tarsus stout, more or less feathered, and generally shorter than middle toe without claw. (b) 1 Nostril coverings flat or but slightly swollen.

TRERONIDJE, p. I69. (b) 2 Nostril coverings swollen, forming a grape-seed-shaped prominence on each side of the culmen.

COLUMBIDJE, p. 205.

(A) 2 Sales not greatly expanded on sides of toes; tarsus more slender, unfeathered, and longer than middle toe without claw.

PERISTERIDJE, p. 2IO. F amity TRERONID£

Soles very broad; tarsus stout, more or less feathered; bill stout or large; gape very wide in some; nostril covering flat, or somewhat swollen; tail moderate in length, nearly square; medium to largesized species.

Subjam1·lies (a) Under tail-coverts long, their tips reaching well beyond toes; size generally small; 340 mm. or less.

TRERONINJE, p. I70.

M

170

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLAND.S

(b) Under tail-coverts moderate, their tips reaching little, if any, beyond toes; size generally larger; length, 360 mm. or more.

DUCULINiE, p. 193.

Subfamily TRERONINJE Genera

(A) 1 General colour green or greenish yellow; rectrices fourteen; under tail-coverts usually equal to or longer than shortest rectrices; third primary deeply scooped near middle of inner web. (b) 1 Horny nail of bill not reaching feathers of forehead.

SPHENURUS, p. 170. (b) 2 Horny nail of bill reaching feathers of forehead.

TRERoN, p. 171.

(A) 2 General colour brown; rectrices twelve; under tail-coverts shorter than shortest rectrices; third primary not scooped.

PHAPITRERON, p. 177.

(A) 3 First primary abruptly attenuated; upper surface rich green. (b) 1 Tail rather long; pectoral feathers not bifurcated.

LEUCOTRERON, p. 184. (b) 2 Outer web of wing-coverts red, and barbulloose.

NEOLEUCOTRERON, p. 188. (b) 3 Tail moderate; pectoral feathers bifurcated.

PTILINOPUS, p. 191.

(A) 4 First primary not so abruptly attenuated, slightly narrowed at tip.

HlEMATlENA, p. 192.

Genus SPHENURUS

Swainson, "Classif. Birds," ii., p. 348, 1837. Type (by monotypy) S. semi-torquat~ts Sw. = Columba oxyurus Temm. and Lang. Not Sphen1Lra Lichtenstein, 1820.

Colour mostly yellow or olive-green.

This genus resembles Treron, but it has a longer and more strongly graduated tail, and the hard portion of the upper mandible is shorter.

IS. Sphenurus formosa australis Southern Wedge-tailed Pigeon Sphenocerc~ts australis McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., A., ii., p. 344, 1907: Camiguin Is., Cagayan (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Sphenocercusformosce McGregor, B1tll. Philip. Mus., NO路4, p. 9, May 190 4.

Native Names.-pu-nay, Calayan; A-ri-da-ua11,g, Batan.

Distribution.-Batan, Calayan, Camiguin N.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

17 1

Description.-Male.-General colour above olive-green, lighter and greyish on neck and sides of neck; crown ochraceous-buff; lower parts uniform green from chin to abdomen; middle of abdomen white, washed with pale yellow; sides blue-grey; flanks and thighs a dark olive-green, mixed with fine lines of pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellowish (the longest buffy), each with a wide, dark olive-green shaft-mark; shoulders maroon, connected by a maroon band across the back; primaries and secondaries black; secondaries and greater coverts with narrow margins of pale yellow; inner secondaries and tail dark green like back; tail black below, with a narrow grey tip. Bill light blue, the tip whitish; skin about eye blue; inner ring of eye clear blue, outer ring pink, a dusky intermediate ring; legs dull carmine; nails pale blue.

Wing, 188-197; tail, 125-130; exposed culmen, 19-20; tarsus, 24-27; middle toe with claw, 38-40.

Female.-Differs from the male in lacking the ochraceous of crown and the maroon shoulders and back, the entire upper parts being green.

Wing, 185-189; tail, LI8-125; culmen, 19-19'5; tarsus, 24-27 ; middle, toe with claw, 35 '5-37 '5 .

General Notes.-McGregor, who is the only collector of this bird, writes: "It is not uncommon in Ca1ayan and Camiguin. We were first led to search for it by hearing its weird, prolonged cry, which is remarkably like that of a child in pain. Having located the tree in which one of these birds was resting, it was difficult to see the bird, as its yellowish green under parts were in perfect harmony with the colour of the leafy branches."

Allied Form and its Range:

s. f.

formosce (Swinhoe)

1

Formosa, Botel Tobago

.

This is the only race of the species known.

Genu.s TRERON

Vieillot, "Analyse nouv. Om.," p. 49, 1816. Type (by monotypy) Col1lmba clIrvirostra Gmelin.

Length, 280-305 mm.; general colour resembles Sphenurus; primaries black; secondaries and coverts with conspicuous yellow borders; tail nearly square, moderate in length; under tail-coverts very long, equalling or slightly exceeding rectrices. Some species have small naked area around eye.

1

Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxi., pI.

I.

172

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 16. Treron curvirostra curvirostra Thick-billed Green Pigeon

Columba curvirostra Gmelin, "Syst. Nat.," pt. ii., p. 777, I789: "Tanna Island, New Hebrides" errore.

Treron curvirostra erimacra Oberholser, jMtrn. Wash. Ac. Sci., xiv., p. 297, I924: Balabac.

Treron nipalensis (Hodgson) McGregor, "Manual Philip. Bds.," p. 25, 0 I9 9路 Treron nasica Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. D1:erk., i., p. 67, I863: Borneo.

Robinson and Kloss, jOZlrn. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, v., No. L., p. 27, I9 2 I.

Distribution.-Balabac, Mindoro, Palawan.

Description.-M ale.-Crown ashy, forehead lighter; face and neck dark grey, the latter followed by a narrow line of ashy grey; mantle, including lesser wing-coverts, dark chestnut; lower back, rump and tail-coverts dark green; under parts yellowish green; breast more yellowish; thighs and flanks darker and greener, mixed with white; under tail-coverts cinnamon; wings black; median and greater wingcoverts and secondaries edged with yellow; some of the inner secondaries tipped with green; tail above ashy grey, with a black band some distance from the tip, but the median rectrices green and the next two partly green. Legs and feet vary from lake-pink to coral-red; orbital skin pea-green; the irides vary from bright orange, silver to yellowish red, with an inner, deep blue ring more or less apparent; gape and base of upper mandible to nostril bright red; rest of bill pale yellowish or greenish white, tipped with greenish.

Wing, I32-I36; tail, 87-89; culmen from base, 20-2I; tarsus, I9路 8- 20.

F emale.-Differs from the male in having the mantle dark green like lower back; under tail-coverts buffy white, with large, pointed shaft-marks of dark green. Iris with outer orange and inner brown ring; bill yellow, red at base of lower mandible . . Wing, I30; tail, 84; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 20.

General Notes and Habits.-Zimmer describes the present Green Pigeon in Palawan as follows: "Thick-billed Green Pigeons were abundant in the neighbourhood of the fruit-trees in the forest. While moving about through the foliage they were easy to locate, but when alarmed they would stop and sit motionless, whereupon they seemingly melted into their leafy surroundings. I frequently collected other sorts of birds from various trees favoured by the present species, and often, at the report of the gun, saw the branches disgorge a score of these pigeons, of whose presence I was entirely unaware until the sudden uproar and the charge of shot tearing through the foliage

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

J:73

drove the hidden occupants from their retreat. Although most often assembling in flocks, these pigeons not infrequently went about in pairs, more rarely alone, and it is possible that the flocks at this time (March) consisted of a number of pairs."

Allied Forms and their Range: T. c. nipalensz's Hodgson .

