FILIPINAS HERITAGE LIBRARY
Books by the same author A log across the road The perfect carrier Five days till noon The tower of Monte Rado Foam on the river
The Roderick Hall Collection in Memory of Angelina Rico de McMicking, Consuelo McMicking Hall, Alfred McMicking and Helen McMicking
arrested in Manila and executed in January, 1945 by the Japanese Imperial Army
This is the story of Major Rex Blow DSO, AIF, and I would like to dedicate it to the memory of Sergeant-Major Koram bin Anduat MBE, North Borneo Armed Constabulary, a Murut from remote Pensiangan, without whose courage and initiative there might not have been such a story to tell. And also in tribute to the hundreds of brave men and women of all tribes and races in Borneo, Malaya, Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines who helped the European prisoners of war and civilian internees in so many ways, often at risk to their own lives.
I am most grateful to my good friend and superefficient unofficial agent, Peg Guy, for all the trouble she has taken on my behalf. Without her help this book might never have seen the light of day. Thanks a lot, Peg.
AltO TOMORROW
FREEDOM AUSTRALIAN GUERRILLAS IN THE PHIUPPINES
Sheila Ross
ALLEN & UNWIN Sydney London Boston Wellington
Š Sheila Ross 1989 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. First published in 1989 Allen & Unwin Australia Pty Ltd An Unwin Hyman company 8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060 Australia Allen & Unwin New Zealand Limited 75 Ghuznee Street, Wellington, New Zealand Unwin Hyman Limited 15-17 Broadwick Street, London W1V 1FP England Unwin Hyman Inc. 8 Winchester Place, Winchester, Mass 01890 USA National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-publication entry: Ross, Sheila. And tomorrow freedom : Australian guerrillas in the Philippines. Includes index. ISBN 0049201077. 1. Blow, Rex. 2. World War, 1939-1945-Underground movements-Philippines. 3. Guerrillas-PhilippinesBiography. 4. Guerrillas-Australia-Biography. 1. Title.
940.54'86'0924 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-083598 Typeset in 10/11pt Bembo by Graphicraft Typesetters Ltd., H.K. Printed by Kim Hup Lee, Singapore
CONTENTS
Maps
vi
Illustrations
vii
Glossary
ix
Abbreviations
xi
1 Prelude 2 POW
1 23
3 4 5 6
48 65 139 164 167
Escape Guerrilla
'z' Special Unit Postscript
Index
v
MAPS
1.
South East Asia 1941
2.
Malaya 1942
3.
Singapore 1942-43
15
4.
Mindanao and Sulu Archipelago 1943
51
5.
Lanao Province, Mindanao. 108 - Division U.S.F.I.P.
83
6.
(endpapers) 3
North Borneo 1945
140
vi
. ILLUSTRATIONS
I.
Bukit Sebukor, Malacca, the Wiseman home
4
2.
Diana in 1941
5
3.
'Pop' Wiseman
6
4.
Sheila in 1941
7
5.
Rex with two brother officers in 1942
12
6.
Diana in the uniform of the Womens National Emergency League, in 1942
43
7.
Berhala Island, North Borneo 1943
45
8.
Sandakan before the American bombing
46
9.
The cliffs of Berhala
57
10.
Lipah lipahs (native boats)
58
II.
Moro boats
68
12.
Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt in Brisbane, 1943
89
13.
Plaque at Labuan commemorating the official surrender of the Japanese in North Borneo
14.
Rex, commander of Agas IV, in 1945 vii
143
'z' Special Unit 147
And Tomorrow Freedom
15.
Sergeant-major Koram bin Anduat MBE in 1946
155
16.
Rex and Jock McLaren on leave in 1945
159
17.
