Encyclopedia of the Philippines [Volume 2 : Biography - Part 2 of 2]

IGNACIO VILLAMOR

Born on February 1, 1863, in Bangued, province of Abra, Ignacio Villamor, Jurist and Author, is the soon of Florencio Villamor and Wenceslaoa Borbon.

He was educated in the Seminary of Vigan, Ilocos Sur; then at San Juan de Letran where he obtained in 1885 his A.B. degree and later at the University of Santo Tomas where he obtained his M.A., in 1887; his LL.B. in 1893, and his LL.M. in 1894.

He married Maria F. de Villamor in 1893; was appointed prosecuting attorney of Pangasinan in 1901; was Judge of the Sixth Judicial District in 1902-7; then attorney general from 1907 to 1913; and Chief, Executive Bureau, 'from 1913 to 1914. Justice Villamor was the first Filipino President of the University of the Philippines, in 1914-1918; then Director of the Philippine Census in 1918, and Associate Justice of the IGNACIO VILLAMOR Supreme Court from 1920 to his death.

A painstaking author, he wrote Criminality in the Philippine Islands', Commentaries on the Election Law, Election Frauds and Their Remedies, Japan's Educational Development, Slavery in the Philippines, Industrious Men, and The Filipino Alphabets.

Greatness really chooses no place for its birth. For the peaceful town of Bangued belongs to one of those remote places of the Islands, far from kisses of the seawaves and the disturbances of city factories.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Gifted with superior intellect and an exemplary char. acter, Villamor was above all, kind, humble, and friendly.

The towering mountains around him played an interesting chapter in his life. One time he came home and told his parents that he wanted to go to school. To his disap路 pointment he was not permitted to go, for the school was too far away behind the mountains and Ignacio was too young and small to reach the school. This made little Ignacio sad, but he had one consolation. "I will climb those mountains," he said, "when I am big and I will go to school." Determined, he translated these words into action, until his ambition brought him to the top of the mountains and landed him into the pages of history.

He was also a devoted stij.dent of human nature and in his study of the leading theories of all countries on the problems of society, he learned how to handle them and remodeled some of the antique ones in his country.

Villamor was a member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and the National Geographic Society, and the Real Academia de Legislaci6n y Jurisprudencia of Madrid. In the Philippines he was also a member of the Philippine Geographical Society, the Bar Association of Manila, and the Bar Association of Ilocos Sur. He was admitted to the United States Court in 1911.

One of his most famous speeches is "Discourses Preliminary to the Conferences of the Philippine Institute of Penal Law and Criminology."

His own books and hundreds of other volumes, including the works of famous scholars路 in Europe and other countries, some of them bound in decaying leather and yellowed with the passing of the years, form his library.

He called them hi.s wealth, and when asked if he had any lands he would point to you the Catholic encyclopedias as his "haciendas." Anyone who might have met him in his simple way of dressing, if he had not known him before, would have mistaken him as' dull, or seemingly worthless.

296

BIOGRAPHY It has been written of this indefatigable researcher and writer: "When the capacity of a subject people to hold positions of great responsibility has been doubted, the nation has called upon its best men to avenge the insult.

Twice the Honoralble Ignacio Villamor was called to service, in the teeth of foreign doubt and opposition, to positions of great and delicate responsibility, the Executive Secretaryship and the Presidency of the University of the Philippines ... " 'IThe plain truth," said the Cablene'Ws-American, "is that we do not believe there lives a Filipino who is capable of handling this position (executive secretary) ... it is far beyond native tradition and environment."

As President of the state university, the papers said again, later, "If the new president had to be a Filipino, then there would be no better selection than Mr. Villamor."

Then the comments continued-"It was the tremendous activity of the man, the brilliant mind, his daring conceptions and his capacity for organization which plr oduced Villamor."

As jurist and writer, Villamor received this tribute from the Journal of A mericO/n Law to his Criminality in the Philippines: "The attorlney-general's offices of the several states were to be referred to the attorney-general's office at Manila for a model report on crime in their jurisdictions. " for it compares with the reports of even the best of our state attorney-general's offices."

And the boy who had climbed the heights of his mountain province in order to obtain education, and the man who had scaled the heights of his ambition as a jurist and an author, Ignacio Villamor died on May 23, 1933, at the Hospital de Santiago, in San Pedro Makati, of the province of Rizal.

REFERENCES

Norton, Builders of a Nation 297

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Reyes, Directorio Biografico Filipino Renacimiento Filipino, July 28, 1910 Sangkareppet A Dandaniw, p. 26 Lim, Who's Who In The Philippines Galang, Leaders of the Philippines

298

LUIS

R.

YANGCO

The first Filipino to own many steamships was Capitan Luis, the father of Don Teodoro R. Yangco, at present a shipping magnate in the Islands. Don Luis was born in Bacoor, Cavite, on August 18, 1841. As a youth, he had the misfortune to be born and be left an orphan. His aunt, however, having an interest in Luis, adopted him as her son, and brought him up in the Christian fashion.

Young Luis, in the early prime of his youth, ha'd a very pronounced business aptitude. Whether this trait is due to the Chinese blood in his vein, we do not know.

At any rate, 路at the age of thirteen, young Luis started out early in life to seek his fortune. Renting a banca one day, he engaged himself in loading and unloading the ships that were anchored in Muelle de la Industria. The business was a lucrative one, and after two years of industry and frugality, he was able to save a few pesos, LUIS R. YANGCO which he invested in buying a schooner. This schooner was used in carrying on trade with the Moros. Four years afterwards, he gave up his cruising enterprise and opened a shop of general merchandise in Manila. Into his store, he threw all his efforts in coining pesos, working early in the morning and retiring late in the night. With such indefatigable spirit and unusual business prudence soon he found himself wealthy.

The general merhanidise store business offered no satisfaction to Don Luis. For this reason, he bought a 299

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES steamship, La Mosca, or The Fly, and engaged himself in shipping. As he was the first one to scent out the vast possibility of this enterprise, immediately he prospered.

He then built cascoes, virays and machine shops. And to complete the vast business program he had in mind, he even constructed warehousesl• As the years rolled on, and as wealth poured into his coffers, he became the acknowledged "King of Manila Bay and the Pasig River."

Although Capitan Luis was a merchant and a shipping rajah, yet he had other interests. In Manila, he interested himself in the city government. For this reason, he became a member of the Manila Municipal Board. In this capacity, he worked for reforms; and the greater portions of his sugges1tions were translated into action. It was Capitan Luis who injected business as part of city government. In fact, it was through his efforts that traveling or inter-island transportation was made easy and safe in the Philippines.

"Capital Luis," as he is generally known, died in Manila on October 16, 1909. He was the first Filipino who was able to grasp the idea that newly minted pesos could be made out of the shipping enterprise. Honesty was to him the best and only successful policy.

REFERENCES Jackson, Representative Men of the Philippines Conr'ado Benitez and Francisco Benitez: Stories of Great Filipinos.

Ignacio Villamor: Industrious Men. Cornelio N. Valdes: Lives of Great Filipinos.

Samuel W. Stagg, Teodoro R. Yangco.

300

JACINTO ZAMORA

Jacinto Zamora, who had the fortune to belong to that trinity of Filipino patriots of 1872, was born in Pandacan, Manila, on August 14, 1835. He obtained his early education from his native community. Afterwards he studied for the priesthood in Manila. Unlike Dr. Burgos who was desirous to master the intricacy of religion, Zamora immediately left college, the moment he secured his diploma, entitling him to say prayer, receive confessions, sing masses, and perform the extreme unction.

For this reason, he became a parochial priest of Pasig, and then a priest in Manila.

Father Zamora as a priest was a fiery man. He easily aroused the antagonism of the Spanish friars. In Pasig he caused much antagonism and 'dissatisfaction. It is for this reason that he was transferred to Manila. The transferring of Father Zamora, however, was somewhat unwise, inasJACINTO ZAMORA much as he was lodged with Father Burgos, whose views regarding the state of the affairs of the country were far more liberal and damaging than Zamora's. Hence, as the years rolled on, Father Zamora the more became outspoken. Eventually he was made member of the Seculares group; he took an active part in securing reforms. His action was readily detected; it was the object of close supervision by the Spanish government.

We really do not know the exact nature of his connee.. tion with the Cavite Revolt in 1872. Etven though the case 301

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES of Fathers Burgos and Gomez was much too tangled, Zamora's case is the more chaotic, for Father Zamora was not really as dynamic as those two priests in their demand for reforms. In fact, he was more interested in other matters than in writing articles and pamphlets as Dr. Burgos and Father Gomez were. But there happened, however. an unusual incident, which easily linked his name with the great men.

I t was then the custom of Padre Zamora to say mass in Mariquina. When his parochial duty was over, he usually betook himself to the card-table, playing games with other priests. Here he often forgot himself and occasionally said nasty things about the Spanish regime.

At one time, he was invited by Padre Duran to play cards with a big group. And the invitation runs as follows: "Grand reunion. Come without fail. Our friends are well provided with powder and munition." This was dated somewhere on January 20, 1872.

Unfortunately, the invitation came into the hands of the Spanish government. The tenor of the letter was easily misunderstood, inasmuch as it contained the words "powder and munition". This phrase really, means that those coming to card game should be well provided with money to gamble even late into the night. Father Zamora, being a member of the Seculares group, or the Filipino religious group asking for reforms, and being also outspoken in his views regarding the Spaniards, was at once arrested. So when the Cavite Revolt flared up on the same day, naturally he was taken as' one of those who had engineered the Cavite uprising. The incident of that bloody conflict and the wordings of the letter were conclusive proofs against him.

It is not necessary to detail the judicial process that followed. This aspect of the subject is a familiar one. Once Zamora was caught, he was tried, and sentenced to die in the garrote, accused of fomenting the Cavite Revolt.

302

BIOGRAPHY In the early morning of February 17, 1872, Father Zamora walked side by side with Fathers Burgos and Gomez. Soon he expired in the arms of the garrote. Such was the crucifixion of the Filipino cures! Death to them, according to Rizal, meant life in the history of this country.

REFERENCES

Manuel Artigas y Cuerva: Los Sucesos de 1872.

Jose N. Sevilla y Tolentino: Sa Langit ng Bayang Filipinas.

Fernandez: A Brief History of the Philippines.

303

JACOBO ZOBEL y ZANGRONIS

Linguist, traveler and writer, Jacobo Zobel y Zangronis is the first Filipino Mason initiated in the Philippine Islands.

Born in Manila in 1842, Zobel is the son of a German father and a Filipino mother. He studied in the Islands, and later in Germany, where he finished pharmacy and then studied engineering in England.

As a traveler, Zobel knew and 3poke Greek, Latin, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian and Japanese. He had liberal views. His Memories in German appeared in 1863. In 1869 he was secretary of the first Scottish Lodge under the Hongkong jurisdiction, with, the help of the German consul.

Don Jacobo married Trinidad Ayala. In 1875 he sailed for Hongkong and went to Japan and extensively traveled there. He wrote his travels and also a book JACOBO Z. Y ZANGRONIS in French regarding Catholic missions in Japan.

But Don Jacobo is probably much more noted for his numismatic studies, for he is a collector of old coins, as well as a collector of paintings. His 'book is called Manual Numismatico.

Zobel also helped a great deal in introducing foreign things to the country. He established the first tramway by animals in Manila, with the help of the banker, E. Bayo, of Madrid. The tracks were from Manila to Malabon; he managed Farmacia Zobel which belonged to his father and 304

BIOGRAPHY which was founded in 1843. As a businessman he was representative of the Eiffel house to work on the Ayala and Quinta bridges of Manila.

For his many works, Zobel was decorated with the Grand Cross of Isabel the Catholic, made knight of the Order of Carlos III, and member of the Real Academia de la Historia, Sociedad de Amigos del Pais路 and other associations.

Jacobo Zobel y Zangronis was at one time mayor of Manila and director of the Banco N acional Filipino. He died in Manila on October 7, 1896.

The Boletin de la Real Academia de Historia said that Sr. Zobel accomplished eminent services for Spain in numismatics, according to Hiiber's Monumento Linguae Iberica, and also rendered valuable services to his country, the Philippine Islands.

REFERENCES

Artigas, Sucesos de 1872.

Espasa, Enciclopedia Universal /lustrada.

305

CLEMENTE JOSE ZULUETA

On the 23rd day of November, 1876, just four years after the Cavite uprising, the distinguished Filipino bibliographer and historian, Clemente Jose Zulueta, was born in Paco, Manila. Zulueta learned his a, b, c, from the private schools. Afterwards he attended the College of San Juan de Letran, taking up his preparatory courses.

Eventually he removed himself to the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, from which institution he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with honors.

Having a taste to undertake advanced courses, he studied at the University of Sto. Tomas by pursuing the legal course.

Zulueta's education was interrupted when the Filipino Revolution broke out in 1896. Fired by the heat of conflict and desirous to record minutely the happenings of the camp, he left CLEMENTE J. ZULUETA his books and solicited Governor Polavieja to be permitted to have access to the battlefields and to behold the happenings at the front. With the desired permission granted, ZUlueta was able to traverse the camps rather freely. The result of this work is embodied in a volume, The Causes of the Revolution.

Zulueta, in the course of his scholarly investigation, manifested revolutionary proclivities. After the occupation of Manila, he and Colonel Pacheco were the first ones to enter the town of Malabon. Because of this aid given to Pacheco, he was appointed to take charge of the building occupied by the Orphanage in Malabon. In this town, Zulueta attempted to establish a newspaper, La Libertad, 306

BIOGRAPHY of which the first number, dedicated to Colonel Pacheco, is now extant. Later on, he became a member of the staff of La Independencia. Afterw.ards he and Don Modesto Reyes established in Manila a newspaper, La Union, which was suppressed by General Otis. In 1902 he took the har examinations with Quezon, Osmeiia, and Quintos. •He was then able to practise his own profession.

Zulueta is essentially a bibliographer and historian.

Although he practised his own calling, nevertheless he devoted much of his time in pouring over documents. In fact he went to Europe largely to gather materials in the hope of writing an exhaustive history of the Ph}lippines.

But the task was so tremendous that the greater parts of his investigations were not written and his health gave way. He died on September 10, 1904, having lived but twenty-eight years.

Apart from what was already written, Zulueta was once a professor of universal history and critical history in the Liceo de Manila. As a pedagogue, he refused monetary rewards, and taught simply for the love of history. He was also a librarian of the Centro Artistico and the Club Internacional. It was he who exerted effort in making the Club Internacional send out fellows to the United States. And the first one pensioned was the City Engineer, Santiago Artiaga.

Zulu eta was an ardent lover of the Philippines, and one of the most conspicuous figures in the Philippine literary world. He was likewise a patriot who never gave himself to pessimism. "Now that independence is beyond our grasp," he warned, "let us, at least, have a better Government and all the benefits we can get for the country."

REFERENCES Renacimiento Filipino, 1910 Revista Historica de Filipinas, 1905, Vol. I 307

NOTED FILIPINOS II ABAD, JUAN

Native of Manila, born in 1875; Tagalog writer and dramatist; first work was Suenos de Mala Fortuna, staged in a Sampaloc theatre in 1895; worked in different vernacular newspapers; editor of Dimas-Alang, with Manuel Xeres Burgos; said periodical was suspended by the authorities in 1900. He wrote Mabuhay ang Filipinas, and Mapanglaw na Pagkaalaala, and Bulaklak ng Sampalok.

ABAYA, COSME

Filipino priest; native of Candon, Ilocos Sur. Licenciado (later Doctor) in Sacred Theology and in Philosophy.

Vice Rector of the Real Colegio de San Jose; professor of Theology in the Seminary of Vigan. The first priest of Vigan to obtain university courses.

ABAYA, EVARISTO

Filipino priest; native of Candon, Ilocos Sur. Professor in the Seminary of Vigan; wrote articles about questions in Grammar in 1875-77. Good poet and Latinist.

ARAYA, ISABELO

Born in Candon, Ilocos Sur, about the year 1843; secretly organized an army of the common peop,le of this place, and later won the sympathy of the neighboring towns as far as Cabugao in the north; maintained his stronghold in the mountain fastnesses and when the time came, he rose in revolt and killed the friars and some of the Spanish authorities; was betrayed by one of his soldiers who told the authorities where they could find him; was shot and killed instantly; fearless, brave, and bloodthirsty; one of the modern revolutionists.

308

BIOGRAPHY ABIERTAS, JOSEFA

Filipino woman lawyer and social welfare worker.

Educated at the Capiz High School; came in contact with early American missionaries. Bright student in her classes. Went to Manila and worked in the Insular Treasurer's office and later in the Bureau of Commerce and Industry, and studied at the Philippine Law School. Elected first president of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of Manila; wrote "Filipino Woman's Best Gift to Her Country." Died on January 12, 1922. Now there is named after her an institution called Abiertas House of Friendship.

ACUESTA, GREGORIO

Agriculturist; born in Cataifigan, Masbate, August 16, 1856; learned only how to read and write hiR native dialect and speak a little Spanish; started in life by selling buyo, gogo and pitch in Samar and Leyte; his business proving lucrative, he bought agricultural lands and planted same with coconuts; raised cattle, dealt in abaca, rattan and other native articles.; worked with scrupulous care; lived a modest and orderly life. When he died on March, 1922, he left his children one hundred seventy thousand pesos, worth of personal property.

AETA, FRANCISCO

Revolutionist; native of Tondo; took part in the separatist movement of 1587, the first Filipino uprising against Spanish domination. He was exiled to new Spain.

AGCAOILI, JULIO

Born in 1856 in Piddig, Ilocos Norte; obtained his first education in this province, and afterwards entered San Juan de Letran, Manila, to pursue his education. As an agriculturist, he is said to have been unsurpassed dur309

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ing his time. After finishing his law course he set himself to practice his profession, thereby becoming first a notary public, and later as a fiscal. While serving this office the Revolution broke out and he had to tackle difficult problems with the people who-some of them-had taken the law into their hands. In 1900, when the civil government was. established, he was appointed provincial secretary. The people, having found him an honest and updght servant of the public, elected him governor of the province for two consecutive terms. With Pardo de Tavera, Cecilio Apostol and others, he visited the St. Louis Exposi tion in 1904.

AGUINALDO, BALDOMERO

A General of the Philippine Revolution. Born in Kawit, Cavite. In 1896, became justice of the peace of his town; minister of the provisional government in Cavite, and then general. One of the signers of the Pact of Biakna-Bato. Joined the revolutionists in Hongkong in 1898; 1899, was chief of the military and civil officers of southern Luzon. After the Amâ‚Źrican occupation of the Islands, Baldomero Aguinaldo y Baloy retired to private life; became one of the figures of the Filipino Veteran Association, founded in 1912. Died on February 4, 1915.

ALCANTARA MONTECLARO, PEDRO

One of early Filipino historians. Born in 1873 and died in 1909 in Miagao, Iloilo. Works all of historical nature.

ALMAZAN, PEDRO

Native leader of Ilocos Norte; organizer of Malong Kingdom in 1661; formed alliance with Juan Magsanop of Bangui, and with Gaspar Cristobal, headman of Iluaug; called Calanasa tribe to aid them, for these are people who 310

LUCINO ALMEIDA

ARCADIO ARELLANO

FELIX ARROYO

311

BIOGRAPHY had as their only occupation killing men and animals; was proclaimed king of Ilocos Norte, and his son as prince; caught by the Spaniards and hanged in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. ALMEIDA, LUCINO

Physician and revolutionist, born in San Pedro de Tunasan, Laguna, June 29, 1853; attended Ateneo de Manila and studied medicine at University of Sto. Tomas, obtaining his M. D. degree in 1879; practis.ed his profession in Pasig, Rizal. In 1896, identified as a filibuster; retired to private life as a farmer, but imprisoned and exiled to Balabac. In 1897 he was libemted; left for Spain; joined the Filipino revolutionists-Arejola, Rodriguez, and Asis; lived in Singapore, but returned to the Philippines in 1898; became president of La Union; captured in 1899 by the Americans and deported to Guam with Mabini and Ricarte. Returned in 1902 to the Islands; took oath of allegiance; became a farmer and declined medical post offered by the American government; helped in the erection of trade and high schools; installed the first maguey stripping machine in islands; contributed large sums of money; was a prominent and respected citizen of La Union province; died in Maybinga, Pasig, Rizal, July 17, 1911.

ALMEIDA, MANUEL GOMEZ

Pharmacist, author, and soldier; born in Santa Rosa, Laguna, June 17, 1865; attended Ateneo Municipal de Manila and University of Sto. Tomas, obtaining his degree in pharmacy in latter institution; practised his profession in Manila, but at the outbreak of the revolution, he joined the revolutionists; Gen. Aguinaldo made him colonel of the Infantry and chief commandant for Bataan; in 1899, attempted to capture Manila from the Americans, but failed in his effort; after restoration of peace, he took allegiance to the American flag. Appointed in 1901 by the Civil Board 313

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES member of Municipal Pharmacist; in 1904, became one of the directors of the Colegio Nacional; in 1904, obtained his doctor's degree from said institution; in 1912, became member of Filipino Veteran Association. He discovered a drug for the treatment of ashma, the abnorticulina for fatigue and ill-adjusted nerves; also a drug for the treatment of tuberculosis.

ALMONTE, TOMAS

Former representative of the first district of Albay.

Lawyer. Born December 29, 1866, in San Antonio, Albay.

Educated in the Semina:ry of Nueva Caceres; University of Santo Tomas with degree of Licenciate in Jurisprudence. Made COnsejo de , JustiJcia in Albay during the Revolution. After the coming of the Americans he continued the private practice of his profession. Later elected representative.

ALONSO, TEODORA

Native of Manila; was daughter of Maria Filomena and Lorenzo Alberto Alonso; resided for several years with her mother in Calamba; was married to Francisco Mercado Rizal; mother of Dr. Jose Rizal; taught Rizal his a, b, c, and influenced him much more than any of his early teachers.

ALVAREZ, FRANCISCO

Lawyer. Born in Caramoan, Camarines Sur, June 13, 1852. Educated in the Seminary of Nueva Caceres; San Juan de Letran (A.B.); University of Santo Tomas (LL.B.) . Clerk of the Court of First Instance of Camarines; councilor of the same town; Justice of the Peace of Lagonoy. Founded the newspaper "La Paz"; Representative of the 3rd district of Ambos Camarines.

314

BIOGRAPHY ALZATE BANAYOS, AGATON

Celebrated Igorot. Born in the interior of Abra, in 1830. In 1847 he presented his services to the government as clerk; acted as guide and interpreter in all scientific and military expeditions among the Igorots; acted heroically on one occasion. The government recompensed his various services with diplomas and medals of honor and pensioned his aged father. Beloved by the people among whom he lived and by chiefs.

ALZATE, ISMAEL

Born in Abucay, Abra. Auxillar de fomento of Nueva Vizcaya; interpreter; secretary of the Civil Government of Ilocos Sur; Gobernadorcillo for six years; led various expeditions into the Igorot regions. Received medals of honor. Died victim of treacherous Igorots.

AMAGLUCON

Filipino chief; native of Navotas. Conspired with the Chiefs near Manila to overthrow the Spanish rule.

Held secret meetings to complete their plans. Discovered by the government and were arrested.

AMANDULU

Filipino chief; head of the town of Tibok in the valley of Dumakuak, Pangasinan, in 1572. CoUected tribute of eleven taeles from his village of thirty houses.