Extreme west of Nepal to East and South Assam, Eastern Bengal, Burma to the south of Tenasserim, Shan States, Yunnan, Siam, Malay States and French Indo-China, Borneo, Sumatra T. c. hainana Hartert and Goodson Hainan T. c. harterti Parrot.

Sumatra, is a doubtful race Oberholser separates following races: haliploa (Simalur Is., I9I2) ; melopogenys (Nias Is., I9I2) ; hypothapsina (Engafio Is., I9I2); smzcra (Tanabala Is., Batu Is., I9I2) ; pega (Nias Is., I9I2).

17. Treron pompadora axillaris Philippine Green Pigeon

Treron axalaris Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., 1854, xxxix., p. 875. Type locality restricted to Southern Luzon (type, male and female ex-collection of Cuming, British Museum). Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus., xxi., pI. 4.

Hartert, Nov. Zool., xxxiv., p. 2, 1927.

Native Name.-Pu-nay.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Catanduanes, Cebu, Dinagat, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Polillo, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibay, Siquijor, Tablas, Tawi Tawi, Ticao, Verde.

Description.-Male.-Top of head and a narrow band in front of mantle pearl-grey, darker on crown; mantle and lesser coverts rich maroon, forming a wide band across the back; rest of upper parts (except wings) and lower parts, except as beyond, yellowish green, duller and greener on neck and face, darker and richer on rump and tail-coverts, lighter and yellower on ,lower parts; flanks and thighs dark olive-green; under tail-coverts white, their tips light yellow; wings black; inner secondaries and median and greater coverts edged with clear lemon-yellow; outer secondaries edged with pale strawyellow; tail black below with a wide grey terminal band. Iris light glistening blue; bill dark red at base, bluish beyond nostrils; feet and nails lead-blue.

174

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Wing, 153-158; tail, 98-100; culmen from base, 20-23; tarsus, 23-24.

Female.-Somewhat similar to the male, but general coloration darker and greener; edging of wing-coverts paler; maroon of mantle and wings and grey band in front of mantle wanting; under tail-coverts with narrow, dark green shaft-lines.

Wing, 163; tail, 100; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 22.

General Notes.-This very showy Green Pigeon is usually found feeding in fruit-trees and often in company with the smaller, congeneric species, T. Verna11,S, but the latter is a much rarer bird.

18. Treron pompadora evereUi Everett's Green Pigeon Osmotreron everetti Rothschild, Nov. Zool., i., p. 41, 1894: Bongao, Sulu Islands (type in Tring Museum).

Distribution.-Bongao, Meimbun, Sibutu, Sulu.

Description.-The present race resembles T. p. axillar is, but is altogether a larger bird; the purplish-chestnut mantle is bordered above by a very consRicuous interscapulary band of lavender-grey, of the same colour as tpe crown; this colour is of a lighter shade than in T. p. axillaris, and the interscapulary band is much less distinct and not so pure grey in the latter. In T. p. everetti the green of the neck and breast is a shade lighter and more tinged with yellow, the abdomen paler and more greyish along the middle. Iris pearly green; bill red at base, blue at tip; feet pale slate.

Wing, 161-165; tail, 91-92; culmen, 19; tarsus, 23.

Allied Forms and their Range: Ceylon T. p. pompadora (Gmelin) Nicobars T. p. chloroptera Blyth .

Andamans T. p. andamanica Richmond Indian Peninsula T. p. ajJinis (Jerdon) Assam to Burma, Tavoy, Siam and T. p. phayrei (Blyth) French Cochin-China . Java T. p. griseicauda Gray 1 â&#x20AC;˘ Sangi Islands T. p. sangirensis Briiggemann .

Celebes T. p. wallacei Salvadori 1 Tukang Besi Islands T. p. goodsoni Hartert .

Djampea and Kalao T. p. pallidio1' Hartert .

Kangian Islands, north of Bali T. p. vordermani Finsch Sumba Island T. p. teysmanii Schlegel Buru T. p. aromatica (Gmelin) 1

Cat. Birds, Brit. ,J/u.s., xxi., pi.

2.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

175

Treron psittacca (Temminck) from Timor, and T. floris Wallace, from Flores and a few neighbouring islands, appear to be races of pampadara.

The present species is distributed widely over the Oriental Region and many southern islands, but not found south of New Guinea.

19. Treron vernans vernans Pink-necked Green Pigeon

Columba viridis Philippensis Brisson, Ornith.," i., p. 143, pI. II, fig. 2, 1760 .

Columba vernans Linn., Mantissa Plantarum, p. 526, 1771 (ex Brisson) : Philippines, probably Manila.

Dendrophassa vernans nesophasma Oberholser, Journ. Wash. Ac. Sci., xiv., p. 297, 1924: Cotabato.

According to the author this race occurs at least in Mindanao, Basilan and Sulu.

If

Native Name.-Pu-nay, Caga (Mindanao).

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Calamianes, Cebu, Guimaras, Luzon, Masbate, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Siasi, Sibay, Siquijor.

Description.-Male -Head, chin and upper throat blue-grey, darkest on crown; forehead, sides of face, chin and throat faintly greenish; neck all round and sides of head behind eye lavender-grey, forming a narrow band on hind neck and a wide patch on lower throat, followed by a patch of deep orange on breast; lower breast and abdomen yellowish green, clear lemon-yellow on middle of belly; sides and lining of wing blue-grey; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, the latter streaked with light lemon-yellow; under tail-coverts chestnut; back, rump, mantle and secondary-coverts dull grey-green, richer green on the coverts; upper tail-coverts like rump, but with a faint chestnut wash; primaries, alula primary-coverts and outer secondaries black, some of the primaries and secondaries edged with yellow; greater coverts broadly margined with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous band; rectrices slate-grey above, each with a black subterminal band and washed with green near the base; red rices blackish below, with narrow slate-grey tips. Base of bill black, tip pale blue; iris light yellow; legs and feet coral-pink. Irides with three rings, the outer one rose-pink, the next prussian-blue, the innermost ultramarine-blue.

Wing, 147; tail, 92; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 23.

Fcmale.-Nearly all green; somewhat similar to the male, but darker green above, the lavender wanting on head and neck, and orange wanting on breast, these parts being dark green; under tail-coverts pale yellow, more or less washed with cinnamon on inner webs.

176

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Young male.-Resembles the female, but with some trace of the vinaceous purple colour on the neck, and of the brown-orange on the breast.

Young. jemale.-Has the. rufescent colour of the upper tailcoverts scarcely visible, and the central tail-feathers more or less tinged with green.

Salvadori quotes as follows: "Some specimens have the forehead and throat more or less tinged with greenish, but they are not confined to a particular locality. I have seen in the Museum of Paris a variety entirely of a canary-yellow."

General Notes and Habits.-Its nest is a mere platform of twigs, grass-stems, tendrils and leaves, measuring about 180 mm. in breadth.

The eggs are nearly oval in form, pure white in colour, and measure 31 X 24.

Zimmer writes on the habitat in Palawan as follows: "Pinknecked Green Pigeons were abundant in the trees about the open and not uncommon at the edge of the forest. The species was breeding in March and early part of April, and I often saw flocks of twenty or thirty males without one of the opposite sex. On 17th March I discovered a nest in one of the scattered trees on, the grassland beyond the forest at Brooke's Point. The female was on the nest, and remained there until I started to ascend the tree, when she left with a sudden rush and took a long round-about flight, which brought her up again to the top of a near-by tree within sight of her nest, where she remained until I left the neighbourhood. The nest was a loosely constructed platform about thirteen centimetres in diameter, and was placed some four metres above ground. The eggs, which were distinctly visible from the ground through the bottom of the nest, were pure white, regularly elliptical, and measured 28 X 22 and 26 X 21 mm. Both were fresh. A second nest was discovered at Calatugas, on 5th April, similar to the first, but only 1'2 metres from the ground."

