~
\A-
A Y ALA FOU~[)A TI ON, I NC
FILIPINAS HERITAGE ~ I
BRA R Y
\
V
Encyclopedia of the Philippines
MANILA
T?'ude Cente?' of the Pacific
ENCYCLOPE])IA OF THE
PHlLIPPINES THE LIBRARY OF PHILlP.PINE LITERATURE ART AND SCIENCE
ZOlLO M. GALANG J;
Author of Glimpses of the World, Tales of the Philippines, etc.
VOLUME THREE
PUBLISHED BY
P. VERA & SONS COMPANY (VERSONCO)
Manila, Philippine Islands
. 1935
26-50 { ~j
.,
6opyright, 1935 and ZOlLO M. GALANG All Rights Reserved
PEDRO VERA
PREFACE In this Volume III of the ~ncyClopedia of the Philippines is a recital of some of the economic achievements in the Philippine Islands. . With the advent of'the Spaniards the Philippine Islands have made considerable progress. With .the coming of the Americans the Isla~ds have, co~par atively speaking, progressed by leaps and. bounds. History, our forefathers say, repeats :' itself~ The Philippines had her days of plenty when she was the entrepot of the Pacific during the galleon trade. Due to the present econoniic nationalism, the trend of the times leads one to believe that better days are ahead and our pioneers' dream of seeing in the Islands the Emporium of the East will become true; for Manila seems destined to be the Trade Cent₏r of the Pacific. In statistics, there is a world of romance. The economic advance of a country is revealed by its chapters of facts and figures. . The three decades of the Islands' progress is a living document of Philippine commerce and industry. "Commerce, Industry and Agriculture will flourish," Rizal once said. "The Sciences will be under the protection of Liberty and of wise and equitable Laws, and will develop as in prosperous England." If the Philippines could only continue to advance as she had during the last three decades, who would ever say that Rizal's dream will not blossom into reality? 7
Tell me the commerce and industry of a people and I will tell you who they are. After knowing what the Filipinos have accomplished commercially and industrially the reader can. unmistakably tell who the Filipino people are or what they will' be, having in mind what the Roman elders said, Veritas V incit. Due acknowledgment of materials and proper mention of all persons who helped in making this Encyclopedia complete, together with a supplementary revision of errors and omissions, will be found at the end of the set.
z. Manila, April, 1935.
8
M. G.
TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK ONE PHILIPPINE TRADE Page
PHILIPPINE COMMERCE OF LONG AGO Conrado Benitez INTRODUCTION ....................... . ....... I. Agriculture and Landholding at the Time of the Discovery and Conquest ...... II. Industries at the Time of Discovery and Conquest ..... .. .................... III. Trade and Commerce at the Time of Discovery and Conquest ............... IV. Trade and Commerce: The Period of Restrictions ....................... V. The Nineteenth Century and Economic Development ....................... PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN FACTS AND FIGURES I. Statistics ........................... II. Lands .............................. III. Agriculture ........................ . IV. Livestock ............... . ..... . .... . V. Forestry ............................ VI. Manufacturing Industries ............ VII. Mining ............................. VIII. Labor .......................... . ... IX. Trade .............................. X. Transportation and Communication .... XI. Finance ......•...................... 9
17 23 35 58 70 83
101 108 123 269 303 308 315 324 336 381 401
BOOK Two ECONOMIC NATIONALISM BUSINESS PHILOSOPHY OF LEADING PHILIPPINE MERCHANTS AND EXECUTIVES I. Filipinos ............................ 419 II. Foreigners .......................... 437 SCIENTIFIC ADVERTISING .. , Manuel S. Rustia
452
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION I. Transportation ...... Salustiano Reyes 455 II. Communication . ..................... 470 PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS ................... I. The Science of Business .............. II. Scientific Methods ................... III. Business Enterprises ................. IV. Financing .. . ........................ V. Working Capital .................... VI. Management ........................ VII. The Ideal Office ..................... VIII. Business Administration ............. IX. Marketing .......................... X. Salesmanship ........................
472 473 474 475 475 478 481 485 486 489 490
PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC IDEALS I. La Liga Filipina .................... 495 II. Ang Bagong Katipunan .............. 495 III. Philippine Economic Protectionism .... 497 THE THREE DECADES OF PHILIPPINE PROGRESS ................... Leon Ma. Gonzales 498 MADE IN THE PHILIPPINES Cornelio Balmaceda
501
RIZAL'S VISION OF THE PHILIPPINES
509
10
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Manila, Trade Center of the Pacific (In Color) ........................... Frontispiece Facing Pa,ge Relief Map of the Philippines ................... 32 Advance in Agriculture ......................... 48 48 Tobacco Plantation ............................. Pier No.7, Gateway to Manila .................. 64 Crushing Sugar Cane in the Old Way. . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Modern Agricultural Implements ............... 80 IVlaguey ....................................... 96 96 Modern Rope Factory .......................... Kaifigin ....................................... 112 Preparing a Field for Transplanting Rice ......... 112 A Modern Sugar Central ....................... 130 Coconut Industry .................... . ......... 144 Stripping Abaca ... . ........................... 152 Abaca Plantation ........ . ..................... 152 Drying Tobacco Leaves ........................ . 160 Pottery Industry ............................... 160 Coffee in the Islands ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 166 Philippine Fruhs .............................. 208 Fruit Preserving ............................... 224 Salt Beds .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240 Transplanting Rice ............................. 240 Kapok Trees in Fruti ............ . .............. 256 Mindanao Lumber Yard ........................ 274 Cattle Ranch .................................. 274 Philippine Livestock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 288 Virgin Forest ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 304 Coconut Plantation ............................. 336 Nipa Palm Grove .............................. 336 Buntal Hats ................................... 352 Bamboo Hats .............................. , . .. 352 11
Pineapple Field ................................ Cahil, Native Oranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. The Manila Railroad Company, Paco Station ...... Manila Banks ................................. , Chambers of Commerce and Gold Mining ......... Transportation and Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Breakwater at Manila Harbor .................. Interisland Shipping ........................... Gilbert Bridge, Ilocos Norte .................... The Heart of Manila, the Business Center .. ,....
)
. 12
368 368 400 436 448 462 478 478 478 494
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
BOOK ONE ,
,#
••.••
PHILIPPINE TRADE
Philippine Commerce of Long Ago ChapteTs of An Economic HistoTY By CONRADO BENITEZ Dean, College of Business Administration, University of the Philippines INTRODUCTION
The Spanish writers, and with them the Filipinos as well as, to a great extent, writers of Philippine treatises in other languages, have over-emphasized the political history of the Philippines. The history of this country has been regarded but as the history of the Spaniards in it, and not of its people, the Filipinos.:I< Hence arises the need of studying our history from the point of view of the development of our people, especially to trace and show the
* "This modest work, which does not pretend to be without mistakes, and perhaps other flaws, has a special interest in that it treats of a matter about which the historians of those islands had hardly occupied themselves. The chronicles written by the laborious ecclesiastics, the only books of history which may be consulted about the Philippines, contain nothing but descriptions of the campaigns against the Dutch, the wars against the infidelsin the Archipelago as well as on the continent of Asia-the rebellions of the natives in some provinces, so easily suppressed, the bloody encounters with the Chinese settled in the islands, portentous miracles, progress of the missiuns in China, Annam and Japan, famous conflicts between the ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the civil power represented by the Governor Gener al and the Real Acuerdo, great crimes, other notable events of different kinds and changes in the personnel and form of administration of the country. "But in all these works, though useful and important, there is observed, among others, the absence of antecedents relative to economic and mercantile legislation, the scarcity of data to show the development of wealth of the country and of its commercial movement, the lack of a critical analysis of the legal provisions concerning such activities, and of their influence on the decadence or progress of production and commerce." (Manuel Azcarraga y P.almero, Gobernador civil cesante de Manila, Alcalde mayor que ha 8tdo 1e Cagayan y de Bulacan, Auditor honorario de Marina, etc., La hbertad de Come1路cio en las Islas Filipinas.-Madrid, 1872, pp. 9-10.) 17
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES part played by them in Philippine social progress as a whole. l The study of the economic history of a country is important also because economic forces play a great part in the development of any people. Indeed, some claim that all history may be explained in terms of economic motives. This is known as the economic interpretation of history. * Without going into the controversy centering around this theory, we can readily see that what we know as civilization has a two-fold basis, the physical and the psychical. And it is only after the physical basis is secured, that further psychical advance is possible. "Among all species, and in every stage of evolution, the extent of aggregation and its place or position are determined by external physical conditions. Even when men have become united by sympathies and beliefs, the possibility of perpetuating their union is a question of the character and resources of their environment. The distribution of food is the dominating fact. Animals and men dwell together where a food sup1 "* * * The resuU is that Spanish writers~ with them the Filipinos, and to a great extent the writers of Philippine treatises in other languages (drawing hastily upon Spanish sources), have over emphasized the political history of this Philippine record. Of course, in S-pain and the Spanish countries long-standing habit makes it the tendency to look to government for everything, and to think of all amelioration of evils and all incitements to progress as coming from above; while social and economic conditions in the Philippines are such as to emphasize this tendency, the aristocracy of wealth and education standing apart from the masses and being, to the latter, identified in the main with the government, with the "powers above." Nevertheless, it is to be insisted that social and econonUc prog.ress in the Philippines during the last half-century should be consldered separately and studied more practically than they have been thus far." (Le Roy's Bibliographical Notes.-B1. and Rb., Vol. 52, 134.) * For detailed discussion of this theory, see The Economic Interpretation of History, by E. R. A. Seligman. Also, History of Civilization in England, by H. T. Buckle, Vol. I, Chapter II, Influence Exercised by Physical Laws over Organization of Society and the Character of Individuals. This chapter is reprinted in Sociology and Social Progress, by T. N. Carver.
18
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ply is found, or may be certainly and easily produced. Other physical circumstances of the environment, however, such as temperature and exposure, surface and altitude, which make life in some places comparatively easy, in others difficult or impossible, exert an influence not to be overlooked." (Franklin Henry Giddings, The Principles of Sociology, p. 82. New York: 1911.) We need not trace the history of early civilizations to show the influence exerted by physical factors. We need only to recall the motives, familiar to all, which led to the discovery of America, namely, the closing of the trade routes to the East through the conquest of the Turks. And the history of this country itself furnishes many illustrations. Both ancient and modern writers have had a good deal to say about the strat egic position of the Philippine Islands in relation to the countries bordering around the Pacific Ocean. * It was that central geographical position which explained the marked predominance of Manila as a trade depot over all the other ports in the Orient, at one time in our history. That was, furthermore, the reason why the Spaniards kept the country; they wanted to use it "as a means to be nearer, and to reach more quickly,
* "In many ways the next decade of the history of the Philippines may resemble the splendid development of the neighboring country of Japan. Both countries have in past times been isolated more or less from the life and thought of the modern world. Both are now open to the full current of human affairs. Both countries promise to play an important part in the politics and commerce of the Far East. Geographically, the Philippines occupy the more central and influential position, and the success of the institutions of the Philippines may react upon the countries of southeastern Asia and Malaysia to an extent that we cannot appreciate or foresee." (Dr. D. P. Barrows, A History of the Philippines, pp. 9-10.) "Manila was also the commercial center of the Far East, and the entrepot through which the kingdoms of eastern Asia exchanged their wares. Here came great fleets of junks from China laden with stores. Morga fills nearly two pages with an enumeration of their merchandise, which included all manner of silks, brocades, furnitures, pearls and gems, fruits, nuts, tame buffalo, geese, horses and mules, all kinds of animals, 'even to birds in cages, some of which talk and others sing and which they make perform a thousand tricks; 19
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the rich country of spices, and then the continent of Asia, Japan, and the Orient in general."* Finally, we should distinguish the various causes that explain historical events. For example, a good deal of what has been known as the religious question in this country, is not concerned with the religion at ' all, but chiefly with economics. It is not always easy to distinguish these various causes; a fact which only goes to explain the onesided point of view which has prevailed till the present. there are innumerable other gewgaws and knickknacks, which among Spaniards are in much esteem.' "Each year a fleet of thirty to forty vessels sailed with the new moon in March. The voyage across the China Sea, rough with the monsoons, occupied fifteen or twenty days, and the fleet returned at the end of Mayor the beginning of June. Between October and March there came, each year, Japanese ships from Nagasaki which brought wheat, silks~ objects of art, and weapons, and took away from Manila the raw silk of China, gold, deer horns, woods, honey, wax, palm-wine, and wine 0f Castile. "From Malacca and India came fleets of the Portuguese subjects of Spain, with spiceI', slaves, Negroes and Kafirs, and the rich productions of Bengal, India, Persia, and Turkey. From Borneo, too, came the smaller craft of the Malays, who from their boats sold the fine palm mats, the best of which still come from Cagayan de Sulu and Borneo, slaves, sago, water-pots and glazed earthenware, black and fine. From Siam and Cambodia also, but less often, there came trading-ships. Manila was thus a great emporium for all the countries of the East, the trade of which seems to have been conducted largely by and through the merchants of Manila." (Ibid., pp. 173-174.) "Their position. whether in a political or a commercial point of view, is strikingly advantageous. With India and the Malay Archipelago on the west and south, the islands of the fertile Pacific and the rising empires of the new world on the east, the vast n:arket of China at their doors, their insular position and numerous rIvers affording a facility of communication and defence to every part of them, an active and industrious population, climates of a)most all varieties, a soil so fertile in vegetable and mineral produc~lons as almost to exceed credibility; the Philippine Islands alone, m the hands of an industrious and commercial nation, and with a free and enlightened government would have become a mighty empire-they are-a waste!" (Bl. and Rb., Vol. 51, pp. 74-75, Remarks on the Philippine Islands, 1819-22, by "An Englishman.") *." * * * No one whl!l has studied this subject with care can get rId of the idea that the religious aim was not the chief basis of the activities connected with the occupation of the Philippines.
20
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY But, that the questions connected with the means of getting a living were considered paramount, even long before the formal exposition of the economic interpretation of history, may be seen from the words of the provincials of the religious orders in a remonstrance addressed to the governor and captain-general of the Philippines, wherein they depicted the deplorable conditions in the Islands: "Third, all the Christian Indians would be more steadfast and rooted in the holy faith, and would become effective and most suitable instruments for (gaining) new conversions of infidels (and) apostates, the infidels themselves beholding the abundant wealth and profit, and other benefits, of the Christian Indians; FOR IT IS THE TEMPORAL WELFARE EVIDENT TO THEIR SENSES WHICH, AS EXPERIENCE TEACHES US, STRONGLY INFLUENCES BOTH CLASSES OF INDIANS, TO BE CONVERTED OR TO MAINTAIN THEMSELVES IN THE CHRISTIAN FAITH."*
The present work is built around a group of ideas briefly summarized as follows: The first three chapters portray the industries and commerce at the time of the coming of the Spaniards; and explain the causes that led to their decline; the fourth chapter dwells upon the era of It was purely commercial. It was only later that the religious element acquired greater strength. * * * " " * * * In such mercantile activities, the Philippines played the role of a central market for the distribution of products between the West and East,-a work which was of greatest importance. * * * These Islands were not only a great commercial market, but also a great religious center. * * * " " '" * * No one who has followed the opportunities offered to these Islands, can doubt the importance that they will have, due to their geographic position, in the modern commercial market which is opened to them with the establishment of their new means of communication with the world. (Referring to the Panama Canal.) These Islands, and not Japan, or Hongkong will bind the East with the West." ("The Importance of the Study of Philippine Geography,"-Lecture delivered by Dr. J. A. Robertson, before the Asociaci6n Geografica de Filipinas, November 27, 1912.) * Manila, October 7,1701. (The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898Blair and Robertson, Vol. 44, p. 139.) 21
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES restriction, and the Manila-Acapulco trade, which, for over two centuries, dominated this country, and has had such depressing effect upon economic growth; the last chapter takes up the era of liberalism, during the ninE'teenth century, and shows how the opening of the Philippines to foreign influence resulted in the development of its natural resources. Any attempt to trace Philippine economic development in the past three centuries must necessarily start, not so much with a detailed account of how the industries developed as with an exposition of how they were not developed. On the other hand, the remarkable social progress of the last half of the nineteenth century, following the opening of the markets of the world to Philippine products, is an encouraging indication of probable social advance yet to be attained.
1}
22
I AGRICULTURE AND LANDHOLDING AT THE TIME OF THE DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
At the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, agriculture in the Philippines was in a comparatively prosperous condition. * The Filipinos cultivated rice, which, as today, formed their chief article of food. They grew also sugar-cane, coconuts, indigo, sweet potatoes, and other tubers, various kinds of bananas, the betel-nut palm, the tamarind, lansone, and several varieties of legumes.! The
* "Historia General de Filipinas," Jose Montero y Vidal, Vol. 1, p. 66. 1 "Purposely introduced species comprise those of various other tropical countries that, for reason of their economic importance, have been introduced either in prehistoric or within historic times. N aturally the first plants introduced were those of the Malayan region that were familiar to the original invaders or their successors in western Malaya, and these include such species as Job's tears (Coix lach'Y'yma-jobi L.), the more common form of use for ornamental purposes, another form cultivated for food; suga'Y' cane (Saccharum officinarum L.), as a source of sugar; lemon grass (Andropogon citratus DC.), used as a condiment; vetiver (Andropogon zizanioides Urb.) , for its aromatic root; sm::ghum: (Andropogon sorgh~~m L.). for food; Italian millet (Setaria italica Beauv.), for food; rice (Oryza sativa L.), for food; bamboos (Bambusa vulgaris Schrad., and B. blumeana Schultes), for purposes of construction; coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), for food (this species is unquestionably of American origin, but reached the Orient long before the advent of Europeans) ; betel-nut palm (Areca catechu L.), for its stimulating properties; sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.), medicinal; taro (Colocasia esculentum Schott), food; yam, "ubi" (Dioscorea alata L.), for food; garlic (Allium sativum L.), for food; various varieties of the banana (Musa paradisiaca L.), for food; various zingiberaceous plants (Kaempferia galanga L., Curcuma zedoaria L., C. longa L., Zingiber ze'Y'umbet Sm., and Z. officinale Rosc.), for condiments, etc.; betel-pepper (Piper betel L.) for use with the betel-nut for chewing; bread fruit (Artocarpus communis Forst.), and the jak fruit (A. integrifolia L. f.), for food; amaranths (Amaranthus gangeticus L., A. Caudatus L.), for ornamental purposes and food; "libato" (Basella rubra L.), for food; champaca (Michelia champaca L.), for its fragrant flowers (this may have been introduced later by the Spaniards) ; siempre viva 23
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES hemp plant was likewise grown, and as we shall see later on, was used at the time for making the so-called "sinamay" cloth. * Cotton was cultivated, and furnished the material for weaving. Among the native fruits mentioned by Mor(Bryophyllum pinnatum Kurz), for medical p?~poses; horse radish tree (Moringa olei/era Lam.), for food a~d medICIne;. sappa,n (Caesalpinia sappan L.), for dyeing; the t.amannd (Tamar'Lndus 'l-ndwa L.). for food; indigo (Indigo/era tinctoria L.), for dye; "caturay" (Sesbania grandi/lot'a Pel's.), for its edible flowers and its resinous exudation; the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan Merr.) , for food; the cow pea (Vigna sesquipedalis L.), for food; the asparagus pea (psophocarptu: tetragonolobus nc.), for food; "batao" (Dolichos lab lab L.), for food; the m'Lmgo (Phaseolus radiatus L.), for food; various citrus fruits. such as the pomelo (Cit'rus decumana Murr.), the lime (C. lima Lunan.), and varieties of the orange (C. aU'rantium L.), for food; thE' santol (Sandoricum koetja1Je Merr.) , for food; the lansone (Lansium domesticum Jack) " for food; some euphorbias (E. tirucaUi L.), for medicine; "iba" (Oicca disticha L.), for food; crotons (Codiaeum variegatum Blume), for ornamental purposes; castor oil plant (Ricinus communi s L.), for m~dicine; croton oil plant (Croton tiglium L.), for medicine and for poisoning fish; balsam (Impatiens balsamtina L.), for medicine 'and for ornamental purposes; cotton (Gossypium sp.), for textile purposes; silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) for its fibrous floss; various Eugenias (E. jambolana Lam., E. 1nalaccensis L., E. jambos L., and E. javanica L.), for food; "papua" (Nothopanax fruticosum Miq.), for medicine and for ornamental purposes; jasmine (Sasm,inum sambac Ait.) , for its fragrant flowers: "solasi" (Ocimum basilicum L., and O. sanctum L.), for condiments; sesame (SesamJU.m orientale L.) for its oily seed; the bottle gourd (Lagenaria leucantha Rusby), for food; the sponge gourd (Luffa. cylirldrica. Roem. and L. acutangula Roxb.), for food; the "condol" (Benincasa hispicla Cogn.), for food; and the "ampalaya h (Momor. dica charantia L.) for food. "From an examination of the above list it will readily be seen that a great number of species were purposely introduced in prehistoric times from various parts of the East, chiefly through Malaya. for one reason or another, usually for their food value or for other reasons of economic importance. It is quite certain that none of the species enumerated above are natives of the Philippines, and it is equallv certain that none reached the Archipelago without the aid of man: Again it is equally certain that, with possibly very few exceptIOns, al~ these species were introduced by the early Malay invaders, by theIr successors, or by peoples of various other nationalities with whom they came in contact, long before the advent of the ~uropeans in the Orient."-"Notes on the Flora of Manila" with speCIal reference to the Introduced Element. E. D. Merrill. The Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. VII, No.3, Sec. C. Botany, pp. 192-194. * "If we exclude the abaca plant (Musa te:l/tilis Nee) and the various trees yielding timbers, gums, and resins, a few palms, some 24
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ga are: "sanctors, mabolos, tamarinds, nancas, custardapples, papaws, guavas, and everywhere many oranges, of all kinds-large and small, sweet and sour; citrons, lemons, and ten or twelve varieties of very healthful and palatable bananas." * With the coming of the Spaniards, very many plants which are commonly considered to be indigenous in this country, were introduced. 1 The most important economic plant imported since Spanish discovery was the tobacco, which today forms one of the staple crops, though it took many years before it came to anything like its present position. The cacao nut also was imported. Among the most commonly known of the others are maize, peanut, papaya, and, also pineapple, and sweet potato. 2 All of these plants came from Mexico. 3 Coffee was introduced from Europe. ** bamboos, the rattans, etc., it will be found that practically all the species now found in the Archipelago that are of the greatest importance in the economy of the native, Whether for food, for condiments, for clothing, for dyes, for ornamental purposes, and very many for medicinal purposes, have originated outside of the Philippines, and have purposely been introduced at one time or another." (The Flora of Manila, E. D. Merrill, Ibid.) * Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Antonio de Morga., Chap. 8. In Blair and Robertson Vol. 16, p. 87. "Instead of olives and other pickled fruit, they have a green fruit, like walnuts, which they call "paos." (Paha.) Some are small, and others larger in size, and when prepared they have a pleasant taste. They also preserve "charas" in pickle brine, and all sorts of vegetables and greens, which are very appetizing. There is much ginger, and it is eaten green, pickled, and preserved." (Ibid. p. 97). 1 Merrill: Flora of Manila. 2 However, both Dr. Tavera (Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. I, p. 329), and Montero y Vidal (Hist07'ia General de Filipinas, Vol. I, p, 66.), state that the sweet potato was being cultivated here at the time of the conquest. Pigafetta also mentions it in his account. 3 The American element in the Philippine flora is of peculiar interest as showing the effect of commerce on the vegetation of a country. Even with the limited communication between the Philippines and Mexico, it is surprising to consider the number of American forms introduced here through the medium of the galleons in
25
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the years when all communication between Sp~in and the Philippines was via Mexico. From the time of the Spamsh conquest up to the year 1815 a period of nearly 300 years L the government galleons sailed ann'ually for Manila, first from Navidad and later from Acapulco, on the western coast of M~xic? These ~a~leons carried n?t only the civil, military, and eccleSIastIcal authorItIes between Spaul and the Philippines via Mexico, but also other travellers, merchants, etc., as well as large quantities of merchandise. At an early date various Spanish of~icials, b~t, apparentlÂĽ, chiefly the priests, intr.oduced here the ,varIOUS specIes of econ?f!Uc value, food plants, medlcina~ plants, ~rUlts, etc., that ~er~ familIar to their countrymen in tropIcal AmerIca, most often brmgmg seeds, but in some cases most certainly living plants. Undoubtedly many species were introduced at that time that failed to become established here. Among the American species purposely introduced from Mexico may be mentioned the following: "Maize" (Zea mays L.), introduced for food; the "pineapple" (Ananas sativus Schultes), for its edible fruit and its fibm'; maguey (Agave cantula Roxb.), for its fiber; the tuberose (Polianthes tube?'osa L.), for its fragrant flowers; the spider lily (Hymenocallis tenuiflot'a Herb.), for ornamental purposes; the canna ÂŤ(Janna indica L.), for ornamental purposes; arrowroot (Mat'anta anmdinacea L.), for food; "aposotis" (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.), for medical purposes; four o'clock (Mirabilis ialapa L.), for ornamental p~rposes; "libato" (Anreder'a scandens Moq.); various species of Anon,a (A. mU1'icatJa L., A. reticulata L., and A. squamosa L.), for their edible fruits; the avocado (Persea americana Mill.), for its edible fruit; the Mexican poppy (Arge-mone mexicana L.), for ornamental purposes or for medicine; "camanchile" (Pithecolobium dulce Benth.), for its tanbark and its edible fruit; "aroma" (Acacia flhrnesiana Willd.) for its fragrant flowers; "ipel-ipel" (Leucaena gllhuclh Benth.), as a hedge plant; the sensitive plant (Mimcsa pudica L.), for ornamental purposes; "cabellero" (Clhesalpinia pul_ chen'i1na Sw.), for ornamental purposes; "acapulco" (Cassia alata L.), for medicinal purposes; the "peanut" (Arachis hypogaelh L.), for food; indigo (Indigo/era su//ruticosa Mill.), for dye; "madre cacao" (Gliricidia sepium Steud.), for hedges and for ornamental purposes; the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), for food; the yam bean (Pachyrrhizus e'l"osus Urb.), for its edible root; the bilimbi and caram bola (Aver1'hoa bilim.bi L., and A. ca1'ambola L.), for their edible fruits; physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.), for medicine, as well as J. multi/ida L. for ornamental purposes; cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl), for food; the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.), fox its edible fruit; "ciruelas" (Spondias purpu?'ea L.), for its edible fruit; "cotton" (Gossypiu?n braziliense Macf.) , for textile purposes; "cacao" (Theobroma cacao L.), the source of chocolate and cacao; acheute (Bixa Orellana L.), for dye; the "papaya" (Carica papaya L.), for its edible fruit; various species of cacti (Nopalea and Cereus), for ornamental purposes; the guava (Psidium guaiava L.), for its edible fruit; the "chico" (Achras sapota L.), for its edible fruit; the "chico mamey" (Lucuma mammosa L.) for its edible fruit: the "sapote negro" (Diospyros ebenaster Retz.), 'for its edible fruit; the temple flower (Plumeria acuti/olia Poir.), for its fragrant flow-
26
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The Filipinos at the time of discovery had domestic animals, dogs, cats, pigs, goats and buffaloes, i.e. carabaos. * "There were no horses, mares, or asses in the ers; the periwinkle (Lochnera rosea Reichb.), for its ornamental flowers; "campaneIlo" (Thevetia路 neriifolia Juss. and Allamanda cathartica L.), for ornamental and medicinal purposes; ' some specios of convolvuli (Ipomoea nil Roth, Quamoclit pinnata Boj., Colonictyon aculcatum House), for ornamental purposes, and the "sweet potato" (Ipomoea batatas Poir.), for food; lantana (Lantana camara L.), for ornamental purposes; "dama de noche" (Cestrum nocturnum L.), for its fragrant flowers; "tobacco" (Nicotiana tabacum L.); the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) ; the peppers (Capsicum frutescens L. and C. annuum L.), for condiments and for food; some ornamental Bignoniaceae (Crescentia alata HBK., and Tecoma stans Juss.); (?) the squash (Cu1"cubita maxima Duch.), for food; some ornamental Compositae (Tagetes erecta L., Helianthus annUU8 L., Cosmos caudatus HBK., and C. sulphureus Cav.) , and "ayapana" (Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl), for medicine." (Merrill: Flora of Manila, pp. 198-199.) ** On the whole, agriculture was not the chief aim of Spanish colonization. "How little attention, on the whole, the conquistadores directed to agricultural colonies, considering their various services in the transplantation of domestic animals, cereals, and vegetables from the Old to the New World, is very clearly shown by Peter Martyr, who condemns the expedition to Florida with the words: 'For what purpose do we need such products as are identical with those of southern Europe?' It is true that Columbus's second voyage of discovery had a settlement in view, and for that reason was provided with domestic animals, seeds, etc. It was a failure, however, owing to the mutinous spirit of the Spaniards. The regions which were best adapted to agricultural colonies, as, for example, Caracas, Guiana, Buenos Ayres, were neglected by the Spaniards for centuries." ("The Spanish Colonial Policy," Wilhelm Roscher, 1904, pp. 2-3.) "It is a strange thing that the Spaniards who go to those regions (The Philippines) honestly to make a small fortune do not engage more in agriculture, in a country where there is so much virgin land and of such great fertility, where labor is extremely cheap, and the crop easily and profitably sold." (La Libe1"tad de Comercio en Filipinas, Manuel Azcarraga y Palmero, p. 27.) " * * * the Spaniards cared but little for the cultivation of the lands." (The Ecclesiastical System in the Philippines, Manuel Buzeta, O. S. A., and Felipe Bravo, O. S. A., Madrid, 1850. From their Diccionario de las Islas Filipinas. In Bl. and Rb., Val. 28, p. 285. * Montero y Vidal, "Historia General de FiIipinas," Vol. I, p. 67. 27
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES islands, until the Spaniards had them brought from China and brought them from Nueva Espana."l The Kings of Spain in their instructions to the governors-general of the Philippines were solicitous about this matter of supplying this country with sufficient live stock to carryon farm work. * The early accounts of expedi1 "Beef is eaten, cattle being raised abundantly in stockfarms in many different parts of the islands. The cattle are bred from those of China and Nueva Espana. The Chinese cattle are small, and excellent breeders. Their horns are very small and twisted, and some cattle can move them. They have a large hump upon the shoulders, and are very manageable beasts. *** There is abundance of flesh of wild game, such as venison, and wild boars, and in some parts porcupines. There are many buffaloes, which are called carabaos, which are raised in the fields and are spirited; others are brought tame from China; these are very numerous, and very handsome. These last al.'e used only for milking, and their milk is thicker and more palatable than that of cows. Goats and kids are raised, although their flesh is not savory, because of the humidity of the country. These anima'!f sicken and die for that Teas on, and because they eat certain poison~us heTbs. Ewes and Tams, although often brought from Nueva Espana, never multiply. Consequently there are none of these animals, for the climate and pasturage has not as yet seemed suitable for them. There were no horses, mares, or asses, in the islands, until the Spaniards had them brought from China and brought them from Nueva Espana. Asses and mules are very rare, but there are many horses and mares. Some farms are being stocked with them, and those born (mixed breeds for the most part) turn out well, and have good colors, are good tempered and willing to work, and are of medium size. Those brought from China are small, very strong. good goers, treacherous, quarrelsom~, and bad-tempered. Some horses of good colors are brought from Japan. They have well-shaped bodies, thick hair, large fetlocks, large legs and front hoofs, which make them look like draft-horses. Their heads are rather large, and their mouths rather hard. They run but slowly, but walk well, and are spirited and of much mettle. The daily feed of the horses consists throughout the year of green provender, besides rice in the husk, which keeps them very fat. ("Morga's Sucesos, 1609," BI. and Rb. Vol. 16, pp. 89-91.) * "The islands, as I am told, need stallions, mares and cows, ~nd other domestic animals. In order that they may be bred there m nun:be~s, I am writing to the vi~eroy of Nueva Espana, to send to the saId lslands twelve mares, two stallions, twenty cows, and two bulls. You shall ask him for these as you pass there, and shall take them with y?u in your vessels as you go upon your voyage; and whatever you thmk needful for the animals can be brought from China and Japan. You shall order those farmers who are about to go to the said islands, and the chiefs, to tame and breed buffaloes, so that
28
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY tions to find food for the Spaniards show that chickens were raised by the Filipinos. 1 It has been truly said that the Filipino has been affected by the centuries of Spanish sovereignty far less on his material side than he has on his spiritual. * For as we read the early accounts about agricultural life at the with all these animals there may be sufficiency to carryon the farming, and for other needful services." (Instruction to Dasmariiias of Felipe II, Aug. 9, 1589 ;-Bl. and Rb. Vol. 7, p. 156.). Also, Instructions to Tello, 1596, Bl. and Rb., Vol. 9, p. 236. 1 "There are plenty of fowls like those of Castilla, and others very large, which are bred from fowls brought from China. They are very palatable, and make fine capons. Some of these fowls are black in feather, skin, flesh, and bones, and are pleasant to the taste. Many geese are raised, as well as swans, ducks, and tame pigeons brought from China." (Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Chap. 8.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 90.) * "The material surroundings of the Filipino before the arrival of the Spaniards were in nearly every way quite as they are today. The "center of population" of each town today, with its great church, tribunal, stores and houses of stone and wood, is certainly in marked contrast; but the appearance of a barrio of little distance from the center is today probably much as it was then. Then, as now, the bulk of the people lived in humble houses of bamboo and nipa raised on piles above the dampness of the soil; then, as now, the food was largely rice and the excellent fish which abound in river and sea. There were on the water the same familiar bancas and fish corrals, and on land the rice fields and coconut groves. The Filipinos had then most of the present domesticated animals,dogs, cats, goats, chickens, and pigs,-and perhaps in Luzon the domesticated buffalo, although this animal was widely introduced into the Philippines from China after the Spanish conquest. Horses followed the Spaniards and their numbers were increased by the bringing in of Chinese mares, whose importation is frequently mentioned. "The Spaniards introduced also the cultivation of tobacco, coffee, and cacao, and perhaps also the native corn of America, the maize, although Pigafetta says they found it already growing in the Bisayas. "The Filipino has been affected by these centuries of Spanish sovereignty far less on his material side than he has on his spiritual, and it is mainly in the deepening and elevating of his emotional and mental life and not in the bettering of his material condition that advance has been made." (Dr. D. P. Barrows, A History ' of th~ Philippines, pp. 106-107). 29
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES time of discovery and conquest, and compare it with that of a decade ago, we do not find any marked change or advance. * * The early Filipinos knew how to construct implements for the cultivation of their rice, such as for hulling and separating the chaff from the grain; and they had wooden mortars and pestles for pounding and whitening rice. Then, the women did most of the work of pound~ ing the rice for use, whereas today, the men do it.;~ Furthermore, in the early days, the system of irrigating the rice fields that is used today was known and practiced. 1 Of course, the so-called caiiigin method of cultivation prevailed, but the considerable amounts of rice which at various times were contributed by the Filipinos for the support of the Spanish conquerors could not have been produced under such a crude system of cultivation, but only by the more advanced one, which closely resembled that of the present t ime. 2 The lands of the ancient Filipinos were divided
** "The planters keep working the soil almost as they used to do three centuries ago." (Memoria sobre los Montes de Filipinas. Sebastian Vidal y Soler; Madrid, 1874, p. 74.) * Antonio de Morga, "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas," chap. 8. Rizal's note to this says: This work, although not laborious, is generally pl'rformed now by the men, while the women do only the actual cleaning of the rice. Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 79). 1 "The lands which they inhabited were divided among the whole barangay, especially the irrigated portion, and thus each one knew his own." Customs of :the Tagalogs, Juan del Plasencia, O. S. F.; Manila, October 21, 1589. Blair and Robertson, Vol. fl, p. 174. 2 See Chapter II, as to evidences of prosperity of the Filipinos at the time of the coming of the Spaniards. Caingin system described: "They reported that the country was so fertile that when natives desired to plant their rice they only b~rn, a part of the mountain and, without any further plowing or dIggmg, they make holes with a stick in the soil, and drop some grains of rice in them. This was their manner of sowing; and, after covering the rice with the same earth, they obtained very heavy crops." (Histo?'1:a de la P1"ovincia del Sa,nto Rosario de la Orden de Pre die adores, Diego Aduarte, O. P., Manila, 1640.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 32, p. 199.) 30
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY among the whole barangay, so that each one had his holding and no resident of one barangay was allowed to cultivate lands in another barangay unless he had acquired them by inheritance, gift, or purchase. In some barangays the lands belonged to the chief through purchase from the original owners. In some localities the chiefs or principal personages also owned the fisheries, and their rights were respected. * With the coming of the Spaniards, lands were assigned to the colonists, of which they were to have perpetual ownership after four years' residence. 1 Encomiendas of the Indians were also granted to the discoverers and conquerors.2 It is in connection with the administra-
* "Customs of the Tagalogs," Juan de Plasencia: "* * * '" The lands on the 'tingues' or mountain-ridges, are not divided, but owned in common by the barangay. Consequently, at the time of the rice harvest, any individual of any particular barangay, although he may come from some other village, if he commences to clear any land may sow it, and no one can compel him to abandon it. There are some villages (as, for example, Pila de la Laguna) in which these nobles, or maharlicas, paid annually to the dato a hundred gantas of rice. The reason of this was that, at the time of their settlement there, another chief occupied the lands, which the new chief upon his arrival, bought with his own gold; and therefore the members of his barangay paid him for the arable land, and he divided it, among those whom he saw fit to reward. But now, since the advent of the Spaniards, it is not so divided. * * . ' "The chiefs in some villages had also fisheries, with established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets. At these no one could fish, or trade in the markets, without paying for the privilege, unless he belonged to the chief's barangay or village." (B1. and Rb., Vo1. 7, pp. 174-175.) Also, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Census of the Philippines, 1903, V 01. I, p. 325. 1 Expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. (Resume of Contemporaneous Documents), Talavera, July 6, 1541.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 2, p. 54.) 2 The origin of the encomienda "was in the REPARTIMIEN TO, which at first (1497) meant a grant of lands in a conquered country; it was soon extended to include the natives dwelling thereon, who were compelled to till the land for the conqueror's benefit. In 1503 ENCOMIENDAS were granted, composed of a certain number of natives, who were compelled to work. The 31
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES tion of these encomiendas that we find in the annals of the Philippines many accounts of abuses and extortions practiced on the natives, and the consequent revolts. It must not, however, be supposed that the Filipinos were actually dispossessed of their lands by the king; for, although according to the constitutional law of the Indies the land and the soil in all colonies were the domain of the king* and, therefore, could be assigned to deserving perword ENCOMIENDA is a term belonging to the military orders (from the ranks of which came many officials appointed for the colonies) and corresponds to our word commandery. It is defined by Helps (practically using the same language of Solorzano, the eminent Spanish jurist), as a right conceded by royal bounty, to well-deserving persons in the Indies, to receive and enjoy for themselves the tributes of the natives who should be assigned to them, with a charge of providing for the good of those natives in spiritual and temporal matters, and of inhabiting and defending the provinces where these ENCOMIENDAS should be granted to them." (Note, B1. and Rb., VQl. 2, p. 54.) * "According to the constitutional law of the Indies the land and the soil in all colonies were the domain of the king; therefore the encomiendas, which were granted only to discoverers and other men of conspicuous merit, were to be considered not so much as landed estates as public offices. (Compare "Recopilacion," IV, 8, 9, 11.) The encomendero was appointed and sworn (law of 1532) for the express purpose of giving his natives military protection (law of 1552) a11d of promoting politically and religiously their conversion to civilization (laws of 1509, 1554, 1580). Whoever neglected to do this lost his encomienda (laws of 1536, 1551). It is characteristic that the Spaniards so readily combined the functions of discoverers, pacificators, and founders of settlements; as a matter of fact most of the Indian races were led to civil life, in our sense of the word, by them. In order to prevent extortion no encon:endero could own a house in his village or stay there more than one mght (law of 1609, 1618). Not even his nearest relatives or his slaves could enter the encomienda (law of 1574, 1550) so often. He was forbidden to maintain any industrial establishment in the encomienda (law of 1621), or to take into his house any of the inhabitants (law of 1528). That the natives were free men, that they could not be sold by an encomendero, was recognized in many laws. ("Recopilacion," VI, 2, I, II). Mter the legislation of 1542 some of the natives were the immediate subjects of the king, and the rest dependents attached to the encomiendas. The former paid threefour~hs of their taxes to the treasury, and the latter the same proportlOn to their landlords. The right of holding an encomienda was granted, regularly for two generations, except in New Spain, where, on account of the very unusual services rendered by the con32
Ur4!' .11"0
.
"r.olJc:r'c
!)VI<vrf
RELIEF MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY sons, there were royal decree.s intended to proteot the natives in their time-honored possession. 1 The question of land ownership has, however, from earliest times been the source of conflicts between the religious orders and the people. Without going into the technical,-and perhaps today, academic,--question of which side had the better legal argument, the fact cannot be denied that the Filipinos had always protested, throughout the various centuries of contact with the Spaniards, against what they considered to be usurpation of their lands. * querors, it was granted for three and even four generations. (Ibid. VI, 11, 14.) During the 18th century many of the families of the landlords died out and their possessions were not again granted. The authorities always interested themselves in the cause of the natives, until at length Charles III abolished the encomiE'ndas." (W. Roscher (1904) "The Spanish Colonial System," pp. 4-5.) 1 "Let such allotments be made without prejudice to the nativE'S, retaining for them their arable lands, gardens, and pastures, so that aU shall be cared - for." (Foundation of the Audiencia of Manila, Felipe II; Aranjuez, May 5, 1583.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, p. 292.) "I was petitioned on behalf of the said islands, to order that encomiendas be granted with the condition and obligation upon the encomenderos that some patch of ground should be cultivated, and that the farmers and natives should be aided so that they also may till and cultivate. I charged Gomez Perez strictly in his instructions with this, and now I charge you too. You shall grant lands and homesteads, cattle and horses for breeding and farming, both to the natives, and to the settlers and farmers. Inasmuch as the execution of this is important, you shall advise me of the conditions of former days and what ordinances you shall enact, so that what is advisable may be done during your term." (lnst1'twtions to Tello, Felipe II, Toledo, May 25, 1596.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 9, p. 237.) (To the same effect, Instructions to Dasmarifias, Felipe II, San Lorenzo, August 9, 1589. Ibid., Vol. 7, p. 157). * On July 25, 1609, Don Miguel Banal, a Filipino chief of Quiapo, sent a petition to the King, for redress against what he considered a usurpation of his lands. The petition begins thus: "Sire :-In former years the archbishop of these Philippine Islands, on petition of the natives of the village of Q.u iapo, which is near the city of Manila, wrote to yOul' Majesty, informing you that the fathers of the Society of Jesus-under pretext that the former dean of this holy church of Manila, whom your Majesty has lately appointed archbishop, had sold them a garden lying back of our village-have been insinuating themselves more and more into our lands and taking 33
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES more than what was assigned them by the dean; and that we had scarcely any land remaining in the village for our fields, and even for our houses. The petition begged your royal Majesty to remedy this and protect us under your royal clemency, since we are natives, who cannot defend ourselves by suits, as we are a poor people, and it would be a matter with a religious order. (Nothing was heard from the King, and in the meantime, petitioner was forcibly ejected from his own lands, and a house built by him thereon, destroyed.) For I fear that I can find no one to aid me in the suits that the fathers are about to begin against me, or who will appear for my justice, since I have even been unable to find anyone who dared to write this letter for me. This letter is therefore written by my own hand and in my own composition, and in the style of a native not well versed in the Spanish language. Also in the meanwhile will you order the fathers not to molest me in the ancient possession that I have inherited from my fathers and grandfathers, who were chiefs of !the said village." (Bl. and Rh., Vol. 14, pp. 327-329.) A letter from Felipe III to Silva, refers to above petition and orders thus: "Having examined it in my Council for the Yndias, it has appeared best to order and command you, as I do to inform me of what has occurred in this matter, and is occurring, and in the meantime to take such measures as are expedient. Madrid, on the 7th of December, 1610." (Bl. and Rh .â&#x20AC;˘ Vol. 17, pp. 151-152.)
I
34
II INDUSTRIES AT THE TIME OF DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
One of the most important industries in the Philippines during this period was shipbuilding. We would naturally expect this industry to be developed among the Filipinos, for they belong to a seafaring race that for centuries had been pushing their way northward and taking possession of the islands of this part of the Pacific; furthermore, once settled in this country, they had abundant supply of good timber for building purposes. * Morga described the various kinds of ships and boats used by the Filipinos. 1 There seems to be no doubt that the Fili-
* "For the above reason there is a large supply of lumber, which is cut and sawed, dragged to the rivers, and brought down, by the natives. This lumber is very useful for houses and buildings, and for the construction of small and large vessels. Many very straight trees, light and pliable, are found, which are used as masts for ships and galleons. Consequently, vessels of any size may be fitted with masts from these trees, made of one piece of timber, without its being necessary to splice them or make them of different pieces. For the hulls of the ships, the keels, futtock-timbers, toptimbers, and any other kinds of supports and braces, compasstimbers, transomes, keels small and large, and rudders; all sorts of good timber are easily found; as well as good plankiNg for the sides decks, and upper-works, from very suitable woods." (Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.-Chapter 8, Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 84-87.) 1 "Their ships and boats are of many kinds; for on the rivers and creeks inland they use certain very large canoes, each made from one log, and others fitted with benches and made from planks, and built up on keels. They have vireys and barangays, which are certain, quick, and light vessels that lie low in the water, put together with little wooden nails. These are as slender at the stern as at the bow, and they can hold a number of rowers on both sides, who propel their vessels with 'bucceyes' or paddles, and with 'gaones,' on the outside of the vessels; and they time their rowing to the accompaniment of some who sing in their language refrains by which they understand whether to hasten or retard their rowing. Above the rowers is a platform or gangway, built of bamboo, upon which the fighting men stand, in order not to interfere with the rowing of the 35
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES pinos have forgotten much of what they knew about shipbuilding. * oarsmen. In accordance with the capacity of the vessels, is the num" ber of men on these gangways. From that place they manage the sail, which is square and made of linen, and hoisted on a support or yard made of two thick bamboos, which serves as a mast. When the vessel is large, it also has a foresail of the same form. Both yards, with their tackle, can be lowered upon the gangway when the weather is rough. The helmsmen are stationed in the stern to steer. It carries another bamboo framework on the gangway itself; and up(m this when the sun shines hot, or it rains, they stretch an awning made from some mats, woven from palm-leaves. These are very bulky and close, and are called 'cayanes.' Thus all the ship and its crew are covered and protected. There are also other bamboo frameworks for each side of the vessel, which are as long as the vessel, and securely fastened on. They skim the water, without hindering the rowing, and serve as a counterpoise, so that the ship cannot over I'n nor upset, however heavy the sea, or strong the wind against the sail. "It may happen that the entire hull of these vessels, which have no decks, may fill with water and re~ain between wind and water, even until it is destroyed and broken up, without sinking, because of these counterpoises. These vessels have been used commonly through the islands since olden times. They have other larger vessels called 'lapis,' and 'tapaques,' which are used to carry their merchandise, and which are very suitable, as they are roomy and draw but little water. They generally drag them ashore every night, at the mouths of rivers and creeks, among which they always navigate without going into the open sea or leaving the shore. All the natives can row and manage these boats. Some are so long that they can carry one hundred rowers on a side and thirty soldiers above to fight. The boats commonly used are barangays and vireys, which carry a less crew and fighting force. Now they put many of them together with iron nails instead of the wooden pegs and the joints in the planks, while the helms and bows have beaks like CastilHan boats." (Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.Ch. 8, Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 82-84.) * "The Filipinos, like the inhabitants of the Marianas, who are no less skilful and dexterous in navigation, far from progressing, have retrograded; since, although boats are now built in the islands, we m,ight assert that they are all after European models. The boats that held one hundred rowers to a side and thirty soldiers have disappeared. The country that once, with primitive methods, built ships of about 2,000 toneladas, today (1890) has to go to foreign ports, as Hongkong, to give the gold wrenched from the poor, in exchange for unserviceable cruisers. The rivers are blocked up, and navigation in the interior of the islands is perishing, thanks to the obstacles created by a timid and mistrusting system of government; and there scarcely remains in the memory anything but the
36
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The Spaniards took advantage of the abundance of materials in this country, and engaged in shipbuilding on a large scale. Shipyards were established at various places, * and to them the Filipinos were compelled to go and work. To the honor and glory of Spain, some of the largest ships in the world at that time were built in the Philippines. l When the role played by the Filipinos in the history of Spanish achievement in the Philippines comes to be finally written, their share, in the form of service, direc1rname of all that naval architecture. It has vanished, without modern improvements having come to replace it in such proportion as during the past centuries has occurred in adjacent countries." (Rizal's note to Morga.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 84.) * "The shipyards of the galleons built during Don Juan de Silva's term were thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, and eighty leguas from the city of Manila, in different places; namely, on the island of Marinduque, where the galleon San Juan Bautista was built, which is forty leguas from Manila; in the province of Camarines at Dialupanes were built Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe, and the Angel de la Gu'Lrdia (i. e. Guardian Angel), fifty leguas from Manila; in the province of Ibalon at Bagatan were built San Felipe and San tiag u, eighty leguas from Manila; in Mindoro was built the galleon San Juan Bautista, fifty leguas from Manila; in Marinduque was built the almiranta San Marcos, forty leguas from Manila; in Masbate was built the royal flagship Salvador, seventy leguas from Manila, in the point where the fleets anchor; in the port of Cavite, six galleys; in the city of Manila, two." (Sebastian de Pineda; Mexico, 1619.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, pp. 173-174.) 1 "Governor Don Diego de Salcedo, considering the many oppressions that were experienced by the provinces near Manila from the continual cutting of timber and building of galleons-a necessary evil and one in which the wrongs that are committed in it can be obviated only with great difficulty-very prudently determined to build the galleon Nuestra Senora del Buen Socorro in the province of Albay. He entrusted its execution to the commander Diego de Arevalo who was most experienced in maritime matters. He appointed him alcalde-mayor of the adjoining province of Camarines for the better expedition of the timber-cutting, putting him under greater obligations (to do well) by the future reward of commander of the galleon which he was about to build. In order that that galleon might be built more quickly and finished sooner, he sent as chief overseer his lieutenant master-of-camp, Don Agustin de Cepeda Carnacedo, who was then master-of-camp of the army of these islands for his Majesty, in order that he might live in the port of Albay. He did 37
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and indirect-and suffering of different kinds, will occupy a considerable part of the account. * First of all, the many lives sacrificed in connection with the building of ships should be considered. 1 Then, the effect of the industries that with so great care that in little more than one year the largest and best galleon that had yet been seen in the islands was builtand veTY few so large have been seen in European seas, and extremely few that are larger. For that purpose the woods of Filipinas are the best that can be found in all the universe." (Casimiro Diaz, O. S. A.; Manila, 1718. Conq~~istas, in Bl. and Rb., Vol. 37, pp. 250-251.) * "Those who cut these woods and build these ships and galleys are Indian natives of the said islands. They are carpenters, who are called cagallanes or pandais, in their language. Those Indians who are no more than wovdcutters, and .serve only as hewers and planers of wood, are paid each seven or eight reals a month, and aTe given daily rations of one-half celemin of rice. Those of better trades than the latter generally earn ten to twelve reals a month. Those who are maste.rs-the ones who layout, prepare, round, and make the masts, yards, and topmasts are each paid three or four pesos of eight reals a Dtonth, and double rations." (Philippine Ships and Ship build1:lLg , Sebastian de Pineda (1619) .-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, p. 174.) 1 "When a fleet was being prepared in Cavite there were generally one thousand four hundred of these carpenters there. Just now there are very few, for when the Mindanao enemies burned one galleon and two petaches in the past year, one thousand six hundred and seventeen, which were being built in the shipyard of Pantao, sixty leguas from the city of Manila, they captured more than four hundred of the workmen, and killed more than two hundred others; while many have died through the severe work in the building. And because they have been paid fOT five years nothing except a little aid, many have fled from the land; and so few remain that when the last ships sailed from the city of Manila last year, six hundred and eighteen, there were not two hundred of those Indians in Cavite." (Ships and Shipb~l.ilding, Sebastian de Pineda, 1619.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, pp. 174-175.)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
"As above staten, it will be necessary for Governor Don Alonso Fajardo to devise immediate means for building galleons and to ~epair the si.x at Manila. I regard the present building of ships III that country as impossible. For with the former ships and fleets and with the depTedations and deaths caused by the enemy in those districts the natives are quite exhausted; for, as I said above, in the former years of six hundred and seventeen the Mindanao enemy captured four hundred native carpenters and killed more than two hundred others. The year before that, six hundred and sixteen in the expedition made by Don Juan de Silva to the strait of Cincap~ra, 38
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY of the country was disastrous. * Besides, very frequently the laborers were not paid their wages. 1 And worse than the physical cruelties practiced on them, the Filipinos were not only helping the King in the extension of his empire, but also those who actually abused them2 to get rich. It where- he died, it was found from lists that more than seven hundred Indians, of those taken as common seamen (of whom more than two hundred were carpenters), died on that expedition. Before that, in the year six hundred and fourteen, the said Mindanao enemy captured in the islands of Pintados nine hundred odd Indians, of whom but few have been ransomed. In the shipbuilding and in the hauling of wood many have died. Consequently, on account of all combined, there is a lack of natives for the above works. Therefore your Majesty must order the said Don Alonso Fajardo, governor and captain-general of the said islands, that in case galleons are to . be built, it should not be in the islands--on the one hand, on account of the- short time that those woods last, and on the other because of the lack in that land of natives (occurring through the above-mentioned causes, and because those natives in the islands are serving in the fleets as common seamen and carpenters)." (Ibid., pp. 182-183.) * "The shipbuilding carried on in these islands on your Majesty's account is the total rum and death of these natives, as all tell TIre. For, in addition to the danger caused by it in withdrawing them from the cultivation of their lands and fields-whereby the abundance of foods and fruits of the country is destroyed-many of them die from severe labor and harsh treatment. Joined to this is another evil, namely, that every Indian who takes part in the shipbuilding is aided by all the neighborhood where he lives with a certain number of pesos, on account of the small pay that is given them in behalf of your Majesty. Hence many are being harassed and worn out by these methods, and a great e-xpense is being caused to your Majesty's royal treasury." (Lette1- to Felipe III, Alonso Fajardo de Tenza, Cavite, Aug. 10, 1618; Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, pp. 130-131.) 1 "Item: That the governor be- warned to endeavor to avoid, as far as possible, the injuries inflicted upon the natives in the cutting of wood and in personal services; for they sometimes draft the-m in the planting season or at harvest, so that they lose their fields, as I have seen. In addition to this, many time-s they do not pay the Indians, because there is no money in the treasury, which is continually short of funds. This often arises from the fact that they do not estimate and consider the needs of the Indians with the amount of money that is available; and consequently all the Indians complain. Finally, when the said Indians are paid, it is done by the hand of the chiefs or cabezas de barangay, who generally keep the money." (Reforms Needed in Filipinas, by H. de los Rios Coronel. -Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, pp. 315-316.) 2 "The loss of so many ships caused us great sadness of heart. The- greatest hardship fell to the Indians, for they cannot live with-
39
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES is not strange, therefore, that we should find good intentioned persons, among them the early religious men-who wrote to the King and prayed for redress. * In this connection, it is of interest to add that the Filipinos who served as seamen in the galleons suffered as much as their brethren who built the ships.1 It is clear now why it is that the shipbuilding industry caused many revolts. 2 An interesting effect of the hardout ships. When one is lost it is necessary to build another, and that means the cutting of wood. Six or eight thousand Indians are assembled for that task, and go to the mountains. On them falls the vast labor of cutting and dragging the timber in. To that must be- added the blows that are rained down upon them, and the poor pay, and bad nourishment that they receive. At times, religious are sent to protect and defend them from the infernal fury of some Spaniards. Moreover, in the timber collected for one ship there is (actually enough) for two ships. Many gain advantage at the cost of the Indians' sweat, and later others make a profit in Cavite, as I have seen." (D. F. Navarrete, O. P.; 1676, from his Tratados Hist6ricos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 38, pp. 42-43.) * "* * * I must remind your Majesty that the islands are at the- end of their resources, as far as the Indians in them are concerned for it is they who bring the timber from the forests for the said shipbuilding. I have thought of an expedient for this, in order not to complete the destruction of the Indians; it is, to ask the viceroys of your Majesty in Nueva Espana and Piru to send vessels here. * * *" (Letter to Felipe IV, by Sebastian Hurtado de Corcupra, Cavite, July 11, 1636.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 26, p. 289.) 1 "Item. That it be ordered that the common seamen who serve in the said ships, who are always Indian natives, be all men of that coast, who are insb'ucted how to navigate; and that they be made to wear clothes, with which to shelter themselves from the cold; for, because they do not, most of them die in high latitudes, of which he (the writer) is a witness. Inasmuch as the factor enrolls other Indians who live in the interior, and who do not know the art of sailing, and as they are a wretched people, they are embarked without clothes to protect them against the cold, so that when each new dawn comes there are three or four dead men (a matter that is breaking his heart); besides, they are treated inhumanly and are not given the necessaries of life, but are killed with hunger and thirst. If he were to tell in detail the evil that is done to them, it would fill many pages. He petitions your Majesty to charge your governor straitly to remedy this." (Refo?'m Needed in Filipinas, Hernando de los Rios Coronel, 1619-1620.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 18, pp. 299-300.) 2 "This has been the cause of tumults and insurrections, such as that of Palapag in 1649, and that of the province of Pampanga in 40
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ships suffered by the Filipinos was the migration of many of them to New Spain, and their settlement there. * 1660; and, in the time of Governor Don Juan de Silva, that of 1614, because of the considerable felling of timber which was occasioned by so much. shipbuilding as was caused by the undertaking against the Dutch. Then, most of the provinces of these islands mutinied and almost rose in insurrection; and there was danger of a general outbreak, had not the religious who were ministers in the provinces reduced the minds of the natives to quiet; for they, overburdened by so heavy a load, were at the point of desperation." (Casimiro Diaz, O.S.A.; Manila, 1718, Conquistas.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 37, p. 212.) * "Those islands have so few natives, that if your Majesty does not expressly order no vessels to be constructed in them, not any of their people will be left, for as a result the events that have happened in those islands for the last eight years, both murders and captivitie:;;, many of those who have been left, who are constantly coming to Nueva Espana, every year as common seamen in the vessels that regularly sail, remain in Nueva Espana. In the galleon Espi1'it'L~ Santo which came last year, six hundred and eighteen, were seventyfive native Indians as common seamen, but not more than five of the entire number returned in the said galley. If your Majesty does not have that corrected, the same thing will occur every year, and should your Majesty not correct it, the following things will occur. The first is the great offense committed against our Lord, for many (indeed most) of those native Indians of the Filipinas Islands who come as common seamen are married in those said islands; and, inasmuch as they are unknown in Nueva Espana, they remarry here. Another wrong follows which is very much to the disservice of your Majesty and your royal treasury, which is caused by the said Indian natives of the Filipinas Islands who come as common seamen and remain in Nueva Espana; and if it is not checked in time, it will cause considerable injury to these kingdoms. This consists in the fact that there are in Nueva Espana so many of those Indians who come from FiIipinas Islands who have engaged in making palm wine along the other seacoast, that of the South Sea, and which they make with stills, as in Filipinas, that it will in time become a part reason for the natives of Nueva Espana, who now use the wine that comes from Castilla, to drink none except what the Filipinos make. For since the natives of Nueva Espana are a race inclined to drink and intoxication, and the wine made by the Filipinos is distilled and as strong as brandy, they crave it rather than the wine from Espana. Consequently it will happen that the trading fleets (from Spain) will bring less wine every year, and what is brought will be more valuable every year. So great is the traffic in this (palm wine) at present on the coast of Navidad, among the Apusabalcos, and throughout Colima, that they lead beasts of burden with this wine in the same way as in Espana. By postponing the speedy remedy that this demands, the same thing might also happen to the vineyards of Piru. It can be averted, provided all the Indian natives of the said Filipinas Islands are shipped and returned to them, that 41
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES As, next to rice, fish formed an important part of the diet of the Filipinos, we find them engaged in the fishing industry at the time of discovery and conquest. Magellan and his party saw many fishing boats near the coasts of the islands passed by them. "All the shores of this bay (Manila) are well provided with abundant fisheries, of all kinds."* The other islands were described to have many large fisheries also. 1 The inland waters, too, furnished the inhabitants with abundant fish supply. Most of the devices used today for catching fish were known then to the ancient Filipinos. "The natives' method of catching them is by making corrals of bejucos. They catch the fish inside these corrals, having made the enclosures fast by means of stakes. They also catch the fish in wicker baskets made from the bejucos, but most generally with atarrayas (a species of fishing net), esparaveles (a round fishing net, which is jerked along by the fisher through rivers and shallow places), other small barrederas (a net of which the meshes are closer and tighter than those of common nets, so that the smallest fish may not escape it), the palm groves and vessels with which that wine is made be burnt, the palm-trees felled, and severe penalties imposed on whomever remains or returns to make that wine. "Incited by their greed in that traffic, all the Indians who have charge of making that wine go to the port of Acapulco when the ships reach there from Manila, and lead away with them all the Indians who come as common seamen. For that reason; and the others above mentioned, scarcely any of them return to the said Filipinas Islands. From that it also results that your Majesty loses the royal revenues derived from those islands, inasmuch as all those Indians are tributaries there, and when abRent pay nothing." (Ships and Shipbuilding, by Sebastian de Pineda, 1619.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 18, pp. 183-185.) * Antonio de Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Chap. 8.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 108. 1 Relaci6n de las Islas Filipinas, Miguel de Loarca; Arevalo, June, 1582.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 5, p. 73.
