Operation Plum : the ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the fight for the Western Pacific by Filipiniana Online

OPERATION

PL THE ILL-FATED -27TH BOMBARDMENT GROUP AND THE FIGHT FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC Adrian R. Martin and Larry W. Stephenson

Texas A&M University Press College Station

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Copyright ÂŠ 2008 by Adrian R. Martin and Larry W. Stephenson Manufactured in the United States of America All righ ts reserved First edition This paper meets the requirements of ANSIINISO Z39-48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Binding mate rials have been chosen for durability.

@ (i Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martin, Adrian R. (Adrian Robert), 1944Operation Plum: the ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the fight for the Western Pacific / Adrian R. Martin and Larry W Stephenson. - 1st ed. p. cm. - (Texas A&M University military history series; #Il7) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-60344-019-6 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-lo: 1-60344-019-4 (cloth: alk. paper) 1. United States. Army Air Forces. Bombardment Group (Light), 27th 2. World War, 1939-1945-Aerial operations, American. 3. World War, 1939-1945-Campaigns-Pacific Area. 4. World War, 1939-1945-Regimental histories-United States. I. Stephenson, Larry W II. Title. D790.25327th .M37 2008 940 Âˇ54'2599- dc22 2007048IlO

Being anxious to retain for ourselves a narrative of the activities of the 27th Bomb Group from the time it left America until it was rendered inactive by the War Department due to the almost complete depletion of its personnel in the Philippines and the activities of the few remaining survivors in Australia, I have asked Captain McAfee, the Group Intelligence Officer, to allot certain phases or periods of time to you to report on.

Co!. John H Davies

Contents List of Illustrations Preface I.

2. 3· 4· 5· 6. 7· 8. 9· 10. II. 12.

Nearing the Brink of World Conflict "This Rumor Has Gone Too Far!" War Begins Fighting on Bataan Escape to Java March and Command Changes Royce's Raid-Overshadowed by Doolittle "No Mama, No Papa, No Uncle Sam" Air Missions over the Coral Sea and Beyond The Changing Tides of War POW Camps and Hell Ships "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again" Epilogue: Lesson Learned

Appendix I: Twenty-seventh Bomb Group Pilots Flown from the Philippines to Australia, December 17-18, 1941 Appendix 2: Royce's Raid Crews Appendix r Commentary on the Mission ofB-25 #41-12455 by Two Former 27th/3rd Pilots Appendix 4: Followup of 27th Bomb Group Pilots Appendix 5: The 27th's Wartime Legacy Notes Bibliography Index

xi I

24 51 79 IIO 145 174 19 6 210 23 1 26 5 287 294

297 298 302 304 3II 317 337 349

Illustrations Maps Philippine Islands 2. Japanese plan and dispo,sition of armies, November 1941 3- Airfields on Luzon 4. Japanese landings on Luzon, December 1941 5. Situation on Bataan, January 8, 1942 6. Southwest Pacific

7· Java 8. Airfields used by U.S. Army Air Corps in Southwest Pacific, 1941-42

38 49 57 73 98 1I8 124 175

Photographs James McAfee, Glenwood Stephenson, Warren Stirling, and Julius Summers 2. Gus Heiss and Tom Gerrity with A-20S, summer 1941 3· Douglas A-24 4. Bob Wolfersberger and A-24 in Louisiana, August 1941 5. Officers of the 16th Squadron aboard the President Coolidge, November 1941 6. Drs. Elack Schultz, Carl Mango, William Marrocco, and David Hochman, 1941 7· Curtiss P-40 8. B-17 Flying Fortresses 9. Brig. Gen. Harold H. George 10. Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham and Gen. Sir Archibald Wavell, 1941

13 15 17 22 29 31 42 43 101 120

ILLUSTRATIONS

Rear Adm. William R. Purnell, Adm. Thomas C. Hart, Lt. Gen. George A. Brett, and Maj. Gen. Louis H. Brereton, January 1942 I2. Dick Launder, William Beck, Fred Klatt, and Finley MacGillivray 13. "Lounge-Lizard" and crew 14. Davies and four crewmen of a Royce's Raid B-25 15· Davies and Doolittle, 1956 or 1957 16. Burial detail at Camp O'Donnell 17. Crewmembers ofB-25 #41-12455 18. Maj. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright broadcasting surrender instructions, May 7, 1942 19. Third Bomb Group pilots from the 27th Bomb Group 20. Sgt. Ralph Harrell, 1942 21. Alex Evanoff, 13th Squadron, 1942 22. Third Bomb Group senior officers, Brig. Gen. Kenneth Walker, and Maj. Gen. Ralph Royce, July 1942 23· Douglas A-20 24. Parafrag bombs exploding on a Japanese airfield 25. William Lloyd Osborne and "Rocky" Gause 26. Prisoner in Zero Ward, Cabanatuan 27. Sixteenth Squadron men, Mukden POW Camp, Manchuria, August 1945 28. POWs at Hanawa, Japan, September 1945 29. Japanese destroyer being strafed, Battle of the Bismarck Sea 30. Third Bomb Group B-25 leaving Simpson Harbor, Rabaul, November 2, 1943 II.

121 127 183 189 193 208 222 240 242 244 247 249 255 258 261 266 277 286 313 315

Preface

LENWOOD STEPHENSON HAS always been considered some-

thing of a hero among the members and descendents of his family. In the summer of 1934, at the height of the Depression, Glen left his home in Wisconsin to seek a better life. What began as a nomadic odyssey of riding the rails and picking up odd jobs just to stay alive culminated in his graduation from the Military Academy at West Point and subsequent death in action as a U.S. Army Air Corps pilot in World War II. Glen's family did not know much about his last years of life, nor were they able to obtain many details of his untimely death. After learning from officials that his son had died in a bomber crash in Australia in April 1942, Gordon Stephenson wrote to the army and to Glen's fellow officers seeking information regarding his son's military experience, though without much success. Other family members continued writing letters for years after the war and eventually were told that a fire in 1973 at the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis was responsible for the lack of information. In 1995 Glen's nephew Larry, the son of his brother Clyde, made what became a fortuitous trip to Australia. As a heart surgeon, he had been asked to speak at the annual meeting of the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand in Canberra. Knowing that his uncle had been killed in Australia and that the family had sought more detailed information, Larry devoted his spare time to researching at the National Military Museum. He did not find much, but his curiosity was piqued. Back home he looked through the file that the family had accumulated on Glenwood and noticed an almost unreadable photocopy of a 1943 newspaper article listing the names of some surviving pilots who were known to have flown with his uncle. Checking the West Point yearbook, Larry discovered that two of those pilots had been in Glen's 1940 graduation class. He contacted the Military Academy Alumni Office, which agreed to pass letters of

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PREFACE

inquiry to the two men, providing they were still alive. One of them, Julius B. "Zeke" Summers, responded and gave Larry a possible explanation as to why it had been so difficult to find information on Glen and his fellow airmen in the 27th Bombardment Group. 1,209 men had arrived in the Philippines in November 1941; one year later only twenty returned to the United States. The rest, according to Summers, were dead or in Japanese prison camps. Further complicating research efforts was the fact that the 27th was consistently involved in America's early World War II losses in the Philippines, Java, Australia, and New Guinea. Recordkeeping under those conditions had been a low- to nonexistent priority, and documents the units did have were often lost or had to be destroyed to prevent capture. Even so, Larry recognized that he held an ace for his research: He had spent twenty-one years in the army and reserves, retiring as a colonel, and as such would have access to records and personnel that civilians might not. Thus began literally years of letters, phone calls, and e-mails that slowly started to produce results. Glenwood's service record began to take shape. A certain excitement was building. In 2000 Larry's father, Clyde, met Adrian Martin. Adrian had written a book, Brothers from Bataan, about his own uncle who had been in the Philippines at the same time as Glen and had survived the Bataan Death March but died in a POW camp. Clyde, a Marine Corps veteran of World War II, believed, and Adrian agreed, that a book should be written about the 27th Bombardment Group. Almost immediately, Adrian began an investigation into the subject, with Larry sharing his accumulated information. After eight years of collaboration and further intense research, the story has emerged. For most Americans, the war in the Pacific began at Pearl Harbor and continued with our costly but slow-and-steady march to Japan and victory. The shock and confusion of those early months of the war and the horrendous losses sustained by the 27th Bombardment Group and others were not events that the U.S. military wished to share with the home front. Once the tide had turned, the weeks and months of lost battles and lost lives were quickly forgotten in the rush to report every success. It is now recognized that units such as the 27th played a major role in the eventual defeat of the Japanese by delaying their progress and thus allowing America's military production and troop training to gear up. This is a story worth telling. We wish this book to be a fitting memorial to Glenwood Stephenson and his comrades in arms, who should no longer be the forgotten soldiers of the Pacific. The epigraph that appears at the beginning of this book was written by

xii

Preface

Col. John H. Davies, commanding officer of the 3rd Bombardment Group, U.S. Army Air Corps, writing at Charters Towers, Australia. Taken from the introduction to a fifty-nine-page typewritten monograph, The 27th Bombardment Group Reports, which deals with the 27th Bombardment Group, it was completed in September 1942. The authors were U.S. Army Air Corps pilots from the 27th who had gotten out of the Philippines before Bataan fell. Photographs and many official military documents such as troop lists, orders, and reports are included. Excerpts from this unpublished monograph are quoted throughout this book and referred to each time as the 27th Reports. At the time it was written, the authors only knew that U.S. forces on Bataan and Corregidor had surrendered but beyond that did not know their fate, which included that of most of their comrades in the 27th.