Allied Forms and their Range.-Birds from Borneo, Sumatra and Celebes appear to be the same as the typical vel'nans.

The following races can be distinguished: T. v. griseicapilla Schlegel

T. v. abbotti Oberholser .

T. v. purpurea (Gmelin)

South Tenasserim, Siam and French Indo-China Malay Peninsula Java

I have examined some two hundred specimens, from various localities, in the British Museum, and also my own collection, chiefly from the Southern Philippines, but they do not show any constant variation, and Oberholser's two names, nesophasma and zalepta (Celebes)

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I77

have to be placed as synonyms. According to the same author specimens from Nias Island (mesochloa), Simalur Island (miza) and North Pagi Island (polioptila) are believed to be readily distinguishable.

Genus PHAPITRERON Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii., p. 28, 1854; id. Compt. Rend., xxxix., p. 879, 1854: type Columba leucotis.

Phapiscus, Sund., Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., p. 99, 1872: type Columba leucotis.

Phabotreron, Wald., Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 214, 1875 = Phapitreron.

Phabisca, Salvadori (?), Ibis, General Index, pp. 300, 302, 1879.

Length, 230-280 mm.; sexes alike in colour; colours nearly uniform brown of various shades; a wide iridescent band on neck; primaries neither scooped nor cut; rectrices graduated and rounded and with grey tips; under tail-coverts grey or dark buff.

The amethystina group are rare, deep wood birds; their colours are generally darker brown than those of the leucotis group, and the bill is noticeably longer and heavier, being longer than tarsus. The leucotis group are fairly common in their respective ranges; they are to be found in more open country, or even on the borders of ricefields. In this group the tarsus equals, or is slightly greater than, the culmen.

This is a genus endemic to the Philippines.

20.

Phapitreron leucotis leucotis

Northern White-eared Pigeon (Plate 28) Columba leucotis Temminck, "PI. Col.," pI. 189 (livr. 32), 1823: Manila.

Native Names.-Ba-to ba-to tu-loc, Manila; cu-lu-cu-luc, Lubang.

Distribution.-Catanduanes, Luzon.

Description.-A black line from gape to nape below eye; below this a white line from opposite the posterior border of eye to nape; above, general colour brown; forehead and crown dark grey; below brown; chin, upper throat and cheeks ruddy fulvous; lower breast and abdomen slightly ochraceous, much paler posteriorly; under tailcoverts dark pearly grey; wings brown; primaries with pale edges; rectrices brown, each with a wide, terminal grey band. Metallic reflections: specimen held towards the light, occiput, neck, sides of neck, throat, breast, sides of body, flanks bronze-green; a blue collar on hind neck and a blue band across interscapulars; back, rump and wingcoverts touched with purple. When specimen is held away from the light the blue bands change to green; the green of neck and lower parts becomes purple; the back, wing-coverts, tail-coverts and rectrices

178

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

are touched with violet and dark purple. Iris varies, usually mottled pinkish, surrounded by a narrow white ring or pale blue ring; bill black; legs carmine; nails horn-brown.

Wing, 134; tail, 81; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 20.

Four eggs taken by Whitehead at Cape Engano in May I895 are glossy and measure from 26'5 to 28'5 in length, and from I9'5 to 20 in breadth.

21.

Phapitreron leucotis mindorensis

Mindoro White-eared Pigeon Phapitreron leucotis mindo1'ensis Hachisuka, Contr, Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 146, 1930: Balete, Rio Baco, Mindoro (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distri bu tion.-Mindoro, Description.-The present race has a more purplish shine on the back, tail and wing-coverts than the typical leucotis of Luzon. Chin and nape are also strongly tinged with dark brown. This bird can also be distinguished from P. l. occip"italis by lacking a large amount of red on the hind neck. Legs and feet deep pink; nails brown.

Wing, 127; tail, 95; tarsus, I9; middle toe with claw, 29.

General Notes.-ThlS race is fairly abundant in the islands where it occurs. Breeds in April.

Nests were constructed of twisted plant tendrils, which material gave the nests the appearance of being made of spiral springs. The nest was invariably placed in a small tree and rested on a horizontal branch at from 2 to 6 metres from the ground. Eggs and nestlings were found from 8th April to 6th May, (Blt7'eau Gov. Lab" 1905, PI. III. Typical nest of P. leucotis.)

22.

Phapitreron leucotis limucon

Tablas White-eared Pigeon Phapitreron leucotis limucon Hachisuka, Contr. Bds. Philip., NO.2, p. 146, 1930: Badajig, Tablas (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Tablas.

Description.-The present race is nearest to nigJfonmt in coloration, but its large size can easily be recognizable, while Negros and Panay specimens never seem to overlap in measurements.

The subspecific name limucon is the native name given to the present race.

'Wing, 127-I30; tail, 102- I05.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

179

23. Phapitreron leucotis nigrorum Negros White-eared Pigeon Phabotreron nigrorum Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., i., Zoology, pt. 6, p. 346, 1877: Negros (a female specimen from Negros, collected by Layard in I87I, in the British Museum).

Native Name.-Tuc-mo, Masbate, Ticao.

Distribution.-Cebu, Guimaras, Masbate, Negros, Panay, Sibuyan, Ticao.

Description.-Very similar to P. l. leucotis, but smaller; chin, sides of face and upper throat much paler; the white line on auricular region replaced by a wider line of pale fulvous from bill to nape. Bill black; iris grey; legs dark scarlet; nails brown.

Wing, ng-I27; tail, 84-96'5; culmen from base, I7-I9; tarsus, I6路5-I 8.

Very common in the forests of the Central Philippines.

24. Phapitreron leucotis samarensis Samar White-eared Pigeon Phapitreron samarensis Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 36, p. 436, I909 : Samar (type, female in U.S. National Museum).

Distribution.-Samar.

DescriptioD.-Resembling P. l. brevirostris, but with forehead, chin and throat whiter than in P. l. albifrons McGregor. From brevirostris it is readily distinguishable by the white forehead, chin and upper throat, also by the much greater amount of coppery amethystine reflections on the crown, breast and upper back, and by the usual absence of greer.t reflections on the side of the hind head below the suborbital white stripe; and the under parts are much paler. From albifrons it may be at once distinguished by the different colour of the under parts, which lack the olivaceous grey on the breast, and by its more ochraceous abdomen; also the coppery reflections on the breast and upper back of samarensis are entirely absent in albifrons.

Wing, I24-I29; tail, 95; culmen and cere, I4; tarsus, I9-20; middle toe with claw, 26-27. Eyes pink; feet, base of mandible and around eyes dark purple. Tip of bill black. " 25. P hapitreron leucotis

alb~frons

Bohol White-eared Pigeon Phapil1'eron albij1'ons McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci., A., ii., p. 3I7, I907 : Tagbilaran, Bohol (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Native Name.-Li-mu-con, Boho!.

DistributioD.-Bohol, Siquijor.

180

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Description.-This subspecies is most closely related to P. leucotis brevirostris, but it differs in having a white forehead and brown subocular line, general colour brown, much darker above, with iridescent reflections most pronounced on nape, mantle and breast, merging rather abruptly into dark grey of crown; occiput, nape and sides of head ruddy brown; from gape a narrow brown line passing below eye with a wider white line underneath, both lines reaching beyond ear-coverts; chin white, gradually changing to grey on throat, and ochraceous on breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts and a wide band at end of tail pale french-grey; wings uniform with the back, primaries with a narrow light brown edge on outer webs. With the bird held towards the light the occiput and nape are glossed with green, followed by a patch of metallic blue, this followed on interscapulars by a wide band of metallic green, extending to sides of neck and narrowly bordered behind by blue; the wings and the remaining upper parts have a dull green gloss. With the bird held away from the light the green changes to purple, and this metallic colour shows also on throat, breast and sides of neGk. In this subspecies the terminal half of bill is black, skin around eyes, and feet dull crimson; iris brown; nails grey.