Sandakan reconstructed after the American bombing
160
Diana in 1946
165
18.
viii
INDEX
Abdul Kadir, Police Constable (later Sergeant) NBAC, 144, 148, 157 Agas IV, 143, 146-8 Agas V, 149, 154, 156 Agusan,90 A.I.F., 10th Australian General Hospital, 7, 19,21; 2/IOth Field Regiment, 1,6, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18; 2/15th Regiment, 32; Signals, 49 Alor Star, 97 Amboina, 17 Andres, Major USFlP, 111 Anzac House, 70, 72, 79 Aquino, Lieutenant Christeta, USFlP, 108 Argyle Street Camp, 97 Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, 4, 16 Army; Australian, 1, 10, 16,38, 133, 163; British, 9, 16, 38, 138; Canadian, 9; Indian, 9, 10, 97; Japanese, 9, 35, 40, 112; Philippines, 91, 106; United States, 67, 88, 97, 98 Army Divisions 8th, 1,4, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18,44 9th, 143, 158 18th,20 Australia, Australians, 1 et seq Ayer Hitam, 7, 13 Babisi,79 Bacolod, 112, 113 Bajaus, 60, 144 Balikpapan, 149 Balimbing, 100, 101, 119 BalukIsland, 81 Balung River and Estate, 150, 151, 153 Barong, 114, 115 Baroro, 115, 117 Baroy, 87, 94, 100-02, 104
Basilan Island, 82 Bastard the, 128 Battleship Island, 63 Batu Batu, 66, 67, 69, 71-3, 78, 80 Batu Pahat, 13 Beluran, 145 Bengkoka peninsula, 142 Berhala Island, 44, 48-50, 57, 64, 66, 69, 84,88,94, 137, 139, 144, 145, 158 Blaaw, Doctor Konrad, 148, 149, 153 Blackteeth Moros, 72-5, 86 Blarney, General Sir Thomas, AIF, 137Q
Blow, Diana, 6-9, II, 13, 14, 16-22,25, 37,41,42, 70, 72, 88, 96, 97, 121, 138, 139, 150, 158, 164 Blow, Lieutenant Rex, (later Major DSO) AIF/USFlP, 1 et seq Boelens, Captain Leo, USFlP, 101 Bombay, 96 passim Bongao Island, 64, 67, 71 Bonifacio, 89 Borneo, 17 et seq Bowler, Colonel Robert, US Army/ USFlP, 88, 90, 94, 98, 101 Brisbane, I passim British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit (BBCAU), 154, 163 British Military Administration (BMA), 164 British Military Hospital (BMH), 18, 20 Brunei, 44, 158, 160 Bukidnon, 130 Bukit Mertajam, II Bukit Sebukor, 6-8, 164 Bukit Timah, 16, 17,20,28,29,33,35, 39,47,93 Burma, 28 passim Burma Rifles, 4
167
And Tomorrow Freedom Burma-Thailand railway ,S, 40, 101, 162 Butler, Driver Rex , (later Sergeant) AIFI USFIP, 48, 56, 61, 66, 68, 72-5, 93 Butterworth, 11
Empress Place, Singapore, 19 Espaldons, 79 Esperanza, 94 Estrada, Captain USFIP , 110
Cain, LieutenantJohn, US Armyl USFIP, 68, 80 Cameron Highlands, 8 Camp Keithly, II Campbell, Warrant Officer II, British Army, 144 Canada, 158 Celebes, 17 Celebes Sea, 147 Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), 25 passim Changi, 26, 27, 38-40, 47 Changi Jail , 28, 41, 153 China, Chinese 2 et seq Chinese High School, Bukit Timah, 16 Christians, 66 et seq Christmas Island, 2 Churchill, Sir Winston, 40 Clark, Private AIF, 33 Cluny Hill and House, 16, 17, 18,20,22, 39 Colombo, 96 Colonial Service, 65 Commonwealth Trading Bank, 1 Corregidor, 67 Cota Bato Province, 117, 125, 129, 133 Cowie Harbour, 146, 151 Cuadra, 62-4 Custom House, Sandakan, 49 Custom House, Singapore, 25