Conquered by Martin de Goiti on March 2, 1573.

AMARLANHAGUI, FELIPE

Revolutionist, native of Catafigalan; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587, and was exiled to New Spain.

315

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ANTILLON, TORIBIO

Most popular Filipino scenographic painter; the decorative painter of the St. Augustine Church of Intramuros, Manila. Contemporary of Miguel Zaragoza; educated under Italian masters. Nineteenth century.

ANTONIO, VICTORIANO

Filipino violinist, who won prizes offered by the IL ceo Cientifico Artistico-Literario in November, 1877, an institution to maintain the union and protect the interests of the lovers of music, fine arts, literature, and to cultivate aesthetic taste during the time when Rizal won the prize in poetry with his A La Juventud Filipina.

APACIBLE, GRACIANO

Member and one of the leaders of the Spanish-Filipino Association of 1888, f ounded by Filipinos in Spain to make the Filipino a free man.

ARANETA, JUAN

Born in Hago, Occidental Negros, in 1853; was an agriculturist and landowner, and an expert accountant; municipal president of his own town. During the Revolution he was secretary of war in the provincial government of the island of N egros; brigadier-general in the revolutionary army; member of the commission that conferred with the American army officers in Iloilo; secretary of 3Jgriculture in the autonomous government of Negros; manager of the Carlota model farm, and later made member of the honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

ARAULLO, SALUSTIANO

Filipino priest; native of Sta. Cruz, Manila. Alumnus, Real Colegio de San Jose, and later professor of the 316

BIOGRAPHY same. Priest of various towns of Luzon and the Bisayas; wrote the first Spanish-Tagalog-Bisayan vocabulary for the use of the army, published at the order of General Molins in 1883-84.

AREJOLA, TOMAS

Political reformer; born in 1866 at Camarines; studied in the schools of his home town; but later passed to the University of Santo Tomas; in the Universidad Central de Madrid, studied law; wrote for "La Solidaridad", "EI Pais", "Filipinas ante Europa"; was one of the most active reformists at Madrid; presided the Revolutionary Committee at Madrid; was in active communication with the Philippine Embassy at Paris and Hongkong; and worked with Mariano Ponce in Japan.

ARELLANO, ARCADIO

Architect; born in Tondo, Manila, November 13, 1872; educated in the public schools; received his A. B. at the Ateneo de Manila; courses studied "perito mercantil" and "maestro de obras," 1895; practised his profession in Manila; was in charge of the preparation of the building occupied by the Revolutionary Government at Malolos; president, Asociacion de Arquitectos y Agrimensores, 1907.

ARELLANO, DEODATO

Filipino patriot. With Bonifacio and Diwa he founded the famous Katipunan society in 1892, consequently causing the historic cry and call for arms at Balintawak.

ARELLANO, FLORENTINA

Filipina writer in Spanish and in charge of the Asociacion de Damas Filipinas; died during the earlier part of the present century.

AREVALO, BONIFACIO

Filipino physician; one of the Filipino pioneers in 317

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES dentistry; native of Quiapo, Manila. Private physician of Governor Blanco in 1896. Also sculptor, patriot, member of the First American Oommission and one of the first Filipinos to be initiated as Mason in the Philippines.

AREVALO, ISIDORO

Filipino priest; native of Manila; alumnus of the Real Colegio de PP. J esuitas in Manila. Auxiliary priest of Manila. Obtained his license in 1739. Consecrated as bishop in Macao by a Franciscan Friar because no bishops were then consecrated here. Returned to Manila and served there.

AREVALO, JOSE

One of the early Filipino sculptors; contemporary of the Asuncion brothers, after the time of D. Domingo in 1829.

AREVALO, JUAN

Better known as Chencheng; thâ‚Ź1 first Filipino to practise dentistry in the Philippines; native of Quiapo, Manila; learned his profession from French dentists who practised in Manila about 1840; had a son, Bonifacio Arevalo, physician and dentist, and a daughter, Catalina Are. valo, the first lady dentist in the Islands.. Famous for his cauchu dental work.

AREVALO, RAMON A.

Architect and businessman. Born on the 27th of February, 1886, in Manila; son of Catalino Arevalo and Clara Lichauco. Educated at the Liceo de Manila, A. B., in 1903; went abroad and attended University College of London, where he graduated in 1909 as civil engineer.

Worked on his return to the Islands with the Bureau of Public Works as engineer till 1919. Entered business with the Mas Construction Co., and then with the Santa Clara 318

BIOGRAPHY Lumber Co., lumber dealers and building contractors.

Was president of said company; also architect, until his death in 1932. His name with this company is linked with the magnificent buildings of Manila and the provincesThe Legislative Building, Cebu Normal School, J 010 Wharf, Paterno Building, Aguinaldo Building and the Metropolitan Theatre.

ARGUELLES, JUAN

Born in Manila in 1860; he was a surveyor and architect; was overseer of public works and government inspector of the Manila and Dagupan Railroad under the Spanish regime; member of the tax revision of Manila, and of the jury on architecture for the St. Louis Exposition. In 1904 he became member of the advisory board of Manil~ and of the directory of the Federal Party.

AROMAS, JUAN

Filipino priest; native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Professor in the Seminary of Vigan; principal reviser and corrector of the Ilocano-Spanish dictionary and vice versa.

ARROYO, FELIX

Businessman; born in Molo, Iloilo, middle part of 19th century; scarcely more than a boy when he left his studies to devote himself fully to business; was good carpenter; at 17 supervised personally the construction of a schooner in Puntales, Concepcion, Iloilo; constructed the first modern building in Iloilo; acquired vast estates; was made gobernadorcillo and thereafter figured in every progressive movement or activity; one of the greatest philantropists of his community; never denied his help to those who were in real need; died amidst the blessing of his people who came to look upon him as a father and a friend.

319

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ASUNCION, ANTONIO

Painter. Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila; 19th century.

His works are mostly religious pictures, especially virgins.

He has correct and fine touch.

ASUNCION, HILARION

Painter. Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, in 1800. His line is portrait painting in oil and in miniature. His numerous miniature paintings. are still preserved by families belonging to the higher strata.

A SUNCION, JOSE

Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, 1869. A Filipino still life painter; student of art and journalist; first secretary of the new School of Fine Arts in 1909, during the time of Rafael Enriquez.

ASUNCION, JUSTINIANO

Painter. Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila. in 1805. Municipal Captain of Sta. Cruz, Manila, in 1855; notable as painter. He mastered the technique of miniature painting on a grand scale. Painted some of the saints in the Sta. Cruz Church. The Paterno family has a fine collection of his works. Most of his historical works are preserved in crayon. Died in 1896 in Sorsogon.

ASUNCION, LEONCIO

Sculptor. Born in Sta. Cruz, Manila. His works are known for their pathetic expression, the correct and harmonious lines, most of which are of a religious nature.

Notable among his works is Cristo con la Cruz en la tercera caida en el camino del Calv,wrio.

320

DOROTEO CORTES

GREGORIO CRISOSTON[O

PEDRO CUI

321

BIOGRAPHY AVANCENA, ANSELMO

Filipino writer in Bisaya. Native of Molo, Iloilo.

One of our greatest "Bisayistas". Founder of the Sta. Ana College in Molo, nowadays directed by his sisters.

Works mostly translated from the Spanish. Died in 1882.

BAGINDA, RAJAH

Mohammedan Prince; the first on record to introduce Mohammedanism to Mindanao and Sulu in the early part of the fifteenth century.

BAGONGBANTA, FERNANDO

Tagalog poet; one of the earliest Filipinos to write in Spanish besides his native dialect in the year 1606.

BAKANI, NICOLAS

A wi'se man, native of Pampanga; addressed the Spaniards on behalf of his people, regarding the services of the Pampangans and their ill reward from Spain, in Manila on June 12, 1680. He said, "Ever since Spain came to the Islands, the men of our nation have served His Catholic Majesty with arms, side by side with the Spaniards. We fought together with the Dutch in the island of Ternate, and in 路the forts of Zamboanga, Cebu and Iloilo we have faithfully kept watch and ward against the Moros of our race, the Mindanans, the Suluans and the sea Samalals; but we are the very ones who bear the heaviest burdens and can complain of the most misfortunes."

BALENSULA

Borneoan datu; together with datus Dumangsil and Puti and others, he visited Panay and then Batangas, Luzon, in 1212; attracted by the beauty and the richness of 323

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the place; brought their families and settled there; their descendants are said to be the Tagalog people of today.

BALINGUIT, PEDRO

Chief of' the village of Pandacan, Manila, was sentenced for conspiring against Spain in 1587, to six years of prescribed exile in Nueva Espana, and was condemned to pay six taeles of orej eras, or fine gold as they c.alled it, for the treasury of the king and for judicial expenses.

BALLESTEROS, GREGORIO

Filipino priest; born in Abulog, Cagayan. Chaplain of the army which led an expedition to Cochin China (1860). Licenciado en Teologia; Doctor in Canonical Law; Professor in Philosophy, Theology and Canonical Law in Sto. 'romas University. Wrote Latin works.

Rewarded by King Alfonso XII for his services. Died in 1893.

BANAL, JUAN

Early Filipino Revolutionist; native of Tondo, Manila; brother-in-law of Magat Salamat; took part in the first Filipino uprising in 1587; was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

BANCAO

Qh.ief of Limasawa in 1522; stayed in Leyte and erected a temple in accordance with his beliefs; revolted against the Christian religion but was later converted to the Catholic faith. Eventually he became a faithful follower.

BANKAYA

Filipino datu. Was in the expedition of Datu Puti which had left Borneo because of the injustice committed by Nakatunaw against them. Passed and traded in the islands of Paragus, Panay.

324

BIOGRAPHY BANTILAN

Brother of Ali Mudin; famous Moro fighter; enemy of the Spaniards; did much to oppose Spanish domination in the Islands in the 18th century.

BARRETTO Y DE YCAZA, ENRIQUE M.

Business man. Born in San Miguel, Manila, 1850. , Educated in London, England; first consul of Italy in the ! Philippines, 1875; Teniente Alcalde of Manila, 1898; founder of the first ice factory in the Islands, Fabrica de Hielo de Manila, 1885, and of the San Miguel Brewery, 1890; decorated by Spain, Portugal, and Italy for his valuable services; died in Manila in 1919.

I

BASI, GERONIMO

Early Revolutionist; native of Tondo, Manila; brother of Agustin de Legas,p i; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587; was finally executed.

BASI, JUAN

Revolutionist; governor of Taguig; took part in the first Filipino updsing against Spanish rule in 1587 for which he was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

BAUTISTA LIN, ARISTON

Physician, philantrophist and patriot: born in Sta. Cruz, Manila, February 22, 1863; studied in the Ateneo de Manila where he received his A. B.; at Santo Tomas he took up medicine which he continued in the Universidad Central de Madrid; later he visited the universities of Paris and Berlin; from 1896, he practised his profession in the Philippines and soon distinguished himself as a physician; for his connection with the Revolution, he was imprisoned at Fort Santiago 'with Rizal and others; be325

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES came a member of the Malolos Congress; one of the founders of "La Germinal"; was member, Board of Directors, Hospital de San Pablo .and Philippine Medical Society; professor, College of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas; President, Board of Medical Examiners; contributed much to the advancement of medical science in the Philippines; helped' in every worthwhiJ.e civic movement; pensioned many Filipino students abroad; died in Manila, March 3, 1928.

BAUTISTA, SEVERINO

Musical composer, Filipino, who set music to Poblete's Pagibig sa Lupa.ng Tim~buan, (Love of the Fatherland) staged first in September, 1899, at the Oriental Theatre, Manila.

BENITEZ, HIGINIO

Provincial fiscal of Rizal. Born in Manila and educated in the schools of this capital; University of Santo Tomas (LL. B.). Notary Public and clerk in the Court of First Instance. During the Revolution he was imprisoned in Manila; Representative for Laguna in the Congress of Malolos, 1898; Secretary of Justice; Fiscal of Laguna; Provincial Fis'cal of Rizal; Auxiliary Judge of the Tribunal of the Registry of Deeds.

BOLINGUI

Filipino chief; native of Pandacan. One of those who conspired to overthrow the Spanish rule with the chiefs ncar the vicinity of Manila. Held meetings to further their plans. Discovered by the government. Leaders executed.

BONIFACIO, PIO

Brother of Andres Bonifacio, the organizer of the 326

BIOGRAPHY Ka,ti'[YUnan; was member of the Tejeros convention; later arrested with his brother by order of General Emilio Aguinaldo; charged with rebellion; brave revolutionist.

BONIFACIO, VICENTE

Filipino priest; native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Professor and famous Latinist in the Seminary of Vigan; Secretary of the Bishopric; Master of Ceremonies of the S. 1. Cathedral; parish priest of various towns. Wrote Novena del Santisimo del Rosario in Ilocano.

BONUS, LADISLA W

Filipino musician and composer; born in Pandacan, Manila, 1854; director of the orchestra in Pandacan church; in .Hanoy, Siam, he conducted the Arevalo band of Manila, executing his Pasadoble Hanoy; other marchesAsamblea Filipina, Los Di'[YUtados; and a song Recuerdos a La Patria. Set music to first Filipino opera, Magdapio,

by P. A. Paterno. A self-taught musician; died in 1908.

CABEZAS, PATRICIO

Bishop of Cebu; native of Ilocos; worked in various parishes and was assigned Bishop of Cebu in 1741, instrumental t.o the wide propagation of the Christian faith in that region.

CABRAL, JOSE

Tagalog priest; native of Nueva Caceres; doctor of theology; did much to enlighten the poor in his province; was made bishop of Camarines; when he died on N ovember 22, 1666, he left a pious bequest of lands to the college of his town, on condition that a chaplaincy he maintained thereby, and that annual alms be given to the church and to the poor of the district.

327

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CALAO, LUIS

Revolutionist; native of Tondo, Manila; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587; was exiled to New Spain (Mexico).

CALLEJ A, MARCIAL

Born in Malinao, Albay, in 1863; holder of LL. B., an agronomist; was formerly a secretary of the council of Albay, after competitive examination; represented the province of Albay in the Malolos Congress; provincial fiscal of the province of Albay in 1904, when made honorary member of the Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition.

CALUYA, CLARO

Native of Piddig, Ilocos Norte; poet and writer; was called before the "Prince of Ilocano poets"; wrote many !locano songs, which are said to be delicately lovely and passionate.

CAMERINO, EDUARDO

Champion of the poor; native of Oavite; fought for the rights of the landowners and tenants of that region against the unjust dealings of the friars in the administration of their land. Pardoned by Governor La Torre, and later made commander of Guias de Torre, 1869-1871.

CAMOG

Revolutionist; one of the three brave chief~ of Samar, who engineered the revolt against forced labor in 1649.

This movement led to the cry for independence in the island of Luzon.

CANSECO, JR., JOSE

Filipino musician and liberal teacher of harmony and musical composition; born in Intramuros, Manila, in 1843; 328

BIOGRAPHY educated at the St. Augustine convent; refused to marry for his musical career; joined the Spanish regiment; became a famous singer of the Manila Cathedral. Composed Santa Teresa, winning first prize in 1882, when BIas Echegoyen, a music professor, won the second prize. Band conductor of regiment 71; was in Mindanao; made a musical apparatus, Tonopsis Mecanica, which won prize at the St. Louis Eoxposition in 1904; made adopted son of Misamis; returned to and lived in Manila later until his death in June, 1902. Some of his pupils in solfeggio, harmony and composition are Julio Paz anrl Leon Ignacio.

Other musical works of his-Flor de Maria, La Ausencia,

Plegaria a la Dolorosa, El Pescador, La Muerte de Lucrecia.

CAOILI

Native of the province of Ilocos Norte, famed as one of the best writers of his t ime; was author of the first Pasion rendered in the Ilocano dialect some time about the middle of the nineteenth century.

CAPOLO, DIONISIO

Leader of Candaba, Pampanga; took part in the Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587 for which he was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

CARMELO DE LAKANDOLA, EULALIO

The first Filipino lithographer in the Philippine Islands, father of Alfredo Carmelo, president of the Carmelo & Bauermann, Inc., lithographers, printers and book binders.

CARPENA Y EVANGELISTA, MARIA

Famous Filipina singer, native of Biiiian, Laguna, born in October, 1887. Her artistic nature shaped her career. In 1901 she made her debut at the Zorilla theatre.

329

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES She worked with the Severino Reyes company of Tagalog players; played in Walang Sugat, Minda Mora and Lukso ng Dugo, with which she shone on the stage and charmed the audience. Neglectful of her health, and caring more for her stage career, she died at the San Juan de Dios Hospital on March 8, 1915. Gomez, the orator, said on her death, "Just as the Filipino flag with its three stars is still hidden in the dark corner, so is Maria Carpena, the fourth star to be buried."

CARVAJAL, JOSE

One of the first Filipino stage artists; tenor and actor; native of Manila; made his name in his appearance in La Cara de Dios and La Boda de San Pedro.

CASTRO, BLAS CAVADO DE

Filipino priest; native of Cebu. Professor in Theology in the Seminary. Notahle among his various works is Coleccion de Sermones y Meditaciones, in Cebuano.

CHANCO, GERARDO

Tagalog writer and tr.anslator; native of Rulacan; translated into T,a galog La Dama de las Cameu'as from the Spanish and Naomi Ko from the Japanese; author of Sa Gitna ng Lusak and Langit na M aulap.

CHANGCO, JOSE MARIA

Filipino priest; native of Malabon, Rizal. Traveled in Europe and had audience with Pope Leo XIII in the Sistine Chapel; author of Vida Cristiana, and La Religiosa en su Casa, in Tagalog; Rosa Mistica, is a prayer book in Tagalog; he also translated many Spanish books into Tagalog.

CIOCON, SALVADOR

Bisayan writer.

Born in Iloilo, in 1866.

330

His works

FERNANDO ESCANO

MAURICIO FELIX Y PAGUIA

MELECIO FIGUEROA

331

BIOGRAPHY are Ang Nagahigugma so, iya Duta (He who Loves his Country) 1906; Madaya so, Gugma (Deceitful in Love) 1908; Ang CalJalaran (Fortune) 1908; Sayong 1908; Ang Himpit nga Gugma (True Love) 1910 and Ang Bamoa cag Elecciones, unfinished because of his death in 1911.

CLAUDIO, TOMAS

The first Filipino soldier who died in 1918 in the battlefields of Europe. Born in 1892, Morong, Rizal. Son of Gregorio Claudio and Pelagia Mateo. Attended schools through his own effort; in 1900 finished his primary course, and in 1909 his intermediate course; went to Manila to study; took up civil service examination, and was employed in the Bilibid Prison as guard. In 1910, resigned from the service; left Manila for Hawaii; worked in the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation; after two years left for San Francisco; worked in a commercial firm; attended school at night.

Worked in Alaska in a canning factory; attended Sparks Business College, Nevada; was employed in Federal Post Office in that city. In 1917, with much difficulty, enlisted as American soldier; went to Europe with Americans to fight against the Germans; died, July 25, 1918, in the battlefield of Chateau-Thiery and lies there with the American soldiers, buried with military honors.

CORTES, DOROTEO

Filipino merchant and lawyer. Born February 5, 1838, in Calle Jacinto, Manila. Educated in Manila, graduating in law, 1869. Admitted to the bar in 1870.

Figured much in the politics of the country during the Spanish regime. President of the Commission sent to ask the aid of the American government, January 29, 1897.

333

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CRISOLOOO, MARCELINO

Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur; poet, novelist, and journalist; had been writing for the Sinamar, Ti Mangyuna, Solidaritas, El Tiempo, and Ti Silaw. Mining is his best novel, and 0 Sarukodko, his best poem. Studied in the Seminary College of Vigan; was kind to the poor; contributed money for the needy.

CRISOSTOMO,

GREGORIO

Priest, agriculturist, patriot; born in Atlag, Malolos, Bulacan, November 17, 1860; studied theology at Santo Tomas and at the Seminary of San Carlos, for priesthood; sang first mass on December 8, 1888; because of his interest in the affairs of his country, he was suspected as a rebel; narrowly missed a firing squad and was imprisoned more times than any other Filipino priest; was a beauti_ ful example of virtue, patriotism and firmness of character; had several encounters with the Spaniards, served his country both in the altar and in the trenches; when civil government in the Philippines was established, he was entrusted with the administration of fourteen churches in Nueva Ecij a; later, devoted himself to agriculture; soon he made a fortune and when he died on February 16, 1918, he bequeathed to the government a big sum for school purposes. Once when asked to take off his priestly habit, he energetically answered that he preferred two gun shots to taking off his frock.

CRISTOBAL, GASPAR

Headman of Iluag, now Laoag, Ilocos Norte; was inspired by the early success of King Malong and Magsanop; he allied with Pedro Almasan; was able to get the support of a few, rose up in revolt, but never obtained the power he sought for himself.

334

BIOGRAPHY CRUZ, ALEJ A DE LA

Popularly known as "Maestrang Alek~'; born in Tanawan, Leyte; educated in the Colegio de la Compania de Jesus; realized early that the enlightment of the woman plays a big part in the welfare of the community; organized a school and taught the daughters of her town as no other teacher was able to for many years; her teaching ability was quite rare and her work highly praised; her teachings were popular with the masses and her name is remembered with gratitude.

CRUZ, ANDRES CIRIA

One of the oldest cantors of Pandacan and the Manila Cathedral, since 1886. Appeared in many Italian opera companies in Manila.

CRUZ, CANUTO

Filipino soldier; recipient of the Cross of the Real Order of San Fernando, created in 1811 by Spain for extraordinary heroic deeds in war; displayed an extraordinary bravery in the battle waged against the Moros in April, 1894, in Kabasaran, Mindanao; was pensioned by the Span_ ish Government.

CRUZ, JOSE

Tagalog poet, known as "Joseng Sisiw", born in 1778, Tondo, Manila; had little schooling but through his own efforts, learned Spanish, Latin, philosophy, canon law and Greek; was a teacher of Francisco Baltazar; wrote corridos, plays and moro-moros; among his works are Segismundo, Clarita, Adela at Florante, Reyna Encantada and!

Rodrigo de Vivar; during his generation, he was regarded as a great poet and literary critic; he censured plays and his decision was final; his position was Hke that of Dr. Samuel Johnson of England among his contemporaries.

335

•

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CRUZ PALARIS, JUAN DE LA

Political reformer; native of San Carlos, Pangasinan; was a good story teller and a brave citizen; taught his town people their rights and how to fight for them; was connected with the Pangasinan uprising of 1862; was betrayed by his Catholic sister and shot at Binalatofigan, now San Carlos, Pangasinan, in the same year.

CUENTO CRUZ, ANASTACIO

Filipino priest; native of Taal, Batangas. Vicar and Ecclesiastic Judge of Batangas. A very good priest, beloved by all people in his parish. Died November 22, 1898.

CUEVA, RODRIGO DE LA

Bishop; Filipino mestizo; native of Manila; alumnus of Real Colegio de P. P . Jesuitas; Bishop of Nueva Caceres.