42
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY and with hand lines and hooks."2 The salambao was also used. 3 Fishing for pearl oysters and other precious products of the sea was also a developed industry at the time of discovery and conquest. These products were exported to other countries. * The early accounts abound in glowing descriptions of the mining wealth of this country. "In many (indeed 2 S'Ucesos de las Islas F 路i lipinas, Antonio de Morga, Chap. 8.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 96. 3 R eport of Conditions in the Philippines, Antonio de Morga, Manila, June 8, 1598-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 10, pp. 85-86. "The fishing is done with salambaos, and with fine-meshed nets; with which they block up the bay and kill the small fish. These nets ought not to be employed, and the s ize of the mesh should be regulated so that the supply of fish will not be exhausted; for already experience has demonstrated that they are not so abundant as formerly." . Night fishing was also practiced. "What we call pitch in this region is a resin from which the natives make candles in order to use in their night-fishing, and is the same as the copal of Nueva Espana, or at the most differs from it very little in color, smell, and taste." (Expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. [Resume of Contemporaneous Documents, 1558-68.]-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 2, p. 153.) Artificial fish-culture seems to have been introduced by the Japanese before the Spanish arrival. "The greatest of the Japanese industries, which they taught the natives, was breeding ducks and fishes for export. The rivers and coast waters of the Archipelago provided splendid feeding grounds for numerous varieties of fish and fowl, and the Japanese assisted nature's breeding process, particularly in the case of fishes in a manner followed by present day experts. The roe were transported to safe places for development, tanks were used to guard small fish from harm~ and various other precautionary measures were adopted properly to rear the fish. To the early Spaniards, the pisciculture of the Filipinos was regarded almost as a new art, so much more advanced it was than fish breeding methods in Europe." (Commercial Pt'og?'ess in the Philippine Islands, Antonio M. Regidor and J. Warren T. Mason, 1905.) * In some of these islands pearl oysters are found, especially in the Calamianes, where some have been obtained that are large and ~xceedingly clear and lustrous. Neither is this means of profit utilIzed. (By the Spaniards, he means, as is clear from the preceding paragraph, which states that, "if the industry and efforts of the Spaniards were to be converted into the working of the gold, as much would be obtained from anyone of these islands as from those
43
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES in most) islands are found amber and civet, and gold mines -these especially in the mountain ranges of Pangasinan and Paracale, and in Pampanga. * Consequently there was hardly any Filipino who did not possess chains and other articles of gold, according to the chroniclers. Indeed, many provinces which produce the most in the world. But since they attend to other means of gain rather than to this, as will be told in due time, they do not pay the proper attention to this matter.") In all parts, seed pearls are found in the ordinary oysters, and there are oysters as large as a buckler. From the (shells of the) latter the natives manufacture beautiful articles. There are also very large tur tles in all the islands. Their shells are utilized by the natives, and sold as an article of commerce to the Chinese and Portuguese, and otheT nations who go after them and esteem them highly, because of the beautiful things made from them. "On the coasts of any these islands are found many small white snail shells, called siyuei. The natives gather them and sell them by measure to the Siamese, Cambodians, Pantanes, and other peoples of the mainland. It serves there as money, and those nations trade with it, as they do with cacao beans in Nueva Espana." (Antonio de Morga, Su cesos de las Islas Fililpinas, Chap. 8.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 103.) * DesC1-iption of Filipinas Islands, Bartholome de Letona, 1662.~ Bl. and Rb., Vol. 36, p. 20l. All these islands are, in many districts, rich in placers and mines of gold, a metal which the natives dig and work. However, since the advent of the Spaniards in the land, the nativeS' proceed more slowly in this, and content themselves with what they already possess in jewels and gold ingots, handed down from antiquity and inherited from their ancestors. This is considerable for he must be poor and wretched who has no gold chains, calombigas (bracelets), and earrings. Some placers and minps were worked at Paracale in the province of Camarines, where there is good gold mixed with copper. This commodity is also traded in the Ilocos, for at the rear of this province, which borders the seacoast, are certain lofty and rugged mountains which extend as far as Cagayap.. On the slopes of these mountains, in the interior, live many natives, as yet unsubdued, and among whom no incursion has been made, who are called Y golotes. These natives possess rich mines, many of gold and silver mixed. They are wont to dig from them only the amount necessary for their wants. They descend to certain places to trade this gold (without completing its refining or preparation), with the Ilocos; thel'e they exchange it for rice, swine, carabaos, cloth and other things that they need. The Ilocos complete its refining and preparation, and by their medium it is distributed throughout the country. Although nn effort has been made with these Y golotes to discover their mines, and how they work them, and their method of working the metal, nothing
44
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY of the early settlers in the country saw no other evidence of wealth but the mines and metals. 1 The early Filipinos did not only know how to work mines, but also knew the art of metal working. From the precious metals they made jewelry and all kinds of ornaments. * They also used metal for some of their definite has been learned, for the Ygolotes fear that the Spaniards will go to seek them for their gold, and say that they keep the gold better in the earth than in their houses. There are also many gold mines and placers in the other islands, especially among the Pintados, on the Botuan River in Mindanao, and in Sebu, where a mine of good gold is worked, called Taribon. If the industry and efforts of the Spaniards were to be converted into the working of the gold, as much would be obtained from any one of these islands as from those provinces which produce the most in the world. But since they attend to other means of gain rather than to this, they do not pay the proper attention to this matter." (Antonio de Morga, Sucesos; Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 101-103.) 1 Memorial to the Cmtncil by Citizens of the Philippine Islands; July 26, 1586.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 6, p. 223. "In this island, there are many gold mines, some of which have been inspected by the Spaniards, who say that the natives work them as is done in Nueva Espana with the mines of silver; and, as in those mines, the vein of ore here is continuous. Assays have been made, yielding so great wealth, that I shall not endeavor to describe them, lest I be suspected of lying. Time will prove the truth." Las nuevas quesc1"iven de las yslas del Poniente, Hernando Riquel y otros. Mexico, January 11, 1574.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 243. * "They are the best and most skilful artificers in jewels and gold that we have seen in this land. Almost all the people of Los Camarines pursue this handicraft." (Letter from Guido de Lavezaris to Felipe II, Manila, July 17, 1574.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 273.) "During these five days, the Moros had, little by little, given two hundred taels of impure gold, for they possess great skill in mixing it with other metals. They give it an outside appearance so natural and perfect, and so fine a ring, that unless it is melted they can deceive all me-n, even the best of silversmiths." (Relation of the Voyage to Luzon, 1570.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 81.) "There are some chiefs in this island who have on their persons ten or twelve thousand ducats' worth of gold in jewels-to say nothing of the lands, slaves, and mines that they own. There are so many of these chiefs that they are innumerable. Likewise the individual subjects of these chiefs have a great quantity of the said jewels of gold, which they wear on their persons-bracelets, chains, and earrings of solid gold, daggers of gold, and other very rich trinkets. These are generally seen among them, and not only the chiefs and 45
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES weapons. l And the most noteworthy evidence of their progress in working metals was their use of firearms.2 freemen have plenty of these jewels, but even slaves possess and wear golden trinkets upon their persons, openly ~nd freely." (Reply. to F?"ay Rada's 'Opinion.' Guido de Lavezans and others; Mamla, June, 1574.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 267.) 1 "About their necks they wear gold necklaces, wrought like spun wax and with links in our fashion, some larger than others. On thei; arms they wear armlets of Wl'ought gold, which they call calombigas, and which are very large and made.in different patterns. Some wear strings of precious stones-cornehans and agates; and other blue and white stones, which they esteem highly. They wear, around the legs some string's of these stones, and certain cords, covered with black pitch in many foldings, as garters." (Antonio de Morga, Sncesos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 76-77.) 2 "The people are the most valiant yet found in these regions; they possess much good armour-as iron corselets, greaves, wristlets, gauntlets, and helmets-and some arquebuses and culverins." (Letter from Guido de Laveza,ris to Felipe II, Manila, July 17, 1574.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 273.) "At the waist they Cal'llY a dagger four fingers in breadth, the blade pointed, and a third of a vara in length; the hilt is of gold or ivory. The pommel is open and has two cross bars or projections, without any other guard. They are called bara?路aos. They have two cutting edges, and are kept in wooden scabbards, or those of buffalo-horn, admirably wrought." (This weapon has been lost, and even its name is gone. A proof of the decline into which the present Filipinos have fallen is the comparison of the weapons that they manufacture now, with those described to us by the histo'rians. The hilts of the talibones now are not of gold or ivory, nor are their scabbards of horn, nor are they admirably wrought.-Rizal.) (Morga's Sucesos, Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 81 and note 65.) "Since they have seen the Spaniards use their weapons, many of the natives handle the arquebuses and muskets quite skilfully. Before the arrival of the Spaniards they had bronze culverins and other pieces of cast iron, with which they defended their forts and settlements, although their powder is not so well refined as that of the Spaniards." (Ibid, p. 82.) "This intercourse and traffic had acquainted the Filipinos with many of the accessories of civilized life long before the arrival of the Spaniards. Their chiefs and datos dressed in silks, and maintained some splendor of surroundings; nearly the whole population of the tribes of the coast wrote and communicated by means of a syllabary; vessels from Luzon traded as far south as Mindanao and Borneo, although the products of Asia proper came through the fleets of foreigners; and perhaps what indicates more clearly than anything else the advance the Filipinos were making through their communica46
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Chief among the industries connected with the various kinds of palms found in the Philippines was the distillation of the sap into alcohol, a process known to the Filipinos long before Spanish arrival. "They draw a great quantity of wine from the palm-trees; one Indian can in one forenoon obtain two arrobas of sap from the palmtrees that he cultivates. It is sweet and good, and is used in making great quantities of brandy, excellent vinegar, and delicious honey."* "Their drink is a wine made from the tops of coco and nipa palm, of which there is great abundance. They are grown and tended like vineyards, although without so much toil and labor. Drawing off the 'tuba,' they distilled it, using for alembics their own little furnaces and utensils, to a greater or less strength, and it becomes brandy. This is drunk throughout the islands."** Other uses similar to those of today were made of the different parts of t~e coconut anti other palms.1 Weaving was one of the industries well-known to the Filipinos long before the coming of the Spaniards. Contemporary writers all speak of the great quantity of cloths, tion with outside people is their use of firearms. Of this point there is no question. Everywhere in the vicinity of Manila, on Lubang, in Pampanga, at Cainta and Laguna de Bay, the Spaniards encountered forts mounting small cannon, or lamtakas. The Filipinos seem to have understood, moreover, the arts of casting cannon and of making powder. The first gun~factory established by the Spaniards was in charge of a Filipino from Pampanga." (D.r. D. P. Barrows, A Histo1"y of the Philippines, pp. 101-102.) * (Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, Miguel de Loarca; Arevalo, June, 1582.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, p. 169.) ** Antonio de Morga, Sucesos, Chap. 8.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 80. I "The coconuts furnish a nutritious food when rice is scarce. From the nut-shells they make dishes, and (from the fibrous husk) match-cords for their arquebuses; and with the leaves they make baskets." (RelaciOn, Miguel de Loarca; Arevalo, June, 1582.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, p. 169.) See also First Voyage A round the W o1路ld, Antonio Pigafetta.Bl. and Rh., Vol. 33, p. 105, for description of how the palm sap was obtained, oil made, and of other uses of the coconut.
47
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES especially cotton, woven in the country. * Says Sande: "All know how to raise cotton and silk, and everywhere they know how to spin and weave for clothing."l Besides cotton, the fibers of the abaca or hemp plant was also used for weaving; in fact, the latter must have been used even before the former. 2 They wove cloths also from Piiia, and from silk imported from China. s The women knew the art of making lace and of embroidery.4 ,~ Relaci6n, Miguel de Loarca; June, 1582.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, pp. 34-188. Conquest of the Island of Luzon. Manila, April 20, 1572.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 171. 1 Relation and Description of the Philippine Islands, Francisco de Sande; Manila, June 8, 1577.-B1. and Rb., Vol. 4, p. 98. "Cotton is raised abundantly throughout the islands. It is spun and sold in the sk~in to the Chinese and other nations, who come to get it. Cloth of different patterns is also woven from it, and the natives also trade that. Other cloths, called medrifiiques, are woven from the banana leaf/' (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Antonio de Morga; Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 106.) Cotton was woven into sail. "The canvas (lienzo) from which the sails are made in the said islands is excellent, and much better than what is shipped from Espana, because it is made from cotton. There are certain cloths (lienzos) which are called mantsa from the province of !locos, for the natives of that province manufacture nothing else, and pay your Majesty their tribute in them. They last much longer than those of Espana." (Philippine Ships and Shipbuilding, Sebastian de Pineda, 1619.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 18, p. 178.) 2 Relation of the Westl'rn Islands called Filipinas, Diego de Artiecia, 1573.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, p. 203. Fray Rada's Opinion, Guido de Lavezaris and others, Manila, June, 1574.-B1. and Rb., Vol. 3. "The island of Zubu produces a small quantity of rice, borona, and millet and little or no cotton; for the cloth which the natives use for their garments is made from a kind of banana. From this they make a sort of cloth resembling colored calico, which the natives call med1'inctque (Relaci6n, Miguel de Loarca, June, 1582.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, pp. 43-45.) 3 T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Census, 19.03, Vol. I, p. 329. 4 Ib.id. "The women have needlework as their employment and occupatIOn, and they are very clever at it, and at all kinds of sewing. They weave cloth and spin cotton, and serve in houses of their husbands and fathers. (Antonio de Morga, Suces08.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 16, p. 79.)
48
ADVANCE IN AGRICULTURE
TOBACCO PLANTATION
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY That the Filipinos first seen by the Spaniards were not wandering savages, as commonly assumed by later day writers, is shown by the manner in which they built their houses-which very much resembled those of today,l-and fixed their settlements. 2 It is from such and other similar facts that Rizal,3 and other writers,4 claimed for the early Filipinos a higher degree of culture than they were given credit for. 1 "Their houses are constructed of wood, and are built of planks and bamboo, raised high from the ground on large logs, and one must enter them by means of ladders. They have rooms like ours; and under the house they keep their swine, goats, and fowls." (Antonio Pigafetta, Fi"St Voyage Around the World.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 33, p. 153.) "The houses and dwellings of all these natives are universally set upon stakes and ar'igues (i. e., columns) high above the ground. Their rooms are small and the roofs low. They are built and tiled with wood and bamboos, and covered and roofed with nip a-palm leaves. Each house is separate, and is not built adjoining another. In the lower part are enclosures made by stakes and bamboos, where fowls and cattle are reared, and the rice pounded and cleaned. One ascends into the houses by means of ladders that can be drawn up, which are made from two bamboos. Above are their open batalanes (galleries) used for household duties; the parents and (grown) children live together. There is little adornment and finery in the houses, which are called bahandin. "Besides these houses, which are those of the common people, and those of less importance, there are the chiefs' houses. They are built upon trees and thick arigues, with many rooms and comforts. They are well constructed of timber and planks, and are strong and large. They 'a re furnished and supplied with all that is necessary, and are much finer and more substantial than the others. They are roofed, however, as are the others, with the palm-leaves called nipa." (Antonio de Morga, Sucesos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 117-118.) 2 "The edifices and houses of the natives of all these Filipinas Islands are built in a uniform manner, as are their settlements; for they always build them on the shores of the sea, between rivers and creeks. The natives generally gather in districts or settlements where they sow their rice, and possess their palm trees, nipa and banana groves, and other trees, and implements for their fishing and sailing." (Ibid., p. 117.) 3 Especially in La Indolencia de los Filipinos, in "La Solidaridad," 1890, which develops the idea advanced by Sanciangco y Gozon. 4 ,,* * * As already seen, we must reject so often reiterated of late years that the early missionaries found nomadic or halffixed clans and taught them the ways of village life. Village life
49
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Among the other industries at the time of discovery and conquest were: the manufacture of gun-powder; hunting for edible birds' nest, and exporting them to China; there was already, to some extent, and it was upon this that the friars built. Doubtless they modified it greatl~ until. in tim~ it approached in most ways as closely to European V111age hfe as might be expected in tropical islands whose agricultural resources are not as yet well developed. From the first there woul? b.e a t~ndency to greater concentration about the churches, begInnIng WIth the rude structures of cane and thatch, which are replaced before 1700 in all the older settlements by edifices of stone, frequently massive and imposing, especially, so as they tower over the acres of bamboo huts about them, from the inmates of which have come the forced labor which built them. From the first, too, it was to the interest of the Spanish conquerors, lay and priestly, to improve the methods of communication between the communities which formed their centers of conversion or of exploration and collection of tribute. Yet to represent either the friars or the soldiers as great pathfinders and reconstructors of wilderness is the work of ignorance. When Legaspi's grandson, Juan de Salcedo, made his memorable marches through northern Lu~on, bringing vast acres under the dominion of Spain with a mere handful of soldiers, he found the modern Bigan a settlement of several thousand people; his successors in the conquest of the Upper Kagayan Valley, one of the most backward portions of the archipelago to-day, reported a population of forty thousand in the region lying around the modern Tuguegarao, and so it was quite commonly everywhere on the seacoasts and on the largest rivers. Some very crude deductions have been made as to the conquest period by writers of recent years who assume that the natives were at the beginning mere bands of wandering savages, and that all the improvements visible in their external existence to-day were brought about in these early years." (James A. LeRoy, The Americans in the Philippines, Vol. I, pp. 8-10.) "The friar missionaries did not bring about the first settlement and conquests under Legaspi; they did not blaze the way in wildernesses and plant the flag of Spain in outlying posts long in advance of the soldiers, the latter profiting by their moral-suasion conquests to annex great territories for their own plunder; they did not find ~loodthirsty savages, wholly sunk in degradation, and in the twinkhng of an eye convert them to Christianity, sobriety, and decency, * * '" ; they did not teach wandering bands of huntsmen or fishermen how to live peacefully in orderly settlements, how to cultivate the soil, erect buildings (except the stone churches) and did. not bind these villages together by the sort of roads and b;idges WhICh we have today, though they had considerable share in this work, especially in later time; they did not find a squalid population o~ 400,000 to 750,000 in the archipelago, and wholly by the revolut~on wr~ught by them in ways of life make it possible for that populatIon to Increase by ten or twenty times in three centuries." (Ibid., pp. 10-11.) 50
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY preparing hides, especially of deer, for export to Japan.'" "As they possess many civet cats, although smaller than those of Guinea, they make use of the civet and trade ,it. t They also carved the statues of their anitos."2 To quote Rizal, "All the histories of those first years, in short, abound in long accounts about the industry and agriculture of the natives. Mines, gold-washings, looms, farms, barter, naval construction, raising of poultry and stock, weaving of silk and cotton, distilleries, manufactures of arms, pearl fisheries, the civet industry, the horn and hide industry, etc., are things encountered at every step, and, considering the time and the conditions in the islands, prove that there was life, there was activity, there was movement."3
* Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, Pedro Chirino, S. J., Roma 1604.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 12, p. 188. 1 Morga's Sucesos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 105. 2 Census of the Phililppine Islands, 1903, Vol. I, p. 329. 3 In La Indolencia de los Filipinos, Rizal continues thus: "And if this, which is deduction, does not convince any minds imbued with unfair prejudices, perhaps of some avail may be the testimony of the oft-quoted Dr. Morga, who was Lieutenant-Governor of Manila for seven yeats and after rendering great service in the Archipelago was appointed criminal judge of the Audiencia of Mexico and Counsellor of the Inquisition. This testimony, we say, is highly credible, not only becausâ&#x201A;Ź all his contemporaries have spoken of him in terms that border on veneration but also because his work, from which we take these citations, is written with great circumspection and care, as well with reference to the authorities in the Philippines as to the errors they committed. 'The natives,' says Morga, in chapter VII, speaking of the occupations of the Chinese, 'are very far from exercising those trades and have even forgotten much about farming, '1'aising poult'l'y, stock and cotton, and weaving cloth AS. THEY USED TO DO IN THEIR PAGANISM AND FOR A LONG TIME AFTER THE COUNTRY WAS CONQUERED.' "The whole of Chapter VIII of his work deals with this moribund activity, this much-f01'gotten industry, and yet in spite of that, how long is his eighth chapter! "And not only Morga, not only Chirino, Colin, Argensola, Gaspar de San Agustin and others agree in this matter, but modern travelers, after two hundred and fifty years, examining the decadence and misery, assert the same thing. Dr. Hans Meyer, when he saw the 51
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Other evidences could be presented to strengthen the conclusion advanced here. * The only question that remains to be answered is that asked by Rizal: "How then, and in what way, was that unsubdued tribes cultivating beautiful fields and working energetically, asked if they would not become indolent when they in turn should accept Christianity and a paternal government. "Accordingly, the Filipinos, in spite of the climate, in spite of their few needs (they were less then than now), were not the indolent creatures of our time, and, as we shall see later on, their ethics and their mode of life were not what is now complacently attributed to them." Rizal has the following to. say about the abundance of wealth in this country: "Wealth abounded in the islands. Pigafetta tells us of the abundance of foodstuffs in Paragua and of its inhabitants, who nearly all tilled their own fields. At this island the survivors of Magellan's expedition were well received and provisioned. A little later, these same survivors captured a vessel, plundered and sacked it, and took prisoner in it the chief of the Island& of Paragua (!) with his son and brother. "In this same vessel they captured bronze lombards, and this is the first mention of artillery of the Filipinos, for these lombards were useful to the chief of Paragua against the savages of the interior. "They let him ransom himself within seven days, demanding 400 measures (cavanes?) of rice, 20 pigs, 20 goats, and 460 chickens. This is the first act of piracy recorded in Philippine history. The chief of Paragua paid everything, and moreover voluntarily added coconuts, bananas, and sugar-cane jars filled with palm-wine. 'When Caesar was taken prisoner by the corsairs and required to pay twenty-five talents ransom, he replied: 'I'll give you fifty, but later I'll have you all crucified!' The chief of Paragua was more generous: he forgot. His conduct, while it may reveal weakness, also demonstrates that the islands were abundantly provisioned. This chief was named Tuan .Mahamud; his brother, Guantil, and his son, Tuan Mahamed. (Martin Mendez, Purser of the Ship "Victoria": Archivos de Indias, Ibid). *"1 have already said that all of it is thickly populated, and that it has a great abundance of rice, fowls, and swine, as well as great numbers of buffaloes, deer, wild boars, and goats; it also produces great quantities of cotton and colored cloths, wax, and honey; and date palms abound. In conclusion, it is very well supplied with all the things above mentioned, and many others which I shall not ennmerate. It is the largest island which has thus far been discov~red in these regions. As I say, it is well populated and very rich m ~old mines. There is much trade with China. That part of it WhiCh has thus far been conquered and pacified, the governor has 62
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY active and enterprising ' infidel natiVie ~of ancient times converted into the lazy and indolent Christian, as our contemporary writers say?" In connection with the discussion of ancient industries we had occasion to see that the Filipinos had neglected and even forgotten many such industries. Of this fact there is plenty of reliahle proof. * begun to allot to the conquerors." Conquest of the Island of Luzon, Manila, April 20, 1572. (Bl. and Rb., Vol. 3, pp. 171-172.) "This province (Pampanga) possesses many rivers and creeks that irrigate it. They all flow and empty into the bay. This province contains many settlements of natives and considerable quantities of rice, fruits, fish, meat, and other foods." (Antonio de Morga's Sucesos, 1609.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 16, p. 108.) (Rizal's Note :-"This province had decreased so greatly in population and agriculture, a half century later, that Gaspar de San Agustin said: 'Now it no longer has the population of the past, because of the insurrection of that province, when Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara was governor of these islands, and because of the incessant cutting of the timber for the building of his Majesty's ships, which prevents them from cultivating their extremely fertile plain.' Later, when speaking of Guagua or Wawa, he says: 'This town was formerly very wealthy because of its many chiefs, and because of the abundant harvests gathered in its spacious plains, which are now submerged by the water of the sea.''' (Ibid.) "In reply to the fourth question he stated that, before the coming of the Spaniards, all the natives lived in their villages, applying themselves to the sowing of their crops and the care of their vineyards, and to the pressing of wine; others planting cotton, or raising poultry and swine, so that all were at work; moreover, the chiefs were obeyed and respected, and the entire country well provided for. But all this has disappeared since the coming of the Spaniards." (Testimony of Nicolas Ra'Ynos, chief of Cubao villnge and governor of sa/me, unde?" oath, in compliance with order of G. P. Dasmariiias "forbidding" the Indians to wear Chinese stuff; April 9, 1591.~Bl. and Rb., Vol. 8, p. 87.) * "* * * Many islands and villages are devastated and almost wiped out, partly by the Spaniards or because of them, and partly by famines of which, or at the beginning of them, the Spaniards were the reason; for either by fear or to get rid of the Spaniards the natives NEGLECTED THEIR SOWING, and when they wished to sow then anguish came to them, and consequently many people have died of hunger." (A1tgustinia..n Memm'anda, 1373.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 34, p. 279.) "After the end of the war the need of the city began, for, because of not having Sangleys who worked at the trades, and brought in all the provisions, there was no food, nor any shoes to wear, not even at excessive prices. The native Indians are very far from exer53
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES What were the causes that led to the decay of these old industries? "First came the wars, the internal disorders which the new change of affairs naturally brought with it."l Then, as already pointed out, the effect of shipbuilding was fatal to the very lives of the people. * Add cising those trades, and have oven forgotten much of ~arming, and the raising of fowls, cattle, and cotton, and the weaVIng of cloth, which they used to do in the days of their paganism and for a long time after the conquest of the country. In addition to this, people thought that Chinese vessels would not come to the islands with food and merchandise, on account of the late revolution. * * *" (Antonio de Morga's Sucesos, 1609.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 42-43). 1 In Lrx Indolencia, Rizal further says: "It was necessary to subject the people either by cajolery or force; there were fights, there was slaughter; those who had submitted peacefully seemed to repent of it; insurrections were suspected, and some occurred; naturally there were executions, and many capable laborers perished\ Add to this condition of disorder the invasion of Limuhong, add thE1 continual wars into which the inhabitants of the Philippine!; were plunged to maintain the honor of Spain, to extend the sway of her flag in Borneo, in the Moluccas and in IndoChina; to repel the Dutch foe: costly wars, fruitless expeditions, in which each time thousands and thousands of native archers and rowers were recorded to have embarked, but whether they returned to their homes was never stated. Like the tribute that once upon a time Greece sent to the Minotaur of Crete, the Philippine youth embarked for the expedition, saying good-by to their country forever: on their horizon were the stormy sea, the interminable wars, the rash expeditions. Wherefore, Gaspar de San Agustin says: 'Although anciently there were in this town of Duma,ngas many people, in the course of time they have ve?"y u'reatly diminished because the natives are the best sailo?"s and most skillful rowers on the whole coast, and so the governors in the port of Iloilo take most of the people from this town for the ships that they send abroad. * * * When the Spaniards reached this island (Panay) it is said that there were on it more than fifty thousand families; but these diminished greatly; * * * and at present they may amount to some fourteen thousand tributaries.' From fifty thousand families to fourteen thousand tributaries in little over half a century! "We would never get through, had we to quote all the evidence of the authors regarding the frightful diminution of the inhabitants o~ the Philippines in the first years after the discovery. In the tlI~e of their first bishop, that is, ten years after Legaspi, Philip II saId that they had been reduced to less than two-thirds." * La Indolencia de los Filipinos: "In order to make headway against so many calamities, to secure their sovereignty and take the offensive in these disastrous contests, 54
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY to these the abuses practiced by the encomenderos, and it is easy to understand the reason for the decline of the industries at the time. * However, in this connecto isolate the warlike Sulus from their neighbors in the south, to care for the needs of the empire of the Indies (for one of the reasons why the Philippines were kept, as contemporary documents prove, was their strategical position between New Spain and the Indies), to wrest from the Dutch their growing colonies of the Moluccas and get rid of some troublesome neighbors, to maintain, in short, the trade to China with New Spain, it was necessary to construct new and large ships which, as we have seen, costly as they were to the country for their equipment and the rowers they required, were not less so because of the manner in which they were constructed. Fernando de los Rios Coronel, who fought in these wars and later turned priest, speaking of these King's ships, said: 'As they were so large the timber needed was scarcely to be found in the forests (of the Philippines!), and thus it was necessary to seek it with great difficulty in the most remote of them, where, once found, in order to haul and convey it to the shipyard the towns of the surrounding country had to be depopulated of natives, who get it out with immense labor, damage, and cost to them. The natives furnished the masts for a galleon, according to the assertion of the Franciscans, and I heard the governor of the province where they were cut, which is Laguna de Bay, say that to haul them seven leagues over very broken mountains 6,000 natives were engaged three months, without furnishing them food, which the wretched native had to seek for himself.' "And Gaspar de San Agustin says: 'In these times (169,0), Bacolor has not the people that it had in the past, because of the uprising in that province when Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara was Governor of these islands and because of the continual labor of cutting timber for his Majesty's shipyards, WHICH HINDERS THEM FROM CULTIVATING THE VERY FERTILE PLAIN THEY HAVE'." * "The Indians, upon seeing that wealth excited the rapacity of the encomenderos and soldiers, abandoned the working of the mines, and the religious historians assert that they counseled them to a similar action in order to free them from annoyances. N evertheless, according to Colin (who was 'informed by well-disposed natives'), more than 100,000 pesos of gold annually, conservatively stated, was taken from the mines during his time, after eighty years of abandonment. According to a 'manuscript of a grave person who had lived long in these islands,' the first tribute of the two provinces of Ilocos and Pangasinan alone amounted to 109,500 pesos. A single encomendero, in 1587, sent 3,000 taheles of gold in the 'Santa Ana,' which was captured by Cavendish." (Rizal's Notes to Antonio de Morga's Sucesos, 1609, Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 101.) "If this is not sufficient to explain the depopulation of the islands and the abandonment of industry, agriculture and commerce, then add 'the natives who were executed, those who left their wives and 55
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES tion, the benefits arising out of Spanish conquest should not be forgotten. 1 children and fled in disgust to the mountains, those who we?'e sold into slavery to pay the taxes levied upon them,' as Fernando de los Rios Coronel says; add to all this what Philip II said in reprimanding Bishop Salazar about 'natives sold by some encomenderos to others, those flogged to death, the women who are crushed to death by their heavy burdens, those who sleep in the fields and there bear and nurse their children and die bitten by poisonous vermin, the many who are executed and left to die of hunger and those who eat poisonous herbs * * ,;, and the mothers who kill their children in bearing them,' and you will understand how in less than thirty years the population of the Philippines was reduced one-third. Weare not saying this: it was said by Gaspar de San Agustin, the preeminently anti-Filipino Augustinian, and he confirms it throughout the rest of his work by speaking every moment of the state of neglect in which lay the farms and fields once so flourishing and so well cultivated, the towns thinned that had formerly been inhabited by many leading families! "How is it strange, then, that discouragement may have been infused into the spirit of the inhabitants of the Philippines, when in the midst of so many calamities they did not know whether they would see sprout the seed they were planting, whether their field was going to be their grave or their crop would go to feed their executioner? What is there strange in it, when we see the pious but impotent friars of that time trying to free their poor parishioners from the tyranny of the encomenderos by advising them to stop work in the mines, to abandon their commerce, to break up their looms, pointing out to them heaven for their whole hope, preparing them for death as their only consolation ?"- (La Indolencia.-Rizal.) 1"* * * Doubtless if we could see the whole character of the Spanish rule in those decades, we should see that the actual condition of the Filipino had improved and his grade of culture had risen, Noone can estimate the actual good that comes to a people in being brought under the power of a government able to maintain peace and dispense justice. Taxation is sometimes grievous, corruption without excuse; but almost anything is better than anarchy. "Before the coming of the Spaniards, it seems unquestionable that the Filipinos suffered greatly under two terrible grievances that afflict barbarous society-in the first place, warfare, with it murder, pillage, and destruction, not merely between tribe and tribe, but between town and town, such as even now pl'evail in the wild mountains, of nOl'thern Luzon, among the primitive Malayan tribes; and in the second place, the weak and poor man was at the mercy of the strong and the rich. "The establishment of Spanish sovereignty had certainly mitigated, if it did not wholly remedy, these conditions. 'All of these provinces,' Morga could write, 'are pacified and are governed from
56
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Manila, having alcaldes mayores, corregidors, and lieutenants, and dispense justice. The chieftains (principales), who formerly held the other natives in subjection, no longer have power over them in the manner which they tyrannically employed, which is not the least benefit these natives have received in escaping from such slavery.' " (Dr. D. P. Barrows, History of the Philippines, p. 166.)
57
III TRADE AND COMMERCE AT THE TIME OF DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST
Centuries before Spanish discovery the Filipinos were in regular intercourse with the neighboring countries of China" Japan, Borneo, and others. In the work of Chao Ju-kua, a Chinese geographer of the thirteenth century, there is a chapter on Philippine trade, from which we learn that the "foreign traders import porcelain, commercial gold, iron vases. for perfumes, lea-den objects, glass, pearls of all colors, iron needles,"* black damask, and other silk fabrics, fish nets, and tin, and also silk umbrellas, and a kind of basket woven from rattan. In exchange the Filipinos exported cotton (perhaps the "kapok" or tree cotton), yellow wax, strange cloth (foreign cloth: sinamay, a light fabric made from abaca,-and other textiles of the country.-Blumentritt's. note), coconuts, onions, (camotes? -Blumentritt's note), and fine mats; also pearls, shells '" Chao Ju-kua's Description of the Philippines.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 34, pp. 183-191. Rizal, La Indolencia. (All quotations from this work are taken from the Derbyshire translation.) : "Indolence in the Philippines is a chronic malady, but not a hereditary one. The Filipinos have not always been what they are, witnesses whereto are all the historians of the first years after the discovery of the Islands. "Before the arrival of the Europeans, the Malayan Filipinos carried on an active trade, not only among themselves but also with all the neighboring countries. A Chinese manuscript of the 13th century, translated by Dr. Hirth (Globus, Sept. 1889), which we will take up at another time, speaks of China's relations with the islands, relations purely commercial, in which mention is made of the activity and honesty of the traders of Luzon, who took the Chinese products and distributed them throughout all the islands, traveling for nine months, and then returned to pay religiously even for the merchandise that the Chinamen did not remember to have given ' them. The products which they in exchange exported from the 58
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY (i. e., tortoise shell.-Blumentritt's note), betelnuts, and
jute (yuta) textiles. (Yu-ta seems to be the abaca.-Blumentritt's note). * The first Spaniards who came to the Philippines observed a lively commercial intercourse, not only among the peoples of the different islands, but also with the near-by countries. ** The chief method of exchange was by means of barter,*** though oftentimes gold dust was used. islands were crude wax, cotton, pearls, tortoise-shell, betelnuts drygoods, etc." * The method of trading is thus described by Chao Ju-kua: "When (Chinese) merchantmen arrive at the port they cast anchor at a place (called) the place of Mandarins. That place serves them as a market, or site where the products of their countries are exchanged. When a vessel has entered into the port (its captain) offers presents consisting of white parasols and umbrellas which serve them for daily use. The traders are obliged to observe these civilities in order to be able to count on the favor of those gentlemen. "In order to trade, the savage traders are assembled (the Chinese call all foreigners savages except the Japanese, Koreans, and people of Anam.-Blumentritt) and have the goods carried in baskets, and although the bearers are often unknown, none of the goods are ever lost or stolen. The savage traders transport these goods to other islands, and thus eight or nine months pass until they have obtained other goods of value equivalent to those that have been received (from the Chinese). This forces the traders of the vessels to delay their departure, and hence it happens that the vessels that maintain trade with Ma-yi are the ones that take the longest to return to their country." * * * "When foreign traders come to one of their villages, they must not touch the ground, but must remain aboard their vessel, which is anchored in the middle of the current, and announce their presence by beat of drum. Thereupon the savage traders approach in their light craft, in which they carry cotton, yellow wax, strange cloth, coconuts, onions, and fine mats, and all those things they offer for sale in exchange (for the articles of the Chinese). In case of. misunderstanding in the price of the goods, it is necessary to summon the chief of the traders of that place, so that he may present himself in person, and arrange the tariff to the satisfaction of all." * * * **The first thing noticed by Pigafetta, who came with Magellan in 1521, on arriving at the first island of the Philippines, Samar, was the courtesy and kindness of the inhabitants and their commerce. "To honor our captain," he says, "they conducted him to their boats where they had their merchandise, which consisted of cloves, cinnamon, pepper, nutmegs, mace, gold and other things; and they made
59
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES With the coming of the Spaniards, domestic trade was upset. First of all, restrictions were imposed upon trade; us understand by gestures that such articles were to be found in the islands to which we were going." Further on he speaks of the vessels and utensils of solid gold that he found in Butuan, where the people worked mines. He describes the silk dresses, the daggers with long gold hilts and scabbards of carved wood, the gold sets of teeth, etc. Among cereals and fruits he mentions rice, millet, oranges, lemons, panicum, etc. That the islands maintained relations with neighboring countries and even with distant ones is proven by the ships from Siam, laden with gold and slaves, that Magellan found in Cebu. These ships paid certain duties to the King of the island. In the same year, 1521, the survivors of Magellan's expedition met the son of the Rajah of Luzon, who, as captain-general of the Sultan of Borneo and admiral of his fleet, had conquered for him the great city of Lave (Sarawak?). Might this captain, Who was greatly feared by all his foes, have bee the Rajah Matanda whom the Spaniards afterwards encountered in Tondo in 1570? In 1539 the warriors of Duzon took part in the formidable contests of Sumatra, and under the orders of Angi Siry Timor, Rajah of B'a tta, conquered and overthrew the terrible Alzadin, Sultan of Atchin, renowned in th'e historical annals of the Far East. (Marsden, Hist. of Sumat1'a, Chap. XX.) At that time, that sea where float the islands like a set of emeralds on a paten of bright glass, that sea was everywhere traversed by junks, pa?'flJUS, barangays, vintas, vessels swift as shuttles, so large that they could maintain a hundred rowers on a side (Morga); that sea bore everywhere commerce, industry, agriculture, by the force of the oars moved to the sound of warlike songs of the genealogies and achievements of the Philippine divinities. (Colin, Labo'l" Evangelica, Chap. XV.) :;: * * * * * * * *1* * * * Legaspi's expedition met in Butuan various traders of Luzon with their boats laden with iron, wax cloths, porcelain, etc. (Gaspar de San Agustin), plenty of provisions, activity, trade, movement in all the southern islands. They arrived at the Island of Cebu, "abound路i ng in prov~sions, with mines and washings of gold, and peopled with natives," as Morga says; "very populous, and at a port frequented by many ships that came from the islands and kingdoms near India," as Colin says; and even though they were peacefully received discord soon arose. The city was taken by force and burned. The fire destroyed the food supplies and naturally famine broke out in that town of a hundred thousand people, as the historians say, and among the members of the expedition, but the neip;hboring islands quickly relieved the need, thanks to the abundance they enjoyed. (La Indolencia, Rizal.) Dr. J. A. Robertson in a note to the English translation of this work says: 60
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY communication between the villages was restrained. l Though later ordinances allowed freedom of commerce between villages and provinces, * the spirit of restriction predominated until modern times. ** "There is no doubt of the frequency of interisland trade among the peoples of the Philippines at an early period. Trade was stimulated by the very fact that the Malay peoples, except those who have been driven into the mountainous interiors, are by their very nature a seafaring people. The fact of an interisland traffic is indicative of a culture above that possessed by a people in the barbarian stage of culture. Of course, there was considerable Chinese trade as well throughout the islands." ***"Their customary method of trading was by bartering one thing for another, such as food, cloth, cattle, fowls, lands, houses, fields, slaves, fishing-grounds, and palm-trees (both nipa and wild). Sometimes a price intervened, which was paid in gold, as agreed upon or in metal bells brought from China. These bells they regard as precious jewels; they resemble large pans and are very sonorous. They play upon these at their feasts, and carry them to the war in their boats instead of drums and other instruments. There are often delays and terms for certain paym~mts, and bondsmen who intervene and bind themselves, but always with usurious and excessive profits and interests." (Antonio de Morga, S u ceso8,. Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 128.) 1 "The natives are free to move from one island to another, and from one province to another, and pay their tribute for that year in which they move and change their residence in the place to which they move; and to move from a Christian village that has instruction to another village possessing it. But on the other hand, they may not move from a place having instruction to one without it, nor in the same village from one barangay to another, nor from one faction to another. In this respect, the necessary precautions are made by the government, and the necessary provisions by the Audiencia, so that this system may be kept, and so that all annoyances resulting from this moving of the settled natives of one place to another may be avoided. "Neither are the natives allowed to go out of their villages for trade, except by permission of the governor, or of his alcaldes-mayores and justices, or even of the religious, who most often have been embarrassed by this, because of the instruction. This is done so that the natives may not wander about aimlessly when there is no need of it, away from their homes and settlements." (Morga's Sucesos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 162-163.) * 17. {Commerce is to be free to all Indians of whatever jurisdiction they be, throughout the Philippines; and no license is required, nor can any fee be charged. This will insure a good supply of provisions and other necessities, and promote the cultivation of the land. Good treatment must be shown t~ them, and their passage from 61
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Then, the government officials, though in many decrees one place to another facilitated, under penalty of a fine of 100 pesos, and a charge in the residencia of the one who transcends this order.)" (Ordinances of Good Government by Corcuera, 1642, and Cruzat y Gongora, 1696.---<Bl. and Rb., Vol. 50, p. 203). **"70. (Interprovincial trade of the various products shall not be prohibited, as such prohibition is in violation of law vii, titulo xviii, book iv and law xxv, titulo i, book vi, in accordance with which laws trade is to be encouraged. The Indians may cut timber in accordance with law xiv, titulo xvii, book iv. The desire to gain, however, shall not be allowed to cause the Indians to send out of any province the products necessary for its conservation. This may be prohibited with the consent of the father minister, from whom the alcalde-mayor shall ask a certification for his own protection. Without the certification, he shall not make such prohibition, under penalty of the penalties of the preceding ordinance. The natives shall pay no fees for the privilege of interprovincial trade; and, if any alcalde-mayor violates this, he shall incur a fine of 100 pesos, besides the responsibility of making good all the loss occasioned by his action. Thls shall be a charge in the residencia.) (Raon's Ordinance, February 26, 1768.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 50, pp. 250-251.) This is one of the reasons adduced by Rizal to explain the decay of agriculture in this c01.lTItry: "Of no little importance were the hindrances and obstacles that from the beginning were thrown in the farmers's way by the rulers, who were influenced by childish fear and saw everywhere signs of conspiracies and uprisings. The natives were not allowed to go to their labors, that is, their farms, without permission of the governor, or of his agents and officers and even of the priests as Morga says. Those who know the administrative slackness and confusion in a country where the officials work scarcely two hours a day; those who know the cost of going to and returning from the capital to obtain a permit; those who are aware of the petty retaliations of the little tyrants will well understand how with this crude arrangement it is possible to have the most absurd agriculture. True it is that for some time this absurdity, which would be ludicrous had it not been so serious, has disappeared; but even if the words have gone out of use other facts and other provisions have replaced them. The Moro pirate has disappeared but there remains the outlaw who infests the fields and waylays the farmer to hold him for ransom. Now then, the government, which has a constant fear of the people, denies to the farmers even the use of a shotgun, or if it does allow it does so very grudgingly and withdraws it at pleasure; whence it ,results with the laborer, who, thanks to his means of defense, plants his crops and invests his meager fortune in the furrows that he has so laboriously opened, that when his crop matures, it occurs to the government, which is impotent to suppress brigandage, to deprive him of his weapon; and then, without defense and without security he is reduced to inaction and abandons his field, his work, and takes to gaIl}bIing as the best means of securin~ a livelihood. The green cloth IS under the protection of the government, it is safer! A 62
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY and ordinances prohibited to engage in trade, * used their position as a means of gaining profits in trade. 1 This evil mournful counselor is fear, for it not only causes weakness but also in casting aside the weapons strengthens the very persecutor !"(La Indolencia.) * There were other earlier decrees to the same effect as the following: "6. (Alcaldes-mayor and corregidors are not to accept any presents, even of food, during the term of their office, as their hands will be bound thereby. They must pay a just price for what they purchase. During the term of their office they are not to purchase a ranch or any lands in the territory of their jurisdiction; neither are their secretaries or alguacils-mayor to buy them: for many evils follow therefrom. They are to build no sailing craft under any consideration, 'under penalty of loss thereof and two hundred pesos, applied half to fines for the treasury and fortifications, because of the great harm caused to the natives by such constructions. For when you need any vessel, you can charter one.' Likewise they are forbidden to engage in any trade with the natives and citizens of their jurisdiction, either directly or through agents.") (Ordinances of Good Government, by Corcuera, 1642.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 50, p. 195.) 1 "106. The chief aim of the alcaldes-mayor, corregidors, and assistants, is trade. They buy up by wholesale the products of the land, especially rice and other food supplies, exactly as is said above concerning the religious of certain curacies, and their interpreters and helpers.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
"111. It is not advantageous for these alcaldes-mayor and corregidors, or their assistants or friends, to receive the royal collections, for they perpetrate the numberless frauds and cheats, both against the royal treasury and against the Indians; and there is no remedy for this, as they themselves administer justice. They hold the collections in their possession for a long time, trading with them, and the royal treasury is the loser." (Report of Conditions in the Philippines, by Antonio de Morga; Bl. and Rb., Vol. 10, pp. 94-95.) Referring to the religious men, Morga says in the same report: "2. They trade and make a profit in their districts, from rice, wax, wine, gold, boats, fowls, cloth, and deerskins, to the great detriment of the Indians, as well as that of the entire country. "3. They deal openly in merchandise of the above-mentioned articles, as well as in those of China, in the trade with Nueva Espana." "Before the governor Don Gonzalo Ronquillo came, there were not more than three or four alcaldes-mayor in all these islands; but now there are sixteen and most of them are men who came with him. As they came poor, and as the salaries are small, they have taken the Indians-as all affirm, and it is common talk-at the time for harvesting rice; and they buy up all other provisions, and many prof63
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES prevailed till later days. * However, as seen by Dr. Tavera, trading by the officials was not without its good effect.! The coming of the Spaniards opened a new market to the products of the Orient, and Manila soon became the great distributing center of the East. 2 "The merit by selling them again. In this way everything has become dear. because, as they have forbidden the Indians to trade and traffic, they sell at whatever price they wish. Formerly the Indians brought their products to the gates, and sold it at very low prices; for they are satisfied with very little gain, which is not true of the Spaniards." (Affairs in the Philippine Islands. F'ray Domingo de Salazar. Manila, 1593.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 5, p. 217.) * Rizal, La Indolencia.-"We will not cite our own experiences, for aside from the fact that we do not know which to select, critical persons may reproach us w ith partiality; neither will we cite those of other Filipinos who write in the newspapers; but we shall confine ourselves to translating the words of a modern French traveler who was in the Philippines for' a long time: "'The good curate,' he says with reference to the rosy picture a friar had given him of the Philippines, 'had not told me about the governor, the foremost official of the district, who was too much taken up with the ideal of getting rich to have time to tyrannize over his docile subjects; the governor, charged with ruling the country and collecting the various taxes in the government's name, devoted himself almost wholly to trade; in his hands the high and noble f'i,mctions he performs are nothing more than instruments of gain. H e monopolizes all the business and instead of developing on his part the love of work, instead of stimulating the too natural indolence of the natives, he with abuse of his powers thinks only of destroying fhll competition that may tro~~ble him or attempt to participate in his profits. It matters little to him that the co~mtry is impoverished, without cultivation, without comme1'ce, without industry, just so the governor is quickly enriched!" 1 R esultados del Desarrollo Economico de Filipinas; in "Revista Econ6mica," November, 1912: "In imposing a tax payable in articles of food or dress, the foundations of the Philippine industry were unwittingly laid. It is natural for a person manufacturing a piece of cloth for the purpose of paying tribute with it to have an interest in making another like piece to sell or to exchange for some other needed object. At the same time, as the encomendero and alcaldes mayores engaged in trade sold the articles received as tribute, a market for industrial products was in this wise created which provoked a demand for such merchandise." 2 Azcarraga, La Libe1路tad de Comercio de Filipinas, p. 40. "To this abundance and fertility was added the proximity of China, India, Japan, Malacca, and Maluco. From China they not on64
I ~
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY chants and business men form the bulk of the residents of the islands, because of the great amount of merchandise brought there-outside of native products-from China, Japan, Maluco, Malacca, Siam, Cambojia, Borneo, and other districts."l From China, from thirty to forty ships sailed every year usually in March, and reached Manila in fifteen or twenty days; here the traders sold their goods, and, with the exception of some of the larger dealers, returned towards the end of Mayor during the first days of June, in order to avoid the stormy season. Morga gives a detailed list of the goods imported from China. 2 ly began to ship their riches in silks and glazed earthenware, as soon as they learned of our wealth of four and eight real pieces * * *." (Relaci6n de las Islas Filipinas, Pedro Chirino, S. J.; Roma, 1604.Bl. and Rb., Vol. 12, p. 191.) 1 Morga's Sucesoso-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 176. 2 "These vessels come laden with merchandise, and bring wealthy merchants who own ships, and servants and factors of other merchants who remain in China. They leave China with the permission and leave of the Chinese viceroys and mandarins. The merchandise that they generally bring and sell to the Spaniards consists of raw silk in bundles, of the fineness of two strands ("dos cabezas"), and other silk of poorer quality; fine untwisted silk, white and of all colors, wound in small skeins; quantities of velvets, some plain, and some embroidered in all sorts of figures, colors, and fashionsothers with body of gold, and embroidered with gold; woven stuffs and brocades, of gold and silver upon silk of various colors and patterns; quantities of gold and silver thread in skeins over thread and silk-but the glitter of all the gold and silver is false, and only on paper; damasks, satins, taffetans, gorvaranes, picotes (coarse stuff made of goat's hair, or a glossy silk stuff; probably the latter is intended in the text. Gmovoran or gm路goran is a sort of silk grogl掳am) , and other cloths of all colors, some finer and better than others; a quantity of linen made from grass, called 'lencensuelo' (handkerchief). (This fabric is now called Pina) ; and white cotton cloth of different kinds and qualities, for all uses. They also bring musk, benzoin, and ivory; many bed ornaments, hangings, coverlets, and tapestries of embroidered velvet; damask and gOlovaran of different shades; tablecloths, cushions, and carpets; horse-trappings of the .same stuff, and embroidered with glass beads and seed-pearls; also some pearls and rubies, sapphires and crystal-stones; metal basins, copper kettles, and other copper and cast-iron pots; quantities of all sorts of nails, sheet-iron, tin and lead; saltpetre and gunpowder.