FANY,1 21 Far East Liaison Office, 121 Federated Malay States Volunteer Force (FMSVF), 5, 10, 18, 39, 97 Fertig, Colonel Wendell US Army Reserve/ USFIP, 67, 80, 85-90, 95, 96, lOS, 113, 120, 122, 133 Filipinos, 49 et seq Fort, General US Army , 113 Fort Wagner, 93 French Indo-China, 8 passim
Dansalan (now Marawi), 110, 113, 119, 121, 122, 127, 129-32, 135, 136 Darvel Bay, 52, 148, 149, 156 Davao, 136 Davies, Lieutenant George, USFIP, 76 Dayaks, 152 'Deaffy', 67, 70 Delaney, Private AIF, 33 Delhi, 97 De Klerk, 42 De Silva, Captain Larry , PA / USFIP, 91, 106, 119, 120, 127, 128 Dipolog, 80, 82, 85, 111 Donozo, Lieutenant USFIP, 91, 119, 120 Double Tenth Rebellion, 145 Dungun River, 72 Dunlop Malayan Estates, 2, 6, 8, 25, 164 Dutch, 43, 96 Dutch Borneo (now Kalimantan), 145, 149 'E' Force, 41
Eichelberger, General US Army , 134, 135 Empire Star, S.S., 96 Empress of Asia, H.M.T. , 20
168
Ganassi, 121, 122, 127 Gata, Panglima, 147, 152 Gentry, Lieutenant Robert , US Armyl USFIP,88 Gillon, Lieutenant Miles (later Captain DSO) AIF/ USFIP, 18,39, 41,45,526, 59, 62, 68, 72-5, 80, 86, 90-3, 97, 98, 126, 129, 130, 166 Gordon Highlanders, 4, 16, 27 Green Howards, 158 Guerrillas, 49 et seq Gunners, 4 Gurkhas, 11 Halmaheras, 71, 121 Halsey, Captain British Army, 144, 148, 152, 153 Hamner, Captain US Army / USFIP, 69, 80 Harrisson, Major Tom DSO, Green Howards, 158-62 Havelock Road Camp, 39, 40 Hawkins, Betty, 6, 11, 16,25,96,97, 139, 164 Hawkins, Major Donald, Indian Army , 11, 16,20,25,97, 139, 164 Hedges, Colonel Charles, US Army Reserve/USFIP, 67, 85, 87-90, 93-5, 97,98,100,103-7,110,112-14,117, 118, 122, 124, 126, 129, 132, 136 Hibbard, Stoker RAN , 146 High Street, Singapore, 18 Hiroshima, 150 Hong Kong, 9 passim Hoshijima, Lieutenant IJA, 46 lligan, 90, 104, lOS, 110-14, 118, 119, 123-7, 129, 130, 132, 135 Illana Bay, 114 Imperial Japanese Army, 40, passim India, Indians, 9 passim Indian Ocean, 97 Interior (North Borneo) , 49, 158 Ipoh,9, 12
Index Jambongan Island, 142 Japan, Japanese, 8 et seq Japanese War Memorial, Singapore, 2830, 32-5, 93 Java, 19 passim Jemaluang, 12, 13, 18 Jersey, 165 Jesselton (now Kota Kinabalu), 14, 142, 148, 164 Jitra, 11 Johnson, Lieutenant USFIP, 82, 84 Johore, 12, 16,21,41 Johore Bahru, 32 Johore-Singapore causeway, 16-18, 20, 32 Jolo, 66, 75, 79, 81 Jurong River, 20 Kalabakan, 152 Kaladan valley, 162 Kalimantan see Dutch Borneo Kauswagan, 104, 118-20, 125 Kedah, II, 97 Kempetei, 99, 100, 104, 110, 124, 152, 153 Keningau, 145 Kennedy, Sapper Jim (later Sergeant) AIF/USFIP, 48, 54, 56, 61, 66, 68, 71, 80, 86, 88, 96 Keppel Harbour, 27, 41 Kinabalu Guerrillas, 145 Kinabalu, Mount, 142 Kinsayok Camp, 72 Kiram,99 Kitchener Barracks, 28 Klebang,8 Kluang, 14 Knudsen, Norwegian seaman, USFIP, 88,101 Kolambugan, 88, 90, lOS, 106, 117 Koram bin Anduat, Corporal (later Sergeant-Major MBE) NBAC, 48-50, 52-4,59-62, 144-6, 148-51, 153, 154, 156, 157 Koreans, 29 pass ill! Kota Belud, 145 Kota Bharu, 10 Kota Kinabalu see Jesselton Kota Tinggi, 13, 14, 18 Kra Isthmus, 11 Kranji , 21 Kroh,ll Kuala Lumpur, 12,41 Kuching , 42 passim Kulai,41 Kunak , 148 Labuan,2, 143, 157, 158, 161 , 162 'Ladies of the Sewing Circle', 108 Lahad Datu, 52, 63, 145, 146, 149, 154, 156-8, 163, 165