Cur, PEDRO

Business man; native of Cebu; was one time a bright student in the Seminary of San Carlos; studied law at Santo Tomas; was appointed Magistrado Suplente de la Audiencia de 10 Criminal; engaged in sugar and tobacco busi. ness; became the biggest tobacco dealer of his. time; acquired large tracts of agricultural lands; in Manila purchased lots valued at more than two million pesos; money never made him vain, his home was wide open to the rich and the poor, his hospitality was sincere; contributed large sums for the support of those who fought for his country's freedom; when he died, donated half of his fortune to the Hospicio de San Jose de Barili, for the refuge, food and clothing of the invalid natives of many towns of Cebu, and to maintain permanently three fellowships for poor students in Cebu; was a benefactor of his province; remembered with love and veneration.

836

BIOGRAPHY DACANAY, MARIANO

Filipino priest; native of Bacnotan, Ilocos Norte. Parish priest of various towns; Professor of geography and history in the Seminary of Vigan; wrote in Ilocano Preparacion para la Muerte, Semana Santa, and Historia Sagrada.

DAGOHOY, FRANCISCO

Early eighteenth century revolutionist; native of Bohoi; leader of the Bohol Rebellion 1827-28; angered at friar's demand of a fee for the burial of his brother who died while serving the church and at other ill treatments, persuaded the people of his province to revolt. Twenty thousand men joined Dagohoy; centralized in Batnanan; they killed the friar and many Spanish soldiers and officers. This revolt was eventually suppressed by the Spaniards.

DANCEL, ANDRES

A noted violinist and a brilliant musical scholar, born in San Pedrq Makati, Rizal, in 1870; educated in Manila; fond of the violin since childhood; studied under Manuel Garrido, a Spanish virtuoso. Had his artistic debut at the University of Santo Tomas in 1882; later on his h'rilliant renditions of delicate compositions were displayed and much appreciated by the public; studied also under Remenyi, a Hungarian concertmeister. His performance in August, 1887, of Beethoven's solemn mass at the Augustinian Church won for him lasting fame; for this was repeated at the Santo Tomas University two years later.

Composed the hymn Santo Tomas. In 1889, he played at the Malacafiang Palace, executing some of Beriot's works.

His violin technique was masterly due to Remenyi's influence. Was also a band conductor at the Sm. Cruz Church; his damzas are his most ÂŁamous compositions, 337

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the most beautiful being "Danza Trining". He died on January 29, 1898. Some of his pupils are Primo Literte and Leon Ignacio. His life was short, but rich with achievements--as a scholar, and a violinist.

DANDAN, PEDRO

Filipino priest; one of those exiled to the Marianas Islands on March 14, 1872, on board the boat Flores de Maria. Many other noted Filipinos, such as Sevilla and Basa, were banished on account of their connection with the Cavite Revolt of 1872.

DAULAT

Revolutionist; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Sp.anish rule in 15871; he was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

DAVID ZABLAN, FELIX

Born in San Fernan'do, Pampanga, November 20, 1859; began his studies in his native town and later went to Manila where he learned much about engineering, Spanish, and Latin. He was one of the first Masons in Pampanga; owned and operated in his residence in Bacolor, the biggest mechanical shop in the province where many who later became good mechanics got their training; was well read and liberal; inspired the youth by his sage advice; often referred to as the Vicar of Wakefield of Bacolor; was a friend of Rizal; when the Revolution broke out, he was. one of those exiled by the Spaniards. David wrote for the best papers of the province and contributed much to every civic organization of his locality; died in San Fernando, March 11, 1924.

DILAG, JUAN

Filipino priest and poet; native of Manila; chaplain 338

BIOGRAPHY of Nuestra Senora de Porta Vaga, Cavite. Wrote Novena a Nuestra SenO'ra de la Soledad in Tagalog, published in 1871; also Los Jugadores y Borra,chos, Manila, 1878-79.

DIWA, LADISLA W

One of the founders of the Katipunan in 1892; formed the first triangle with Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and himself; each one was to form another triangle, so that in case of discovery only three members composing one triangle would be involved.

DOMINGO, DAMIAN

Famous Filipino painter and art teacher; native of Tondo, Manila; founder of the School of Fine Arts on June 13, 1829. Painted pictures of Spanish governors.

Died at the age of 34.

ENRIQUES, RAFAEL

Filipino noted painter; spent most of his life in Europe. Best works are abroad; an admirer of Goya and Velasquez. The first director of the new School of Fine Arts, established in 1909, in the city of M.anila.

ESCALER, JOSE

Lawyer, scholar; born in Apalit, Pampanga, January 19, 1885; educated in the Philippines, United States and Europe, receiving several prizes for scholarship; possessor of LL. M. magna cum laude, an honor seldom conferred

by Yale; attended the universities of Berlin, Paris and Oxford, specializing in sociology, jurisprudence, constitutional and comparative law; linguist; headed various ci_ vic organizations; lectured in local universities on public. questions; was the first Filipino Assistant DIrector of Education; Acting Director, Philippine National Library; acting President, University of the Philippines; assistant and, later, acting Secretary of Justice; member, Board of 339

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Directors, various Philippine business firms; member, various Philippine and cosmopolitan clubs; President, Pampanga Sugar Development Co.; a strong personality, independent in judgment, methodical and thorough in his work; died in Manila, February 17, 1927; his life, a series of remarkable achievements.

ESCANO, FERNANDO

Business man; native of Leyte; had little schooling but plenty of foresight, resourcefulness and diligence; began as a storekeeper; his wife was a "bibinkera"; worked hard, missed no opportunity, woke up early, relied most on himself and looked after his business personally; so in a few years he was not only rich, but also controlled the commerce of his community; was unknown to the outside world, but many knew him as the "King of Malitbog"; when he died, people remembered him as the one who had made his community progressive.

ESPINO, ALEJANDRO

Filipino priest; native of Cebu. Author of many books of religious propaganda and anonymous works in Cebuano, such as Novena de S~ Benito Fundador.

ESPIRITU, BARTOLOME

Filipino priest. Native of Tuguegarao, Cagayan.

Licenciado en Derecho de Canones; B. S. in Theology; Fiscal and ecclesiastic Governor of Nueva Segovia. Wrote in !locano Novena a la Santisima Trinidad and other religious books.

ESPIRITU SANTO, FRANCISCA

Foundress of the Sta. Catalina College; native of Manila. A good wife; found consolation in doing deeds of mercy and charity when she was a widow; took the 340

ANTONIO GARCIA

DOMINADOR GOMEZ

341

BIOGRAPHY habit of St. Dominic. Authorization for the founding of the college was granted on July 26, 1696, with Sor Francisca as the Priora. Stayed in the college for several years. Died at the age of 60 years, August 24, 1711.

ESPIRITU, MANUEL

Filipino historical painter, like his brother Anselmo, during the nineteenth century.

ESTRADA, RAFAEL

Filipino priest; native of Calasiao, Pangasinan. Professor in the high school of Pangasinan. Wrote Coleccion de Sermones, in Pangasinan. Collaborator of the Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary.

EVANGELISTA, JUAN

Tagalog writer; author of Sa Martir ng Golgota, published in 1856, one of the glorious productions of Tagalog literature in the nineteenth century.

FAJARDO, ANSELMO

Pampango priest and poet of the eighteenth century, born in Bacolor, Pampanga; studied in Spain; very little is known about his life, but he is remembered for his good command of the dialect of his province. His greatest work, Gonzalo de Cordova, is the best proof; learned the life of his hero and studied the place where the story of his comedia took place when he visited Cordova, Toledo and Granada while he was deputy to the Cortes of Cadiz.

Padre Fajardo is acknowledged as the father of Pampango literature; his work was staged in the town fiesta of Bacolor shortly after he died in February, 1831.

343

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES FATIMA

Moro Princess who in 1753 went to Jolo and negotiated with Ali Mudin, and thus the treaty of 1753 was made.

FELIX Y PAGUIA, MAURICIO

Business man; born in Bulacan, 19th century; had only a little schooling; began as a clerk receiving r16.00 a month, yet saved r2.00, in spite of a family to support; saved r300.00 in a few years and invested in rice; soon was able to buy a fish pond; with his industry, method and thrift, left properties amounting to more than P50,000.00 when he died; his daughter, Concha Felix, viuda de Calderon, founded the society fol' the protection of children, and was considered one of the most distinguished Filipino women because of her elevated social and literary culture.

FENOY, LORENZO

Lawyer; born August 10, 1873, in La Union provint!e; educated in San Juan de Letran, and in the University of Sto. Tomas (LL. B.). During the Revolution he was made lieutenant general of the National Army and served in Batangas; P·resident of the Comite Inmediatista in Bautista, Pangasinan; collaborated in the Diario de Filipinas and in El Rena.cimiento; lawyer of the government. Newspaperman, Director of the Instituto Luna and R€presentative of the 4th district of Pangasinan.

FERNANDEZ, DIONISIO

Filipino revolutionist; faithful assistant and interpreter of Agustin de Legaspi; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587 in Tondo. He was executed with six others.

344

BIOGRAPHY FERNANDEZ, SANTIAGO

Filipino priest; native of Mangaldan, Pangasinan. His valuable works are translations of the Spanish religious writings to Pangasinan, examples of which are El Catecismo Explicado, Explicacion de los Diez Mandamientos, and Explicacion de la Misa.

FERNANDEZ, TRANQUILINO

Filipino priest; native of Binmaley, Pangasinan. Parish priest of Bayambang. Works in Pangasinan are: Una Madre irnstruyendo a su Hijo en los deberes de buen Cristiano and Vistas al Santisimo.

FERNANDO, MUDA

A rajah, nephew of Kling of Cebu, who gave address of welcome to Magellan in Cebu, April 19, 1521, and helped Magellan Christianize the Cebuans.

FERRER, FERNANDO

A newspaperman, writer, and a diligent public servant in the education of the youth, Fernando Ferrer was born in the City of Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on May 30, 1851.

He studied philosophy in the Seminary College of Nueva Segovia in Vigan, and later went to Manila to pursue his education. He had been teacher in various places in the different provinces, working as best he could for the education of the youth, without in the least considering the risk of sacrificing his health, and unmindful of the meagre earning he was getting out of his job. He was secretary of the Seminary College where he first studied; municipal secretary of Vigan; and later a provincial secretary. He wrote a vocabulary with which he planned to improve the education of the masses and called it "Manu,al TIocano Castellano" for which he received a gold medal during the universal exposition of St. Louis in 1904.

345

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES FIGUEROA, MELECIO

Professor of engraving in La Escuela Superior de Pintura, Escultura, y Grabado, during the Spanish times; awarded various prizes and diplomas in Europe and America; pensioned to Rome in 1878; maker of the national currency, the Con'YWlnt; the best Filipino artistic engraver.

Native of Iloilo; educated in the Islands and in Spain. "In his line," wrote Artigas y Cuervas, "Figueroa was a consummate artist."

FLORENTINO, JOSE RAMIREZ

Filipino lawyer; a relative of Rizal, implicated in the Tayabas Uprising with Apolinario de la Cruz. Attorneys Quintos and Mendoza were also arrested. His brilliant defense of his clients' cause in December, 1841, said in part: "Some years ago, when these islands had the right of representation, the people of the Philippines elected me to be one of their deputies. Yet that unquestionable honor I deem no greater than the privilege I now have of suffering for loyalty to a client's interest in the face of powerful opposition."

FLORENTINO, LEONA

Ilocano poetess. Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on April 19, 1849; mother of ex-Senator Isabelo de los Reyes, author and folklorist; foremost Filipino poetess; wrote plays; works sent to the "Exposicion Internacional" in Paris, 1889, and "Exposicion Filipina" in Madrid, 1887; some of her works, "And cia Wolska" and "Nalpay a Namnama," are now kept in the "Bibliotheque Internationale des Ouevres des Femnes," France; died on October 4, 1884.

FLORES, AMBROSIO

Lawyer and patriot; native of Sampaloc, Manila; first Gran Maestre of Logia Solidaridad; Chief, Estado Mayor, 346

BIOGRAPHY during Spanish regime; general, Philippine Revolution, 1896; Secretary of War, Cabinet of Gen. Luna; one of the notable leaders of the Revolution; first provincial governor of Rizal; died in Manila in 1918.

FLORES, JOSE

A.

Educator; born of humble parents in Santa Rosa, Laguna: studied in San Juan de Letran: took up philosophy and theology at Santo Tomas; opened a school; taught Latin and later the secondary course; his school became very popular; rendered valuable service in the short-lived University of Malolos; published Gramatica Latina; taught for forty years and died leaving a priceless moral and spiritual legacy to the youth.

FLORES, LoRENZO

Filipino priest; native of Igbaras, Iloilo. Parish priest of various towns. One of his works is the translation of the great work Ang Magtotoon sa balay (EI Maestro de Casa por Cuartero).

FLORES Y DE LA ROSA, SIMEON

Life painter of strong artistic personality; a native of the Philippines; also religious painter; some pictures of his awarded prizes in the national and foreign expositions.

Pupil of Lorenzo Rocha and Lorenzo Guerrero, noted art teachers of the Philippines.

FRANCISCO, ALEJANDRO

Filipino flutist, 'o orn in Manila, on May 3, 1855. Took a brilliant part in the Italian opera company performance at the Zorilla theatre on March 23, 1895; when Maria Cavallini sang the madness of Lucia, in Lucia di Lammermoor he accompanied her so admirably on the flute that the audience remarked that the voice and flute seemed one.

347

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES GALURA Y NAPAO, FELIX

Writer and revolutionary leader; born in Bacolor, Pampanga, February 21, 1866. He was a self-made man and poor; Galura was not able to study long, but through constant efforts while working in a law office was able to become Procurador Judicial during the Spanish regime and a loyal counsellor of the poor in the justice of the peace courts of his province later; was one of the first members of the Katipunan in Pampanga; led his town people in the revolt against Spain; was made Lieutenant Colonel of the Regiment of General Mascardo; one of Pampanga's. best writers, he was also a debateF; wrote Sanayan, a Spanish_ Pampango grammar; also some dramas; publisher of "Ing Alipatpat" and was president of Bacolor; died July 21, 1919. Author of Ing Mora, a drama.

GARClA, ADRIANO

Filipino priest; native of Narvacan. Professor in the Seminary of Vigan and parish priest of the same town.

Wrote and published La Verdad en su hogar', La Independencia, and Relatos de las torturas.

GARCIA, ANTONIO

Another Filipino finished and intelligent virtuoso, and master pianist. Self-educated, industrious; born in Santa Cruz, Manila, on June 13, 1865; son of Antonio Garcia 'a nd Eusebia del Rosario. In November, 1874, his musical inclination was shown when brought to the Colegio de Nifios Tiples, where he studied under able teachers.

His first public appearance was in 1878, in honor of Santa Cecilia. In 1881 he was already known as an intelligent musician 'a nd organist of the Parroquia del Sagrario of the Manila Cathedral; then as pianist and violoncellist, appearing at the Malacafiang Palace and Sto. Tomas Univer348

BIOGRAPHY sity 'and other places. He was also admired by Remenyi, the Hungarian concertmeister who visited the Islands.

His numerous performances were considered brilliant, especially by Friedenthal; won high positions as member of musical institutions under Spanish and American regimes. He died in Manila in April, 1919. His performance of Verdi's Requiem was marvelous, as attested by his contemporaries, calling him the greatest native pianoforte virtuoso and violoncellist of his time. He was also a composer of melodies, such as Para Hoy, GARCIA, MARIANO

Filipino priest; native of Misamis路, Mindanao; educated in Manila; taught in Colegio de San Jose; Doctor of Theology; arcediano of the Manila Cathedral; auditor of the Supreme Court, juez sinodal of the Arzobispado, and delegate to the Obispado de Cebu and then appointed bishop of Cebu, but renounced. Died in 1871. Was decorated by the Spanish government with Gran Cruz de Isabella Catolica.

GARCIA, MARIANO

Bishop of Cebu. Born in Quiapo, Manila, in 1778.

Studied in the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (Ph. B.) and later in the Real Seminario de San Carlos. Doctor of Philosophy. Chaplain Director of Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus. Died Jan. 22, 1875, in Manila.

GARCIA, VICENTE

Filipino priest; native of Rosario, Batangas. Alumnus and later rector of Real Colegio de San Jose. Doctor of Theology. Ecclesiastic provisor and governor of Nueva Caceres. Founded a hospital for lepers in Nueva Caceres.

349

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Had many religious works in Tagalog. Author of Kernpis, published in 1880, one of the glorious productions during the nineteenth century.

GATAN, PITON

Filipino revolutionist, a native of T'ondo, Manila; he took part in the first Filipino revolt against Spanish rule in the armed-uprising in 1587. Gatan was eventually exiled to new Spain, Mexico.

B. Born in Manila on August 20, 1860; educated in Manila, London, and Paris; A. B. and accountant; was a wholesale grocer and landowner; vice-president of the Manila Telephone Company; member of the governing board of the Liceo de Manila; tax revision, board of Manila; director, Federal Party, Rizal Monument commission, International Club, and Filipino Chamber of Commerce, which he represented in the honorary board of Filipino commissioners during the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

GENATO, RAMON

GOLES, ISIDRO

Filipino priest; native of N egros. Parish priest of various towns. Translator of Spanish. works to Panay dialect. Some of his works are Coleccion de Sermones, No. vena a Sta. I sabel, and El Patrocinio de San Jose.

GOMEZ, DOMINADOR

Physician, orator and labor leader; born in Manila, 1868; studied in the Ateneo de Manila; took up medicine in Santo Tomas University and later in the Universidad Central de Madrid; collaborator, La Solidaridad, secretary, Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, Madrid, 1899; vice-president, Philippine Revolutionary Committee, Madrid; presented a protest to Ministro de Ultramar against irregularities committed by Weyler in Oalamba, 1890; assisted in the 350

MAXIMINO HIZON

MAXIMO INOCENCIO

351

BIOGRAPHY Ejereito de Operaciones in the war at Cuba, receiving the cross of Maria Cristina and an autographed picture of General Salcedo calling him "most valiant of the Spanish Army"; came back to Madrid, a captain in 1902; in the Philippines, president, Union Obrera; established Hotel Quirurgico, and founded Los Ohreros; was president 'of Municipal Board of Manila, and deputy to the Philippine Assembly. Died 1929.

GUAZON, POTENCIANO CARRILLO

Filipino physician, was born in Pandacan, Manila, on May 19, 1882. He was educated at the Ateneo de Manila, A. B. in 1903; M. D. in 1908, Rush Medical College, University of Chicago. He taught at the University of the Philippines, eventually becoming professor and head of the Department of Surgery in 1917. He belonged to the Philippine Islands Medical Association, the Manila Medical Society, and the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico. He contributed various articles to Revista Fill'pina de M edidna and to American publications. He was remarkable for his operations on the gall bladder. He was also noted in gastroenterostomies, enteroanastomosis, splenectomies and radical operations of the breast. He died on March 24, 1924.

GUERRERO, LoRENZO

Teacher in painting; born in Manila of a family of artists; struggled against lack of family resources; held honesty and industry as the highest virtues; gave lessons in drawing and painting; wrote poetry and critical articles on the art of his country; many of his pupils became very good painters, among them was Juan Luna.; loved his country so much and was so proud of it that he would not wear anything hut his barong Tagalog when he received a medal for distinguished service rendered his country; he died on April 8, 1904; hig. sons are the famous Guerrero brothers, Fernando and Leon.

353

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES GUEVARA, ANTONIO

Member of the Katipunan; silent but fearless as a Katipunero; signed his name in the official records of the secret society as Matatag in 1896.

GUEVARA, JOSE M.

Filipino priest who joined Burgos, Gomez and Zamora during the Cavite Revolt of 1872 for the cause of the Philippine clergy.

GUIAB

Chief in Cagayan; had three hundred followers over whom he ruled like a great captain; hated the Whites; punished his subjects with rigor for any disrespect shown to him, or disobedience to his orders; tortured and killed people who broke the laws in his village and who did not respect the rights of his subjects; was later caught by the Spanish authorities and hanged on a tree.

GUMAPOS, PEDRO

Pangasinan chief; bestowed with the title "Conde"

by King Malong; native of the village of Agoo; took part in the revolution of 1660-1661; suffered a loss of four hundred soldiers killed and wounded by the Spaniards; afterwards he was taken prisoner with the staff of the bishop in his hand by Francisco de Estebar. His hand which held the staff was cut off as a lesson to the peopIe; later he was taken to Vigan and hanged.

GUMBAN, ERIBERTO

Visayan writer; native of Iloilo; in 1861 wrote Ang Kahapon riga Pangabuhi.

GURANDIN, DATTINA

K1ept hushand from treason; surprised the Dutch by leading the attack at Taquina.

354

BIOGRAPHY HERNANDEZ, RUFINO BALTAZAR

Tagalog author of Aritmetica, one of ~he most significant productions during the second period of Tagalog literature, 1593-1882.

HERNANDEZ, VALERIANO

Tagalog writer; was said to be the father of the Tagalog novel; author of Nena at Neneng. Contemporary of Lope K. Santos. Other works of Hernandez are Dangal ng Magulang, Pahimakas ng Isang Ina and Mga Tinik ng Bulaklak.

HERRERA, JERONIMO

Filipino priest; native of Manila; Doctor en Derecho Canonico. Commissary of the Holy Office; Examinador sinodal; juez provisor and vicar general and dean of Manila. Took .c harge of the church of Vigan and later was made Bishop of Nueva Segovia.

HILADO, CORNELIO

Bisayan moralist, thinker and lover of his native tongue. Contributed three books The Teachings of a Mother, How to Love an Equal and a Model Woman, which contain sublime ideas, beautiful thoughts and religious teachings. Written in a language pure and sweet to the heart of every Bisayan.

HIZON, MAXIMINO

Pampango patriot and general. Born in Mexico, Pampanga. When still young he had ideals for the liberation of his country and regeneration of his race. Deported to J 010 in 1896 for his participation in the Revolution.

Came back later and made military chief of Pampanga; later Dictator, Chief of the military division in Kawit, Ca.vite. Fought the Americans in Caloocan and other towns.

Exiled to Guam. Died of beri-beri in the prime of his life.

355

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES HUMABON

King of Cebu when Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521; friendly to Magellan; controlled several islands; made blood compact with Magellan; the first con_ verted into Christianity.

Sometimes called Humabad; usually referred to as Besar Carlos Humabon.

ICASANAS, VICENTE BERNARDO

Filipino priest; native of Binondo, Manila. A. B. and Licenciado en Derecho Canonico. Promotor fiscal of the Curia Eclesiasti'Ca de Manila. Worked in Boac, Marinduque. Valiantly defended the rights of the church from intrusion in the Revolution of 1896.

INOCENCIO, MAXIMO

A Filipino martyr; born in Cavite about the middle of the nineteenth century; he had only a little schooling; he began as a carpenter, then as contractor and ship chandler; after a few years, he amassed a fortune that had no precedent in his province; he helped the people of his, province in every way he could, and because of this he was exiled to Marianas Islands after the wanton execution of 1872 in Cavite; in 1896 he was one of those who in the history of the Philippine Revolution are called "The 13 Martyrs of Cavite."

IRIARTE, MANUEL DE

Ex-director, Philippine National Library; born in Manila, 1864; studied in the Academia Militar de Manila; received his A. B. from the Universidad Central of Madrid, 1883; studied law and medicine; specialized in botany; held many important posts in the government during the Spanish regime; was appointed chief, Division of Archives, 1904; later, Director, Philippine National Library; mem. ber, Philippine Honorary Commission, Universal Exposition of St. Louis, U. S. A. 356

BIOGRAPHY IRURETA GOYENA, TIRSO DE

Filipino poet in Spanish and lawyer; son of Ramon Irureta Goyena. Educated in Madrid and Manila. Died in 1918 while organizing an academy. Some of his poems are in Parnaso Filipino, such as Recuerdos and Triptico; also published a book of poems.