General Notes.-A ha d-shelled egg was taken from a female killed on 7th June 1906; another egg, obtained in the same manner four days later, measures 27 X 21 and is pure white in colour.

26. Phapitreron leucotis brevirostris Short-billed Pigeon Phabotreron brevirostris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc., 18 77, p. 549: "Challenger Report," 2, Zool., pt. 8, pI. 6, 1881 : Zamboanga, Mindanao (type in British Museum).

Native Name.-Limu-con, Mindanao.

Distribution.-Dinagat, Leyte, Mindanao, Siquijor.

Description.-Similar to P. l. leucotis, from which it differs in having the forehead and throat greyish fulvous, the occiput constantly amethystine, and the rectrices with a decided amethystine tinge. It also resembles P. l. nigrorum, especially as regards the colouring of the forehead and throat, but it differs in having the subocular streak white and the occiput more amethystine.

Wing, 122-124; tail, 85-99; culmen, 13; tarsus, 19路

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

181

27. Phapitreron leucotis occipitalis Basilan White-eared Pigeon Phabotreron occipitalis Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit.

Basilan (type in British' Museum).

M~ts.,

xxi., p. 68, 1893:

Distribution.-Basilan, Sulu.

Description.-Similar to P. l. leuGotis, but the rufous throat more vinous, and the occiput of a coppery amethystine very conspicuous; the back and wings of a more greenish hue. Iris light warm brown; legs and feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black.

Wing, 127; tail, 86-91; culmen, 15-18; tarsus, 20.

General Notes.-It inhabits deep woods and is abundant in Basilan.

28. Phapitreron amethystina amethystina Amethystine Brown Pigeon (Plate 25) Phapitreron amethystina Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii., p. 28, 1857 ; compt. Rend., xl., pp. 214, 217, 1855: Manila or Zamboanga.

Distribution.-Bohol, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Panaon, Samar.

Description.-A black line below eye from gape to neck; below this a line of white mixed with reddish brown; general colour above dark brown, lighter on forehead and fore crown; bird held towards light: neck and its sides beautiful iridescent purple and violet-blue; wing-coverts, back, rump and tail-coverts dark glossy green; bird held a~ay from the light: neck and sides of neck blue or deep violet; wings, back, tail and its coverts washed with purple; below uniform light brown except middle of abdomen and tail-coverts, which are dark buff; tail dark brown with a broad, apical, grey band, the middle pair of rectrices do not show this band from above.

Iris light brown; bare skin about eyes dark, dirty red; bill black; legs and feet bright carmine; nails horn-coloured.

Wing, 146; tail, 78; culmen, 22; tarsus, 22.

General Notes.-Male specimens obtained at Galog, on Mt. Apo, Mindanao, in early February, had' enlarged testes measuring 9 mm.long.

29. Phapitreron amet'hystina pol1:Uensis Polillo Amethystine Pigeon Phapitreron amethystina polillensis Hachisuka, Contrib. Bds. Phihp., No.2, p. 145, 1930: Potillo (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Polillo.

Description.-Much like the typical race of the present species, but can be recognized by its large size, which is characteristic of many

a

r82

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

birds found in the island of Polillo. The head is clear slate-blue, while typical amethystina is almost brownish, like the back.

Male.-Wing, 147-151; tail, II3-II5.

Female.-Wing, 143-149; tail, I09-II3.

The wing of one specimen from Bohol measures 148 mm., but this is exceptionally large.

30 . Phapitreron amethystina frontalis Cebu Amethystine Pigeon Phabotreron frontalis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., No. I, p. 10, 1894: Cebu (type in U.S. National Museum).

Distribution.-Cebu.

Description.-General colour of upper surface as in P. a. b'Y'lfnneiceps, but forehead and crown lighter; nape washed with ashy grey and lacking metallic gloss; tail glossed with dull brown instead of amethystine, and the terminal band less strongly marked than in brtmneiceps; under surface much as in brunneiceps, but everywhere darker; under tail-coverts ashy grey, slightly tipped with fulvous; tail much as in brunneÂŁceps, the outer web of outer pair of feathers being, however, light brown; basal half of shafts whitish, apical fourth white, rest brown. Iris pale orange; bill black; legs and feet purple; nails light brown. 'iVing, 140; tail, IOO; culmen, 51; tarsus, 21.

31. Phapitreron amethystina maculipectu,s Mottled Amethystine Pigeon Phabotreron maculipectus Bourns and Worcester, lvlinncsoia Acad. Xat. Sci. Gcc. Papers, i., No. I, p. 10, 1894: Interior of Negros (type in U.S.

National Museum).

Distribution.-N egros.

Description.-Upp,er surface exactly as in P. a. amethystina, except that the primaries are slightly darker; dark brown stripe under eye, extending from gape through ear-coverts to hind neck; below this a white stripe and a second shorter dark stripe below the latter; cheeks fulvous brown; chin and throat more ruddy brown; breast clear ashy grey, each feather having an edge distinctly lighter than its centre, producing a beautiful mottled appearance; feathers on centre of fore breast washed with brown and forming a distinct patch; feathers of abdomen lack the dark centres, and their edges washed with light brown; thighs and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, much lighter than in P. a. amethystina; under surface of tail-feathers dark brown, nearly black, with faint metallic gloss and a broad, grey terminal band;

BIRDS

OF THE. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

Phapitreron amethystina amethystina Bonaparte.

A methystine Brown Pigeon.

L eucotreron occipitalis incognifus Tweeddale.

Mindanao Yel/ow-breasted Fruit Pigeon.

PLATE. 25.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT shafts of feathers black, changing to white at tips; under surface of wing and axillars uniform fulvous brown. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails dark brown, nearly black.

Wing, 145; tail, lIS; culmen, 26; tarsus, 20.

General Notes.-This beautiful species was discovered in the island of Negros, on the mountains of the interior, where it is by no means common. It is distinguished from all other species of the genus by its fine mottled breast.

32. Phapitreron amethystina brunneiceps Brown-headed Pigeon Phabotreron br1f1meiceps Bourns and Worcester, lYIinnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., No. I, p. 9, 1894: Basilan (type in U.S. National

Museum).

Distri bution.-Basilan.

Description.-Above dark brown with greenish reflections; amethystine spot on ~ind neck less blue than in P. a. amethystÂŁna; top of head brown; forehead slightly lighter and nape slightly darker than crown; sides of face and ear-coverts brown, paler than crown; a narrow dark brown streal under eye; <chin and throat greyish fulvous; breast pearly ash; abdomen, flanks\ thighs and under tail-coverts ochraceous brown; under surface of tail brownish black with a broad grey terminal band; under wing-coverts and axillars fulvous brown; primaries with sharply defined light edges on upper web; below slightly more ashy; tail-feathers brown, above with distinct terminal bands of grey, central pair with slight metallic gloss; shafts of quills black above and below, except the terminal IS mm., which are white. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails brown; iris orange-red. A well-defined race distinguished from the typical amethystina by its smaller size and the entirely different colour of the under surface.

Wing, 132-135; tail, 89-100; culmen, 24; tarsus, 18.

33. Phapitreron amethystina cinereiceps Grey-headed Pigeon Phabotreron cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers, i., No. I, p. 8, 1894: Tawi Tawi (type in U.S. National

Museum).