65
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The merchandise brought by the Chinese were unloaded into champans (bancas), and taken to the Parian (Chinese quarter), or to other houses and magazines outside of the city, and there freely sold. No Spaniard, Sangley (Chinese trader), or any other person was allowed to go to the ship to buy or trade merchandise, food, or anything else. The purchase price was paid in silver and reals, for the Sangleys did not want gold, or any other articles, and would not take other things to China. From Nagasaki, Japan, came Japanese and Portuguese merchants, who brought excellent wheat-flour and highly prized salt meats. * The bulk of the merchandise was used in the country. Returning to Japan, during the months of June and July, they carried with them raw Chinese silk, gold, deerskin, and brazil-wood for their dyes; also honey, manufactured wax, palm and Castilian wine, civet-cats, large tibors in which to store their tea, glass, cloth, and other curiosities from Spain. They supply the Spaniards with wheat flour; preserves made of orange, peach, 'scorzonera,' pear, nutmeg, and ginger, and other fruits of China; salt pork and other salt meats; live fowls of good breed, and very fine capons; quantities of green fruit, oranges of all kinds; excellent chestnuts, walnuts, pears, and 'chicueyes' (both green and dried, a delicious fruit); quantities of fine thread of all kinds, needles, and knick-knacks; little boxes and writing-cases; beds, tables, chairs, and gilded benches, painted in many figures and patterns. They bring domestic buffaloes; geese that resemble swans; horses, some mules and asses; even caged birds, some of which talk, while others sing, and they make them play innumerable tricks. The Chinese furnish numberless other gewgaws and ornaments of little value and worth, which are esteemed among the Spaniards; besides a quantity of fine crockery of all kinds; canganes, (this must be the cloth and not the porcelain of Kaga, which even today is so highly esteemed.-Rizal), sines, and black and blue robes; 'tacley,' which are beads of all kinds; strings of cornelians, and other beads and precious stones of all colors; pepper and other spices; and rarities-which, did I refer to them all I would never finish, nor have sufficient paper for it." (Ibid., PP.' 178-180.) * "They also bring some fine woven silk goods of mixed colors路 beautiful and finely-decorated screens done in oil and gilt; all kind~ of cutlery; many suits of armor, spears, catans, and other weapons, all finely wrought; writing cases, boxes and small cases of wood,
66
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY From the Moluccas, Malacca, and India, the Portuguese imported many articles, * and in return took with them to the Moluccas rice, wine, crockery-ware, and other wares needed there; to Malacca, gold and money, besides a few special trinkets and curiosities from Spain, and emeralds. Smaller vessels belonging to natives of Borneo also came to Manila, bringing well-made palm-mats, a few slaves, sago, and tibors; large and small jars, and excellent camphor; these articles were bought more by the Filipinos than by the Spaniards. The Borneans took with them wine and rice, cotton cloth, and other wares of the Philippines. "Very seldom a few vessels came from Siam and Cambojia, carrying 'benzoin, ivory, and cotton cloth; rubies and sapphires, badly cut and set; a few slaves; rhinoceros japanned and curiously marked; other pretty gewgaws; excellent fresh pears, barrels and casks of good salt tunny; cages of sweetvoiced larks, called 'fimbaros;' and other trifles." (Ibid., p. 183.) * "* * * They take merchandise consisting of spices--cloves, cinnamon, and pepper; slaves, both black and Cafres; cotton cloth of all sorts, fine muslins (caniquies), linens, gauzes, ?'ambu ties, and other delicate and precious cloths; amber, and ivory; cloths edged with pita, for use as bed covers; hangings and rich counterpanes from Vengala (Bengal), Cochin, and other countries; many gilt articles and curiosities; jewels of diamonds, rubies, sapphires, topazes, balas-rubies, and other precious stones, both set and loose; many trinkets and ornaments from India; wine, raisins, and almonds; delicious preserves, and other fruits brought from Portugal and prepared in Goa; carpets and tapestries from Persia and Turquia, made of fine silks and wools; beds, writing-cases, parlor-chairs, and other finely-guilded furniture , made in Macao; needle-work in colors and in white, of chain-lace and royal point lace, and other fancywork of great beauty and perfection. Purchases of all the above are made in Manila, and paid in reals and gold. The vessels return in January with the brisas, which is their favorite monsoon. They carry to Maluco provisions of rice and wine, crockery-ware, and other wares needed there; while to Malacca they take only the gold or money, besides a few special trinkets and curiosities from Espana, and emeralds. The royal duties are not collected from these vessels." (Morga's Sucesos, 1609.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, pp. 184-185)
67
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES horns, and the hides, hoofs, and teeth of this animal; and other goods.' "';, It was the goods that were imported into Manila by the Oriental traders, especially the Chinese, that formed the bulk of the commerce between the Philippines and New Spailn. The only products of Philippine industry dealt with in the so-called galleon trade were gold, cotton cloth, mendrinaque, and cakes of white and yellow wax. ** By buying from the Oriental traders their merchandise, and sending them to Mexico, the Spaniards in the Philippines made f,abulous profits. It is due to this trade that those engaged in it amassed great wealth in a short time, and Manila became a great distributing center of the East. 1 The prosperity of Manila during the first years after the conquest is attributed to the fact that commerce was then unrestrained. 2 To the same cause was due the settlement of many Chinese aNd Japanese and other Orientals in the
* Ibid., pp. ** Ibid., p.
185-186. 186. 1 "All of these things (referring to the trade of the Philippines) make life in that region pleasant and an object of desire to men; and indeed it seems a copy of that Tyre so extolled by Ezequiel." (Relaci6n de las Islas Filipinas, Pedro Chirino.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 13, p. 192.) "The capital of our colony was, therefore, a few years after the conquest, an emporium of wealth which, by its commercial activity, gained in those seas the title of Pearl of the Orient." (La Libertad de Comercio, Azcarraga, p. 41.) "The commerce of these islands began with their second discovery and the first settlement, which was in the year 1565. However, it was at the first scanty and of little weight, until during the government of Guido de Labazarris, in the year 1576, the trade of China was introduced, and with considerable profits, which extended it freely to Nueva Espana, Guatimala, Tierrafirme, and Peru, by a royal decree of April 14, 1579." (Informatory Memorial addressed to the king, Juan Grau y Monfalcon; Madrid, 1637.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 27, p~. 157-158.) 2 "For thirty years after the conquest the commerce of the islands was unrestricted and their prosperity advanced with great rapidity." (Historical Introduction, E. G. Bourne.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 1, p. 61.) 68
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY country. * To say, however, that the later restrictions upon commerce killed off all prosperity, would be justified. 1 " As for the second point, the amount of the commerce, this was formerly without any limitation; and during the time (which was short) while that condition lasted the islands acquired what strength and wealth and grandeur they now possess." (Juan Grau y Monfalcon in Extracto Histo?-ical by Antonio Alvarez de Abreu; Madrid, 1736.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 30, p. 50.) This is the point of view taken by Azcarraga in his La Libertad de Comercio en Filipinas. * "In 1603, that is, when our colony had only thirty-two years of existence, there were already in the capital 25,000 Chinese, and the number of Japanese must have been also quite considerable, since they formed a colony which occupied the barrios of San Anton and San Miguel, at present inhabited by natives and a great portion of the white population." (Azcarraga, La Libertad de Comercio, p. 44) 1 "37. Accordingly the commerce of this city is extensive, rich and unusually profitable; for it is carried on by all these Chinese and their ships, with those of all the islands above mentioned and of Tonquin, Cochinchina, Camboja, and Siam-four separate kingdoms, which lie opposite these islands on the continent of Great China-and of the gulfs and the numberless kingdoms of Eastern India, Persia, Bengala, and Ceilan, when there are no wars; and of the empire and kingdom of Xapon. The diversity of the peoples, therefore, who are seen in Manila and its environs is the greatest in the world; for these include men from all kingdoms and nations -Espana, Francia, Inglaterra, Italia, Flandes, Alemania, Dinamarca, Suecia, Polonia, Moscobia; people from all the Indias, both eastern and western; and Turks, Greeks, Moros, Persians, Tartars, Chinese, Japanese, Africans, and Asiatics. And hardly is there in the four quarters of the world a kingdom, province, or nation which has not representatives here, on account of the voyages that are made hither from all directions-east, west, north, and south." Desc?路iption of Filipinas Islands, Bartholome de Letona, O. S. F.; La Puebla, Mexico, 1662.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 36, p. 205.)
69
IV TRADE AND COMMERCE: THE PERIOD OF RESTRICTIONS
Hardly had wealth been created by the commerce of the first years after the conquest, when the policy of restriction found its strong supporters in the merchants of Cadiz and Seville, who, accustomed to monopolize the trade with America, looked with jealous eyes upon the rapidly growing prosperity of Manila, the new center of trade. The cotton and silk cloth from China were underselling in Mexico those coming from Spain and Peru, and a good deal of the silver was going, not to Spain, but to the East; hence, the long dr.awn-out rivalry between Manila, on the one hand, and Cadiz, and Seville, on the other, with America as a third party, also working for her own interest. This commercial activity was the phenomenon which dominated the Philippines for over two centuries, and had such marked influence upon its whole economic development. Before giving the various decrees passed from time to time to regulate this commerce, it is advisable to discuss the arguments advanced by the two sides. The Spanish merchants contended that the competition of goods coming from the East would destroy the manufactures on the Peninsula; and, further, that the sending of silver to the Orient, would drain the supply av,ailable for Spain, and, therefore, in accordance with the mercantilist doctrine, should be prevented. Manila answered by saying that the goods that she exported to New Spain were different from those coming from Spain; therefore, there was really no competition between them. In other words, the demand for either kind of goods was separate from, and independent of, the demand for the other. * Other arguments were
* "Number 96. Distinctions in products from the islands, and their qualities with respect to those of Espana. 70
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY advanced to prove that Manila should be treated with consideration; the driving out of the Dutch from the Moluccas by the Philippine government, * the preservation of the missionary conquests in the Far East,l and the maintenance of the prestige of the Spanish crown,2 all of these would result from the maintenance of the Philippines, by making it possible for her to support herself with the galleon trade. These, added to the fact that the trade with "All these products that are trafficked from the islands are divided into six (sic) classes. The first is of silk, in skeins, thread, and trama. The second, the silk textiles. The third, the cotton textiles. The fourth, the products of the islands. The fifth, other small wares and articles that are brought. Of these, the last class amounts to but little, and is not harmful to the commerce of Espana, as it is composed of rarities and foreign products. The fourth class, namely, that of the products of the islands, by that very fact ought to be exported-a claim that is founded on justice; since it is not usual to prohibit to any province its own trade, and the exportation of its products wherever they may have a sale, even though foreign commerce be denied to it. Besides, this sort has the characteristic of the third, namely, that these wares are so cheap that their like cannot be supplied from Espana, as has been said, on account of the great difference of their prices. (In the margin: "In number 95.") Hence, the wares of these kingdoms would not be used any more, even did those of the islands fail; nor less, even if there were an over-supply. For the Indians and negroes care only for the linens of China and Filipinas, and, if they do not have them, they get along without them; for they have no wealth to give eight reals for what costs them one and one-half reals. One thousand bales of linen which are shipped from Sevilla in each trading fleet always find a sale, and no more can be carried (to Nueva Espana)-because that would create a lack in Espana, and it would, moreover, be too advantageous to the foreigners, to whom almost all this commodity belongs. Two thousand bales of cotton textiles exported from Manila are also consumed (thel'e); and the fact that there is less or more does not cause any considerable loss in the linen made from flax and hemp, nor does it involve much money; for the two thousand bales of cotton are worth one hundred and fifty thousand pesos, while one thousand of fine linen are worth more than one million." (Informatory Memorial addressed to the King, Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurator General; Madrid, 1637.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 27, pp, 200-201.) â&#x20AC;˘ Ibid" pp. 98-104. 1 Ibid., pp. 115-116. 2 Ibid., p. 120. 71
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES New Spain was not so profitable as commonly reported* on account of the many perils involved in it, entitled Manila to a more liberal treatment. The continued protests of the Spanish merchants finally led to the prohibition of the shipment from New Spain to Peru or Tierra-Firme of Chinese cloths brought from the Philippines.'::* "And in order that what was prohibited in one way might not be obtained in another, decrees were despatched on February 6 and December 18, 1591, ordering the total cessation of commerce between the islands and Peru. That was later extended to Tierra-Firme and Guatimala, by decrees of January 12, 1593, and July 5, 1595, forbidding the trade of China and its merchandise to all the Indias, except to Nueva Espana, which was left open to the Philippines."l In 1593 a decree absolutely limited the trade between Mexico and the Philippines to 250,000 pesos annually for the exports to Mexico, and to 500,000 pesos for the imports from Mexico,2 to be carried in two ships not to exceefl three hundred tons burden. 3 It was also decreed that "no person trade or traffic in the kingdom or in any part of China, and that no goods be shipped from that kingdom to the Philippine Islands, on the account of the merchants of those islands. The Chinese themselves shall convey their goods at their own account and risk, and sell them there by wholesale."4 Further, it was ordered that "the Chinese merchandise and articles which have been and shall be shipped from Filipinas to Nueva Espana, can and shall be consumed there only, or shipped to these kingdoms after paying the duties. They can not be taken .., Ibid., pp. 186-197. ** Ibid., p. 158. 1 Ibid. 2 Recopilaci6n de Leyes, Lib. IX, Tit. XXXV, Ley VI. In Bl. and Rb., Vol. 17, pp. 30-31. Jan. 11, 1593. 3 Ibid., Ley XV.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 17, pp. 31-32. Jan. 11, 1593. 4 Ibid., Ley XXXIV.-Bl. and Rh., Vol. 17, p. 32. Jan. 11, 1593. 72
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY to Peru, Tierra-Firme, or any other part of the Indias, under penalty of confiscation ... "* "Fortunately," says Azcarraga, ** "that tyrannical provision, meeting with the opposition of the private interests, which it so greatly inj ured, and among which were included those of the authorities and officials who were called upon to enforce it-was prevented from being carried in force, and thus, in reality, the Acapulco trade continued unlimited until the year 1604, when, by another decree the enforcement of previous laws was ordered."! However, evasion of the law was a common practice, a.n d the galleons usually carried very much more cargo than was allowed. The abuses became so apparent that in 1635 at the instigation of the merchants of Cadiz and Seville, a specia.l commissioner was sent to Manila,2 who strictly enforced the law. And, in order to prevent all evasions of the law, it was decreed in 1636 to the viceroys of Peru and New Spain "to prohibit and suppress, without fail, this commerce and tr.ade between both kingdoms, by all the ways and means possible."3 The rest of the seventeenth century found Manila still engaged in a great commercial controversy with the merchants of Spain; the endless number of petitions sent from the Philippines to the king bears ample testimony to the magnitude of the problem. 4
'* Ibid.,
Ley LXVIII.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 17, p. 33. Jan. 11, 1593. Libertad de Gomercio, p. 49. 1 Recopilaci6n, Lib. IX, Tit. XXXV, Leyes LXXIV, LXXV, and LXXVI.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 17, pp. 42-44. 2 Pedro Quiroga. :\ Recopilaci6n, Ibid., Ley LXXVIII.-BI. and Rb., Vol. 17, pp. 44-45. 4 As to the effect of these restrictions Azcarraga says: "* * .. thus, at the end of that century, there was nothing but poverty and discontent in the city; the white population had hardly increased; commerce, confined within the narrow sphere of periodic voyages to Acapulco, was languishing, without attempting to engage in any other kind of traffic; and poverty was reflected even in the very 73
** La
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Further petition from Manila resulted in the decreeing in 1702 that in the Philippine Islands two ships should be built, each of 500 toneladas burden, which should transport the goods permitted to that trade; that the citizens should be authorized to convey in these to Nueva Espana the amount of 300,000 pesos in their products and other commodities, and on the return to the Philippines to carry 600,000 pesos in silver, allowing 100 per cent gain minus the duties and expenses. * It was further provided in the decree that in the enumeration of the traders should be included the Spaniards in the country, and the military men stationed in the port of Cavite, excluding, however, ecclesiastical ministers, whether secular or regular, and foreigners. ** And he who had no goods to lade was not allowed to give up his right in favor of a third person, but a new distributi'on was made. 1 Induced by protests by Cadiz and Seville based on the ground that the galleons car.r ied more cargo than allowed, and that the great abundance of silk in America had caused the decrease of the textile industry, thus causing the decline of factories in Toledo, Valencia, Seville, and Granada, a royal decree of January 8, 1718, prohibited the carrying in the galleon of silk, woven or raw, from China. 2 The only trade which could be carried on was in linen goods, porcelain, wax, cinnamon, cloves, and other goods which were not brought from Spain. 3 troops stationed in the city, who did duty unshod and without uniform (camisa), frequently committing robberies at the Chinese stores. * * *" (La Libertad, p. 54.) * E xtracto Historial, Antonio Alvarez de Abreu.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 44, p. 231. ** Ibid., p. 236. 1 Ibid., p. 232. 2 Ibid., pp. 256-258. Also Azcarraga, La Libe1¡tad, pp. 58-59. â&#x20AC;˘ 3 Royal decree of October 27, 1720, enforcing that of 1718, provIdes further that: "The values of the lading which the said ships
74
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY More petitions came from Manila, and, finally, a royal decree of June 17, 1724, repealed that of 1720, and allowed once more the importation of Chinese silk. * An attempt on the part of the Viceroy of Mexico to put a stop to the importation of Chinese silk resulted in the royal decree of April 8, 1734, which, besides allowing trade in silk, increased the amount of the trade permitted to Manila to 500,000 pesos of investment and 1,000,000 of returns. l The galleon trade continued during the rest of the eighteenth century, until 1811 when the last galleon sailed from Manila, and 1815, when the final return voyage was made. The next period in the history of Philippine commerce is characterized by the opening of the country to foreign influence. Before, however, going into the next period let us see who were entitled to participate in the galleon trade. The right to ship was known as boleta or ticket, and there were as many boletas as divisions in the ship. On the average there were 1,500 such divisions, each worth from 200 to 225 are to carry from the Philippines to the port of Acapulco may be up to the amount of 300,000 pesos, which must come invested strictly and solely in the following kinds of merchandise: gold, cinnamon, elephant, wax, porcelain, cloves, pepper, cam'b ayas, and linens woven with colors (lienzos pintados) , chitas, chintzes, gauzes, lampotes, Hilocos blankets, silk floss and raw silk spun, cordage, and other commodities which are not silks." These ships are prohibited from carrying silken fabrics, "satins, pitiflores, velvets, damasks, Pekin silks (Pequines), sayasayas, brocades, plain satins, grograms, taffetas; silver and gold brocades; embroidered pieces of silk stuff for (covers of) beds, the (hangings for) drawing-rooms (estrados), and women's petticoats; silken gauzes flowered with gold and silver; pattern pieces for petticoats, figured or embroidered, dressing gowns, chimones, or made-up garments; hose, ribbons, or handkerchiefs; or any fabric which contains silk." (Comme?'ce in the Philippines with Nueva Espana, 1640-1736, by Antonio Alvarez de Abreu; Madrid 1736. (From Extracto Historial.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 44, pp. 266-268.) * Ibid., p. 306. 1 Extracto Historial, Antonio Alvarez de Abreu.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 45, pp. 57-59. 75
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES pesos, a good portion of which were given to the governorgeneral, the religious corporations, the regidores, the favorites and privileged, and the widows of retired Spaniards. Those who had no capital to invest in merchandise sold their boletas to the merchants, and in spite of prohibition, this practice continued with impunity. The cargo consisted chiefly of Chinese and Indian silk and cotton cloths, and gold ornaments, and were sold at one hundred per cent profit in New Spain. * Almost all the merchants secured ", For a detailed list of the goods sent to Mexico, and as to what was done with them there, see Infor matory Memorial addressed to the King, Juan Grau y Monfalcon, 1637.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 27, pp. 198-200. "Number 95. Trade of the islands necessary in Nueva Espana, because of their goods. "In regard to th..e first part, which pertain to the merchandise, the trade of the Filipinas is so necessary today in Nueva Espana, that the latter country finds it as difficult as do the islands to get along without that trad,e; and its lack cannot be .supplied with merchandise from these kingdoms. The wares taken to Acapulco are plain and figured velvets, satins, and damasks; programs, taffetas, and picotes; headdresses and stockings; silk, loose and twisted, in skeins, that reeled on spindles, and woven; thread; tramas, plushes, and other silk stuffs and textiles. Of cotton, there are sinavafas, fine glazed buckrams (boca,cies) , glazed linen (olandilla) , fine muslins (canequies) , and semianas; and of cotton and silk, beds, curtains, coverlets, quilts, and other pieces. (They also carry) civet, musk, and amber; gold and pearls; crockery-ware, cabinets, and articles made of wood and other things; and the products of the islands themselves, of which mention has been made (in the margin: "In number 15"). But the bulk of the commerce is reduced to the silk and cotton textiles; for there is but little else that is rare or elegant, or that has much export. From the skeined silk, and the silk thread, and tI'ama are manufactured in Nueva Espana velvets, veils, headdresses, passementenes, and many taffetas, which were taken to Peru when there were ships that went to Callao, and to other parts of the Indias-where the black, brown, and silve~-colored goods that are sent from Sevilla do not arrive in good shape, because the sea rots them. It is known that the skein silk of China is more even and elegant for delicate and smooth fabrics than is the Misteca which is produced in that kingdom; besides that, there is less of the latter kind than is necessary in the country. By this trade and manufacture, more than fourteen thousand persons support themselves in M~~dco, La Puebla, and Antequera, by their looms, the whole thing bemg approved by royal decrees. Of the cotton textiles linens (lien zos) are used in Nueva Espana more than any othe~ stuff, 76
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY loans from the "Obras Pias,"* which were funds donated for pious purposes, and two-thirds of which loaned at the following rate of interest: for Acapulco, fifty per cent; for China, twenty-five per cent; for India, thirty-five per cent; the rest of the funds formed the reserve. Besides the merchandise and silver the galleons transported the official correspondence, arms, troops, missionaries, and public officials. The officers of the galleon were highly paid. The as they are so cheap that they sell for one and one-half or two reals per vara. Therefore, they are desired by the Indians and negroes; and when these are lacking, even though there should be an over-supply of the linens of Europa, they do not want them or use them, as those are dear and not so much used by them; and they get along with their own cloths from Campeche or La Guasteca, and others that they weave." * "The basis of it was, and is, the funds called Obras Pias (Pious Works). These are funds under various denominations, whose origin was the piety of well-meaning Spaniards, who dying rich have bequeathed large sums for the purpose of lending to deserving traders to commerce or continue their career with. The administration of these is confided to various religious and charitable institutions, or to civil associations-the trustees forming a board, at which the sums to be lent, etc., are determined. Their statutes differ in many unessential points; but their general tenor is the same, viz., that sums not exceeding two-thirds of the fund shall be lent on respondentia at certain rates of interest, which are fixed according to the risk of the voyages; and these, when repaid, shall be added, principal and interest, to the original fund. The interests are 25 per cent to Acapulco, 15 to Bengal, and so on in proportion. The total of the capitals of these establishments (there are 12 or 14 of them), amounted to about three millions and a half of dollars in 1820, of which about two millions are due to the funds on various r~sks, principally those of New Spain: of this the major part is conSIdered as lost by those best qualified to judge of the subject. "The principal employ of these funds has been in the commerce to Acapulco; and from the facility with which capital was procured, the excessive gambling spirit which this introduced, as well as the system of mutual accommodations from the trustees of different funds, and the utter absence of the wholesome restraint of public examinations of their accounts, it has resulted that more harm than good has been done by these establishments. The original intentions are entirely perverted, a few small sums being lent to young adventurers (when they have powerful friends), but far the greatest part is employed by the trustees themselves under the name of a relation or friend." (Remarks on the Philippine Islands, and their capital Manila, 1819-1822, by an Englishman.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 51, pp. 148-149.)
77
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES commander, who had the title of general, made 40,000 pesos per voyage, the pilot about 20,000, * and the mates, 9,000 each. Most of the crew were natives. 1 What were the effects of the Manila-Acapulco trade upon the economic growth of the Philippines? There are two answers to this question. On the one hand, those who believe that the policy of restriction was necessary in order to protect the industries of Spain, of course, say that such policy was beneficial. Furthermore, it is alleged that no other economic activity could have been possible during the early part of Spanish domination because, at the time, there were no products of the country which would serve as the basis of a rich .a nd flourishing commerce; there was no capital sufficient to exploit the natural resources of the Philippines. And to show that Manila was benefited by acting as a distrJbuting point of Oriental goods, the prosperity of Singapore and Hongkong is cited; what prosperity would these cities enjoy if it were not for the fact that they act as entrepots of the East?2 The very retention of the Philippines depended upon its ability to support itself in part, and the profits from the trade as a whole made that possible. On the other hand, the galleon trade absorbed too
* Zuniga, Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas. Historia General de Filipinas, Jose Montero y Vidal, Chapter XXVIII. 1 It is represented that the seamen are allowed to carry each 30 pesos' worth of goods as a private investment, in order to encourage Spaniards to enter the marine service; but this ought to be increased to 300 pesos (the allowance made to the men on the fleets that go to the Indias), for more Spaniards are needed on the Acapulco trade-route-hardly one-third of the men on the galleon being of Spanish birth, the rest being Indians-and on the rivera of Cavite." Extmcto Historial, Antonio Alvarez Abreu, 1736.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 44, pp. 307-308. 2 Azcarraga, La Libertad, pp. 81-95. 78
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY much of the attention of the Spaniards, * and caused the neglect of Philippine extractive industries, especially agriculture. 1 It attracted the Spaniards into Manila, and,
* " ..... , This I say, then, Sire, that it is a most pitiable thing that there is not a man in all these Philippine Islands-Spaniard, or of any other nation-saving some religious, who make their principal aim and intent the conversion of these heathen, or t~e increase of the Christian faith; but they are only moved by theIr own interests and seek to enrich themselves, and if it happened that the welfare of the natives was an obstacle to this they would not hesitate, if they could, to kill them all in exchange for their temporal profit. And since this is so, what can your Majesty expect will happen if this continues? From this inordinate greed arises the violation of your Majesty's decrees and mandates, as everyone is a merchant and trader- and none more so than the governor, who has this year brought ruin upon the country. There comes each year from Nueva Espana a million in money, contrary to the mandate of your Majesty, all of which passes on to the heathen of China. From here, in violation of your Majesty's decrees, cargoes are loaded for the Peruvians and the merchants of Mexico, without leaving room for those of this country--especial1y the poor, who are unable to secure any interest therein except for a wretched bundle which is allowed them as a cargo. If I were to go into the multitude of evils which are connected with this, I should have to proceed ad infinitum." (Letters from the archbishop of Manila to Felipe II; Ignacio de Santibanez; Manila, June 24 and 26, (1598) ;~Bl. and Rb., Vol. 10, p. 145.) 1 "This trade and commerce is so great and profitable, and easy to control-for it only lasts three months in the year, from the time of the arrival of the ships with their merchandise, until those vessels that go to Nueva Espana take that merchandise-that the Spaniards do not apply themselves to, or engage in, any other industry. Consequently, there is no husbandry or field-labor worthy of consideration. Neither do the Spaniards work the gold mines or placers, which are numerous. They do not engage in many other industries that they could turn to with great profit, if the Chinese trade should fail them. That trade has been very hurtful and prejudicial in this respect, as well as for the occupations and farm industries in which the natives used to engage. Now the latter are abandoning and forgetting those labors. Besides, there is the great harm and loss resulting from the immense amount of silver that pa!:;ses annually by this way (of the trade), into the possession of infidels, which can never, by any way, return into the possession of the Spaniards." (Morga's Sucesos.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 16, p. 187.) "When, without risking any capital of his own, the merchant might thus share the enormous profits of this trade, with no more exertion than signing the invoices and letters (they were written by Indian clerks), and receiving the treasure on the return of the vessel, it is not surprising that for nearly two centuries they neglected 79
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES thus, left the rest of the country without the benefit of whatever good they could have done; and in Cebu, the point was reached when, at one time, there was not a sufficient number of persons to fill the offices of alcalde and regidores, and it was necessary to assign to the city a few boleta,s from Manila. * Lastly, it enriched only the few,l all the other commercial advantages which surrounded them, or that such a commerce produced such merchants; the history of it and of them for that period may be confined to a few words:they were agents of the merchants of Madras and Bengal, receiving and shipping their goods, and returning their proceeds, while their profits were confined to a large commission on them." (Rema?路ks on the Philippine Islands and on their capital Mawila, 1819-1822, by an Englishman.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 51, p. 150.) * Azcarraga: La Libertad, p. 68. 1 "By this system for two centuries the South American market for manufactures wa::; reserved exclusively for Spain, but the protection did not prevent Spanish indust~y from decay and did retard the well-being and progress of South America. Between Mexico and the Philippines a limited trade was allowed, the profits of which were the perquisites of the Spaniards living in the Philippines and contributed to the religious endowments. But this monopoly was of no permanent advantage to the Spanish residents. It was too much like stock-jobbing, and sapped all spirit of industry. Zuniga says that the commerce made a few rich in a short time and with little labor, but they were very few; that there were hardly five Spaniards in Manila worth $100,000, nor a hundred worth $40,000, the rest either lived on the King's payor in poverty. 'Every morning one could see on the streets of Manila, in greatest poverty and asking alms, the sons of men who had made a fine sbow and left much money, which their sons had squandered because they had not been well trained in youth.' The great possibilities of Manila as an entrepot of the Asiatic trade were unrealized; for although the city enjoyed open trade with the Chinese, Japanese, and other orientals, it was denied to Europeans and the growth of that conducted by the Chinese and others was always obstructed by the lack of return cargoes owing to the limitations placed upon the trade with America and to the disinclination of the Filipinos to work to produce more than was enoug'h to insure them a comfortable living and pay their tributes. That the system was detrimental to the economic progress of the islands was always obvious and its evils were repeatedly demonstrated by Spanish officials. Further it was not only detrimental to the prosperity of the islands but it obRtructed the development of Mexico." (Historical Int1路oduction, by Edward Gaylord Bourne.-Bl. and Rb., Vol. 1, pp. 67-68.)
80
CRllSHING SUGAR CANE IN THE OLD
yv AY
MODERN AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY and the resulting economic depression checked the growth of population. * Not everything, however, is to be attributed to the influence of the galleon trade; a good deal of the neglect of the country's natural resources was due to Spanish dislike of industrial activity. Azcarraga explains that characteristic by saying that the eight centuries of continuous struggle to drive out the Moors from Spain created a chivalrous spirit and a love of risky undertakings; the discovery of the New W orId furnished a wide sphere of action to that adventurous spirit, and the resulting emigration to the newly discovered lands depopulated the Peninsula to such an extent that labor could be had neither for the factories nor for agriculture. "The current of precious metals flowing into Spain from the mines of Mexico and Peru fascinated the Spaniards; created easy-going and indolent habits; held them off the mechanical arts, formerly called servile, and all desired to gird the sword and enj oy the spoils of conquest."l This was the real cause of the
* "Trade between America and the Far East all passed for a time through the port of Manila. This commerce was greatly desired by the Spanish colonists of Mexico, Peru, and Chile, but the selfish and rapacious merchants of Spain so influenced the policy of the mother country as to throttle this trading and prevent for more than two hundred years the legitimate development of the islands. From the early part of the seventeenth century until 1837 the Philippines were in the grasp of a protective monopoly, which not only prevented the productive development of the soil, but kept the Filipinos down to those necessarily restricted numbers which attend a population that raises nothing in excess of its daily needs. If there is one thing to be learned from this and every other study of increase of population in a fertile and tropical country it is that population increases in exact proportion to the agricultural production and export." (Dr. D. P. Barrows, in Philippine Census, 1908, Vol. 1, p. 247.) 1 "* '" * All thrifty activity was regarded as despicable. No trader had a seat in the Cortes of Aragon. As late as 1781 the Academy of Madrid was obliged to offer as the subject for a prize essay the proposition that there was nothing derogatory in the useful arts. Every tradesman and manufacturer sought only to make enough money to enable him to live on the interest of it or to 81
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES decadence of Spanish industries, and not, as alleged by the monopoli's ts of Spain, the competition of the Manila-Acapulco trade. With such causes operating to check development, it is no wonder that Philippine industries were in primitive state down to the last years of Spanish domination. establish a trust fund for his family. If he was successful he either entered a cloister or went to another province in order to pass for a noble. In Cervantes we find the maxim: 'Whoever wishes to make his fortune seeks the church, the sea (i. e., service in America), or the king's house.' The highest ambition of the nation in its golden age was to be to Europe just what the nobility, the clergy, and the army were to single nat ions. Consequently there was an enormous preponderance of personal service in the industrial organism, and much of this was purely for ostentation. Nowhere in the world were t;here so many nobles, so many officers, civil and military, so many lawyers and clerks, priests and monks, so many students and school-boys, with their servants. But as truly, nowhere in the world were there so many beggars and vagabonds." (The Spanish Colonial System, by Wilhelm Roscher, pp. 3-4.)
82
v THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Towards the close of the eighteenth century there were events which indicated the coming of greater liberty. Direct communication was established in 1765 between Manila and Spain by means of a warship which was to sail annually from Cadiz, with European goods, and to come back loaded, not only with the products of the Philippines, but also with Oriental merchandise, including goods from China and Japan. However, the innovation was not well received in Manila, due perhaps to the monopolistic habit of the merchants, and, in 1783, these annual voyages were discontinued. * The coming of Governor Jose Basco y Vargas marked a new era in the economic history of the country, for two important events happened during his term: the establishment of the Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais, in 1781, and of the Rea,l Compafiia de Filipinas, in 1785. These may be considered to be the most serious attempts of Spain throughout her rule, to develop the natural resources of the Philippines. Basco's idea was to make the Philippines economically self-sufficing, and not dependent on Mexico. For this reason, he encouraged the development of agriculture by offering prizes to those who would excel in the cultivation of cotton, spices, sugar and silk; those who would open up the various kinds of mines; those who invented useful things, and those who excelled in the arts and sciences. Likewise, he issued drculars and pamphlets explaining the method of cultivating the different Philippine crops. In order to get the community's co-operation in carrying out
* Azcarraga,
pp. It 7-118. 83
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES his economic plan, he induced the King to issue a decree establishing the Economic Society. In spite of serious opposition on the part of many, the society was auspiciously inaugurated in 1782. It seemed, however, as if Basco's ideas were too advanced for his time, for the society led a declining life up to 1822. A memoir published by the Society, * and containing a list. of its achievements, shows its activity to have consisted of discussions of economic subjects; the publication of pamphlets dealing with the cultivation of coffee, sugar, indigo, silk, gutta. percha, hemp, cacao, and other plants; the offering of prizes to persons who succeeded in weaving cloths, making dyes, inventing hemp-stripping machines, and contributing other useful things to agriculture; and the introduction of agricultural implements of various kinds from the United States. The Society lived for over a century, till 1890. Another means resorted to by Basco to free the Philippines from its dependence on Mexico was the establishment of the tobacco monopoly by the government. This proved to be a good source of revenue, and, at the same time, was instrumental in bringing into cultivation large tracts of land. However, the evils attending it were many; the abuses of the government officials in enforcing the regulations, and in trying to make profits for themselves; the lack of incentive on the part of the producer to improve the quality of his tobacco; the existence of smuggling and bribery, and the poverty of the farmer; all these were attributed to the tobacco monopoly.l The second important event during Basco's rule was
* See Bl. and Rb., Vol. 52, pp. 307-322. Also Vidal, Historia General de Filipino,s, Vol. 2, pp. 285-297; Mas, Informe Sobre el Estado de las Islas Filipinas en 1842, Part II, pp. 28-31; and the Boletin de la Sociedad Economica for the different years. 1 Jagor, Travels in the Philippines, chapter 25. . Memoria Sob1"e el Desestanco del Tabaco en las Islas Filipinas, Jose Jimeno Agius, Manila, 1871. 84
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY the establishment of the "Real Compafiia de Filipinas" by royal decree of March 10, 1785. The capital of the company was fixed at eight million pesos divided into 32,000 shares of two hundred and fifty pesos each; the king bought four thousand shares, and the citizens of Manila were allowed three thousand. The chief object of the company was to establish commercial relations among the different colonies, and also between the colonies and Spain; to supply Manila with the products of Europe, and, in return, to carry to Spain not only the products of the Philippines, but also the merchandise coming from the Oriental countries. The second important object was the encouragE:ment of Philippine agriculture, as shown jn section four of the charter, which required the company to invest four per cent of its net profits in some extractive industries, chiefly agriculture. In order to help the company, all the laws and decrees which prohibited the importation of Oriental cloths into Spain, were repealed, and the products of the Philippines were exempted from all kinds of duties both in Manila and in Spain. Furthermore, the merchants of Manila were allowed to go to the Asiatic ports for trade, and the Chinese who came to Manila were allowed to trade freely without subjecting themselves to any restrictions. However, the old ManilaAcapulco trade was not to be disturbed, for the company could not send ships to Acapulco. The company encouraged the production of silk, *
* "* * * at the time of Basco there were in Camarines four and a half million mulberry trees, and this was one of the results of the industrious administration of that famous governor, and of the first patriotic attempts of the Economic Society, so ably aided by the alcalde mayor, Don Martin Ballesteros, who later became factor of the Company in said province. At the request of the Society the first seeds were sent to Manila in 1780 by an Augustinian by the name of Fray Pedro Galiano; the director of the Company decided at all cost to stimulate this production, by advancing big sums * * (and) thought of introducing Chinese laborers for this purpose and even proposed to bring over families from Granada, 85
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES indigo, * sugar,l cotton,2 and especially of pepper and other spices. For this purpose it bought lands, established posts in IIocos, Bataan, Cavite, and Camarines, and offered prizes. It also gave stimulus to manufacturing by establishing textile factories. Valencia, and Murcia, well acquainted with this kind of industry; and, according to report of those agents, the first crops gave good results because of the continuous sprouting of the leaves, possibly the harvesting of even nine crops in each year. They were assured too, that according to Chinese experts, the silk of the country was inferior to that of Nanking, but very much superior to that of Canton." (Azcarraga, p. 133.) * "The cultivation of the indigo had already been encouraged and improved by another Augustinian, Fray Matias Octavo, with the generous aid of a worthy merchant of Manila, Don Diego Garcia Herreros, applying the method then used at Guatemala; (thus) it was possible in 1784 to make a shipment, by the warship Asuncion, which found a good market in Cadiz. With these antecedents, the Company did not have to do much to exploit this product, and limited itself to making advances to the farmers for the purchase of implements needed * * *, and buying everything that was offered for sale; thus in 1786 it was able to export one hundred and forty quintals of this valuable article, and double that in 1788." (Ibid., pp. 133-134.) 1 "With the same eagerness the Company devoted itself to promote the cultivation of the sugar cane, and very soon began to reap the harvest of its well-calculated attempts, and shipped for the Peninsula in 1786 eight hundred and sixty arrobas, and in 1788, nine thousand six hundred and sixty three arrobas for the same place, and for China and India; and thus this article continued to progress, always heading the list of exports from the country, since in a m'e morial or report sent to the king in 1790 by Governor Don Felix Berenguer de Marquina, it is stated that the amount of sugar exported the year before was between forty and fifty thousand piculs." (Ibid., pp. 134-135.) 2 Azcarraga says that upon cotton, which-at different times, especially during the revolutionary war in the United States-had been recommended to the chiefs of the provinces as an article to whose cultivation they should especially devote themselves, the company placed a great deal of hope, because of its good quality; it could compete with what the English exported from the coasts of Malabar, and thus, by promoting its cultivation in great scale, at the same time that the projected textile factories of the country would be supplied with raw materials, it would supply the constant demand of China; these expectations were confirmed by the good sale which the first shipment of one hundred and fifty sacks to China had, and thus the directors adopted this article as the chief commodity for its trade. (Ibid.) 86
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY In spite of the special protection and privileges granted to the company, it declined from year to year. In 1805 it was rechartered, and given fifteen years of life and the same privileges as before; its capital was fixed at twelve and a half million pesos divided into shares of two hundred and fifty pesos each; foreigners were allowed to own shares; and the ships were allowed to sail directly from the Asiatic ports without stopping at Manila; and finally the three-year privilege, * allowed to foreigners at the request of the company in 1789, of importing into Manila Asiatic goods, and exporting the products of the country, was made perpetual. In 1830 its privileges were revoked, and Manila was left open to foreign commerce and navigation. What were the causes that led to the ill success of the Royal Company? Among the minor causes mentioned was the indifference of the residents of the Philippines; they, as Zuniga says,1 "taught to gain in New Spain what is necessary for their comfort, without any more work than sending a memorial once every year, it is hard for them to engage in a commerce which is servile and vexatious; and, accustomed to exorbitant profits, they cannot adapt themselves to the gradual profits in a store. * * * Furthermore, the company neglected to import the goods from Europe, such as wines and groceries, which the foreign ships brought at great profit." It also failed to establish direct trade relations with China and India, but depended solely on buying the goods which were brought there by the Chinese and other foreign traders; hence, it had to pay higher prices for the Oriental goods it sent to Europe. The company, too, overestimated the importance of certain Philippine products,
* Text of decree is given in Montero y Vidal, Histm-ia, Vol. 2, pp. 302-303. 1 Estadismo, Vol. 1, p. 273. 87
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES especially spices, which were produced much more cheaply in Sumatra and Java. Though allowed to invest only four per cent of its net profits in agriculture during the first years of its existence, it invested great sums in buying lands, made advances to the producers; in other words, it engaged in much speculation, which proved disastrous. It also gave premature attention to the development of manufacturing. The chief cause, however, of the failure of the company was the fact that it was not given control of the Manila-Acapulco trade, which continued to absorb the attention of the very men, who, because of experience in the country, would have helped the Company during its formative years. * According to Dr. Taver,a, the Royal Company introduced capital, which was essential for economic development.1 ,;, Azcarraga, Chapters 9, 10, and 11; Mas, Part II, pp. 31-35; Vidal, Historia, Vol. II, pp. 297-307. 1 In this way a new element was introduced which was essential for economic development: capital. Up to that time money had been scarce and it was all derived from local sources: owing to the conditions to which we have heretofore referred our community was obliged to furnish its own capital. It was necessarily small, first, on account of the slight productive forces, second, because of the easy destruction of acquired property, which was dissipated in fires and storms principally. In those first days of our history, the preservation and transmission from one generation to another of created and inherited wealth was, as it is even now, a problem almost impossible of solution. The general construction of houses, manufachued from such weak and transient elements as cane and nipa, does not leave us in a condition to conserve: it leaves us rather in a condition of easy destruction, as may be readily understood. So it is, that we get the benefit of only a small part of the property acquired by the generations that have gone before us. Where will you find even the trace of so many millions of cane and nipa houses which have absorbed the money earned by past generations? Destroyed by fire and storms. In their destruction was 'also involved all the industrial production, all the labor converted into capital represented by furniture, books, manuscripts, cloths, jewelry, coins, articles, of practical utility, religious, artistic and every sort of objects which . ran the same precarious risk and had the same ephemeral existence as our flimsy cane and nipa houses."-Results of the Economic Development of the Philippines.