Acknowledgments As this project developed during the past six years, three former members of the 27th Bombardment Group have rendered invaluable assistance: Brig. Gen. William G. Hipps, USAF (ret.); Col. Ronald D. Hubbard, USAF (ret.); and Col. J. Harrison Mangan, USAF (ret.). They were always willing to give of their time to answer questions and provide explanations when necessary. Each also reviewed the manuscript duting various stages of preparation. ChiefMSgt. Paul H. Lankford, USAF (ret.), who has led the 27th Alumni Group over the past several years, has not only been helpful in answering questions and explaining various issues but also has provided us with introductions and access to other 27th alumni and their families. Other former members of the 27th and 3rd Bombardment Groups who have been particularly helpful include Ralph Harrell, Jack Heyn, George Kane, Dick Launder, and Lt. Col. Warren G. Stirling, USAF (ret.). Gus Breymann, whose uncle Gus Heiss was a pilot with both the 27th and 3rd, could always be relied upon to provide advice, track down a fact, or provide other information from his large collection on the subject. We appreciate the help of Mary Cathrin May, author of The Steadfast Line, which focuses primarily on the 27th at Bataan, by providing troop lists and other group-related documents. We thank historian Noel Tunny, author of Fight Back from the North and Gateway to Victory, for his help and suggestions. Edward Rogers gave us documents, photographs, and good advice. We are indebted to author-historian William Bartsch, on whose rwo excellent books on the U.S. Army Air Corps in the Philippines, Doomed at the Start and December 8, I94I: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor, we greatly relied on

Xlll

PREFACE

for critical information. He was always available to answer questions, supply documents and photographs, and make corrections and suggestions as well as critically reviewing the resulting manuscript. Two of the most important source books for our project were They Fought with What They Had, by Walter Edmonds, and Fall of the Philippines, by Louis Morton. Significant Internet sources were Peter Dunn's Web site, Australia at War (www.ozatwar.com). and G. Wayne Dow's genealogical site, which includes "Unit HistorY-27th Bomb Group (L)" (www.lindadow.net/ unichistorY-2 7th_bomb _gp_lt.htm). We would like to thank those who reviewed the manuscript and made helpful suggestions: Richard Best; Gus Breymann; Ray Brown; Gen. Ralph Eberhart, USAF (ret.); Jack Heyn; Ross Kogel; Jennifer Stephenson Mathews; Col. Paul Poberezny, USAF (ret.), Experimental Aircraft Association founder; Jim Ramsey; Ben Scheiwe; Clyde Stephenson; Robert Stephenson; Dave Stringham; Murray Thomas, M.D.; Australians Michael Marsh, M.D.; Michael Merlini; and Peter Dunn; Philippine-born and educated Lourdes Andaya, M.D.; Gervacio Laqui, PT, MTC; Erlinda de Leon, CSM, MSM; and Cesar Rosales Jr. We also thank those who allowed us to use diaries or memoirs, including Mrs. Frank Bender; Ron Hubbard; J. Harrison Mangan; and James McAfee Jr. People who provided photographs were William Bartsch; Bill Beck; James Bollich; Gus Breymann; Patrick Callahan (on behalf of Maj. Gen. John Henebry); Mrs. Oliver Doan; Ken Farmer; James Gautier; Henry Gundling; Tom Gerrity Jr.; Ralph Harrell; Jay Harrelson; Jack Heyn; William Hipps Jr.; David Hochman, M.D.; Ron Hubbard; Hilton Keeter; Louis Kolger; Richard Launder; James Lee; Granville Prewett; Henry Rose Jr.; Al Tisonyai; Noel Tunny; Robert Wolfersberger; James Zobel (from the Gen. Douglas MacArthur Foundation); and the National Archives. Robert Hammond helped us with photo editing and graphics. D. James Miller, Ph.D. and Tony Kirk were instrumental in obtaining the use of the painting of Royce's Raid by Richard Taylor that appears on the cover. Our thanks also to the Military Gallery, Wendover, u.K. for permitting its use. We appreciate the help of Scott Maher, World War II aircraft expert from the Experimental Aircraft Association, and Japan-born and educated Choichi Sugawa, M.D., for checking some of the factual content. We are grateful for the research done on the crash of B-25 #41-12455 by Ralph Harrell and James V. Lee Jr. and Australians Garth Gray, Robert L. Jago, Russ Morrison, George Perkins, Lido Poppi, Stephen Rowley, Karl Stager, Noel Tunny, and Alan Wakeham. xiv

Preface Thanks to Laura Archer and Donna Hammond for editorial assistance and to Carol Stephenson, wife of Larry, for editing and other suggestions. We thank Glenwood's brother Clyde and Clyde's daughter Patti for their Internet research efforts as well as providing other sources of information and suggestions. Finally, we wish to thank editor Thorn Lemmons and copyeditor Kevin Brock for their skillful editing of the manuscript after it was submitted to Texas A&M University Press.

Index Pages shown in italics represent illustrations 131st Artillery Regiment, 122 15th Squadron, 14 16th Provisional Squadron: Australia, 132; Bataan Field, 104; Batchelor Field, 129; Brisbane, 129, 165; condition, 96, IIO; Darwin, 129, 130, 162; Japanese offensive in Bataan, 199; Java, 129, 131; Koepang surrender, 130; Lowood Field, 129; officers, 29, 64, 127; retreat orders, 81; Stephenson, Glenwood "Glen," 80 17th Provisional Squadron, 14, 123, 323, 331; 24th Pursuit Group, 132; A-24S, 129-30; Australia, 132, 161; Brisbane, 165; Darwin, 130, 162; Davies, John H., 129, 130; dive bombers, 129-30; Japanese offensive in Bataan, 199; Java, 129, 131; Koepang surrender, 130; officers, 64, 127; Orion-Bagac line, 108; P-40S, 132; personnel, 132; Stirling, Warren, 80; trip to Java, 130 19th Bombardment Group, 132, 175; Batchelor Field, II8; Del Monte Plantation,

87; formation, 42; planes, 332; reassignment to Australia, II4 200th Coast Artillery, 61 20th Pursuit Squadron, 60 21st Pursuit Squadron, 59 22nd Bomb Group, 216, 328n3; planes, 332n5 24th Pursuit Group, 91, 177; 17th Provi-

sional Squadron, 132; formation, 42; reassignment to Australia, II4 25th Army (Japanese): Malaysia, II9; officers, II9; Singapore, II9; Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 119 26th Field Artillery Brigade, 122 27th Bombardment Group: 2nd Battalion, 97; 2nd Provisional Air Corps Regiment, 97; 48th Materiel Squadron, 97; abandonment of supplies, 95; anti-aircraft, 95; assignment to, 25; Australia, 125; B-25s from Dutch, 328; casualties, 144; chain of command, 153; combined with 3rd Bomb Group, 165-66; Daly Waters, 164; Del Monte Plantation, 87; Dutch East Indies, 122; duties of enlisted men, 72; equipment, 25, 26; forced landings, 129; formation, 12, 16, 3II, 327; infantry duties, 96, 108; Japanese offensive in Bataan, 201; Katherine, 164; mortality rate, 259; New Guinea, 165; officers, 63, 64, 77, 96, 153, 323; Oranje Hotel, 137; orders, 40; personal belongings, 80; personnel, 40; physical condition, 152; pilot list, 297; pilot promotions, 243; pilots, 241; plane maintenance, 325; planes, 12, 14, 16, 18, 25, 26, 34; POWs, 191, 267; Rainbow 5, 36; reassignment, 70; reassignment to Australia, 89, 91,

INDEX 27th Bombardment Group (cont.) II4; rotation home, 260; Squadrons, 14; supplies, 34, 67, 77, 94, 322-23, 328; support personnel, 165, 166; survival rate, 262; survival rates, 289; trip to Australia, 89-9 1 27th Bombardment Group deployment, 25-29 27th Bombardment Group Reports, 94, 164, 19 6 ,3 17-18 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 79, 86,