JAKOSALEM, DIONISIO

Writer and lawyer. Born May 8, 1878, in Dumanhug, Cebu, P. 1. Educated in public schools of Dumanhug; College of San Carlos, Cebu, 1889-94: University of Sto. Tomas, 1894-96; with the degree of A. B. graduating in law. Admitted to the bar of P. I. in 1907. Municipal secretary of Dumanhug, 1900-02. Justice of the Peace of Cebu, 1903-04. Member of Municipal board of Cebu, 1904.

Third member of the Provincial board of Cf'!bu, 1906, Governor of Cebu, August, 1907, and reelected, 1909. Director of the Division of Cebu Anti-Tuberculosis. Was Secretary of Commerce and Communications. Writer in various periodicals and magazines.

J ALANDONI, ESTEBAN

Agriculturist and business man; native of J aro, Iloilo; farmer by occupation, but through industry and economy he later owned extensive salt beds in Lapus, La Paz and in Iloilo; acquired large tracts of lands; donated large sums of money for schools to accommodate poor children in La Paz, Iloilo; bequeathed to the Bureau of Education 23 lots of 135 hectares in Iloilo, and 18 lots of 131 hectares in Occidental N egros, the income derived from which should be spent for schools in those provinces; had no direct descendants; made all poor children within the reach of his philantrophy heirs to his fortune.

JESUS, GREGORIA DE

Wife of Andres Bonifacio, the supremo of the Katipu357

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

nan; simple and unassuming; wrote her name in the reo volutionary state papers as Lakambini, which recalls an ancient royal title during the pre-Spanish Philippines, equivalent to the princess of the blood.

JESUS, JOSE CORAZON DE

Tagalog poet, well known as "Huseng Batute"; was the most popular Tagalog poet of his time, worked with Taliba, Liwayway and other papers; author of !law ng Kapit Bahay, Sa Dakong Silangan and others; some of his works were filmed; he was the first "Balagtasan King"; died in 1932.

T. RoMUALDO DE Filipino who affirmed supremacy of American business prestige in Manila fifty years ago since 1872, saying all American goods were first class.

JESUS,

JESUS, VICENTE DE

Physician; born in Bulacan, February 19, 1867; studied at and received his A. B. from San Juan de Letran, 1887; finished his M. D. at Santo Tomas in 1892; Medico Titular, Lopez, Tayabas; Director, Hospital Central, 1886; Major, Filipino Revolutionary Army; District Health Officer, La Union and Zambales, 1906; Medical Inspector, Bulacan and Pampanga, 1910; Assistant Director of Health, 1914; First Filipino Director of Health, 1915; cleaned the city of leprosy while director; represented the Philippines, International Tuberculosis Congress, Rome, Italy, April, 1912, and in the International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, Washington, D. C., September, 1912; wrote La Colera路 y la Viruela, La Tuberculosis en FuipinoB; was the father of the well known De Jesus brothers, both poets, one in Spanish and the other in Tagalog, the "Balagtasan King".

F. Founder of the National University; born in 1877; JHOCSON, MARIANO

358

BIOGRAPHY his life is told in the story of the N. U.; in the early days of the American sovereignty, founded Colegio Filipino which he later improved into Colegio Mercantil; the same school was modernized in 1913 and won official recognition; in 1915, named it National Academy and began to confer diplomas; soon the same institution won popularity; new buildings and a select faculty were required '; his school functioned with the Philippine Law School of the Lacson brothers; it held night classes; in 1921, the National University was inaugurated with Camilo Osias as president; in a few years the institution had about 7,000 students, biggest record in the Islands in point of enrollment. Don Mariano was a practical genius. He died in 1928.

JOHANNA

Johanna, the wife of Humabon was a beautiful queen of the Cebuans. She is spoken of as the Cleopatra of ancient history. Besides her dazzling beauty, which greatly fascinated Pigafetta, Ferdinand Magellan's historian, -she is the first Filipino woman converted to Christianity. With her husband Humabon, the Filipino convert, more than eight hundred of the natives embraced this new faith imported from Jerusalem and Rome. She was baptized on April 14, 1521. The historian, Pigafetta, from whom we get most of our present information, devoted more space in celebrating her beauty than in giving account of her faith.

JOJAS, JUSTO CLAUDIO

Filipino priest; native of Panay. Parish priest of various towns. Author of many splendid manuscripts in Spanish and Ilocano.

JOKSON, FELICIANO

Filipino teacher. Born in 1877. Studied commerce and bookkeeping in Ateneo Municipal de Manilla. Had 359

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES many commercial transactions. Co-founder, Colegio Filipino in 1898 and much later the Colegio Mercantil. His object was to instruct the masses that constituted the laboring class, establishing night classes and even sacrificing his hours of rest. He formed a society of the alumni of his college with the object of carrying to practical use their knowledge.

KABUNGSUWAN, SHEREEF

A Mohammedan leader. With Rajah Baginda, he introduced Mohammedanism to Mindanao and Sulu in the early part of the fifteenth century.

KAKNIO, JOSE

One of the early Masons in the Islands, member of Logia Madre of Manila, under the Grande Oriente Espanol, in 1890.

KOLAMBU, RAJAH

Called Kolambu as the king of Limasaua Island. But later he was baptized as Juan. The first chief to befriend the Spaniards; provided Magellan with arms and food and told them about the islands of Panay, Cebu, Leyte and Samar. Offered to be their guide. However, he did not accept the faith of the Spaniards spontaneously though he consented to be baptized.

KUDAPAY, FELIPE

Chief of Abutan, northwestern Luzon in 1621, according to Friar Aduarte's chronicle. He worked for the church but not for the state; welcomed the Spanish priests and embraced the new religion-Christianity.

KUDRAT

Sultan of Mindanao; was one of the most powerful 360

MANUEL DE IRIARTE

ESTEBAN J'ALANDONI

MARIANO F. J'HOCSON

361

BIOGRAPHY rulers of Moroland between the sixteenth (1658) and seventeenth centuries. The Filipino chiefs during this period had a great respect of him for fear of incurring his displeasure and attacking their coasts and making havoc on their kingdoms. The Spaniards, upon hearing of his power, tried to subdue him and his men because they believed he might take their power if they did not hinder him from making his kingdom stronger. Spanish soldiers were sent to wage war with him but all attempts failed to conquer him. Sultan Eudrat, however, did not invade the Spaniards as was feared of him, so he lived until his death without any knowledge of defeat from the Whites.

LACSON, SIMEON

Lawyer and educator; founded with his brother, Ricardo Lacson, the Philippine :Law School, now part of the National University, one of the most successful private law schools in the Islands. Died recently.

LAGUDA, SALVADOR

Lawyer. Representative of the third district of Iloilo. Born November 6, 1872 in Mambusao, Capiz. Studied in the Colegio-Seminario de J aro, 1884-94; Escuela de Inginieros Industriales de Barcelona, 1894. Taught in Capiz 1898-99. Was member of the Cabinet. Worked in the La Vanguardia, Las Noticias, and El Tiempo.

LALA, RAMON REYES

Historian; native of Manila; educated at the St. John's College, London. Author of The Philippine Islands, published by the Continental Publishing Co., New York, in 1899; probably the first Filipino to write the history of his country in English.

363

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES LAMADRID

Filipino sergeant of the native artillery, the first victim in the Castillo de San Felipe, during the stirring event of 1872, the Cavite Uprising.

LAMPA, JOSE

Filipino priest; native of Bacolor, Pampanga. Considered one of the founders of the Hospital San Juan de Dios in Manila.

LAVADIA, CATALINO

Merchant and economist; born in Pagsanjan, Laguna, in February, 1880; was educated at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. A much traveled man, had gone around the world in 1924. He was a financial expert; was deputy provincial treasurer of Iloilo, Bulacan, Pampanga, Pangasinan and Isabela. Was under Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Communications; severed connections with the Government in 1918; went into business of his own, 1926; was proprietor and manager, Lavadia & Co., Inc. Member of Club Filipino, Columbian Association and Sinukuan Lodge. Died in 1933.

LAYGO, ENRIQUE

K.

Filipino poet and short story writer in Spanish. Lawyer and journalist. Worked with various papers in the city. Wrote poems-Siempre Igual and Tirong; published his book Caretas in 1931 which won fame for him. He died in the same year.

LAZARO, LEONARDO

Filipino priest; native of Mandurriao, Iloilo. Studied in Colegio de San Jose; University of Sto. Tomas. Coadjutor of Mandurriao, later of Mojo, then parish priest of Iloilo. In the cholera epidemic of 1882, his service to 364

BIOGRAPHY the sick was very laudable. Examinador sinodal of J aro, November 8, 1885; parish priest of Molo, May 29, 1888; promotor fiscal of the J uzgado Eclesiastico, January 26, 1889.

LECAROS, JUAN FRANCISCO

A leading Filipino lawyer in 1873, and the last to be chosen representative for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes of 1834-1837. Educated in Sto. Tomas University as a lawyer. He presented a plan to Mendiza.bal, the provisional president of the Consejo de Ministros, for the suppression of the monopoly on tobacco in the Philippines.

By the decree of May 24 a new session for August 20 was made. The Philippines was to have four delegates to represent her in Spain. Thereafter, on the election held in Manila in 1836, he was reelected with C3mba.

LEDESMA, CARLOS

Lawyer; born in Iloilo where he began his studies; from the Ateneo Municipal of Manila he received his A. B.; from Santo Tomas University his licentiate in law and jurisprudence; practised his profession in Iloilo; during the Revolution, he was auditor de guerra under General Delgado; opened a law office in Manila with Sumulong and Quintos; was one of those who defended and won the case for libel against El Renacimiento.

LEDESMA, PASCUAL

General, Philippine Revolutionary Army; born May 17, 1843, Negros Occidental; began his studies in a private school; entered Escuela Nautica de Manila and received the title of pilot; became captain of a ship in 1863; in Mindoro, engaged in business, 1878; during the Philip- . pine Revolution, was made general; Director of Marine and Commerce, Malolos Republic of 1898; in 1901, went to Japan, China and Indo-China; returned in 1905 and organ365

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ized the Nacionalista Party, becoming its first president, a post he held until 1908; organized Club N acionalista; one of the founders of Liceo de Manila; also of Asociacion de Veteran os de la Revolution; died June 6, 1917.

LEGARDA, BENITO

Resident Commissioner at Washington in 1907; born in Manila, September, 1853; studied in the Ateneo Municipal and the University of Santo Tomas where he received his licentiate degree in jurisprudence; member, Malolos Congress, and later of the Philippine Commission, 1901, till he wa.s appointed Resident Commissioner at Washington; in 1904 he was a: member of the Honorary Commission in the Universal Exposition of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. LEGASPI, AGUSTIN DE

Leader of Tondo; nephew of Lakandola, the old chief of said place. He was the son of one of the sisters of the Sultan of Borneo. With Martin Paliga his cousin, he initiated the Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in Luzon in 1587. Having been defeated, his property was confiscated and he was executed. His head was exposed on the gibbet in an iron cage.

LEICO, LUCAS

Filipino priest; native of Manila; parochial priest of Binondo; wrote Reflexiones Piadosag in Ta.galog, 1887, and Reglas y Constituciones del Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus, 1888.

LEON, CEFERINO DE

Born in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, in 1859; received the degree of LL. B. from the University of Madrid; was fiscal of Barotac Viejo; justice of the peace 366

BIOGRAPHY of San Miguel de Mayumo; represented Benguet in the Malolos Congress; member of the honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

LEON, IGNACIO PONCE DE

Filipino priest; native of Manila; doctor of theology, lawyer, and master of ceremonies in Santo Tomas University. Noted for his valiant and learned defense in the forum during the nineteenth century.

LEON, ROSARIO DE

Pampango writer; one of the first Filipino woman writers who translated a Spanish prayer book into Pampango; native of Bacolor, Pampanga; nineteenth century.

LIBORNIO, JOSE

S.

Native of Santa: Ana, Manila; composer of marches and waltzes. His famous march is La Libertad de Tacna 11 Arica. Professor in music and military band conductor in Lima, Peru; joined Charini Circus in 1882; died in the city of Lima, Peru, in 1915.

LIONGSON, FRANCISCO

Pampango physician and legislator. Born in Bacolor, Pampanga, December, 1869. Educated in San Juan de Letran with the degree of A. B. in surveying; Madrid, with degree of M. D.; practised in different hospitals; also studied in the famous Pasteur's Institute. Twice elected as governor of Pampanga. Took active part in the Revolution and served as a doctor of the army in Bacolor with the rank of captain. Was municipal secretary of the Health Service in Pampanga on the establishment of the civil government. A radical nationalist and a great advocate for reforms in the Philippine government. His clinic in Bacolor where he practised was very modern.

367

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES LoGARTA, MIGUEL Born in Mandawe, Cebu, of humble origm. His ex. traordinary fondness for study coupled with perseverance and strong will power made him one of the most reputed jurists of his time. He took special care in upholding the rights of the poor; had great love for Justice; provincial fiscal, and judge of the Court of First Instance of the province of Cebu. His service as a public servant was characterized with exactness, honesty and intelligence.

LOPEZ DEL CASTILLO, EPIFANIO Dean of Maestros de la Primera Ensefianza de Filipinas; decorated with cross of Isabela la Catolica; born in Quiapo, April 7, 1847; educated in San Juan de Letran; noted as a "caligrafo".

LoPEZ, MANUEL Filipino musician, product of Colegio de Ninos Tiples; noted pianist and composer of religious pieces during the nineteenth century.

LOYZAGA Y AGEO, JOSE DE Born in Manila in 1864; he received the degree of LL. B. from the University of Manila; was the editor and pro. prietor of the El Comercio, the oldest newspaper in the Philippines. In 1904 he was made honorary member of the Filipino commissioners in the St. Louis Exposition.

LUBLUBAN Daughter of Sicalac and Sicaway, said to be the first man and woman, in the early days in the Islands before the time of Calantiao (1433); was "the great law giver" of ancient time.

368

BIOGRAPHY LUCIANO, VICTORIANO

Filipino patriot; called one of the "Insignes. Filipinos"; one who worked for the welfare of his country, in order to make the dream of his fathers, those who fell in the night, a reality. A pharmacist. One of the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite, executed on September 12, 1896.

LUKBAN, JUSTO

Ex-mayor, City of Manila; born May 28, 1863, in Labo, Camarines Norte; studied with Don Hugo Ilagan; San Juan de Letran in 1873, receiving his A. B. in 1889; entered Santo Tomas University in 1884: licentiate in medicine, 1888; practised medicine in Manila; raised 200,000 pesos for the Republic of Malolos; represented Camarines in the Malolos Congress; Chief, Sanidad Militar de Ambos Camarines; memper, staff of La Independencia, 1906; maestro Mason, orator, Sinukuan Lodge; ex-director, Nacionalista Party; represented the first district of Manila twice in the Philippine Assembly ; cleaned Manila of p,r ostitutes while mayor; died September 2, 1927.

LUKBAN, VICENTE

A general during the American-Filipino war; one of the latest to surrender to the Americans; defied the superiority of the enemies' arms but finally gave up hope of carrying the war on the side of his country. He was brave, fearless, and unbending.

LUNA, BENEDICTO

Noted Filipino educator and philosopher, born in Tanauan, Batangas, in 1838; was graduated by the University of Santo Tomas with a degree in philosophy and law. Later on he obtained the title of professor of secondary schools. Luna established a private school at Sta. Cruz, Manila, where he lived until his death in 1899. He 369

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES is rated during his time as the best philosopher the University of Sto. Tomas has ever produced; he was also a debater of no mean ability. He was di.stinguished in the Aristotelian science. Like his contemporary professors, Luna had to overcome the most trying hardships and difficulties; but in the end his painstaking efforts turned out scores of distinguished and respectable citizens of the Islands.

LUNA Y NOVICIO, MANUEL

Another Filipino virtuoso; born in Badoc, Ilocos Norte, in 1858; brother of Juan and Antonio Luna. Educated in Manila, completing his course with honors in 1875; under tutorship of Remigio Calahorra; went to Europe in 1877, entered Conservatory of Madrid, where he won many diplomas; called by the director of the conservatory, Emilio Arrieta, "Professore di Violino"; also admired by Spain's musical professor, Jesus Monasterio; traveled in France, Spain, and Italy; returned to the Philippines in 1879, and gave artistic performances in the city. As conductor he was one of the best in his time; leader of big choruses and full orchestras, in the city; after leaving Manila with a trail of brilliant successes, especially with Adios a la Alhambra, and Beriot's Air Varie, he returned to the North, and died on July 15, 1883.

Luz, SIMEON Born in Lipa, Batangas, in 1853; was municipal captain of the same town and lieutenant-colonel commanding the Batangas ordinance depot during the Revolution; assisted greatly in the pacification of the province and was the first provincial governor of the same after the cessation of the American military rule. Through self-study, he acquired a good command of the English language.

Some time later, he was made member of the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

370

SALVADOR LAGUDA

BENITO LEGARDA

FRANCISOO LIONGSON

371

BIOGRAPHY LUZURIAGA, EUSEBIO

Born in 1869, in the municipality of Bacolod, Occidental N egros; secretary during the Revolution of the treasury of the provisional government of Negros and member of the commission to confer with the American authorities in Iloilo and Manila; spoke fluently in English.

LUZURIAGA, JOSE

One of the seven distinguished members of the Philippine Commission in 1901.

MACASAIG, JACINTO

General. Native of Binalonan, Pangasinan. Follower of Malong who revolted against the Spaniards in 1660. Captured and executed in 1661.

MACIAS, JUAN

Filipino architect; one of the builders of St. Augustine Church of the Walled City of Manila.

MADRIAGA,

F ACUNDO

Native of Santa Ignacia, Tarlac; of Ilocano parentage; writer and poet; wrote an Ilocano novel Uray Narigat No Pagimbagan; studied in the Colegio de Mercantil and later transferred to the National University where he finished his bachelor's degree; had been contributing to the now extant Ilocano daily Ti Mangyuna; had a particular trait of hating aristocratic people and wrote mostly on nationalism.

MAGAHUM Y MERLE, ANGEL

Bisayan dramatist, was born in Molo, Iloilo, on October 1,1867. He was the son of Don Ignacio Magahum and Dona Simplicia Merle. He was educated at the College of San Jose, and San Vicente de Paul, Jaro. In 1902, he 373

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES became professor of the Instituto de Molo. He wrote popular music, "Carifiosa," "Panadero," "Haplic," and "Salampati." Of his known works are Ben,iamin, the first Visayan novel; Ang Gugma sang Malnue (The Love of a Traitor), a drama in three acts; Panimalay ni Cabeza !toe (Cabeza Itoc's Family), a zarzuela; Ang Anae nga Butanan (The Humble Daughter); Ang Dungug (The Honor); Calingauan (Amusement in Society). Besides these, he has to his credit these plays: Napulo ea Libo (Ten Thousand) ; Mea Culpa (It's My Fault); Pito eag Salipi a1tg Pieo (Seven Pesos and Fifty Centavos per Picul).

MAGALAT

One of the first and bravest fighters during the early Spanish regime; had a group of people under him; and for his ability as a fighter, he was made their chief. In his failure to give tribute to the Spaniards. his men were attacked and brutally killed. Having a fighting instinct, he took his arm and led his people to fight to the last man. Magalat was captured and sentenced to die. A missionary, however, begged for his life. Impressed with the religious clemency and the beauty of Christian religion, he summoned his people to follow him. Magalat and his people were baptized.

MAGHICON

Chief of Navotas, Rizal; took part in the Filipino uprising headed by Agustin de Leg,a spi against Spanish rule in 1587, for which he was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

MAGSANOP

Native of Bangui, Ilocos Norte; joined revolution led

by Pedro Almazan; killed many Spaniards and burned houses; celebrated his victories with drinking, using human skulls for glasses; was kind with the poor people, but cruel to the oppressors; hot-tempered and unbending.

374

BIOGRAPHY MAKANDALA

Princess; daughter of Rajah Matanda of Tondo.

Lived during 1543 in Manila. Asked to be the wife of Captain Bernardo de la Torre, whose ship was badly crippled and whose men were starving, she refused, for she had a mind of her own; she was modern; her selfassertion was: "I had better die a maid with no one to help me cross the bamboo bridge over the river of eternity, if there is any truth in the belief of the Kaffirs of this country, than have a husband unwilling and so unworthy ... Let me hear no more, my father, of marriage with this Spanish captain."

MAKONBON, ALONSO

Sergeant-Major, of Palapag, Samar; a brave leader, who, according to Jesuit Chronicler Combes, remonstrated on behalf of his comrades against forced labor in May, 1650; native of Mindanao; a daring fighter and leader.

MALANTIC, ANTONIO

Pioneer Filipino painter; painted a fine portrait of F. BelJ.itez's mother. Considered as one of the best' of his time in the Islands; admired even by present modern painters.

MALONG, ANDRES

Filipino chief, called King Malong; led one o~ the most obstinate insurrections against Spain in 1660-1661; had forty thousand soldiers; had his kingdom in Pangasinan; burned villages of Bacnotan and Binalatofigan including the church of St. Dominic, in Pangasinan; persecuted Pampangans under the leadership of a chief, named Andres Manacuil; later caught and shot in Lingayen; accepted the Christian religion before his death.

375

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES MALONG, CARLOS

Brother of King Malong; was notorious and unruly with the constituted authorities, but later on when he found out that by accepting God there was still a way to salvation, he heeded the advice of Father Juan Camacho and withdrew from the insurgents. He died a good Christian.

MAMAGTAL

A rajah, brave and loyal, who defied the sea rovers from Malacca about 1372, saying, "Hare Datu Kamatel and I with our followers shall make our stand, in a fortress as inaccessible to you as Mount Marapara, the highest peak of yonder distant mountains."

MANALO, ESTEBAN

Business man; native of Pateros, Rizal; lived during the 19th century; had only little schooling; started in life by raising ducks and selling balut; but through hard work overcame all his hardships and succeeded; amassed a fortune of more than twenty thousand pesos in fifteen years; gave all his sons good education, saying: "A good education is money which never dwindles away." Nearly all his sons finished their careers-a physician, a lawyer, a pharmacist, a priest, a military man, and school teachers.

MANALO, SILVINO

Filipino priest; native of Pateros, Manila. Made parochial priest of Biiian while still very young; professor of Liceo de Manila. Wrote in Tagalog Forrmula of the congregation to the Virgin; Circular and Sermones.

MANIAGO, FRANCISCO

Led a rebellious movement in Pampanga in the early days, 1660; got aid of the provinces of Pangasinan and 376

BIOGRAPHY IIocos Sur; was a native of Mexico, Pampanga; burned churches and convents and kil1ed Spanish authorities in his struggle for better treatment of his people.

MANIO, MANUEL ROXAS

Filipino priest; native of Calumpit, Bulacan; noted writer of many religious and philosophical works, in Spanish and Tagalog; his famous one being in Spanish, El Sagrado Coraz6n de Jesus; connected with the events of 1872.