88
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Even before the coming of Basco, the taking of Manila by the English in 1762 had a good economic effect, for it acquainted England with the natural resources of the Philippines, and the possibilities for material development. * Perhaps as a result of the information thus gained, we find an English commercial house obtaining permission to establish itself in Manila in 1809. And in 1814, probably due to the liberalizing influence of the war of independence just closed in Spain, it was stipulated that all colonial ports still restricted should be opened to foreign traffic, and that foreigners should be allowed to enter, and engage in commercial activit ies; thus was swept away the restrictive colonial policy, which had prevailed among the European nations, and which Spain was the very last to abandon. In the beginning, however, there was need of special royal permission for each foreign house established. Later on the permission of the Governor General only suf-
* "The taking of Manila in 1762 by the English had subsequently great influence on our future. They, during the occupation of Manila, had an opportunity to know the natural resources of this country, the condition of abandonment and neglect of agriculture and commerce, and the contempt that was felt for them, and realize the possibilities that existed for material development as understood by the British. As a result of such contact with the Filipinos English commerce was able to understand the conditions of our archipelago until then entirely unknown, owing to the conditions of their tutelar sequestration, and, on their part, the authorities and prominent persons of Manila had occasion to observe, during the short period of the occupation of Manila, what the English were who had been reputed as the enemies par excellence of the Roman Catholic Apostolic religion. It is said that they appropriated to themselves the money that they found in the treasury, which, on the other hand, we must assume, was found empty, both because Anda y Salazar took with him what he could find there to organize the war, and because private persons concealed their treasure. From whatever source it may have come, either brought by them as was really the case, or taken from the Filipinos, the fact was, that in order to maintain themselves, they spent a great deal of money and placed in movement the dormant activity of all whom they found within their reach." (Ibid.) 89 '
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ficed. * An earlier edict of the Philippine government, repeated in 1828 and again in 1840, forbade foreigners to sell at retail or to enter the provinces to carryon business of any kind. 1 In 1842 there were in Mani1a thirty-nine Spanish shipping and commercia1 houses, and about a dozen foreign houses, of which seven or eight were English, two were Americans, one was French, and another Danish, while consuls of France, the United States, Denmark, Sweden, and Belgium resided there. 2 By about 1859, according to Bowring, there were in Mani1a seven English, three American, two French, two Swiss, and one German commercial establishments; and in the other ports, there was no European business house, except one in Iloilo, where
* Azcarraga,
pp. 151-152; also Mas, under Comercio Exte?路ior,
p. 2. 1 "The first result was the collision of the new arrivals with the exploiters of the old otder, whose peaceful possession of a livelihood which suited them-because nobody questioned it or disturbed itwas suddenly threatened by the competition of more active, more industrious, better prepared and richer individuals, supported by firms located in the most important centers of the commercial world. In the same manner as, by arrival of the Spaniards, the old Filipino caciques were subjected to the Spanish officials, now the caciques who dominated during the period of tutelar sequestration found themselves immediately supplanted and converted into something lower than the new caciques of the economic order. They (the former) understood that such supremacy would give them (the latter) supremacy in everything. To defend their position they had recourse to the anti-foreign sentiments of the entire community; foreigners had always been regarded as the enemies of Spain and God; they must be the enemies of the Filipinos, too. The crusade was not new; it had been used before with excellent results at the time of the English domination. This campaign was hardly started when the cholera for the first time made its appearance in Manila. Taking advantage of that event, which was also called providential, the rumor was started that the foreigners had poisoned the waters of the Pasig, with the result that in 1820 the people of Manila exterminated the foreigners who were then residing at the capital." (Tavera, Ibid.) 2 Le Roy, The Ame?'icans in the Philippines, Vol. 1, p. 33; Diccionario Geogrlifico-Estadistico-Historico de las Islas FiLipinas, Manuel Buzeta and Felipe Bravo, (Madrid, 1850-1851). 90
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY there was an English firm of which the British vice-consul was the directing partner. * Once Manila was opened, the advocates of greater freedom did not rest content with only one free port, because there were great difficulties in connection with the exportation of products from the places far from Manila. The products of the Ilocano provinces, southern Luzon, and the Visayas, and even Mindanao, had all to be taken to Manila, and from there, exported. Thus, the system entailed unnecessary risks, waste of time, and extra expense.! Accordingly, at the request of the government of the Philippines, the Royal Order of September 29, 1855, approved the opening of the ports of Sual (Pangasinan), Iloilo, and Zamboanga. And lastly, by Royal Decree of July 30, 1860, Cebu, which up to that time was obliged to send her products for exportation either to Manila or Iloilo, was opened. Taking the increase of exports as an indication of greater agricultural and commercial activity, we find that, with the opening of the ports, exports increased; and these now consisted of the products of the country, instead of manufactured goods brought from elsewhere in the Orient. 2
* Bowring,
A Visit( to the Phili1Jpines (London, 1859), p. 30l. 1 Mas, under Comercio Exterio1", pp. 28-29; also Azcarraga, Chapter 13. 2 "The merchants and even all the residents of Manila during the epoch of the Acapulco (trade), firmly believed that the interruption of its voyages would be infallible and total ruin of the colony, and that upon them depended even the maintenance of the inhabitants of the farms. However, experience has demonstrated the error in which they were." (Mas, Ibid, pp. 2-3.) After giving a table of imports and exports for 1810, Mas says: "From this statement it is seen that at that epoch the commerce of the Philippines was reduced mostly to receiving funds from New Spain, and, in return, remitting articles of China and India; that the importation of foreign goods consumed in the Philippines amounted to 900,000 pesos, and the exportation of the products of the country, such as sugar, indigo, hide, etc., did not amount to 500,000 pesos. The gains, therefore, from that traffic, for which Manila was only 91
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES By 1839, the Philippines exported 2,674,220 pesos of her own products, as against 500,000 pesos in 1810. * Sugar in 1782" was the only product which was attracting any attention, because at the time, thirty-thousand piculs of it had been exported; in 1840, 146,661 piculs. were exported; in 1854 the amount ha,c1 increased to 566,371, almost four times greater than in 1840; and in 1857 the amount reached 714,059 piculs. 1 Similarly, the amount of hemp exported increased, in spite of the fact that it found its way in the world's market for the first time only in the early part of the nineteenth century.2 The same effect that was observed in connection with the opening of Manila followed that of the other ports. The production of the regions around the new ports increased as shown by export statistics, and commercial activity was stimulated, as shown in the greater movement of ships. For example, Sual in 1857 sent abroad twelve ships with rice, and two hundred and twenty-five ships to Manila, also loaded with rice; in 1860, sixty ships went abroad, and one hundred and seventy-two to Manila, loaded mostly with the same cargo. Again, although in the first a port exchange, were divided between the merchants who had the monopoly of the galleon, but the wealth of the territory received but small advantages from it." (Ibid.) * Mas, Ibid, p. 4. 1 Azcarraga, p. 18. 2 An item in the memoir published by the Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais (Manila, 1860), containing a list of its achievements, is to the effect that on August 8, 1834, "abaca" was exported for the first time. (See Bl. and Rb., Vol. 52, p. 317.) Azcarl'aga (po 19) gives the following figures for hemp: Piculs exported. 1840 . 83,790 1845 102,490 123,410 1850 1853 . 221,518 1857 327,574 o. 412,502 1858 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
00000
00000000000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
00'
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
•
0
0
0
•
0
0
92
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY three or four years there were no marked increase in her exports, Iloilo by 1859 began to show signs of increasing productivity. * Its total value of exports, which in 1858 amounted to 82,000 pesos, had increased to 1,000,000 pesos in 1863. Furthermore, the opening of Iloilo encouraged production in the island of Negros. Previous to the new era the conditions there were described thus: " ..... before the happy event that we are considering, that island was uncultivated, thinly populated, and above all, without any kind of production to keep commerce alive; besides the Governor, the Alcalde mayor, and the curates sent by the religious orders, there were no other Spaniards; only one European, a French doctor by the name of Gaston, had settled there, cultivating sugar cane, and now and then sending some cargoes to Manila. 1 Again, J agor tells us that in 1857 there was not one iron mill to be found on the island; and that in working with the wooden mill, about 30% of the sap remained in the cane, even after it had been thrice passed through. However, the old wooden presses were disappearing, and were being supplanted by iron mills run by steam or carabao. These mills the natives had no difficulty in obtaining because they could get them on credit from the warehouses of the English importers. Instead of the old Chinese cast-iron pans which were in use, far superior articles had been imported from Europe; and many large factories worked by steam power
* Azcanaga
(p. 167) gives the following figures for Iloilo: Foreign Countries. Manila. PiCl~ls of Sugwr. Piculs of suga?". 1859 .................... 9,344 77,488 1860 .................... 40,176 72,592 1861 .................... 44,256 29,312 1862 .................... 102,464 98,912 80,000 1863 .................... 170,832 1 Azcarraga, pp. 168-169. 93
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and with all modern improvements had been established. In agriculture, likewise, great progress was noticeable. Improved plows, carts, and good farming implements generally were to be had in plenty. * After the opening, the 4,000 piculs of sugar produced in N egros in 1856 had increased to 100,000 in 1864 for exportation; there were 25 Europeans in the same year, 7 machines run by steam in the towns of Bacolod, Minuluan, and Bago, and 45 run by animal power. Similar advance char,a cterized the other parts of the islands. 1 The increased production, due to the improved methods of cultivation, had a great effect on the inhabitants of the islands, for, not only did it bring about greater welfare because of more adequate satisfaction of their necessities, but also because it developed a demand for other necessities; hence, raising the standard of living. Referring to the same phenomenon in Iloilo Mr. Loney in a report as vice-consul of Great Britain, said that the current testimony of all the elder residents in the province was that during the last few years a very marked change had taken place in the dress and general exterior appearance of the inhabitants of the large pueblos, owing in great measure to the comparative facility with which they ob-
* Jagor,
(Spanish edition, Madrid, 1874), p. 255. "From these dates (referring to the opening of the ports) the prosperity of the Philippines advanced steadily and rapidly without interruption until the outbreak of the Philippine revolution six years ago. To this period is due the propagation of the hemp fields of Ambos Camarines, Albay, and Sorsogon; the planting of the innumerable coconut groves; the sugar haciendas of Pampanga and N egros; the tobacco fields of Cagayan and the Ilocos provinces; the coffee of Batangas, and the utilization everywhere of the specially adapted soils for the production of these admirable articles of trade. One thing is to be noticed, and is important in estimating the future development of the islands. The money that was invested here was from small beginnings, and this continued prosperity apparently suffered no diminution or check until it was interrupted by the ravages and desolation of warfare. * * *" (Barrows, Census of the Philippine Islands, 1903, Vol. 1, p. 446.) 1
94
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY tained articles which were formerly either not imported, or the price of which placed them beyond their reach. In the interior of the houses the same change was observable in the furniture and other arrangements, and the evident wish to add ornamental to the more necessary articles of household use. * And since the opening of the ports, a great many people, especially mestizos, who before traded in manufactured goods purchased in Manila, abandoned their business, and, unable to compete with the Chinese dealers, had betaken themselves to the raising of sugar, and other products to the great benefit of the country.1 And, thus, the greater exploitation of natural resources gave rise to the demand for better means of 路communication,2 and other material improvements. The material progress of the Filipinos wrought great changes in the social population, mind, and structure. Though not affecting the majority of the people, economic advance paved the way for the development of the spirit of independence and criticism, which characterizes an independent and stable middle class. It was that class,
* Bowring, p. 410. "The Filipinos gave a proof of their intelligence and of their aspirations by sending their children to Manila to be educated, buying furniture, mirrors, articles of luxury for their homes and persons; buying pianos, carriages, objects imported from the United States and Europe which came their way, owing to foreign trade. These articles caused a revelation which produced a revolution in the social mind, thanks to that veritable revolution of an economic character which permitted the only possible development-the material development." (Tavera, Ibid.) 1 Jagor, Ibid., p. 256. 2 "The needs of commerce, demanded not by the poor but by the powerful, were attended to; for that reason roads were made, bridges were built, new highways of communication were opened, public safety was organized in a more efficient manner, the abuses of the dominators had greater publicity and, therefore, were fewer and more combated, the mail service was improved, Spaniards and other Europeans penetrated into the provinces, the natives themselves were permitted to go from one pueblo to another and change 95
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES which, because of contact with the new ideas brought by the newcomers, and of increasing material power, first questioned the abuses of the government, and demanded social reforms. * Furthermore, the law that all the energy in the growth and activity of a population is derived from the physical world, and hence, density of population is dependent on material progress, is well illustrated by the increase of population in this country during the last century, especial~ their residence, and the Filipinos were able to place themselves in contact with the civilized world, emerging from their prolonged and harmful sequestration, thanks to the workings of economic forces." (Tavera, Ibid.) * "During the previous epoch the so-called natural resources constituting the extractive industries-consisting of the collection of the spontaneous products of nature-were exploited: whereas freedom of trade brought about the development of agriculture which had already been initiated by the Real Compania. In Ilocos, indigo was made, in Batangas, Pampanga, Bulacan, Laguna and the Visayas, sugar-cane was cultivated and sugar made; in Albay abaca was produced. Bigan, Taal, Balayan, Batangas, Albay, Nueva Caceres, Cebu, Molo, J aro, Iloilo began to be covered with solidly constructed buildings; their wealthy citizens would come to Manila, make purchases, become acquainted with the great merchants, who entertained them in their quality as customers whose trade they needed; they visited the Governor-General, who would receive them according to the position that their money gave them; they came to know the justices of the Supreme Court, the provincials of the religious orders; they brushed up as a result of their contact with the people of the capital and, on returning to their pueblo, they took in their hearts and minds the germ of what was subsequently called, "subversive ideas" and, later still, "filibusterismo." "The opening of the Suez Canal brought us nearer to Europe, and, carried along by the current of economical nature, came the ideas and principles of a political character which did no less than to revolutionize the ideas predominant in a countr~ which had existed so completely separated from the nations of the modern world. Already the 'brutes loaded with gold' dared to discuss with their curate, complain against the alcalde, defend their homes against such misconduct of the lieutenant or sergeant of the police force; such people were starting to emancipate themselves insensibly as a consequence of their economic independence. Their money permitted them effectively to defend questions involving money first, then, those of a moral character-they were becoming actually 'insolent' according to the expression of the dominators: in reality, they were beginning to learn to defend their rights." (Tavera, Ibid.) 96
MAGUEY
MODERN ROPE FACTORY
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ly its first half. * In turn, density of population made possible further social progress. 1 Why is it that writers attribute great significance to the coming of the foreign business men, especially the American and British? 2 Why was it that the opening of the ports, and the coming of the foreigners, resulted in
* For a good discussion of the growth of population since Spanish conquest down to 1903, see Census of the Philippine Islands, Vol. 1, pp. 442-445. 1 This principle is stated as follows: "The beginnings of social evolution * * * are always to be found in a bountiful environment. Moreover, density of population follows abundance of food, whether the supplies are obtained from the soil directly, or indirectly, in exchange for manufactures; and other things being equal, the activity and the progress of society depend, within limits, on the density of population. "A sparse population, scattered over a poor soil, can carryon production only by primitive methods and on a small scale. It can have only the most rudimentary division of labor; it cannot have manufacturing industries, or good roads, or a rapid interchange of intelligence; all of which, together with a highly developed industrial organization and a perfect utilization of capital, are possible to the populations that are relatively dense. "A highly developed political life, too, is found only where population is compact. Civil liberty means discussion, and discussion is dependent on the frequent meeting of considerable bodies of men who have varied interests and who look at life from different points of view. Movements for the increase of popular freedom have usually started in towns. "Education, religion, art, science, and literature are all dependent on a certain density of population. Schools, universities, churches, the daily. newspaper, great publishing houses, libraries, and museums come only when the population per square mile is expressed by more than one unit, and their decay is one of the first symptoms that population is declining. * * *."--Franklin H. Giddings, The Princ'iples of Sociology, (New York, 1911), pp. 366-367. 2 "These changes show how important it was to establish at different points, extending over two hundred miles of the Archipelago, commercial centers, where it was desirable that foreigners should settle. Without these latter, and the facilities afforded to credit which hereby ensued, the sudden rise and prosperity of iloilo would not have been possible, inasmuch as the mercantile houses in that capital would have been debarred from trading with unknown planters in distant provinces, otherwise than for ready money." (Jagor, Travels in the Philippines. London, 1875, p. 304.) Azcarraga, pp. 168-177; 197-198. Le Roy, Bibliogmphical Notes, 1860-1898.- Bl. and Rb., Vol. 52, pp. 112-114. , 97
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the material progress of the country? Two circumstances are of prime importance in considering the growth of new settlements, and the conditions determining their economic and social progress. The first is whether or not they possess markets for commodities which their natural resources enable the people to produce easily. This condition is important for, without markets in other communities new countries can possess no material advantage oyer old ones in the production of wealth. Now, the opening of Philippine ports to foreigners brought our produc~~ in contact with the world's market, without which it would have been useless to attempt to produce any more than what was required by the local demand. In other words, the world's demand for the commodities we produce easily, served an effective stimulUS to further production. The second circumstance affecting the growth of a new country is the extent to which the people are able to secure the co-operation of capital from older communities to assist them. There are several ways by which capital may co-operate in the development of a new territory. The first is, where capital in the form of stocks of commodities of all kinds is advanced or sold upon credit by the commercial houses. This has been used in this country. The example of Mr. Nicholas Loney, ,a n Englishman, agreeing to be paid for his sugar machineries with the increased earnings due to the use, by the Filipino planters, of such machines, is a good illustration of how foreign capital could be utilized to advantage by all parties concerned. On the one hand, the planter improved his method of cultivation, thereby increasing his produce, and, on the other, the foreign merchant sold more of his imported machineries. and exported more of the products of the Philippines to his country. * Furthermore, labor is not without some beneâ&#x20AC;˘ J agor gives credit to the two American houses in the Philippines for the development of the abaca into an important article
98
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY fit, for the payment of higher wages is then possible. The second way by which capital may co-operate is by providing transportation facilities to connect a new country with the markets, and especially with those so necessary to its prosperity; for example, by organizing steamboat companies, building important roads, and, above all, constructing railroads. This also was done in this country; the building of the Manila-Dagupan railroad, for example, has had a remarkable influence upon the economic progress of the provinces through which it passed. Thus is explained why it is that the opening of the Philippines to the outside world caused great social changes. of export. These American houses in the first years sank large sums of money in advance loans, and were only able to get the business on a paying basis when, in 1863, they were permitted to establish warehouses and presses in the provinces at the principal points where the crop was produced, and to deal directly with the producers. Jagol', (Spanish edition, p. 264) ; Le Roy, The Amet-icans in the Philippines, Vol. 1, pp. 33-34. For an interesting discussion of the struggle between England and the United States for supremacy in the Philippines, and the role played by the English banks in that struggle, see a pamphlet entitled Commercial Progress in the Philippine Islands, by Antonio M. Regidor and J. Warren T. Mason. (1905).
99
Philippine Economic Conditions
In Facts and Figures STATISTICS
What water, light and air are to a sturdy and fruitluI tree, statistics, or facts and figures, are to a commercial and industrial enterprise. "Statistics are not dry if we wash them down with imagination, if we picture their meaning in terms of business and of the life. of our people," said R. P. Lamont. "We who study fundamental conditions and act in accordance with what they teach will perform a distinct service to our country," said R. W. Babson, statistician. "A large part of America's industrial success," said Ramsay Muir, "is due to the fact that the nation as a whole regards wealth-making as the highest form of human activity, so that industry engrosses, in a passionate concentration, nearly all the best minds of the nation." The German poet and philosopher said, "All epochs of retrogression and dissolution are subjective; on the contrary, all progressive epochs have an objective direction." THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Bureau of Commerce and Industry 1928
Geography.-The Philippines is a group of over 7,083 islands and islets, situated between 59 and 229 north latitude and 117Q and 127Q east longitude, the area of which is 114,400 square miles. It is bounded by the Pacific 101
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Ocean on the east and the China Sea on the west. The largest islands are Luzon with an area of approximately 41,000 square miles and Mindanao with an area of about 37,000 square miles. Population.-The total population of the Philippines at the end of 1928 was estimated at 12,604,100. Fully 91 per cent of the population are Christians, receiving the benefits of three civilizations: the Oriental, the Spanish, and the American. The foreign population, according to the Philippine Census of 1918, was distributed as follows: Chinese, 44,229 ; Japanese, 8,294; Americans, 5,808; Spaniards, 4,032. History.-The Philippine Islands were discovered by Magellan in 1521. Manila, the capital, was not occupied, however, until 1570. The Spaniards controlled the Islands until 1898 when the country passed over into the hands of the Americans by virtue of the Treaty of Paris ratified after the Spanish-American War. Climate.-The Philippines is in the tropics but its climate is one of the best. It is never oppressively hot. Agreeably warm, cool nights; pleasant late afternoons and early mornings; regular monsoon breezes-such, in general terms, is the climate of the country. Sunstroke is unknown. December, January, February, and March ar~ very nearly ideal; even during the hottest months of April :!nd May many parts of the Islands, especially Manila, enjoy a cool breeze. The remainder of the year is inclined to be rainy. The rain seldom lasts for long periods. The temperature records of the past twenty years sh{)w an average of 79 Q â&#x20AC;˘ The record of the death rate per 1,000 whites in Manila for 1926 was 5.7 as compared with 12.8 for New York City.
Resources still untouched.-Of the area of the Philippine Islands of about 114,400 square miles, only 14,335 102
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY square miles are cultivated lands which include rice, 4,465,245 acres; abaca, 1,186,451 acres; coconuts, 1,235,525 acres; corn, 1,387,294, acres; tobacco, 207,490 acres; sugar cane, 586,492 acres; maguey, 84,014 acres; cacao, 3,534 acres; and coffee, 2,496 acres. Lands awaiting development include commercial forests, 61,409 square miles; non-commercial forests, 11,252 square miles; unexplored and other small islands, 4,742 square miles not to mention a variety of mineral resources.
Commerce.-In 1928, the total foreign trade of the Philippines reached the sum of $298,711,444 as compared with $271,425,557 for 1927. The exports alone amounted to $155,054,546 while the imports reached $134,656,898. Industries.-Agriculture constitutes the main activity of the Philippine people. Vast areas of fertile lands well adapted to a wide diversity of agricultural products remain undeveloped. In recent years, new industrial establishments have been established and are now increas-ing. The plentiful supply of raw materials and of labor, as well as the advantageous location of the Philippines for world distribution of commodities, favor the growth of manufacturing industries in the Islands. Sugar centrals, rope factories, cigar and cigarette factories, desiccated coconut factories, coconut oi'l mills, lumber mills and furniture factories, rice mills, and many other important industries have already been established. Ed~(,Cation.-The oldest university under the American flag is found in the Philippines. As far back as 1611 a university had been established in Manila called the University of Santo Tomas, the first one of its kind in the Far East and twenty-five years older than Harvard University, the oldest university in the United States. The remarkably efficient system of public education established in the Philippine Islands since the begi'nning of the 103
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES American occupation has steadily advanced and English is now spoken in every nook and corner of the country. The public-school system includes a university with various collegiate courses, normal, high, intermediate, and primary schools. Police conditions.-Life and property are protected by police forces totalling about 12,000 Filipinos composed of an insular force, the Philippine Constabulary numbering nearly 6,000, and as many municipal police. Police conditions improve from year to year. Property is well protected and life secure.
Shipping.-A total number of 1,146 foreign vessels with a net tonnage of 4,325,243 entered Philippine ports in the year 1928, while during the same period, 1,134 foreign vessels with a net tonnage of 4,282,443 cleared from these ports. Shipping facilities at the Manila harbor are excellent. The newest pier at the port that was recently thrown open to shipping is ORe of the finest and most efficiently equipped terminal structures of its kind to be found anywhere. The new pier is destined to make Manila the ranking port in the Orient as regards facilities for the prompt discharge of vessels. Railroad Mileage.-There are at present over 1,273 kilometers of railroad in operation. The Manila Railroad Company now owned by the Philippine Government has 1,060.72 besides 50 kilometers of road under construction, in the Island of Luzon. The Philippine Railway Company has in operation 212 kilometers in the Islands of Panay and Cebu. The Manila Electric Company operates almost a hundred kilometers in the City of Manila. Transp'o rtation.-In 1928 the total number of truck and public utility automobiles registered in the Islands was 9,070. For the same period the total number of auto104
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY mobiles registered was 19,778, with an estimated aggregate passenger capacity of 104,000 passengers. Following is a statement of the roads and number of bridges and culverts construction in the Philippine Islands on December 31, 1928: First-class roads, 3,955.6 miles; second-class, 2,071.2 miles; third-class, 1,346.4 miles. Total of bridges and culverts of steel, concrete, and brick, 7,898. The total expenditure on road and bridge work for the years: 191 4-P4,452,000; 191 7-P6,148,000; 1920P7,456,499; 1922-P6,849,168; 1924-P8,131,068; 1926-P9,220,529; 1927-P12,075,300; 1928-P13,884,383. Commercial Possibil~ties .-The Philippines, because of its strategic position, can serve as a convenient distributing point for the Asiatic trade. The manufacture of finished articles for China, Siberia, and other Oriental countries from tropically grown raw materials can, of course, be carried on in the Philippines to a great advantage. At present people of the Philippines pay more for refined sugar than the people of the United States, although centrifugal sugar is one of the principal exports of the country. The field in sugar refining is practically untouched. Fishing, vegetables, and fruit canning are practically unknown, though the excessive production of fruits, vegetables, and fish at certain seasons, not to speak of the greater production that would doubtless result through the development of the canning industry, would be sufficient to maintain several large canneries. The Philippines is rich in mineral products, nearly all the islands being known to contain deposits of economic minerals. The most important minerals are gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, iron, coal, petroleum, sulphur, asphalt, asbestos, and manganese. In 1907 the total value of mineral products amounted to $117,046. Ten years later, or in 1917, the total figures had increased to $3,025,225 and in 1925 to 105
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES $4,013,962; and in 1927 to $4,568,368. Marine products such as pearls, corals, shells, sponges, trepangs, and many others, all of which are found in abundance in Philippine waters, are practically untouched. Rubber offers great opportunities to investors. Experts have pronounced Philippine rubber areas as equal to the finest in the world.
STATISTICS: PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Statistics Divi;sion Department of Agriculture amd Commerce 1932 Area (hectares) ....................... . Population ( estimated) ................. . No. of students (1931-32) ............. . No. of laborers ( estimated) ........... . No. of laborers unemployed ........... . Wage (average daily) .................. . Death rate (per thousand in 1931) ....... . Rainfall (P. 1. annual average) mm ....... . Per capita wealth (1931 estimated) ...... . Roads (kilometers) .................... . First class .......................... . Second class ......................... . Third class .......................... . Railroad (1930) Km .................... .
29,629,600 13,636.074 3,313,255 3,000,000 610,319 P.80 19.39 2.446 P458 14,664 8,167 4,279 2,218 1,305
Motor registration: Automobiles ......................... . Motor . trucks ........................ .
25,187 16,398
Foreign shipping (cleared) : Vessels .............................. . Tonnage 106
492 2,008,735
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Domestic shipping (cleared): Vessels ............................. . Tonnage ............................ . Telephones ( No. in service) ............ . Telegraphs (in service) Km .............. . Total exports ............ .............. . Total imports .......................... . Agricultural production ................ . Livestock (1931) ...................... . Mineral output (1931) ................. . Banks (number) .......... . ............ . Insurance companies (Number) ......... . Fire ................................ . Marine .............................. . Life ................................ . Miscellaneous ........................ . Building and loan associations .......... . Electric plants (number) .......... . .... . Ice Plants ............................. . Monetary circulation (per capita) ....... . Bonded indebtedness (per capita insular). Number of newspapers ................ . Dailies (Circulation) ................. . Weeklies (Circulation) ................ . Monthlies (Circulation) .............. .
107
20,512 3,758,613 20,455 13,640 P190,676,161 P168,790,170 P301,164.930 P152,644,202 P 15,887,841 10 91 81 66 8 55 8 194 98 P6.68 P10.95 216 168,144 286,291 203,547
LANDS
Approximate area of the Phililppine Islands classified according to types of vegetation, January 1, 1932. Hectares Total area ........................................ . Commercial forest ................................. . Noncommercial forest .............................. . Cultivated land ............ . ....................... . Grass and open land ............................... . Fresh marsh ...................................... . Salt marsh ........................................ . Unexplored .... . ................................... .
29,629,600 13,812,098 3,138,775 6,296,178 5,543,899 169,390 443,672 225,588
Agricultural area, 1932 Province
Hectares
Per cent
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Abra ................... . ............ . Agusan .............. . ............... . Albay ............................... . Antique ................... . ....â&#x20AC;˘...... Bataan ........... : .................. .
152,827 514,987 309,497 188,031 71,494
40.00 46.30 76.91 71.80 57.50
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Batangas ............................ . Batanes ............................. . Bohol ............................... . Bukidnon ............................ . Bulacan ............................. .
301,839 11,134 334,186 559,161 150,879
92.82 58.09 84.00 68.03 57.81
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Cagayan ............................. . Camarines Norte ..................... . Camarines Sur ....................... . Capiz ............................... . Cavite ............................... .
535,235 132,431 429,842 277,835 105,976
62.61 65.92 80.10 62.74 88.19
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Cebu ................................ . Cotabato ............................. . Davao ............................... . Ilocos Norte ......................... . Ilocos Sur .......................... .
428,299 1,294,875 1,322,687 215,028 211,725
88.58 51.97 68.55 64.21 80.74
21. Iloilo ................................ . 22. Isabela .............................. .
428,078 608,735
81.03 56.09
From Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Philippine Government. 108
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY .
.4.gricultural a.rea, 1932-Continu€d Province
Hectares
Percent
23. Laguna .............................. . 24. Lanao ............................... . 25. La Union ........................... .
173,140 363,396 96,986
92.88 57.53 85.25
26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Leyte ....... . ........................ . Marinduque ......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. . Misamis Occidental ....................
624,175 73,238 271,561 568,622 97,905
80.20 79.43 67.87 55.89 55.44
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
Misamis Oriental ..................... . Mountain Province .. . ................ . Nueva Ecija ......................... . Nueva Vizcaya ....................... . N egros Occidental ............. . ...... .
175,689 620,381 383,610 283,895 601,084
64.85 44.24 70.82 41.48 74.27
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Negros 'Oriental ..................... . Palawan ...................... . ...... . Pampanga .. , ........ . .. . ..... . ...... . Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal and Manila ......... . .......... .
278,017 798,987 139,255 410,676 186,110
56.43 54.90 66.25 81.46 78.70
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
Romblon ............................. . SanIaI' ..... . ......... ............... . Sorsogon ............................ . Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. .
105,763 854,902 153,922 203,435 480,074
80.87 63.06 82.73 72.60 63.38
46. 47. 48. 49.
Tarlac ............................... . Tayabas ............................. . Zambal es ............................ . Zamboanga .......................... .
213,674 747,875 187,853 915,342
70.90 61.58 51.04 55.38
Total ....................... .
18,594,348
62.75
109
I
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Area still available for agricultural purposes, 1932 Hectares
Province
IPer cent
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Abra ................................ . Agusan ............................. . Albay ............................... . Antique ............................. . Bataan .............................. .
69,009 476,498 62,223 93,208 39,545
18.06 42.84 15.46 35.56 31.80
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Batangas ............................ . Batanes . .. .......................... . Bohol ............................... . Bukidnon ........ . ................... . Bulacan ................. . ........ . .. .
156,903 7,037 198,255 540,734 43,955
48.25 36.71 49.83 65.79 16.84
11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Cagayan ............................ . Camarines Norte ....... . .. . ......... . Camarines Sr .. ... ....... . . . ....... . Capiz ............................... . Cavite ......... .... ... ... ....... . ... .
390,746 67,820 262,601 103,204 58,987
45.71 33.78 36.30 23.30 49.09
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Cebu ................................ . Cotabato ................... ... ...... . Davao ........... \........ . ........... . liocos Norte ..... 1. .................. . liocos Sur ........................... .
226,422 1,240,194 1,204,572 92,511 129,682
46.83 49.78 62.43 27.63 49.45
21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna ................. . ............ . Lanao ............................... . La Union ............................ <
160,447 412,055 78,525 328,793 34,707
30.38 37.96 42.12 52.05 30.51
26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
Leyte ................................ . Marinduque .......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. . Misamis Occidental ................... .
208,327 6,851 203,519 355,549 47,881
26.77 7.43 50.87 34.95 27.11
31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
Misamis Oriental ..................... . Mountain Province ................... . Nueva Ecija ......................... . Nueva Vizcaya ....................... . Negros Occidental .................... .
101,684 558,104 128,784 208,418 278,497
37.53 39.80 23.78 30.45 34.41
110
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Area still available for agricultural purposes 1932-Continued Province
Hectares -/ Per cent
36. 37. 38. 39. 40.
Negros Oriental ...................... . Palawan ............................. . Pampanga .... - ...................... . Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal and Manila ..................... .
192,528 774,659 16,927 41,458 145,368
39.08 53.23 8.05 8.23 61.47
41. 42. 43. 44. 45.
Romblon ............................. . Samar ..... . ......................... . Sorsogon ............... . ........ . ... . Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. .
57,832 631,618 10,584 100,544 374,762
44.22 46.59 5.69 35.88 49.48
46. 47. 48. 49.
Tarlac ............................... . Tayabas ............................. . Zambales ............................ . Zamboanga ................... . ...... .
88,251 368,974 154,423 831,797
29.28 30.38 41.96 50.33
12,365,972
41.50
111
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Homesteads approved and patented, 1904-1932 ~
I
Area in hectares Approved I Patented
Province Abra ................................... . Agusan ................................. . Albay ................................... . Antique ................................. . Bataan ................•.................
736 18,912 7,685 5,892 9,842
766 4,422 2,026 1,410 4,217
Batanes ................................. . Batangas ............................... . Bohol ................................... . Bukidnon ..................... . .......... . Bulacan ........................ . ........ .
618 16 22,527 11,104 4,123
30 4 3,325 1,946 1,115
~agayan ................. . . ... ...... .... . Camarines Norte ..... ..... ... . ... ....... . Camarines Sur .................. .. ...... . Capiz ................................... . Cavite ................. . ... ... .... , ..... .
42,779 15,696 33,335 3,799
10,968 3,424 6,727 592
,
I I
•
•
0
•••••••
'"
.......
Cebu ... . ................... ............ . Cotabato .... ....... . .............. . ..... . Davao .................................. . Iloros Norte ............................ . IIocos Sur ............................... .
116 60,796 75,857 4,443 3,025
202 5,906 7,836 1,674 3,107
Iloilo ................................... . Isabela ........................ : ........ . Laguna ................................. . .Lanao •.................................. La Union ............................... .
5,444 115,763 2,745 19,707 1,483
2,120 11,240 241 2,482 2,749
Leyte ................................... . Marinduque ........ .............. .. ..... . Masbllte ................................ . Mindoro ................................ . Mountain ............................... .
21,742 151 15,043 59,602 6,715
Nueva Ecija ............................. . Nueva Vizcaya .......................... . Occidental Misamis ...................... . Oriental Misamis ........................ . Occidental Negros ....................... .
49,543 16,199 7,521 6,177 36,866
5,083
..........
3,760 22,046 609 46,887 4,626 366 141 8,634
'Small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed are not included. 112
PREPARING A FIELD FOR TRANSPLANTING RICE
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
II omesteads approved and patented 1904-1932 ~-Continued Area in hectares
Province
IApproved I Patented
Oriental Negros ....................... . Palawan ............................... . Pampanga .............................. . Pangasinan ............................. . Rizal ................................... .
3,354 17,576 3,042 14,917 11,313
265 3,111 1,619 9,287 2,284
Romblon ................................ . Samar .................................. . Sorsogon ..................... . .......... . Sulu .................................... . Surigao ....................... . ......... .
2,441 2,673 4,255 3,131 4,430
691 224 2,275 108 85
Tarlac .................................. . Tayabas ........... . ............. . ...... . Zarnlbales .: ............................. . Zamboanga ......... , .................... .
10,365 77,490 6,220 68,973
12,021 34,289 2,391 7,467
Total ....................... .
916,182
246,798
'Small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed are not included.
Homesteads AplJroved and Patented, 1904-1933
Abra ............................ . Agusan .......................... . Albay ............................ . Antique .......................... . Bataan .......................... . Batanes .......................... . Batangas ........................ . Bohol ............................ . Bukidnon ........................ . Bulacan .......................... . Cagayan ......................... . Camarines Norte ................. . 113
A rea, in hectares Approved Patented 563.2953 890.7387 17,657.7630 . 5,485.2232 7,428.2141 2,428.8417 5,733.5649 1,698.3785 9,791.5126 4,763.3586 448.8727 29.8703 16.000.0 4.3899 22,426.2042 5,717.B755 10,785.3337 3,497.7994 4,051.7749 1,654.1650 44,608.8867 13,248.6194 14,653.5039 3,923.9357
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Camarines Sur ................... . Capiz ............................ . Cavite ........................... . Cebu ............................ . Cotabato ......................... . Davao •............................ Ilocos Norte ...................... . Ilocos Sur ........................ . Iloilo ............................ . Isabela ........................... . Laguna .......................... . Lanao .......... .................. . La Union ....................... . Leyte ..................... . ...... . Marinduque ............ . ......... . Masbate ......................... . . Mindoro ..... . ..•................. Mountain ........................ . Nueva Ecija .................. . ... . Nueva Vizcaya .... .............. .. Occidental Misamis ............... . Oriental Misamis ................. . Occidental N egros ................ . Oriental N egros .................. . Palawan ......................... . Pampanga ....................... . Pangasinan ...................... . Rizal ............................ . Romblon ......................... . Samar ........................... . Sorsogon ......................... . Sulu ............................. . Surigao .......................... . Tarlac ........................... . Tayabas ......................... . Zambales ........................ . Zamboanga ....................... .
25.4157 62,356.8567 78,483.4494 3,857.8541 2,214.6265 4,549.6387 111,792.1515 2,811.9718 21,055.9966 96.0.2971 21,112.6967 192.4950 13,650.6852 59,625.9617 7,232.2304 47,385.7969 15,102.2977 9,287.0091 7,026.1445 41,008.3428 3,295.1399 14,535.5094 2,766.9863 13,493.3753 11,542.5960 2,574.4120 2,222.0504 3,698.1676 3,020.4373 4,369.4893 9,461.5434 74,543.2610 5,904.0828 71,441.5291
Total ........................ .
907,784.0312
114
32,576.2602 4,442.3471 ••
'O
.........
8,693.1095 888.4028
. ...............
265.3246 7,234.8099 10,775.8413 2,020.6516 3,401.7664 2,972.7825 18,135.3451 272.6259 4,246.5747 3,040.4914 6,779.4402
.............. 5,072.0358 25,285.3637 968.0212 50,200.9812 6,614.3824 487.4282 339.4864 10,276.8986 1,195.2324 3,979.1426 2,056.9512 10,165.8541 2,930.3875 . 766.4664 301.5718 2,673.6559 175.8641 396.7720 13,546.6218 37,678.7257 2,926.8518 10,246.2648 300,355.4214
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Sales awarded and patented, 1904-1932 f!.
I
Province Abra .................................... . Agusan ................................. . Albay ................................... . Antique ................................. . Bataan ................................. . Batanes ................................ . Hatangas ............................... . Bohol ................................... . Bukidnon .................. . ............ . Bulacan ................................ . Cagayan ............. . ....... . .......... Camarines Norte ......................... Camarines Sur .......................... Capiz .... : .............................. Cavite ........................ . ...... .
. . . .
Area in hectares Awarded Patented
I
33 1,184 1,616 11 1,233
25 64 139 16 447
18
......... b
614 221 2,419
12 92 112
1,860 777 4,627 57
1,149 13 214 1 7
b
. .... ... ,.
Cebu ................................... . Cotabato ................................ . Davao .................................. . Ilocos Norte ............................. . Ilocos Sur .............................. .
49 6,864 8,090 54 23
16 1,930 10,180 128 111
Iloilo ................................... . Isabela ................................. . Laguna ................................. . Lanao .................................. . La Union ............................... .
130 4,609 543 3,242 152
7 186 9 .689 18
Leyte ................................... . Marinduque ............................. . Masbate ................................ . Mindoro ................................ . Mountain ............................... .
97 58 8 .......... 344 80 2,382 218 81 865
N UE>va Ecij a ............................ . Nueva Vizcaya .......................... . Occidental Misamis ...................... . Oriental Misamis ........................ . Occidental N egros ...................... .
2,682 1,710 157 53 163 .......... 1,325 20 2,648 189
â&#x20AC;˘ Excluding small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed. b Less than 2 hectares.
115
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Sales awarded and patented, 1904-1932 ~-Continued.
I
Area in hectares Awarded Patented
Province
I
Oriental Negros ......................... . Plawan ................................. . Pampanga . . ............................ . Pangasinan ............................. . Rizal ................................... . Romblon ................................ . Samar .................................. . Sorsogon ................................ . Sulu .......................... . ......... . Surigao ................................ . Tarlac ................ . ......... . ....... . Tayabas ................................ . Zambales ............................... . Zanlboanga ............................ . . Total .. '\ " .. \ .. '1' .r'
. i .:- ..... .
19 1,043 163 2,444 1,431
6 1,169 187 76 167
160 12 533 .......... 159 20 239 .......... 0
••••••••
........ .
277 4,176 1,899 5,133
275 1,599 39 3,560
66,773
25,034
~ Excluding small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed.
Sales Awarded and Patented, 1904-1933
Abra ............................ . Agusan .......................... . Albay ............................ . Antique .......................... . Bataan ........................... . Batanes .......................... . Batangas ........................ . Bohol ............................ . Bukidnon ........................ . Bulacan .......................... . Cagayan ...................•...... Camarines Norte ................. . Camarines Sur ...................• 116
A rea in hectares Awarded Patented 32.5240 24.6541 1,195.6908 64.5117 161.2451 1,793.7392 24.2804 15.8637 739.8346 560.1771 18.115,0 .3905 .0720 617.4435 11.9707 602.3944 91.8121 2,354.4277 187.2711 1,943.3655 1,216.9200 540.0225 12.9561 4,895.9660 234.1265
...........
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Capiz ............................ . Cavite ........................... . Cebu ............................ . Cotabato ......................... . Davao ........................... . Ilocos Norte ...................... . Ilocos Sur ....................... . Iloilo ............................. . Isabela .......................... . Laguna .......................... . Lanao ........................... . La Union ........................ . Leyte ............................ . Marinduque ...................... . Masbate ......................... . Mindoro .......................... . Mountain ......................... . Nueva Ecija ..................... . Nueva Viz~aya ................... . Occidental Misamis .............. . Oriental Misamis ................. . Occidental N egros ................ . Oriental N egros .................. . Palawan ......................... . Pampanga ....................... . Pangasinan ...................... . Rizal ............................ . Romblon ......................... . Samar ........................... . Sorsogon ........................ . Sulu ............................. . Surigao .......................... . Tarlac ........................... . Tayabas ......................... . Zambales ........................ . Zamboanga ...................... . Total .................... .
117
100.2013
. ..........
48.8675 8,012.3104 8,230.6096 64.0651 22.2938 173.4589 5,W7.9287
504.9574 3,635.9859 151.1984 271.1489 8.0000 357.6536 2,261.4728 880.9422 2,703.5012 227.7042 307.4550 1,568.2129 2,146.3862 16.8422 1,053.8445 310.5774 2,574.3755 1,532.3202 160.0000 533.0555 153.2421 256.9130
1.3227 6.9234 16.3381 3,117.7686 10,322.0192 133.5866 111.4966 6.5176 196.5134 40.4182 716.4208 20.1597 72.6749
. ..........
29.9491 299.2527 82.2112 1,827.0297 57.0551
...........
19.9394 192.0313 16.5496 1,194.7929 187.1974 76.4136 167.4804 11.8321
. ..........
19.9021
. ..........
........... . ..........
356.1435 4,29'7.7128 1,906.8992 6,935.5006
310.2221 1,658.6436 69.8484 3,683.1067
71,629.9746
27,247.1974
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Free patents approved wnd issued, 1904-1932'
I
Area in hectares Approved Patented
Province
I
Abra ................................... . Agusan ................................. . Albay ................................... . Antique ................................. . Bataan . ................................ . Batanes ................................ . Batangas ............................... . Bohol ................................... . Bukidnon .................... . .......... . Bulacan ................................ . Cagayan ................................ . Camarines Norte ...................... . . . Camarines Sur ........... . .. . .......... . Capiz ........................•.......... Cavite .................................. .
153 834 1,251 952 236
49 792 692 233 685
100 ..
69 797 58
561 4 27 1,298 78
702 2,613 2,186 325
228 698 1,926 321
............
.....
o.
o.
•
..........
. ................
Cebu ................................... . Cotabato ................................ . Davao .................................. . 110cos N Ol'te ............................ . Ilocos Sur ...............' ............... .
42 7,299 4,890 291 167
188 2,401 1,196 271 494
Iloilo ......................... . ......... . Isabela ...................... . .......... . Laguna ................................. . Lanao ................... . .............. . La Ulnion ............................... .
1,727 810 144 7,060 1,763
1,145 1,188 153 1,626 2,667
Leyte .................................. . Marinduque ............................. . Masbate ................................ . Mindoro ................................ . Mountain ............................... . Nueva Ecij a ............................ . Nueva Vizcaya .......................... . Occidental Misamis ...................... . Oriental Misamis ........................ . Occidental N egros ...................... .
1,570 .................. 1,804 540 2,303 1,452 772 28 75 2,063
775 8 4,185 5R8 3,830 1,292 4,551 23 .................. 867
~ Excluding small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed.
118
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Free patents approved and issued 1904-1932 ~-Continued
I
Province
Area in hectares
Approved
I Patented
Oriental Negros ......................... . Palawan ................................ . Pampanga .............................. . Pangasinan ............................. . Rizal ................................... .
2,692 1,146 47 2,909 1,621
Romblon ......................... . ...... . Salnar .. . ..... , ............... . ......... . Sorsogon .................... . ........... . Sulu ........................... .. ...... . Surigao ................................. .
47 I····· ··· . 382 I 22 1,433 I 487
Tarlac .................................. . Tayabas ................................ . Zambales ............................... . Zamboanga ....................... . ...... .
484 2,810 179 3,395
369 118
I
,
552 3,404 17 1,601 1,526
I········16.
62,708
1,360 4,352 634 · 489 49,500
~ Excluding small additional areas subsequently applied for to complete maximum area allowed.
Free Patents Approved and Issued, 1904-1933
Abra ............................ . Agusan .......................... . Albay ........................... . Antique .......................... . Bataan .......................... . Batanes .......................... . Batangas ........................ . Bohol ............................ . Bukidnon ........................ . Bulacan ......................... . Cagayan ......................... . Camarines Norte .................. . 119
A rea in hectares Approved Issued 106.1409 99.8043 665.7636 958.0775 1,042.6544 1,121.62{)2 827.3901 592.6343 228.2483 695.8632 99.9606 560.8405 .1737 4.2948 65.6121 61.0443 744.6743 1,352.6424 24.5757 132.4964 730.4580 356.9710 2,421.4443 936.1232
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Camarines Sur .................. . Capiz ............................ . Cavite ........................... . Cebu ............................. . Cotabato ......................... . Davao ........................... . Ilocos Norte ...... .... ............ . Ilocos Sur ........................ . Iloilo ............................ . Isabela .......................... . Laguna .......................... . Lanao . .. ...... ........ ....... ... . La Union ........................ . Leyte ............................ . Marinduque ............ ..... ..... . Masbate .......................... . Mindoro ...... . .......... ..... . .. . Mountain ........................ . Nueva Ecija ..................... . Nueva Vizcaya ................... . Occidental Misamis ............... . Oriental Misamis ............... .. . Occidental N egros ................ . Oriental Negros .................. . Palawan ......................... . Pampanga ....................... . Pangasinan ....................... . Rizal ...... ...................... . Romblon ......................... . Samar ............. ...... ........ . Sorsogon ......................... . Sulu ............................. . Surigao .......................... . Tarlac ........................... . Tayabas ......................... . Zambales ........................ . Zamboanga ....................... . Total .................... .
120
2,024.1015 380.0590 oooo
...
oo
..........
20.5594 7,023.6462 5,032.4361 327.3601 187.7t036 1,613.2676 709.9805 157.5699 7,195.2693 1,250.6197 1,531.6526 .. ............... ....
1,429.3169 820.8349 2,325.1136 1,476.3716 655.7711 161.6594 99.4128 2,021.1911 2,462.6538 1,122.6317 145.9528 2,664.9692 1,517.71i1 23.3103 365.6180 1,385.3476 373.8861 131.9620 408.8430 2,520.8576 163.5971 3,770.2956 60,458.6288
2,278.0647 346.5392 . ....................
210.9687 2,646.4494 1,590.8986 312.3964 529.0214 1,440.8123 1,324.9985 179.2493 1,680.2889 3,206.4422 980.1262 7.8038 4,683.1523 664.4164 4,100.7628 1,444.8520 4,630.4919 29.3342 ......................
1,026.1773 652.7583 3,633.0924 21.1055 2,113.5884 1,783.5610 23.9662 75.2430 838.48t05 1.3545 41.1815 1,483.9519 4,652.5135 652.5555 740.2590 56,899.0898
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Leases awarded, 1904-1932 Province Abra ............ Agusan .......... Albay ........... Antique ......... Bataan ..........
Area in hectares
I . . . . .
6,814
········· . ........ .. 708 II . ........ .. I········· 1,576
Leyte ............ . Marinduque ...... . Masbate ......... . Mindoro ......... . Mountain ........ .
Batanes ......... . Batangas ........ . Bohol ........... . Bukidnon ........ . \ Bulacan ......... .
Nueva Ecija ..... . Nueva Vizcaya ... . Occidental Misamis Oriental Mi:::amis .. Occidental N egros .
Cagayan ......... . Camarines Norte .. Camarines Sur ... . Capiz ........... . Cavite ........... .
Oriental Negros .. . Palawan ......... . Pampanga ....... . Pangasinan ...... . Rizal ............ .
I. .1,54;
Cebu ............ . Cotabato ......... . Davao ........... . Ilocos Norte ..... . Ilocos Sur ....... . Iloilo ............ . Isabela .......... . Laguna ......... . Lanao ........... . La Union ........ .
\·········5 . . ....... .
.......... \ 1
Area in hectares
Province
I......... . t ......... .
I ........ . , 1
7,639 96
1 1
4,920 104
1
I········· . . ........ .
I··· ······ . 1
515 21
126 180
Romblon ......... . Samar .. . ........ . Sorsogon ......... . Sulu ............ . Surigao .......... .
1 3,119
28,351 128 95
66 2,117
3 30
Tarlac ........... . 172 Tayabas ......... . I 1,117 Zambales ........ . Zamboanga ...... . \..... ·4,3ii
I········· .
Total ........ .
1
I
121
63,761
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Leases Awarded, 1901,,--1933 Area in hectares Abra ........... . )lgusan ......... . Albay .......... . Antique ........ . Bataan ......... . Batanes ........ . Batangas ....... . Bohol ........... . Bukidnon ....... . Bulacan ........ . Cagayan ........ . Camarines Norte . Camarines Sur .. Capiz .......... . Cavite .......... . Cebu ........... . Cotabato ....... . Davao .......... . Ilocos Norte .... . Ilocos Sur ...... . Iloilo ........... . Isabela ......... . Laguna ........ . Lanao ......... . La Union ...... .
Area in hectares
6,814.2246
717.5309
1,575.9803 1,043.3083 3.0435
94.9845
2.4371 2,095.2377 2g,163.2451 128.1342 153.3324 65.3777 2,116.7387
Leyte .......... . Marinduque .... . Masbate ....... . Mindoro ........ . Mountain ....... . Nueva Ecija ... . Nueva Vizcaya ., Occidental Misamis Oriental Misamis . Occidental Negros Oriental Negros . Palawan ........ . Pampanga ...... . Pangasinan ..... . Rizal .......... . Romblon ....... . Samar ......... . Sorsogon ....... . Sulu ........... . Surigao ........ . Tarlac ......... . Tayabas ....... . Zambales ....... . Zamboanga ..... . Total ...... .
122
1.5223 7,140.1410 96.0000 4,963.9686 104.2456
.5000 514.7377 21.0560 125.7475 188.7271
3.4764 30.0000 172.4364 1,116.5155 4,531.9918 61,984.6409
AGRICULTURE ABACA
This was known to us long before our conquest by Spain when Magellan landed here. The fibers are used for weaving cloth especially sinamay. This plant did not grow wild but there was only small production at the time. In 1818 the export was 14 tons. A sample of abaca fiber was taken to Salem in March, 1780, by Lt. John White of the United States Army; and between 1824 and 1827, Salem and Boston began to use the fiber extensively. The fiber did not gain world fame until the middle part of the 19th century when the Philippine ports were opened to foreign trade. Governor P'enaranda ordered the planting of the plants in the regions of Albay and Camarines during his regime in the Islands and later some parts in Mindanao began to cul~ivate it. At present abaca is greatly raised in Albay, Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Surigao, Cavite, Oriental Negros, Samar, Davao, Sorsogon and Leyte. CACAO
This important plant was also introduced into the Philippines by the Spaniards in 1860 and 1870 from Mexico. Cacao is grown in every part of the Philippines but more in Iloilo, Tayabas, Cavite, Cebu, and Camarines. CASSAVA
This was also brought by the Spaniards. Its roots yield much starch known as tapioca, the good qualities of which are well known. It is a handicapped crop because of the poor varieties used and of insufficient demand; few people are interested in its cultivation. 123
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES COCONUT
Before the arrival of the Portuguese, coconut trees were already growing largely in the southeastern coast of the Islands. During this time Europe did not know the food and commerci.al values of coconut. It was only in the latter part of the 19th century that these were fully realized by men, although comparatively speaking the commercial value of coconut has been known only since the coming of the Americans to the Islands. It is not yet established whether it came from America or Asia, but long before the conquest of the Philippines, the Filipinos realized already the use of the 'crop. Before the World War the most important producers and consumers were Germany, France and England; its manufacture and use spread later in other countries of Europe and America. Its manufacture and use spread later in other countries of Europe and America. It was utilized in making candles and soap. The big consumption of Whole nuts continued, and the production of the desiccated coconut increased. At present it is also used for making synthetic lard and butter. COFFEE
This plant was introduced by the Spanish missionaries who came to the Islands in the 18th century. The Government encouraged the cultivation of coffee, by offering some substantial premiums, but it did not work well because the Filipinos were not interested in its cultivation and devoted their time to other crops. At present it is well grown in Cebu, Rizal, Palawan, La Union, Benguet, Iloilo, Capiz, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Romblon and Lanao. CORN
Records fail to show Whether corn is native to the Islands or it was introduced from foreign countries. 124
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Some believe that it came from China, but many favor the assertion that it was introduced from America by the early Spaniards from Mexico. It is generally known as "poor man's rice." In 1912 the corn crop was one-eighth of that of rice, but the increased interest manifested since then has resulted in greater production. Now the people are beginning to realize its value as an article of human diet and as fodder for horses and carabaos and that a large return may be expected from the amount of seed planted even when grown under poor conditions. In 1917 the value of the corn crop has more than doubled, and was one-fifth of that of rice. COTTON
This was already found by the Spaniards when they came to the Philippines. They made it into cloth, canvas and blanket which were sold to China and other countries. It cannot be grown all over the Islands due to the climate, but it is! grown enough to meet the local consumption. It is best grown in Abra, Batangas, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Laguna, Bukidnon, Iloilo, Occidental N egros, Oriental Negros, Lepanto, Pangasinan and Cebu. INDIGO
This is a native plant of India now raised in Pangasinan and Ilocos provinces. This industry was encouraged by Jose M. J ugo, leader of the Philippine Economic Society. KApOK
This tree has been cultivated for centuries in the Philippines. It is used for pillows, cushions, mattresses, and the like. The seeds are valuable for oil and fertilizer. It was not cultivated very much during the Spanish time so there was no supply for export. However in 1905 kapok began to be exported to foreign countries amounting 125
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES to 4 tons. The yield may be increased by using any of the several varieties grown in the Bureau of Agriculture. It is mostly present in Cebu, Albay, 'p alawan, Sorsogon, Samar, Oriental Negros,_and Leyte. MAGUEY
This plant was introduced by the Spaniards into the Philippines from Mexico or Centr.al America, but its cultivation has always been limited. The exportation in 1874 totalled only to 71 tons, and it is only in recent years that it has come to be considered. This plant thrives in places where other crops cannot grow luxuriantly. Whenever possible the sisal ~ould be grown instead of maguey because it is easier to harvest, produces more fibers and makes better twine. Maguey is grown in Batangas, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, Antique, Lepanto, Iloilo, Masbate, La Union, Leyte, Occidental Negros, Oriental Negros, Samar, Zambales, Romblon, and Siquijor. The demand for maguey fibers is light and it is claimed that proper advertising would help remedy the present condition. PEANUT
This is a native plant of Lower Guinea and was introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards. It is used for food. RICE
It is not exactly known whether it was brought from China or India; it is certain that Filipinos were cultivating it when the Spaniards arrived and colonized the Islands in 1521. At that time and a few years later the cultivation of rice was already the chief farm industry, and finally abundant quantity was raised which resulted in the ex126
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY portation of the crop to the neighboring countries like China. SUGAR CANE
Early history shows that this product was one of the exports of the Philippines when Magellan discovered the Islands in 1521, and that the Filipinos were making not only sweets and delicacies from the juice of the cane but also one of the many kinds of wine consumed by the people. Origin of the crop is not settled. Some say that the many implements and processes of manufacture known in the Islands by Chinese names indicate that the crop was first introduced by the Chinese. Some say that it may have corne from Java, basing the idea on the discovery made during the 5th century by the Chinese traveler and geographer Fehien, that the crop was growing in Java. Still there are others who claim that India was named by the historian of Alexander's time as the birthplace of the "honey without bees" and claim that that country must be the origin of the cane brought to our shores. The truth, however, is that the horne or origin of the crop is Bengal or Cochin China. Botanical, linguistic, and historical facts support this theory. They are as follows: (1) Sugar was first mentioned in Chinese writings in the 2nd century, B.C.; (2) in 86 A.D., the kingdom of Tunan sent a tribute of sugar to an emperor of the powerful Han Dynasty, the ruler of China; (3) Chinese Emperor Taitaong in 7th century sent a man to India, Province of Sohur, to study the methods to improve its cultivation, and (4) finally it was introduced to the Far E'a st, including the Philippines. SWEET POTATOES
This tuber is one of the chief foods of the Filipinos especially among the mountain people. The origin is much discussed. Some say that they were brought by 127
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Spaniards from Mexico, but others say that they came directly from Spain. Sweet potatoes are at present greatly cultivated and many people depend upon them. TOBACCO
This is the only crop in the Islands which received special attention from the Spaniards. Imported by the Spanish missionaries. in the later part of 16th century, its cultivation was insignificant until 1781. In that year when the Philippines w,as governed b~ Don Jose de Basco, the cultivation and sale of tobacco were declared state monopoly and the production thereafter increased so considerably that this monopoly insured the largest percentage of the income of the Government of the Philippines. Under the monopoly each family had to grow 4,000 plants and deliver the whole harvest to the agents of the Government. This monopoly was, however, limited to few provinces in Luzon, the rest of the provinces including those of the Visayas and Mindanao being permitted to plant and dispose of their cr'op at pleasure. The first crop gathered in this monopoly was 27,000 quintals of 46 kilos each. During the first third of the 19th century the annual production increased to 31,000 quintals and in 1869 it amounted to 299,400 quintals. The production in the rest of the Islands amounted in the year later to only 24,700 quintals. The monopoly was repealed by royal decree in 1881, but nevertheless the tobacco industry continued to increase in importance, the exportation of both leaf and manufactured tobacco having been greater after than during the time of the monopoly.
128
SUGAR PRODUCTIONS
lJ. S. Occupation
Before U. S. Occupation (1873-1899) (Metric Tons of 2204 lbs.) 1873 ...............• 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 ................
(1900-1931) (Metric Tons of 2204 Ibs.) 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
85,210 101,371 128,112 130,547 122,994 122,023 131,859 181,190 208,806 150,423 196,835 122,128 204,222 184,940 170,754 160,988 228,469 144,841 138,218 252,798 261,522 210,646 341,470 229,911 202,091 180,818 85,828
Total exportation .• 4,679,014 129
...............• 65,191 ..•............ • 56,873 ................ 98,696 ............... . 85,308 ...............• 87,063 ................ 108,499 ...............• 129,454 ................ 127,917 ................ 144,736 ................ 129,328 ...............• 121,472 ................ 209~44 ................ 197,076 ............. . .. 157,334 ...... . ......... 236,498 ................ 211,013 ................ 337,490 ...............• 205,908 ...............• 273,258 ...............• 136,060 ............... . 180,341 ................ 289,876 ............... • 362,072 ...............• 271,983 ...............• 357,830 ............... . 546,832 ............... . 411,232 ................ 553,324 ...............• 569,938 ...............• 695,868 ................ 743,980 ................ 752,932 ...............• 1,016,568 ................ 1,078,653
Total exportation. 10,949,536
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES THE SUGAR EXPORTS OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR THE LAST FIFTEEN YEARS (Metric Tons of 2204 lbs.) Year 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Centrifugal M uscovado Refined
Totals
.................. .................. ................... .................. ............... ... ................ . . .................. ...................
29,860 53,196 162,427 237,829 226,170 296,242 459,273 339,501 506,483 526,236 664,010 709,707 711,844 959,181 1,023,408
106,173 127,141 127,433 119,368 44,962 57,057 83,334 69,923 45,0.03 35,658 24,848 6,901 613 261 18
27 3 17 4,875 851 4,531 4,225 1,808 1,838 8,044 7,010 27,372 40,475 57,126 25,227
136,060 180,340 289,877 362.072 271,983 357,830 546,832 411,232 553,324 569,938 695,868 743,980 752,932 1,016,568 1,048,653
.............