6th Division (Australian), 131 71St Division, 97 75th Fighter Squadron (Australian), 168 7th Bombardment Group, 69; B-17s, 133; B-245, 133; Java, 133; missions, 133 7th Division (Australian), 131, 256, 264 8th Division (Australian), 125, 131 91St Provisional Squadron, 14, 323n42; A-245, 132, 133-34, 135-36; Bangersol, 130-31; Batavia, 132; Denpasser, 133; Eubank, William, 80; flight across Australia, 128; Java, 128, 137; Java evacuation, 141; Jogjakarta, 140; Launder, Richard,

88,95 2nd Battalion, 97, roo, ro7, 323 2nd Observation Squadron, ro8, 323 2nd Provisional Air Corps Regiment, 97

128; losses, 136, 137; missions, 133-34, 135-36, 139; Modjokerto, 129, 130-31; officers, 27, 127, 136; Orion-Bagac line, ro8; P-40S, 135; planes, 135-36; reconnaissance, 218; Singosari, 132, 133-34; successess, 134-35; supplies, 95 9th Division (Australian), 131

3rd Bomb Group: 3rd "Attack Group," 3II; A-20s, 253, 257; B-25S modifications, 3II-12; Barksdale Field, 24-25; combined with 27th Bombardment Group, 165-66; Doolittle Raid, 194; Gasmata, 174-75; as Grim Reapers, 316; Gunn, Paul "Pappy," 3II-12; headquarrers, 316; Japan's defeat, 3II; Kenney, George. C, 3II-12; low-level strafers, 315;Âˇofficers, 165, 166, 167, 315; planes, 165, 166, 172, 316, 332; reconnaissance, 216-18; skip-bombing, 315; successes, 183, 189-90; survival rates, 289; withdrawal, 327 3rd Hussars, 122

A-17s,12 A-18s,12 A-20s: 27th Bombardment Group, 20; light bomber, 14, 18, I5, 253-54, 255; supplies, 253; war games, 20 A-245: 27th Bombardment Group, 21; 91st Provisional Squadron, 132, 135-36; assembly, 91-92, 125-26; Batrle of Midway,

32nd Infantry Division, 4, 259, 265 41st Infantry Division, 264

332-33; bomb fit, 135; capabilities, 162; flaws, 92-93, 128, 164, 249-50; Java, 129; losses, 133, 136, 144; Mangan, Harry,

454th Ordnance Company, 323; annual reunions, 291; duties, roo; orders, 40

91-92; modifications, 140-41; oil, 164; parts, 129, ÂŁ7, 22; range, 130; specifications, 163; successes, 332-33; training on, 125-26; USS Pensacola convoy, 69, 126 A- 25s, 333 A-3 6s , 30 7, 333 Abbekerk, 142 ABDACOM: 131st Artillery Regiment, 122; 26th Field Artillery Brigade, 122; 3rd Hussars, 122; ABDAFLOAT, II9; Australia, 121; Backus, Edward M., 131; Brereton, Lewis H., 121; conference, 131; Dutch East Indies, 121; goals, 121;

48th Materiel Squadron, 323; 27th Bombardment Group, 97; 2nd Battalion, 97; 2nd Provisional Air Corps Regiment, 97; annual reunions, 291; Japanese offensive in Bataan, 198; Mindoro Detachment, 289; missions, 66; orders, 40; Orion-Bagac line, ro8; survival rates, 28 9-9 0 4th Marine Regiment, 76 515th Coast Artillery, 84 5th Bomber Command, II6 5th Interceptor Command, 101

35 0

Index Great Britain, 121; headquarters, 117, 121; Holland, 121; Indian Ocean, 121; Java, 117, 137; land forces, 122; light tanks, 122; losses, 140, 143, 147; officers, 119; Philippine aid, 149; Philippine defense, 149; Singapore, 121; Stephenson, Glenwood "Glen," 131; U.S. forces, 122; U.S. Marines, 122 ABDAFLOAT, 325; ABDACOM, 119; officers, 119 Abucay-Mauban line, 97, 107 Adelaide, 158-59 Air Ferrying Command, 18-20 airfields, I75 air warning system (AWS), 59, 123, 146 Alice Springs, 158 American Airlines, 127 American Bomber Command, 132, 139 anti-aircraft, 61, 128, 134, 146, 333n29, 336n2; Davao,184 Army Air Corps: Brereton, Lewis H., 113; losses, 62; preparedness, 62; units, 42 Arnold, Henry "Hap," 318; A-245 solenoids, 322n31; duties, 36 Asaka (Lieutenant), 279, 285 AT-6 Trainer, II Atwood, Lee, 172 Australia: 16th Provisional Squadron, 132; 17th Provisional Pursuit Squadron, 132; 27th Bombardment Group, 125; ABDACOM, 121; Brett, George, 139; defense, 125, 132, 160; Fifth Air Force, 335m; Germany, 8; Great Britain, 132; Japanese Combined Fleet, 231; low-level srrafers, 312; MacArthur, Douglas, 154; militia, 131-32; POWs, 326n8; Singapore, 131-32; war planes, 160-61 Australian Army: losses, 125; Middle East, 125; Singapore, 125 B-I0S, 133-34 B-17S: 7th Bombardment Group, 133; and air route from U.S., 318n26; Bataan Field, 176; Davao, 133; evaluation, 6; Java evacuation, 141; losses, 144, 184;

MacArthur, Douglas evacuation, 157; Malaya, 133; Rex 625, 334 B-18s, 12; Manila evacuation, 89 B-245: 7th Bombardment Group, 133; Davao, 133; LB-30s, 128; Malaya, 133; modifications, 128 B-25S: Bataan Field, 176; capabilities, 329; Lend-Lease ptogram, 169-72, 177; modifications, 311-12; range, 218, 329nII B-29S: 12, 277, 282, 283, 285, 304, 310, 317 B-52s: 306, 307 Babinda, 225 Backus, Edward N., 134; 27th Bombardment Group deployment, 28, 297; 91St Provisional Squadron, 127, 132; ABDACOM, 131; Bandoeng, 131; commerical, 127, 128; follow up, 307; Koepang, 128; Silver Star, 136; Singapore, 131 Baggett, Warren, 270, 271 Bali: bombing of, 134-35; Dutch, 129; fall, 137; Java, 137; strategic importance, 137; Summers, Julius B. "Zeke," Jr., 129 Balikpapan, 90, 112 Bangersol, 130-31 Bank, Bert, 323n42; rescue, 268 Barksdale Field, 20, 24-25 Bataan: earthquake, 199; fall, 178-79, 191, 196, 200-204; geography, 83-84; healthcare, 105, 197; Homma, Masaharu, 88; Japanese offensive, 198-200; landing strips, 150; map of, 98; materiel destruction, 200; medical care, 151-52; morale, 105, 147, 178, 190; surrender, 202 Bataan Death March, 179, 262, 289, 290; food, 204; Japanese soldiers, 206; murder of weak POWs, 204-205; train, 205; water, 204 Bataan Field: 16th Provisional Squadron, 150; 16th Squadron, 104; B-17S, 176; B-25S, 176; condition, 100-101; evacuations, 150; evacuation to Mariveles, 201-202; Japanese attacks on, 96, 103-104; nightly repair of, 150; revetments, 103, 104; supplies, 150 "Bataan Gang," 155-56, 158, 175-78

INDEX Bataan supplies: ammunition, 91, 1I3; Corregidor, 112; food, 151, 152, 157, 197; hoarding, 88-89, 105-106; rations, 95-96, 106, 1I0; shortage, 88, 105-106, 147 Batavia, 123, 132 Batchelor Field: 19th Bombardment Group, 1I8; Brereton, Lewis H., 1I8; Darwin,

A-24 assembly, 126; ABDACOM, ll8, 121; Army Air Corps, ll3; Australia, ll3; Clark Field losses, 62; duties, 122; Far East Air Force (FEAF), 121-22,320;

129; descriptions, 164; false alarms, 163; MacArthur, Douglas, 158 Battle of Midway: carrier losses, 332; Japanese losses, 332n29; U.S. losses, 332n29 Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 312-14

India, 139; Marrocco, William (physician), 1I4; Philippine defense, II9; troop preparedness, 294; Vance, Reginald, ll4 Brett, George, ll9, 327n53; 27th Bombardment Group promotions, 243; Australia, 139; Java, 139; MacArthut, Douglas evacuation, 157 Brewster Buffaloes, 133

Battle of the Coral Sea, 234-38, 332nI7 Battle of the Java Sea, 139-41 "Battling Bastards of Bataan," 147-48,