Distribution.-Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Top of head, nape and sides of neck clear ashy grey, slightly washed with rufous on forehead; hind neck amethystine as in P. a. alllethystina; back, rump and upper tail-coverts brown with

r84

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

bronze reflections, the tail-coverts slightly more ruddy than back; four outer pairs of tail-feathers dark brown, lighter at base; two central pairs ruddy brown with bronze reflections; all the tail-feathers with ashy tips, which form a distinct terminal band, 6 mm. in width; shafts of tail-feathers black; wing-coverts and secondaries uniform with back; primaries dark brown, the first five sharply edged with rusty brown on outer web; a narrow black stripe under eye; sides of face, ear-coverts, fore neck and breast rich ruddy brown, the breast with a slight metallic gloss; chin and throat lighter; abdomen and thighs fulvous brown; flanks darker with slighter metallic wash; under tailcoverts clear ashy grey; shafts of tail-feathers with basal half black, apical half white; under surface of tail nearly black, the terminal grey band distinct and wider than on upper surface, measuring 15 mm. on outer pair of feathers; under wing-coverts and axillars like the flanks; under surface of quills uniform dark brown. Bill black; legs and feet dirty purplish; nails black; iris in one specimen bright yellow, in another orange-red.

Wing, 134; tail, 99; culmen, 20; tarsus, 18. Sexes alike. This race is known from the type only.

Genus LEUCOTRERON Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii., p. 15, r854; id. Compt. Rend., xxxix, p. 876, r854. Type (by original designation) Columba cincta Temminck.

Ramphiculus Bonaparte P. occipitalis P. occipitalis Omeotreron Bonaparte Xenotreron Tweeddale P. occipitalis P hassa Heine = Rhamphiculus First primary with both webs greatly reduced in width near the tip; tail square; tarsus feathered for more than half its length. Forestinhabiting Pigeons of medium size.

34. Leucotreron occipitalis occipitalis Yellow-breasted Fruit Pigeon Ramphiculus occipitalis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii., p. 17, r854: South Luzon (ante, p. r7). Type specimen, collected by Cuming, preserved in British Museum or in Paris Museum, dated r839, identified as Ptilopus occipitalis.

Omeotreron batilda Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., ii., p. 27, r854 Uuv.) (type in Paris Museum).

Lamprotreron porphyrea Bonaparte (nec Temm.), "Icon. Pig.," pI. xv., 1857 (juv.).

Distribution.-Basilan, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Sibuyan.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I8S

Description.-Forehead pale grey with a yellow wash, blending into light slate-grey mixed with green on centre of crown; on back of head a wide band of dark purple or deep cherry-red, extending over ear-coverts and sides of face below the eyes; remainder of upper parts, including wings and tail, nearly uniform rich green; rectrices and quills partly blue when held towards the light; whole upper parts slightly bronze away from the light; feathers of chin and upper throat white with a yellow wash on tips; lower throat and sides of neck and breast light grey; breast covered by a large oval patch of old-gold yellow; just behind this a broad band of deep purple; middle of abdomen pearl-grey and white; sides and flanks green; under tailcoverts light buff, the inner webs largely green; rectrices grey below with light grey tips, above very narrowly edged with light ochreous; some of the primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with buff; tips of the green tarsal feathers reaching toes.

Wing, I55-I60; tail, II3-II5; culmen from base, I8-I9; middle toe with claw, 33-35.

The immature bird differs from the adult in having top of head, neck and sides of face uniform green (or with a few purple feathers), and the yellow and purple areas of breast indicated by a few scattered feathers of these colours. The first primary is attenuated, but not so abruptly cut on inner web as it is in the adult. In a young female from Sibuyan the bill was dull red at base; tip brown; feet pink; nails black.

35. Leucotreron occipitalis incognitus Mindanao Yellow-breasted Fruit Pigeon (Plate 25)

Ptilop1tS? incognit1ls Tweeddale, A nn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, xx., p. 538, 1877: Butan, Mindanao (type, female juv., in British Museum).

LCllcotreron occip1'talis breV1'pes Hachisuka, Contr. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 147, 193 0 , Mt. Apo, Mindanao (type in Hachisuka CoIl., Tokyo).

Distribution.-Mindanao.

Description.-The present race is closely related to the typical race, which can be distinguished by its having a smaller amount of grey on head. Basilan birds are closer to the typical form.

The name which I employ here was based on a young female, which is small, and body is green throughout, showing a trace of yellow feathers on the breast.

The type specimen of brevipes is an adult and a good specimen; it shows all the racial characteristics, but the name is unfortunately N

r86

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

preoccupied by incognitus. The Marquess of Tweeddale himself described it doubtfully from a poor specimen.

a

(a) Leucotreron occipitalis incognitus. (b) Leucotreron. occipitalis occipitalis.

Showing different proportion of colour pattern on heads.

Different shape ofthe bills is not a constant character.

Allied Species and their Range.-Although L. roseicoUis of Java, Sumatra and Timor h s a very distinct colour pattern it must be distantly related to L. occipitalis. Both species have same emarginated first primary feathers towards the tip on both webs.

36. Leucotreron leclancheri leclancheri Black-chinned Fruit Pigeon (Plate 28) Trerolcema leclancheri Bonaparte, Compt. Rend., xli., p. 247, 1855: Philippines (type, June 1844, collected during the expedition of La Favorite, Paris Museum).

Leucotreron gironieri Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc., ix., p. 213, pI. 34, fig. i., 1875.

Native Name.-Ca-pil-la, Manila.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Batan, Bohol, Cagayancillo, Calamianes, Calayan, Camiguin N., Catanduanes, Cebu, Guimaras, Lubang, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Romblon, Samar, Semirara, Sibuyan Tablas.

Description.-Male.-Chin black; head, neck, throat and breast pearly grey, washed with dull green on occiput and hind neck, washed with ochreous yellow on throat and crop; remainder of upper parts green, brightest on wings and tail, the latter tipped with dull yellowish brown; primaries edged with white near the tips; some of the secondaries edged with ochreous yellow; behind the grey of breast a

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT dark chestnut band, blackish on its anterior border; middle of abdomen white, washed with cinnamon or, in some specimens, with yellowish buff; under tail-coverts cinnamon; rectrices below brown with grey tips; remainder of under parts dull green. Iris bright red; bill bright yellow; base of lower mandible and feet dark crimson; nails dark brown.

Wing, 144- 145; tail, 104-105; culmen from base, 19-20; tarsus, 18-20.

Female.-Forehead blue-grey; chin black; throat and breast green; dark chestnut pectoral band, and other parts as in the male.

Y oung.-Green, chin cinnamon; pectoral band wanting or indicated by a few chestnut feathers; abdomen white or washed with buff ; under tail-coverts slightly paler than in the adult.

General Notes.-The Black-chinned Fruit Pigeon is generally found in the forest and, although widely distributed, it does not occur in great numbers, except when feeding in fruit-trees; it appears to be strictly arboreal in habits. Specimens from Camiguin, Calayan and Batan are considerably larger than specimens from more southern islands. The nest, as observed in Camiguin, north of Luzon, was a slight platform of twigs placed on a horizontal branch at from 1'5 to 4'5 metres from the ground. Four nests contained but one egg each.

Three eggs are white in colour and measure respectively 35 x 23, 35 x25, 3 1 x 24路

37. Leucotreron leclancheri palawana, subsp. nov.

Palawan Black-chinned Fruit Pigeon Iwahig, Palawan (type, female, collected by W. P. Lowe on 19th June 1907, in British Museum).

Distribution.-Palawan.

Description.-Palawan specimens have much richer metallic green on upper surface of the body. The green colour of the lower neck is more extended and distinctly marked towards the nape than the typical form. The female has a distinct slate-blue round the forehead to the eyes, which is a marked characteristic.

Allied Species and their Range.-L. subgularis, from Celebes and Banggai Island, is much larger than L. leclancheri, but closely related.