Lake Lanao, 98, 110, 112, 113, 121, 122, 126, 131 Lala,114,115,117,118,122 Lalandang, ex-Corporal NBAC, 152 Lanao Province, 67, 88, 90, 95, 98, 99, 104, lOS, 112, lIS, 118, 121, 122, 127, 130, 134 Lawas, 159 Legislative Council (LegCo), 8, 14 Leyte Island, 132, 136, 154 Liangan, 86-90, 92-4; 98, 100, 103-10, 112,114,117-19,121,122,125,135 Lluch, Don Salvador. lOS, 108, 112, 113, 126 • Local Defence Corps (LDC).'8, II, 16 Long Semadoh, 160 Louis, Mrs, 48 Loyal Regiment, 4 MacArthur, General Douglas, US Army, 67, 80, 95, 96 Maigo, 104, 126 Malabang, 98, 122-5, 127-30, 132-6, 149, 154 Malacca, 1-13, 16, 39, 70, 96, 157, 165 Malacca Golf Club, 70 Malacca Swimming Club, 2, 70 Malaya, Malays, 1 et seq Malaya Patriotic Fund, 2 Malay Regiment, 4 Malayan Police, 142 Malindong, Mount, 87 Malingao, 100-02 Manchester Regiment , 4 Manchuria, 37 Manila, 17,67 Manuk Manka Island, 71, 76, 79 Mapundo,99 Maranao Militia Force (MMF), 88, 91 Marawi see Dansalan Martensen, Sergeant USFIP, 116, 117 Marudu Bay, 144 Matthews, Captain AIF, 49, 50, 144 McGee, Colonel Frank, USFIP, 117 McLaren, Sergeant Jock (later Captain MC & Bar) AIF/ USFIP, 41, 42, 48, 49, 52,54,56,61,66,68, 71-5, 80, 86,90,91,94,97,98,100-7,109,117, 118, 128, 130-2, 136, 138, 149, ISO, 154, 156, 157, 166 McLeod, Sub-Lieutenant RANVR, 146 Medical Auxiliary Service (MAS), 7 Melbourne, 97, 139 Meritai Besar, 152 Mersing, 9, 12, 13,41,96 Middle East, 1,4, 11,97 Mindanao, 67 et seq Misamis (now Ozamis), 87, 89, 90, 95, 96,98, 106, 114, liS, 117, 126, 127 Misamis Occidental Province, 87, 100, 115
169
And Tomorrow Freedom Mohamed, Datu, 73, 75 Money, Lieutenant Willard, USFIP, 129 Moro Gulf, 135 Moros, 63 et seq Morotai, 121, 129, 136, 139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 153, 164 Mostyn, 146, 148, 149, 152-4 Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis, 156 Muar, 13 Murud, Mount, 161 Muruts, 49 passim Muslims, 66 et seq Nagasaki, 151 Nakhon Nayok Camp, ISO, 153 Narwhal USS, 90, 96, 97, 121 Negri Sembilan, 8, 12 Neville, Able Seaman RAN , 146, 148 New Guinea, 97, 154 New World Entertaiilment Park, 39 Nooral Haq, Sergeant (later Inspector) NBAC, 153, 157 North Borneo (now Sabah) , 43 et seq North Borneo Armed Constabulary, 46, 48, 49, 144, 147 Nunuyan Laut Island, 141 O'Brien, Sergeant AIF , 146 O'Donnell, Captain Pat, AIF, 19, 21,37, 97 Ozamis see Misamis Padas, 161 Pagadian, 87, 89, 100, 114, 115 Palaos, 81 Panducan Island, 81 Panguil Bay, 87, 96, 100, 114, 122 Pangut Island, 81 Parang, 129, 133-6, 149, 154 Patani,ll Pathans, 153 Pearl Harbour, 10 Penang, 2, 11 Pensiangan, 49, 145 Perak, 8, II, 12 Philippines, 49 et seq Philippines Constabulary, 66, 67, 122 Pilas Island, 81 Port Dickson, 4 Port Swettenham, 164 Prince of Wales, HMS, 10, 13 Pritam Singh, Police Constable (later Sergeant) NBAC, 144, 148, 152, 157 Province Wellesley, 8 PuduJail, 41 Pulau Bukom, 21 Pulau Samboe, 21 Queen Mary, HMT, 1 Queensland, 41 passim