Brisbane: 16th Provisional Squadron, 165; 17th Provisional Pursuit Squadton, 165 Brisbane Harbor, 91

150-53 Bax, Franz, 135 Beck, William, 250-51; Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 312-13, I27; reassignment, 127 Beebe, Lewis, 155 Bender, Frank "Pete," 19, 26; 27th Bombard-

British Army: air support, 119; Malaysia losses, 1I9; naval support, 119 Brooke-Popham, Robert, 120, 123 Broome, 144-46 Browning automatic rifles, 99 BT-13s, II BT-14s, II

ment Group reunion, 164-65; Brisbane, 248; Del Monte Plantation, 192; duties,

Buna,246

96; follow up, 289, 305-306; Java evacuation, 141; plane crash, 248; reassignment, 108-109; reassignment to Ngoro, 123-24; trip to Corredigor, 108-109

Burma, 147 Burma-India war theatre, 154 Burma-Siam Death Railway, 326

Benn, Bill, 335-36 beriberi, 152 Bigger, Theodore, 323 Bilibid Prison Hospital, 207 Bird, William, 280

C-39s,89

C-5 2 s,141 Caballo Islands, 324 Cabanatuan, 207 Cabanatuan Camp No. I, 265 Cabanatuan Camp No.2, 265 Cabanatuan Camp NO.3, 265 Cabanatuan complex, 289 Cabanatuan Memorial, 291 Cabcaben, 150

Birnn, Richard R., 170, 218-20, 244, 297 blackout conditions, 33, 83 Blakeslee, Robert, 323 Blitzkrieg, 16 blockade running, 156 "Blue Rock Clay Pigeons," 249-50

Calumpit Bridge, 85 Camp O'Donnell Prison, 205, 207-208, 208, 289 Canada, 8 carabao, 106

Bollich, James, 28-29, 36, 39; supplies, 87, 273,277 Borneo, 1I2 Bostrom, Frank, 175 boxing, 28-29 Brereton, Lewis H., 45, 46, 47; 27th Bombardment Group supplies, 322-23n31;

Catalina flying boats, 144 Cebu, 183 Celebes, 90

35 2

Index Centaurus, 91 Chandler, Drolan, 206-207 Charters Towers, 166-68, 189; runway, 212; supplies, 2II, 212; weather, 212-13 Chudoba, Ed, 314 Churchill, Winston: Java, 139; Singapore, 131 civilians, 138, 142, 147 Clark, Glen, 314 Clark Field, 42, 43, 60-61, 67, 71-72

CLip Fontaine, 287 Collier, Jim, 200 Cole, Brownell, 279, 286 Colt automatic pistols, 99 commercial airliners, 127 communication problems, 59 Conley, David M., 186 Connor, John, 200, 203, 274 convictions for war crimes, 290 Cook, Walter N., 248 Corbi, Frank, 203 Corregidor, 324; description, III; evacuations, 187-88; fall, 238-41; food, 157; Homma, Masaharu, 88; Japanese attacks on, 88; Japanese offensive, 198-200; population, III; priority list, 186-88; supplies, 147, 157; U.S. Marines, III

mortality rate, 259; raid, 189-90; reassignment to Australia, 89, 91; rotation home, 262; ship #4I-I2455, 225; trip to Australia, 89-91 DB-7B Havoc, 19, 20 DC-3s, 141 DeArmond, George, 221, 222 Del Carmen Army Airfields, 43 Del Monte Plantation, 66, 90, 150, 177, 322; 19th Bombardment Group, 87; danger to, 86; use of, 87 dengue fever, 152, 168 Denmark,8 Denpasser, 136 Dickenson, Wesley, 221, 227 Dillard, Samuel H. III, 29, 280 diptheria, 267 Distinguished Flying Cross, 135, 191 Distinguished Service Cross, 191 dive bombers: 17th Provisional Pursuit Squadron, 129-30; A-25S, 333n29; A-36, 333n29; Allied, 140; American, 91, 134; anti-aircraft, 134; anti-aircraft gunners, 333n29; effectiveness, 18, 144; German, 16; Germany, 333n29; Great Britain, 333n29; Japan, 333n29; Japanese, 103-104; P-40S, 103; P-51 Mustang, 333n29; Soviet Union, 333n29; training, 125-26; war games, 20; War Plan Orange, 36; See also A-24S; See also A-20S Doan, Oliver 27th Bombardment

Criswell, J. B., 146, 312-13 crocodiles, 164 Daly Waters, 128, 130, 163, 164 Daniels, Claude (physician), 29 Darwin, 132, 161; 16th Provisional Squadron, 130, 162; 17th Provisional Pursuit Squadron, 130, 162; Japanese attack of, 162; possible invasion, 210 Davao, 133; Allied attack on, 182, 185; anti-aircraft, 184; fall, 86 Davao Penal Colony, 290

c.:

Group, 241, 243, 297; follow up, 306 Dobodura, 315 dogfight, 103 Doolittle, James H., 192-94, I93, 252, 255 Doolittle Raid, 193-94 Douglas, James H., I93 "Dugour Doug," 148 Durch East Indies, 121, 122, 123, 159, 245 Dyess, William "Ed," 59, 65, 267-68, 290

Davies, John H., I89, I93, 253; 17th Provisional Pursuit Squadron, 129, 130; 27th Bombardment Group, 25-26, 63, 166, 297; 3rd Bomb Group, 166; A-20S, 253; . A-24S, 130; B-25S from Durch, 169-71; Darwin, 91; Davao, 185; follow up, 289, 304; Kokoda, 262-63; P-40s, 130; pilot

Dyer, James, 205, 206, 267 earthquake, 199 Edmonds, Walter D., 294; A-24S solenoids, 322n 31

353

INDEX Egger, Earl D., 323n42 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 33 Empire flying boat, 145 Enfield rifles, 96, 99

Enola Gay, 282, 304 Enterprise, 115 Eubank, Eugene L., 43, 116, 134, 142, 170, 171 Eubank, William E., IIO, 323; 91st Squadron, 27, 77; B-17s, 62; Bataan arrival, 85; commandeered vehicles, 85; follow up, 289, 307; reassignment to Australia, II4; reassignment to Batavia, 123; U.S. air operations, 139 Evanoff, Alex, 247 false reports, 59 Far East Air Force (FEAF), 58, 316.; Brereton, Lewis H., 45, 122; Fifth Air Force, 335; George, Harold H., 101; headquarters, 66, 102; Hipps, William G., 64; name change, 335nI; officers, 64, 159-60, 320n34; Phillips, Tom, 47; planes, II9; preparedness, 46; supplies, 119; See also Fifth Air Force Farmer, Kenneth, 109, 201, 208, 273,277 Fifth Air Force. See also Far East Air Force (FEAF),335 nI Finland: German invasion of, 8; Soviet Union, 8 Fischer Creamery, 4 Floyd, Nat, 187 Floyd Bennett Field (New York), 19 "flying in formarion," 336 Formosa: attack on, 55-56, 60, 62; Brereton, Lewis H., 47, 51-52; Japanese raids from, 56-57,3 19 Fort McDowell (San Francisco, CAl, 5 Fort McKinley (Manila, Philippines), 5, 33; attack on, 63-64; bombings, 65; defense, 63 Fon Weaver, Hawaii, 53, 54 Fox, Jack, 172 France: declaration of war, 8; surrender of, 9 French Indochina, 55 friendly fire, 61

G-2 section, 64, 138 Galusha, Harry L.: 27th Bombardment Group, 297; A-24S modifications, 140-41; Bali bombing, 134-35; Disringuished Flying Cross, 135; follow up, 305; Silver Star, 136, Summers' airplane, 32 5n 58 gandy dancer, 5 Gasmata, 174-75 Gasperini, Silvio, 280 Gause, Damon "Rocky," 260-62, 289, 30 7-3 08 Gautier, James J r., 205, 267 Geneva Convention, 203 George, Harold H., 51, 59, 101-102, 175; headquarters, 102; P-40S, 102, IOI; promotion, IIO; reassignment to Australia, II4 Germany: Battle of Britain, 333; battleships, 336; dive bombers, 333; invasions by, 18, 55; losses, 333; as main enemy, 36, 148; Poland, 55; skip-bombing, 335; Tripartite Pact, 10 Gerow, Leonard T., 69 Gerriry, Tom: Baraan bombings, 88; Baraan evacuees, 186; commandeered vehicles, 85; follow up, 305; Formosa bombing, 62,I4