MANIWANTIWAN

According to the J aniway Manuscript, she was queen of Panay about the fourteenth century. The wife of a Negrito chieftain, her influence over her husband shows that women, since early days, were not so much inferior to men. The manuscript relates that a group of men from Borneo desired to settle in Panay and wanted to negotiate the purchase of land with the king. The Timway, as the ruler of Panay was called, agreed to exchange a portion of the land with a gold hat offered him together with another gift twenty times as valuable. But when the negotiation was referred to the queen she did not acquiesce in the agreement, saying that her right must be bought, too. The queen's rights were not only the concern of the king but also the concern of the elders.

The land was not purchased because the ten datus of Bruney were not able to meet the demand of the queen, and the king could not insist on it.

MARIA, THE MANGYAN "SAMARITANA"

Wife of a heathen chieftain, who lived in the wilds of Mindoro; became Christian. Finally she converted her husband to the faith. Afterwards she was able to impress the people to accept the religion. It is said that she 377

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES had to force her husband to put the rosary around his neck whenever he slept; in the course of time it became a habit and he could not get along his way without it.

MARIANO, ANTONIO

Filipino priest; native of Vigan, Hocos Sur. Founder of the Riquisima Hermandad 0 Cofradia de Animas, to which he donated much money, amounting to about eighty to one hundred thousand pesos. .

MARIANO, PATRICIO

Tagalog journalist and novelist; worked with Renacimiento and Taliba. Died January, 1935; author of many vernacular novels. Originator of the Tagalog short story.

MARIKUDO

Chief of the Aetas on the Island of Panay about the 14th century. This early ruler helped the ten datos from Borneo. Since then the island had materially improved, as everybody had to work. Their government was organized under the Supreme Dato of Hantik.

MARTINEZ, FELIX

Filipino landscape painter; also author of land sketches and religious paintings, during latter part of the Spanish regime in the Philippines.

MARTINEZ, MANUEL GOMEZ

Born in the city of Manila in 1859; received the degree of doctor of medicine and surgery from the University of Manila; was the provincial physician of Antique and Marong and of the cholera hospital in 1892; president, by delegation of the inspector general of charity and health of the islands, of the commission to inspect and aid the district of Taytay during the cholera epidemic in 378

BIOGRAPHY 1887; municipal physi~ian of the district of Trozo, Manila; representative of Dapitan in the Malolos Congress; municipal physician of the district of Santa Cruz under the American regime; and later made honorary member of the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

MASAUAYAN, VICENTE

Native of Cagayan; first prize winner for being the first on the walls of Sunkiang, China; belonged to the Ever Victorious Army.

MATA, MANUEL

Filipino musician, born on June 13, 1861, in Manila.

Died on April 1, 1901; noted organist of Quiapo Church; in October, 1882, a musical composition of his received a prize from the Governor General.

MAURICIO, BALBINO

Merchant and patriot; born in Kawit) Cavite, in 1823; son of a rich family; educated at the Sto. Tomas University in law, but commercially ' inclined; managed family's business successfully; arrested in 1872 and exiled to Guam with Basa. Died in 1872.

MELLIZA, CORNELIO

Born in Molo, Iloilo; started from the simplest beginning and became a successful merchant; engaged himself in the importation of goods from Manila, Camarines, and other provinces, carrying qags from the port to his store. until one day he realized he had accumulated one of the biggest fOl'tunes among his people; was friendly to the poor and honest in his commercial dealings. He was a shrewd business man. Melliza gave help to the needy; 379

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES contributed much to the coffers of other charitable institutions, for this reason, he was called "the good philan_ tropist."

MENDIOLA, ENRIQUE

Educator. One of the most successful products turned out by the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. Born on May 3, 1859; studied in the College of San Juan de Letran; finished his law course in 1859 at the age of twenty-eight.

Instead of practising his chosen profession, he taught in the Liceo de Manila and in the Burgos Institute, with the belief that he was rendering a noble service to his country.

Some of his noted works are: Principios de Moral y Ed'Ur cacion Civica and Apuntes de Fililpinas. Mendiola founded La Alborada, a weekly school paper. He was for sometime president of the Committee on Philippine Interests.

For his excellent services as a public benefactor he was elected one time as councilor for the city of Manila.

MENDOZA, PELAGIA

Filipino Sculptor; prize winner during the Centenary of Columbus in 1892. At the age of twenty-two she became distinguished with her bust Colon; a pupil of Lorenzo Rocha, the famous professor in art.

MERCADO, ELIODORO

Physician and leprologist; born July 3, 1885; son of Jose Mercado and Valentina Donato; educated in the San Juan de Letran where he received his A. B. in 1885; licentiate in medicine, Santo Tomas University, 1903; in 1900 he was appointed doctor of contagious diseases, San Lazaro Hospital, Manila; held this post for seventeen years during which time he experimented and discovered his famous cure for leprosy, the Anti-Leprina Mercado. Died in 1933.

380

MIGUEL LOGARTA

EPIFANIO LOPEZ DEL CASTILLO

VICTORIANO LUCIANO

BENEDICTO LUNA

381

BIOGRAPHY MERCADO, EMILIANO

Filipino priest; native of Cebu. Chaplain of the military hospital; priest in the Cathedral and author of various anonymous works of collaboration in El Boletiln de Cebu, 1893-97.

MERCADO, IGNACIO DE

Famous Filipino botanist; made particular study on medicinal plants in the Philippines, and assisted Manuel Blanco when he wrote the Flora de Filipinas, which was published in Manila in 1837; was parish priest of Lipa, Batangas; believed to have distributed to the natives the cacao seeds which spread throughout the islands.

MERCADO, JULIAN

A native of Leyte; was the son of poor farmers; could hardly write his name; did not have education beyond the simplest rudiments of mathematics or economics but through patience and industry he was able to accumulate a modest fortune for being a fisherman; counted his money with sticks and finally discovered that he had enough with which to buy a piece of land; cultivated it and became a wealthy farmer and landowner; learned music in the later part of his life; was very democratic; helped the poor, and permitted the homeless to settle in his land; lived during the 19th century.

MERCEDES, ANICETO

Tagalog priest. Native of Norzagaray, Bulacan.

Also a poet. Wrote and published in Tagalog La Pasion de Nu.estro Senor J esu,cristo, 1856-58; left unpublished poems when he died. Some published in "El Apostolado de la Prensa," 1893-95.

MINA, MAXIMINO

Lawyer; born June 4, 1878, in Tagudin, Ilocos Sur. Educated in his home town; in San Juan de Letran and in the University of Sto. Tomas, graduating in Commerce 383

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and Surveying. Formed the Partido Independista; Sec.. retary of the Partido Nacionalista. Representative of the 2nd District of Ilocos Sur. MIRASOL, DIONISIO

Famous Bisayan pedagogue. Author of Manual de Dialogos en Espaiiol y Bisaya (Manual of Dialogues in Spanish and Bisayan). 1st ed. 1882, 2nd ed. 1883, 3rd ed.

1889.

MOLINA, FELIPE

Filipino priest. Born in Arevalo, Iloilo, in 1672.

Studied for priesthood. Cura del Sagrario of the Spaniards in Manila; Chaplain of the Real Colegio de Sta. Potenciana; Judge provisor and Vicar General; Judge of the Testaments, Oapellanas and Public Works; examinador sinodal of the Ar:chbishop of Manila. Died May 1, 1738.

MONGCAY, CACHIL

Moro chief of Mindanao in 1838; was nicknamed "Datong Puti"; his father was said to be a Spaniard and his mother a native queen; with his uncle Corralat, or Kudrat, he opposed Spanish domination in Mindanao. He died fighting for his men, but the example he had given to his followers was well remembered.

MONTECLARO, PEDRO ALCANTARA

Native of Iloilo; lived between the years 1873-1909; read a great deal of the history of his country, particularly the Visayan Islands; was the historian of the Bisayas.

MORALES, BIBIANO

Filipino violinist, son of Ignacio Morales, teacher of music and band conductor; born in Manila, December 2, 884

BIOGRAPHY 1872. Descended from a long line of musIcIans on his father's side. Educated in Manila, with the help of his father and Antonio Garcia; was music conductor of the orchestra of the Spanish Opera at the Calderon theatre in Manila and of the Sociedad Lirico-Dramatico. Instructor in viola and violin. Went to Java in 1903 with an Italian Opera company under Balzofiore, for eight months; he was the concert-meister; N umeriano Ciria Cruz, the cel. list, and Teodoro Trinidad, the cornettist. Composer of Ang PagpapalOlJlao ng Mag1ila.ng sa Anak, Ang Pagibig ng Babae, and Ang PagU!ilo nang Asawa, with words written

by Corcuera, a Filipino dramatist; also professor of music at the Ateneo de Manila and at the Colegio de Nifios Tiples.

MUDIN, ALI

One of the most famous sultans of Jolo; son of Maulana, also a noted king of the island. Succeeded the throne of his father; negotiated peace with the Spaniards by sending five of his men to Manila in 1737; was greatly honored later by the King of Spain. While staying in Manila with his son Israel, who studied in the College of San Jose, he was influenced by his surroundings and was baptized in Paniqui, Tarlac, with the Christian name Fernando I. In 1749 the Spaniards broke faith with him and took him prisoner to Manila, but by order of Simon de Anda y Salazar he was taken back to his throne in later years. He fought side by side with the Filipinos when the British came in 1762.

MUEZO, JOSE

Musician, native of Santa Rita, Pampanga. Educated at the Colegio de Nifios Tiples. Became conductor of the Spanish Regiment 73 band; taught music in San Juan de Letran College. Died in Spain in 1896. One of his compositions, a hymn, was sung in 1891.

385

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES N ADRES, CEFERINO

Auxiliary Justice of the Peace of Candelaria and Sariaya. Born August 26, 1877, in Candelaria, Tayabas.

Graduated from law school, La Jurisprudencia, 1911. Secretary of municipality of Candelaria. Professor in philosophy. President of "Liga Tayabense."

N AKODA, RAGAM

Sultan-Emperor of Manila about 1380, according to the Selesilah and Malay Annals. In Mindanao and Sulu he was called Rajah Baguinda, and in Manila Sultan and Emperor; brave ruler and intrepid sailor.

NAZARIO, MAXIMO

Filipino pianist, product of Colegio de Nifios Tiples; a native of Santa Ana, Manila. Son of Manuel Nazario and Luisa San Jose. Entered Colegio institution in 1887.

NEPOMUCENO, VICENTE

Born in Camalaniugan, Cagayan, in 1861; was attorney-at-Iaw; later became professor of secondary instruction; elected provincial governor under the revolution; judge of first instance under the American military rule; was pr0'Yi~cial fiscal of Cagayan in 1904, when he was made member of the honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition.

NICASIO, EMILIA

Filipino musician; born on September 2, 1872, studied at the Girl's Municipal School in Manila, and later under music teachers, Lerma and Marquez, and Garrido and Ciro Cavalieri. Died in August, 1912; one of the noted lady musicians of her days.

386

BIOGRAPHY NOVALES, ANDRES

Was sent by the Spanish authorities to fight the pirates who continued ravaging and menacing the seacoasts of the islands in the Visayas; embarked on June 1, 1823, but was driven back; immediately "declared themselves openly against the authority of Spain," together with his accomplices; sent his men to murder Folgueras, and they took from his pockets the keys of the city; was defeated by the loyal officers and caught; court-martialed and later on shot.

OBAL

Also known as Dbal and Ugal; native of Mindanao; uncle of Mongcay; said to be the killer of the famous Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa, the conqueror of Mindanao.

OCAMPO, PABLO

Deputy to the Philippine Assembly and Resident Commissioner to the United States Congress: born in Santa Cruz, Manila, January 25, 1853; educated in private schools; University of Santo Tomas, licentiate in law, February 27, 1882. During the Spanish regime, he was relator de la Audiencia; promotor Fiscal, Court of First Instance of Tondo, 1889; .represented Lepanto and Bontoc in the Revolutionary Congress; edited La Patria, 1898; professor in Civil Law and Political Economy P.t the University of Malolos; was exiled to Guam for two years. He returned to Manila and became a business man; was member, Economic Association of the Philippines; and finally Delegate of the Philippine Assembly to the United States Congress.

ONGPIN, ROMAN

Owner of EI 82; born in the middle of the 19th century; started by selling paints in a modest store; devoted all his attention to it; paid his notes one day before they were 387

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES due; asked how he produced his famous white varnish for furnitures, answered that he prepared them with his intelligence; his store soon became the biggest of its kind in the Islands; contributed large sums of money to the Revolution and did the same in time of peace for patriotic undertakings; loved Philippine things so much that all his life he wore "barong Tagalog"; on his deathbed one of his requests was that his body be dressed with the Filipino apparel.

ORELLANA, FRANCISCO PIZARO DE

Filipino mestizo priest ; native of Manila; alumnus of the Real Colegio de los P.P. J esuitas. Provisor and vicar general of Manila; Bishop of Nueva Segovia.

OSORIO, FRANCISCO

One of the Noted Filipinos executed on September 12, 1896, in Cavite; now known historically as the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite. He was a popular business man and a patriotic citizen.

PABALAN BIRON, CORNELIO

Pampango printer; born February 2, 1868, Bacolor, Pampanga; studied in his home town; printed corridos, novenas, and pasions; among his works are: Consejo 0 Aral, Historia Sagrada., Librung Dalaga, Pacasalang Mata Caring Anac. He died April 30, 1925.

PABALAN BIRON, MARIANO PROCESO

Pampango dramatist; born in Bacolor, Pampanga, July 2, 1862, son of Potenciano Pabalan and Dorotea Biron; was the brother of Cornelio, the first P~mpango printer; received his schooling in his home town and in Manila; was the first to teach Latin and English in Bacolor; wrote for the early Pampango newspapers; author 388

BIOGRAPHY of the first Pampango zarzuela, "Managpe", September 13, 1900; later, wrote many plays, among which are "Caparis a Luclac", "Mamaligo", "Ding Amazonas", "Ing Mascota"; the last was written in Tagalog and was staged many times in the Tagalog provinces; produced the best Pampango translations of Rizal's "Ultimo Adios" and Palma's "Himno Nacional"; was looked upon as a critic; other writers of his horne town, Bacolor (often referred to as the Athens of Pampanga), sought his criticism and advice.

He died in 1904.

P ACADUA, FRANCISCO

Judge; native of Binalonan, Pangasinan. Follower of Malong who revolted against the Spaniards in 1660.

Captured and executed in 1661.

PACHECO, SATURNINO

Filipino priest; native of Bulacan. Translated into Tagalog Las Glorias de Maria by Ligurio, El Camino de la Virtud and Guia 6 Manual.

PALAOT, GUILLERMO

A Pampango chief of the seventeenth century, was maestro de campo of the Pampang.an forces, sent to conquer the Moluccas in 1606.

PALOMO, JOSE

Filipino priest; native of Agafia, Mariana Islands.

Author of Chamorro-Spanish (and vice versa) Dictiontllry.

PAMINTUAN, MARIANO

Native of Angeles, Pampanga; started life from the most simple beginning; was a hard-worker; scorned discouragement and became a successful farmer; was one of the wealthiest men of his province; friendly to the people and helpful to the poor. Lived in the United States for a time and died there recently.

389

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES PAN, RAFAEL DEL

Filipino lawyer. Born June 17, 1863, in Manila, P.I. Educated in the College of San Juan de Letran, Manila; University of Sto. Tomas with the degree of A. B., 1880; University of Madrid, Spain, with the degree of Licenciado en Derecho, 1885, and Doctor of Civil Law, 1886. Justice of the Peace of Manila, 1888-90. Solicitor general of the P. 1., 1891-93. Attorney for the, Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, 1890-03; Philippine Chamber of Commerce, 1904-07, and the Bureau of Lands, 1908-10. Twice president of the Philippine Bar Association. President of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce.

P ANGA, MARTIN

Chief of Tondo; appeared before Fray Domingo de Salazar, on June 15, 1582, to beg him send a letter to the king of Spain in order to remedy the suffering imposed upon them by the Spaniards; charged with adultery and exiled to the village of Tambobo; revolted against Spain; was captured and sentenced to be dragged and hanged; his head was cut off and exposed on the gibbet in an iron cage as an example and warning to the people.

PAPA, RAMON R.

Physician. Born November 16, 1872, in Sta. Cruz, Manila. Educated in the University of Sto. Tomas and Universidad de la Republica Filipina. During the Revolution he was Medical Director of the Hospital of Malibay and of the Hospital Central del Govierno Dictatorial in Cavite. Later he transferred to Malabon and served in the hospital for the soldiers and Spanish prisoners. First Doctor of the Health Service of the Philipp,i ne Republic having the grade of Captain of the Brigade of the first zone of Manila.

390

MANUEL LUNA Y NOVICIO

ENRIQUE MENDIOLA

PELAGIA MENDOZA

391

BIOGRAPHY P ARAISO, ENRIQUE

Distinguished Filipino Mason and patriot. Connected with the 1872 Cavite Revolt. Employed at the Tayabas customs; worked in raising through public subscription 800 pesos to help the exiled Filipinos to the Mariana Islands. Imprisoned during the revolt, he freed his companions, Maximo Inocencio and Crisanto de los Reyes, members of Grande Oriente Espanol. When in .Paris he worked for his countrymen in exile.

PARANG, LUIS

A noted leader and rebel, companion of Camerino of Cavite, defender of people's rights when the friars encroached upon private lands in Central Luzon during La Torre's administration, 1869-1871.

PATERNO, MAXIMO MOLO

Physician. Born in Manila, March 14, 1863. Educated in Ateneo Municipal de Manila; Medical College of San Carlos, Madrid, 1877-88. Secretary and doctor for the Special Commission for removing the Rebel Chiefs from Biac-na-Bato. Secretary of Communications and Public Works under the Revolutionary government. Professor of medicine in Universidad Literaria de Filipinas.

Secretary and treasurer of the Colegio de Medicina y Farmacia de Filipinas. General secretary and, member of the Advisory board of Liceo de Manila.

PEDROSA, CIPRIANO

Filipino priest; native of Panay. Parish priest of various towns. Collector and editor of Platicas sobre las Fiestas M ayores del ano and H omiUI1.8 pa;ra todos los Domingos del ana in Bisayan dialect.

393

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES PERFECTO, MARIANO

Journalist. Born in Ligao, Albay, 1850. Wandering merchant like his father, Leon Perfecto. Entered Seminario de N aga, Ambos Camarines, for two years. Established himself later in Iloilo, and founded the first library in the Bisayan Islands and wrote books. Later he went back to Camarines and established a library. Edited first Bicol periodical, "An Parabareta"; "La Union," and "La Paz." Elected Governor of Ambos Camarines in 1909.

Remained in office for two years. Died in 1913.

PILAR, ALEJO DEL

Tagalog writer; author of Awit ni San Alejo, one of the glorious productions of the nineteenth century in Tagalog literature.

PINON, SALVADOR

It llipino violinist who won a prize offered by the Liceo Cientifico Artistico-Literario in February, 1878, when Pesurrecion played as a violinist. Native of Guagua, Pampanga, graduate of the Colegio de Ninos Tiples of the Manila Cathedral.

PLATA, TEODORO

One of the three members of the secret society, 01' Katipunan, which formed the first triangle in 1896; greatly admired by Bonifacio for his courage and daring.

PURMASSURI

Famous Moro beauty, who bewitched Spanish soldiers, while the Moro warriors poured from every side of the mountains and wrought havoc on the entire Spanish regiment. N one of the soldiers within the garrison ever lived to relate the glaring beauty of this enchantress, who lured them to death. In her own way, Purmassuri may 394

BIOGRAPHY be called a heroine; for it was due to her connivings that the Spaniards lost their moral control and forgot their mission, even at the expense of the crown. It was through her efforts that enabled the Moros who were then driven to the mountains, to descend and attack the helpless Spanish regiment. A few escaped, only to hasten to their boats, and sailed away. But these lucky souls had but a glance of the lovely tempress-Purmassuri.

PURUGGANAN, HONORIO

Native of Dingras, Ilocos Norte; early poet-musician; wrote a number of peasant songs which are hig,h ly commented on as happy, strong and vigorous.

PUTI, DATU

One of the Panay Malay pioneers who fled from Borneoan oppression, and settled at the mouth of the Andorra river, Panay, sometime in the 1300's, as he could no longer endure the misrule of Tuan Katatunaw.

QUERUBIN, TOMAS

Born in the barrio of Cacutunan, municipality of Caoayan, Ilocos Sur, on December 17, 1830. Tomas Querub-in was one of those who defied poverty and its trials and succeeded. In the end he accumulated one of the biggest fortunes during his time. From a mere ship-boy, he rose like a meteor and finally became the master of the same ship he was once employed in. He even married the daughter of the ship owner. Querubin had good traits. He was kind and friendly and helpful to the needy, and scrupulously honest when it comes to money matters.

With a little sum of money that he was able to keep for years, he bought lands, plowed them himself, and planted corns and other cereals, thereby winning the nickname "agriculturist." Querubin Was a devoted Catholic. For 395

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES this reason, a great sum of his earnings was contributed to the churches and other religious societies.

QUINTOS, JOAQUIN

Filipino surgeon and specialist in children's diseases.

He was born in 1877; educated in Manila. He devoted most of his time to studying beriberi and infant's diseases.

He wrote various articles; among these are; El Beriberi en los ninos de pecho; Alimentacion infantil en Filipinas; Infantil beriberi and Tratamiento del Beriberi Infantil. Died in 1927.

RAMA, ISIDRO DE LA

Business man; native of Molo, Iloilo; middle of the 19th century; began as a clerk; educated self by doing business and by devoting all his attention to the complicated detail of his affairs; in Camarines, sold clothes and sugar; his daring was favored by fortune; soon was able to buy a large sugar plantation in Cabambanan, Occidental Negros; bought a steamship which made the first run from Iloilo to N egros; opened groceries and a big hazar which he filled with quality goods from Paris; in Manila, he acquired properties and built the De la Rama Building; rich, yet he impressed upon his children the love of work saying: "A knowledge of the fine arts is not as important as knowing how to earn one's living from the sweat of one's brow." When he died, he left two million pesos worth of property to his children and for philantropic purposes.

RAMA, MARIA MANING DE LA

One of the remarkable women of the Philippine Islands; widow of Baldomero de la Rama; Catholic, native of Bacolod, N egros Occidental; one of her daughters married to Rafael Alunan, president of the Philippine Sugar and Philippine American Trade associations; a woman known 396

BIOGRAPHY for her benevolence and charity and for her untiring industry. Died at the age of 71 years, February, 1935.

RAMIREZ, FLORENTINO

Filipino priest; one of the earliest "Tagalistas" ; translated into Tagalog many religious works written in Latin and in Spanish, during the middle of the nineteenth century.

Author of Mga Sarriling Uicang Magisa published in 1856, one of the glories of Tagalog literature in the nineteenth century.

RAMIREZ, MARIANO MORENO

Born in Daet, Ambos Camarines, in 1872; agriculturist and landowner; was head of the hemp exporting house of Moreno in Daet; member of the board of tax revision of his province. In 1904 he was made member of the honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition.

RAMIREZ, SIMON

Filipino priest; native of Sta. Cruz, Licenciado en Canones y en Sagrada Teologia. Secretary of the Archbishop and promotor fiscal of Curia Eclesiastica. Distinguished for his help and enthusiasm in the construction of the Manila Cathedral.