It has plainly coloured under parts, dark coloured chin and the colours of other parts of body are much alike in both. It is strange that numbers of North Philippine species are related to the Celebes species.

188

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus NEOLEUCOTRERON

McGregor, Philip. merrilli McGregor.

Jo~trn.

Sci., xiii., D., p.

2,

1918. Type, Leucotreron

The present genus differs from Leucotreron by having the decomposed and lengthened barbules on the secondaries. I t includes only ,two species, both confined to Luzqn and Polillo. Plate 26 represents a loose secondary feather at the left corner, which shows the generic character.

38. N eoleucotreron merrilli Merrill's Fruit Pigeon (Plate 26) Leucotreron merrilli McGregor, Philip. Journ. Sci., D., xi., p. 269, fig. I, 1916: Sarai barrio, Paete, Laguna, Luzon (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

McGregor, Philip. Journ . Sci., xiii., D., p. I, 1918 (coloured plate of type).

Hachisuka, L'Oiseq~t, Rev. Franc. d'Ornith., i., new ser., Nos. 8 and 9, p. 469, 1931.

Distribution.-Polillo Island, Laguna and Albay in Luzon.

Description.-General colour above, including wings, forest-green, becoming more bluish or yellowish in different positions with regard to the light; chin white; forehead, crown and sides of head and throat gull-grey, strongly tinged with green on occiput, auriculars and sides of neck, and gradually merging into the clear forest-green of neck; lower throat and breast light neutral grey, lightly tinged with green and sharply cut off from the cream-buff of lower breast and abdomen by a narrow pectoral band of dark forest-green, this band changing to myrtle-green when held towards the light; lower breast and abdomen cream-buff; sides, flanks and thighs green; under tail-coverts green, broadly edged and tipped with cream-buff; wings green like the back; primaries chcetura-black, narrowly edged with pale cream-buff; secondaries forest-green, the four outermost edged with cream-buff near the tips, fourth to ninth with part of the decomposed and garnetbrown forming a conspicuous patch, as in N eoleucolreron marchei, but the patch smaller and its colour darker than in the latter species; on each feather at the base of the decomposed area a narrow blue streak, similar to roslyn blue; feathers of alula chcetura-black, edged with green; wing lining, axillars and greater part of inner webs of primaries and secondaries pecan-brown; rectrices above forest-green, shafts black, below deep dull grey, the tips paler, shafts white. Iris dark carmine; bill ox-blood red, tip dirty deep chrome; legs, feet and bare skin around eye ox-blood red; nails buffy brown; tips black.

Neoleuoolreron Merrill's Neoleuootreron Marohe's

merrilli MaoGregl2!:..

Fruil Pigeon. marohei (Ouslalef).

Fruit Pigeon.

BIRDS

PLATE 26.

John&a.'-.Sons 6.D .. ni"ill'#!. Lt4 LundOl .

OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

18 9

Wing, r65; tail, 125; culmen, IS; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 39.

The present species is distinguished from other Pigeons in having the forehead grey; above, including wings, mostly green; most nearly allied to N eoie1,tcotreron marchei (Oustalet), as indicated by the peculiar red patch on the secondaries, but with no red on head and no red or orange on breast. The feathers of the breast are not decomposed as in N. marchei~ General Notes.-McGregor writes: "This very conspicuous species was discovered in Polillo Island in October 1909, but the single specimen obtained at that time was recorded as Leucotreron marchei, as I suspected that it might be an immature bird. However, six specimens collected near Paete, Laguna Province, Luzon, are adult breeding birds, and there can be no doubt that they represent a perfectly distinct species. I have recently examined a living bird of this species which was captured in Albay Province, Luzon.

"Specimens of N.eoleucotreron merrilli collected in June were feeding on the fruits of Symplocos ahernii Brand, a small timber tree of minor importance. t is probable that this species and the other forest-inhabiting pigeons are important agents in the distribution of the seeds of trees."

Later, in 1918, McGregor examined at Albay, Luzon, a live specimen at his friend's house; he was told that cage birds of this species are sold to people on passing steamers. The birds are doubtless snared in the vicinity of Albay. Only five specimens are known of the present species and these are at the Bureau of Science, Manila.

39. N eoleucotreron marchei Marche's Fruit Pigeon (Plate 26) Ptilopus (Rhamphic'ttlus) marchei Oustalet, Le Naturaliste, p. 324, 1880 : N .E. Bayabas, Luzon.

On examining the type specimen at Paris Museum its label reads as follows (though the old label pasted on the bottom of the stand is faded and difficult to read): "Female, Mountain N.E. of Bayabas [does not look as if it were TayabasJ, 300 metres altitude, 1878 [does not seem to be 1880]."

Oustalet, "Nouv. Arch. du Mus. d'Hist . Nat." (2), viii., p. 305, pI. xiii., r885 (misprint as r884). Coloured plate reproduced in this book is poorly done.

Hachisuka, L'Oiseau, Rev. Franc. d'Ornith., i., new ser., Nos. 8 and 9, p. 47 0 , 193I. Distribution.-Luzon, Polillo.

Description.-Male.-Entire top of head dull crimson-red, the same colour being continued down the sides of the cheeks, on either

190

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

side of the throat; feathers surrounding the eye light red; hind cheek and ear-coverts dusky black; back and sides of the neck and upper parts of the breast pearly grey, forming a collar which completely separates the dull crimson crown from the dusky black mantle and back; wings like the back, but with green reflections; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts bronze-brown with green reflections; primary quills black, finely edged with pale yellow; the two outer secondaries are similarly margined, the remainder edged with crimson along the middle of the outer web, the crimson barbs being loose and free and forming a large patch on the wing; tail bronze-brown, broadly edged with brownish grey, beneath dark grey tipped with whitish; chin and middle of throat brownish buff; in the centre of the grey breast a large patch of bright orange-vermilion washed with lake, shading into deep lake-red below; this is followed by a patch of creamy white; rest of under parts dull pearly grey, most of the feathers finely edged with creamy yellow; under tail-coverts buff, with brownish grey centres. Eye, inner ring yellow, outer lake-red; bill at base brick-red, tipped with yellow; feet deep coral-red, but upper half of the tarsus cream, like the vent.

Wing, 180; tail, 129; tarsus, 32.

Female.-Similar to the male, but crown of less crimson tinge; lower part of the back, rump and tail bronze-green, distinctly greener than in the male; upper part of the breast-patch orange-red without the crimson wash.

Wing, 173; tail, II4; tarsus, 29.

Young male.-The whole of the upper parts are brownish bronze shot with green; the dull crimson of the top of the head and the free crimson webs of the secondaries are just beginning to make their appearance; the whole of the feathers of the chest and upper breast are grey, widely tipped with bronze-green, the patches of pure grey feathers being visible only on each side of the neck. The orange-red breast-patch is represented by a deep orange feather in the middle of the chest and some dark carmine feathers. Otherwise the rest of the plumage is much like that of the adult.

General Notes.-In 1880 Marche was told that the present species was very rare and the type was the only one secured.

On 31st December 1915 Mr. Zimmer secured an adult female from a small flock, at about 1500 metres elevation (5000 feet), on Mount Banahao, Laguna Province.

Allied Forms and their Range.-If the generic character of N eoleucotreron is not considered, marchei is closely related to Ptilopus meridionalis (Meyer and Wiglesworth), from Bonthain Peak (6000 ft.), in South Celebes. This species has no red patch on breast and head.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

19 1

Genus PTILINOPUS Swainson, Zool. Journ., i., p. 473, r825. Type (by monotypy): Piilinopus regina Swainson. Not Ptilopus SchOnherr, Isis, r823.