Gona, 246 Gray, Garth, 227 Grear Brirain: ABDACOM, 121; aid from Unired Srares, 10, 18, 19; Australia, 132; Launder, Richard, 128; losses, 66; POWs, 326; relations wirh Japan, 37; skip-bombing, 335 Grear Depression, 3, 4 Greater Easr Asia Co-Prosperiry Sphere, 55 Grim Reapers, 316 Grover, Orrin S., 42; Clark Field, 60, 177 Guadalcanal, 246, 255, 256, 315 Guam: Japan, 55; surrender of, 66 guerrillas, 261 Gunn, Paul Irvin "Pappy;" 169-72, 253-54; 3rd Bomb Group, 3II-12; Bartle of the Bismarck Sea, 314; Corregidor evacuees, 185-86; Davao, 185; Del Monte Planta-

354

Index tion, 192; family, 192; follow up, 308; Kenney, George C, 3II-I2 Hall, Don, 167, 258 Hambaugh, Robert E: 27th Bombardment Group, 297; follow up, 306; Silver Star, 136 Hampton, Elbert, 208 Hanawa, 279, 285 Harrell, Ralph, 24-25, 81, 244, 252, 253 Harrelson, Jay B., 150, 201, 273, 280; follow up, 308; reassignment, 89; Vance, Reginald, 89 Hart, Thomas, 325n59; Pearl Harbor attack, 51; Sayre, Francis B., 46-47; troop preparedness, 294; U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 75-76; USS Pensacola convoy, 70; World War II inevitability, 76 Hawaii: Fort Weaver, 53; See also Pearl Harbor attack Hawaiian Nisei, 186 Hawter, 248 Hayes, Harry, 145 "H" designation, 12 Headquarters Squadron, lO8 healthcare, 107 heat prostration, 152 heavy bomber groups. See 19th Bombardment Group; 7th Bombardment Group Heavy designation, 12 Heiss, Gustave M. "Gus" Jr.; I4, 94-95; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; bomb missions, 65; Formosa bombing, 62; letter writing, 213; plane crash, 257-58 hell ships, 272-73 Henebry. John "Jock": Battle of the Bismarck Sea. 314; Rabaul attack. 315 Hewitt. William. 67 Hewlett. Frank. 186. 187 Heyn. John, 165. 166, 308 high altitude flying. 61 Hillery. Arthur G .• 280 Hipps. William G .• 191. 260; dive-bombing techniques. 30; Far East Air Force (FEAF). 64; follow up. 284. 289.

308-309; inevitability of World War II, 39; military training of, 30; Nail. Ann Grace. 23; Nielson Field. 64; transfer, 64 Hiroshima, 282 HMAS Perth, 142-43 HMS Indomitable, 66 HMS Prince o/Wales, 66 HMS Republic, 66 Hobbs. Louis. 28 hobos. 2, 4-5 Hochman. David (physician); 29. 30. 31; 27th Bombardment Group retreat. 80, 84; Bataan surrender. 207; Cabanatuan prison camp. 265, 273. 275. 276. 277. 284, 285; follow up. 288; health. 152; medical training. 30. 288; medical treatment of, 287. p; war crimes. 287 Hoffman. Bert. II Holland: ABDACOM. 121; relations with Japan. 37 homesickness. 32 Homma. Masaharu: Abucay-Mauban line. 97; assignment. 49-50; Bataan. 88; Corregidor. 88; Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. 196; Japanese landings on Luzon, 74-75; Manila. 88; Mindanao. 187; reduction of personnel. 97; war crimes. 290 Hong Kong: fall, 86; Japan. 55; Japanese offensive. II5 hookworm. 152 Hoover. Herbert. 3 Hubbard. Ron D .• 89. 167. I89; 27th Bombardment Group supplies. 67; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; A-24s. 249-50; Davao. 185; follow up. 304-305; Formosa. 55; Japanese transport. 182; Louisiana maneuvers. 21; military training of. 14; Pearl Harbor attack. 52; rotation home, 262 Hudson bombers, 167 Hudson twin engine. 163 Hunter. Frank. 14 Hunter Field. 14-15 Hurricane fighters. 133, 136

355

INDEX

Iba Field: 3rd Pursuit Squadron, 56; air-warning-system (AWS) detachment, 61; communication, 62; Japanese attacks on, 56, 61; P-40S, 61; radar, 57 I Corps, 107; North Luzon Force, 97; Philippine Scouts, 97; units, 97; Wainwright, Jonathan, 97 iguanas, 107 II Corps, 107; Parker, George, Jr., 97; South Luzon Force, 97 Imperial Japanese Army, 48 India, 8 Indian Ocean, 121, 143 instrumen t flying, II Inzer, Gradie, 267 "I Shall Return," 158-59, 327 isolationists, I, 100 Italy, 10 Iwasaki, Masutaro, 334 James, Joseph W., 227 Japan: Allied attack on, 193-94; assets in the United States, 37; oil supply, 37, 86, II5, 138; relations with Great Britain, 37; relations with Holland, 37; relations with United States, 10, 37, 39, 46, 76; trade with United States, 37; Tripartite Pact, 10 Japanese Army, 48 Japanese Bushido fighting code, 204 Japanese Combined Fleet: Australia, 231; HMAS Perth, 142-43; losses, 135, 136, 140; movements, 312; ships, 76; successes, 142-43; Summers, Julius B. "Zeke," Jr., 129; U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 76,294; U .S. Pacific Fleet, 294; USS Houston, 142-43 Japanese Forces: airfield on Guadalcanal, 246; atrocities, 179, 203; bombers, 60-61; build-up, 36; confidence of, 50; fighters, 60-61; Luzon landings of, 72, 74; Malaysia, II9; Manila, 88; McAfee, James, 35; officers, II9; refueling airfields, 191; Singapore, II9 Japanese offensive: Bali, 138; Balikpapan, 112; Bataan, 150, 198-200; Bataan Field,

103-104; beginnings, 47-48; Borneo, 112; Buna, 246; China, 55; Clark Field, 56; Corregidor, 88, 198-200; Darwin, 161; Davao, 86; dive bombers, 53; fleet movements, 51, 53; French Indochina, 55; Gona, 246; Guam, 55; Hong Kong, 55, 86, 115; Iba Field, 56; Iba radar unit, 56; intentions, 55; invasion convoy, 139; Java, 139; losses, 150; Luzon, 58; Malayan peninsula, 55; Malay Peninsula, 119; Manchuria, 55; Manila, 86; Midway, 55; movements, 78; Pearl Harbor. See Pearl Harbor attack; personnel allotment, 295; Philippines, 144; plans, 48-49, 49, 56-58, 295; reconnaissance, 56-57; Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) airbase, 161; Singapore, 55, 115; Singosari, 133; Sumatra, 138; Surabaya, II6; torpedo bombers, 53-54; Wake, 55 Japanese reconnaissance: aerial photos, 34; Nippon Airways, 34 Japanese snipers, 99 Java: 16th Squadron, 129; 91st Provisional Squadron, 128; A-24s, 129; ABDACOM headquarters, 117; Brerr, George, 138; Churchill, Winston, 139; civilians, 142; entertainment, II7; evacuation, 139, 141-42, 145-46; Fifth Air Force, 335; Japanese attacks on, 117; map of, 124; surrender, 148 Jeruss, Edward G., 227 Jones, Albert, 75, 278 Junkers 87. See Stuka JU87 dive bombers Kadolph, Darnell, 274 Kane, George, 152, 199, 205, 208, 281, 323 Katherine, 130, 164 Keenan, Gerry, 91 Keeter, John Jefferson, 219, 221-27,222 Kenney, George c.: 3rd Bomb Group, 3II-12; Batrle of the Bismarck Sea, 314; Gunn, Paul "Pappy," 3II-12; MacArthur, Douglas, 251-52, 316; parafrags, 334; skip-bombing, 335-36 Keschner, Harold, 267

Index King, Edward P. Jr., 39, 158-59, 200, 202, 278, 28 3 Klatt, Fred, I27 "Knights of the Road," 5 Knowles, Jesse, 108

low-level strafers: 3rd Bomb Group, 315; Australia, 312 Lowood Field, 129 Lufrwaffe fighters, 16 Luxembourg, 8

Koepang, 89-91; P-40s, 128; planes, 128; surrender, 130 Kokoda, 256,258, 262-64

Luzon: Japanese attacks on, 58, 72, 74; map of, 57,73; Wainwright, Jonathan, 155

Kolger, Louis, 24, 25, 270, 271, 274 Komori, Arthur, 186 Kulin, Phillip A., 228 Kurtz, Frank, n6

MacArthur, Arthur, 156 MacArthur, Douglas, 33, 327n36; Adelaide, 158-59; Alice Springs, 158; Bataan, 148; Bataan surrender, 203; Batchelor Field, 158; Clark Field losses, 62; command style, 155; committment to troops, 154; Corregidor, 88, 148; "Dugout Doug,"