6,905,367
848,693
183,429
7,967,489
•••••
4
••••••••••••
.................. .................. .................. .................. ••••••••••••••
IO
•••
....................
Totals
Luz, Commercial Handbook, 1935.
130
"'"
"'"
c,.,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. .
---
::::::;.>
. . .N.EGROS _r. Bacolod-Murcla MIlhng Co. . ............. 7~ . • • •• Binalbagan Estate, Inc. . .......................................... Central Azucarera de Bais ................ .. . . .. Central Azucarera del Danao 2 ............................. . . Central Leonor ............................................................. Central Palma .. ............................................................. Central San Isidro ............................. Hawaiian-Philippine Co. . ........................................... Isabela Sugar Co., Inc. . ................ '........ Kabankalan Sugar Co. . ......................... La Carlota Sugar Central ...................... Lopez Sugar Central Mill Co. 2 ••••••••••••••••• Ma-ao Sugar Central Co. . ...................... North Negros Sugar Co.2 ....................... San Carlos Milling Co. . ........................ San Isidro (De la Rama) 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • Sta. Aniceta (De la Rama) ........ . ............
CENTRALS 45,688 42,043 48,701 13,915 3,795 8,924 10,531 67,059 28,442 10,580 76,488 31,625 44,308 80,897 44,'077 . ..............
5,376
722,343 664,719 769,971 220,000 60,000 141,096 166,500 1,060,221 449,680 167,280 1,209,296 500,000 70.'0,522 1,279,'000 696,867 ................
85,'0'00
1932-1933 Crop Piculs Met. Tons 669,690 833,687 686,311 162,140 55,363 153,144 174,250 871,534 514,530 203,756 1,199,858 331,785 685,766 928,499 623,'045 13,925 65,140
42,358 52,730 43,409 10,255 3,501 9,686 11,021 55,124 32,544 12,887 75,891 2'0,985 43,374 58,727 39,407 881 4,120
1931-1932 Crop Piculs Met. Tons
COMPARATIVE CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR PRODUCTIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR 1932-1933 AND 1931-1932 CROPS (Compiled by the Philippine Sugar Association, August 9, 1933) Sugar News, 1988
SUGAR CENTRALS
t;:;
l;:Q ~
~
UJ
d
t;:;
Z
1-4
> Z
t:tj
0
l;:Q
t:tj
~ ~
0
0
t-:I
....c.:o
318,720 5,039,053 380,687 6,018,813
...........................
3,074 48,733 6,000 49,614 1,425 29,563 24,066 1,295 4,773 2,965 9,360 3,076 62,280 59,843 7,906 4,744
48,603 770,480 94,863 784,413 22,537 467,403 380,487 20,484 75,464 46,885 147,990 48,635 984,671 946,138 125,000 75,000
4,617 47,325 4,791 75,493 2,846 29,335 29,372 3,183 5,558 2,440 11,166 3,225 71,500 74,154 10,603 5,079
LUZON ~.~ Bataan Sugar Co. . .......................... -.:: ,,/ 73,000 Calamba Sugar Estate ........................ 748,222 Central Azucarera de Calatagan ................ 75,743 Central Azucarera de Tarlac ............... . .... 1,193,571 Central Azucarera del Norte .................... 45,000 Central Azucarera Don Pedro .................. 463,802 Central Luzon Milling Co. . ....................=.~ ~ -464,383 Hind Sugar Co. . ............................... 50,320 Luzon Sugar Co................................ 87,872 Mabalacat Sugar Co. . .......................... 38,577 Mt. Arayat Sugar Co. ......................... 176,543 Nueva Ecija Sugar Mills, Inc.................... 50,991 Pampanga Sugar Development Co............... 1,130,433 Pampanga Sugar Mills. . ........................ 1,172,405 Paniqui Sugar Mills 167,648 8(),303 Philippine Sugar Estates Dev. Co. ............
20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
559,672
9,48(),983
673,767
10,652,470
---
42,661 40,105
674,487 634,073
52,112 59,206
823,910 936,065
Talisay-Silay Milling Co. . ....................... Victorias Milling Co.............................
18. 19.
SUGAR CENTRALs-Continued
t?=J
Z
r:JJ
t.%J
Z
~
'i:j 'i:j
t"' ~
~
p:::
'i:j
t.%J
~
p:::
'%j
0
>
~
t.%J t:j
'i:j
t"'I 0
C':)
~
C':)
~
f-' 0:>
42.
45.
43. 44.
,,;,~ MINDORO -'~r--Philippine Milling Co. .. ................-' .... " ~. ___ "--"~""''-I-~
,
1
Did not operate during this crop year. 2 Estimates.
18,438,212
TOTAL PRODUCTION ..........................
LEYTE 86,61.0
217,688
134,184 83,5.04
134,.093
829,.078
257,155 7,5.05 184,112 87,043 63,516 229,747
1,166,211 15,787,5.05
12,.017
24,268
383,692
19.0,.0.0.0
2
13,213 11,.055
2.08,9.04 174,788
1.0,313
65,159
1,.03.0,184
163,..053
18,557 949 15,613 6,896 8,976 14,168
293,391 15,.0.0.0 246,846 1.09,.027 141,91.0 224,.010
•••••••••.•...•••••••••••..••
Ormoc Sugar Co.
CEBU :~I' P~p'r~ Bogo-Medellin Milling Co. . ...................... .. Cebu Sugar Co. . ...............................
.
.......................
PANAY Asturias Sugar Central Central Lourdes ................................ Central Santos-Lopez ........................... Central Sara-Ajuy ............................. Philippine Starch and Sugar Co. . ............... Pilar Sugar Central ............................
.36. 37. 38. 39. 4.0. 41.
998,559
---
5,478
--13,769 ---
8,487 5,281
8,481
---
52,439
---
16,265 474 11,645 5,5.05 4,.017 14,531
t-<:
t;a
t-3
t:1 d en
Z
10-1
t:1
> Z
t:rJ
t;a C".:l
t:rJ
ts: ts:
C".:l
0
"'"
~
....
50 16,410 800 20 2,420
Batanes .................... Batangas ................... Bohol ..................... Bukidnon ................... Bulacan ................... .
4,690 150
Cagayan ................... \. Camarines Norte ............ Camarines Sur .............. Capiz ..................... Cavite .....................
I I
Cebu ...................... Cotabato ...................
.
600 100 1,090 4,910 3,950
.
530 90 650 1,830 3,400
Hectares
Abra ....................... Agusan .................... Albay ...................... Antique . ................... Bataan .....................
Province
Area under Cultivation
•
~-
-
-
•
'
I
I I
247,030 330
930 347,860 68,690
.. .
520
67,780
5,540
I
I
... I 787,260 I
47,210 227,810
•.. I
I 160 I 500 I
I
---'"
---
.......
.
7,470 3,060
6,720 2,330 21,670 16,450 35,030
12,810 290 180
.,
70
6,640 710 15,690 3,9,00
Piculs
Panocha
1 picul-63.25 kilos
.,
Piculs
Centrifugal and muscovado sugar~
I
I
I
...
.. . ... ... .. . I
I
,
I
I I
.. '1 ...
21,310
502,800
3,000
85,310 150,00,0
260,140 400 1,400
Liters
Basi
Production
Area under cultivation and ptroduction fdr the year ending June 30, 1932
SUGAR CANE
...
... 2,540
400
...
149,080 3,670 4,170
317,380
... . ..
11,000 1,645,390
107,800
82,770 33,230 11,350
Liters
Molasses
~
::r:
t:tj 'C/J.
Z
~
I-d
t: I-d
~
::r:
I-d
t:tj
1-3
~
o
>
t1
t:tj
I-d
o
~
(;
~
tr:.:l
Z (;
01
CI:)
~
70
570 1,850 50
Sorsogon .................. . Sulu ...................... .
(a) Less than 10 hectares.
I
1
i
780/
I 33,29,0 I
10,320
6,500/ 27,680 9,880
540
53,0 32,990 5,840
3,310
12,700 220 55,05,0 21,480 4,690
2,920
25,740 21,160
1 picul-63.25 kilos
~~~ I
1,911,190 174,900 18,490
I
36,860 6,180 1,170
40
62,~~~
Pampanga ................. . Pangasinan ................ . Rizal ...................... . Romblon .................. . Samar .................... .
(a)
I
/
/ 134,480/ 620
...
825,400 2,700 23,970 88,320
...
99,720 596,30,0
8,700,580 795,440
Ii
I 170 2,530 400 2,690 290
13,130 110 3,190 2,150 210
10 3,650 5,540 12,420 340
88,260 7,400 30
Occidental Misamis ........ . Oriental Misamis .......... . Occidental N egros .......... . Oriental N egros ........... . Palawan .................. .
Masbate ................... . Mindoro ................... . Mountain .................. . Nueva Ecija ............... . Nueva Vizcaya ............. .
Laguna ................... . Lanao ..................... . La Union .................. . Leyte ..................... . II Marinduque ............... .
I
I
Davao ..................... I Ilocos Norte ................ Ilocos Sur ................. . Iloilo ...................... I Isabela ..................... /
...
8,100
239,940
152,300 171,000 106,900
581,830
321,420
6,750 2,767,530 540,730
/
I
I
I路
7,740 26,000
30,0
3,995,500 165,980 243,130
21,935,760 2,680,500
2,840,500 35,210 127,330 2,040
12,100 213,550
4,410,000
12,000 560,380 82,480 65,000 82,250
~
~
~
r.n
Cj
t1
Z
~
t1
> Z
t%j
o
t%j ~
~ ~
o
o
~
~
0)
._ - -
...••
I
I
:
I
--~--
ISLANDS
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ............... .
--
PHILIPPINE
Surigao .................... Tarlac ..................... Tayabas .................... Zambales ................... Zamboanga .................
Province
268,460
253,110
270 20,420 1,110 280 140
Hectares
Area under Cultivation
~.
I I
18,851,710
I I 16,378,05,0 I I
~
. ..
1,138,400 240 620 2,000
Piculs
Centrifugal and muscovado sugars
"
--407,990
465,080
6,140 17,090 26,180 6,02,0 1,010
Piculs
Panocha
Production
I
7,547,140
6,251,910
9,10{) 309,900 2,850 8,200 1,000
Liters
Basi
Area 'ltrld(3r cultivation and 1Jroduction for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
SUGAR CANE-Continued
-
96,040,110
- -
I I
43,180,000
I
Liters 7,800 3,249,460 48,260 2,500 5,450
I
Molasses
t:z:j
t:z:j 00
Z
~
~
t"4 '"C '"C
~
::t:
'"C
t:z:j
t-3
::t:
o"%j
>
~
t:z:j t:;j
'"C
o
t"4
a ~ a
Z
c.:>
......
...;r
6~.3
1.5 48.0 22.8 16.2 2&.0 12.0 24.3 20.4 74.2 26.2
Batanes ... .................... Batangas ................ . ..... Bohol .......................... Bukidnon ...................... Bulacan .............. . .. . .. . ..
Cagayan ... . ................... Camarines Norte .............. Camarines Sur ............. . .. Capiz .................. . ....... Cavite .........................
12.9 13.3 24.2 27.9
Piculs
Abra .......................... Agusan ........................ Albay ......................... Antique ....................... Bataan ................. . ......
Province
I -
·.
4.86 6.79 5.26
·.
2.98
6.72
·.
·.
6.45 6.86
4.14 6.31
P4.87 5.06
I
.-.:-'
..
3.19 4.05 3.52 5.60 5.25
8.00
5.1,0
5.42
..
4.10
P3.75/ 4.96 3.23 3.49
-"
·.
·. .04 ·. ·.
.14
·.
.10
.10 .05
·.
·.
PO.11 .08 .10
I
.061
.21 .17 . .08
·. ·. .07
.08 .05
·. .13
PO.,o8 .12 .10
Price perYield per Picul hectare Liter , sugar and Centripanocha fugal Panocha Molasses Basi combined and muscovado
Average
Yield per hectare, average price, and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
P
126,930 10,100 82,07.0 2,454,080 544,960
9,780 5,169,780 1,07,510 1,790 477,920
61,310 10,020 52,000 2,09,000 1,452,820
Value of all sugar cane products
~
~ ~
~ C/.l
t::1
~
Z
t::1
> Z
t:r:j
Cl
~
t:r:j
~ ~
Cl
o
....
00
01
1
51..0 22.4 19.71 52.6 2.9
47.9 8.6 63.8 26.5 24,7
Iloilo .... 0. 0.. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.. .. . 0.. Isabela ... 000.000 ... 0. 0 0. 00, .. 0 Laguna ........................ Lanao .... 0" 0 0 00. ' 0.0000.0000. La Union .....................
II
7.0 21.8
LE'yte ......................... Marinduque . 0. 0.. 0.. . 0.... 0. 0.. Masbate . o. 0.0 .. 0" 0... 0 0... 0" Mindoro ...... 0.0.00 ... 0 00..... Mountain ...... 0........ 0.... o.
..
Piculs 54.1 22'00
Cebu ........ 0... 0..... 0... 000. Cotabato .. 0... 00 ...... 0. 00.. 0 o. Davao ...... o. 0.......... 00 .. o. Ilocos Norte . 0 0 0..... 0. 0.... 0 0. Ilocos Sur 0.0. 0 0. 00.. 0.. 0. 0....
Province
I
4.98
7. 43 1 4.79
4.~~ I
.0 4.24 3.67 5.00 4.32
4.41 4.05
..
4.93 5.44
.-
4.36 5.941
-
I '
6.09 .0
6.85 .0 7.59 6.17 5.52
4.60
.. ..
6.31 6.39
I
.05 .15
.i~
1
.03
·. ·.
.15
·.
.03 .10 .07
.15 .09 .12 .13
·.
·.
.15
·. .11 ·. ·.
.16 .13
I
Molasses
Liter
·. ·.11.
Basi
Price per-
panoOh.J
Yield per I Picul hectare sugar and Centrifugal panocha combined and muscovado
Average
Yield per hectare, average price, and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
SUGAR-Continued
I
I
638,920 27,840 13,680 1,140,800 31,030
4,077,000 58,030 6,630,320 17,770 460,890
1,592,790 19,160 1,870 624,150 624,840
Value of all sugar cane products
~
r.fJ
trj
Z
~
~ ~
~
t"4
~
~
~
trj
t-3
~
o
>
~
t:1
trj
~
o
t"4
(1
~
(1
trj
,Z
~
Co:!
~
107.5 lS.0 49.4 32.8 24·3 18.3 18.9 14.2 2Q.6
Oriental N egros ............... Palawan ....................... Pampanga ..................... Pangasinan .................... Rizal ..........................
Romblon ...................... Samar ......................... Sorsogon ...................... Sulu .......................... Surigao ........................ 56.6 23.9 23.6 21.8 6(P 71.7
Tarlac ......................... Tayabas ....................... Zambales ............... . , ..... Zamboanga ....................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ........
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 5.83
6.96/
7.20 8.71 7.69 6.28
6.14 2.02
6.73 6.55 5<58
6.97
7.08
6.93
9~.7
••••••••
6.75
4
35.5 19.9 15.0
•••••••••
Nueva Ecija Nueva Vizcaya ................ Occidental Misamis ............. Oriental Misamis .............. Occidental N egros .............
.24 .05 .22 .10
.09
PO.02
.12
.14 .11
3.48
.13
4.57/--.15/
5.05 4.71 6.61 6.47
4.96 2.65 6.00 7.62
10.,00 5.38 5.16 5.18
4.93 7.17
.01
.03
.05 .05 .10 .05
0.10 .09 .10 .16
.05 .22 .09
.01
.01
.08 .20
I
113,766,110
118,495,120
8,514,710 128.060 46;610 19,510
51,650 92,970 7,280 48,90,0
5,588,820 5,400 13,094,720 1,354,100 176,710
61,951,190
630,710 54,350 270
~
~
1-3
UJ
tj ~
Z
~
tj
> Z
t:z:j
(j
t:z:j ~
~ ~
0
(j
o
II;>.
~
I
.......................
Cebu ........................... Cotabato Davao ......................... Ilocos Norte ....................
...................
I
4,050 19,650 12,090 70,760
36,740 6,380 45,600 72,100 36,210
'
Cagayan ............. .......... Camarines Norte ................ Camarines Sur .................. Capiz .- ...... Cavite ........... .. ............
Hectare_s 15,740 5,350 31,900 28,470 12,440 50 57,370 46,550 1,610 66,610
I
I
I
Area under cultivation
Batanes ........................ Batangas ....................... Bohol .......................... Bukidnon ....................... Bulacan ........................
Abra ......... . ................ Agusan ......................... Albay .......................... Antique ........................ Bataan .........................
Province
!
700,100 512,600 304,900 1,908,600
991,500 108,300 924,600 1,445,100 651,000
600 629,200 782,900 41,500 2,230,900
Cavans 496,700 111,10,0 - 519,300 328,800 444,900
-
Production ,
.
17 26 25 27
27 17 20 20 18
10 11 17 26 33
Cavans 31 21 16 11 ,,; 36
Yield per hectare
2.57 2.10 2.35 2.81
1.91 1.99 1.57 1.51 2.20
5.00 2.36 1.80 1.42 1.86
P3.27 1.86 1.97 1.71 2.16
Average price per cavan
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
PALAY
180,150 1,079,320 715,770 5,368,950
1,898,400 216,000 1,456,750 2,180,080 1,431,280
3,000 1,484,87.() 1,413,150 58,950 4,146,640
Pl,624,870 207,300 1,022,810 561,950 962,10.0
Value
~
t:z:.:I rJl
Z
t'"4 ~ '"t1 '"t:l ~
~
~
'"t:l
t:z:.:I
1-3
oI"%j
>-
~
t::l
t:z:.:I
'"t:l
o
t'"4
CJ
~
CJ
t:z:.:I
Z
~
..... .....
1,302,900 923,600 275,200 125,200 342,000
49,970 42,590 13,660 6,930 26,480 30,45,0 179,290 12,610 8,190 3,47,0 23,710 8,760 6,340 57,140 ?12,620 35,130 9,130 27,640 14,030 2,700 33,800 77,170 40,68{)
La Union ...................... Leyte ................................................... Marinduque ..................... Masbate ........................ Mindoro ........................
Mountain ....................... Nueva Ecija ...................................... Nueva Vizcaya ................. Occidental Misamis .............. Oriental Misamis ...............
Occidental N egros ............... Oriental N egros ................. Palawan ....................... Pampanga ..................... Pangasinan .....................
Rizal ............................................... Romblon ...................................... Samar .......................... Sorsogon ....................................... Sulu ..................................................
Surigao .......................................... Tarlac .......................... Tayabas ........................
578,000 2,605,200 704,200
1,039,400 130,ltOO 480,100 305,500 46,50,0
665,900 路 177,000 104,700 1,703,80,0 7,126,300
627,200 7,878,800 498,900 246,500 78,000
1,018,600 2,838,700 268,100 748,500 997,000
38,640 125,250 11,300 28,370 37,720
Ilocos Sur ...................... Iloilo ........................... Isabela ......................... Laguna ........................................... Lanao ..........................
....
17 34 17
29 14 17 22 17
28 20 16 30 33
20 44 39 30 22
26 22 20 18 13
26 23 24 26 26
1.66 1.56 2.56
2.02 1.90 1.79 1.84 2.62
2.27 2.25 2.50 1.75 1.72
4.29 1.39 1.74 2.25 1.55
2.57 1.68 1.73 1.41 2.04
2.92 2.01 3.15 1.94 1.43
959,360. 4,065,420 1,805,650
2,096,140 247,450 861,730 564,230 121,950
1,514,170 397,790 262,300 2,983,500 12,297,150
2,689,640 10,978,350 870,960 554,650 120,680
3,349,320 1,553,470 475,340 176,740 699,150
2,973,990 5,707,560 846,000 1,449,770 1,431,540
to<
~
t-3
Ul
0
t::;;
Z
......
t::;;
>Z
l:I!j
n
l:I!j ~
~ ~
n 0
NI
"'"
....
.....................
"-
Total for year ending June 30, 1933
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS """" .... "
Zambales Zamboanga
......................
Province
\
-
-
47,843,000
47,299,200
Cavans 814,000 146,700
Production
One cavan-44 kilos.
1,853,720
1,781,630
Hecta?"es 39,270 8,920
Area under cultivation
25.81
26
Cavans 21 16
Yield per hectare
1.81
1.62 1.50 --1.89
Average price per cavan
P ALA y-Continued Area under cultivation, p.roduction and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
86,798.880
89,607,000
1,321,050 219,610
Value
r.JJ
trJ
Z
~
""d ""d
~
~
::r:
""d
trJ
t-3
::r:
~
o
>
~
t::1
trJ
""d
o
~
trJ
Z o ~ o
0:1
""
....
I
7,547,790 578,260 1,709,740 121,729
Cebu ......................... . Cotabato ...................... . D~vao ....................... . Ilocos Norte .................. .
1
2,8~4,950 8~1,890
28,080 4,740 14,870 300
990 9,300 11,830 12,370 5,660
248,400 1,745,360 2,901,440
Cagayan ..................... . Camarines Norte ............. . Camarines Sur ............... . Capiz .............•........... Cavite ....................... .
.
Hectares 20 4,350 21,910 3,080
Area covered
120 8,040 12,030 19,0 50
I I
23,510 !' 1,615,910 2,702,490 23,550 13,810
4,8&7,910 7a3,710
8~2,810
Numbe?' 8,800
Total trees
Under cultivation
1
!
I
I
Nuts gathered
5,397,010 267,760 856,570 30,810
80,520 1,135,040 1,996,230 1,638,500 376,320
17,770 558,290 2,123,310 7,770 7,930
1
Liters
•••
18,141,520 54.100
I
32,~~~ I......3.4.7.':~~
110,543 4,058
••••••••
1-3 ~
~
UJ.
1,014 ............ 60,,000 24,867 49,724 2,5.09,290 3,812,110 36,736 15,620
~
Z
t:' d
5,3'1'4',600
t:'
> Z
tz:j
(')
~
tz:j
~ ~
o
(')
ii~ I.......2.1.'~:~
I' ...
. ...........
694,550 1,702,340 795,340
............
1
I
Tuba
3381··········· .
~~:~g~
Numbe1' Thousands 3,680 62 453,mO 13,011 3,645,2,00 53,732 359,680 14,019
Trees in bearing
area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
Batanes ...................... . Batangas ..................... . Bohol ......................... . Bukidnon ..................... . Bulacan ...................... .
I
cultivatio~,
Abra ........................ . Agusan ....................... Albay ......................... Antique .......................
Province
Trees under
COCONUT
.....
II>II>-
I I
1,758,830 2,419,920 813,090 4,240 2,539,900
I
Occidental N egros ............ . Oriental N egros .............. . Palawan ..................... . Pampanga ................... . Pangasinan ................... .
~7,22{)
I I
I
I
2,420,990 4,1&5,300 ,
19,990 68,420
2,393,610 1,826,280 2,116,790
4,5~4,780
226,880
148,900 2,363,500 112,950 W,070,220 667,730
I Total trees
Mountain ..................... . Nueva Ecija .................. . Nueva Vizcaya ................ . Occidental Misamis ........... . Oriental Misamis ............. .
La Union .................... . Leyte ........................ . Marinduque .................. . Masbate ...................... . Mindoro ...................... .
Ilocos Sur .................... . Iloilo ......................... . Isabela ....................... . Laguna ...................... . Lanao ....................... .
Province
I
6,760 11,340 3,650 10 10,890
70 320 200 13,240 22,730
I
I
1,280 24,130 I 11,730 7,15.0 12,350
510 8,910 320 68,720 \' 3,890
Area covered
Under cultivation
1,103,190 1,799,500 366,52{) 2,970 1,652,970
13,180 19,610 6,160 2,159,870 3,082,580
I
158,100/ 2,961,430 I 1,582,280 1,221,000 996,670
131,210 1,060,300 16,460 7,844,110 \' 364,430
Trees in bearing
:4'2'1,000 3,000 1,406,130 526,170
Tuba
I' .. i 7
I
29,262 12,526,150 67,306 3,706,640 10,015 1,207,480 24 ........... . 42,969 ........... .
151 ........... . 362 ........... . 110 ........... . 81,144 1,478,760 91,365 1,695,420
3,8981 ........... . 77,629 I 6,656,190 40,199/ 875,406 35,128 801,950 19,575\ 462,730
231 236,623\ 7,955
2~::~:
Nuts gathered
COCONUT-Continued 1'rees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June .10, 1932-Continued t?;j
t?;j 'CI'J
Z
~
t"'4 ~ '"d '"d
~
~
'"d
t?;j
~
1-3
~
o
>
~
t::1
t?;j
'"d
o
t"'4
Z C':) t-< C':)
C11
"..
1-0
I
114,.053,7.0.0
Total for year ending June 3.0, 1933 6.0.0,7.0.0 73,375,5.0.0
71,542,49.0 I
566,1.0.0
I
1.07,926,12.0
I
1,287,97.0 45,66.0 13,954,78.0 269,.0.0.0 3,.033,19.0
6,Q~6,78Q 2,4~4,45Q 8~7,49Q
1,913,9.0.0 7,35.0 (?8,Q3Q 17.0 21,2q1,51Q 129,29.0 5(13,5.0.0 . 2,.06.0 3,9,.04,23.0 1 _ _24·,26.0 __
I
4,.0.0..0 1,639,.06.0 3,849,28.0 1,449,59.0 495,.06.0
15.0 12,92.0 26,.00..0 11,83.0 5,84.0
33,16.0 2,793,9.0.0
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .•...•..
Surigao ...................... . Tarlac ....................... . Tayabas ...................... . Zambales ..................... . Zamboanga ................... .
Rizal ........................ . Romblon ..................... . Samar ....................... . Sorsogon ...................... . Sulu ......................... .
2,142,383
1,943,8631
41,126 654 368,355 2,863 175,749
89,365,19.0
93,4.02,47.0
2,239,.05.0
............
1,375,9.0.0
1,789,33.0
............
39 ......•..... 28,9.06 1,377,15.0 79,.046 4,241,61.0 29,752 128,84.0 12,.0.03 3.0,24..0
r<
~
t-:3
00
c::l
t:l
Z
~
t:l
> Z
t.:z:j
0
~
a:: a::t.:z:j
0
0
0')
"'"
.....
Cagayan ........... . Camarines Norte ... . Camarines Sur ..... . Capiz .............. . Cavite ............. .
Batanes ........... . Batangas .......... . Bohol .............. . Bukidnon .......... . Bulacan ........ . .. .
Abra .............. . Agusan ............ . Albay ............. . Antique ............ . Bataan ............ .
Province
I I 49,020 192,370 46,640
Piculs
Copra I.
I
.03
I
I 1"0.05 I
1\
1 ..â&#x20AC;˘.. . 1
\~
91,370 / 171,410 146,550 \ 27,040 I
I" ""~'5'0'
1,475/ 4,432 1,627 I 8,092/
~::
13,900 8,190 273 ,350 26.140 3,570
.02 .03 .06
i:~~
..~ .
2.51 3.27 3.51 3.41 3.86
4.34, ..... . 3.95 1.34 3.35 1.54 3.04 3.94 4.81, ..... . 2.68 1.,04 1.07 1.61 1.80
\--
IOilliter per \
Value
.27
:~~
.30 .18
.50
.28 .30 .14
/'
26,250 316,600 770,250 746,850 251,280
13,750 199,330 1,088,300 5,350 5,560
1"2,800 1"0.35 \ 243,830 .23 1,008,780 .30 271,160 6.9. .19 5,020 N.66 \ . . . . .. 2.39 1"3.79 1.15 \ 4.58
\
I
Average price TUba ! Nuts Copra per per per liter 100 picul
.... ~~,.4.5.0. 1 .....0.5. 1
1,150 3,030 82,200
Lit ~rs
Oilmade) (home
Production of coconut products
6,050 ...... 1 277 .......... 1 2,110 2,113 43,170 .05 2,501 234,840 47,260 80 460 . , , " . . . . . 1 .04 900 ......
52 933 4,159 317 349
[ThousandS
Nuts consumed for food
Trees under cultivation, production, averOJge price and. value for the year ending June 30, 1932
COCONUT-Continued
p:: p::
UJ.
t.:rJ
Z
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~
t.:rJ
t-3
~
o
>
~
t1
t?;j
~
o
(") ~
~
(")
t.:rJ
Z
..;J
....01>-
Romblon .............. . Samar ................ . Sorsogon , ............ . Sulu ................. . Surigao ............... .
Iloilo .................. Isabela ............... . Laguna ................ Lanao ................ . La Union ............. .
Cebu ............... Cotabato ............ Davao ............. . Ilocos Norte ......... . . . Ilocos Sur ............. .
I
1
I
1
I
I
I
279,39.0 172,78.0 132,88.0
I
I
I
1,272 I 3,427 I 1,1261 1,1.08 1,259
5,6g~
3~~
1,669
I
11,34.0
I I
..06 I
I
... 1.0437.0 I 272,43.0 I 111,23.0 1 37,.09.0 16.0,57.0
I .
3.77 2.99 3.35 3.65 . 11
I
16 ..12 .11 .13 .35
1
I
1,447,26.0 543,31.0 499,8.0.0 281,15.0 8,6.0.0
1,269,64..0 .26\ 13,1.0.0 .3.0 3,265,72.0 .21 152,81.0 .241 73,91.0 .4.0
2,661,17.0 14 9.0,52.0 .,29 1 5.06,59.0 .22 2.0,2.0.0 .34\ 78,.06.0 .39
I
I
I
4.61 \
I
I
5.05,59.0 .11 I .15 I 1,3.02,96.0 465,38.0 .17 I 217,29.0 .15 595,25.0 .23 I
.14
1,186,61.0 177,33.0 ~:~~ I.. ~ ..5? I ... '.1.5. ~ 720 731,51.0 ~:~~ \ .. ~ ..9.1. 1... '.2.3. \ 1,.07.0 .88
9,.07.0 3.5.0 I ...... ·1 .121 4,74.0 5 ..0.0 ...... .321 1,356,59.0 1.18 4.86 .18 LID 5 ..0.0 ..... . 1,662,71.0 1.52 I 4 ..0.0 .13 \ 1,468,.09.0
1.221 1..0.0 .981 1.15 5.85
I
1.28 I 4.25\ 5. 73 1 . . . . . . 1..08 3.83 1.83 I 3.4.0 I 1.7.0 I 4.24 I
'j
1.221 4. 37 1 2.47 4.56 2 ..0.0 I 3.93 I 5.76\ ..... 2.79 8.5.0
..04 I LID I 4.19 I ..06 I 1.3.0 I 3.6.0 I .09 \ 1.261 3.92 \ .1.0 1.49 5.21 ..04 1.17 3.13
\::::::I 2,.08.0 \ 47,39.0 I 16,65.0 29,45.0 11,91.0 I
~:~'~~? \... ~~~':~?
.... ~~,.4.D.D.I . .... :,..0.6..0.1 . .. ...0.4. ~
2.04,46.0 \
I
..04 ..03 ..07 .
1······1
.0.5/ ..03 ..06
~:~~~ \I .. "~:. I\
2.0,97.0 / 1,28.0 99 0
,I
46,9.0.0 1 ..05 1,62.0 .1.0 245,15.0 ..03 . 4,6.0.0 I •.04 I 37,15.0 J . . . . . . 1
I .
47,79.0 I ..05.1 14,19.0 .09 69.0 ..07 8,24.0 \ ..... . 21,54.0 ..... .
2.08 I .......... \ 15,39.0 68 .......... 4,25.0 489 263,97.0 2,84.0 1,33.0 317,86.0.......... 1,287 99,26.0 26,9.0.0
l'i~~ II.... :~'~~? _
2,316 \ 2291 757
2,426 85,35.0 215 .......... 48,821 691,.02.0 2,252 25,46.0 2,.021 5,82.0
I
II "I
4,546 ( 4.03,24.0 1,494 9,79.0 4,161 1.0.0,98.0 3.021' ....... 5,99.0 671
H:!
~
ro t-3
~
t:J
~
Z
t:J
> Z
t.:rJ
(')
~
a:: a::t.:rJ
o
(')
00
~
I-'
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ..... ...
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ••...
Tailac ................ . Tayabas .............. . Zambales .............. . Zamboanga ........... .
Province
165,187
421 33,291 562 12,573
138,475,500
1
I I
1
I
\Thousands
Nuts consumed for food
1 I
100
~er
plcul
I Nuts ICopra IOilliter per per
I
I
13,690 I·.·· ··1 15,320 \ .03 7,450 ...... .05 178,860
2.42 1 .95 \ 1.83 1.18
6.00 4.12 4.59 4.67
1
Value
13,990 .15 .30 \ 5,132,970 54,060 .41 .25 2,732,620
L i t e r s \---- \
Tuba per liter
Average price
.04
1.11
3.10
.16 29,,040,790
----1----1 1 1,614,540 1 .05 1.29 I 4.06 I .21 I 33,485,500
I
I
made)
I_Oil (home
7,470,940 2,310,650 1 picul-63.25 kilos.
6,421,940
300 1,150,880 8,860 519,320
I Piculs
I
Copra
Production of coconut products
Trees under cult1"vation, production, average price and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
COCONUT-Continued
U1
t?:l
Z
~
"'d
t: "'d
~
~
t?:l "'d
~
~
~
o
>
~
t:::1
t?:l
"'d
o
t"'
o
~
o
Z
l?j
~ ~
I-l
31,940 370 1,660 5,630 3,870 · 258,950 3,.040 4,640 5,480 3,030
Cebu ..................•........... 1 Cotabato ........................... / Davao ............................ . Ilocos Norte ...................... . Ilocos Sur ......................... 1
1'7,420 18,080 5,310 3,450
Area under cultivation
Batangas ........................... 1 Bohol ............................. 1 Bukidnon ......................... 1 Bulacan ........................... 1 I Cagayan ........................ , .. Camarines Norte .................. . Camarines Sur .................... . Capiz ............................. 1 Cavite ............................. /
Province
1
I
I
300 159,890 1 210,350 I 92,840 1 31,520 \
13 12 7 13 13
14 7 9 12 12
5 9 12 17 9
11 14 10 7 12
\ Cavans
446,170 1 2,680 1 15,080 68,560 45,130 1 3,381,130 \ 35,850 31,880 69,820 38,240
,---
64,560 50,670 19,04,0 32,340 13,740
Cavans
1.46 1.30 2.11 2.88 2.49
I
3.90 2.74 ·1 1.26 \ 1.73 2.40 1 1 1.22 1 2.66 1.89 1.45 1.70
P2.80 1 1.54 1 2.07 1.78 2.18
Average Production Yield per I Price per hectare cavan
Area under cultiva.tion, production and value for the year endirng June 30, 1932
CORN
4,927,26,0 46,740 67,300 201,060 95,150
544,740 7,140 28,570 99,520 76,900
1,170 438,280 265,190 160,830 75,640
P 180,870 77,880 39,350 57,520 30,030
Value
t-<
l;rj
~
~ U1
t:1
""'" Z
t:1
Z
>
tt:J
(')
l;rj
tt:J
~ ~
(')
o
~
0
at
,
Area under cultivation
29,770 300 2,390 7910 1,290 5,010 380 7,030 1,940 19,550 53,730 680 2,080 6,580 1,080
Leyte .............................. Marinduque ........................ / Masbate ........................... Mindoro ........................... 1 Mountain ........................... ,
Nueva Ecija ....................... Nueva Vizcaya ..................... Occidental Misamis ................. Oriental Misamis ................... Occidental N egros ..................
Oriental N egros .................... 1 Palawan ........................... / Pampanga ......................... Pangasinan ........................ \ Rizal .......................................................
, H ecta?"cs Iloilo •••.•................•..... . , .1 16,560 [2,650 Isabela ••.•• • •••••.••.•••••.•••..• · 1 Laguna ............................ , 1,240 Lanao ............................. / 8,5,00 1,990 La Union ........................ \
Province
522,510 8,110 23,430 93,010 12,780
61,500 8,200 83,480 25,970 336,43,0
342,150 2,560 26,370 7,970 13,700
10 12 11 14 12
12 21 12 13 17
11 8 11 10 11
1, Cavans Ccev ans -" 136,9410 / 9 175,040 14 12,560 10 146,330 17 29,960 15
,,
I
424,130 4,540 34,390 17,830 35,390 121,420 17,320 108,850 26,220 496,100 698,700 19,800 60,230 140,810 23,770
1.97 2.11 1.30 1.01 1.47 1.34 2.44 2.57 1.51 1.86
202,680 256,060 34,940 162,090 83,410
Value
1.24 1.77 1.30 2.24 2.58
1.48 1.46 2.78 1.11 2.78
Average Production Yield per I Price per hectare cavan
Area under cultiv'ation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
CORN-Continued
tz:j .
~
r:n
tz:j
Z
H
t-c:J t-c:J
H
t-t
H
t-c:J ~
tz:j
~
"%j
0
>
H
t:j
tz:j
t-c:J
0
t-t
(1
~
(1
Z
!-"
!-"
C1I
Total for year ending June 30, 1933
I
1
7,236,800
---------1
One cavan-58.5 kilos.
629,330
7,150,190 \
...•.......•
557,t30
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
5,570 \ 31,270 1 1,000 65{.)40 12
11 7 10 12
6 14 11 8 12
11.50
I
520 4,310 110 5,510
I
Tarlac ............................. 1 Tayabas ........................... 1 Zambales ........................... 1 Zamboanga ........................ \
9,610 52,370 19,430 1,940 84,270
1,460 3,770 1,760 230 6,940
Romblon ........................... 1 Samar ............................. 1 Sorsogon ........................... 1 Sulu ............................... Surigao ............................
10,841,270 PI2,570,050
1.74
,----------
1.52 I -~
18,310 103,050 38,970 5,740 123,610 10,780 77,260 2,440 71,290
1
1
I
1.93 I, 2.471 2.44 l.o08
1.90 1.97 2.00 2.96 1.47
~
~
1-:3
UJ.
c::
Z t1
I-f
:>
zt1
t?=j
o
~
t?=j
~ ~
o
o
t-:I
01
I-'
- -"-------
1
2,510
Cebu ............................... ,
(a) Less than 10 hectares.
I
-370 450
...
I
I
.....
piCUl81
I
I I
19,470 \ 4 108,770 4 14,260 5 300 61 10,870 6
4
1 picul -63.25 kilos,
1,910 ,
1
23,510
6.33
3.15 4.90 5.04 14.50
17.79 3.11 4.29
I-
I
Price per picul
I
55,830 ':' It 2.95 322,670 \ 5 \ 3.44 1,320 5 5.76
piculs
per hectare
YIeld
. Average
I 1 I..... I 750 I 2 I 2,010 4
I
I
""
I
1
I
_
Production
I
6,~:~ I Ii 4,890 ... " , 30,970 , 2,980 I I 50
370 , 590 I 7,950
6,400 37,520 3,940 80
1
(a)
7,800 _ 67,150 320
_",;/
I-
,
~"
In production
,-- .. 9,530 , 76,030, 430 ,
Total
Cagayan .......................... . Camarines Norte ................... . Camarines Sur .................... . Capiz .............................. , Cavite ............................. \
Batanes ........................... . Batangas ......................... . Bohol ............................. . Bukidnon ......................... . Bulacan .......................... .
Abra .............................. 1 Agusan ........................... . Albay ............................. 1 Antique ........................... / Bataan ........................... .
Province
Area under cultivation, hectares
Are'a undf'r cultivation, 'production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
ABACA
"---- "-- ---"---"
68,890
61,440 533,600 71,810 4,310
13,340 6,260 100,950
1,111,590 7,600
It 164,690
Valu~
> ~
UJ
llj
Z
~
~ ~
t:
~
~
~
t?=j
~
~
o
t::1 ~
llj
~
o
t"I
Z o ~ o
llj
STRIPPING ABACA
ABACA PLANTATION
~
Q1
....
.0
Sulu .............................. Surigao ............................ / Tarlac .............................
1 1
Pangasinan ........................ Rizal .............................. Romblon ........................... Samar ............................. Sorsogon .......................... 1
Oriental Misamis .. : ................ Occidental N egros ................... Oriental N egros ................... Palawan ........................... Pampanga .........................
•••••••••••••••••••••••••
Mindoro ........................... Mountain Nueva Ecija ........................ Nueva Vizcaya ..................... Occidental Misamis .................
Lanao ............................... La Union .......................... Leyte .............................. Marinduque ........................ Masbate ........................ ; ..
Cotabato ........................... / Davao ............................. Ilocos Norte ........................ Iloc.os Sur ......................... Iloilo ................................. Isabela ................................ Laguna ............................ 1
II •
I I
1
1 1
I I ." I 10,600 23,770
I
!
14,~~~
8,540
270 23,070 54,670
I
1
I
1
1
1
2,070 I 690 I 3,950 1
1
1
1
1
2,020
230
1,180
1
370 I 35,380 1 65.400
3,040 790 5,760
4,280
3,940
67,110 1,390 1,300
1
1
... I ". I
1,320 71,010
I 53,450 I 960 I I 61.0 I 2,760 I I I I I 2,910
2,520 I
1
I 1 780 I I 260 I
1,680 / 89,960
I
1
1
1
1
5
5 4 7
9
'4
4
.
35,30.0 68,000
910 129,930 199,050
15,570 3,380 17,240
1
1 1
1
~I !I
3
1
"I .. II
7 5 4
I
I
1
"I.
~\
I .. 21,060 1 7
14,330
297,960 4,090 \ 4,060
18,830
880
4,300
. .. .. .
7,390 638,110
1
1
1
1
I I
1
1
1
97 3. 2.75
1
1
I
5.96 I 3.55 4.,05
I
2.57 6.04 / 3.70
2.80
7.22
2.95 5.09 3.45
2.10 I
5.28
6.~:
4.48 4.85
t::1
> Z
t,:rj
~
t,:rj ~
~ ~
~
0
140,320 187,210
5,40,0 460,940 805,930
~
~
1-3
U1
~ 40,070 20,420 - Z t::1 63,870 c:::!
58,930
103,450
878,170 20,820 14,010
39,570
4,640
28,280
33,10.0 3,095,150
II>-
~
....
Total for year ending June 30, 1933
--
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .............
Tayabas ............................ 1 Zanlbales .......................... Zamboanga ....................... .
Province
I
... I
447,170
I
I
3,070 1 1 467,040 i
-
.I
-
.. .
760
piculs
.
Production
---
..
3
1Jiculs
bectare
Yield per
358,340
2,125,790
6
3.69
3.98
2.61
..
8.39
I
I
Price per I picul
Average
20,660 12 ---369,650 2,061,570 5 1- _
1,89,0
...
210
In productioll
1 --
290 I
Total
Area under cultivation, hectares
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
ABACA-Continued
. ..
7,845,980
8,205,140
54,040
6,340
Value
t:rj
t:rj U1
Z
H
~ ~
t""I H
H
~
~
t:rj
~
::c1
~
o
>
H
t:rj t;j
~
t""I
o
(1
to<:
(1
Z
c:n
....c:n
Cebu .................... Cotabato .................
Cagayan ................. Camarines Norte ........ . Camarines Sur ........... Capiz .................... Cavite ...................
Batanes .................. Batangas ................. Bohol .................... Bukidnon ................ Bulacan ...... . ...........
Abra .................... Agusan .................. Albay .................... Antique .................. Bataan ..................
Provinces
,
15,290
3,250
20
70
Total
I I
,
11,660
2,790
10
40
I I
. .---,
In production
Area under cultivation, hectares
.,
80,980
12,450
60
Piculs 320
"~j'"
Production .i'
,
7
4
6
8
Picu ls
Yield 'per hectare
,
2.46
2.17
2.63
P3.00
Price per picul
Average
I
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
MAGUEY
27,040
150
960
199,560
P
Value
tj
to<
~ ~
Ul
d
Z tj
1-4
> Z
ttj
o
ttj ~
~ ~
o
o
'
en Q)
.....
Occidental Misamis ... , ... '
Masbate ' .. ,.,., .. , .... ,' Mindoro ,.,' ......... , .. . Mountain ................ . Nueva Ecija ...... , .. , ... . Nueva Vizcaya ...... , ... ,
Laguna ................. . Lanao .................. . La Union ............... . Leyte ................... . Marinduque ............. ,
Davao .................. . Ilocos Node ............. . Ilocos Sur ............... . Iloilo . ' .' ................ . Isabela ................. .
Provinces
,
I
,
,
,I
,
10
10 10
"
I, I,
30 , 190 l
5,870 , 4,820 ) 10
In production
40 , 390 ,
,~~ I, . .. ,I
6,770 5,090
Total
Area under cultivation, hectares
'
-~.
...
130
180 720
12,670 9,620 60
Piculs
~/
ProductiO'n
Area under cultivation, production and value June 30, 1932-Continued
MAGUEY-Continued
.,
"--"
13
6 4
~6
Piculs
I,
t路
,
2.19
2.39 2,35
3.78 2.46 2.00
Price per picul
Average
,
the year enditng
Yield per hectare
f01"
----
290
420 1,700
47,930 23,660 120
Value
t:j
rn
t:j
Z
~ ..... '"d '"d .....
'"d
::r: .....
~
::r: t.xj
~
o
>
......
t.xj tj
'"d
o
(") ~
~
(")
Z
I-'
~
-;J
Total for year ending JunE:' 30, 1933
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Surigao ................. . Tarlac .................. . Tayabas ................ . Zambales ................ . Zamboanga .............. .
Rizal ................... . Romblon ................ . Samar .................. . Sorsogon ................ . Sulu .................... .
Oriental Misamis ........ . Occidental N egros ........ . Oriental N egros ......... . Palawan ................ . Pampanga .............. . Pangasinan ..... . ....... .
I
30,981
35,130 /
,
180 I
3,450 \
20 430
I
I
I I
128,070 \
93,339
, I
1
3,250
21,550
160 5,500
C')
~ ~
0
4
4
2.07
2.59
I
... ,,
2.88 ,
P193,145
332,290
pj ~
U'l ~
t:j ~
I--C
Z
t1
> Z
t:z:j
C')
3.02
2'.00
2.16
/', ....
- -- - -
t:z:j pj
9
2
8 6
---
I 1,130 , '
7,130
1 picul-63.25 kilos
24,624
29,140
~~~ I
3,180
10 390
..
80 2,540
-"-"---" "----
I-'
01 00
I
I
I;
I
I I I
I
-
11,930
I
I
20 150 30.
(a)
I
30 , 100 I 180 20 10
1 1 Hectares 540 340 20 240 J ,
I
10 9
8j
13 10
91 61 14
~\
1~ J
91 81
Q~~intals I
13 92,550 10 3,440 500 7i 1 quintal-36 kilos
150,410 30 170 1,480 270
200 \ 550 1,770 I 1301 140
2,680 -200 2,15.0
5,1,00
Qui'Yl:,tals
..-
4.12 6.15 5.41
4.45 4.0.0 4.84 4.34 5.41
4.96 6.18 5.00 6.36
381,840 21,140 2,700
668,780 120 831) 6,430 1,460
1,410 2,740 10,96,0 650 890
P16,900 15,150 950 12,840
Value
............ I
I 6.92 I
P5.32 5.65 4.75 5.98
Average Area under culti- Production Yield per I Price per vation hectare quintal
and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
productio~
Cebu ............................... . 7,03.01 Cotabato .......................... . 350 Davao .............................. . 70 (a) Less than 10 hectares.
Cagayan ........................... . Camarines Norte ................... . Camarines Sur ...................... . Capiz .............................. . Cavite .............................. .
Batanes ............................. Batangas ............................ Bohol ............................... Bukidnon ............................ Bulacan ......................â&#x20AC;˘......
Abra Agusan ............................. Albay ............................... Antique ..............................
................................
Province
Area under cultivation,
TOBACCO
t?;j
~
t?;j U1
Z
H
t-1j t-1j
H
t-t
H
~
t-1j
t?;j
1-3
~
o
>
H
t1
t?;j
ot-1j
Z o ~ o t-t
f-'
co
en
~
~
1~ 1
).......~~~. ..... ~:.~.~.~.I .........~. !...... ~:.~.~.I .......1.!.:~~~
!
91
J!
7.401 7.62 4.73 \ 12.13
3,400 18,470 6,050 9,550
.......... . ......... ........... .
9 13 11 12
~
U1
d
t:l
Z
I-t
t:l
> Z
tzj
(1
tzj ~
a;: a;:
0
(1
633,720 78.0
690 39,250 88,490 23,010 19,520
7,250 573,300 150,180 610 29,620
5.15 4.91
....-
81 12 9
5.751 4.68 8.94 4.55 10.00
2,790 68,850 81,530 3,910
120 4,580 12,350 3,580 3,270
91 141 91 61 81
I
206,550 4.721 52,610 4.021 274,800 6.40 ...... ~ ..9.6. . ... ~,.6.6.8:~~~
5.75 8.56 7. 16 1 6.43 35 8. 1 10.16 3.81 4.12 7.38
I
1,260 122,530 16,800 130 2,970
91 10 10 16
1~ 1
20 430 1.450 300 350
1 1501 8,950 1,810 20 380
43,770 13,090 42,930 279,960
. ......... .......... . .........
4,650 1,270 4,200 17,910
270 30 Oriental Misamis .................... 1,410 18,050 Occidental N egl'OS ................... 1,760 19,790 Oriental N egros ..................... 40 530 Palawan ............................ Pampanga .......................... . I .......... . ......... 1 10,920 123,010 Pangasinan .......................... 20 160 Rizal ................................ 1 Romblon ............................. Samar .............................. Sorsogon ............................ 1 Sulu ................................ 1 460 60 Surigao ............................. 1 2,420 280 Tarlac .............................. 120 1,280 Tayabas ............................. \ 790 no 1
Mindoro ............................. Mountain ............................ Nueva Ecija ........................ Nueva Vizcaya ...................... Occidental Misamis ..................
Lanao ............................... La Union ........................... Leyte ............................... Marinduque .......................... Masbate .............................
Ilocos Norte ........................ Ilocos Sur ........................... Iloilo ................................ Isabela .............................. Laguna ............................ .
o
CJ)
.....
••. " . , •....•.
Total for year ending June 30, 1933
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Zambales " .... , .... , ......... ,., ... . Zamboanga , ......................... .
Province
74,610
--78-,2-3-0
I
I
907,610
981,260
H ecta?'es I Quintals 40 I 380 160 1,91.0
I
I
II
12
L
12/
I
Quintals I 10 I 12 I
I I
\-
3.91
_J
5.24/
5.00 5,80
Average Area under culti- Production Yield per I Price per vation hectare quintal
Area under cultiv'ation, prod~tction and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Contim~.ed
TOBAcco-Continued
3,551,440
5,140,280
1,900 11,080
Value
~
U'1
t:rj
Z
~
'"d '"d
t-t ~
~
p::
'"d
t:rj
p::
~
I:tj
o
>
t:l
t:rj
~
o t-t o
~
o
Z
t:rj
DRYING TOBACCO LEAVES
POTTERY INDUSTRY
0)
.... ....
0
......
0
•••••••
.....
0
...............
Cebu ........................... Cotabato .............. . ......... Davao ....................................... Ilocos Norte ....................
0
............
I 135,500 7,160 37,730 22,080
20,200 12,520 77,160 28,700 133,830
..................
Cagayan ........................ Camarines Norte ................ Camarines Sur .................. Capiz ............................................... Cavite ..........................
/
I
1,350 52,570 70,060 35,410 3,180 82,130 142,910 76,220 10,040
......... 0·
I
Total trees
..
..
0
..
95 5 26 15
14 9 54 20 94
58 100 53 7
.......
-
1 37 49 25 2
lJectares
I
I covered Ar'e a
Under cultivation
Batanes Batangas .... . .................. Bohol ................................................. Bukidnon ....................... Bulacan ........................
0
.................................
00
...............................
....
............
Abra .................................. Agusan Albay .......................... Antique Bataan
Province
....
0
~-
if
..
0
79,500 1,870 3,220 10,430
6,690 8,650 41,490 10,760 77,590
22,860 73,260 30,700 4,170
..............
450 21,530 29,290 11,500 1,070
Kilos
Production
I
I
P1.09 .88 .84 1.00 .95
Price per kilo
I
P490 18,990 24,650 11,480 1,020
Value
.98 1.00 .42 .75
.66 .78 .82 .82 .86
.82 .75 .94 1.06
.79 .81 .95 .96
.63 .92 .94 .81 .91
.92 .64 .60 .70
62,600 1,520 3,070 10,010
4,250 7,990 39,060 8,720 70,560
21,120 46,820 18,600 2,930
.............. . .............. . .............. ..
1.32 .77 .73 .72 .99
Kilos
Yield per tree
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CACAO
-"--"---"--
~
~
1-3
Ul
t:1 d
Z
t:1
I-f
> Z
t:z:j
a
t:z:j ~
~ ~
a
o
~
~
.....
Occidental N egros ............. . Oriental N egros ............... . Palawan ...................... . Pampanga ..................... .
o
N N
M M M
L~
L
I I
Province
I
I
I
!
1
I
531 1151 41 10 I
75,90,0 164,730 I 4,980 I 13,540 I
67 90 28 1 60 20 8 20 7 7
"
~
24 4
40
51 113
27,990 11,840 28,430 9,670 9,850
96,300 128,990 40,010 1,920 85,800
6,960 I 161,250 57,340 34,960 6,080
\Hec;aresj
Total trees \ Area covered
Under cultivation
"r
.
I
.95 I .57 I .961 .951
15,680 7,830 14,400 4,750 3,690 40,190 I 84,480 I 2,060/ 3,190
.90 .82 .71 .68 .64
.85 .72 .56 .98
I .69
Kilos
Yield per tree
.74 1.20 .90 1.00 .79
50,860 42,830 12,950 750 37,400
2,970 61,850 14,870 \ 9,070 4,120
Kilos
Production
1.051 .861 1.03/ .90
.87 .96 1.05 1.01
.83\ .94
.73
1.25 .91
.78\ .98 .71 \ .93 .85
I
Price per kilo
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CACAo-Continued
42,440 72,450 2,120 2,870
13,650 7,550 15,160 4,800
63,420 38,900 9,530 620 35,230
2,330 60,700 10,590 8,480 3,520
Value
t.%j
~
ell
t.%j
Z
I-C
t"I I-C '"d '"d
I-C
~
'"d
t.%j
8
o"%j
>
t1 I-C
t.%j
'"d
o
t"I
o
t-<
Z o
~
....