The present genus is distinguished from all other Philippine Pigeons by having the breast feathers bifurcated, as if the tip of the shaft had been cut off each feather. It includes large numbers of beautiful species, widely distributed over the Pacific Islands. Most of them are characterized by having a vividly coloured cap, generally in bright purple. First primary greatly attenuated towards the tip (about 2 cm.). Tarsus feathered down to two-thirds of the toe.

40. Ptilinopus temminckii Temminck's Fruit Pigeon Temminckii Prevost and Des Murs, "Voy. Autour du Monde La Venus," v., Zoologie, p. 234, r855: Celebes (type not found in Paris Museum).

Ptilop~tsformOS2tS (G. R. Gray), Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc., r885, p. 269.

Lamprotreron temminckii (Prevost and Des Murs) McGregor, "Man. Phili:e. Bds.," p. 40, 1909.

(Fig. Knip and Prevost, pI. 42.) ]{uruk~tru

Distribution.-Sulu.

Description. - Male. - General colour above parrot-green, the inner wing-coverts, scapulars and inner quills with an oval black spot near the ends; entire head above aster-purple; hind neck and sides of neck blood-red, shading off into green of the mantle; sides of occiput and ear-coverts green, becoming grey on malar region, chin, throat and jugulum; the upper breast rose-purple, the feathers on chest and jugulum forked at the tip (as if the middle part of the web had been cut out with scissors); passing on lower breast into a broad band of blackish plum-purple, on and near the carpal edge a large spot of this colour; sides, thighs and flanks green, thighs greyer, flanks tipped with Naples-yellow; abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white, the inner webs of the latter partly green, greyish at tip, all the lateral tail-feathers blackish, tipped with grey, washed with green, tail below dusky greyish, terminal bar whitish; quills above black, washed externally with green, finely edged with yellowish; wings below slaty, the first primary much attenuated for about 2 cm. and incurved. Iris sea-green; bill green, reddish at base; tarsus greenish olive.

Wing, r28-I40; tail, 95; culmen, 17-I9; tarsus, 22.

F emale.-Above all parrot-green, except for a patch of asterpurple on crown and occiput, and purplish black spots on the scapulars and inner coverts; breast green, without rose-purple and the dark plum-purple band of the male.

192

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Immature male.-Closely resembling the female; forehead green with the purple feathers of the crown intermingled; dark purple breast band commencing to form; breast greyer than in the female.

Young in first plumage.-Bright parrot-green, the wing-coverts and the secondaries broadly margined with light yellow; the back, rump, scapulars and breast more finely margined with yellow; remaining under parts much as in the female; tail tipped with yellowish white; no purple on head or elsewhere.

General Notes.-The only kn'own Sulu specimens were collected

by Dr. Guillemard, and are preserved in the Lord Rothschild collection.

The present species is a representative Oceanic Islands Pigeon.

Allied Forms and their Range.-The present species is also found in Celebes, which does not seem to differ from the Philippine bird.

There is no doubt that P. superbus, which is found in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, New Guinea and Moluccan Islands, is the nearest ally to this species.

Genus HlEMATlEN A Bonaparte, "Iconogr. Pigeons," livr. 4,1857, text to" pI. xxvii., fig. 1."

Type (by original designation): Columba melanocephala Pennant=Jotreron melanospila Salvadori. Replaces Spilotreron Salvad., "Ornith. Pap. e Mol.," iii., p. 51, 1882. Same type (by original designation).

Richmond, Proc. U .S. at. Mus., liii., p. 593, 1917.

First primary slightly attenuated on its distal third; tail square, colour uniform; tarsus feathered nearly to the toe.

41. H cematcena melanospila bangueyensis Meyer's Fruit Pigeon Ptilopus bangueyensis Meyer, J ourn. fur Orn., 1891, p. 70: Banguey (type in Dresden Zoological Museum).

Spilotreron bangueyensis (A. B. Meyer) McGregor, "Man. Philip. Bds.," p. 41 , 1909.

Hcematama melanocephala enantia Oberholser, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., xiv., p. 296, 1924 : Cagayan Sulu Island.

Hartert, Nov . Zool., x., p. 33, 1903.

Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., liii., p. 593,1917.

Distribution.-Banguey, Basilan, Bongao, Cagayan Sulu, Mindanao, Palawan, Sibutu, Sulu, Tawi Tawi.

Description.-Male.-Bright leaf-green; head, neck and throat nearly grey; chin and upper throat yellow; a large patch on occiput and hind neck, black; lower abdomen and short tail-coverts bright yellow; longer tail-coverts bright carmine, narrowly tipped with yellow; secondaries and greater coverts very narrowly edged with yellow.

Eyelids, iris and bill greenish yellow; feet rosG-pink; nails brown.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

193

Wing, rr6-123; tail, 85 ; exposed culmen, 15-16; tarsus, 20-22 ; middle toe with claw, 26.

Female.-Entirely green, except the under tail-coverts, which are green washed with carmine and narrowly tipped with yellow.

Wing, rr8-121; tail, 79-80; exposed culmen, 14-16; tarsus, 21 ; middle toe with claw, 25-26.

Young.-Similar to the adult female, but with little or no carmine in under tail-coverts. Iris yellow; legs dark pink; feet same colour ; nails nearly black; bill and eye-wattle light greenish yellow.

Wing, 121; tail, 81; culmen, 13-14; middle toe with claw, 29.

This species is quite common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi, and is sometimes found feeding in isolated trees in open fields.

Allied Forms and their Range:

H. m. melanocephala (Forster)

Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, etc.

H. m. aurescentior (Hartert) Tukang-Besi Islands H. m. melanospila (Salvadori) 1 Celebes H. m. chrysorrhoa (Salvadori) 1 • Sula and Ceram H. m. pelingensis (Hartert) Peling and Banggai H. m. xanthorrhoa (Salvadori) .

Sangi Island~ H. m. talautensis (Hartert) Talaut Islands H. m. melanauchen (Salvadori) of Lesser Sunda and a few other islands is a doubtful race.

Oberholser described H. m. massoptera (1917) from Pulo Mata Siri, in Java Sea, based on characters somewhat paler grey on head and neck and slightly more chrome-tinged throat. It is said to be larger than the typical race.

Su.bfamily DUCULIN£ This group includes the largest speCIes of forest - inhabiting Pigeons.

Genera (A) 1 Colour above, except head, metallic blue, green, purple or bronze; or the tail at least metallic green above. (b) 1 First primary not scooped on inner web; lower part uniform in colour.

DUCULA, p. 194· (b) 2 First primary deeply stooped on inner web. (c) 1 Tail crossed by a conspicuous grey band.

ZONOPHAPS, p. 199. (c) 2 No light band on tail.

PTILOCOLPA, p. 201.

(A) 2 Colour cream and slate; no metallic colours on any part of MYRISTICIVORA, p. 203. plumage.

1

Fig. Meyer and'" iglesworth, ii., pI. 38.

I94

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Genus DUCULA

Hodgson, Asiat. Researches, xix., p. 160, 1836. Type (by monotypy), D. insignis Hodgson.

Inner web of first primary very slightly attenuated; gape deeply cleft; tarsus stout and feathered in front for half its length. Upper parts, except head and neck, metallic blue or green; tail nearly uniform with the back and wings, without a light band; head and lower parts pearl-grey or pale vinaceous grey.

42. Ducula cenea cenea Green Imperial Pigeon Columba cenea Linna:us, " Syst. Nat.," 12th ed., i., p. 283, 1766: Flores.

Distribution.-Bongao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi, Masbate.

Description.-Male.-Head, neck and abdomen grey, tinged with vinaceous; breast grey; forehead and chin whitish; under tail-coverts dark chestnut; back, rump, upper tail-coverts and wings metallic green mixed with metallic copper-colour; primaries and secondaries blackish with mealy edges. Iris red; bill grey; region of nostrils dull red; edges of eyelids, legs and feet purpli$h red.