Lae, 168, 327n59 Lafitte, William, 199 Lake Charles (Louisiana), 20

148; escape plan, 155-57, 159; Fifth Air Force, 335; Formosa, 59; Gause, Damon "Rocky," 261-62; "I Shall Return" state-

Lamao,85 Lankford, Paul; 277; 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 84-85; atomic bomb, 280; Japanese offensive in Bataan, 201; military training of, 15-16; POW, 266, 273, 280, 284; supplies, 84; trip home, 28 7-88 Lamer, Ed, 3II-14 Launder, Richard: 91st Provisional Squadron, 128; A-20s, 254; Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 312-13; education, 128; Great Britain, 128, I27; pilot training, 128; shot down, 136-37; Silver Star, 136; USS Pemacola convoy, 128 LB-30s: B-24 modifications, 128; losses, 144 "L" designation, 12 Lend-Lease Act, 10, 18 Lend-Lease program, 169-72, 253 letter writing, 213 Liggett, "Pop," 25 Light designation, 12 light tanks, 122 Link Trainer, II Lipa Airfield, 77-78, 80 Long Beach Airport, 19, 20

Louisville, 33 Lowery, Herman E; 167, 174-75, 241-42; 17th Squadron, 64, 77, 127; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; G-2 section, 64

ment, 327; Japanese movements, 213; loyalty, 252-53; Manila, 321nI; Melbourne, 158; Osborne, William, 261-62; Pearl Harbor attack, 51; Philippine Army, 33; Philippines offensive, 176-78; priority list, 186-88; PT boats, 154-55; Rainbow 5, 37; Roosevelt, Franklin, 154-55; Sayre, Francis B., 46-47; shelter, 89; Sutherland, Richard, 51; Terowie, 158; title, 159; transfer to Australia, 154, 155, 178; troop preparedness, 294; U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 37; War Plan Orange, 35 MacArthur, Jean, 156 MacArthur's Reserve Force, 39 Macassar, 90 MacGillivray, Finley, I27 Madigan U.S. General Hospital, 287 Mahony, Grant, 91 Malang,139 malaria, 152, 207 Malaya, I33 Malaya: 25th Army (Japanese), II9; British losses, II9 Malayan peninsula, 55 malnutrition, 326 Manchuria, 55

357

INDEX

Mangan, Harrison J., I83, 188, 220; rotation home, 262

Medium designation, 12 Middle East, 125, 131

Mangan, James H.: 17th Squadron, 64, 77; 27th Bombardment Group, 253, 297; 27th Bombardment Group deploy-

Midway, 55 Miller, E.B., 85 Milling, Thomas, 8 Mindanao, 180, 184, 186-88 Mindoro Detachment, 66, 151, 270-72 Mines Field (Long Beach), 19, 20

ment, 27; A-24S, 91-92; Australians, 125; commentary, 302-303; follow up, 306; military training of, 28; USS Pensacola convoy, 67; Wainwright, Jonathan, 41 Mango, Carl, 29-30, p; death, 268-69 Manila: 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 84; entertainment, 41; fall, 86; Homma, Masaharu, 88; Japanese Forces, 88; MacArthur, Douglas, 321; open city, 88, 321 Manila Bay: strategic importance, 42; War Plan Orange, 35 Maramag, 181 Marrocco, William (physician), 29; Brereron, Lewis H., II4, p; reassignment ro Australia, II3 Marshall, George: 27th Bombardment Group, 41; USS Pensacola convoy, 69 Martel, Laurent "Larry," 95 Maxwell Field (Montgomery, Ala.), 100II May, Emily Russ, 266 Maynor Field (Tuscaloosa, Ala.), I McAfee, James, I89; 27th Bombardment Group, 12, 164-65; 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 81; Bataan arrival, 85; Bataan Field, 100; Corregidor, 81; Davao, 185; duties, 66-67, 96, 139; flight time, 44; follow up, 305; Japanese military, 35; Java evacuation, 141-42; Nielson Field, 64; Pearl Harbor attack, 52, I3; raid, 189-90; reassignment, 108-109; reassignment ro Ngoro, 123-24; rotation home, 262; trip to Corredigor, 108-109; weather, 331 McAfee, Julia, 32 McAfee, Stanley, 52 McCain, Clarence E., 227 McCorkle, John, 323n42 McDonald, Tommy, 227 "M" designation, 12 Medal of Honor, 157

Mitchell, William C, 172, 314, 336n9 Modjokerto, 124-25; 91st Squadron, 129, 130-3 1 monkeys, 107 Moody, Sam, 82 Moore, George B., 39, 155 Moore, Joe, 60 Mori, Shigeji, 290 Mount Barrie Frere, 226, 227 Mount Harold, 225 Mount Massey, 225 Mount Natib, 97 Mount Samat, 197-98, 291 Murata, Sotaro, 275, 276 Nagasaki, 282 Nail, Ann Grace, 21-24, 291-93 Nakayama, Motoo, 203 National Defense Act, 34 naval actions: Bismarck Sea, 312-14; Java Sea, 139-40, 325n 58-59, 326n8; J(wajalein, II5; Lexington raid on Rabaul (aborted), 214; Lexington and Yorktown raid on Lae, 168; Leyre Gulf, 238; Macassar Straits, II5; Midway, 238, 332-33n29; Pearl Harbor, 53-55 navigational training, II Netherlands, 8 . Netherlands East Indies Air Force, 133 New Caledonia, 210 Newfoundland, 8 New Guinea, 215-16, 218, 256 Newman, Robert, I89 New Zealand, 8 Ngoro, 123-24 Nichols Field, 51, 56-57, 59, 63-64, 182; 27th Bombardment Group, 89; bombings, 65

Index Nielson Field: 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 81; bombings, 65; Hipps, William G., 64; McAfee, James, 64; Ruegg, Robert G., 64 night flying, II

PBY Catalina flying boats, 47, 135, 144, 167 Pearl Harbor attack: 27th Bombardment Group, 51-52; accounts, 53-54; American losses, 54; Battleship Row, 54; confusion, 64; execution, 58; Japanese reasoning,

Nippon Airways, 34 Nisei,186

53; McAfee, Stanley, 52-53; newspaper reports, 53; notification, 51-52; Stephenson, Clyde, 52-53; U.S. Pacific Fleet,

Nitto Maru, 193 North Luzon Force, 37, 46, 74, 75; I Corps, 97 North Peak, 226 Norway, 8 nurses, 207

54; USS Arizona, 53; USS California, 53; USS Oglala, 52; War Plan Orange, 35 Pease, Had, 157 Pell, Floyd "Slugger," 159 pellagra, 152

0-49 s,81 Okyoku Maru, 273-75 open city, 88, 321 Operation PLUM acronym, 24 Ord, James B., 33-34 Orion-Bagac line, 99, 150; placement of, 107; squadrons on, 107-108 Osborne, William, 260-62 Over the Hill in October Movement (OHIO), I Overton, Cletis, 204 P-35s, 181-82; 21st Pursuit Squadron, 59; 24th Pursuit Group, 43; capabilities, 62 P-39s, 233, 33 1U4

penicillin, 285, 335n23 Perkins, George, 224 Peterson, Malcolm, 188 Petritz, George, 274 Philippine Army: deserters, 86, 321; hospital, 152; I Corps, 97; Japanese landings on Luron, 74; language barrier, 37; MacArthur, Douglas, 33; preparedness, 33-34, 37,295; rifles, 99; units, 37, 39; U.S. advisors, 37; War Plan Orange, 35 Philippine Army Air Force, 101 Philippine insurrection, 40 Philippine Islands, 38 Philippine National Monument, 291 Philippines: aid to, 148-50, 155; airfields,

P-40s: 21st Pursuit Squadron, 59; 24th Pursuit Group, 43; 91St Squadron, 135-36; A-24S, 130; capabilities, 62; Darwin, 160-61; Davies, John H., 130; dive bombers, 103; flaws, 94; George, Harold H., 102; high altitude flying, 61; Koepang, 128; losses, 144, 42; problems, 59, 61, 168; reconnaissance, 181-82; specifications of, 163; Zeros, 65, 163 P-51 Mustang, 307, 333n29

supplies, 150-51, 152 Philippine Scouts, 37; I Corps, 97; prepared-

Palawan, 268-69 Palembang, 138 Pan American Airways, 127

ness, 74 Philippines offensive, 179-80, 189-90 Philippine sun helmet, 100

parafrags, 258, 258, 334 Parker, George, 37, 75, 278, 283; II Corps, 97 Patterson, Horace B., 280