Quejada, Major USFIP, 101, 102, 119 RAAF, 142 Radio Malaya, 10, 13, 19 RAF, 4, 9-11,18,96 Raffles Place, 19 RAN , 98, 146 • Ranau , 141, 142, 156, 157 RANVR,146 Red Cross, Australian, British and International, 40, 70, 97, 139 Repulse, HMS, 10, 13 Rhome, Mr, 85, 86 Ripley, Flight Lieutenant RAAF, 142 Robinson Road, Singapore, 19 Roosevelt, Mrs Eleanor, 88 Rose, Major Angus, Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, 16, 17 'Roseforce', 16 Royal Navy, 98, 154 Royal Rifles of Canada, 10 Royal Signals, 16-18, 21 , 22,42, 97 Sa Ramain , Sultan, 99 Sabah see North Borneo Sabu, 103 Salleh, 60-2, 157 Samples, Lieutenant Jack, US Army/ USFIP, 88, lOS, 109, 117, 118, 130, 136, 166 Sandakan, 43, 44, 46, 49, 52, 53, 62, 137, 139, 141, 142, 145, 149, 156, 157 Sanga Sanga Island and Channel, 73, 78, 139, 146, 153 Sapong Estate, 158, 160, 161 Sarawak, 42 passim Schinkel,. Signalman AIF, 144, 154, 156, 157 Sebatik Island, 149, 154 Selangor, 12 Selarang Barracks, 27, 28, 37, 39 Semporna, 63, 143, 144, 146-54, 156, 158, 165 Semut, 158, 160-2 Serudong, 152 Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD), 139, 149, 158 Siasi, 66 Sibutu Island and Channel, 63, 145 Sikhs, 29 passim Sime Road Camp, 153 Simunal Island, 76 Sindangan, 82, 84-6 Singapore, 1 et seq Singapore Club, 10, 22 Singapore Cricket Club, 28, 156 'Singapore Express', 18, 23 Singapore Golf Club, 23 Singora, 11 Sinon Road , Tawau, 152, 153 Siocon, 82
170
Index Slim River, 12, 17 Solomon Islands, 17 South East Asia, 8, 42 South West Pacific Area, 121, 129, 146 Spaniards, 72 passim Sri Lanka see Ceylon Stanley Prison, 38 Steele, Captain Ray (later Major) AIF/USFIP, 32, 33, 39, 41, 48, 54, 56, 59, 68, 71, 80, 86, 90, 94, 96, 99, 137, 166 Straits Settlements, 2, 143 Stratton, Captain USFIP, 67, 68 Suarez, Colonel Alejandro, PC/USFIP, 66-8, 141, 145, 146 Sulu Archipelago, 50, 65, 67, 143 Sulu Sea, 44 Sumatra, 25, 97 Sunda Straits, 33, 34 Sungei Mas, 148 Sungei Patani, 11 Sungei Siput, 11 Sungei Umas, 152 Sydney, 44
86, 87; 5th Division Hospital, 87; A Corps, West Mindanao, 88, 90, 97, lIS, 116; 105th Division (Misamis Occidental Province), 100, 115; 108th Division (Lanao Province), 91, 97; Headquarters and Auxiliaries, 87, 91, 95, 97; 98; Independent Commando Battalion, 95, 98, 100, 106; Infantry Regiments (three Christian, six Muslim), 95, 98, 106; Other units mentioned: 120th Division, 115th Regiment, 66, 119 USAAF, 124, 126, 132, 135, 136 US Marines, 98, 135, 137 US Navy, 69, 70, 88, 98, 135, 152 Vichy French, 8 Villanueva, Lieutenant USFIP, 100, 102, 103, 109, 124, 125 WAAF, 70, 97 WAC(I),139 Wagner, Lieutenant Charles DGM (later Captain) AIF/USFIP, 44, 