RAMIREZ, VICENTE

Filipino priest; native of San Roque, Cavite. Wrote in Spanish many books of religious character dealing on the inflexible Catholic principles.

RAMOS, ALFONSO

Born in Iba , Zambales, in 1860; municip,a l captain of Tarlac, and later provincial governor under the Revolution for two times; afterwards he was made member of the 397

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

RAMOS, JOSE

A.

One of early native Masons; one of founders of Logia Madre, 1890, when he became venerable master of same.

He was initiated in London.

RAMOS, RAFAEL

O.

Born in Himalayan, Occidental N egros, in 1858 ; engaged in agriculture in his district; accountant; was municipal president of the municipality of Suay, and later governor of the Island of N egros; fiscal of the fourth district of the autonomous government of the same province during the Revolution; was also municipal president of Himalayan. In 1904 he was made honor,a ry member of the Filipino commissioners to the St. LoU:is Exposition.

RAYMUNDO, HILARION

Born in Manila in 1846; secretary of the politicomilitary government of the provinces of Samar and Morong during the Spanish regime; also a notary public of the province of Rizal in 1904, the year he was made member of the honorary commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition.

RAYO, FRANCISCO

Filipino Real Colegio and talents; magistracy.

priest; native of Manila; alumnus of the de los P.P. Jesuitas. Priest of high virtues had various positions in the ecclesiastic Bishop of Nueva Segovia.

REGALADO, INIGO

Tagalog writer and poet; contemporary of J oseng Sisiw; native of Manila; father of liiigo Ed. Regalado, pre398

MAXIMINO MINA

ROMAN ONGPIN

FRANCISCO OSORIO

399

BIOGRAPHY sent Tagalog novelist; the first to write the Tagalog calendar.

REVILLA, BARTOLOME

Lawyer; born August 24, 1867, in Baler, Tayabas.

Educated in San Juan de Letran and in the University of Sto. Tomas. Provincial Fiscal of Mindoro and later of Tayabas. Representative of Tayabas.

REYES, E 'STANISLAO

Born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, on September 2, 1865; studied in the Seminary College of the same place in 1880; went to pursue his education in Manila in San Juan de Letran, and later transferred to University of Sto. Tomas. For two consecutive times he was appointed counselor of the Ayuntamiento de Vigan, and maestro de obras and Capataz de Ingenieros of this province. Afterwa,r ds he was made lieutenant of the volunteers under General Agustin.

During the Revolution he organized a battalion of soldiers to fight the enemies. He was also a captain and commander; later he was sent to Ilocos Norte to take charge of the forces there. Some time afterwards he was appointed General of the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and La Union by the Committee in Hongkong. Twice a municipal pr.esident, he was later elected governor of Ilocos Sur in 1907.

REYES, JUAN LADISLAO

Filipino priest; native of Quiapo, Manila. Ordained on September 20, 1849; Coadjutor of the parish of Apalit, Pampanga, and later Chaplain of the Regiment of the Infantry No.4.

REYES Y RIVERA, MODESTO

Doctor of Laws. Born June 15, 1866, in Manila.

Educated in a Latin school; San Juan de Letran; Univer401

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES sity of Sto. Tomas (LL.B.) and University of Madrid (Doctor of Laws). Practised profession in the P. I. and in Madrid; membel'i of Council of State of Spain; Editor of Newspaper La Union,' Provincial Fiscal, June, 1901; Assistant Attorney of the newly chartered city of Manila; later City Attorney of Manila.

REYES, ROMAN

Tagalog novelist; one of the earliest to write a novel in the Tagalog dialect; author of the vernacular novel Nena at Neneng; died in the early 20th century.

RIEGO DE DIOS, MARIANO

Gener1al, Philippine Revolution; one of the leading revolutionists; native of Marigondon, Cavite; distinguished himself in the defense of N oveleta against the Spanish attack in 1896; headed the Filipino forces in the Visayas during the American war. Died in February, 1935.

RIOS, ISAAC FERNANDO

Filipino lawyer during the Philippine Revolution; able defender of the cause of Spain; called to Spain and praised for his legal ability.

RIVERA, BRAULIO

Patriot; born in Tondo, Manila, March 26, 1867; studied little, but through self-study and constant efforts, learned enough to become "Inspector General de Montes"; one of the first members of the Katipunan; helped much in the spread of the doctrines of the Katipunan; arrested August 24, 1896; was imprisoned and made to suffer all kinds of torture; finally shot January 10, 1897, with ten companions.

402

BIOGRAPHY RIVERA, HIPOLITO

Filipino musician, born in Tacloban, Leyte, in 1866; went to Manila for his education at the Spanish Normal School, and then in the Colegio de Ninos Tiples of the Manila Cathedral; his professors were Garcia and Solis. Was organist of Antipolo church, 1881; then, at Lemery, Batangas, 1889; and later orchestra director in Lucban, Tayabas, and music teacher at the San Juan de Letran College. In 1894, director of the municipal band of Santa Cruz, Laguna; 1894 to 1900 organist of the Capuchinos church; music teacher at the Colegio de Ninos Tiples, and then at the Ateneo de Manila, and at the San Beda and La Salle colleges. Composed De Mindanao a Jolo, and the famous My Last Thought, based on Rizal's poem.

RIVERA, LEONOR

Rizal's cousin and fiancee; the Maria Clara in Rizal's Noli Me TGingere; born in Camiling, Tarlac, April 11, 1867; daughter of Antonio Rivera and Silvestra Banson; well educated, quiet, and lovely; sang and played the piano well ; at fourteen, the family moved to Manila and Leonor entered Concordia; in Leonor's house, Rizal boarded and the two fell in love; Leonor's mother obj ected to her daughter's marrying Rizal because the later, she feared, could not stay in his own country; in 1891, Leonor's parents gave her in marriage to Henry C. Kipping, an English engineer; Leonor consented on condition that she would no longer be asked to sing and play her piano; she burnt Rizal's letters and placed the ashes in an envelope embroidered with her and Rizal's initials; she died August 28, 1893, two years after her marriage. Rizal who was then exiled in Dapitan, asked his parent.~ and brothers to assist at the funeral.

403

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ROCHA, ANTONIO LEON

.

Director of the Nautical Academy. Born February 20, 1831, in Manila. Educated in a nautical school; had his first job when he was seventeen as pilot of Colon voyaging to Cadiz; professor in geometry and algebra in the Nautical Academy, where he was later made director.

ROCHA, LoRENZO

One of the great instructors of the Academy of Fine Arts of Manila; director of same in 1891; also a painter of an understanding style.

ROCHA, LUIS

Filipino painter. Painted portrait of Josefa Angeles, one of his best existing works.

RODRIGUEZ, FRANCISCO

An artist of the eighteenth century; was a master of the Franciscan printery; was also a poet-writer; illustrated Father Clain's book in 1713.

ROMAN, FRANCISCO

Filipino patriot. Born in Quiapo, Manila, of a Spanish father and a Filipino mother. He inherited a small fortune from his father which increased with his industry, talent and luck in business but he abandoned this for the Revolution. Made colonel of the militia and his regiment; was in the first line in the memorable battle of February 28, 1899. Adjutant to General Luna and was his inseparable companion. When Luna died in that well-known tragedy of Cabanatuan in June, 1899, Roman died with his friend and chief.

ROMERO, LoRENZO

President of the Sociedad Artistico-Literario de Iloilo organized in October, 1893. Provided literary and musi404

BIOGRAPHY cal entertainments, like other musical organizations of the Islands, to the Iloilo residents.

ROSA, JOSE DE LA

The only Filipino on the staff of Diario de Manila.

Wrote Dicc~ona;rio de la Vida Practica and worked with La EspaAia Oriental, and La Oceania Espanola, during 1895.

ROSARIO, ARCADIO DEL

Delegate to the Malolos Congress in October, 1898, a critic of the Philippine Republic's Constitution. Advocate of woman suffrage. "Lastly," he uttered, "the Constitution makes no mention of women and so no provision of political rights for them." \

ROSARIO, BERNABE DEL

Filipino priest; native of Sta. Cruz, Manila. Chap.. lain of the Hospicio de San Jose; Chaplain of the army of His Majesty the King of Spain. The religiousness and constancies of this Tagalog priest made possible the construction of the beautiful and grand church of the Third Order of Sampaloc.

ROSARIO, ENRIQUE DEL

Filipino priest; native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Parish priest of the Cathedral of Vigan. Ilocano writer. Some of his works are Novena, historia y milagros de Nuestra Senora de Lourdes and Meditaciones sobre el Santisimo del Rosario.

ROSARIO, SALVADOR

V.

DEL

Surgeon, epidemologist and journalist; was born in Manila in 1864; educated in San Juan de Letran, A. B.; the University of Sto. Tomas, M. D., in 1888. Practised 405

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES his own profession in Manila. Author of Epidemological Features of Cholera Vn the Philip']1i,nes, Manual del Inspector Sanitario and Notificacion Obligatoria en las Enfermedades Cuarentenables. He was redactor of La Independencia, a newspaper founded by Antonio Luna y Novicio; Del Rosario was also founder of a sheet, La Union. He, too, was once a member of the Philippine Assembly.

ROSARIO, TOMAS

G. DEL

Born in Binondo, Manila, in 1859; received the degree of LL. B. from the University of Madrid; educated in Europe where he resided for eight years; one of the leaders of the Federal Party, (1899) under Tavera, Torres and Arellano; held the offices of justice of the peace, fiscal and judge of the court of first instance of Manila during the Spanish regime; was deported to Africa in 1896 for having been an accomplice in the Philippine revolutionary movement; was the vice-president of the Malolos Cbngress, and later assistant attorney general of the Supreme Court under the American military rule; later provincial governor of Bataan; president of the Rizal monument commission; member of the superior advisory board of public instruction; member of the honorary board of the St. Louis Exposition in 1904.

ROXAS, FELIPE

Filipino painter and contemporary of Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. Born in San Fernando, in 1842. He studied in the Academy of Fine Arts in Manila; afterwards in Paris, specializing in painting and piano.

He was the friend of Chebillard, a noted French artist.

Painted twenty-six canvases, sixteen of which are now in Manila. Among his works are: The House on Antipolo Street, Meditation, The Mariquina River, Moses, The Roxas House in Batangas, the Choir of the Cathedral. At one 406

MARIANO PAMINTUAN

ENRIQUE PARAISO

TOMAS QUERUBIN

407

BIOGRAPHY time, he occupied the professorial chair of Fine Arts in the University of Sto. Tomas. He died in Paris, in 1899.

ROXAS, PEDRO

P.

Merchant. Born June 29, 1874, in Manila. Educated in various institutions in Manila. Teniente-Alcalde, Ma路 nil a, 1885. Advisor to the Spanish government of the P. I. up to the American occupation. Head of the firm of Jose Bonifacio Roxas until the death of the same. Head of the firm of Pedro P. Roxas, propiertor of San Miguel Brewery. Knight of the Great Cross of Isabela the Catholik of Spain. Officer of the Legion of Honor of France; Knight Commander 01 the Order of the Northern Star of Norway and Sweden. Died in Paris, February 4, 1912.

SAGUINSIN, JOSE

Filipino priest and Latinist; first parochial priest of Antipolo, his native town in Rizal; also professor in San Jose College.

SAGYAN, FRANCISCA

Early Tagalog chieftainess who, together with other Christian chiefs, ine.Iuding one heathen, appealed to Fray Domingo de Salazar when a ship was about to sail for Spain that he should include in his letter to His Highness, the King of Spain, "to remedy the grievances, injuries and vexations suffered by the people." A woman of unusual courage and ability, she did not care whatever risk she was taking into her hands, but vigorously protested in behalf of her down-trodden people.

SALALILA

Filipino chief; native of Misilo. Revolted with the chiefs near the vicinity of Manila to overthrow Spanish rule. Held meetings to further their plans. Discovered by the government. Leaders executed.

409

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES SALAMANCA, IGNACIO

Filipino priest. Born in Manila, January 2, 1743.

Educated in Real Colegio de San Jose. Doctor of Theology. Dean of Manila Cathedral; became bishop of Cebu, on September 28, 1789; consecrated in Manila, and went to bishopric in 1794; presented as archbishop of Manila, but died in Cebu, February, 1802, before receiving the news of his new dignity. Was deputy to the Santa Cruzada; graduated in San Jose College, and in later years appointed rector of this institution.

SALAZAR, HUGO

Filipino journalist in Spanish and editor of La Democracia, organ of the Federal party, 1899.

F. Poet and journalist in English; born June 21, 1889, in San Roque, Cavite; educated in the public schools of Santa Cruz, Laguna, and later in Manila at the Manila High School. Went to Hongkong in 1913 and joined the staff of The Philitppine Republic; returned to the Philippines and worked with La Democracia and El Renacimiento Filipino. Left for the United States in 1915, and worked in the salmon canneries in Alaska; in California he joined The Sacramento Union; a writer of feature stories. Died in America in December, 1918.

SALAZAR, JUAN

SALAZAR, LUDOVICO

Teacher; native of Tacloban, Leyte; well known by his popular nickname "Capitan Ludo"; small in stature, but active as a squirrel; had a vehement passion for children; taught and inspired many of those who later on made good in Tacloban; was several times gobernadorcillo of his community and looked upon as a patri.arch of his people during the nineteenth century.

410

BIOGRAPHY SALES, ESTEBAN

Native of Santiago, Ilocos Sur; grown up among the wild people of Bontoc, Mountain province; organized an army of his own during the American-Filipino war, and made his stronghold in Barrio Salingkub; threatened the people if they would not join him drive away the enemies; killed the Spaniards; was later caught while sleeping in a hut in the mountain vastness and shot to death.

SALONGA, FELIPE

A revolutionist; native of Polo, Bulacan; took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule in 1587.

He was exiled to New Spain, Mexico.

SALVADOR, MOISES

One of the Filipino pioneers in freemasonry, senior warden of Logia Madre in 1890, under the Grande Oriente Espafiol; was well educated and initiated in Madrid.

SAMSON, DOMINGO

Twice governor of the province of Albay, and one of the best executives of said province; died during the first quarter of the present century.

SAMULAY

Relative of King Malong. Attempted to further Malong's ambitious schemes after the king's execution. Native of Bolinao, Pangasinan; was bitterly opposed by the missionaries for his wanton killings and massacres of men and women alike; an audacious leader of rebels; but never able to realize his plans.

SANCIANGCO y GoSON, GREGORIO

Writer of El Progreso de Filipinas; studied economics, administrative and political matters; was a lawyer of Co411

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES legio de Madrid; doctor of canonical law; licentiate in administrative law; wrote a book printed in Madrid in 1881; took part in the J uventud Escolar Liberal in Manila in 1868, to obtain rights of Filipino priests; went to study in Spain after the Cavite mutiny in 1872, and returned to the Philippines in 1884.

SANTAMARIA, MANUEL

A Filipino surgeon; born in Manila, in 1868; was educated at the Ateneo de Manila; at the University of Sto. Tomas, M.D., and at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

He practised his profession in the Islands; was provincial medical surgeon in Pampanga. He wrote various scientific articles; among these are :El Benzo-naftol, El Colera y la salud publica, La Etpilepsia y ,el Dr. Pasteur, Diagnostico 11 Terapeutica de las Enfermedades Infecciosas, Contribucion al Estudio de la Convalaria Majalis y de la Convalamaritna. Died in Guagua, Pam'panga, 1898.

SANTANA, MARIANO

Filipino priest; Bicolano; ordained in Manila; bachelor of theology ,and secretary of the Archbishop of Manila; Latinist and poet; wrote El f eligres instruido, Novena de Ntra. Sra. de Guia, Novena aNtra. Sra. de la Rosa, all in Tagalog, during 1846-60.

SANTOS, ESCOLASTICO DE LOS

Native of San Isidro, Nueva Ecija; was civilista of Mayorzan y de Cuadra; found his fortune for being a merchant-farmer; established agricultural colonies in the town of Licab, and tilled the soil with some helpers. Had one son, the late Epifanio de los Santos, one of the greatest scholars and bibliographers of the Islands.

412

BIOGRAPHY SARRAT, DOMINGO OF

Labor leader, who aroused the common people of the !locos to a sense of their wrongs, on March 15, 1815.

This labor leader said, "I do not want to be your leader; let others do the directing, but I do want to point out the wrongs that you and I suffer, only remember that we have nothing,. not even, many of us, a family name. The laboring class are but slaves."

SERAPIO, MARIANO

Tagalog writer; author of Awit ni San Raymundo, one of the glorious productions in Tagalog literature of the nineteenth century.

SERRANO Y ARIARTE, NICOLAS

Ricol writer; was born in Oas, Albay, on December 6, 1862. He was the son of Francisco Serrano, a Sangley mestizo, and Sebastiana, a pure Filipina. Educated in the public schools and in the university of hard knocks.

Afterwards, he had a private school. He started as a writer by making translations of Balagtas' works and of the popular Filipino writings, such as for instance, Rizal's novels. Serrano wrote many biographies, comedies and novels. Of his known works are Agbaan y PUnl1!Jj, (awit); AdelIa (a fable) ; Bizco y Bizca (a satire) ; Pedro Sabios (a satire); SO/mpaguita; Milegua8 y Milendres; An Daha..c:: nin Pagcamoot 0 Duang Puso; An Agos na Magtood. These last two are novels. Of his dramas are the following: Zarzuela Bicolana; An Marhay na Sorogoon; A.n Pag Oring Mahamis,路 Pantinolle y Adriana; and Oro ntis Orontias.

SERRANO LAKTAW, PEDRO

One of the early Filipino Masons who studied abroad, returned in 1891 and became one of the founders of Logia 413

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Madre, and was secretary of said lodge. Author of Hispano-Tagalo Dictioruury, Tagalo-Spartisk Dictionary, and Estudios Gramaticales Sobre el Lenguaje Tagalog.

SEVILLA Y VILLENA, MARIANO

Filipino priest; native of Bulacan; doctor of theology; alumnus and professor, Colegio de San Jose; capellan castrense, decorated by the Kling of Spain; ecclesiastic censor; founder and director of El Catolico FilipiJno, newspaper, Malolos, 1898-99; wrote and published Gramatica, Tagalog_ Spanish, 1887; also in Tagalog-Vida buena y Vida rrw.la del Cristiano, 1895; Vida espiritual comparada a dos arboles, 1895; La Perfeccion Cristiana, 1895; Las Hijas de Maria, and other novenas.

SIAGU

Rajah; native of Mindanao. Found by Magellan on the island of Limasawa; friendly to the Spaniards; feasted and helped them in their work in 1521.

SIGALA

King of Bohol. Had also a blood pact with Legaspi.

Offered his services to the Spaniards and was one of those who went to Cebu to look for a Spanish frigate.

SIKATUNA

Leader of Bohol. Had blood pact with Legaspi. A pact entered race to race. Spain and the Philippines represented Legaspi 'a nd Sikatuna respectively. A barbaric practice it is true but employed by the prudent Legaspi to gain the good will of the natives.

SILONGA (OR SILONGAN)

King of Buhayen, Maguindanao; uncle of Raxa Mura; very powerful; fought Captain Esteban Rodriguez de 414

JOSE A. RAMOS

MODESTO REYES Y RIVERA

LEONOR RIVERA

415

BIOGRAPHY Figueroa, Spanish Military Governor of Mindanao in 1607, and opposed Spanish domination in every way; was, however, converted by a Jesuit priest to the Catholic faith.

He was appointed maestre de campo by said governor and later made governor of his region.

SILOS, JOSE

Filipino composer and guitarrist, brother of Juan Silos, flutist and pianist. In 1891, elected president of the sin~ ing department of the Sociedad Musical Filipina de Sta. Cecilia. One of his compositions received a p,r ize in a contest held by the Casino Espa:fiol. Became conductor of several string bands and later of the world-famous Philippine Constabulary Band.

S IMA

Ancient queen of lower Cotabato, Mindanao, about the seventeenth century. She was impartial in her dealings v'lith her subjects; fair and upright to anybody regardless of blood and nationality. When the ruler of Arabia was told of the honesty of her people he sent a bag of gold to be left on the road as a trap. For three years the bag of gold was left untouched on the road. Her son, proud of his blood, stepped on it and Queen Sima sentenced his foot to be cut off. The ministers asked for his clemency.

She yielded, but again asked for his toes to be cut. No further clemency was made and his toes were cut off.

"No one is so high in rank as to be above the others," the fair and honest queen said.

SINGSON, PABLO

Filipino priest; native of Samar. Master of Ceremonies in the S. I. Catedral; provisor and ecclesiastic governor. Works in Cebuano and Latin. An intelligent naturalist, being the owner of the precious collection of 417

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

Conchologia, the most complete collection in the Islands.

Estimated at 10,000 pesos.

SISON, JUAN

Native of Lingayen, Pangasinan; of poor family; made his way through life with amazing success, giving no time for play and pleasure until he was sure he had not labored uselessly; became a building contractor; erected the greater number of edifices in Lingayen; gathered the poor students and sent them to pursue their studies under his own expenses during the present century.

SOLIS, SIMPLICIO

One of the greatest early Filipino musical composers; born in Paombong, Bulacan, on March 2, 1864. Received early education from Colegio de Nifios Tiples; as a stu dent he was appointed first violinist of the capilla de musica of the Cathedral of Manila; debut in 1882 under the auspices of the Liceo Artistico-Literario; violin performance acclaimed; popular in concerts; also conductor of orchestras. Virtuoso and music teacher, and composer; composed the triumphal march Saint Cecilia, which won a prize in 1886. One of his symphonies is Limahong, besides numerous religious compositions; set music to several Tagalog dramas. Died on October 18, 1903. Some of his works: Tears, To my Sister, 0 Salutatoris, Ave Verum, A ve Maria, Plegaria a la Virgen, and Los Cruzados.

SORA, TANDANG

Filipino heroine; real name of Melchora Aquino; was a merchant; helped the Katipuneros by dressing their wounds and often going on dangerous. errands; was captured by the Spanish authorities and exiled to the Mariana Islands. She was permitted later by the Americans to see her native land where she died in poverty, but 418

BIOGRAPHY happy with the thought that she had done something for her country. Foremost woman fighter in Philippine history; took flag from her fallen husband, Diego Silang, and blazed her name in the book of heroes and heroines.

SULEIMAN, MAHOMET BEN

The King's son of Lusung, according to Pigafetta and Aganduru Moriz; pledged the gratitude of an ancient Manila king to the men of Magellan's fleet, off the Bornean coast on July 29, 1521.

SUMOROY

Flourished between 1649-50; was a leader of a rebellion against the enforcement of labor, with a center in Palapag, Samar; began disorder on June 1, 1649, and lOlled Father Miguel Ponce; came out openly on Corpus Christi; burned. convents and chuIiches; subjugated by Gines de Roxas in July, 1650.

SUNDULIN, GERONIMO

Native of Palawan; captured by the Moro pirates in 1730 and was forced to guide them to Fort Sta. Isabel; led them into the open sea so that the Spaniards could have a clear view of them. By this he delivered the Moros to their doom. He knew he was risking his own life but it was his country's safety that was dearest in his mind; saw the Moros fell one after another while he also expected his death eveIjT moment.