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 •.•....................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ••.....••
Sulu .......................... . Surigao ....................... . Tarlac ........................ . Tayabas ....................... . Zambales .................... '" Zamboanga .................... .
Pangasinan .................... . Rizal .......................... . Romblon ...................... . Samar ........................ . Sorsogon ...................... .
2,155,720
2,282,880
!
67, 450 1 10,700 4,130 1 61,.010 34,410 1 1,950 47,340 2,780 104,460 5,180 28,180
1,509
1,598
31 43/ 24 1 1 33 2 73 4 20
4~ I
1,204,460
1,024,520
700 24,900 2,040 46,540 3,0801 10,80,0
42,050 4,760 1,860 26,340 12,480
.78
I
~I .79
.89 .96 .98 .82 .941
.95 .93 1.16 .65 .82
I
1
910,530
490 22,820 2,200 39,670 3.240 8,390
41,960 3,940 1,730 23,560 10,550
.75 P710,830
.89
.70 .92 L08 .85 1.05 .78
1.00 .83 .931 89 • 1 .84
~
~
1-3
UJ
Z t:1 d
~
t:1
> Z
~
0
~ ~
0
0 ~ ~
~
"'"
0)
I
I
I
I I
I
Cebu ............................ Cotabato ......................... Davao ........................... Ilocos Norte ..................... I
Cagayan ............ . ........ . ... Camarines Norte ................. Camarines Sur .................. Capiz ........................... Cavite ...........................
Batanes ......................... Batangas ........................ Bohol ..... ...................... Bukidnon ........................ Bulacan .........................
Abra ............................ Agusan ......................... Albay ........................... Antique .. ........ ............ .... Bataan ...................... ....
Province
~13,950
10 1 22 40
25,500 3,300 55,200 100,680
(a) 246 47 39 3
-
1 6 13 8 3
9 1 22 4 77
I
Area covered
H~ctares
I
21,330 2,140 56,190 10,430 191,370
116,880 96,720 7,510
220
2,120 16,070 33,110 20,550 6,630
Total trees
Under cultivation
.. ~
I
1.20 .64 .85 .60 .82
Kilos
Yield per tree
I
.56 .76 .76 .49
I PO.61
Price per kilo
P650 2,880 9,380 4,800 1,650
Value
.83 .75 .83 .76
.43
.62 .41 1.11
.79 .82 .73 .47
4,520
6,460 2,800 163,080
12,30,0 1,350 5,5,00 31,340
.64
:g~ I .56
.66 .65 .69
.69
.43 .55 .34 .66
t.:;1
""d 22,150 2,090
6,390 800 3,060 19,950
4.250 1,830 112,300
3,12.0
t.:;1 Ul
Z
~
""d ""d
~
~
~
::x::
t.:;1
::x::
1-:3
I%j
o
>
~
t:j
t.:;1
""d
o
~
o ~ o
Z
99,240
24,2W
. ........... ....... . ....... . ....... .
232,860 44,160 64,900 3,140
.................... ....... . ....... .
.-'
,
1,070 5,160 12,3&0 6,280 3.370
Kilos
Production
Average
T1'ees undar cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
COFFEE
~
CD til
I
I
1 I
Surigao ......................... Tarlac .......................... Tayabas .........................
7,370 3 5,770 21 237,190 95 I (a) Less than .6 hectare
2 11 1
2,050 2,21.0 \ 11,730
.891 .76 \ .83
.75 .67 I 97 ..73 1 .50 .79 .75 I 85 ..59 1 .70 3,180 670 1,450 3,11,0 700 4 (a)
11,080 1,260 3,780 27,200 2,000
.641 .66 \ .75
.71
Rizal ......................... 0路路 Romblon ........................ Samar .......................... Sorsogon ........................ Sulu ............................
.91
.56 .83 .54 .64 .54
1.00 .86 .75
1
.65 .&0 .74 .87, .66 82 .75 . .57 .72 .84
132,360 11,100 20,260 4,650 1,970
.73 .94 .73 1.07 .93
.63 .54 .75 .63 .55
7,320 45,090 170 1,430 29,970
~-'
~
.76 .47 .81 .93 .68
.40
.70 .63
.88
.71
6 57 2 2 23
157 11 20 4 4
392,530 27,730 49,190 11,090 9,720
15,600 3,460 6,060 280 30,070
3,690 102,030 9,790 9,080 18,130
15,400 141,360 4,180 4,99,0 58,240
17 15 11 1 42
2 141 16 36 37
41,430 36,570 27,810 1,530 105,500
6,050 352,370 41,050 90,470 92,340
Occidental N egros ............... Oriental N egros ................. Palawan ........................ Pampanga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0路路 Pangasinan ......................
Mountain ........................ Nueva Ecija .................... Nueva Vizcaya .................. Occidental Misamis .............. Oriental Misamis ................
La Union ........................ Leyte ........................... Marinduque ...................... \ Masbate ......................... Mindoro ......................... 1
Ilocos Sur ...................... Iloilo ............................ Isabela .......................... Laguna ......................... Lanao ...........................
1,310 1,450 8,820
2,400 450 1,410 2,260 500
6,670 31,860 170 1,230 22,490
74,140 9,180 11,010 2,960 1,07,0
11,370 3,260 4,440 300 27,990
2,340 54,920 7,350 5,740 10,060
to<
~
~
~ U1
t::::1
1-4
Z
t::::1
> Z
l:J:j
(')
l:J:j ~
~ ~
0
(')
....
0) Q)
Total f01' year ending June 30, 1933 .........................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ..........
Zambales ........................ Zamboanga ......................
Province r- ~ --r
Area c.2--veted
I
3,616,970
3,238,130
I
1,447
1,295
IHectaresl 1,930 I 1 20 51,100
Total trees
Under cultivation
1,013,250
1,089,690
I
Yield per tree
.64
.76
Kilos I Kilos 1,010 .93 10,600 .50
Production
I
I I
635,580
700 8,98.0
----
Value
.54 P544,070
.59
.69 .85
Price per kilo
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, prodrUction and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
COFFEE-Continued I?=j
tIJ
tt.:I
Z
~
t"'4 '"d '"d 1!-4
~
::t:
tt.:I '"d
::t:
1-3
~
o
>
~
t:J
I?=j
'"d
o
t"'4
(1
~
Z (1
COFFEE IN THE ISLANDS
-::J
.... en
vation
I der cultiProduction
3 240 255 1,124 36 1,182 238 158 234
Cagayan .............................. Camarines Norte ..................... Camarines Sur ....................... Capiz ................................. Cavite ............................... \
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao ................................ [locos Norte ..........................
2,652,400 670,400 407,900 435,700
8,100 371,000 687,100 3,738,400 65,900
2,244 2,817 2,582 1,862
2,700 1,546 2,694 3,326 1,830
...... '2'25' .. -. . . 446:2'0'0'\' .... i:9'8'3' Bohol ................................ I 907 1 2,691,300 I 2,967 Bukidnon ........................ . .... 211 709,600 3,363 Bulacan ............................. . ........... . .... ....... ......... .
~:~:~~~s . :: : : : : : :: ::: ::::: : ::: ::: : :: : :
40 435 151 50
. .. 2,307 3,191 2,236 2,168
K~.'~
I
Value
15,530 53,840 12,930
2.47 2.72 2.70 2.95
2.22 2.18 2.68 2.16 2.87
65,410 18,210 11,000 12,860
180 8,100 18,390 80,650 1,890
....... .. . ......... .
3.48 2.00 1.82
34,420 9,520 2,430
......... . ..........
2.48 2.82 2.24
......... ·1·· •• ···.·· P2.35 1 P2,170
I Price per 100 kilos
Average Yield per hectare
. ... 1.. . 92,300 1 1,388,300 337,700 108,400
.1. ~~d~~~~ .1 ....K~.8
Abra .............•......•.......•... Agusan .............................. Albay ................................ Antique ............................... Bataan ...............................
Province
I Area un-
Are'a under cultivation, production and 'I)alue for the year ending June 30, 1932
CASSAVA
pj ~
VJ ~
Z t:i q
~
t:i
> Z
t?j
C1
pj
t?j
~ ~
C1
o
00
0)
....
12,870 50,400 9,660 560 2.32 1.99 1.77 2.79
2,819 2,197 1,986 2,871 555,300 2,526,400 546,200 20,100 197 1,150 275 7
620 8,560 1,680 7,430 920 1.44 2.80 2,37 2.21 1.56 2,867 2,249 2,145 1,879 2,273 43,000 3.05,900 70,800 336,300 59,100
Occidental N egros .................... . Oriental N egros ...................... . Palawan ............................ . Panlpanga ........................... .
I
4,080 9,320 3,040 4,340 23,830 33,660 11,040 2,810 8,800 2,500
3.55 2.76 2.34 3.22 1.22
Price per 100 kilos
Value
2.85 1.80 1.65 1.51 2.46
2,087 1,798 2,492 2,01.0 1,979
Kilos
Yield per hectare
Average
3,012 2,398 2,186 3,017 2,253
15 136 33 179 26
La Union ........................... . Leyte ..................... . ......... . Marinduque ......................... . Masbate ........ . ................... . Mindoro ............................. .
Mountain ............................ . Nueva Ecija ........................ . Nueva Vizcaya ... . ................... . Occidental Misamis .................. . Oriental Misamis ................ . ... .
188 52 67 991
114,800 338,000 129,60.0 134,700 1,959,000
Kilos
1,180,700 611,600 170,5.00 582,300 101,400
I
I
I -
)-Hectar~~ !
I Production
392 255 78 193 45
Ilocos Sur ........................... . Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna ............................. . Lanao ............................... .
Province
Area under cult ivation
Area und'er cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
CASSAVA-Continued t;tj
t?;j U2
Z
1-4
t"' ""d ""d 1-4
::r:: 1-4
""d
t?;j
::r::
1-3
o I%j
>
1-4
t;tj tj
""d
o
t"'
a ~ a
Z
co
CD
~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .............................
Zamboanga
........................... PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ..............
••••••
40,864,400
35,493,800
14,785
16,544
1,058,600
1,962,800 337,200 51,500 1,409,000 250,100
989,600 73,100 764,000 2,031,100 1,970,400
558
748 138 29 592 139
00
Sulu ................................ . Surigao .............................. Tarlac ............................... fayabas .............................. Zambales .............................
•••••••••••••••••••••
1~049
395 34 232 1,048
Pangasinan ........................... Rizal ................................. Romblon .............................. Samar ................................ Sorsogon
I
2,470
2,401
1,897
2,624 2,443 1,776 2,380 1,799
2,505 2,150 3,293 1,938 1,878
I
1.41
2.16
1.91
2.44 2.02 2.80 2.31 1.98
2.13 2.12 1.62 1.97 1.72
P576,900
766,59,0
20,240
47,940 6,800 1,440 32,510 4,950
21,090 1,550 12,410 40,120 33,890
~
~
t-3
eUJ.
t:1
Z
~
t:1
Z
>
t.:r:j
(')
t.:r:j ~
is:
0 ~
(')
o
-1
~
I I
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao ............................... Ilocos Norte .......................... Ilocos Sur ..................... ......
Cagayan .............................. Camarines Norte ..................... Camarines Sur ....................... Capiz ................................. Cavite ................................
Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................ Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
Area undel' cultivation
I I I
1
I i
1
I I
"'"
.-
,
I
300 71 1 215 I 155 35 1
386 250 352 650 95
51 142 126 47 34
124 185 385 315 8
I I Hecta?'es
I Batanes .............................. I
Abra ....... .. ......................... Agusan .............................. Albay ................................ Antique ............................... Bataan ...............................
Province
-
-
.
.
688,700 210,300 428.600 402,000 80,300
745,800 536,700 732,,000 2,607,100 207,900
121,500 326,100 288,500 149,500 70,300
\ Kilos 391,000 582,800 961,900 645,400 23,700
Production
2,296 2,962 1,993 2,593 2,294
1,932 2.147 2,079 4,011 2,188
2,382 2,296 2,290 3,181 2,068
Kilos 3,153 3,150 2,498 2,049 2,962
I
I
3.64 3.75 3.44 3.46 3.82
2.71 2.88 3.27 2.94 3.31
2.29 2.73 2.35 2.23 4.22
P2.77 2.45 2.12 2.62 2.91
Average Yield per Price per hectare 100 kilos
A rea under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
GABE
I
25,110 7,880 14,730 13,900 3,070
15,480 23,970 76,760 6,890
20~240
2.780 8,900 6,770 3,340 2,970
P10,830 14,280 20,410 16,910 690
Value
t;tj
p::
Ul
t;tj
Z
~
~ ~
~
~
p::
~
t;tj
t-3
~
o
>
~
t::J
t;tj
~
o
t"'I
Z o ~ o
~
-:J
~
I
116 1,026 299 47 227 39 441
Tarlac ............................. . rayabas ............................. '.
1
I
22) 241 41
42~
Romblon ............................. . Samar ............................... . Sorsogon ............................ . Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. .
Oriental N egros ...................... . Palawan .......... ................... . Pampanga ........................... . Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal ............................... .
!
I
1261 94 108 34 139
640 123 50 116 1,037
Leyte ............................... . Marinduque ......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. . Mountain ............................ .
Nueva Ecija ........................ . Nueva Vizcaya ....................... . Occidental Misamis .................. . Oriental Misamis .................... . Occidental Negros .................... .
281 144 170 399 150
Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna ............................. . Lanao ............................... . La Union ........................... .
158,000 991,700 \
I
290,200 2,621,40,0 731,000 I 77,600 I 538,800
921,700 12,500 79,40.0 493,800 99,400
4,.051 2,249
2,5.02 2,555 2.445 1,651 2,373
2,169 1,786 3,6.09 2,.049 2,424
I
2,2.01 2,626 2,477 1,632 4,8391
3,.008 2,263 2,436 1,803 2,.066
1,925,100 278,400 121,800 209,200 2,142,800 277,400 246,900 267,50.0 55,500 672,700
2,629 2,217 1,851 2,192 2,.017
738,700 319,200 314,700 874,800 302,600
3.91 3.36
2,32 3.24 2.91 3.93 3.17
3.84 4.36 3.85 3.76
2.71
4 ..06 2.75 2.61 4.61 4.2.0
2.82 2.83 4.83 3 ..04 2.78
5.11 2.92 3.32 2 ..03 3.13
6,18.0 33,34.0
6,73.0 84,93.0 21,3.0.0 3,.05.0 17,11.0
24,97.0 48.0 3,46.0 19,.03.0 3,74.0
11,27.0 6,8.0.0 6,98.0 2,56.0 28,28.0
54,37.0 7,87.0 5,88.0 6,36.0 59,57.0
37,78.0 9,33.0 1.0,46.0 17,78.0 9,47.0
t-<
~
~
d
t1 r.n
Z
~
t1
Z
>
l?:j
(1
~
l?:j
~ ~
o
(1
....
l-:l
-::J
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .............................
....... . . . . . . .
.......
...........................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Zamboanga
Zamba!., .............................
Province
I
11,766
1,0,607
Hectares 48 91
l I
Area under cultivation
I
I
29,177,100
26,243,000
Kilos 83,000 197,100
Production
I
2,480
2,474
Kilos 1,729 2,100
I I
2.41
3.08
4.60 3.24
Yield per f Price per hectare 100 kilos
Average
Are'a under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
GABE-Continued
I I
P703,530
> 805,200
t;j CIJ
~
~
~
~
-z
t;j
~
~
~
o
t:1
t;j
-
~
o
t'"4
a
~
o
3,820 6,390
Value
t;j
Z
C.:I
.... -:J
. . . . .
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte ..........................
Cagayan ............................. Camarines Norte .................... Camarines Sur ...................... Capiz ................................ Cavite ...............................
Batanes ............................. . Batangas ............................ . Bohol ............................... . Bukidnon ............................ . Bulacan ............................. .
Abra ................................ . Agusan ............................. . Albay ............................... . Antique .............................. . Bataan .............................. .
Province
Kilos
Production
0 .
0
•••••••••
•
•••••••
1
. ........ .
I. ........71.
10,100 1,200
........ ·it····· 't~8g'
•••
... ' ..,' ...2.\ ....... ~,.7.0.0.
......................
Hectares I
1
1. . . . . . . . . . \ . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1
Area under cultivation
.......... .
1,443 1,200
1,450 1,8M
1,350
Kilos
Yield per hectare
1
P180
Value
I
690 70
200 110
......... . . ........ ................
6.83 5.83
6.90 6.11
•••••••••• 1••••••••••
. ......... / ......... .
. ........ ·1··········
P6.67
100 kilos
I Price per
Average
A1"ea under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
IRISH POTATOES
.-<
~ ~
~
Z t:! d rJ).
t:!
> Z
ts:1
()
~
ts:1
~ ~
()
o
....
II>.
-::I
1
Area under cultivation
t
Production Yield per hectare
IPrice per 100 kilos
Average
Value
Occidental N egros .................... . Oriental N egros ...................... . Palawan ..................... . Pampanga .......................... .
Mountain ............................ . Nueva Ecija ........................ . Nueva Vizcaya ...................... . Occidental Misamis .................. . Oriental Misamis .................... .
La Union ........................... . Leyte ............................... . Marinduque ......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. .
3,800 5,600 8,800
46,600
6.84 7.86 8.75
3.69
260 440 770
1,720
....................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . . . . . .
1,267 1,400 1,257
1,370
•• -:- ••••••••• 1 ••••••••••
il"
II: ::: :: ::i!
1
1
8 6
:::::: 4::~~~
11,800 7,500
4.91 / 5'()7
580 380
: : : ~:::~ r::::::;:I::::::i::::
1,475 1,250
I· ..... ~.:. .. ....:~::;:. .. ... ~::~: I" ....~:;:·I ..... ~~:: 'I
3 4 7
34
• • • ••
K ilOB
......... . ........... . .............................. .... ...... ........... .
Laguna ............................. . / ••••- . Lanao ............................... . /
I H "tar"
I K 7.37 \ 560 Ilocos Sur ........................... . Iloilo •................................ I....~ ....:........ ::.~:.:.I ..... ::~.::. .................... 8.15 220 Isabela .............................. .
Province
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
IRISH POTATOES-Continued tz:.j
~
UJ
tz:.j
Z
~
"'d
t: "'d
~
~
"'d
tz:.j
1-3
oI'%j
>
~
t1
tz:.j
"'d
o
o ~ o tot
Z
UI
-:.J
I-'
ISLANDS
••.....•••.•••
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ............................. .
PHILIPPINE
Zamboanga .......................... .
Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. . Tarlac .............................. . Tayabas ............................. . Zambales ............................ .
Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal ............. .................... . Romblon ............................. . Samar ............................... . Sorsogon ............................ .
i::':::'
-.
1
I
1
189
203
3 1
1
299,600
306,100 \
4,300
1,585
1,508 r 1
1,433
5.46
5.361 1
7.21
P16,350
16,420
310
. ......... . . ........ I.·········J··········· . ........ 1,350 8.15 220 . ......... ....... .. !.........:.1 ...... 1,389 8.32 1,040 I .......... 1....... . . . . . . . . .... ......... . ........ .
1
.........8.1 ...... ~~,.1.0.0.1 ..... ~,.2.6.2.1 ...... ~ •.8.1.1 ....... ~~~
I<l
~
1-3
00
d
t:I
Z
~
t:I
> Z
t.:rJ
o
~
~ ~ t.:rJ
o
o
0)
......:J
I
I
I
Cebu ................................. I Cotabato ............................. I Davao ............................... I
I
I
Cagayan ............................. I Camarines Norte ...................... \ Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ................................ Cavite ...............................
Batanes Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................. Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
..............................
2,820 355 1,939
666 973 2,194 1,456 139
235 175 5,367 1,.086 256
\ Hectares Abra ................................. 130 Agusan .............................. 3,185 Albay ................................ 3,142 Antique .............................. I 652 Bataan ............................... ; 120
Province
Area under cultivation
I
1,320,900 \ 1,811,200 5,074,000 3,420,800 301,500
667,600 392,800 9,674,500 3,074,600 427,400
252,900 6,252,800, 7,365,600 1,475,600 278,00,0
Kilos
...I;i
11,101,000 1,112,500 5,128,200
~",t'"
Production
3,936 3,134 2,645
1,983 \ 1,861 2,313 2,349 2,169
2,841 2,244 1,802 2,831 1,669
1,945 1,963 2,344 2,263 2,317\
Kilos
Yield per hectare
1.83 1.88 2.35
2.76 1.93 1.96 2.03 2.29
2.43 2-47 1.98 2.00 2.71
P2.41 2.21 1.86 2.02 2.07
Price per 100 kilos
Average
Area, under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
SWEET POTATOES
203,750 20,960 120,730
36,460 35,050 99,250 69,450 6,910
16,220 9,720 191,890 61,410 11,590
P6,110 138,470 137,360 29,760 5,770
Value
t.:z:j
> ~
t.:z:j U1
Z
~ ......
~
~ ...... t"' ......
~
t.:z:j
1-3
~
o
t:! ......
t.:z:j
~
o
t"'
('1
~
('1
Z
-::a -::a
~
1,2651 116 682 6,447 3,805 98 3,660 267 1,978
Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal ............................... . Romblon ............................ . Samar ............................... . Sorsogon ............................ .
Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. . Tarlac .............................. . Tayabas ............................. .
1
1.65 2.59 1.76 1.94 1.92
2,559 3,698 ) 3,461 3,156 4,2071 I 4,427 2,446 2,156 3,541 2,948
647 652 1,395 534 134
Oriental Misamis .................... . Occidental N egros ................... . Oriental N egros ..................... . Palawan ............................ . Pampanga ........................... .
228,800 8,484,300 932,900 8,220,700
5,600,900 283,700 1,470,600 22,829,500 11,216,800
1,655,260 2,410,900 4,827,900 1,685,300 563,600
2,335 3,318 3,494 4,156
2.03 1.35 1.97 1.82 1.54
3,194 3,630 2,690 3,019 2,669
104 14,452 435 322 256
Mindoro ............................. . Mountain ............................ . Nueva Ecij a ........................ . Nueva Vizcaya ...................... . Occidental Misamis .................. .
2.15 1.57 1.58 2.42
1.96 3.56 1.88 1.74 1.31
1.39 1.49 1.59 1.33 1.44
3,478 3,197 3,141 3,255 2,963
5,544,100 2,110,10.0 13,344,700 830,100 3,917,300
1,594 660 4,248 255 1,322
Lanao ............................... . La Union ........................... . Leyte ............................... . Marinduque .......................... . Masbate ............................. . 332,20.0 52,457,300 1,170,300 972,10.0 683,200
2.34 1.90 2.17 2.19 3.03
8,437 2,801 2,714 2,157 2,192
1,388,500 1,271,600 4,711,000 1,024,400 315,700
404 454 1,736 475 144
Docos Norte ........................ . Ilocos Sur .......................... . Iloilo ............................... . Isabela .............................. . Laguna ............................ .
4,920 133,360 14,730 199,200 I
109,740 10,100 27,670 398,090 146,630
27,310 62,520 85,000 32,750 10,830
6,750 710,610 23,030 17,720 10,560
76,930 31,490 212,550 11,060 56,310
32,440 24,140 102,130 22,410 9,560
~
~
t-3
c::: UJ
tj
Z
1-4
tj
Z
>
t:rJ
a
~
t:rJ
~ ~
o
a
-=I 00
I-A
POTATOEs-Continued
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .....â&#x20AC;˘.......................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
Zambales ............................. Zamboanga ...........................
Province
74,566
I I Hectares I 195 I 852 I I 74,478 I
Area under cultivation
211,103,5,00
222,506,300
511,800 2,378,500
Kilos
P,roduction
I
I
I
2,831
I
I
I
2,625 792 2, 1 2,987
Kilos
Yield per hectare
\
.89
1.74
2.00 1.86
J
Price per I 100 kilos
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
SWEET
Pl,872,210
3,865,950
10,250 44,300
Value
t.:tj
UJ
t.%J
Z
~
~ ~
~
t::I:: ~
~
t.:tj
t::I::
~
o':rj
>
~
tj
t.:tj
~
o
~
Z o ~ o
~
....
A
Province
I
"'-
1,560
2,562 2,764 2,613 3,734 2,550 2,129
1,508 2,379
7,800
404,800 116,100 39,200 119,500 25,500 72,400
19,600 570,90,0
5
158 42 15 32 10 34
13 240
Kilos 1,665 2,434 2,340 2,167 2,425 3,280 1,952 2,080
-
--
Kilos 146,500 70,600 46,800 6,500 29,100 -
Yield per hectare
282,100 44,900 83,200
86 23 40
Hecta?'es 88 29 '-20 -3 12
Production I
I
2.68 3.72 3.33
2,21 2.24 2.93 3.38 3.02
Price per 100 kilos
Average
7,550 1,670 2,770
8,240 1,580 1,370 220 880
Value
......... . ............ ......... .
2,620
12,080 2,790 1,220 3,330 1,100
310
..... }l~'I' ... '1~',~gg
2.98 2.40 3.11 2.79 4.31\ 3.62
3.97
.......... ........... . ......... . ......... . ......... .
I I
Area under cultivation
Are'a under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
TUGUI
~
t-<
~
t-3
00
d'='
Z
> Z '='
t%J
o
~
t%J
~ ~
o
o
~
o
00
. .
19
-
49,600
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . ••
6,950 1,720
3.32 3.47
2,014 2,610
......... . ....................
Value
9,630
Price per 100 kilos
3.52
I
2,763
Kilos
Yield per hectare
341 47 571
I 677,000 103,60,0 152,4001
64,900
26
I
379,5,00 43,500 132,200
153 18 57
1,985 2,204 2,674
2,496
2,480 2,417 2,319
2
3,500
1,750
I.......... ............ . .........
1
13,600 1,898 3,120
1,730
3.61 4.18 2.40
2.66
~
•••••••••••••••••••••
0 · •••••••
.........
r.n.
Z 140 4.00
~ ~
I-t
20,180 4;,090 6,220
t:
I-t
P::
~
~
P::
t-3
~
o
>
I-t
t:l
~
~
o
(") ~
~
(")
~
Z
2.98 3.95 4.08
......... . ..........
1
I I········· '1' ......... " .......... ......... . ......... .
I .......... .......... ..
I Hectares 1 / Kilos 99 273,500 I................. ..... 104 209,500
Production
Average
3·.70 2,190 3,476 59,100 Occidental N egros .................... 17 Oriental N egros ...................... . ...... "4 ....... 6:3~OO ..... i:5'7'5'\' ..... 3:i7' . 200 Palawan Pampanga ............................ r .... ·.· .. · r ............ r ..•..••... ) ......•.. ·1 ......... .
Mountain ............................. Nueva Ecija ......................... Nueva Vizcaya ....................... Occidental Misamis ................... Oriental Misamis ......................
La Union ............................ Leyte ................................ Ml!.rinduque ........................... Masbate ............................. Mindoro ..............................
Ilocos Sur ............................ Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna .............................. Lanao ...............................
.
Province
Area under cultivation
TUGUI-Continued Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
--
.... 00 '"'"
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .••••..............••........ 2,501
5,433,400
2,172
2.25
3.22
2,372
5,971,100
2,517/
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS •.•..••.•.....•
2.45
2,860
. 14,300
Zamboanga .......................... .
2.78 3.07 2.50 3.27 2.75
....... ......... . .. ,. .. ,. ... ,.
~.66
3.67 3.46 2.62
51
17 18 20 269/ 151
Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. . Tarlac .............................. . Tayabas ............................ . Zambales ............................ .
.,..,.,.
2,789 1,644 2,724 2,020
1,882 2,367 2,120 2,096 2,153
,.,.
831,200 26,300 67,200 88,900 32,00.0 -42,600 42,400 563,800/ 32,300
...... ..
298 16 21 44
Pangasinan ......................... . Rizal ............................... . Romblon ............................ . Samar .............................. . Sorsogon ............................ .
P122,540
~
~
t-3
d rJ).
t;j
Z
~
t;j
> Z
t?;j
~
("')
192,570
0 -~ ~
("')
t:r:1
890 1,310 1,060 18,470 890
......
350
.,..,.
29,660 910 1,440 2,370
~
....0.
.............................
Cebu ................................. Cotabato Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte ..........................
Cagayan .............................. Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ................................. Cavite ................................
..............................
Batanes .............................. Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................ Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan
Abra ................................. Agusan ............................... Albay ................................ Antique .............................. Bataan ...............................
Yield per hectare
Value
I
I I
I
-.
-
512 6 23 179
228 6 31 347 15
384 22 975 7 8
17 151 74 30
2,440,600 7,600 33,70,0 333,600
391,200 10,700 60,300 793,900 31,100
824,700 28,100 3,901,000 22,800 11,00,0
46,600 231,300 139,500 44,400
4,767 1,267 1,465 1,864
2~073
1,716 1,783 1,945 2,288
2,148 1,277 4,001 3,257 1,375
2,741 1,532 1,885 1,480
112,480 360 1,540 14,910 4.61 4.74 4.57 4.47
31,680 1,970 253,550 1,240 660
P1,470 8,800 4,640 4,200
16,570 420 2,580 40,100 2,700
I
4.23 3.92 4.28 5.05 8.68
3.84 7.01 6.42 5.44 6.00
P3.14 3.80 3.33 9.46
Kilos Kilos I......... Hectares . .. ......... . ......... . ......... . ..........
Production
tlj Cll
Z
I-C
~ ~
t:
I-C
::t:
~
tJ:J
1-3
::t:
I'%j
o
>
I-C
tlj t;j
~
o
t"'4
Area under cultivation
Average Price per 100 kilos
Province
tJ:J
Z o t-< o
A re'a under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
UBI
~
00
cc
22 68 398 80 41 2071
Rizal ............ '" ............... . Romblon ............................ . Samar .............................. . Sorsogon ............................ . Sulu ................................ .
Surigao ............................. . Tarlac ............................... . Tayabas ..... , .â&#x20AC;˘......................
17~ I
40 230 12 3 48
Occidental N egros ................... . Oriental N egros ...................... . Palawan ............................ . Pampanga ........................... . Pangasinan .......................... .
'j
369,200 ) 9,400 478,300
53,500 130,500 826,200 176,700 107,300
109,600 524,300 23,800 7,700 136,300
1
406 34 37 37 42
Mountain ............................ . Nueva Ecija ......................... . Nueva Vizcaya ....................... . Occidental Misamis ................... . Oriental Misamis ..................... . 1,088,400 59,300 95,400 81,90,0 64,400
74,600 I 790,000 99,200 344,500 5,800
I 241 256 46 149 26
La Union ............................ . Leyte ................................ . Marinduque ......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. .
1
98,500 8,09,300 163,800 43,400 32,500
81 106 70 19 22
Ilocos Sur ........................... . Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna .............................. . Lanao ............................... .
1,783 2,360 2,813
2,432/ 1,919 2,076 2,209 2,617
2,740 2,279 1,983 2,567 2,839 .
2,681 1,744 2,578 2,213 1,533
3,108 2,734 2,156 2,312 2,231
3,016 2,918 2,340 2,284 1,477
4.05 6.28 4.36
6.38 4.91 4.71 4.03 4.63
i
14,970 690 20,840
2,880 6,410 38,920 7,120 4,97,0
6,390 21,820 9,00 440 6,690
44,03,0 2,910 3,080 3,320 3,770 4.04 4.91 3.23 4.05 5.85 5.83 4.16 3.78 6.71 4.17
3,690 32,620 3,810 13,640 290
3,760 17,800 8,830 3,040 1,300
4.81 4.66 3.84 3.96 5.00
4.02 6.75 6.39 7.00 4.00
~
~
1-3
c:::
t:I rn
Z
1-4
t:I
> Z
tz:j
C1
~
tz:j
ts= ts=
C1
o
....
....
(X)
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 •............•................
-
8,894
5,674 -
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
Hectares 3 28
I
Area under cultivation
Zambales ............................. Zamboanga ...........................
Province
-
21,383,400
-
15,633,200
4,500 67,800
Kilos
Production
2,405
2,755
----
1,500 2,421
Kilos
Yield per hectare
P934,240
781,050 5.00
4.37
280 3,170
Value
6.22 4.67
I Price per 100 kilos
Average
Are'a under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
UBI-Continued tfj
UJ
tr.l
Z
~
I-t:1 I-t:1
t:
H
~
I-t:1
tfj
~
~
~
o
>
H
t:j
tfj
I-t:1
o
tot
o ~ o
Z
CIt
....OD
...............................
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao Ilocos Norte ..........................
Cagayan ............................. Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ................................ Cavite ................................
Batanes .............................. Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................ Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
Abra Agusan Albay ................................ Antique .............................. Bataan ...............................
................................ ..............................
Province
I
I
-
252 94 132 1,183
538 5 150 99 183
3 273 267 28 25
276 33 147 149 22
I I Hectares
vation
I Area unI der culti-
-
124,720 42,450 85,770 523,680
335,1,00 2,170 76,810 53,110 78,300
990 144,540 107,420 13,370 11,970
101,040 10,300 79,400 .45,080 10,870
Kilos
Production
I
\
495 451 650 443
623 434 512 536 428
330 529 402 477 479
366 312 540 302 494
Kilos
Yield per hectare
I
15.00 13.00 14.00 11.00
12.00 11.00 11.00 13.00 15.00
16.0,0 10.00 11.00 14.00 12.00
P9.00 9.00 9.00 15.00 10.00
Price per 100 kilos
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
BEANS
I
19,350 5,510 12,160 59,.090
40,570 240 8,820 6,790 12,030
160 14,410 11,910 1,950 1,450
P9,180 950 7,590 6,810 1,070
Value
~
P'.1
f-3
U1
tl c:!
Z
~
tl
> Z
t.:z:j
CJ
P'.1
t.:z:j
~ ~
CJ
o
~
00 CD
.............................
Occidental N egros ..................... Oriental N egros ....................... Palawan Pampanga ............................
Mountain ............................ Nueva Ecija .......................... Nueva Vizcaya ....................... Occidental Misamis ................... Oriental Misamis ......................
La Union ............................ Leyte ................................ Marinduque ........................... Masbate .............................. Mindoro ..............................
Ilocos Sur ............................ Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna .............................. Lanao ................................
Province
I
II I
I
I
I
96 384 41 113
453 382 331 51 31
465 147 22 1 7 52
Hectares 460 294 557 34 I 27 J
I
Area under cult ivation
54,460 191,.010 24,160 51,710
221,250 180,520 172,020 31,980 12,850
211,120 73,570 17,160 4,030 21,820
Kilos 208,280 173,420 302,14,0 15,070 12,030
Production
I
567 497 589 458
488 472 520 627 414
454 5.00 780 576 420
Kilos 453 590 542 443 445
Yield per hectare
19.00 14.00 13.00 14.00
14.00 11.00 12.00 10.00 10.00
15.00 10.00 10.00 15.00 15.00
15.00 19.00 15.00 19.00 14.00
I Price per I 100 kilos
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year end'ing June 30, 1932-Continued
BEANS-Continued
I
10,540 25,990 3,230 7,520
30,450 20,170 20,180 3,220 1,340
31,910 7,510 1,730 950 3,330
30,770 32,880 44,160 2,880 1,680
Value
l:rj
~
l:rj UJ
Z
1-4
~ ~
~
1-4
~
~
l:rj
t-3
oI"%j
>
t:1 1-4
l:rj
~
o
~
a
Z a I<l
-:j
00
.... 9,453
4,799,940
9,664
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .••.••••......•
Total for year ending June 3,0, 1933 .............................
37,050
64
Zamboanga ...........................
~
4,159,300
10,680 14,170 77,420 -172,880 12,330
36/ 27 147 392 33
Sulu ................................. Surigao .............................. Tarlac ............................... Tayabas .............................. Zambales .............................
554,920 23,430 6,010 19,260 46,100
907 72 8 59 113
Pangasinan ........................... RizaI ................................. Romblon ............................. Samar ............................... Sorsogon .............................
I 440
497
579
297 525 527 441 374
612 325 751 326 408
10.94
12.00
10.00
14.0,0 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.00
10.00 12.00 11.00
11.0.0
10.00
I
P451,090
599,56,0
3,740
1,500 1,46,0 8,050 16,820 1,400
55,800 2,610 590 2,380 5,060
(":)
~
I-j ~
r.JJ
d
t:1
Z
1-4
t:1
> Z
t:z:J
(":)
~
~ t:z:J
a::
0
00 00
...
1,316
17,110
14,500 11,100 1,900
13 12 2
68 15 79 63
Cebu .•............................... Cotabato ......................................... Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte •.........................
............
13
t
Cagayan Camarines Norte ..................... Camarines Sur ....................... Capiz ............................................ Cavite .........................................
.....................................
1,000
3,000
3
I
I
.10
PO.15 \ .10 .11 .12 .14
I Price per kilo
1,55 o
P3,20 88 2,94 1,24 32
Value
t: 2,72 o 2,59 1,76 34
.18 .16 .18
.12 .16 .16 .16
1,115 925 950
867 1,117 527 943
7,13 2,68 6,75 9,39
r.n
t:I!j
Z
1-1
'"d '"d
1-1
.16
'"d ~
............... ............. . ......... . .......... . ............. .. 58,990 16,760 41,610 59,390
~
t:I!j
t-3
oI"%j
>
1-1
t:I!j tj
'"d
o
t"4
C":l
~
C":l
t'l=.:1
Z
45
.15
•••••••••
.......... . ...... 55:3'9'0'1' ..... '8'6'5' ........... .14 7,69 64 .............. ........... . . .......... . .......... .. ..........
1,099
~-
~
..-
899 1,204 1,113 853 1,135
Kilos
Kilos 20,680 8,430 126,710 10,240 2,270
Yield per hectare
Average Production
15,390
I I
-
-~
Hectare-s 23 7 24 '-12 2
Area under cultivation
14
Batanes .............................. Batangas ............................. Bohol ......................................... Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
..............................
Abra Agusan .............................. Albay ................................ Antique Bataan ...............................
.................................
Province
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CABBAGE
CQ
00
~
2,880
2,130 2,770
.19
.13 .11
1,647
761 674
14,820
15,980 24,250
9
21 36
3,770 1,140 1,970
.111 .14 .15
951 611 821
34,240 7,950 13,130
36 13 16
21 13 86
Surigao ............................... Tarlac ................................................... Tayabas ..............................
12,130 11,830 55,310
..
15,470 4,310
21 6
......................
2,110
3
. ..............
26,080 71,880
.15 .17
.10
.to
.13 .15 .13
.20 .15
5,130 10,600
1,300 8,210
46,900 2,770 3,650 2,630 580
410 2,680 640
.19
.17 .15
I
I
5781 910 643
15 ..20 .19
1
1,810 2,420 10,840
. ............... . ............................
737 776
703
815 1,089
670 702
770 609 1,123 869 975
............ ......... . ......... . ......... .
8,710 48,460
359,850 18,890 26,960 26,080 5,850
........... . ......... . ......... . ......... . ............ ......... . ......... . ......... . ........... . ......... . ......... . ......... .
. ......... ........... . ......... . ......... . . .........
I
13 69 . ......... 32 66
I I
Rizal ................................. Romblon .............................. Samar ............................... Sorsogon ............................. Sulu ....................................
Occidental N egros ..................... Oriental Negros ....................... Palawan .............................. Pampanga ............................ Pangasinan ...........................
.................................
I...... ·... . .........
. ........... ........... . ......... . . ......... . .........
••
476 31 24 30 6
•••••
Mountain ............................. Nueva Ecija .......................... Nueva Vizcaya ........................ Occidental Misamis .................... Oriental Misamis ......................
•••••••••
. .........
10
La Union ............................. Leyte Marinduque ...•...................... Masbate .............................. Mindoro ..............................
••••••••••
lIocos Sur Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna ............................. Lanao ................................
(')
~
~
r./l ~
C!
l:'
Z
~
l:'
> Z
t.:tJ
(')
~
t.:tJ
~
is!
0
<:I
....co
I
Area under cultivation
...........................
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ..•.•........................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
Zambales Zamboanga
II 1,416
I
I
1,4691
27
...................... ....... i. ~~c.t~~~~ .
Province
1,122,700
1,186,270
18,510
793
807
685
Kilos
.14
.14
.14
Yield per \ Price per hectare kilo
Average
P161,370
169,530
2,670
Value
........... . .......... ......... . ......... .
Kilos
Production
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
CABBAGE-Continued
~
til
tz.1
Z
'"d '"d ~
t:
~
~
'"d
tz.1
.-3
oI'%j
>
~
tj
tz.1
'"d
o
t"4
(1
I<l
tz.1
Z (1
....
.... co
1,621 972 973 1,426 1,495
413,400 56,400 203,300 774,50,0 495,000
...................................................
255 58 209 543 331
10
Cebu ................................. Cotabato ...................................................... Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte .................... ...... Ilocos Sur ............................
........
1,252 1,037 1,220 1,241 1,376
325,500 19,700 311,100 321,500 156,900
260 19 255 259 114
650 1,408 1,209 2,500 1,142
9.04 1,095 1,007 1,005 1,6,03
Cagayan ............................. Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ............................................................. Cavite
196,100 20,800 160,200 82,400 44,900
Kilos
Yield per hectare
4.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 4.00
4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
4JOO
5.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00
P4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00
Price per 100 kilos
Average
1,300 253,400 387,000 5,000 76,50,0
~
...
Kilos
Production
2 180 320 2 67
-.
217 19 159 82 28
I I Hectares
Area under cultivation
Batanes ........................................................ Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................. Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
Abra ............................................ Agusan ............................... Albay ................................ Antique ...................................................... Bataan ...............................
Province
Area under cultivation, production and 'value for the year ending June 30, 1932
EGGPLANT
16,020 2,250 9,520 34,460 20,920
13,220 810 11,620 13,370 6,780
60 11,100 13,5.00 190 3,130
P7,190 920 7,27.0 2,910 1,970
Value
~
~
.-3
UJ
tj
Z c:!
1-1
tj
> Z
t%J
(")
~
t%J
~ ~
(")
o
~
co
to:!
I
••••
................... ............
•••••••••••••••••
.............................
Oriental N egros Palawan Pampanga ............................ Pangasinan .......................... , Rizal
...................... ....................
Nueva Ecij a .......................... Nueva Vizcaya ....................... Occidental Misamis .................... Oriental Misamis Occidental N egros
Leyte ................................. Marinduque ........................... Masbate ............................. Mindoro ....................... ·· ... · . Mountain .............................
Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna .............................. .............................. Lanao La Union ....................... · .....
Province
I
I
I
,
'""
-
-.
-
206 52 147 798 82
170 85 61 35 181
188 149 12 71 38
412 416 154 42 291
I I Hectar fts
Area under cultivation
I
.
.
200,000 72,000 290,90,0 1,121,100 119,100
249,100 92,300 72,500 39,800 244,600
217,700 226,100 13,100 67,000 34,9nO
626,500 436,300 165,800 5,0,500 370,700
Kilos
Production
I I I I
!
971 1,385 1,979 1,405 1,452
1,465 1,086 1,188 1,137 1,351
I
5.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00
4.00 5.00 3.0n 3.00 4.00
4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
4.0,0 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
I Price per 100 kilos
1,158 1,517 1,092 944 \ 918
1,521 1,049 1,077 1,202 1,274
Kilos
Yield per hectare
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
EGGPLANT-Continued
10,230 2,470 9,460 40,010 4,510
10,870 4,470 2,200 1,350 10,910
9,020 7,610 520 2,740 1,600
25,140 18,680 7,500 2,010 14,250
Value
t1j
p::
t1j rJJ
Z
'"d '"d 1-4
t:
1-4
p::
'"d
t1j
t-3
oI'1j
>
t:1 1-4
t1j
'"d
o
t"'4
o ~ o
Z
""'
~
CI:I
3.81
P387,140
7,544
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ............................ . 1,348
439,680
4.00 I
1,294
10,963,100
8,413
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ••••••••.....•.
10,170,600
9,290 28,070 2,250 5,950
4.00 3.00 5.00 4.00 I
1,930 1,237 892 1,206
220,000 800,400 44,600 138,700
1,790 18,590 4,630 970 5,380
114 647 50 115
3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Tarlae .............................. . Tayabas ......................•....... Zambales ............................ . Zamboanga .......................... .
1,581 1,355 1,128 1,132 1,185
50,600 429,500 115,100 24,900 124,400
32 317 102 22 105
Romblon ...•......................... Samar .............................. . Sorsogon .............................. . Sulu ................................ . Surigao ....... '" ................... "
)'
~
~
~
Cj 00
t:1
Z
~
t:1
> Z
t.:r:j
C"l
t.:r:j ~
is: is:
C"l 0
~
.... CD
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte ..........................
Cagayan .............. ............... Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ................................ Cavite ................. . ..............
Batanes ............................. . Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................. Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
Abra ................................. Agusan .................. . ............ Albay ................................ Antique .............................. Bataan ...............................
Province
I
I
,
480 599
1,039 778 771 517 528
Kilos
12.27 13.98
P6.41 13.33 12.49 14.67 13.15
Yield per Price per hectare 1100 kilos
I
Average
40,310 8,040
P6,670 1,66,0 6,360 22,460 1,250
Value
328,400 57,50,0
3,040
684 96
4
........ . . ... ........ . .......... ......... . ......... .
.
103,900 12,450 50,920 153,070 9,500
Kilos
Production
363 46 115 343
475 9 92 299 95
212,010 20,260 72,850 194,970
359,310 4,670 52,500 146,830 53,'()40
584 440 633 568
756 519 571 491 558
760
14.49 12.88 11.14 16.03
11.31 15.84 12.05 14.53 15.08
15.13
30,740 2,610 8,120 31,260
40,640 740 6,330 21,340 8,000
460
......... . ........... . ......... . ......... . ..........
I
-
-
-
100 16 66 296 18
I I I Hectares
Area under cultivation
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
MONGO
t;tj
::x::
Z t;tj r:n
~
~ ~
~
~
~
t;tj
::x::
1-3
~
o
>
~
t;tj tj
~
o
~
Q ~ Q
Z
<:11
(.0
....
.
1
43,79,0 47,99,0
561 695 78 69
............................................
.........................................
Surigao Tarlac
487 411 579 39,0 363
145~99,o
6,82,0 7,8W 9,84,0 7,8,0,0 2,18,0
•••
14 19 17 2,0 6
I
Rizal ................................. Romblon .............................. Samar ............................... Sorsogon ............................. Sulu .........................................
•••••
1,86,0 70,,0 2,275,39,0
46,67,0
•
747 537 691 524 513 9,07 465 7,0,0 9,06
I
............ .
,.
528 458 428 425 478
666 564 620 386 56,0
91 161 4 1 2,51,0
Occidental N egros ..................... Oriental N egros ....................... Palawan ............................. Pampanga ............................ Pangasinan ...........................
........................!
153 2,0 . . 35 . ... :: .....
..e
54,52,0 82,18,0 13,83,0 18,33,0
73
I
I
I
Mountain ...•......................... Nueva Ecija ......................... Nueva Vizcaya Occidental Misamis .................... Oriental Misamis ......................
31,67,0 26,12,0 1,0,28,0 85,0 1,0,,05,0
6,0 57 24 2 21
La Union ............................. Leyte .......................•......... Marinduque .......................... Masbate .............................. Mindoro .....•........................ ~"
65,900 153,510 197,310 15,85,0 5,6,0,0
99 272 318 41 1,0
Ilocos Sur ............................ Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna ............................... Lanao ................................
I
17.24 13.85
15.39 16.26 15.44 16.,02 16.51
21.,01 15.,09 13.97 2,0.,0,0 11.,031
7,55,0 6,65,0
1,,05,0 1,27,0 1,52,0 1,25,0 36,0
9,81,0 22,,03,0 26,0 14,0 251,17,0
7,41,0 12,34,0 1,95,0 2,94,0
5,,02,0 3,86,0 1,81,0 15,0 1,45,0
12,210 23,630 29,39,0 2,26,0 9,0,0
. ......... ......... .
13.59 15.,01 14.09 16.,03
15.85 14.77 17.6,0 17.64 14.42
18.52 15.39 14.89 14.25 16.,07
to<
~
1-3
c:: U1
~
Z
H
~
> Z
t;rj
(1
t;rj ~
~ ~
0
(1
~
~
....
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ....â&#x20AC;˘........................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
...........................
Tayabas .............................. Zambales ............................. Zamboanga
'Province
~
7,620
7,640
140 98
5,536,000
5,424,390
60,480 179,740 66,110
Kilos
Production
I Hectares I 110
Area under cultivation
726
710
550 1,277 674
Kilos
Yield per hectare
11.95
12.54
10.50 10.69
I Price per I 100 kilos I 15.39
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
MONGO-Continued
P661,650
680,630
9,310 18,880 7,070
Value
t.%j
~
UJ
t.%j
Z
toO toO I-t
I-t
t"'4
I-t
~
toO
t.%j
1-3
o"%j
>
I-t
t;:;
t.%j
toO
o
~
o ~ o
Z
1-&
!S
cultiv.a~ion,
~
"
27 8 25 29 15 ~:...
II
-,~
,40,860 9,87Q , 33,680 42,340 47,630
Kilos
Productioll
39,760
25
P
37,900 15,920 150,830
20,120 7,730 42,450 217,940 92,330
26 9 1.09
19 7 36 181 46
Cebu ................................. Cotabato ........................................... Davao ................................ Ilocos Norte .......................... Ilocos Sur ............................
1,059 1,104 1,179 1,204 2,0.Q7
1,458 1,769 1,384
1,132
1,590
................ .
P
1,740 480 1,830 2,480 3,480 2,460 4,910
8.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 5.00
7.00 6.00 5.00
7.00
6.00
1,530 530 3,120 11,520 4,990
2,570 1,020 7,730
2,510
2,540
............ . .............. ..
5.00 5.00
5.00 5..00 6.00 7.00
Value
................ .............. . ............. . .......... . ........... .
35,090
31
Cagayap. ...................................... . ..... Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ........................ Capiz ................................................... Cavite .................................................
. ......... .............. .
46,320 99,920
29 66
1,597 1,514
1,234 1,347 1,460 3,175
I 4.00
I Price per 100 kilos
I 1,513
Kilos
Yield per hectare
Average
.............................. ......... . ........... . ......... . ......... . .......... .
Batanes Batangas ............................. Bohol ................................. Bukidnon ............................. Bulacan ..............................
................................
I I Hectares
Area under cultivation
production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
Abra ................................. Agusan Albay ................................ Antique .............................. Bataan ...............................
Province
Are'a under
RADISH
to<
t:O
t-3
Ul
t::l C!
Z
~
t::l
> Z
tJ:j
t:O
(j
tJ:j
~ ~
o
(j
00
q)
... I
I
I 96 10 53 4 11
Hectares
Area undel' cultivation
Oriental N egros ....................... Palawan ............................... Pampanga ............................ Pangasinan ........................... Rizal .................................
Nueva Vizcaya ........................ Occidental Misamis .................... Oriental Misamis ...................... Occidental N egros .....................
I
I
I Nueva Ecija ......................... I
217 3 33 42 39
29 23 11 3 72
Leyte ................................. 48 Marinduque .......................... . ......... Masbate .............................. I .•••••..•• 3 Mindoro .............................. I 32 Mountain ............................
Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna ............................... Lanao ................................ La Union .............................
Province
,
1,348 1,394 1,667 1,757 1,241
Kilos
Yield per hectare
8.00
7.00 5..00 6.00 5.00 8..00
100 kilos
I Price per
Average
4,410
8,560 730 5,550 350 1,040
Value
254,710 3,500 48,560 76,430 54,980
6.0,0 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 1,174 1,167 1,471 1,820 1,410
9.00 5.00
1,952 2,369 1,402 1,243 1,406
1,820 1,529
5,460 48,940
56,610 54,500 15,420 3,730 101,240
1,134
54,440
I
15,880 230 3,060 5,460 3,690
3,620 3,360 1,100 220 6,030
490 2,660
........... . .......... ......... . ......... . ........... . .......... . ......... . ..........
.~
129,440 13,940 88,340 7,030 13,650
kilos
Production
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
RADISH-Continued t:z:j
t:z:j !J.l
Z
~
t-d t-d
~
~
~
::r:
t-d
t-3
::r: t:z:j
oI-zj
>
~
t:::l
t:z:j
t-d
o
~
o
~
Z o
~
o
(t>
it
1
i~:!~g
1,250
Total for year ending June BO, 1933 ............................ .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...••. . •......•
Tarlac ............................... Tayabas .............................. Zambales ............................. Zamboanga ...........................
II
I
1,335
1,608
16 88 11 27
1,933,600
'
2,274,160
29,470 12'8,590 15,760 34,960
~~~iga~' .:::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::: ........ '9' ...... iO;9'2'0'
~~~~~o~; . :: :: : :: :: :: :: :: : ::: : : :: : : :: ::
Romblon ............................. I
i:g~~
1,250
1,448
1,414
1,842 1,461 1,433 1,295
..... i;2'i3'
I
5.97
6.00
5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
~:gg
6.00
I
70
P115,430
~.~~
138,070
1,550 7,770 90,0 1,970
2,~~g ...... 6~0·0·1· ...... 720
I
~
~
1-3
t:1 d rn
Z
1-4
t:1
z
:>
l?=j
o
~
l?=j
~ ~
o
o
~
~
o
10.0.
1
I
Cebu ................................ . Cotabato ............................. . Davao ............................... . Ilocos Norte ......................... . Ilocos Sur ........................... .
I
I 371 36 10.5 669 270.
1521 10. 254 71 284
I.......2.~.~.
9
1
I
-
I I
,
1421 3D . 29
Area under cult ivation
1
,
Cagayan ...................... - - .... . Camarines Norte ..................... . II Camarines Sur ....................... . Capiz ........... -.................... . Cavite .............................. .
Batanes ............................. . Batangas ............................ . Bohol ............................... . Bukidnon ............................ . Bulacan ............................. .
Albay ............................... . Antique ............................. . Bataan .............................. .
Province
493,30.0. 56,200. 178,80.0. 1,60.5,0.0.0. 343,80.0.
239,70.0. 11,40.0. 465,10.0. 144,10.0. 474,50.0.
20.8,20.0.
7,30.0. 182,20.0. 40.5,10.0.
194,20.0. 38,30.0. 38,40.0.
Production
1
811 1,898 1,523
368 1, 1,277 1,324
I
1
,
11.00. 5.0.0. 4.0.0.
5.0.0. 6.0.0. 6.0.0.
I
1
I
790. 8,750. 18,510.