Phillips, Tom, 47 photographic aircrafts, 331 Pilar-Bagac line, 99

45; bridges, 75; chain of command, 155; defense, 46, 70, 75-76, II9-21, 147, 158, 176-77; defense budget, 321; fall, 294-95; geography, 35, 39; gold reserve, 113-14, 324; government, 321; independence, 33-34, 40, 321; Japanese spies, 34; languages, 37; map of, 38; money, 324; retention, 70; strategic importance, 34;

359

INDEX

pith helmet, 100 Poland: German invasion of, 8; Germany, 55 Poppi, Lido, 225 Pon Moresby, 168, 210, 213, 217, 232-34, 245,247,33 1nI 5 Potsdam Conference, 281 Potsdam Declaration, 281 POWs: 27th Bombardment Group, 191; Allied, 147; Australian, 326; Bataan, 265; British, 326; in Camp Narumi Prison, 279-80; in China, 277-78; Corregidor, 187,265; escapes, 267-68, 269; execution of, 282-83; Filipino, 202, 203; Geneva Convention, 203; German, 287; Gunn, Paul Irving "Pappy," 192; in Hanawa, 279; Italian, 287; in Japan, 275-77; Japanese, 152; kill-all order, 281; in Korea, 277-78; liberation, 280-81, 283-84; personal belongings, 204; Rabaul, 214; slave labor, 267, 268, 272, 282; survival rate, 206, 207-208, 272; survival rates, 28 9-9 0 President Coolidge: 21st Pursuit Squadron, 59; 24th Pursuit Group, 43; 27th Bombardment Group deployment, 26, 28-32, 127 Prewett, Granville "Buck," 25, 207, 269, 279, 285, 286 Primary Flight School, 9, 10 priority list, 186-88 prison camps, 25

PT boats, 154-55, 177, 187 Qantas, 327 Qantas flying boats, 164 Queensland, 210-13 Quezon, Manuel L., 33; Japanese attacks on Luzon, 58; Philippine independence, 321 Rabual, 255, 312, 314-16, 328n3; fall, 214; Japanese attack of, 214; strategic importance, 214-15 radar, 56, 57 Rainbow 5, 36, 37

Rainbow war plans, 36 Randolph Field (Texas), 126 reconnaissance: Allied, 47, 51, 71, 135, 157, 216-18; American, 181-82; Japanese, 48, 123, 145, 164, 181; Japanese spotters, 180; New Guinea, 218-19; photographic aircrafts, 33InI3; ship identification, 218; spotters, 103 refugees, 106 Rex 625, 6, 334n44 Richville Gravel Pit, 4

Robenson, John, 149-50 Rogers, Floyd W. "Buck," 94, 167, 241, 297; death, 249; Gona, 250 Roosevelt, Franklin: 1940 Presidential election, 10; Churchill, Winston, 10; Japanese assets, 37; MacArthur, Douglas, 154; trade with Japan, 37; U.S. Army Air Corps, 8; U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), 37; warmongering, 10 Rose, Henry J.: 27th Bombardment Group, 29, 179, 236, 242, 252, 297; follow up, 306 Roth, Harry: blackout conditions, 71-72; Formosa bombing, 62 Royal Air Force (RAP), 138 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) , 167; A-24 training, 126; flying boat, 91; Japanese air raid, 161 Royal Navy: losses, 66; Singapore, 131 Royce, Ralph, 157, 175; raid, 189-90 Royce's Raid, 188, 193, 218, 221 Royce's Raid Crew, 298-301 Ruegg, Robert G., 29, 161,242,253-54; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; Air Ferrying Command, 18; follow up, 305; Formosa bombing, 62; Nielson Field, 64 Rush, Arthur, 18 Ryan , John A., 280 Sakai, Saburo, 245 Salvatore, Alexander R., 29, 94, 242; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; follow up, 306; Formosa bombing, 62 San Marcelino, 44

Index Sanro Tomas POW camp, 192 Savage, Columbus "Doc": 27th Bombardment Group deployment, 32; Bataan Field, 150; Clark Field, 64; facial hair, 105; follow up, 309 Savannah Air Base, 14-15 Sayre, Francis B.: Hart, Thomas, 46-47; MacArthur, Douglas, 46-47 SBD-2s: SBD "Dauntless," 18; U.S. Navy, 18 SBD "Dauntless," 332-33n29; SBD-2s, 18; U.S. Army Air Corps, 18 Schmidt, Ralph L. L., 297 Schultz, Elack (physician), 30, 31 Schwartz, Bert, 323n42 Scruggs, James, 80, 109 Selective Training and Service Act, 10, 44 Sewell, John, 77, 323 Sharp, William, 37, 39, 155, 187 Shell Oil Company, 90 ship #41-12455,219-27,229 Shrum, Robert, 279, 280, 291 Silver Star, 136 Sims, Leland, 39, 26; Japanese spotters, 103; Operation PLUM acronym, 24 Singapore: 25th Army (Japanese), II9; ABDACOM, 121; Australian Army, 125; Backus, Edward M., 131; civilian casualties, 138; Curtin, John, 154; fall, 131-32; Japan, 55; Japanese offensive, II5 Singosari, 132, 133-34, 135, 140-41 skip-bombing, 335-36n2; 3rd Bomb Group, 315; B-25s (modified), 312 Smith, Horace A., 280 Smith, James R.: 27th Bombardment Group, 297; follow up, 305 snakes, 107 snipers, 99 Solomon Islands, 255, 315, 332n29 Sommerville, James, 210 South Africa, 8 Southeast Air Corps Basic Flying School, 10 South Luzon Force, 37, 75; II Corps, 97 Southwest Pacific, II8 Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), 159 Soviet Union: aid from United States, 148;

Finland, 8; German invasions, 18; Japan, 282 Spanish-American War, 33 Spitfire Fund, 159 Sprague, Charles, 123 Springfield rifles, 99 Stafford, Robert E: 27th Bombardment Group, 164-65; Air Ferrying Command, 18; Corregidor, 81; follow up, 289, 309; Java evacuation, 141-42; 0-49s, 81; reassignment, 108-109; reassignment to Ngoro, 123-24; trip to Corredigor, 108-109 Stager, Karl, 225 Stager Road, 225 Stearman biplane, 9, II, 150-51 Stephenson, Ann Nail, 30, 228, 291-93 Stephenson, Clyde: childhood, 3, 7; Pearl Harbor attack, 52, 54; U.S. Marines, 20; USS California, 32 Stephenson, David, 4, 7 Stephenson, Glenwood "Glen": 16th Squadron, 64, 77; 27th Bombardment Group, 12, 164-65; 27th Bombardment Group deployment, 28; 27th Bombardment Group retreat, 80; Air Ferrying Command, 18-20; American Bomber Command, 139; B-18 flights, 14-15; Bataan arrival, 85; briefings during 27th deployment, 33; childhood, 2-3; dating, 21; death, 227; death of, 292; early military career, 2, 4, 5; family members, 53; final resting place, 228; flight school, 2; flight time, 44, 2II-12; as gandy dancer, 5; as hobo, 2, 4-5; honeymoon, 23; Java evacuation, 141; last flight, 219-27; Lipa Airfield, 78; Malang, 139; marriage, 22, 24; McAfee, James, 139; missions, 179; Nail, Ann Grace, 22-24, 291-92; Neilson Field, 64; nickname, 6, 318n27; personal belongings, 228; personaliry, 7, 109, 13; pilot training, 10-12; plane crash, 227; promotion, 23, IIO; reassignment, 108-109; reassignment ro Modjokerto, 124; teaching, 3-4; trip ro Corredigor,

INDEX Stephenson, Glenwood "Glen" (cant.) 108-109; U.S. Military Academy, 6-7; West Point, 1-2, 6-7; World War II, U.S. involvement in" 8-9 Stephenson, Gordon, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 292 Stephenson, Hazel, 2, 4, 5, 7 Stephenson, Lillian, 4, 7 Stephenson, Roland, 3, 20 Stephenson, Stuart, 3, 7 Stimson, Henry, 46 Stirling, Florence, II Stirling, Warren: 17th Squadron, 30, 77, 280; 27th Bombardment Group, 12; Bataan arrival, 85, 151; Bataan Death March, 204; Bataan surrender, 200; Clark Field, 64; follow up, 309; Lamao, 85, I3; Thanksgiving dinner, II; Tuscaloosa, Ala., 9 Strauss, Allison, 91 StukaJU87 dive bombers, 16; Battle of Britain, 333; flaws, 333 Sumatra, 138 Summers, Julius B. "Zeke," Jr. , I3; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; 27th Bombardment Group supplies, 67; 91st Squadron, 30, 32; annual reunions, 291; Bali, 129; Bali bombing, 134-35; Clark Field, 64; Distinguished Flying Cross, 135; follow up, 305; Japanese Navy, 129; Launder, Richard, 137; plane maintenance, 325 supply problems, 34-35, 67-70, 80, 86-88, 95, 105-106, II2, 122, 129, 322-23n31; Japanese navy, 122; merchant captains, 148; Philippines, 148-50 Surabaya, 137; strategic importance, II6; U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 122 Sutherland, Richard, 51 Table of Basic Allowances, 55 Tainan Kokutai, 245 Talley, Thomas P., 242, 27th Bombardment Group, 297; follow up, 306 "The Way of the Warrior," 204 Thorne, Henry, 192