Wing, 240; tail, 150; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 27.

Female.-Slightly smaller than male.

43. Ducula cenea chalybura Chestnut-naped Imperial Pigeon Carpophaga chalybura Bonaparte, C011:Sp. Gen. Avi1t1n, ii., p. 32, 1854: Luzon (type not in Paris Museum).

Carpophaga paulina, part., Schlegel, Nederl. T1jdschr. Dierk., m., pp. 200, 201 (specimen from Luzon), 1866.

Carpophaga nuchalis Cabanis, Journ.fur Orn., r88.z, p. 126: Luzon.

Hachisuka, Contr. Bds. Philip., No.2, p. 149, 1930.

Native Names.-Baud, Bohol; ba-lud, Tidw, Manila; also Mindanao.

Distribution.-Bantayan, Basilan, Bohol, Camiguin N., Catanduanes, Cebu, Clayan, Dinagat, Guimaras, Lapac, Leyte, Lubang, Luzon, Marinduque, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, Semirara, Sibuyan, Siquijor, Tablas, Ticao.

Description.-Male.-Very closely related to D. a. amea, but grey of hind neck and upper mantle lighter and more sharply defined from the metallic green of the back; tail with less blue tinge. Iris bright red; bill grey; legs and feet dull red.

Wing, 240; tail, 156; exposed culmen, 25; tarsus, 28.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

I95

Female.-Wing, 232; tail, 147; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 25.

General N otes.-The name nuchalis is given to birds possessing a cupreous chestnut nape. Several specimens obtained near Manila may be separated on two characters. The birds of the beginning of the year have the nape clear and the plumage dark green, which is still retained till July. The green back begins to assume (after September) a metallic chestnut-red shine, and the nape a slight stain of dark chestnut. Therefore I consider nuchalis a synonym of this bird, as it was described from winter or spring specimens due to seasonal changes. This seasonal change also appears in other races of D. cenea.

It must be borne in mind that all the Fruit Pigeons, especially of large size, have an extremely flexible lower mandible towards the base, and the Imperial Pigeon is able to swallow a berry larger than a cherry.

Often a tame bird takes one's thumb into its mouth and tries to screw it in the same manner as if it were a berry to be pulled off a tree.

Whitehead writes on Zonophaps mindorensis: "Feeding on some large purple-coloured fruit as big as a pigeon's egg."

I t is often noticed that the dead bird produces secretion mixed with blood from the m uth. It stains the feathers and remains in chestnut-colour round the head, ear-coverts, eyes and mouth. It is sometimes symmetrically formed, thus giving a cupreous chestnut pattern-the characteristics of nuchalis.

44. Ducula cenea palawanensis Palawan Imperial Pigeon Carpophaga cenea palawanensis Blasius, "Omis.," Palawan (type in Brunswick Museum).

IV.,

p. 3I6, r888:

Distribution.-Balabac, Calamianes, Mindoro, Palawan, Polillo, Tablas.

Description.-The present race is not easy to distinguish. I t is supposed to be bluer on the back, but hardly to be recognized from the typical cenea from Borneo. Examination of a large series may prove its smaller dimensions. There are several birds in Palawan proved to be smaller on a large series measured; the examples are Gracula, Chibia, and others, all very feeble as local races, and probably can be treated the same as the Bornean forms.

General Notes.-Zimmer writes of the habits of the present race as follows: "Palawan Imperial Pigeons were common throughout the region wherever there was forest. THeir deep ( ah-hoo-oo ' and guttural ( kr'-r-r-r-r, kr'-r-r-r-r, kr'-r-r-r-r ' were familiar sounds along the trails

I96

THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

through the deep woods, although the birds became silent or took flight when aware of being approached. Since they usually chose the upper branches of the tall trees for their feeding-grounds it was not always easy to catch sight of them, even when they were noisy and moving about, nor was their collecting easy, for their perch was sometimes nearer rifle range than shotgun range."

45. Ducula cenea fugaensis Fuga Island Imperial Pigeon Muscadivores cenea fugaensis Hachisuka, ' Contr. Bds. Philip" No.2, p. 150, 1930: Fuga Island (type in Bureau of Science, Manila).

Distribution.-Fuga.

Description.-Plumage is indistinguishable from D. a. chalybura, but it is much larger.

Wing, 265; tail, 165. It is about 20 mm. in the former and 10 mm. in the latter larger than chalybura.

The type specimen, which is a male, was obtained in the autumn (1st September 1903). he nape is chestnut, also the ear-coverts, the back has also a stronger chestnut tinge than the Luzon specimens.

General Notes.-Fuga and Calayan Islands have many large-sized races when compared with Luzon specimens. ' One of the best examples is Eudynamys frater.

Allied Forms and their Range: D. a. amea (Linnreus) D. a. sytvatica (Tickell)

D. a. pusilla (Blyth) D. a. insularis (Blyth) D. a. consobrina (Salvadori)

J ava,

Borneo and ,o ther East Indian islands to Flores, Annam Nepal and Sikkim Terai, Assam, Burma to Central Tenasserim, Shan States, Northern Siam and French Indo-China. Both the present and the typical form seem to occur in Annam Ceylon, south-west coast of India from Cape Comorin to Kanara Nicobars Nias Island

The closest genus to Ducula, particularly to the species cenea, is Globicera, widely distributed over Oceania.

Oberholser separated Eastern Sumatra birds, as M uscadivores ceneus arhadius (1924), and Simalur Island specimens, as M. a. mistus (19 12).

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

197

46. Ducula cineracea pickeringii Pickering's Imperial Pigeon Carpophaga pickeringii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vii., p. 228, 1854: Mangsi, Sulu Islands (type in U.S. Nat. Museum).

Native Name.-A-b ,~t-un, Cagayancillo.

Distribution.-Cagayancillo, Cagayan Sulu, Sibutu, Sulu.

Description.-Head and under parts greyish vinous, changing into pure grey on lower hind neck and upper mantle; frontal edge, a ring of feathers around the eyes, and chin whitish; back, rump and wings greyish green (in some specimens with a slight brown tinge), with a metallic lustre in some lights; longer upper tail-coverts and tail above metallic bottle-green; primaries mealy green, especially on outer webs; under surface of wings and tail grey; under tail-coverts grey with a reddish tinge. Iris crimson; bill light lead-grey; feet dull crimson.

Wing, 240; tail, I73; culmen, 20; tarsus, 28.

General Notes.-This species was very abundant on Cagayancillo, where it fed entirely 0n young leaves of trees.

The present species is also recorded from Borneo (0. Grant, I888).

47. Ducula

c~neracea

langhornei

Langhorne's Imperial Pigeon Muscadivora langhornei Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xviii., p. 84,1905 : E. Bolod (type in U.S. Nat. Museum).

Distribution.-East Bolod, West Bolod (near Basilan).

Description.-The present race is known only by Mearns, the collector and describer, who writes as follows: "This large Fruit Pigeon is closely related to D. c. pickeringii, from Mangsi Island, north of Borneo, on the west side of the Sulu Sea. The size is practically the same, but the colours differ, as follows: General coloration paler; the vinous grey of the head and under parts is darker, the grey of lower hind neck extends farther down on the mantle, the white around the base of the bill and surrounding the eye is more extensive, the back and rump are paler and less brownish grey, the wings are paler, greyer and' less greenish, and the under tailcoverts less reddish. Iris purplish red; region of the nostrils dark plumbeous; bill light plumbeous; naked eyelid deep vinaceous; bare space round eye plumbeous; feet vinaceous; flesh-colour on under side of toes; claws plumbeous.

"Wing, 242-243; tail, I78-I80; culmen, I9-2I; tarsus, 30-32; middle toe with claw, 45--1-9."