1,90.0. 10.,0.50. 2,310. 2,280.
P 13,940.
Value
1,330. 1,561 1 1,70. 3 1 2,399 1,273
1,577 1,140. 1,898 2,0.29 1,671
2,0.82
5.0.0. 5.0.0. 5.0.0. 5.0.0. 6.0.0.
1
5.,0.0. I 5.0.0. . 5.0.0. 4.0.,0. 5.0.0.
7.0.0.
25,890. 3,0.40. 9,460. 81,360. 20.,520.
12.230. 630 22,610. 5,870. 24,560.
13,770.
. .... . .... ......... . ......... .
II
J
I
I
1
,
Yield per \ Price per hectare 100 kilos
Average
Area under cultiv'ation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
TOMATO
t'J=j
~
UJ
t?=j
Z
~
"d "d
t"4 ~
~
~
"d
t?=j
t-3
~
o
>
~
tj
t?=j
"d
o
t"4
a
~
Z a
....
t-:I 0
Tarlac ............................... Tayabas ..............................
Romblon Samar ................................ Sorsogon Sulu ................................. Surigao ...............................
............................. .............................
... .........................
Oriental N egros ....................... Palawan ,. Pampanga ............................ Pangasinan ........................... Rizal .................................
Nueva Ecija ....•..•. 1 •.•.... 0'"······ Nueva Vizcaya ........................ Occidental Misamis .................... Oriental Misamis ...................... Occidental N egros .....................
............................
,.
45,900 5,000 3,900 64,100
34~,500
1,058,500 227,200 288,100 37,100 269,500
92 261 1
19 330 80 11 160
258 19 114 717 118
182,700 433,500
17,100 374,,000 114,600 13,700 207,()'00
297,800 17,300 146,000 1,368,900 167,500
169 242,400 66 2.12,800 40 42,800 . . . . . . 'iri3',' .... 350:0'0:0'
!
186 33 4 3 6'Z.-
.....
Leyte ................................. Marinduque ,. .................... Masbate .............................. Mindoro .............................. Mountain
I
509 162 160 31 141
Iloilo ................................. Isabela ............................... Laguna ............................... Lanao ................................ La Union .............................
I
1,986 1,661
900 1,133 1,432 1,245 1,294
1,154 910 1,280 1,9,09 1,419
2,023
5.00 6.00
5.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.00
6.00 8.00 6.00 5.00 7.00
5.00
5.00 5.00 6.00
4.00 6.00 4.00 5.00 5.00
5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
I
I
9,560 28,250
850 17,150 6,260 . 870 12,520
15,960 1,330 9,10,0 75,340 11,250
17.370
12,780 12,25.0 2,530
15,440 2,810 210 180 3,150
56,330 12,980 13,270 1,770 14,960
. ......... ....................
1,434 3,224 1,070
1,836 1,391 ) 1,250 1,300 958
2,079 1,402 1,801 1,164 1,911
to<:
t-3 ~
rJ).
d
tj
Z
~
tj
Z
>
t.:tj
(l
~
t.%j
~ ~
0
(l
t¢
ot¢
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ............................ . 6,181
-
7,220
I
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
Hectar;s
I
11,229,070
12,302,000
205,300 209,000
Kilos
JProduction
86 134
I
baundel' cultivation
Zambales ............................. Zamboanga ...........................
Province
5.02
5.00
1,7,04
1,817
5.00 7.00
I Price per I 100 kilos
2,387 1,560
Kilos
Yield per hectare
Average
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
TOMATO-Continued
I
P563,480
658,410
10,190 15,280
Value
tl:j
tl:j U1
Z
'"d '"d I-t
t:
I-t
::r::
'"d
tl:j
::r::
1-3
ot-:rj
>
I-t
tl:j tj
'"d
o
~
C1
Z C1 to<
o
l'-'
1:.:1
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Davao ........................... Ilocos Norte ..................... Ilocos Sur ........................
Cagayan ......................... Camarines Norte .................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ...........................
I
I
2,040 35,710 3,120
18 1 25 7 37
44 5
11
1 1,234
3 6 30 1 3
.... ::
-
-
39,900 1,886,350 200,450
295,500 13,500 383,400 80,750 391,000
12,000 13,981,400 195,000 528.000 42,000
~
"
69,760 55,040 656,950 9,350 21;500
Fruits
Production
I
35 85 95
109
73
100 90 90 85
60 101 150 75 56
129 55 100 85 86
Fntits
\
1.00 1.00 1.00
1.10
1.70 1.50 1.30 1.50 1.20
1.50 1.20 1.50 1.10 1.00
P2.00 2.00 2.50 1.70 1.00
Price per 100 fruits
Average Yield per tree
410 18,320 2,010
5,150 220 4,850 1,230 4,720
180 169,850 2,920 5,710 430
P1,390 1,100 16,540 160 220
Value
8,030 .1 .....7.0.1.'~~~ . ....... . ....... . . ........
Hectares
Area covered
I 12~ I 11
I ...1.2.'~~~.1
I II
5,150 350 7,250 1,950 10,600
400 352,53() 9,150 12,540 1,300
Batanes .......................... Batangas ........................ Bohol ............................ Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
I
1,010 1,750 8,500 200 900
Abra ............................ Agusan .......................... Albay ., ......... , ................ Antique .......................... Bataan ..........................
Province
Total trees
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and va,lue for the year ending June 30, 1932
MANDARIN
to<
~
t-3
UJ.
d
t:f
Z
~
t:f
z
:>
t?;j
o
t?;j ~
~ ~
o
o
~
8 11 4 60 38
~,200
12 23
5
?,020 1,270 17,070 10,820
12 9
2 18 4
8
33
Oriental N egros .................. . Palawan ........................ . Pampanga ....................... . Pangasinan ...................... . Rizal ........................... ..
~,650
I
85 80 90 75 50
95 80 55 50 90
123,500 94,400 46,200 61,500 171,000 124,100 153,600 53,100 627,000 150,000
85 60 95 80 75
85 65 95 55 75
F 'r tti ts
Yield p er t ree
5,760 650 340 1,400 650 2,670 950 470 630 3,570 1,250 1,540 810 7,280 1,510
2.10 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.10 1.00
2,570 1,510 4,050 1,800 2,290
Value
1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.00
fruits
p er 100
Price
Average
575,450 64,200 22,800 140,000 63,750
255,850 100,100 404,700 119,90,0 228,750
]i'路r 'lbit s
EIeota1'es
31 21 25 20 24
Production
Area covered
9,310 2,480 1,570 9,50.0
450 9,200 1,230
~,360 2,370
7,250 5,760 ~,900 .
~,080
8,780
trees
Total
Nueva Ecija .................... . Nueva Vizcaya .................. . Occidental Misamis .............. . Oriental Misamis ................ . Occidental N egros ............... .
Leyte ........................... . Marinduque ..................... . Masbate ......................... . Mindoro ......................... . Mountain ....................... .
Iloilo ........................... . Isabela .......................... . Laguna ......................... . Lanao .......................... . La Union ....................... .
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
MANDARIN-Continued t:%j
~
Z t:%j w
~
'"d '"d
~
~
~
~
'"d
t:%j
8
~
o
>
~
t:1
t:%j
'"d
o
~
o ~ o
Z
~
g
740 1?,670 1,440 1,10,0 602,350 604,460
Tarlac ..................................................... Tayabas .......................... Zambales ......................... Zamboanga .......•...............
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ••••••••••.
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .............•......•...•.
~,400
1,020 1,500
1,610 7,650
Romblon .................•........ Samar ................................................ Sorsogon ......................................... Sulu ..................................................... Surigao ................................................
I 2,116
2,108
3 58 5 4
6 27 15 4 5
26,117,390
- -- - - - - -
24,333,700
39,900 426,300 47,600 27,600
134,900 329,000 94,500 52,200 38,350
97
94
95 70 85 60
96 70 90 90 65
1.22
P307,630
301,740
600 8,260 480 290
1.50 1.90 1.00 1.00 1.20
1,350 3,290 1,420 530 380
1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.00
t<
p;j
~
~ 00
tj
Z
~
z> tj
at;rj
t;rj p;j
~ ~
a o
~
<:>
~
.
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Davao ........................... Ilocos Norte .....................
Cagayan ......................... Camarines Norte .................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ...........................
Batanes .......................... Batangas ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bohol ............................ Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................ Agusan .......................... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Provmce
I
I
I
I
37,850 1,070 1,660 3;3,950
12,69.0 270 7,360 5,490 4,590
790 20,480 3,790 2,320 2,560
550 20,670 ;3,030 1,000
I
0
_
_
167 5 7 149
56 1 32 24 20
4 90 17 10 11
27 2 91 13 4
H ectan-es
Area covered
ProductIon
I .
路
1,329,700 21,600 44,660 1,281,560
486,500 12,750 194,600 216,300 140,400
44,5,00 905,600 202,880 33,500 47,380
190,260 21,000 880,100 172,600 29,680
F I'uits
I'
~,190 -
Total trees
Under cultivation
64 45 58 35
65 75 69 58 65
82 73 56 36 46
63 70.. 65 70 56
F"uits
2.0,0 2.50 2.50 2.5,0
4.10 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.50
1.50 3.30 2.00 2.30 1.50
P2.60 3.00 3.20 3.80 2.00
I
29,590 540 1,120 37,520
20,300 200 5,890 4,33,0 3,510
670 30,120 7,70.0 770 920
P5,070 630 28,200 6,590 800
~
t:rj UJ
Z
~
~ ~
t'"4 ~
~
~
~
t:rj
~
~
o
>
~
t:l
t:rj
~
o
t'"4
(1
~
Price0 per 10 fruits
I I
Yield per tree
(1
Value
t:rj
Z
Average
Trees under cultivation, are'a covered, production a,nd value for the year ending June 30, 1932
ORANGE
.;J
0
~
0 _ •••
Surigao .......................... Tarlac ........................... Tayabas ..........................
Rizal ............................. Romblon .......................... Samar ........................... Sorsogon ..................... " ... Sulu .............................
Occidental N egros ................ Oriental N egros ................... Palawan ......................... Pampanga ........................ Pflngasinan .......................
•••••••••••
?,880 18,490
~,510
?,680
~,490
2,360 1,180 5,880
1,640 18,380
~,480
13,390 2,950
1,590 11,230
~,530 ~,OOO
38 17 81
10 5 26 29 16
59 13 11 7 81
27 20 40 7 49
12,610 19,810 2,010 190 1,520
La Union ........................ Leyte ............................ Marinduque ...................... Masbate .......................... Mindoro .......................... 6,100
56 48 9 1 7
7,200 3,210 1,540
Mountain ........................ Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis Oriental Misamis .............. , ...
30 71 32 14 7
~,880 1~,180
Ilocos Sur ........................ Iloilo ............................ Isabela ........................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ...........................
156,000 164,250 488,410
149,000 34,450 213,000 148,340 59,040
479,220 80,400 141,040 55,210 567,600
65 75 69
74 65 75 85 58
75 67 82 79 55
61 63 50 82 70
75 70 65 65 81
282,000 310,000 67,60.0 7,800 75,300 280,860 172,620 68,000 70,500 313,600
74 73 61 69 74
360,380 678,170 364,780 126,500 62,900
4,210 4,110 12,21.Q
3,720 690 5,320 3,860 1,180 2.50 2.0,0 2.50 2.60 2.00 2.70 2.50 2.50
14,980 1,610 3,530 1,270 25,010 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.30 4.40
6,730 4,320 2,95.0 1,410 6,270
7,050 7,750 1,620 190 1,510
2.50 2.50 2.40 2.50 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.00 2.00
9,010 13,560 9,120 3,160 1,960
2.50 2.00 2.50 2.50 2.30
C":)
~
~
t-3
Ul
d
t:;:j
Z
~
t:;:j
> Z
t.:tj
C":)
t.:tj ~
~ ~
0
t-:)
00
o
........................
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ........................ .
__ L
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...........
Zambales Zamboanga
.........................
Province
366,200
1,611
1,560
354,490
---
H~ctarea
Area covered
6 13
I
1,420 2,850
Total trees
Under cultivation
11,498,200
12,337,600
58,810 46,150
Fruits
Production
68
68
61 51
Fruits
Yield per tree
I
2.18
2.80
2.50 2.50
fruits
Price per 100
Average
I
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
ORANGE-Continued
P250,620
345,400
1,470 1,150
Value
tz.j
~
tz.j Ul
Z
1-4
~ ~
t"4 1-4
1-4
~
~
tz.j
1-3
oI"%j
>
t::l 1-4
tz.j
~
o
t"4
(1
~
(1
Z
PHILIPPINE FRUITS
~
CO
o
••••••••
.o
••••••••••••••••••
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Dava'o
Cagayan ......................... Camarines Norte .................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ...........................
Batanes .......................... Batangas ........................ Bohol ............................ Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................ Agusan .......................... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan ..........................
Province
~,030
9,480 1,680 27,690 3,640
~,040
170 9,760 5,810 1,060
490 130 17,280 1,660 1,570
I
"
-
-
44 8 127 17 19
1 27 27 5 19 232,400 43,500 1,691,350 75,600 147,000
3,850 194,400 83,600 17,150 60,550
4,200 1,200 1,070,480 51,000 85,000
Fruits
Hectares
2 1 80 8 7
Production
Area covered
I
16,89.0 78 437,000 (a) 30 400 610 13,500 3 (a) Less than .59 hectare.
I
I
I
Total trees
I Under cultivation
61 40 50
40 58 100 60 50
35 60 40 35 35
35 40 82 50 85
F"uits
Yield per tree
I
2.00 2.50 2.50
2.00 2.00 2.20 3.00 3.00
2.60 4.00 2.50 2.00 3.00
P3.10 2.5,0 3.40 2.50 3.50
Price per 100 fruits
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
PUMMELO
8,740 10 340
4,650 870 38,190 2,270 4,410
100 7,860 2,090 340 1,820
P130 30 36,270 1,270 2,970
Value
~
~ ~
UJ.
d
~
Z
~
~
> Z
otrj
~
trj
~ ~
o
o
....o
Nl
I
I
I
II
I
Oriental Misamis ................. I Occidental Negros ................ \ Oriental N egros ................... Palawan .........................
Mindoro .......................... Mountain ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis ...............
Lanao ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . La Union ........................ Leyte ............................ Marinduque .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Masbate ..........................
Ilocas Norte ..................... I1o~os Sur ........................ 110110 •..•......•...•••....•...... Isabela ........................... Laguna ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. P rovmce
150 11>,710 2,290 1,270
710 1,420
1~,420
2,780 1,690
~,580
7,090 ?,590
5,490
2~,3&0
9,470
~,200
?,630 17,190
1~,420
ota trees
~./
A rea covered
-
'
.
1 72 11 6
13 8 89 3 7
25 117 33 17 40
89 17 79 19 25
.-HeC"twres
I
Ti l
Under cultivation
"
3,5.00 159,840 52,500 22,750
119,250 49,500 561,600 49,300 42,300
95,550 478,100 239,800 95,500 15,0,150
305,500 167,050 440,700 106,700 157,500
F'ruits
. Production
35 48 35 35
75 50 6,0 85 45
35 35 55 50 35
50 65 65 55 50
Fruits
Yield per tree
I
2.00 3.50 3.00 2.50
2.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00
2.00 2.50 2.00 2.50 2.00
2.00 2.50 2.50 2_00 2.50
Price per 100 fruits
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, profftuction and vah(;e for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
PUMMELo-Continued
70 5,590 1,570 570
2,980 990 14,040. 1,480 850
1,910 11,950 4,800 2,390 £,000
6,110 4,18,0 11,020 2,130 3,940
Value
t.:z:.j
t.:z:.j rfo.
Z
~
'i:j 'i:j
~
t:""
~
~
'i:j
t.:z:.j
~
I-j
o'%j
>
~
t.:z:.j t;j
o'i:j
t:""
l.l
~
l.l
Z
........
~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .••.•...•..•.............
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...........
Zambales ......................... Zamboanga ........... : ...........
Sorsogon ............................. Sulu .......................................... Surigao ... , .......................................... Tarlac ......................................... Tayabas ..........................
Pampanga ........................ Pangasinan ....................... Rizal ............................. Romblon .......................... Samar ..............................
I
II
I I
350,820
349,360
2,610 2,350
1,200 2,700 9,880 20,750
~,610
14,430 17,480 9,460 ?,090 16,300
11
12
1,614
1,607
--
.-
21 2 12 45 95
66 80 30 14 75
58
10,150,800
60
60 40
108,600 31,600
10,161,500
85 60 35 60 55
38 45 65 50 58
210,800 21,000 66,850 427,800 558,800
185,060 408,150 209,950 80,000 332,920
1.93
2.50
2.50 2.50
2.50 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50
3.00 2.50 3.00 2.50 2.0,0
- - " - " - - - - - - - - - -"----""
P196,170
257,830
2,71,0 790
5,270 420 1,340 10,690 13,970
5,550 10,200 6,300 2,000 6,660
to<
;j
UJ
cj
t;j
Z
~
t;j
> Z
t;tj
(")
t;tj ~
~ ~
(")
o
~
~
1-4
7,560,900 2,175,800 400,150 1,689,700
Cebu ........................... Cotabato ....................... Davao ......................... Ilocos Norte ...................
4?5,500 290,400 980,150 1,500,100
95,9.80 3,092,640 3,770,820 99,430 775,340
1,04-4,300 1,774,490 1,199,040
4~0,810
182,370
1,6~0,860
I
I
I
I
Total tree,s
I
I
I
11,341 3,264 60,0 2,535
653 436 1,470 2,250 2,536
54 4,579 5,656 59 1,163
274 736 1,566 2,662 1,739
Hectares
Area covered
Under cultivation
Cagayan ....................... Camarines Norte ............... . Camarines Sur ................. Capiz .......................... Cavite .........................
Batanes ........................ Batangas ...................... Bohol .......................... Bukidnon ....................... Bulacan ........................
Abra .......................... Agusan ........................ Albay .......................... Antique ........................ Bataan ........................
Province
6,146,140 1,945,500 300,760 1,440,400
395,650 230,000 650,140 996,000 1,4&0,050
33,500 2,834,640 2,997,600 31,800 615,880
158,500 463,90,0 722,200 1,572,590 989,300
Bunches
Production
!
I
542 596 501 568
606 527 442 443 J 583
620 619 530 539 529
574 671 461 591 569
Bunches
Yield per h ectare
98,910 59,800 182,040 248,600 358,410 1,649,420 525,280 84,210 382,120 .27 .27 .28 .26
7,370 730,390 799,28,0 7,950 184,760
P44,380 90,970 202,220 288,150 286,790
Value
.25 .26 .28 .25 .24
.22 .26 .27 .25 .30
PO.28 .22 .28 .18 .29
Price per Bunch
Average
Trees under cultivation, are'a covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
BANANA
t7j
w
t7j
Z
'"d ~
~
t:""i ~
~
::c:
'"d
t7j
::c:
t-3
~
o
>
~
t:1
t7j
'"d
o
t:""i
(1
Z (1 I-<!
to:)
.....
~
2{50.600
Mountain ......................... Nueva Ecija ....................... Nueva Vizcaya ................. Occidental Misamis .................. Oriental Misamis ...............
1,3{50,600 386,400 2,6{50,150 1,180,6.00 380,100 2,1?7,400 2&0,600
Rizal ........................... Romblon ........................ Samar ............................... Sorsogon ............................. Sulu .................................
.................................. .......................................
3,281 421
2,026 580 3,975 1,771 570
3,7?9,600 315,000 580,600 3,925,150
Occidental N egros .............. Oriental N egros ................ . Palawan ....................... Pampanga ...................... Pangasinan .................... .
Surigao Tarlac
5,610 5,684 518 871 5,888
3,7~0,100
1,4(>6,100
1,6~0,850 2~0,100 ~5,000
457 524
568 604 616 537 431
1,150,400 350,150 2,449,100 950,500 245,800 1,500,600 220,450
552 589 580 575 634
3,095,450 3,350,360 300,560 500,840 3,735,180
532 586 480 563 577
395,400 5,120,400 185,600 295,600 478,150
La Union ...................... Leyte .................................. Marinduque ...................... Masbate ........................ Mindoro ........................ 200,130 1,450,590 180,000 80,570 1,260,750
620 618 504 476 579
340,00,0 4,749,600 140,100 189,680 415,100
548 7,681 278 398 717
4{56,100 1,500,160 190,500
376 2,476 375 143 2,184
525 595 548 422 541
768,150 4,500,000 375,000 950,400 130,490
1,463 7,560 684 2,250 241
975,100 5,0~0,1g,0
Ilocos Sur ...................... Iloilo ............................ Isabela ......................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ...................................
.26 .35
.30 .30 .19 .23 .27
.30 .30 .20 .20 .27
.27 .30 .2,0 .25 .25
.30 .25 .30 .27 .25
.29 .29 .20 .27 .28
390,160 77,160
345,120 105,040 469,820 218,610 66,370
928,630 1,005,110 60,nO 100,34.0 1,020,000
54,030 435.180 36,000 20,140 315,190
102,000 1,187,370 42,030 51,210 103,770
222,760 1,330,000 75,000 256,610 36,540
t:z:j
~
~
~
U1
d
t:j
Z
~
t:j
> Z
t:z:j
0
~
0 0 ~ ~
JI>.
.....
~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ...................... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS •.•.••••.
Tayabas ........................ Zarnbales ....................... Zarnboanga .....................
Province
I
I
68,934,290
103,401
112,780
75,186,900
---
1,029 375 9,234
I I Hectares
Area covered
685,940 290,140 6,195,900
Total trees
Under cultivation
I
518
544
61,365,900
53,612,970
593 481 324
---
Bunches
I I
16,409,770
183,120 54,150 887,150
Value
.27 P14,669,970
.267
--
.30 .30 .30
Price per Bunch
Average Yield per hectare
610,400 180,500 2,99,0,500
Bunches
Production
Trees under cultivation, are'a covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
BANANA-Continued t:z:j
~
UJ.
l::tj
Z
~
t"'4 ~ t-d t-d
~
::c:
t-d
t:z:j
t-3
, ::C:
~
o
>
t:1
t:z:j
t-d
o
t"'4
C1 ~ C1
Z
01
~
~
I
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Davao · ....................... . ...
Cagayan ......................... Camarines Norte .................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz .............................. Cavite ...........................
Batanes .......................... Batangas ........................ Bohol ............................. Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
110
'
1
H~ta1·e8'
I
-
16,40,0
Fruits
p 'r oduction
410
F1"'Uits
I! PO.80
Price per 100 fruits
Average Yield per t r ee
P130
Value
970
5
170,400
270
.90
1,530
........ . . .. .. .. . ........... ....... . ....... . . ........ -- 3 ... 53,4,00 205 500 .80 430 . .. . .. ... .. .. .. . ........... . ....... . ....... . ........ .
I Area covered
.
23.0 360
.70 .8.0
8.0 7,440
1,066,8.0.0
(Ii) Less than .58 hectare.
(a)
36
215
.50
5,870
........ . ....... . . ........ I· ...~::::. ...... . ........... ....... . .... . .. ....... . . ... .... . ......... .
II
11,50.0 944,400
29.0
2 1 20
1..0.0
36.0 150 ?,750
18.0
........ . . ........... ....... . ....... . ......... .
28,8.00
2
I ......... ....... .... ....... . ....... . . .......
~
~
t-3
q
35.0
~
I
58.0
UJ.
.90
Z t:1
215
. ............ . ....... ....... . ........ . \ ... '~',660' ...... 6,99.0 798,80.0 25 250 .9.0
64,6.00
2,38.0
13
t:1
> Z
t.:rJ
o
~
t.:rJ
~ ~
a
o
\
I········ . . ...... .. ......... . ....... . ....... . ........ . 23,100 122 1,.054,5.00 180 .50 5,8.0.0
Abra ............................ \ Agusan ...................... , ... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan ....................... ...
Province
Total trees
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, 'llroduction and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CHICO
en
~
t.:I.
\
I
1
1
1
Oriental Misamis ................ . Occidental N egros ................ Oriental N egros ...................
660
190 235 180 180 185
F'r uits
1
I 1
540
960
1.10
1.00
195 130
~~~
200
4.9.'~,~~
96,200
1,450 240
1,190 2,560 1,13.0 20 14,100
Value
132,500 22,10,0
1.10 1.10
1.1,0 .90 .70 1.10 .80
Price per 100 fruits
19 7
.......
4
1
...... . ........... . . ........ ....... . ........ . ...... . ............ ........ ....... . .........
5 4
1Q8,5,o0 292,000 160,600 1,800 1,703,9,0,0
F"uits
Production
...... . ........... . . ....... ....... . .........
,
(a) 66
7
11
24
HtctOlres
- I
I covered Area
Average Yield per tree
.... t~'~';~gg t路 . ~~g- .. "}:gg-j" .. t~~g
.1 .... . ....... . ......... ..... ~:~. ...... . . ..... 6,800 415 .80 872,50,0 21 ?,900 ....... . ....... . ........... . ....... . ....... . .........
! ... 'r':~.gg
Mindoro .......................... Mountain ..................... ... / Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis ...............
~~~.
4,600 1,980 1,270 50 12,470
Lanao .......................... . I ........ 路 La Union ........................ Leyte ............................ Marinduque ....................... ) ..... Masbate .......................... I ........
Ilocos Norte ,. ..................... Ilocos Sur ........................ Iloilo ............................ Isabela ........................... Laguna ..........................
Province
Total trees
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Contniued
CHIco-Continued I:.xj
~
I:.xj U1
Z
~
I-d
t:~
I-d ~
1-3
::r: I:.xj
~
o
~
>
I:.xj t:j
I-d
o
(1 ~
Z (1 t-<
....
"'I
t-:)
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ....................... , ,.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .', .. , .....
90,070
90,010
30 20 I 350 ) 4,020 270 30
474
477
--
2 21 1 (a)
(a) (a)
15 23 (a) (a) (a)
<
10,509,120
10,685,700
42,900 697,1.00 16,500 1,500
228
230
195 240 150 150
...................... .............. . ...... . .............. .. .............. . ..
P88,460
85,490 .80
.84
430 4,970 160 10
................ .. . ................
1.00 .70 1.00 .70
.............. . . ..............
3,0 . ................
.............. .
...................... . ................
. ................
6,740 4,170
673,700 295 1.00 1.00 417,200 140 ........................ .............. . .............. .. 2,600 130 1.10
............. 16 .... '7'59',500' \ .... 370 . . ... '.90'\ .... '6',590
(a) Less than .58 hectare.
\
I
2,90.0 4,290 50 50 30
Pangasinan ...... , ...... , ......... Rizal ." .. , .. ,., .......... ,." .... I Romblon ...... ,." ... ,.".,', .... , Samar ...................................................... Sorsogon ................................................ .. )
Sulu ......................................................... Surigao ................................................ . . Tarlac ...................................................... Tayabas .. ,.' .. , ... , .... , ..... "., Zambales .. , ..... , ......... ,', .... Zamboanga .... , ... , .. ".,., ... ".
;3,100
.............. .
Palawan ............................................... . Pampanga .. ,"', .. ,', ...... , .....
to<:
~
t-3
Ul
q
t:1
Z
H
t:1
> Z
t.:Ij
o
~
t.:Ij
~ ~
o o
.... 00
t-:)
I
:.':~~
Total trees
.....................
Cebu ............................. Cotabato .......................... Davao ............................ Ilocos Norte
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte .............................. . Camarines Sur ...................................... Capiz ...................................................... Cavite ...................... ; .....
I
I I
2~,120
22,200 70 30
?,060
~,280
?,200
.. .............
7,510
.............. .. Batanes .................................................. . Batangas ......................... 4,520 Bohol ............................. \ 2,140 Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ................................................. \ .. , '~',920
1,020 40 1,660
..................
2.00 1.60 3.00
.............. .
25 28 24
........ . ............ .. .............. .
51,000 2,520 55,200
P460
I
Value
P1.00
F"ui ts
I
Price per 100 fruits
Average Yield per tree
19
45,650
F1"uits
Production
20
12 6
........
138,000
30 53,750 7,500 61,920
25 25 24
.
.
1.50 1.50 1.50
.............. .
2.00
..
2,550
2,760 .................. 810 110 930 ..............
o â&#x20AC;˘
1.60 23 160,000 58 (a) .................... .. ............. . .............. . (a) .................... . ........... ........ . .......... 6,110 1.20 509,400 30 65
8 3 8
............ . . ...................... ..............
I
..................
.... .................. . .............. . . .............. 2,190 87,5,00 25 2.50 1,390 3.00 46,200 25 ............ . ...................... . .............. .. ............. . .................. 2.50 750 25 30,000 5 ....
12 (a) 8
. " _.........
7
Hectares
I covered Area
Under cultivation
Abra ............................. Agusan ........................... ) ... Albay ............................ I 4,50.0 Antique .................................................. 160 Bataan ........................... 3,140
Province
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CUSTARDAPPLE
tJ:j
~
00
t;xj
Z
~
'"d
~
~
t:
. ~
'"d
tJ:j
~
1-3
~
o
>
t:1
tJ:j
'"d
o
t"'4
Z o to<! o
I-'
to:!
co
I
I
9,580
1.00
106,720 260 2,050
278 1 5 (a) 17
............ .
................
1,720 12,600 .
8 26 4 33
~,950
2,960
2,377,400 5,100 10,800 .1,440 ,,/ 28,700
23 30 20 24 13
51,500 18 196,800 24 32,500 25 170,250 20 ..................... . .............. . 1.30 2.00 2.50 1.40 2.00
. ..............
2.10 1.50 1.50 1.80 31,850 100 270 20 580
................ ..
1,070 2,950 490 3,150
Surigao .................................................... Tarlac ......................................................
~~r~Og.o~ . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ::
Rizal ............................. Romblon .......................... Samar ............................
Oriental N egros .................. Palawan .......................... Pampanga ........................ Pangasinan .......................
I' (a) (a)
3
1 17 48
(a)
62,500
25
17,810 750 560
10,200 109,.000 261,250
'15"" .... '9'0',500
~~
1.50 1.50 1.70
.............. .
150 1,630 4,370
..................
940
1.60 280 10 1.30 1.80 10 2.00 90 . .............. . ..................
.
1.50
'1' .... 25 '1" .. '1'.50 '1' .... i,36'O
. ....
24 25 28
20 25 24
...................... . ..............
(a) Less than .5 hectare.
I" .. '!)',9io ., ....
I
1,150 50 50
2,640 \ 30 400 6,500 1!3,460
7
I..... ~~~.I ..... ~. .......4.'~~~.
I
I
I Occidental N egros ................ I
1.50 70 4,500 25 Mountain ......................... 350 1 1.9.0 2,960 20 157,500 Nueva Ecija ..................... 27,200 71 63 t OOO 940 1.50 25 Nueva Vizcaya ................... " 5,190 14 ., ...... . ................ .............. . .. .............. ................ . Occidental Misamis ............... I 150 I (a) Oriental Misamis ................. I·····,··· I ....... ...................... .. .............. . .............. .. ..................
La Union ........................ Leyte ........................................................ Marinduque ....................... Masbate .......................... Mindoro ..........................
Ilocos Sur .............................................. Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna .................................................... Lanao ............................
C')
~
~ ~
c:: UJ.
t::j
Z
~
t::j
> Z
t:z:j
(')
~
a= a= t:z:j
0
<:>
I>:l I>:l
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 â&#x20AC;˘........................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...........
Tayabas .......................... Zambales ......................... Zamboanga .......................
Province
29?,,000
1,060 3,860 180 3 10 (a)
H ecta."es
Area cover ed.
I~
I
I II
4,983,200
18,750 57,000 2,250
F ."wjts
lhoduction
4,791,290 290,210 754 (a) Less than .5 hectare.
II
I
I I
Total trees
Under cultivation
24
24
25 21 25
F ."wits
Yield per tree
I
1.28
1.50
1.50 1.50 1.80
Price per 100 fruits
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
CU8TADAPPLE--Continued
P61,300
75,240
280 850 40
Value
t?=j
rJ)
t?=j
Z
::c: ..... t"" ..... '"0 '"0 .....
'"0
::c: t;tj
f-3
~
o
>
t:J .....
t?=j
'"0
o
t""
Z o ~ o
~ ~
....
I
27
I
3,720 170
Kaings
1.00 1.13
Kaings
\
P4.27 3.00
Price per Kaing
P15,890 510
Value
1,160 4,070 750 40
.75 .70 .50 .80
4.35 3.00 3.07 3.25
5,050 12,230 2,300 130
1.00
4,380
I
14,080
3.21
I
690 2.800 1,060 2,540
3.14 3.11 3.53 3.30
I
1,960
.70
5.02
9,850
........... . ....... . ........ ........ . I
.76 .70 .75 .70
220 900 300 770
............ ....... . ....... . ........ .
(a) Less than .47 hectare.
8,190
Davao ........................... .
64 34 5 (a)
1 3 19 2 12
19,340 10,170 1.600 120
200 1,020 5,880 . 510 I 3,660 I
I
29 1
HectaTes
Area covered
Average Yield per tree
........ . ...... . ....... .... . ....... . . ....... ........ . ........ . ...... . ........... . ....... . ....... . ......... ........ . ...... . .. .-:-: ........ . ....... ........ ........ .
8,820 340
I
Production
......... ...... . ........... . ....... . ....... . . ........
Total trees
Under cultivation
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte ................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ............................
Batanes ....................... ... Batangas ....................... ' .' Bohol ............................. Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................. \ Agusan ........................... Albay ............................ Antique ........................... Bataan ...........................
Province
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
LANZONES
~
~ ~
UJ.
t:1 d
Z
I-(
t:1
> Z
t.:tj
(':)
t.:tj ~
~ ~
(':)
o
t¢ t¢ t¢
t
..........
I
Oriental Misamis ...................... Occidental N egros ........................... Oriental N egros .............................. Palawan .......................... Pampanga ....•...................
I
I
I
I -
0
.. °
1
........
710
............. .
30,890 1,640 420
..
Kaings
Kaings
Yield per tree
I
Price per Kaing
I ............... .. 150
Value
...................
. ......... ............ .
10 1,090
4.00 3.88
4.00
3.73 4.23 4.13
4.00
.80 .85 .91
.80 I
.......... .. ........... .
1..00 I .75
.67
..
56,710 3,890 1,240 ............... 160
40 4,240
400
..............
5,640 210 47,620 3,65,0
773,800
..............
.................... . ........... ............. .. .............. .................... . .............................. ................ ..
100
.
..
........... . ....... . ........ . ........
15,180 102 920 5 1 300 ............ . .................... . 40 2
~.
..... (a) (a) 13
I
1:~~~./
I
Production
40 .67 3.75 (a) ....................... .............. . .............. . 511 117,530 1.39 6.58 , 42 2,090 .75 2.70 .50 3.00 2 70 12,100 3.93 99 .85 1,000 .60 3.65 17 ..................... . .............. ...............
'
1
Hectares
I covered Area
......... \ .......
12,800 540 29,930 5,200
Mindoro .......................... Mountain ......................... / .... Nueva Ecija .................................... .. \ 10 70 Nueva Vizcaya ................................... Occidental Misamis ...................... ?,780
........................
-
150 10 154,880
............
240
Total trees
Under cultivation
I
I
I
Lanao ............................ La Union Leyte ..................................................... Marinduque ....................... I Masbate .......................... \
Ilocos Norte ............................. . Ilocos Sur ...................... . Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna ...............................................
Province
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
LAN ZONES-Continued t?=j
~
rA
t?=j
Z
~
1-0 1-0
~
~
~
1-0
t?=j
8
oI7j
>
~
t?=j tj
1-0
o
t"'I
o
~
Z o
~
t-:I t-:I
! 1 1
I 10 80
I .50 .80
I 4.00 4.50
40 360
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .................•....... 1,327
(a) Less than .47 hectare
402,170
193,160
186,620
1.11
1.09
4.86
5.50
P937,890
1,026,410
1,355
410,570
3.05
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS •••••.••..•
.75
22,530
7,380
212
6~,150
Zamboanga .......................
--
.7,0 3.02 6,680 2,210 40 1,380 4 370 .49 3.73 .. ............... .............. ...................... .. .............. . .............. . ................ . 24,700 4.17 18,940 5,920 .85 63 ................ .. ............ . ...................... .. .............. . .. .............. .. ................
. ........................................... ............... .. 5,600 4,530 15 1,690 .90 3,31 4.80 240 420 1 50 .50
200 360
12,100 1,090
I
I
Sulu ............................. Surigao .................................................... Tarlac .................................................... .. Tayabas .......................... Zambales .........................
Pangasinan ....................... Rizal ............................. Romblon .......................... Samar •.........•................. Sorsogon .........................
~
~ ~
c::: rn.
t:!
Z
t:! ......
> Z
t:rJ
(j
~
a= t:rJ
~
o
(j
"'"
t¢ t¢
11,560 20 11,970 15,010 24,530 42,290 3,110
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte ................ . Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ............................
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ....................... , ..
I
338 (a) 43 388 466
H ectarff.S
Area covered
787 58
215 (a) 223 279 456
585 135 24 946
......... 1 .......
2~,070
30 2,300 20,850
1~,180
Total trees
31,440 7,240 1,270 50,840
I
"
1
I
I
Batanes ....................... ' " Batangas ......................... Bohol .......................... , .. Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................. Agusan ........................... Albay ............................ Antique ........................... Bataan ...........................
Province
Under cultivation
259 237 265
171
P1.40
Price per 100 f r uits
P14,270
Value
3.20 2.30 2.50
6,730 82,240 116,120 63,170 24,150 9,770 491,700 57,670 38,940 92,460 76,540 165,700 7,630
1.80 2.00 2.10 3.50
2.30
2.50 3.70 2.00
2.90 1.90
423
235 242 260
2,405,800
1,564,700 2,498,800 3,766,0,00
5,654,200 402,400
343 170
........... . ....... . ....... . .........
3,545,000 1,207,500 473,200 13,946,400
214 272 514 469
........... . ....... . ....... . .........
212,800 3,556,,000 4;641,400
1,022,700
F,'uits
Yield per tree
....... .... . ....... . ....... . .........
F,.uits
Production
Average
Trees under cultivation, area c01}ered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
MANGO
~
'(jJ
l:tj
Z
~
~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
l:tj
~
~
0
>
~
l:tj tj
~
0
~
0
~
0
Z
l:tj
FRUIT PRESERVING
t¢ t¢
01
~,040
420 9,460 6,650 42,400 9,620
Masbate .......................... Mindoro .......................... Mountain ......................... Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ...................
12,310 1.14,170 45,160 47,0 950 1,250 11,500 3,250
Pampanga .......•................ Pangasinan ....................... Rizal ............................. Romblon ....................... '... Samar ........ '....................
Sorsogon ......................... Sulu ............................. Surigao ..........................
I
23 214 60
18
9
229 2,123 840
128 166 295 199 81
8 176 124 789 179
96 95 612 58 75
31 617 188 1,674 257
77,500 892,500 375,0,00
1,622,500 15,415,7'00 4,452,500 86,400 40,000
1,611,000 885,800 2,126,200 2,975,00,0 1,046,200
31,000 1,478,600 741,600 18,06!:l,600 2,944,500
986,80.0 765,.000 5,164,2.00 279,100 719,900
175,7,00 5,770,800 1,580,000 12,536,700 1,453,000
(a) Less than 1 hectare.
?,88.o 8,950 15,850 10,720 4,360
Occidental Misamis ............... Oriental Misamis ................. Occidental N eg'ros ................ Oriental N egros ............... , .. Palawan ..........................
5,120 32,880 3,120
~,180
1,670 33,160 10,130 89,99,0 13,810
Laguna .......................... Lanao ............................ La Union ........................ Leyte ............................ Marinduque .......................
Davao ........................... Ilocos Norte ..................... Ilocos Sur ....................... Iloilo .......................... .. Isabela ...........................
240 210 250
250 257 250 240 200
1,940 17,850 5,620
59,380 485,3.90 66,790 1,300 1,000
3.6,0 3.10 1.50 1.50 2.50 2.50 2.00 1.50
24,160 13,290 105,050 47,600 20,920 1.50 1.50 4.90 1.60 2.00
770 36,960 8,650 462,140 47,110
2.50 2.50 1.20 2.50 1.60
107 249 164 545 650 358 215 375 350 375
21,21.0 9,47.0 83,310 4,770 14,390
2,630 127,050 23,930 275,810 43,180
2.10 1.2,0 1.6.0 1.70 2.00
1.50 2.20 1.50 2.20 3.00
331 283 406 179 282
270 367 271 259 228
Kl
~
~
c:: U1
t:1
Z
1-4
t:I
> Z
0 ttJ
~
ttJ
a= a=
0
()
t¢ t¢
Q)
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ......................... .
I 834,110
830,170
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...........
17,150 19,790 8,950 1~,100
;;
I I
trees
Tarlac ........................... Tayabas .. "." .............. "" .. .. Zambales ......................... Zamboanga ................ ......
Province
Total
II
15,514
15,441
---
319 368 166 281
Hecta7" es
Area cQvej:ed
Under cultivation
133,801,920
135,240.600
2,048,700 1,625,000 1,399;700 967,50,0
Fruits
Production
313
310
275 250 216 215
F ruit s
I
2.34
2.50
2.50 2.50 1.50 1.00
Average Yield Price per per 100 tree fruits
3,381,260
51,220 40,62,0 20,990 9,670
Value
P3,129,460
II
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
MANGO-Continued t?=j
~
Z t?=j rn.
1-1
t'"i 1-1 '"d '"d
1-1
~
'"d
t?=j
1-3
~
o
>
t:1
1-1
t?=j
toO
o
t'"i
(1
Z (1 t-<:
-=I
t-:l t-:l
Cebu ............................. Cotabato .......................... Davao ............................ Ilocos Norte .....................
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte ................. Camarines Sur ................... Capiz .................. .......... Cavite ................... . ........
Batanes .......................... Batangas ......................... Bohol ............................. Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................. Agusan ........................... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan ...........................
Province
I
II
I
I
I
377,62.0 21,06.0 3.0,73.0 63,94.0
52,780 2.0,82.0 128,21.0 26,160 87,750
4,38.0 6.0,93.0 83,270 3,370 15,100
17,43.0 3.0,250 79,930 135,800 13,890
Total trees
I
I
,
566 32 46 96
79 31 192 39 132
7 91 125 5 23
26 45 120 204 21
I Hectare8
Area II covered
Under cultivation
-
8,404,220 235,98.0 426,9,0.0 78.0,37.0
537,30.0 239,25.0 1,518,7.00 283,5.00 996,20.0
45,36.0 530,130 1,084,400 68,180 217,8.0.0
192,16.0 289,38.0 579,230 1,982,000 160,950
Fruits
Production
23 19 17 22
13 15 15 15 19
18 16 18 25 21
13 14 12 18 20
F1'uits
Yield per tree
\
1.70 3.00 3.00 1.50
1.60 1.5.0 1.60 2.00 2.9.0
1.5.0 2.90 2.30 1.50 2.50
P2 ..o.o 2.00 1.50 1..00 1.50
fruits
Price per 100
Average
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
PAPAYA
142,920 7,08.0 12,81.0 11,71.0
8,60.0 3,590 24,280 5,67.0 28,93.0
1,.090 15,600 24,69.0 1,.050 5,46.0
P3,85.o 5,790 8,690 20,45.0 2,420
Value
~
~
1-3
'(J1
Z t1 q
t1 ......
> Z
t.:z:j
o
t.:z:j ~
~ ~
o
o
00
t>:) t>:)
Occidental N egros ................ Oriental N egros .................. Palawan ....................... . .. Pampanga ........................
I I
53,2,00 51,410 28,750 3,580 3,850 63,640 92,250 43,510 19,280
4~,030
Mountain ......................... Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis ................. Oriental Misamis ..................
99,870
140,970 44,370 67,490 7,310
5~,880
18,430 61,200 77,680
I
I I
Total trees
La Union .......... .. ............ Leyte ............................ Marinduque ............... ... ..... Masbate .......................... Mindoro ..........................
Ilocos Sur ....................... Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ............................
Province
I
I
95 138 65 29
80 77 43 5 6
150 72 28 92 117
82 211 67 101 11
1'[ectrL'路es
Area covered
Under cultivation
816,810 1,569,060 753,800 308,660
685,540 989,200 332,980 45,180 47,000
1,046,700 1,171,650 166,950 854,00.0 868,800
527,860 1,871,350 468,800 974,630 99,650
P,路uits
Production
19 18 20 22
16 25 19 18 20
15 26 15 15 13
18 20 19 19 20
P,路uits
Yield per tree \
1.60 1.50 1.70 2.00
1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.00
1.00 1.50 1.5.0 1.50 1.00
1.50 2.0.0 1.60 2.00 2.00
Price per 100 fruits
Average
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
PAPAYA-Continued
13,070 23,540 12,810 6,170
10,280 14,840 4,250 900 940
11,510 17,570 2,510 12,810 9,120
7,920 37,430 7,500 19,490 2,090
Value
t?=j
>
t?=j U1
Z
1-1
~ ~
1-1
~
1-1
::r:
~
::r: t?:j
P-3
~
C
t:1 1-1
t?=j
~
o
~
(")
~
(")
Z
t" co
t.:>
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 •......................... 2,708,230 4,062
4,253
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ........... 12,835,480
I
140
--
93,240
I I
22 52 36 143 31
14,570 34,560 2;3,940 95,610 20,410
Sulu ............................. Surigao .............................. Tarlac ................................. Tayabas .......................... Zambales .........................
Zamboanga .......................
239 42 18 90 91
159,420 27,710 12,220 60,090 60,590
Pangasinan ....................... Rizal ............................. Romblon .......................... Samar ••.......................... Sorsogon .........................
I
42,818,520
40,465,700
20
19
15
20 21 22 22 20
257,200 460,740 431,860 1,402,720 295,800 1,069,050
20 17 15 16 21
2,377,600 293,760 156,000 602,880 947,460
1.81
1.70
1.50
1.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 1.50
1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
P777,310
687,920
16,030
3,860 6,910 8,640 35,070 4,440
38,040 4,410 2,340 9,040 9,710
~
~
t-3
r.n
~
tJ
Z
~
tJ
> Z
t:rJ
(":)
~
~ ~ t:rJ
(":)
o
0
t.:) 0)
FI"uits
5,690 5,130 28,070 21,440 10,260 16,800 1,150 4,580 5,910 .04 .03 .03 ..04
4,653 3,453 3,895 3,454 3,453 3,467 2,557 2,354 1,852
218,70,0 155,400 825,700 670,100 310,800 454,200 35,800 138,900 155,600
47 45 212 194 90 131 141 59 84 I
Cagayan ................................... Camarines Norte .......................... Camarines Sur ............................ Capiz ..................................... Cavite .....................................
Cebu ...................................... Cotabato ................................... Davao ..................................... Ilocos Norte ..............................
P17,130 6,150 27,800 5,770 37,240
.03 .03 .03 .03 .03
PO.04 .03 .03 .04 .04
940 20,130 6,420 118,000 3,710
I
,
.04 .03 .03 .04 .03
6,344 4,477 4,475 4,473 5,687
Fruits
per
fruit.
3,543 5,573 3,455 8,596 4,362
463,100 192,500 832,300 134,200 1,006,600
1- -
I
Value
24,800 585,200 214,200 3,025,800 104,700
-
73 43 186 30 177
Hectares
---
Production
Price
Average Yield per hectare
7 105 62 352 24
Batanes ................................... Batangas .................................. Bohol ...................................... Bukidnon .................................. Bulacan ...................................
,
~-
Abra " ............. " ....................... Agusan .................................... Albay ..................................... Antique ................................... Bataan ........................... " .. -...... .
Province
Area under cultivation
Area under cUltivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
PINEAPPLE t.:I:j
~
Z t?=j w
~
""C ""C
~
t"i
~
::c1
""C
t.:I:j
t-3
::c1
~
o
>
t:1
t.:I:j
""C
o
t"i
o ~ o
Z
t-:l
~
0)
86 31 502 89 16 79 12
Surigao ...................................................................... Tarla.c ........ r " ' .... â&#x20AC;˘ ..................................................
3~
Rizal ...................................... Romblon ................................... Samar ..................................... Sorsogon .................................. Sulu ......................................
I '.=I 97
Oc~idental
N egros ......................... OrIental N egros ........................... Palawan ................................... Pampanga ................................. P'angasinan ................................
92 50
I
2,475 2,333 I
195,500 28,000
t
6,796 2,352 3,344 1,874 1,575 584,500 72,9,00 1,678,700 166,800 25,200
1
2, 654 2,356 1,254 2,457 2,475
244,200 117,800 43,90,0 17,200 240,100
.,03 .05
.03 .03 .03 .03 .05
05 . .05 .05 .05 .05
1
6,650 1,450
20,340 2,430 57,750 5,670 1,260
13,180 5,650 2,110 820 11,280
18,94,0 4,240 4,360 2,510 730 .05 .05 .05 .05 .04
3,664 2,264 2,454 1,845 2,371
403,100 81,500 90,800 53,50,0 16,600
~,
r7'
110 Mountain .................................. 36 Nueva Ecija ............................................................ Nueva Vizcaya ... , ........................ ..---- 37 Occidental Misamis ................................................ . -,- 29 Oriental Misamis .......................... ~ 7
~
6,450 22,450 1,290 480 320
.04 .04 .04 .03 .03
2,486 3,144 2,550 2,350 2,225
146,700 606,800 35,70,0 14,100 8,900
59 193 14 6 I 4J
La Union ................................. Leyte .......................................................................... Marinduque ................................ Masbate ................................... Mindoro ...................................
.-..
3,240 2,830 4,200 14,460 200
.04 .04 .03 .04 .03
1,873 1,866 2,767 2,854 1,867
89,900 76,500 127,300 391,000 5,600
48 41 46 137 3
Ilocos Sur ............................................................... Iloilo ...................................... Isabela .................................... Laguna ...................................................................... Lanao ................................... ~.
~
~
1-3
UJ.
q
t:;j
Z
1-1
t:;j
> Z
t:z:.j
Cl
t:z:.j ~
~ ~
Cl
0
t-:)
t-:)
O:l
I
Total for year ending June 30. 1933 â&#x20AC;˘..................................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ....................
-
2,841
3,990
121 9 59
liectalres
der cultiArea unvation
I
............ I
Tayabas ................................... Zambales .................................. Zamboanga .................................
Province
I I
10,960,120
3,858
3,901
15,565,10,0
F"uits
2,345 2,188 2,546
!
end~ng
I
.04
-
.04 .04 .04 --.04
per fruitl
Average Price
Yield per hectare
283,800 19,700 150,200
Fruits
Production
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year June 30, 1932-Continued
PINEAPPLE-Continued
--
------
P414,980
-
574,820
10,780 87,0 5,560
Value
t:z:j
~
r.J).
t:z:j
'~"'" '"'" ~ ~ '"'" Z
~
~
t:z:j
~
~
o
'"'" >
t:z:j t;j
~
o
~
Z o ~ o
t-:I
~
~
II
I 1,620 7,390 10,950 9,980 850
Total trees Area Covered
. .
4 18 26 24 2
Hecta,,'e.s
I
I
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ..... . .................... Davao ............................ Ilocos Norte ................... " ....
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte ................... Camarines Sur ................... Capiz ........ " ............................... Cavite ............................
I
I
I 30,760 2,000 3,050 10,870
?,480 650 ?,120 4,050 ?,250
I
74 5 7 26
8 2 19 9 8
Batanes .......................... / ................ 11 Batangas ........................ . ~,670 12,480 30 Bohol .................. . .......... Bukidnon ........ .. ............... 800 2 Bulacan .......................... 2,500 6
Abra ............................. Agusan . .. ... . ....... . ............ Albay .... . ....................... Antique .......................... Bataan ...........................
Province
Under cultivation
I
455,900 25,000 24,50,0 10.0,400
36,900 13,3,00 51,800 31,300 22,900
54,200 155,500 6,50.0 24,400
21 14 16 20 22
Fruits
I
18 15 12 15
17 23 16 15 15
16 16 16 16
............ . ....... .
-
â&#x20AC;˘
15,300 1,03,200 92,100 98,000 14,30,0
Fruit s
Production
Yield per tree
I I
2.40 3.00 2.70 3.00
1.90 4.00 3.00 3.50 3.00
2.50 2.20 2.00 3.50
I I
I
I
I
I
11,020 750 670 3,010
700 530 1,550 1,100 690
1,360 3,510 130 860
"
P250 2,330 2,760 2,450 570
Value
........ ..........
P1.60 2.20 3.00 2.50 4.00
P r ice per 100 fruits
Average
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
SOURSOP
~
~
~
~ U1
t:1
Z
H
t:1
> Z
t?=j
(1
~
t?=j
~ ~
(1
o
~
~
t-:I
Occidental N egros ................ Oriental N egros .................. Palawan .......................... Pampanga ........................
Mountain ...................... . .. Nueva Ecija ..................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis ............... Oriental Misamis .................
La Union ................... ..... Leyte ............................ l\larinduque ....................... Masbate .......................... Mindoro ..........................
!locos Sur ....................... Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ........... . ................
Province
I I
I
28,360 2,770 ?,920 6,620
410 30,400 4,080 1,080 560
~,080
2?,750 27,050 2,550 620
19,970 4,590 1,650 520
~,250
Total trees
0
-
68 7 9 16
1 73 10 3 1
57 65 6 1 22
4 1
11
15 48
Hectares
II covered Area
Under cult;v.tion
-
-
..
2.40 2.50 3.00 3.50
21 18 16 309,600 32,900 48,900 57,000
11
2.80 2.30 3.00 2.50 2.40
2.50 2.50 3.00 2.40 3.00
2.50 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.80
10 17 18 18 16
16 15 16 20 16
17 18 18 17 15
Fruits
I
I
Price per 100 fruits
Average Yield per tree
2,100 398,800 46,900 10,800 5,700
255,800 282,200 32,60.0 8,600 84,900
74,600 165,000 45,700 15,600 2,800
Fruits
Production
l
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
SOURsoP-Continued
7,340 820 1,470 2,010
60 9,220 1,410 270 140
6,400 7,060 980 210 2,550
1,860 4,950 1,370 470 80
Value
txj
txj UJ
Z
1-4
~ ~
1-4
~
1-4
~
~
txj
~
~
~
o
>
1-4
txj tj
~
o
(") ~
~
(")
Z
<:n
C..:l
~
;3,540 1,890 2,630 3,410 11>,040
409,680 424,580
Sulu ............................ . Surigao ......................... . Tarlac .......................... . Tayabas ......................... . Zambales ........................ . Zamboanga ...................... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS •.•..•...••
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ......................... .