Timlin, Francis E.: 27th Bombardment Group, 297; bomb missions, 65; follow up, 307; Japanese offensive, 94-95 Tisonyai, Eugene, 221, 222, 223 Tojo, Hideki, 196-97 Tol Massacre, 214 torpedo bombers, 53-54 Tottori Maru, 272-73 Toussaint, Armand, 272, 334nIO Townsend, Edwin c., 241, 297 trainer aircrafts, 9, II Treaty of Paris, 33 Tripartite Pact, 10 tropical diseases, 152, 197

Trout, 324n9 Truk Island, 315 Tsuji, Masanobu, 196; war crimes, 290-91 Tsuneyoshi, Yoshio, 290 Tubb, Douglas B., 137; 27th Bombardment Group, 297 Turner, Richard, 69 Tuscaloosa, Ala., 9-10 Tussing, Michael Jr., 199 Tydings-McDuffie Act, 33 United States: aid ro Great Britain, 10, 18, 19; aid to Soviet Union, 148; defense of Australia, 154; defense of Pacific Ocean, 154; military confidence, 39-40; Rainbow war plans, 36; relations with Japan, 10, 37, 39, 46, 76; World War II, 44; World War II involvement, I U.S. Army, 52 U.S. Army Air Corps, II5; early hisrory, 7-8; Luzon, 58; Roosevelt, Franklin, 8 U.S. Army Hospital No. I, 151, 152 U.S. Army Hospital No.2, 152 U.S. Army nurses, 207 U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 75-76; and Japanese Combined Fleet, 76, 294; Manila Bay, 42; ships, 76; Surabaya, 122 USAT Winfield S. Scott, 33 U.S. Marines, 256; Corregidor, 76-77, III; Pearl Harbor attack, 53, 54; Solomon Islands, 332; Stephenson, Clyde, 20

Index U.S. military: build-up in Philippines,

Visayan Islands, 155

41-42, 45-46; war alert, 47-48 U.S. Military Academy, 1-2, 6-7 U.S. National Monuments Commission,

Visayan-Mindanao Force, 37, 39

29 1 U.S. Navy: dive bombers, 16, 18, 332-33n29; Mariveles hospital, 152; preparedness, 46-47; SBD-2s, 18 U.S. Navy Hospital, 77 U.S. Pacific Fleet: crippled, 294; on offensive, II5, 332; Pearl Harbor attack, 53, 54 USS Arizona, 54; Pearl Harbor attack, 53 USS California: Pearl Harbor attack, 53, 54; Stephenson, Clyde, 32

Wachi, Takaji, 196 Wagner, Boyd D. "Buzz," 65, 33In3 Wainwright, Jonathan, 37, 240; Bataan surrender, 203; drinking problem, 40; early military career, 40; I Corps, 97; Luzon, 155; North Luzon Force, 46, 74; POW, 278, 283; promotion, 159; uniforms, 40-41; War Department, 157 Wake: Japan, 55; surrender of, 86 Wakeham, Bill, 227 Walker, Brian "Black Jack," 162

USS Houston, 29, 142-43, 326 USS Maryland, 54 USS Nevada, 54 USS Oglala, 52 USS Oklahoma, 54 USS Pennsylvania, 54 USS Pensacola convoy, 34; 7th Bombardment Group, 133; cargo, 69; danger to, 70; Launder, Richard, 128; Mangan, James H., 67; personnel, 69; pilots, 127; pilot training, 126; reallocation of sup-

Walker, Leland A. "Sonny," 161, 245; 27th Bombardment Group, 297; follow up,

plies, 69; ships, 69, 122 USS Sea wolf, II2

war games, 20-21 warplane build-up, I, 8 War Plan Orange: Bataan Peninsula, 35;

USS Tennessee, 54 USS Tuscaloosa, 10 USS Utah, 54 USS west Virginia, 54

30 7

Walsh's Pyramid, 224 Wang, Chih, 186 war crimes: convictions, 290; Hochman, David (physician), 287; Homma, Masaharu, 290; Mori, Shigeji, 290; Tsuji, Masanobu, 290-91; Tsuneyoshi, Yoshio, 29 0 Warder, F. B. "Fearless Freddy," II2

Corregidor, 35; dive bombers, 35-36; flaws, 35; implementation, 75; MacArthur, Douglas, 35; Manila Bay, 35; Philippines, defense of, 35; refugees, 106;

vaccinations, 16, 26 Valencia, 181

supplies, 85 washouts, 10, 12

Vance, Reginald: 17th Squadton, 64; 27th Bombardment Group assignment, 25; A-245 transportation, 25; Brereton, Lewis H., II4; duties, 102; Far East Air Force (FEAF), 320n34; follow up, 289, 310; Harrelson, Jay B., 89; Pearl Harbor attack, 52; reassignment to Australia, II3; reassignment to Batavia, 123; transfer, 63; uniforms, 41 Van Oyen, L. H., 328 Villamor, Jesus, 63, 188

Wavell, Archibald, II4, II9, 138; Singapore, 131 weather, 61, 222, 312; McAfee, James, 331 weather study, II Wesley, William, 67 West, Howard D., 177, 258, 297, 307 West Point, 1-2, 6-7 West Point Prep School, 5 White Angel, 269-70 Wienert, Jack, 188; Bataan evacuees, 186 wild pig, 106

INDEX

Wilfon, Roy, 271 Wilkinson, Gerald, II4 Williams, Earl, 282 Williams, Everett, 202, Williams,]. c., 227 Wilson, Bennerr, 167 Wirraways, 163 Wisconsin Narional Guard, 4 Wohlfeld, Mark, 323n42 Wolfersberger, Roben, 22, 72, 80 Wood Couney Normal school (WOCONO),3-4 Wood, John, 201, 202

World War I, 8 World War II: inevirabiliey, 34, 39, 44, 47-48, 76; origin dare, 55 Wrighr Flyers, 7 Wrighr Model B Milirary Flyers, 8 Yamagara, Clarence, 186 Yamamoro, Isoroku, 48 yellow-fever, 16 Zeros, 60, 62, 65, 123, 130, 136, 145, 163, 245, 247 Zero Ward, 265-66, 266

fI[IP1NAS~RJTAGE [181M

"Martin and Stephenson paint a and thefighlforthe Wesfem Pacific I Adrian R. Martin an LarryW. Stephenson . unit fighting to the point of shee'-~_ _-'-_--.r--_"""Ei~"'L>i-=_ _"""""""J"'>'m:""'ro-'" keep their planes airborne. These men launched daring raids against enemy bases with only a handful of operational aircraft and no fighter cover, knowing that each raid might be their last. The members of the unit come vividly to life, and remind the reader of the sacrifice made by so many American soldiers, sailors, and ainnen in the Pacific -Assembly Theater.... " " ... a fine tale of a little known chapter in World War II, complete with maps and excellent black-and-white photos. Authors Martin and Stephenson, the latter the nephew of a 27th pilot, should take paliicular pride in their thorough research." -Proceedings " ... a well researched and scholarly work ... shows the greatness to which the human -Townsville Bulletin, Australia spirit can rise in adversity." " ... a story of the darkest days of the war in the Pacific, immediately after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.... Told through the experiences of the 27th Bombardment Group of the Anny Air Forces, it ... is an inspiring reminder of just how substantial our debt is to these men who paid such a terrible price to help lay the foundation for ultimate victory at a time when that victory seemed little more than a faint hope." -Neal Shine, former publisher, The Detroit Free Press I

ADRIAN R. MARTIN, a retired high school teacher, is the author of three books, including Brothers/rom Bataan: POWs 1942- 1945. He lives in Menasha, Wisconsin. LARRY W. STEPHENSON is the Ford-Webber Professor,of Surgery and chief of cardiothoracic surgery at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. A retired Anny colonel, Stephenson also serves as an associate editor of a major medical joumal and has written seven other books and more than 300 articles. Cover illustration, Royce s Raid by Richard Taylor, appears courtesy of the Military Gallery, Wendover, U.K.

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Number 117 : Williams-Ford " Texas A&M University Military History Series

$18.95 ISBN-13: 978-1603441841 ISBN-10: 1603441840

Texas A&M University Press College Station www.tamupress.com

51895

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