48, 50, 52-8, 62,68,71, 72, 78-81, 84, 86, 90-4, 99, 106 Wallace, Warrant Officer II William, AIF/USFIP, 53, 54, 59, 61, 68, 69, 80, 86,88,96 Watcher Stations, 69, 98, 105 Wavell, General Sir A.P., British Army, 19 Weebon, Lieutenant Roy, US Armyl USFIP, 101 Windeyer, General AIF, 158 Winnipeg Grenadiers, 9 Wiseman, Betty see Hawkins Wiseman, Bill, Captain British Army, 9, II, 17,25,38,42,97, ISO, 158, 164 Wiseman, Bobby, Sergeant W AC(I), 9, 18, lOS, 122, 139 Wiseman, Diana see Blow Wiseman, George, Private FMSVF, 9, 17, 18,20,25,28,39-41,72,97, 101, ISO, 158, 162, 164 Wiseman, 'Pop', Captain LDC, 8-11, 13, 14, 16, 17,22,25,28,29,41,70, 97, 114, ISO, 156, 157, 158, 164 Wiseman, Sheila, Section Officer WAAF, 7-9,11,16,18-21,25,37, 42, 70, 72, 96, 97, 139, 164 WNEL, 42, 97, 120 Woodlands, 16
Taiping, 4, II Taiwan, 37, 97 Tambisan Island, 49, 62, 63 Tamils, 10 passil/! Tanglin, 21, 24 Tanglin Barracks, 25 Tangub,87 Tarawakan, 64, 66, 69, 75, 81 Tawau, 146, 148-50, 152, 153, 156 Tawi Tawi, 50, 56, 64-72, 79-81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 95, 97, 137, 139, 141, 142, 144-6, 153 Taylor, Doctor, 144 Tenaga, 141, 156 Tengah, 17 Tengilao, 99 Tenom, 158, 160 Thailand, Thais, 28 passim Thumb Hill, 69, 71 Titigan, 146 Tobruk, 4, 143 Tojo, General IJA, 23 Trusun River and valley, 158, 160, 162 Tuaran, 145 Tubig Indangan, 76 Tubod, 114, 119, 122 Tungku, 156 Umpa, Captain Malamit, USFIP, 10006, 108, 109, 113-15, 117, 119-23, 125, 126, 130, 131, 136 United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP), 10th Military District (Mindanao and Sulu Islands), 67, 68, 80; Headquarters, Agusan, 88; 1st Battalion, Tawi Tawi, 68; 17 Corps,
Yank the, 32, 35, 36 Y ong Peng, 13 'Z' Force, Hong Kong, 9 'Z' Special Unit, SRD, 139, 142, 158 Zamboanga, 81, 82, Ill, 135, 137
171
/FORMOSA
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Born in Malaya, Sheila Ross left Singapore two days before it fell to the Japanese. After service in the W AAF she was commissioned in Intelligence, attached in the latter stages of the war to MI9, an inter-service unit concerned with POWs. Besides having access to much material used in the book, she was a member of a team of interrogators which went aboard the returning ships carrying released POWs .
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After the war she remained in South East Asia where her husband served in the Malaya Police and then the North Borneo Police.
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Sheila Ross is the author of five books. In And Tomorrow Freedom she writes with understanding born of personal knowledge of people and places. She writes with verve and humour of the bravery and quick thinking that enabled a small and ragged band of escapees to survive and fight on.
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.. E II I T ACE And tomorrow freedom : Australiain guerrillas in the
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