1~,480
2;3,570 2,940 730 39,280 12,470
Pangasinan ...................... . Rizal ............................ . Romblon ......................... . Samar ........................... . Sorsogon ........................ . \
1,019
983
6 40 8 36
5
8
30
8~ I
5~
16
2.45
16
4,402,600 4,308,100
2.50
16 17 15
2,()
2.50 2.50 3.00 2.50 3.00 2.00
16 16
45,200 23,500 45,000 194,800 46,000 189,500
2.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
---------
18 14 15 13 10
--------"-"--
287,400 30,300 9,700 279,500 45,7,00
..,;:-
1
I
i
PI05,450
110,950
1,130 590 1,350 4,870 1,380 3,890
5,750 760 240 6,940 1,140
~
~ ~
c:: 00
Z t:J
~
t:J
> Z
~
Cl
~ ~
~ ~
Cl
o
~
~
CO
1,890
1
Production
IH-ecta?'~ I Fr~~~500-1 Fnti~5
Area covered
. 210
15,100 10,120 9,800
I
1
(~)
30 20 20
I
I'
1,800
390,000 296,100 179,200
4,510 5,710 6,480 13,500 9,150
Cagayan ........................ . Camarines Norte ................. . \ Camarines Sur ................... . Capiz ........................... . Cavite ........................... . I
Cebu ............................ . I 750,140 Cotabato ......................... . I 100 Davao ........................... . 350 Ilocos Norte ..................... . I 23,790
1
I
1j},600
I
I I
1
1 48
(~)
1,500
9 11 13 27 18
39
900 243,200
6,505,,700
113,300 47,200 63,7.00 98,700 165,000
)...i.~:~~~ .1 .... ~~. . .. ~'.~.~.~.:~~~ . 270,0,00
I I
I
I I
18 20
I
1.10 1.40
1.50
1.70 2.00 2.40 1.10 2.10
31 15 25 15 22 20
1.50
2.20 1.10 1.20
2.30 1.50 2.30
20
20 32 35
30 36 25
1 ....... .
P2.0.0
P ,r ice per 100 fruits
Average Yield per tree
1 • • • • • • • • • 1 • • • • • • • 1 ••• • • • . . . . . . 1 . . . . • . . .
I
Total trees
I
Batanes ......................... . Batangas ........................ . Bohol ........................... . Bukidnon ........................ . Bulacan ........................ _..
Abra ........................... . Agusan .......................... . Albay ........................... . Antique ......................... . Bataan .......................... .
Province
Under cultivation
I
I
I
I
I
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
SUGARAPPLE
10 3,450
98,590
1,980 940 1,560 1,090 3,480
4,050
40 13,610 3,950
9,140 4,600 4,120
P950
Value
t?=.j
p::
UJ.
t?=.j
Z
I-(
~ ~
I-(
~
I-(
p::
~
t?=.j
8
~
o
>
t1
I-(
t?=.j
~
o
(1 ~
~
(1
Z
t-:l
CIIl
..;J
11,750 27,800 1},300 14,500 11,100 5,0
La Union ....................... " Leyte ............ , ......... ...... Marinduque ....................... Masbate ...... .......... .... ...... Mindoro ..........................
Mountain ......................... Nueva Ecij a ................... . .. Nueva Vizcaya ..... ........... ... Occidental Misamis ................ Oriental Misamis ............... . ..
'
'
0
••
0
'
0
0"
•••
•••
••
0
0
0
•
••••
•
0
0
0.,
••••••••
•••••••
•••
I
r
I
I
I
-
46,000 20,400 303,000
301,00,0 88,800 168,7,00 137,700 48,800
251,500 243,400 92,900 78,00,0 432,100
300 179,000 36,400 8,100 8,000
164,200 442,000 55,100 221,400 140,000
404,600 800,000 105,200 43,600
I
I
I
20 20 18
17 16 15 24 35
21 20 29 20 21
30 20 28 31 20
20 21 18 18 20
24 20 25 20
............ . ......
5~ I
49 21 72 19 6
32 30 7 16 57
19 3 1 1
(l!-)
24 56 11 29 28
(l!-)
43 140 15 7
(a) Less than 5 hectares.
3~,000 ~,500
2,85.0 1,980 21}, 19,0
••
0 ·
•••••••••••••••••
0
....
•••
0
••••••••••
••••••••
.0
.0
0
0.0
,.
0
••
Surigao TarIac Tayabas ............ . .............
'
0
2,900
•••
•••••••••
0
•••••••
21,300 10,250
~,200 2~,500
11},150 9,580
1~,000
1,400 380 7,06
~,500
Rizal .............. , ..... . . , ..... Romblon Samar ............................ Sorsogon Sulu
Occidental N egros ................. Oriental N egros ..... ....... ..... .. Palawan . ............. ... ... . . , ... Pampanga .. .. .... .. ........... ... Pangasinan .................... . ..
7,510 3,500 80
21,600 70,WO
Ilocos Sur ........................ Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ............................
I
I
I 6,110 13,400 1,330
1.00 1.40 1.50
1.80 1.20 1.00 1.30 1.30
1.60 1.20 1.70 1.90 1.50
3.30 2.10 2.60 1.50 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10
I
I I
I
I
I
450 280 4,530
5,540 1,050 1,690 1,860 650
4,000 3,,020 1,570 1,470 6,630
10 3,820 940 120 80
1,640 4,330 580 2,210 1,580
....1:~~ \ ...... ~~~
1.50 1.70 1.30
--"----
~
~
~
Ul
C!
t::;
Z
~
t::;
> Z
Q txj
~
txj
~ ~
Q
0
()O
~
t.:I
1 1
Total for year ending June 30. 1933 ...... ...... ...... ...... ..
PHILIP PINE ISLAND S . . . . . . . . . . .
1,15,0 450
Total trees
1,323,240
11,310,250 1
I
Zamba les ...... ...... ...... ...... . I Zambo anga ...... ...... ...... ... .. 1
Provin ce
1
2,646
2,620
---
-,
I Hecta1'es2
Area II coy r ed
Under cultiva tion
15,649,350
14,759,200
14,700 6,000
F,'uits
Produc tion
23
22
15 20
F,'uits
Yield p er tree
I I
1.21
1.50
1.40 1.30
Price per 100 fruits
Averag e'
year Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the ending June 30, 1932- Conti nued
SUGARAPPLE-Continued
P189,170
221,390
210 80
Value
l:rj
UJ.
l:rj
Z
1-1
'"d '"d
1-1
~
1-1
::r:
'"d
::r: l:rj
l-3
~
o
>
t:!
1-1
l:rj
'"d
o
(1 ~
Z (1 k:l
<;.;) ~
~
Cebu ................................. Cotabato .............................. Davao ............................ . ... Ilocos Norte ............ . ............. 1
I
1
672 16 20 775
I
245,040 10,980 12,300 674,840
214,160 5,640 200,180 36,000 75,910
Cagayan ......................... . .......... Camarines Norte ...................... Camarines Sur ......... . .............. Capiz ......................... .. .......... Cavite ................................ 285 20 35,0 54 95
214 321 557 673 1,556
Kilos
Yield per hectare \
I P.072 .091 .100 .102 .095
Price per kilo
Average
P2,790 350 13,410 2,340 11,300
Value
365 686 615 871
751 282 572 667 799
425 719 400 602
.083 .088 .136 .098
.120 .108 .103 .097 .141
.089 .109 .126 .122
27,640 970 1,670 66,180
25,650 610 20,680 3,490 10,680
17,140 15,160 1,060 5,890
... ........ . ......... . ......... . .......... .
I
38,540 3,850 133,800 22,910 118,250 192,100 139,400 8,410 48,150
180 12 240 40 76
Kilos
\ Hectares 1
Productioll
Batanes .............................. \ .......... Batangas ............................. 452 Bohol ............................... . 194 Bukidnon ............... . ............. 21 Bulacan .............................. 80
Abra .................................... Agusan ............................... Albay ............ . ................... Antique ................................ . Bataan ...............................
Province
Area under cultivation
Area, und'er cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
PEANUT
~
~
~
~ Ul
t?
Z
~
t?
> Z
t,:tj
()
t,:tj ~
~ ~
o
()
o
II>-
t-o
Occidental N egros ..................... Oriental N egros ....................... Palawan ........ . .................... Pampanga ............................
Mountain ............................. Nueva Ecij a .......................... Nueva Vizcaya ....................... Occidental Misamis ........ . ........... Oriental Misamis ......................
La Union ............................. Leyte ................................ Marinduque ........................... Masbate .............................. Mindoro ..............................
Ilocos Sur ............................ Iloilo ............................... . . Isabela ............................... Lag una .............................. Lanao ................................
Province
-
I
1
I
I
,
'"
-
I -
-I
I
6,090 4,670 160 7,890 .107 .110 .101 .099 345 315 318 531 56,950 42,500 1,590 79,680 165 135 5 150
9,640 26,910 1,310 1,860 510
14,800 18,840 15,600 430 12,100
1,100 18,980 4,54,0 1,970 1,200
.108 .103 .107 .098 .113
.100 .094 .10.0 .120 .093
.107 .099 .139 .106 .114
I
I
Value
793 496 383 370 339
89,100 261,940 12,180 18,94,0 4,510
557 546 812 378 451
811 611 917 359 1,017
Kilos
Yield per hectare
Price per kilo
Average
10,310 190,900 32,600 18,500 10,500
-
~
.
148,500 180,140 155,940 3,590 130,230
Kilos
Production
13 385 85 50 31
160 480 15 50 10
183 295 170 10 128
I I Hectares
Area under cultivation
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
PEANUT-Continued tJ:j
p::
fJJ
tJ:j
Z
~
'"tj '"tj
~
toot
~
p::
'"tj
tJ:j
1-3
~
o
>
~
t:J
tJ:j
o'"tj
toot
o
~
o
Z
TRANSPLANTING RICE
~
t<:) ~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 â&#x20AC;˘.............................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ...............
Zamboanga ...........................
6,535
f60 7,750
200 12 9,0 85 12
Sulu ................................. Surigao Tarlac ............................... Tayabas .............................. Zambales .............................
..............................
976 25 3 60 25
Pangasinan ........................... Rizal ................................. Romblon ............................. Samar ................................ Sorsogon .............................
I
I
~
~
4,184,900
4,51.0.,700
75,640
60,120 23,800 4,500
~,680
87,840
575,100 9,500 1,200 29,120 9,140
!
I
640
582
473
439 482 779 280 375
589 380 400 485 366
I
.09,0
.105
.130
.088 .100 .100 .097 .100
.115 .103 .108 .109 .105
P375,800
473,640
9,810
7,700 570 6,010 2,300 450
65,940 980 130 3,18.0 960
~
~
1-3
r:n
Z I:' q
~
I:'
Z
:>
t:z:j
0
t:z:j ~
~ ~
0
0
t-:)
t-:)
tl>-
1
Area covered
Production
460
1,998,600
I::::::::: .:.:.:.:::: ::::::::::::
57,490
I::::::::~::71:~:~'::: I
Total trees
Cebu ............................ . Cotabato ......................... . Davao ........................... . !locos Norte ..................... .
Cagayan ........................ . Camarines Norte ................. . Camarines Sur ................... . Caniz ........................... . Cavite ........................... . /
540 150 270
37,130
~,560
610
I
4 1 2
5 45 297
10 630
130
10.00 26 1,3-00
....... . ....... . . ............... .
....... , ........ .
9,28.0 58,000
1
1 .... • ....
I 7.00 8.00
..· ....
10.00 5.00
P6.40 I P128,160
Value
38 25
10 10
44
Kilos
Price per 100 KHos
Average Yield per tree
132,600 725,000
I ......... ..
I
Batanes ......................... . I .......... .... .... / .......... .. Batangas ...................... ... . 10 (') 100 Rohol ........................... . 480 4 4,2100 Bukidnon ........................ . 600 5 / ......... .. Rulacan ......................... . I ...... · ................... ..
Abra ........................... . Agusan .......................... . Albay ........................... . . Antique ......................... . Bataan .......................... .
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultiv'ation, Mea covered, production and vaiue for the year ending June 30, 1932
PILI NUT
t%j
~
U1
Z t%j
~
'"d '"d
~
t-t
~
~
'"d
t%j
~
1-3
~
o
>
t1
t%j
'"d
o
t-t
C1
t-<
C1
Z
~ ~
to
100
800 280 3.0
! -I
3 3
I 112,800 101,500 51,600
1
I
7.50 I
I
40 I
5.70 5.40 6.00
8010 I
I
32 I
30 35 24
30
130
6,430 5,480 3,100
00 •• 00 0 0 0 00 10.00000 1 00000. 0 1 000.00000
6\ 1,600 2 • 00, 0 0 00 (Il-) 400
0~"'''1
-
2
90 42 28 8
1
1 10 2 1
8,1:g
(~~51.
0301.'~~~
Surigao 000000. 0 00 0000000. 0 • 0 o. 000 \ ' Tarlac 00' 000 •• 0 00 0000000000000000 I I 0 000 Tayabas o. 0o. 0 00 0000000 •• 0 00 0" 0 00 I 19,130 I 121 244,200 (a) Less than .48 hectare.
,
22
I.... o~:
100 0
7000
07::~
02.'~~~
1 0 •• 0 17,090
Rizal 0000000000000000000000000 000 " 0 • 0 00 0\ 00 •• 0 0 0 0• 00 0 05,2000\ 00 0 0 0 0\ 00 0 090.0001, 00 0 0 0 0 Romblon 00000000000000 .. 00000. 000 250 2 26 470 Samar 000000000000.0000 .. 000 .. 0.00 456 1 26 1 57,020 \ 761,1<00 5.70 43,380 Sorsogon 0000000000000000000000 000 21~ 0000 070008.'~~~ 00000~~ 000 .6:~~ 000 0402.'~~~ Sulu o. 00 0 000000000000000000000000 1 2~'~6g
I
210
Mountain 0000000000000000000000000 Nueva Ecija 0 0 000 00 00 0 000 0 00 0 00 0 . 0 Nueva Vizcaya 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 0 00 00 0 Occidental Misamis 0 0 . 0 0 0. 00 00 0 0 Oriental Misamis 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 000 00 0 00
Occidental N egros 0 00 . 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 Oriental N egros 0 0 00 00 00 0 00 000 0 0 0 0 0 Palawan 0000000000000000000000000 Pampanga 000000000000000000000000 Pangasinan 0 0 00 000 0 00 0 0 00 . 00 0 00 00 0
80 11,190 9,270 ?,500 1,030
La Union 0000000000000000000000000 Leyte 0000000000000000000000000000 Marinduque 0 0 00 0 00 0 000 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 Masbate 00000000000000000000000000 Mindoro 00000000000000000000000000
390 320
150 1,220 250 160
Ilocos Sur 000000000000000000000 000 Iloilo 0000000000 0000000000000000 000 Isabela 000000000000000000000000000 Laguna 00000000000000000000000000 Lanao 0000000000000000000000000000
~
~
~
d w.
t:I
Z
~
t:I
> Z
l:Ij
o
l:Ij ~
~ ~
o
o
"'"'""
t-:I
NUT-Continued
...........
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ......................... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Zambales ......................... Zamboanga ...................... .
Province \
"
....
Area I coverea
j
Production
Kilos
Yield per tree
II
\
Price per 100 Kilos
Average Value
I
242,170
I
1,937
I 235,570 I I 1,884
5,248,320
4,880,800
34
32
5.69
6.50
P298,810
317,250
1 II ....... ' . . ~e:t.a~.~s·I · ··· ~~~~ .... ....... ·1······· ·1········· ............................ .........................
I
Total trees
Under cultivation
Trees unde1' cuUiv'a.tion, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
PILI
w
t:tj
Z
~
I"d I"d
~
S t"4
I"d
t:tj
~
~
I:rj
o
>
~
t:1
t:tj
I"d
o
(1 ~
I<!
(1
Z
t:tj
0\
"""
t-:l
-""
Cebu ............................. Cotabato .......................... Davao ............................
Area covered
3 1
1,310 380
1.20 1.27
1,440 470
P.20
1
I
P130
Value
2
670
1,170 34,060
.30 .28
.26 .20
.17
1.50 1.46
lAO
300 6,840
430 130
100
1
(I!-)
'2j~~ 'j' ... ~f
(a) Less than .62 hectare.
403
1.20 1.25 1.00
.20 .20 .20
120 320 20
84,760
1.03
.12
1
10,670
.. ...... I ......... .. ...... I ........ ·
.............. . ......... . ....... . ........... .
600 1,620 100
........ . .............. . ........ . I ...... ··· ...... ............. . ............... . .......... .
149,250
60
................ ........ . ......... . . .........
350
........ .. ....... . .............. . ........ . ....... . ..........
2~,090
:
2 65
800
,..
.
. ......... . ........ ... . ....... . ........ . ....... . ..........
-
I ........ · . .........
1
.61
Kilos
I
Price per Kilo
Average
640
((ilos
Production
Yield per tree
........ . ...... . ........... . . ....... . ....... ........ . . ......... ...... . ........... . . ....... .......... . .......... ..
4
Hectares
I
1,560
Total trees
Cagayan ......................... Camarines Norte .................. \ ... Camarines Sur .................... Capiz ............................. . . 1 Cavite ............................
Batanes .......................... . Batangas .......................... Bohol ............................ Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ... , ............................... Agusan .................. . ........ Albay ............................ Antique ........................... Bataan ...........................
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
CASTOR BEAN
-- --""-"-
(":)
~
~
1-3
'(J).
t:j ~
Z
1-1
t:j
> Z
trJ
(":)
~
0 ~ ~ trJ
~
t¢
en
Oriental Misamis ............... . .. Occidental Negros ................ . Oriental N egros ................ . .. Palawan ........................ .
Mindoro ......................... . Mountain ........................ . Nueva Ecija ..................... . Nueva Vizcaya ............... . Occidental Misamis ............. . ..
Lanao ........................... . La Union .................. , ..... . Leyte ........................... . Marinduque ...................... . Masbate ........................ .
1,380 190
Total trees
Area covered
I
(!J.)
4
II HefJta? ~s I
I
I ..... ,,-'
Kilos
200 180
Production
1.00 1.20
Kilos
30 30 50
Value
9
2
1
600
110 30 2
\ .. ;i~
40,660 11,300 820
1·~Hti
1
I
1
I:::::::: :
1.06
5,7GO 5,76,0 490
.60 .73 1.22
....... . ........... . ....... . ........... . ....... . ........... . ....... . ........... .
3,160
460
·~jj~i
1.15
860 690 50
......... ......... . ........ .........
490
.11
50
·:H I· ....;.~~g
.15 .12 .10
....... .
.15
....... . ....... . ....... .
r. . r·::if I· ...
........ . ...... . ...... . ....... I···· .. · .. ...... .
;3,290
......... ......... ..•••..•• . ~ .•••.••••.•" .••••.•.•.••. 1 . ....... . ....... . . ........ I··· .... ·· ...... . ........... 60 .66 .16 370 6 ~,290 ....... . ....... .
.15 .17 .16
Kilo
per
per
tree
P ,r ice
Yield
I
Average
I....~,~~~ .1 ..... :. " ....-: ... ~~~. .. ..1:~:.
Ilocos Norte .................... .. . Ilocos Sur ....................... . I Iloilo ............................ . Isabela .......................... . Laguna ......................... . 1
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultiv'ation, area covered, production and lfIJalue for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
CASTOR BEAN-Continued
l:I:j U1
Z
I--t
I-d I-d
I--t
~
l:I: I--t
I-d
t.::;j
l:I:
1-3
~
o
>
t=1
I--t
l:I:j
I-d
o
~
(':)
~
(':)
Z
l:I:j
~
--.
~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ......................... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ••..••.....
1 48 1
300 17,800 520
316,060
90 1,680 80
"
•
0
"
,f'
-
•••
700 100 6,280 490
•••••••
•
.84 .83 1.25
.80
.10 .12 .14
.14
--32,290
10 760 70
100
....... . ....... . . ........
853
949 I
: . ~
204,940
214,010
1.11
1.10
.15
.15
I
1'30,780
.......... . ....... . . ....... ......... . .. ...... . ........... . ....... . ....... . . ........
2
87,0
.. · ...... ...... .
351,330
.15 .14 .10
....... . ....... . ........ .
1.00 .72 .97
...... . ........... . ....... . ....... . ........ .
600 11,86.0 760
...... . ........... .
2 64 17
(a) Less than .62 hectare.
Sorsogon ........................ . \ Sulu ............................ . I Surigao ......................... . I Tarlac .......................... . Tayabas ....................... '" \ Zambales ........................ . Zamboanga ...................... .
,
Pampanga ....................... . I 700 23,800 Pangasinan ...................... . , Rizal ........................... . 6,300 Romblon ..................... . ........ . Samar ........................... . . ....... .
~
~
t-3
UJ
C!
tj
Z
~
tj
> Z
t?=j
Q
~
t?=j
~ ~
Q
o
<Xl
"'"
t-:)
·1·······
i .... is·
I
I
.
........ .
199 I
57 I
41,170
10,620
3,440
9,360 450
'Kilos
Jiccta?'cs
57 3
Production
Area covered
...... . I ................
I ········· ....•...
I· ·2·0·~·,600 .
3~,000
645,700
Total trees
Cebu ............................ . I 641,700 Cotabato ......................... . ········ . Davao ........................... . I !locos Norte ..................... . I 2,258,1(),0
Cagayan ........................ . Camarines Norte ................. . Camarines Sur ................... . Capiz ........................... . Cavite ........................... .
Batanes ......................... . Batangas ........................ . Bohol ........................... . Bukidnon ........................ . Bulacan ......................... .
Abra ..........•................. Agusan ......................... ,. Albay ........................... . Antique ......................... . Bataan .......................... .
Province
Under cultivation
I
I
207
190
191
164 150
[(U08
Yield per tree
I
I
.15
.20
.21
P.18 .16
Price per Kilo
Average
I
I
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
COTTON
6,390
2,120
720
P1,720 70
Value
t;tj
~
UJ.
t;tj
Z
I-d ~
t: I-d
~
~
I-d
t;tj
~
I:I:j
o
>
~
t;tj t;:j
I-d
o
~
o
t-<
Z o
..... co
t-:I
52,000
I 8~,100 I ........ · 245
980
5
1
Surigao Tarlac
'"
....................... ...........................
Rizal ............................ Romblon ......................... Samar ............................ Sorsogon ......................... Sulu .......................... '"
17 .15 . 1 .15
1,900 590 250
••••
.16 .14
370 100
202
5,060
25
.13 .14 .25
70 1,360 30,0 .18
940
...... . ............ . ....... . ....... . ........
260 180 400
....... . ........ . ........
328 237
17,0
....... . . ........ ........ . ....... . . ....... ......... .
.17
10
178
.16
260
4.'~:~ .1 .... ~::.I .... :~~.I ...... :~~
1,600
1 ..2.5.f).'~~~.1 .... ~~ . .......
107,80,0
....... ........... . ....... . ....... . ........ . ....... ........... . ....... . ........ ......... ......... ...... . ........... . ....... . .. ...... I .. · ...... . ........ ...... . ............ ........ ........ .........
I......... . ........
I
0
2:!~~
0.
520 9,560 1,200
••••••
2 53 3
~
........ ...... ........
23,40,0 Occidental N egros .............. . .. 600,600 Oriental N egros ........... . .... . .. Palawan ......................... 32,000 Pampanga ........................ Pangasinan ....................... \ . '2'83',500 .
I
....... . . ........
...... . . ........... . ....... ....... . ........ .
221 254 233
11,280 3,810 1,630
.' . .. Mountain ......................... . ....... ............ Nueva Ecija ...................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... 82,800 1 3{),000 Occidental Misamis ................ . Oriental Misamis .................. I ......... ._.... .1 .......
Marinduque ....................... Masbate .......................... Mindoro ..........................
51 15 7
I······.· ........ ............. . ....... .
I
I 1,854,600 I 163 I 32,090 197 I .17 1 5,490 I.········ 1......• ............ ...•.... ........ . ........ 1,650 300 .17 280 1 62,400 5 I·····.··· ....... ........... . ....... . . ....... ........ .
1 La Union ......................... 1 57~,300 Leyte .............................. 1 169,700
Ilocos Sur ..................... ... Iloilo ............................. Isabela ........................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ............................
to<
~
t-3
UJ.
c::
Z t:I
~
t:I
> Z
t?=j
(1
~
t?=j
~ ~
0
(1
o
t¢ Q1
Total trees
\
Area Covered
Production Yield per hectare
I Price per Kilo
Average Value
9,64~,200
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 .0 0• 0• 0 0 0• 0 0 00• 0 .• 0. 0 0. 0 0 0
I
I 8,22p,400
0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
850
725
o
"Hecta1 es
176,580
147,260
KUos
208
203
Riios
\
.17
.17
P30,360
24,850
I I 1 I 350 Tayabas o. 0. 0 00. 0 0 0 00 000 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 I 15,100 I 350 I 020 70 0 ~:~~~~~g~ 0: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: ! 002002",6,000 0000is 0 .. 0000 050,090 0000283 0 00 00°oi9 0 0 00000970
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
COTTON-Continued
t:z:j Ul
Z
1-4
""0 ""0
1-4
~
......
~
""0
t'J:j
~
t-3
~
o
>
t:1 ......
~
'"0
o ~ o
~
t:z:j
z o
I-l
a.
N) ~
-
-,
5 3 1 26
Ho".r;-.!
Area under cultivation
--
Ki(os 180,800 10,8.0.0 18,4.0.0 3,2.0.0 68,8.0.0
Production
Kilos 2,443 2,16.0 6,133 3,20.0 2,646
1
Cebu ................................ . Cotabato ............................. . Davao ............................... . Ilocos Norte .................... ..... .
817,2.0.0
1
P5,420 22.0 55.0 130 2,25.0
4,3.01
4,.028
1-3
......... . ......... . . .......... ......... . .......... . ......... 4,950 2 ..0.0 6,117 ......... . ......... . . ......... 1..0.0
2 ..00
1.01 32.0
46,390
to<
~
'Cll
t1
d 3,380 3 ..0.0
......... . ..........
Z 2,.01.0
1-4
t1
> Z
txj
(1
txj ~
~ ~
o
(1
2 ..00
:::::::::: ::::::::::: :1:::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: 190 776,700 4,088 3.00 23,3.0.0
190
Cagayan ............................ . ..................... . Camarines Norte ..................... . \ .......... ........... . Camarines Sur ....................... . I 36 22.0,2.00 Capiz ............................... . \ ...... '5'.0'7' ... '2',042:5'.0'.0' Cavite .............................. "
P3.00 2 ..0.0 3 ..0.0 4 ..0.0 3 ..0.0
Value
.......... ......... ,
,
Yield per \ Price per hectare 100 kilos
Average
Batanes .............................. I ... : ...... ........... . ......... . Batangas ............................ I 392,.00.0 17.0 3,296 Bohol ............................... . 1 271 89,.0.0.0 Bukidnon ............................ . \....... '3'i \..... ii2;9'.o:.o' ......... . 3,642 Bulacan ............................. .
Abra ................................ 1 Agusan .:...................... . . . . . . . Albay ................................ Antique .............................. Bataan ...............................
Province
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
FORAGE GRASS
t-:) Q1 t-:)
. . . . . . . . .
Mountain ............................ Nueva Ecija ......................... Nueva Vizca"- ...................... Occidental Misamis ................... Oriental Misamis .....................
Occidental N egros .................... Oriental Negros ...................... Palawan ............................ Pampanga ...........................
La Union ............................ . Leyte ............................... . Marinduque .......................... . Masbate ............................. . Mindoro ............................. .
Kilos
3.00 3.00 2.00
11,320 280 79,110
Value
3,600 3,457 3,400
53,900 79,600 36,300 138,000 372,400
251 12 34 I 99 1
2.00 \ 4,059 I
2,75.0
1,590 1,010
1,560
3,762
2.00
9,050
. ....... " .................... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ........ ..
I 2.0,0 3.00
3,1841 2,025
I 3.00
2,450
I
............ .......... 1....................
86,400 39.0,600 37,400
221
1.1.
24 113
........ II.......... ..........................................
1
2,590 8,290 750
3,838 3,10,0 3,142
3.00 2.00 2.00
349,300 9,300 3,760,900
........... . ......... . ......... . ..........
Kilos
Price per 100 kilos
......... .
91 3 1,197
Hectares
Production I Yield per hectare
Average
I.......... ....... .... . ......... . ..........
Ilocos Sur ........................... . Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna ............................. . . Lanao ............................... .
Province
Area under cultivation
Area under cultivation, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
FORAGE GRAsS-Continued tz:j
t:t.:1 UJ
Z
~
'"d '"d
~
~
'"d
::q t-I
t:t.:1
::q
~
~
o
>
~
t;j
t:t.:1
'"d
o
t-I
o
~.
o
Z
~
~
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ............................. .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ..••••.••......
Zamboanga .......................... .
Sulu ................................ . Surigao ............................. . Tarlac .............................. . Tavabas ............................. . Zambales ............................ .
Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal ............................... . Romblon ............................ . Samar ............................... . Sorsogon ............................ . 2,900
. ..........
3,050 50,770
65,400
14
3,223 3,245 4,671
3.00 3.00 2.00
2,130 1,070 1,470
I 3,274
12,000,900
12,242,400
3,333 1
215,100
30
3,665
3,673
7,170
2.47
2.00
2.00
1'296,770
298,380
4,300
......... ·1· .,......... . . ......... ......... . ......... .
I'
I' .... j~:~'g'g
I
I
......... ........... . .......... .......... .......... . . ......... ......... . ......... .
I ....... 'i'~
.
112,200 1,551,600
3..00 3,740 5,172 3.00 .......... ........... . . .... 4:14'0'1' ..... 2:0:0' 144,900 35
30 300
~
~
1-3
UJ.
G
t:j
Z
1-4
t:j
> Z
t:r:1
(1
~
t:r:1
~ ~
o
(1
"'"
01
t-:)
I
Cebu ............................ Cotabato ........................ Davao .......................... Ilocos Norte ..................... Ilocos Sur .......................
Cagayan ........................ Camarines Norte ................. Camarines Sur ............... , ... Capiz ........................... Cavite ..........................
Batanes ......................... Batangas ..................... , .. Bohol ........................... Bukidnon ..................... , .. Bulacan ......................... I
Abra ......................... , .. Agusan ......................... Albay ............... , ........... Antique ......................... Bataan ..........................
Province
I
22 11 51 126 36
Hectares
Area covered
11,190 8,250 51,320 129,790
1,01~,86.0
21,650 144,860 51,410 &,280
4~,060
8,320 2,170
3,352 37 27 169 428
139 71 478 170 11
28 7
... '~'~':~~~ '1" .Hf
1Q,870
1~,410 3~,240
6,570 &,300
Total trees
Under cultivation
407,800 8,130 5,850 48,770 30,020
34,310 14,490 26,310 54,520 5,110
35,290 21,040 10,650 2,620
1.11 1.08 1.17 1.53 1.13
1.54 1.44 1.31 1.86 1.73
1.43 1.48 1.54 1.70
1.38 1.21 1.48 1.49
1046
Kilos
.36
047
.39
045
.23
045
.32
045 047
.38
048 045 Al 044
.34
040
P.39 .51 .47
Price per Kilo
I
92,550 3,670 2,300 22,960 10,770
12,980 6,530 12,460 17,270 2,320
16,870 9,430 4,430 1,150
P3,000 1,510 6,59.0 10,910 3,410
Value
. ........... ....... . ....... . ........ .
-
....
7,720 2,960 14,100 27,190 10,070
Kilo8
Production
Yield per tree
Average
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the yea'r ending June 30, 1932
KAPOK
p::
Z t.:tj rn
1-1
~ ~
1-1
1-1
~
~
p::
t.:tj
~
~
o
>
1-1
t1
t.:tj
~
o
~
Z o ~ o
l;1j
<:n <:n
t-:)
2,870 11,160 71,300
Surigao ......................... Tarlac .......................... Tayabas .........................
12,170 7,970 4,790 14,400
91,280 5,290 7,410 3&,370
I
2,860 2,880 24,320
1~,550
I
I
2~,050
I 44,520
Rizal ............................ Romblon ......................... Samar ........................... Sorsogon ........................ Sulu ............................
Oriental N egros ................ .. Palawan ........................ Pampanga ....................... Pangasfnan .................... ..
Nuev> Edj> ................... Nueva Vizcaya .................. Occidental Misamis ............... Oriental Misamis ................ Occidental N egros ...............
"I
36,080 11,020 1,320 21,940 2,910
Leyte ........................... Marinduque ..................... Masbate ......................... Mindoro ......................... Mountain ........................
I
44,630 9,110 2,360 2,57,0 6&,560
Iloilo ........................... Isabela .......................... Laguna .......................... Lanao ........................... La Union ........................
10 37 235
40 26 16 48 51
301 18 24 127
147 79 9 10 80
119 36 4 72 10
147 30 8 9 226
..-
~
.
.~
/<'
,',
1,850 8,030 41,450
4,100 7,980 3,57,0 7,550 9,570
77,390 4,550 4,290 24,380
30,240 21,490 6,530 2,250 16,630
27,930 6,250 2,30,0 6,910 740
48,010 6,900 1,940 2,770 60,450
1.46 1.39 1.27
1.12 1.53 1.34 1.39 1.23
1.52 1.48 1,.09 1.72
1.27 1.07 3.82 1.25 1.18
1.19 1.27 2.55 1.03 1.23
1.75 1.11 1.58 1.92 1.44
I
I
.48 .38 .43
.50 .48 .50 .42 .33
.38 .46 .49 .39
.40 .40 .47 .50 .49
.41 .37 .36 .34 .42
.36 .27 .48 .32 .35
890 3,070 17,750
2,050 3,840 1,790 3,160 3,190
29,300 2,080 2,090 9,520
12,07,0 8,710 3,100 1,120 8,230
11,510 2,290 840 2,350 310
17,150 1,840 940 890 20,930
~
~
t-3
U1
Z t:1 q
.......
t:1
Z
>
t?=:l
(l
~
t;tj
~ ~
0
(l
~ Q1 0)
0
•••••••
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 ........................ .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ..
Zambales ........................ Zamboanga ......................
Province
24.350 76,390
2,330,180
\ 2,32(),450
!
I I
Total trees
I
7,690
80 252 --7,657
1.28
1.29
1,238,930 __ I 1,254,210
1.32 .99
Kilos
.34
.35
.51 .49
Average Price Yield per per tree I Kilo
16,190 19,740
Kilos
Production
r .
Hecta,ocs !
Area covered
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
KAPOK-Continued
P432,520
43,0,110
8,200 9,790
Value
z
U1
ztrj
~
~ ~
~
~
~
::c:
~
trj
t-3 ~
~
o
>
~
tj
t:r.:l
~
o
(1 ~
~
(1
trj
KAPOK TREES IN FRUIT
..;j
01
~
2,70,0 1,050 40 3,110 220
I
I
J
..
26 2
(a)
22 9
Hectares
Area covered
12,320 ,],640 1,000
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Davao ....... , ...................
2,240
1~,4.90
I
-
331,550 30,600
1,500 150 9,9,00 - 70
35.16 35.17
30.00 7.50 7.92 7.00
P.18 .27 .30 .43
P270 40 3,020 30
.24 .20
80,180 6,250
............ . ....... ....... . ......... .
'/ '
102 63 8
19 129
:
31.07 43.28 30.84 37.77 22.36
44,430 401,180 2&9,050 35,130 20,120
~ I: : : : : : :8:,~~~ : I:::2:9:.~~ :
( a ) Less than .44 hectare.
I
15 (a)
1 :::::
II::::: ~~~ :
1
1,850 10
Kilos
I
Price per Kilo
............ ....... . ....... . ........ .
Kilos
Production
Average Yield per tree
1,500
15 •.10 .06
.20 .12
1
38,11)0 3,520 1,300
8,860 50,080
....... . .........
..· .... ·1 . . . . . . . . •
.18
............ . ........ ....... . . ........ ................ ........... . ....... . ....... . . .........
I
I .. 'i7',94,Q'\ ... i49 .
1
1
Cagayan .......................... Camarines Norte .................. Camarines Sur .................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ...........................
Batanes ......................... . Batangas ......................... Bohol ............................. Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan ..........................
Abra ............................. Agusan .......................... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan ...........................
Province
Total trees
Under cultivation Value
--------- ---------
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 90, 1992
LUMBANG
--------------------------~------------~~~~~~~----
t<!
;3
00
d
tj
Z
100-4
tj
> Z
t.:j
(":)
t.:j ~
is: is:
(":)
o
t-:l
00
01
I
,
-
6 25 52 ~
51,490 116,26,0
21.04 28.70
26.60 24.50 27.00 30.70
1,100
5,050 2,870
6,65,0 23,030 810 6,140
4
31 2
2 8 1 2
490
?,750 280
250 940 70 280
27.75
22.29 34.29
38,00
[(ilos
I .12
Price per Kilo
610
Value
Oriental Misamis .............. ... Occidental N egros ................ Oriental N egros ................ . .. Palawan ...................... .. ,
Mountain ......................... Nueva Ecija ...................... Nueva Vizcaya ................... Occidental Misamis ................
.12
130 .15 .14
740 400
.10 .15 .17 .12
670 3,500 140 760 78 88 58
27.92 19.55
.12 .15
26,330 810
........... . ....... . ....... . . ., .......
214,700 5,280
........ . ...... . ........... . ....... . ........ .......... 9,430 10,610 7,000
t%j
t:1 1-4
t%j
""d
o
t'"4
o t-< o
Z
~
~
t%j UJ
Z
1-4
t'"4 1-4 ""d ""d
1-4
""d
t%j
~
'"xj
.... j~ ., ... ';f~ig o>
. ....... ....... . ........ . . ........... ....... .
4.940
[(il08
Production
• •••••• 1 ••••••••••••
13
HectO/l"e8 \
Area covered
Average
. ........ ...... . ........... . ....... . ....... . ........ .
~,240
740 2,980
.........
1,590
Total trees
Yield per tree
I ......... ....... ........... . ....... . ....... . . ........ I Mindoro .......................... I ......... . ...... ........... . ....... . ....... . ........ .
Lanao ............................ La Union ......................... Leyte ............................ Marinduque ...................... Masbate ................... . ......
Ilocos Norte .................. . . .. Ilocos Sur ........................ Iloilo ............................ Isabela ........................... Laguna ...........................
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932-Continued
LUMBANG-Continued
\'.:)
(0
O'l
Total for ye~r ending June 30, 1933 ....................... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ........... 156,43Q
15~,21O 1,300
1,305
~ 35
100 4,150
Zamhales ......................... Zamboanga .......................
1,020,370
1,835,79~
1,700 97,100
23.00 25.00 17.73
61
. ................. : ......... 720 2,300 1,950 16 '27,00,0 ~,940 74 55,680
..
................
I
................
21.25 23.68
29.00
_30.88
t ___
.16
..
I
~~61
.18 .18
.24 .20 .13
P330,180
292,940
30 17,12
57 o 3,50 o 7,18 o
o
.....:~~ .1 ....1.5:~; o
. ... '.is' \ ...... 69 o
.......... . ............ ...........
.............
I
Sorsogon ......................... Sulu ............................. Surigao ............................... Tarlac ..................................... Tayabas ....................... '"
I . ........................... I
I
Pampanga ..................... ... I ......... ......... ..................... .. ............. . 3,88,0 Pangasinan .................... . .. 350 3 27.75 Rizal .......................... '" 2l),760 247 66,460 28.77 Romblon ....................... ... I 50 1 820 27.30 Samar ........................... I·.··.·· ......... 1............ .............. .
~
UJ ~ ~
Z t::l c::!
1-4
t::l
Z
>
C':l t.:t.1
~
t;j
~ ~
C':l
o
0
t>:) Q)
{),450 3!3.s,oO 61,550
24 160 271
2
550
Cebu ............................. Cotabato ......................... Davao ........................... Ilocos Norte
13
2,860
4 10 1
4 67 33
H ecta,'es
Area covered
Cagayan ... Camarines Norte Camarines Sur .................... Capiz ............................ Cavite ...........................
I
1,000 2,350 200
. ........
7,600
1~,240
830
.........
Total trees
Under cultivation
Batanes .......................... Batangas ......................... Bohol ............................ Bukidnon ......................... Bulacan
Abra ............................. Agusan ........................... Albay ............................ Antique .......................... Bataan ..................... , .....
Province
[(ilO8
I
1 1
Kilo
per
tree
Price
ver
Average Yield
15,920 7,130
.65 .62
PO.70 .66
I... ·.··.·.· .1·· .... ··1 ········1
I TWos
Production
I"
I
Trees unde'r cultivation, area covered, production and value for the year ending June 30, 1932
RUBBER
Pll,140 4,700
Value
t;tj
::c:
t;tj rFl
Z
~
'"d
t: '"d
~
::c:
trJ '"d
1-3
o":tj
>
~
t;
t;tj
'"d
o
(") ~
~
Z (")
~ 0)
....
1 1
Surigao ......................... . Tarlac .......................... . Tayabas ......................... .
Rizal ............................ . Romblon ......................... . Samar .......................... . Sorsogon ........................ . Sulu .............. . ............. .
Occidental N egros ............... . Oriental N egros .................. . Palawan ........................ . Pampanga ....................... . Pangasinan ...................... . .
(a) (a)
2
3
1,510
.... · ....
10,740 p,400
7
47 24
30
1,040
I' •••••••• • •••
1,590
I ••••••••••••
/
:::::::::;::
(a) Less than .48 hectare.
1
.... ·::~·I .....:.
20 10 400
I ................ ..
1
1
1
1
..... :~~.
(a)
I ..... ~~'~.
12
1
1
14
2,800
1
~.
•••••.••• 1 •••••••••. ,•••••••.•
~~~.
3,230
1
Mountain ........................ . Nueva Ecija ..................... . Nueva Vizcaya .................. . Occidental Misamis ............... . Oriental Misamis ................ . /
La Union ........................ . Leyte ........................... .. Marinduque ...................... . Masbate ......................... . Mindoro ......................... .
I
Ilocos Sur ....................... . 700 3 ........... . Iloilo ........................... . 1 ........... . 270 Isabela .......................... . .. ............................................... . Laguna ......................... . Lanao ........................... . / ..... .. ...
.75
.82
.75 1
1,080
1
30
1,050
.. ...... I .........
1.00 1
1.00
····· .. ·1··· .... ..
.68
............................. .
............................ .
........ / ........ .
. .
. ............................. .
. ............................. .
~
~
1-3
r.J).
t:j ~
Z
~
t:j
> Z
t;rj
a
t;rj ~
~ ~
a
o
~ CI) ~
Area covered
3,556
3,496
1 2,783
I Hectares I
I ••••
I
Price per Kilo
Average Yield per tree
I
Value
258,230
25,710
• ••••
.65
.65
.69
.70
P179,170
18,000
~~1~8 !....... .. ~~~~ ... ......... I ......... (b) (b) .......
Production
(b) tapping on account of low price.
Total for year ending June 30, 1933 •......................... 806,280
79~,620
...........
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
150 632,600
I
Total trees
Zambales ...... . ........ .. ........ Zamboanga ............ ...........
Province
Under cultivation
Trees under cultivation, area covered, productwn and value for the year endirng June 30, 1932-Continued
RUBBER-Continued
Ul
tI.:l
Z
""d ""d 1-4
t:
1-4
~
tI.:l ""d
~
t-3
~
o
>
tI.:l t:J 1-4
""d
o
~
o
~
tI.:l
Z o
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Annual rainfall for 1932 1
I
Stations
Annual
Zamboanga ................... . Davao ........................ . Cotabato ..................... . Iwahig ....................... . Cagayan ...................... .
1,105.9 1,577.0 2,334.7 1,707.6 1,843.2
1,054.4 2,047.2 2,208.8 1,951.3 1,604.3
+ 51.5 -470.2 +125.9 -243.7 +238.9
Surigao .. ........ ............ . Cebu ......................... . Iloilo ......................... . Tacloban ..................... . Calbayog ..................... .
4,247.1 1,356.2 2,020.7 2,578.0 3,365.8
3,563.7 1,541.6 2,274.7 2,567.3 2,671.2
+683.4 -185.4 -254.0 + 10.7 +694.6
Legaspi ...................... . Manila ....................... . San Isidro .................... . Iba .......................... . Dagupan ...................... J
3,880.3 2,423.5 1,748.7 3,348.3 2,029.9
3,405.8 2,052.5 1,858.1 3,797.6 2,467.9
+4'74.5 +371.0 -109.4 -449.3 -438.0
Baguio ....................... . San Fernando, La Union ....... . Vigan ........................ . Aparri ....................... .
3,585.2 2,066.2 2,648.0 2,607.6
4,483.7 2,424.4 2,625.1 2,230.0
-898.5 -358.2 +22.9 +377.6
mm.
1
Normal m1n.
Difference
mm..
From the annual report of the Weather Bureau, 1932 â&#x20AC;˘
263
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The rainfall of Manila for 1932 was almost 15 inches above normal. The average rainfall derived from the- period 1865-1931 is 80.58 inches or 2,046.8 mm: the rainfall of 1932 was 95.41 inches or 2,423.5 mm. From the beginning of January to the end of April, the weathe-r was very dry, the accumulated rainfall at the end of April being only 0.42 inch or 10.7 mm. With the exception of August, all the months from May to November had a rainfall above normal. In 13 only of the last 68 years, the annual rainfall of Manila has exceeded 2,423.5 mm. The monthly distribution of rain: fall at Manila in 1932 was as follows: Month January ..... February .. . March ....... . April ........... May ........... June ...........
I Inches I Millimeters
I I I
I
0.01 0.10 0.31 0.00 ~.48 1 .43
I
I
II
II
I
0.3 2.6 7.9 0.0 164.7 315.8
Month July ........ August ....... September .. October November December
MilliI Inches I meters
I
I
28.51 I 7.46 23.17 9.28 5.95 1.71
724.1 189.4 588.6 235.7 151.1 43.3
As in previous years, typhoon warnings were sent whenever necessary to the foreign observatories of the Far East; Tokyo, Zikawei (Shanghai), TaihQku (Formosa), Phulien (Indo-China) and HongkongJ as well as to the American consul at Hongkong. The number of typhoon warnings sent in 1932 was 136 as against 116 in 1931.
264
t-=>
<:11
0)
1912-14 a .... 1915 ........ 1916 ........ 1917 ........ 1918 ........ 1919 ........ 1920 ........ 1921 ........ 1922 ........ 1923 ........ 1924 ........ 1925 ........ 1926 ........ 1927 ........ 1928 ........ 1929 ........ 1930 ........ 1931 ........ 1932 ........ 1933 ........
Year
I I
i
I
••
28.18 14.24 9.18 14.95 15.93 11.00 10.15 11.27 10.40 9.21 8.23 7.79 7.03 5.86
•••••
........ ........ ........ ........
........
Picul
I I
I
I
I
1
_L
Picul Picul P5.13 P5.29 5.13 5.41 5.79 5.65 6.51 6.20 6.95 5.79 9.44 11.41 18.95 22.451 8.90 11.96 84 5.49 6. 9.74 8.00 10.69 9.50 7.35 8.39 5.77 8.32 6.76 7.65 6.68 8.00 5.80 7.95 5.79 6.55 5.03 5.63 5.15 4.57 4.49 3.48
I
Centri- I Musco-I Panofugal vados chas I
a Average
S:59 7.59 12.03 24.00 20.97 18.53 19.65 16.78 15.49 15.36 13.71 15.24 21.72 20.66 16.25 14.75 13.28
7.~U
100 Lt. P6.40 7.81
Basi 100 Lt. P5.72 8.74 8.02 8.23 11.69 10.99 18.34 15.98 8.72 12.60 13.17 9.11 9.15 10.03 10.85 9.49 3.53 3.51 3.28 1.46
Quintal P6.94 6.83 8.12 10.23 11.37 14.32 18.97 7.65 9.25 9.55 12.22 13.05 12.09 12.07 9.30 10.15 9.31 7.83 5.24 3.91
M~~:s- I Tobacco Picul P10.80 6.77 8.48 9.00 8.33 10.91 18.78 10.04 7.60 8.93 9.39 10.47 11.28 9.95 10.00 8.89 7.91 5.07 4.06 3.10
I Copra
100 P3.69 2.90 3.41 3.73 3.63 4.39 6.70 4.73 . 2.99 3.32 3.57 3.46 4.17 3.84 3.85 3.51 2.94 2.16 1.29 1.11
Coconuts
Table Showing Trends of Prices of Leading Products in Municipal Markets
100 Lt. P31.09 20.86 26.53 31.32 29.66 36.00 59.00 52.73 37.87 35.36 40.67 42.72 46.94 44.37 41.49 37.19 35.28 25.77 21.18 16.48
\ Coc?nut 011
to<
~
~
c:: r:J1
tj
~
Z
tj
Z
>
t;j
(')
~
t;j
~
~
o
(')
~
m
m
I
I
Tuba
1912-14a 1915 ................. 1916 ................. 1917 ................. 1918 ................. 1919 ................. 1920 ................. 1921 ................. 1922 ................. 1923 ................. 1924 ................. 1925 ................. 1926 ................. 1927 ................. 1928 ................. 1929 ................. 1930 ................. 1931 ................. 1932 ................. 1933 ... _._. _"--'_"-' . . . . . . ..
I I
II
I
I
I
6.47 4.68 4.99 6.64 10.00 14.00 10.95 7.67 7.87 7.22 8.26 9.21 9.69 8.74 10.96 10.11 7.96 5.32 4.46
............. 110~f.~路O
Year
I
Picul P13.15 12.48 17.71 24.99 35.06 27.72 24.16 15.66 10.41 13.16 13.82 22.53 22.84 21.69 19.23 16.24 12.21 6.61 3.98 3.70
I Abaca I
a Averag'e
Picul P7.54 6.24 8.25 ]2.38 14.07 9.56 11.86 7.27 6.31 7.06 8.24 12.46 12.58 12.17 10.66 10.52 3.93 4.29 2.59 2.07
Maguey
P2.63 2.76 2.68 2.85 3.77 5.58 7.01 3.78 3.22 3.40 4.20 4.20 4.27 4.02 3.67 3.88 3.60 2.60 1.89 1.81
Cavan
Palay
Corn
2.33 2.23 2.79 3.97 6.53 6.91 5.55 4.54 4.10 4.20 4.00 4.70 4.14 3.55 3.98 3.90 2.64 1.52 1.74
I Cavan P3.08
I Kilo P.48 .49 .48 .47 .62 .72 .82 .99 .72 .68 .69 .71 .69 .69 .70 .71 .69 .61 .59 .54
I Coffee I
Table Showing Trends of Prices of Leading Products in Municipal Markets
Kilo P.62 .64 .62 .63 .89 .93 1.12 1.43 1.15 1.09 1.04 1.07 1.03 1.03 1.>01 1.02 1.02 .91 .89 .75
Cacao
P108.16 95.86 110.06 126.71 150.03 170.83 253 ..07 178.59 131.31 142.51 155.40 163.27 168.40 161.81 152.97 152.01 133.27 97.18 83.33 68.24
Total
~
Z tz:l en
1-4
'"C '"C
1-4
t"'4
1-4
~
'"C
tz:l
1-3
o I'%j
>
t::1 1-4
tz:l
'"C
o
t"'4
o
o to<
tz:l
Z
t-:I
en
-1
An. Ave.
January .... . February ... . March ...... . April ....... . May ........ . June ........ . July ........ . August September .. . October ..... . November December ....
Months
5.18
P5.09 4.43 4.13 3.87 4.55 5.17 6.63 5.86 5.72 5.45 5.64 5.60
3.12/I
P2.00 2.00 2.19 2.25 2.75 3.50 3.50 3.56 3.95 4.00 4.00 3.75
Abaca I Maguey per picul per picul
7.37
P6.135 6.31 6.765 7.14 . 7.63 7.89 8.27 8.04 8.18 7.61 7.28 7.16
Sugar 96Q per picul
I
4.75
P5.29 5.07 4.57 4.50 4.89 5.20 5.02 4.98 4.52 4.67 4.21 4.09
I
.1147
I
8.94
P10.50 10.45 9.81 9.89 9.95 8.61 8.25 8.17 8.03 7.86 7.91 7.92
-1-
:P.1221 .1-184 .1133 .1119 .1193 .1194 .1175 .1188 .1092 .1098 .1088 .1073 4.80
P4.37 3.84 3.76 3.86 4.15 4.93 5,49 5.53 5.53 5.57 5.42 5.13 108.95
P97.29 97.29 1>00.77 108.31 110.47 112.59 113.55 113.59 113.28 113.28 113.28 113.65
3.005
P3.345 3.206 2.891 2.846 3.093 3.289 3.175 3.150 2.859 2.953 2.663 2.587
Copra Coconut Tobacco I Rice per I Lumber per 100 oil per per sack per 1,000 Copra kilos kilo quintal (57kilos) board I per picu feet
I
Average Wholesale Market Prices in 1933
~
pj
1-3
Ul
c::!
tj
H
Z
tj
Z
>
t.%j
o
t.%j pj
~ ~
o
o
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Average Monthly Wholesale Prices of Philippine Staples Normal 1924-1928 Commodities January P30.80 15.41 8.26 12.48 .3737 16.16 8.42
Abaca ....................... . Maguey ......... . ........... . Sugar ...................... . Copra .... . .................. . Coconut oil .................. . Tobacco ..................... . Rice ........................ . Lumber ..................... .
Abaca ........ Maguey ...... Sugar .. .... .. Copra ........ Coconut oil ... Tobacco ...... Rice .... . .... Lumber
I
Jan.
Feb.
I
I P29.06 14.50 8.12 12.03 .3754 16.07 8.31
March P27.9,o 13.98 7.90 12.99 .3764 16.01 8.47
......... . ......... . . ......... 1934
1933
I Commodities
I February I
lI
I March \
I
Jan.
\ Feb.
I
\
March
I
I
P5.09 P4.43 N .13 P5.76 P5.70 P5.54 3.50 2.00 2.00 2.19 3.75 3.50 6.14 6.31 6.77 7.16 7.62 7.08 5.29 5.07 4.57 3.75 3.71 3.40 .1221 .1184 .1133 .1032 .,0071 .0948 10.50 10.45 9.81 8.00 8.00 7.97 4.37 3.84 3.76 4.69 4.42 4.48 97.29 100.77 113.71 113.59 113.59 97.29
I
I
I
I
268
i