SUZARA, VENANCIA

Famous native singer, daughter of Exequiel, a guitarrist, born in 1869. In early youth she danced and sang with her father. Appeared on the stage in Cabero's company at the Filipino theatre. In 1882 she had engagements in Hongkong, with J. Carvajal, Raguer, Cubero, 419

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and others, obtaining triumphs. In 1884 she appeared in a Spanish zarzuela; later in Anillo de Hierro. Charming, intelligent artist, she died in 1903, leaving a prominent place in the musical stage-because of her voice, and her fine character.

TAES

Filipino chief; native of Bulacan. Revolted with the chiefs near the vicinity of Manila to overthrow the Spanish rule. Held secret meetings to complete their plans. Discovered by the government; leaders arrested.

TAGAL

Chief of Mindanao; entitled captain-general of Gorralat on land and sea; waged war with the Galoes and other enemies and in all these occasions came off with good fortune; asked King Corralat in t he beginning of 1635, to give him four caracoas, with which to plunder the islands of the Castilians, with the hope that he would bring as prisoner the God of the Chris.tians; destroyed images, captured the religious and killed the Castilians.

Defeated by Nicolas Gonzales at Punta de Flechas, badly riddled with bullets which caused his death.

TAMBLOT

Native of Bohol; a dangerous enemy of the tyranny and oppression of the Friars; gathered some two hundred Boholanos and openly rose in revolt against the religious in 1622; killed many of them but was finally defeated by the Alcalde of Cebu.

TAMPINGCO, ISABELO

Filipino artist; famous as a wood carver; his best works being in the St. Ignatius Church of Intramuros, Manila.

420

BIOGRAPHY TASI, ESTEBAN

Chief of Bulacan; offered armed uprising against Spanish rule in 1587. He was executed with several native chieftains in that same year. .

T AVERA, J OAQUIN PARDO DE

A distinguished patriot; born in 1829; brother of the great Filipino scholar, Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera.

Arrested during the Cavite Revolt of 1872 and exiled to the Marianas with Basa and Regidor and others. Pardoned in 1874, he lived in Paris till his death.

TENTENG

A brave MOTo datu who drove the British out of the Sulu Islands during the reign of Governor Rafael Maria de Aguilar y PQnce de Leon, 1793-1806.

TINID, MANUEL

General, Philippine Revolutionary Army; born in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, June 17, 1877; studied in the San Juan de Letran where he finished the "segunda ensefianza" in 1896; joined the Katipunan in April of the same year; when the Revolution broke out, raised a small army of his own; was soon made a general though young, and shared in the command of Bulacan, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinan; was one of those asked to leave for Hongkong after the pact of Biak-na-Bato; when the Revolution was resumed, headed the attack in Northern Luzon; became the governor of Nueva Ecija on June 18, 1907; on July 1, 1909, was made Director of Labor; Director, Bureau of Lands, October 16, 1913; traveled in Europe; was a model citizen and politician; admired even by his enemies; died February 22, 1924.

421

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES TIRONA, DANIEL

One of the members of the Katipunan present during the Tejeros convention in March, 1897; opposed the election of Andres Bonifacio as director of the interior, on the ground that he was not a lawyer, and proposed Jose del Rosario as the most logical man.

TOLENTINO, AURELIO

Novelist and playwright; born October 15, 1867 in Guagua, Pampanga ; son of Leonardo Tolentino and Petrona Valenzuela; began his studies ~t six; later entered San Juan de Letran where he received his A.B.; at Santo Tomas he studied surveying, philosophy and law.

Unable to finish his studies, went home and taught Latin; held several positions in court; took an active part in the Philippine Revolution and suffered several imprisonments; one of the first 13 members of the Katipunan; Inspector de Armas, under General Vicente Lukban; worked with La Patria, El Liberal, Ing Emangabiran, and Ing Balen; ,vrote in Spanish, Tagalog and Pampango; one of the first dramatists to gain distinction in Tagalog drama. Among his works are: Rizal y los Dioses, La Boda Maldita, La Copa del Artista, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas, Bagong Cristo, Luhang Tagalog, Daclat Cayanacan, Mutya, Buac nang Ester; translated El Conde de Monte Cristo and Quo Vadis into Tagalog; died in Manila, July 5, 1915.

TOLENTINO, FULGENCIO

Noted Filipino musician; native of Antipolo; produ.ct of the Colegio de Nifios Tiples; entered this institution in his 7th year, and left it in June, 1887, as a noted pianist.

TOPACIO, LICERIO

General in the Philippine Revolution; born August 27, 1839; was member of the first Cabinet in Cavite, 422

TOMAS G. DEL ROSARIO

ESCOLASTICO DE LOS SANTOS

PEDRO P. ROXAS

423

BIOGRAPHY holding the post of Ministro de Fomento; directed the fortifications and field work of the Revolutionary army; his advice was sought by Aguinaldo; in more than one occasion, saved Aguinaldo's life; died April 19, 1925.

TORRES TORRALBA, FELIPE

Filipino priest; native of Panay. Parish priest of Banga. His works are translations in Panay dialect, like Coleccion de canticos religiosos and Canticos para Nocke Buena.

TRIAS, MARIANO

Vice-president, Malolos Republic; born in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite, 1869; studied in the Ateneo Municipal and holder of a Bachelor of Arts degree; returned home and devoted self to agriculture. During the Revolution, he filled these posts: Secretary of Justice, Secretary of the Treasury, Lieutenant General, Filipino Army in the South; Vice-President, Malolos Republic; the first governor of Cavite during the American Occupation; member, Philippine Honorary Commission, St. Louis Universal Exposition, 1904. Died January 22, 1914.

TRINIDAD, Pro

Merchant and musician; born May 6, 1860, in San Roque, Sta. Cruz, Manila. Educated in private schools of the city. Built first piano of native lumber in 1896.

Started importation of pianos, 1905. Invented the "Tremolofon" attachment of pianos, 1895, and several devices for the Manila Observatory and for musical work. The only constructor of pianos in the Philippines.

TUAM ULAY

Daughter of Lutao, a Christian king of Basilan, Mindanao. A Mohammedan herself but was the wife of a 425

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES recalcitrant. In all the voyages undertaken by her husband, she followed him; no woman in the history of the Islands had undergone greater trials and tribulations a8 she. Tuam Ulay had a heart very hard to equal; she was brave and strong; adamant in her decisions; she, too, had a great respect for any body having different custom, blood or religion. To her any religion is as good as any other because it is a matter of belief. Because of this religious tolerance she became one of the forerunners of free thought in the country. However, she followed the Christian faith when she actually saw light. She died as Dona Catalina Enriques following the name of her godmother who was the wife of the governor of Zamboanga.

TUAMBACAN, GABRIEL

A sixteenth century revolutionist; native of Tondo.

In 1587 he took part in the first Filipino uprising against Spanish rule. He was arrested and deported to New Spain.

J. Tagalog writer; author of Tobias and Matuid na LanTUASON,

das; some of the glories of Tagalog literature of the nineteenth century.

UBAL

A datu who lived in Cotabato in the year 1596, according to Argensola's account, quoted by Rizal in his Morga Notes; a brave datu who defied Spaniards; made a vow, a patriotic threat that was made good. Thus the Spania,r ds left his country, and once again the land of the Buhayhaynes was left in peace.

UNSON, GERVACIO

Born in Pagsanjan, Laguna, on June 19, 1856; was an A.B., and primary school teacher. In the year 1904, 426

BIOGRAPHY he was made member of the honorary board of Filipino commissioners to the St. Louis Exposition; he was provincial secretary of the province of Tayabas.

VALDES, RAMON

Professor of music and musician; born in the island of Corregidor; studied at the Nautical School in Manila and was sea captain for a time. Returned later to Manila to study and teach music. Noted music teacher and conductor; taught in the Colegio de Nifios Tiples in violin and vioioncello. Under him were famous musicians-Antonio Garcia, SimpUcio Solis, Fulgencio Tolentino, Hipolito Rivera, and many others. He conducted the Gruet orchestra. Composed a pasadobZe for the revolutionists.

Some of his compositions won gold medals at the St. Louis Exposition in 1904. He died in Manila on April 13, 1902.

VALDEZ, CORNELIO N.

Filipino biographer; Ilocano writer; educated in the University of the Philippines; taught in the Northern Luzon College, San Fernando, La Union; author of Lives of Great Filipinos and Poor Filipino Boys Who Became Famous. Died in the early part of the 20th century.

VALDEZ-VENTURA, MARIA

Social worker and writer. Educated in the public schools and in the University of the Philippines. Wrote textbooks with others on Philippine English and Geography. Died in Manila in 1934.

VALENCIA, DOMINGO DE

Filipino mestizo priest; native of Manila; alumnus of Real Colegio de los P.P. Jesuitas. Dean of the metropolitan church, commissary general, sub-delegate of the Sta. 427

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Cruzada, consultor of the Sto. Oficio of the Inquisition, and Bishop of Nueva Caceres.

VALENZUELA, CIPRIANO

Filipino priest; native of Mangatarem, Pangasinan.

Collaborated as an anonymous in an Ilocano-Spanish dictionary and vice versa.

VALENZUELA, PIO

Physician during the Philippine Revolution; designated by the secret society, Katipunan, to convince Rizal to lead the people in revolt when he was in exile in Dapitan.

Valenzuela was a man who rarely talked, but who was convincing and diplomatic.

VELARDE, AGUEDO

Vice-President, Malolos Congress ; born in Santa Cruz, Manila, February 5, 1857; studied first under a certain Mr. Hernandez; next, at San Juan de Letran where he received his A. B.; studied law and theology at Santo Tomas; licentiate in jurisprudence, 1885; promotor fiscal of Nueva Ecija; acting judge, court of first instance of Bulacan; was suspected as connected with the Revolution in 1896 and was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and later in Bilibid.

Secretary of Public Instruction; professor, civil law, Escuela de Derecho.

VENTURA, (SOR)

Filipina, member of the Sisters of Charity; one of the founders of the Asilo de Looban, of Paco, Manila, in 1885.

Native of Bacolor, Pampanga; left her family and fortune to dedicate herself to the services of God; only Filipina in record who ever founded an asylum in Manila.

428

BIOGRAPHY VENTURA, VALENTIN

One of the earliest Masons in the Philippines; a friend of Dr. Rizal; a patriot, and uncle of former secretary of the Interior, Honorio Ventura.

VERA, HONORATO DE

Tagalog writer; one of the first Tagalog dramatists who wrote Dona Ines Cuello de Garza y el Principe Nicanor. Nineteenth century.

VERA, MELCHOR

General; native of Binalatonggan, Pangasinan. Sent

by Ma)ong (the man who revolted against the Spaniards in 1660) to conquer Pampanga. Was not successful in his venture. Captured and executed in 1661.

VERGARA, JOSE DE

Filipino attorney and spokesman who said in the Ma.nila Cathedral, September 19, 1813, at the election for deputies to the Spanish Cortes, that even kings only rule by their people's permission-"May the Cortes," he exclaimed eloquently, "now being elected know how to shower blessings on the Spanish dominions in both hemispheres and rule them in righteousness!"

VILLACERAN, MARIA FRANCISCO DE

First Filipino woman lawyer; school executive; resident of the city of Manila; graduate from the Escuela de Derecho de Manila; secretary of Centro Escolar de Senoritas and Escuela de Derecho de Manila; married to Sr. Villaceran; died recently.

VILLAFRANCA, FAUSTINO

Filipino priest; native of Manila; doctor of sacred theology, bachelor of canon law and licentiate in philos429

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ophy; one of the first Filipinos and Orientals who journeyed through Europe and wrote in Spanish his Viajes, published in Manila in 1870.

VILLAGONZALO, JUAN

Journalist. Born December 27, 1886, in Cebu . . Studiedat the Seminario de San Carlos of his home town, and continued in Manila. Appointed municipal secretary after the Revolution. Took a course in "Escuela Normal" in 1903. In 1906 he worked in "Ang Suga." Edited the "El Nacionalista" and "La Revolution." Died on March 3, 1914.

VILLANUEVA, ESTEBAN

Business man; native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur; began by opening a store and selling paints, papers and other domestic needs; wa.s modest, diligent and honest. Soon his store grew into a big bazaar where only quality goods were sold; acquired a vast plantation of coconuts; became not only rich but also helpful to the needy people of his community during the 19th century.

ZAMORA, CRISPULO

Noted Filipino silversmith and metal engraver; native of Manila; owner and manager of the firm which bore his name, now known as the shop of Viuda e Hijos de C. Zamora. He was called the "Rey de los Plateros."

ZAMORA, MANUEL

Filipino pharmacist and writer. Was born in 1868; He is the author of Organic Chemistry, Estudio FarmacoZogico de la Acaplypha Indica L. Algunos preparados farmaceuUcos usados como medicinas cas eras en las Islas Filipina'S y pontifical Universidad de St~. Tomas, Estudio compGJrativo de los distintos vitnagres aromaticos de varias 430

JUAN SISON

MARIANO SEVILLA

RAMON VALDES

AGUEDO VELARDE

431

BIOGRAPHY farmacopeas Y formulGlrios reconocidos, and Estudios preliminares sobre los com'JYlfJestos nitrogenados del patis y sus similares. Died in 1929. Manufacturer of the famous uTiki-Tiki de Manuel Zamora."

ZARAGOZA, MIGUEL

Filipino painter, with polished technique and deep understanding of European style. Also art critic and writer.

Contemporary of Damian Domingo, in the middle of the 19th century.

ZITA, JUAN

Filipino priest; native of Lubao, Pampanga; professor in Colegio de San Jose; wrote in Spanish Proyecto de Reglamentos 0 Estatutos, 1861; left many valuable manuscripts on pedagogy and religion both in Spanish and Pampango when he died.

ZULA

A native chief of the Bisayas who sought the aid of Magellan against Lapu-Lapu in 1521, resulting in Magellan's death.

REFERENCES

Artigas y Cuerva; Galeria de Filipinos Jl.ustres Banas; The Music and the THeater of the Filipino People Benitez and Benitez; Stories of Great Filipinos Blair and Robertson; The Philippine Islands Burniol; Philippine History Craig; Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal Espasa; Enciclopedia Unitversal Ilustrada Fernandez; The Story of Our Country Gonzaga; Bisa;yan Literature 433

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Jackson; Representative Men of the Philippines Kalaw; Philippine Socitll Science Malcolm and Kalaw; Philippine Government McGovney; Stories of Long Ago Norton; Builders of a Nation Ponce and Veyra; Efemerides Filipinas Pons y Torres; El Clero Secular Filipino Retana; Ind1:ces Biograficos .. Aparato Bibliografico Reyes; Directorio Biografico Filipino Villamor; Industrious Men Dia Filipino ElOriente La Ilustracion Filipina Renacimento FiUpino Report, Philippine Commission, 1904

434

PART IV FILIPINO MARTYRS AND HEROES BURGOS, JOSE

Eminent clergyman. Parish priest of the Cathedral of Manila. Suspected of complicity in the Gavite uprising of 1872. Garroted at Bagumbayan Field in 1872.

CAMARINO, CASIMIRO

Accused of "suspicion of complicity" in the Cavite uprising. Garroted at Bagumhayan Field, Manila, Feb. 9, 1872.

CASTILLO, FRANCISCO

General. Brave and patriotic. Died in action in the battle with the Spaniards in Capiz, March 17, 1897.

CRUZ, ApOLINARIO DE LA

Well-known "Hermano PulL" Organized in Tayabas the famous Sodality of St. Joseph which aroused much suspicion on the part of the authorities. Shot in Tayabas, Nov. 4, 1841.

DOMINGO OF SARRAT

Exiled in 1815 for defending the rights of the tenants of Ilocos Norte.

FERNANDEZ, DIONISIO

Interpreter in the negotiations to get the aid of Japan and Borneo for the country's cause. Hanged in Manila in 1589.

435

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES FLORENTINO, JOSE RAMIREZ

Exiled to Spain for upholding his right to defend his . client, Apolinario de la Cruz.

GARCIA, VICENTE

Defender of Noli Me Tangere; former Rector of San Jose College.

GOMEZ, MARIANO

Parish priest of Bacoor, Cavite. One of the famous trio who were garroted at Bagumbayan Field, Manila, in 1872.

JESUS, GREGORIO MIGUEL DE

Also a native of Tayabas and member of the Sodality of St. Joseph. SHot in Tayabas on November 6, 1841.

JUGO, JOSE MA.

Secretary to the Economic Society. Champion of Filipino Representation in the Cortes. Deported to Spain in 1823.

LAuIA, PEDRO

Native of Malolos, Bulacan. Leader of uprising for redress of grievances. Hanged in Manila in 1543.

LApU-LAPU

One of the greatest Filipino ancient leaders; chief of the Island of Mactan; victor during the battle with the Spaniards in 1521, resulting in the death of Magellan.

LEGAZPI, AGUSTIN DE

One of the Filipino chiefs who led a protest against the abuses of the Spaniards. Hanged in Manila in 1589, and head cut off and exposed on the gibbet in iron cage.

436

BIOGRAPHY MENDOZA, AGUSTIN

Gave a very large share of ¡his fortune in the fight for the cause of the Filipino secular clergy in Spain.

Deported to Guam in 1872.

N OVALES, ANDRES

Captain in the Spanish Army. Most astute of the Filipino leaders. in uprisings against Spain. Shot in Manila on June 3, 1823.

OCAMPO, PABLO

Exiled to Guam with Mabini for his country's cause.

One of the first Resident Commissioners to the United States.

ONRUBIA, HONORATO Y HERRERA

•

Shot on November 3, 1896, in the Luneta on the charge of sedition and rebellion. Besides protecting the Revolutionists, was first light house keeper of Cape Santiago, Batangas, intended to rouse the Spaniards stationed at the light house in said cape.

PANGA, MARTIN

Governor of the Village of Tondo. Cooperated with Agustin de Legaspi; suffered the same fate with others; executed in Manila in 1589.

PELAEZ, PEDRO PABLO

Theologian, scholar, newspaperman, economist and champion of the Filipino cause. Acting Archbishop and was killed by the earthquake of 1863, in his cathedral.

The writers of his time regretted that he did not live to mount the scaffold with Burgos, Gomez and Zamora as the most guilty of all in upholding the rights of the Filipino secular clergy.

437

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES PONCE, JUAN

Native of Leyte. Refused to submit to forced labor which was enforced in Cebu, Bohol, Cavite Dockyard, etc.

Hanged in Manila in 1650.

REYES, DIONISIO DE LOS

Native of Tayabas. Member of Sodality of St. Joseph. Also shot in Tayabas on November 6, 1841.

SALALILLA, FELIPE

Chief of Maysilo; participated in uprisings. in Manila in 1589.

Hanged

SALAMAT, MAGAT

Son of Rajah, Soliman. Participated in the uprisings to overthrow the government. Hanged in Manila in 1589.

SILANG, DIEGO

Native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. Parish priest of Vigan.

Leader of the Filipino movement in the North for emancipation. Assassinated on May 28, 1763.

SOLIMAN, MUDA RAJAH

Father of Miagat Salamat and was the heir of Rajah Matanda. Had friendly relations with the Spaniards, through the initiative of Goiti, but later the nativesl were ill-treated by the Spaniards, culminating in a fight where Rajah Soliman was killed in Bangcusay, Tondo, in the latter p,a rt of the 16th century.

T AES, ESTEBAN

Chief of Bulakan. Led an uprising to overthrow the Spanish government. Hanged in Manila in 1589.

438

BIOGRAPHY TAM BLOT, BAYBALAN Fought against the ' Spaniards for Filipino freedom.

Killed in battle, 1622.

TUPAS One of the bravest ancient Filipinos; son of King Humabon of Cebu; a friend of Legaspi, 1565; though made a Christian, yet preserved his noble heritage.

ZAMORA, JACINTO Born in Pandacan. Also a clergyman. Garroted with Burgos and Gomez at Bagumbayan Field in Manila in 1872 for the same cause.

ZOBEL, JACOBO Imprisoned in Ft. Santiago in 18176, for his liberal principles.

Thirteen martyrs executed in Cavite, September 12, 1896.

AGUADO, LUIs-employee of the government.

CABEZAS, EUGENIo-watchmaker.

CABUCO, FELICIAND--employee of the government.

CONCHU, AGAPITo-photographer.

GREGORIO, MAXIMo-employee of the government.

INOCENCIO, MAXIMo-proprietor.

LALLANA, JOSE-tailor.

LAPIDARIO, SEVERINo-first prison warden.

LUCIANO, VICTORIA No-pharmacist.

OCAMPO, ALFONSO DE-second prison warden.

OSORIO, FRANCISco-businessman.

PEREZ, JUGo-physician.

SAN AGUSTIN, ANTONID-surgeon.

439

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Executions in September, 1896. as Leaders in the Uprising:

Shot in the Luneta

PERALTA, RAMON SARMIENTO, MODESTO SILVESTRE, EUGENIO VALENZUELA, SANCHO October, 1896. Unknown Martyrs in Fuerte Victo_ ria, Mindanao, on charge of conspiracy, and affiliation with the Katipunan, ordered shot by a summary court martial : Fiveeorporals, two sergeants, two musicians of Regiment N (). 68.

Shooting of the prisoNers recaptured after escaping from Tarlac jail. Also 112 Cavite prisoners who killed jailer and guard and were recaptured later. Twenty brought alive and executed December 18, 1896.

The Bicol Martyrs executed at Bagumbayan on J anuary 4, 1897.

ABELLA, DOMINGo--SOn of Manuel Abella.

ABELLA, MANUEL-proprietor.

DIAZ, SEVERINo--parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres.

HERRERA, INOCENCIo--instructor in music in the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres.

JACOB, CAMILO-photographer.

LERMA, FLORENCIo--employee of the Public Works.

MELGAREJO, MARIANo-employee of the Public Works.

MERCADO, CORNELIo--employee of the Public Works.

ORDENANZA, lVIARIANo--employee of the Public Works.

PRIETO, GABRIEL-a priest of Malinao, Albay.

PRIETO, TOMAs-pharmacist.

VALENTIN, MACARIo--chief, night watchman of the P:ublic Works.

440

BIOGRAPHY The 19 martyrs of Capiz, Members of the Katipunan, shot to death, March 23, 1897.

AGUIRRE, ROMAN BRIONES, TOMAS CRUZ, DOMINGO DE LA DALIDA, VALERIANO DELGADO, CLARO FERNANDEZ, ANGELO IBAN, BENITO IBAN, CANDIDO INOCENCIO, SIMON JIMENEZ, ISIDORO MA-ANGAT, CATALINO MA-ANGAT, LAMBERTO MASINDA, VALERIANO MATIONG, MAXIMO REYES, SIMPLICIO SEGOVIA, CANUTO SUKGANG, GABINO VILLORENTE, FRANCISCO YON SAL, GABINO

Martyrs executed at Bagumbayan, on January 11,1897.

ADRIANO, NUMERIANO

Notary Public, member of the Liga Filipina and senior Warden of the Resp. Log. Balagtas.

CRISTOBAL, GERONIMO

Corporal of the Infantry whose regiment was known by the nickname of Burgos.

DIZON, JOSE A.

Born in Binondo, Manila. Engraver. Employee of the Casa de La. Moneda, with rank of "Oficial Tercero."

441

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Member of the Liga Filipina and Wor. Master of the Resp.

Lodge Taliba.

FRANCO, DOMINGO

A native of Mambusaw, Capiz, Capiz. profession. President of La Liga Filipina.

Merchant by

MANALAC, EUSTACIO

A freemason; possessed with libâ‚Źral ideas.

NIHAGA, BENEDICTO

Second Lieutenant of the Infantry of the Visayas Reg. No. 62 during the . Spanish regime. Took part in the organization of the Katipunan.

PADILLA, RAMON

A freemason, employee in the office of the Captain of the Port.

RIVERA, BRAULIO

A freemason.

ROXAS, FRANCISCO

Wealthy proprietor.

SALAZAR, ANTONIO

Native of Cavite. Merchant. Was always with Franco, Salvador, Villaruel, Villareal and others in all movements.

SALVADOR, MOISES

Born in Quiapo, Manila. Member of the Liga Filipina and Wor. Master of Balagtas Lodge.

SILOS, ROSALIO

Musician, executed in Ilig:an, Mindanao, December 29, 1896.

442

CAUDILI,OS DE LA MASONERIA FILIPINA (KA. LAW). OR THE LEADERS OF MASONRY IN THE PHIL. IPPINE ISLANDS.

443

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES VILLAREAL, LUIS

E.

A freem:ason; Father of Associate Justice Antonio Villareal; Wor. Master of Taliba Lodge.

VILLARUEL, FAUSTINO

Born in Pandacan. Merchant and broker. A freemason. Father of Rosario Villaruel, the first Filipino woman Mason.

Hero-Martyrs, 1896-1899.

AGUINALDO, BALDOMERO

General. Secretary of War and Publie Works of the Revolutionary Government of the Mabini Cabinet. Herolike he exposed his life during those perilous days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battles and die peacefully.

AGUINALDO, CRISPULO

General. Died in action during Revolution of 1896 between Imus and Dasmarifi:as, Cavite.

ARCE, JUAN

Leader. Died in action at the famous Battle of Balisung, Pilar, Capiz, on May 2, 1887, during the Revolution against Spain.

AREVALO, BONIFACIO

First Filipino Dentist, tortured by the Spaniards in 1896.

BASA, JOSE MA.

Exile of 1872. Consistent champion of Philippine liberty from 1872 to his death.

444

BlbGRAPHY BAUTISTA, AMBROSIO RIANZARES

Champion of Filipino Reform in 1898. He took part in every liberal movement down to the end of the war ag.ainst the U. S. Repeatedly imprisoned.

BAUTISTA, HERMOGENES

General. Revolutionary general in Montalban; bravely fought in Mariquina Valley. Hero-like he exposed himself to danger during the perilous days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battles and die in peace.

BAUTISTA, SIMEON

Captain.

Tirona.

Killed in Binakayan, 1896, with Candido

BELLOSILLO, FABIANO

Lieutenant. Died in action at the battle at the town of Panay, Capiz, during the Filipin()..American War in 1900.

BIDIONES, UBALDO

Leader. Died in action during the Revolution against Spain at the town of Panay, Capiz, in May, 1897.

BONIFACIO, ANDRES

Founder and Supreme Head of the Katipunan, 1897.

BUGALLON, JOSE TORRES

General. Head of Luna's advance guard. riously in the defense of La Lorna, 1899.

CAMERINO, LUCAS

Colonel, 1898.

445

Died glo-

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES DEL PILAR, GREGORIO The youngest but one of the bravest generals in the Philippine Revolution. Died heroically at the battle of Tila Pass, December 2, 1899.

DEL PILAR, MARCELO H. The greatest Filipino political propagandist. Staunchest defender of the Filipino political offenders. Had to flee from the country; went to Spain where he took over the management of La Solidaridad. Died in 1896.

DEL PILAR, PIO General. Valiantly defended San Pedro Macati.

Hero-like, he exposed himself to danger during those perilous days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battles and to die in peace.

DELGADO, MARTIN Gener:al in Panay Island during the Philippine Revolution. Commander-in-chief of the Panay Army.

Hero-like, he exposed himself to danger during the perilous days of the Revolution, but survived the battles and died in peace.

EVANGELISTA, EDILBERTO Lieutenant-General and Engineer. the Battle of Zapote, Cavite, in 1897.

Died in action at

FULLON, LEANDRO General. Took an active part during the Philippine Revolution in Panay Island. Hero-like he exposed himself to danger during the days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battle and die peacefully.

446

BIOGRAPHY GERONIMO, LICERIO

General. "Jefe de Operaciones" for the North during the first epoch of the Philippine Revolution. Chosen by General Luna as General in charge of the Third Zone embracing Manila and the adjacent provinces. Took personal command of the Company "Tiradores de la Muerte" in the battle along the Marikina River which resulted in the death of the famous American military leader and strategist, General Lawton.

GoNZALEZ, NICOLAS

General, Philippine Revolution. Hero-like he exposed himself to .action during the stormy days of the Revolution. Had the good fortune to survive the battles to die peacefully.

HERNANDEZ, ADRIANO

General. Another general of the Revolutionary Army in Panay. Hero-like, he exposed himself to danger during the perilous days of the Revolution. Died also in peace.

HIPOLITO, DOROTEO

Captatin; Captured an American launch at Ornni.

Died in action in the savannah of Hermosa, Dinalupijan, Bataan, in 1899.

HIZON, MAXIMINO

A I'Ievo}utionary General who distinguished himself in many battles against the Spanish and American forces during the Revolution. Native of Pampanga. Exiled to Guam.

JACINTO, EMILIO

The brain of the Katipunan.

447

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES LOPEZ JAENA, GRACIANO

Attacked Spanish injustice. Also had to escape secretly to Spain where he continued to champion the Filipino cause. Founded La Solidaridad, and became the favorite public speaker of the Spanish Republicans in Spain. ' LUCERO, SIMPLICIO

Captain. Died in laction at Caloocan, with all his men in the company.

LUKBAN, VICENTE

General. Fought actively in Samar and Leyte in 1890-1900. Hero-like, he exposed himself to 'd anger during the perilous days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battles. Died peacefully.

MABINI, APoLINARIO

Aguinaldo's adviser during the second epoch of the Philipp,i ne Revolution. Imprisoned by the Spaniards at the time of the KJatipunan trouble. Deported by the Americans to Guam on his inSiistent refusal to take the oath of allegiance.

MAGBANUA, ELIAS

Leader in Negros Occidental in the Revolution against the United States in 1899.

MAKABULOS, FRANCISCO S.

A revolutionary general who distinguished himself in many battles against the Spaniards and American forces during the Revolution, contributed many patriotic poems to the H eraldo de la Revolucion. He had the good fortune to survive the battle and die in peace, 1871-1922.

448

BIOGRAPHY MALVAR, MIGUEL

The last General of the Filipino Revolutionary Forces to surrender to the United States.

MAR~SIGAN, ELEUTERIO

General. A Batangas General during the Philippine Revolution. Hero-like, he exposed himself to danger during the perilous days of the Revolution. Also had the good fortune to survive the battle and die in peace.

MASCARDO, TOMAS

General. Took an active part in the Battle of Zapote Bridge in 1897; Military Governor of Zambales and Bataan. Hero-like, he exposed his life during those perilous days of the Revolution, but had the good fortune to survive the battles, and die in peace.

NATIVIDAD, MAMERTO

One of the bravest and ablest generals in the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Died heroically at the battle of Kabiao, Nueva Ecija, in 1897.

OCAMPO, JULIAN

Died in action at the Battle of Zapote Bridge, Cavite, during the Revolution in 1897.

PONCE, MARIANO

One of the trinity of La Solida;ridad .and the moving spirit of the Hongkong Junta for Aguinaldo's movement.

Press agent for the Katipunan in Hongkong.

REGIDOR, ANTONIO MA.

Leader of the Civil Reform movement in the Philippines. Exiled to Guam in 1872.

449

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES RIVERA, SANTIAGO

General. A Philippine Revolutionary General taan. Gallantly fought there in 1897. Hero-like posed himself to danger during the perilous days Revolution. Had the good fortune to survive the and to die peacefully.

in Bahe exof the battles

RIZAL, P ACIANO

General. Fought valiantly as a general in Laguna in 1896. Hero-like, he exposed himself to danger like the rest of the revolutionists. Had the lucky star to survive the fights and die in peace.

ROMAN, FRANCISCO

Colonel. Aide-de-Camp to General Antonio Luna with whom he was assassinated at Cabanatuan in June, 1899.

ROQUE, EUSEBIO

A Revolutionary General who was executed by the Spaniards on January 16, 189'7.

SAN GABRIEL, MARIANO

Colonel. Died in action at the Battle of Zapote, Cavite, during the Revolution of 1897.'

SAN MIGUEL, LUCIANO

General. Bravely fought and was wounded in Batangas. Hero-like he exposed himself to danger during the Revolution. Survived the battles and died in peace.

T AINO,

SEVERINO

General. Valiant general in Laguna who was killed in action. Exposed himself to danger and perished during those perilous days of the Revolution.

450

BIOGRAPHY TECSON, PABLO

Secretary of the Malolos Congress. He exposed his life during those perilous days of the Revolution. Survived the battles and died in peace.

TEJENGKO, ESTEBAN

First Lieutenant.

Died in action in Pulilan in 1899.

TINIO, MANUEL

General. Nueva Ecija General born in 1877. Bravely fought in the Philippine Revolution. Exposed himself to danger during those perilous days; survived the battles and died peacefully.

TIRON~, CANDIDO

GeneraJ. Died in action during the Revolution) of 1896 at Binakayan, Cavite.

TRIAS, MARIANO

Vice-President of the Revolutionary Government and Commanding General of Southern Luzon forces. Herolike he exposed his life during the Revolution; survived the battles too, and died in peace.

YENGCO, FLAVIA NO

General. Died in action during the Revolution of 1896 at Dasmariiias, Cavite.

-E. B. Rodriguez (Revised List)

451

BOOK

Two

FOREIGNERS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

PART I TEN EMINENT FOREIGN FILIPINOLOGISTS I

WENCESLAO

E.

RETANA

Wenceslao E. Retana, the noted writer of Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal, was an outstanding Spanish writer on the Philippines. He wrote more books than any of his contemporaries. His works are voluminous and are real helps to research workers. vVenceslao was born in Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, on September 28, 1862. In the early part of his life, he studied in the Military Academy. Realizing, however, his ability in other lines, he took up the study of engineering, but again left the institution later as he was much interested in arts and letters.

In 1884, Retana landed in Manila, where he lived the life of a newspaperman. In Manila, he became redactor of La Oceania Espanola; afterwards he was sub-director of La Opinion. Apart from this, he was contributor to La Espana Oriental, El Porvenir de Bisayas, and others.

Because of his eager desire to earn enough pittance for his subsistence, he used various pseudonyms, such as Desenfaiios.

Poor health drove Retana back to Spain in 1890.

Once in Madrid, he collaborated with La Politica Moderna and La Epoca. Afterwards, he became connected with Heraldo de Madrid and El Nacional. He wrote reviews for La Espana Moderna, Nuestro Tiempo, Raza Espanola, Bolet'in de la Real Academia de la Historia, Boletin del Centro de Estudios Americanistas, Revista de Ciencias, Revista de Ciencias J'Uridicas y Sociales, Revue Hispanique and others. He, too, was editor and founder of La Politica de Espana en Filipinas, and wrote many biographical sketches.

Retana was likewise secretary of the International Congress of Americanistas and Orientalistas in 1892 ; 455

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES member of the Geographic Society of Berlin and Vienna, Instituto de India Neerlandesa de la Haya and other scientific corporations and literary societies.

Retana, in his attempt to make contributions to the worid and in his desire to please the people who engaged him in writing political and literary tracts w,a s the author of many books and booklets regarding the Philippines.

This list is interesting; it shows the unusual output of a man who, hammered down by disease, was able to scribble lines every day. See what this prolific writer wrote: El Indio Batanguefio (Manila, 1888) ; Transforrnismo (Manila, 1888) ; Frailes y Clerigos (Madrid, 1890) ; SinapiiSrnos (Madrid, 1890); Avisos y Profecias (Madrid, 1892); Periodismo Filipino (Madrid, 1895); La Bibliograjia Filipina en 1895 (MadI:id, 1896); General Weyler en Filipinas (Madrid, 1896); Historia de Mindanao y Jolo del Padre Combes (Madrid, 1896); La irnprenta en Filipinas (Madrid, 1899); Catalogo Abreviado de la Biblioteca FiUpina (Madrid, 1896); Aparato Bibliografico de la Historia General de Filipinas (Madrid, 1906); Vida y Esc.ritos del Dr. Jose Rizal (Madrid, 1907); La CenS'l~ra de La Irnprenta en Filipinas (Madrid, 1908) ; La Imprenta Conjuracion Separista (Madrid, 1908); Tablas,

Cronologica y Alfabetica de Irnprentas e Irnpresores en Filipinas (Madrid, 1908) ; El Prologo y Notas a Una Edicion de la Novela de J. Rizal, El Filibusterisrno (Barcelona, 1908) ; De la Evolucion de la Literatura Castellana en Filipinas (Madrid, 1909); La Inquisicion en Filipinas (Madrid, 1910) ; La Iglesia en Filip:inas Independiente (Madrid, 1909) ; Noticias Historico-BibUogra,ficas del Teatro en Filipinas (Madrid, 1910); Sucesos de las IsloJ8 Filipinas por Morga (Madrid, 1910) ; Origenes de la Irnprenta Filipina (this book was awarded a prize offered in the International competition in 1911); Indice de Personas Nobles Que Han Estado en Filipinas (Madrid, 1921) ; Diccionario 456

WENCESLAO E. RETANA

457

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 'fHE PHILIPPINES

de Filipinismos (Madrid, 1921) ; and Indice Biografico de lOB que Asistieron al Descubrimiento de Filipinas (Madrid, 1921) .

Retana has written but one novel: it is entitled La Tristeza Errante. This narrative found but little reception in the Peninsula. Apparently, he had really no gift for fiction.

This scholar was a correspondent member of the Royal Academy of History in 1922. At one time he was deputy to the Spanish Cortes, and governor of several Spanish provinces. Then, too, he was inspector general of Barcelona (1911-18), and also administrator of several Spanish haciendas in the Philippines. Retana, it should be pointed out, was a collaborator in Espasa's Encwlopedia Universal llustrada.

Although a prolific writer, Retana is not a thoroughgoing scholar, whose pronouncements can easily be taken without asking any question. In fact, hig. earlier efforts are defective; oftentimes they are hurriedly written El Indio Batangueiio for instance is hardly an adequate account of the Batangas people; it is highly fictionized to be accurate. At any rate it won the admiration of the Spaniards. For another, Retana was somehow unable to grasp the political and social aspect of the Philippines.

For instance, he attacked right and left the cries of the Filipino reforrpers in Spain. In some cases, he got himself confused with actual people in the Philippines. In his analysis of Filipino poetry, he mentioned a poet who never lived in the Philippines; in fact, the poet he identified as Belisario was really Fernando Maria Guerrero, who, unfortunately, used that appellation as a pseudonym. And before 1900, his criticism of Philippine life and culture is much too bitter and too depreciatory to be taken to heart.

Apparently, Retana was pleasing the rulers and other interests, that furnished largely his daily bread.

There is, however, another Retana that is less uner458

BIOGRAPHY ring. It is the Retana who wrote the Aparato Bibliografico de 'La Historia General de Filipinas and the Retana who wrote the biography of Dr. Jose Rizal. It is the Retana who spoke his vigorous mind; the Retana who was able to free himself from the patronage of interested parties. In the first book, just mentioned, he made a lasting contribution to the world by gathering all the works on the Philippines, printing all bibliographies on the Islands for the future use of Philippine scholars. Again, in Vida y Escritos del Dr. Rizal, Retana wrote a keen penetration of the mind and spirit of the Filipino patriot, interpreting him in a correct setting, This biography is now recognized 'a s the best work written on the subject. According to Pardo Bazan it is the best work in the Peninsula, for it is superior to the biographies written on the white man.

Again, in his analysis of Filipino poetry, he made an invaluable interpretation of Filipino lyricism. In fact, his appraisal of the merits of the Filipino poets was altered but little.

Retana, as a writer, has a passionate, vigorous style, more ,of the arti~t than that of a scholar. ' His sentences are vivid and sparkling. Take this for an illustration: "Jose Rizal fue la demostracion viviente de nuestro deplorable regimen colonial. Una colonia no puede permanecer sujeta a su metropoli mas que por dos modos: 0 por la voluntad de los naturales, 0 por la fuerza."

There is another interesting aspect of the unerring Re1Sana. Although he had abused the Filipinos to the point of malediction, in his serene moments Retana paid plaudits to the real ability. For instance, he objected to the execution of Rizal. In fact, he left the press and wrote a celebrated biography regarding this man, although at one time, Rizal and Retana had a severe quarrel, almost leading to a duel. Again, when his severe indictments 459

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES were pushed too far, in his later years, Retana had the courage to make personal amends, going as far as 路putting them in print.

Retana as a writer and a scholar is a dual personality.

His works on the Philippines are distinctly among the best written on the subject. His history of Philippine press is a.cute; his biography of Jose Rizal brilliant; his "Aparato" hardly to be duplicated. Wenceslao E. Retana's contribution to Philippine history and civilization should thus be divided into two distinct periods-before he wrote the biography of Rizal and after he wrote it; in the former period, Retana was more passionate, less matured; but in the latter period, Retana was more matured, less passionate; for then, it was Retana, the scholar, the historian, and the philosopher who wrote not for money but for himself and for posterity. Retana, as the scholal"S of the world regard him now, IS perhaps the foremost foreign Fili pinologist.

460

II

FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT

A European scholar who is highly regarded by the Filipinos is Ferdinand Blumentritt. Professor Blumentritt was not only a keen s'c holar on the Philippines, but also a true friend of the Filipino people. In fact, he was the adviser of the Filipino liberals in Europe and was a strong supporter of their noble cause.

FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT

Ferdinand Blumentritt was born in Prague, Bohemia, then in the imperial domain of Austria Hungary, on September 10, 1853. His father was a professor of Leitmeritz, and his mother, Amalia Schneider, daughter of Andres Schneider, then treasurer of the Empire. At the early prime of his youth, Ferdinand had a good command of the European languages. He was reputed to have a reading and writing knowledge of Spanish, Portuguese, French, English and Italian. Like his father, he obtained his 461

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES education from his native city. After the completion of his studies, he became a member of the faculty of the Imperial Atheneum of Leitmeritz. In this capacity, Blumentritt taught geography and history.

Blumentritt had developed in the course of his teaching a strong liking for things Asiatic. He devoted then the greater portion of his time in studying the history of the Philippines and China. In fact he came over to the Islands to study the geography of the country and the distribution of the Filipino people. Consequently, in 1879, Professor Blumentritt wrote: Die Ckinesen aUf den Pkilippinen. In 1880 he wrote a monograph on Ataques de los Holandones en los Siglos XVI, XVII, y XVIII en Filipinas.

He also wrote a distinguished piece of work entitled, Bibliotkeca Fkilippina in 1882. Apart from these, he penned Las Razas del Arckipielago, Las Razas Indigenas de Filipinas, and Vadernecum Etnografico de FiUpinas. Furthermore, he was a contributor of La Solidaridad, a newspaper well supported by Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena.

As a result of his scholarly work, Professor Blumentritt became distinguished. He was made the Director of the Imperial Atheneum of Leitmeritz, Caballero de Orden Espanola de Isabel la Catolica, honorary member of the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, member of the Bohemian Arts and Letters Club, honorary member of the Imperial and Royal Geographical Society, honorary member of the Geographical Society of Madrid, honorary member of the Casino de Ciencia Militar of Theresienstadt. He was also an adopted son of Pasig, honorary member of IndoChi noise of France, and an honorary member of the Philippine Academy.

Blumentritt was a true friend of the Filipinos abroad.

In May, 1887, he played the role of a host, entertaining Rizal and Maximo Viola. He, too, was the friend of 462

BIOGRAPHY other Filipino liberals, such as for instance, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose M. Panganiban, Juan Luna and Antonio Luna.

In 1889, at the Universal Exposition in Paris, Blumentritt organized the International Congress on the Philippines. This was the first time that the Philippines was considered important, even from the linguistic standpoint.

Ferdinand Blumentritt died on September 20, 1913.

In token of his admirable work regarding the Philippines, the Philippine Government ordered the Secretary of the Philippine Assembly to prepare his biography.

463

III

JOAQUIN MARTINEZ DE ZUNIGA

Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga, the author of Historia de Filipinas and others, waS' born in the Villa of Aguilar de Navarra, in the bishopric of Calahorra, on June 10, 1760.

He was the son of Esteban Martinez de Zuniga and J osefa Diaz de Harraza. He was educated in the Augustinian College of Valladolid. In 1779, he became priest. For sometime he stayed in his native city, saying mass and receiving confession. In 1785, he was transferred to New Mexico, where he learned the missionary work. In the following year, he was sent to the Philippines. In 1791, Fray Zuniga was made a parochial priest of Hagonoy.

Here he took care of children and studied the Tagalog language. In 1796, he was assigned to Calumpit, Bulacan, and in 1802 to Parafiaque, Rizal. Here in Rizal, he lived most of his time and wrote most of his works. On March 7, 1818, he died in Manila, leaving a Memoir which was unfinished.

Fray de Zuniga occupied various positions in life. He was secretary of the Provincial mission in 1792, prior vocal, defensor de Santo Oficio and prbr provincial in 1806.

When Admiral Ignacio Maria de Alava made his trip to the Islands, studying the topography and the contour of the Philippines, Zuniga accompanied him in his journey.

Here he was inspired to write the history and travels in the Philippines, noting down carefully the manners and the customs of the people. Unlike the priestly historians who were too lazy to consult the documents before attempting to write on such a subject, Zuniga investigated all the rare materials, studying closely the different documents as far as the occupation of the English. In 1803, he was able to produce a concise history of the Philippines, divided into thirty-seven chapters. This volume, dedicated 464

BIOGRAPHY to Ignacio Ma. de Alava, is now trans[ated into English by an Englishman. It is entitled: A Historical View of the Philitppines, exhibiting their discovery, population, language, government, manners, customs, productions and commerce. A year afterwards, he began writing' another book, regarding the Philippines, which he called: Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas or Mis Viajes por este POJis. This volume took him three years to write, and was variously edited by several scholars This Estadismo is more than a book of travels as it really is a detailed account of the state of the Philippines at the beginning of the 19th century.

Fray de Zufiiga wrote a Novena; apparently he wanted to show to the world that he had not forgotten the Catholic faith. Then, too, he translated and annotated in Spanish the Journeys of Monsieur Le Gentile. After producing four works, two of them were really in four volumes, he began writing his Memoirs. This work was never completed, for he died at t he age of fifty-eight.

De Zuniga as a historian is noted for his accuracy of facts. He minces no words in calling black, black. For instance, when he found out that Don Pedro Arandia had made a fortune by occupying the gubernatorial chair of the Islands, he amplified his crime, pointing out the defects of the Spanish governmelltal system. Again, when he was describing the assassination of Governor Bustamante, he presented realistically the melee and the heated passion and intrigue of that era. In fact, he was not ashamed to tell the horror of that period. Zuniga's description of actual Philippine life was thorough and authentic; some of the details he mentioned were quoted by the presentday historians, for Zuniga put facts before anything else.

Zuniga as a historian was a modest writer. In one of his works, he expr~ssed himself thus: "No escribo como misionero sino como fil6sofo". But in spite of this modesty, he has produced some of the finest accounts of the p'hilippines, the penetration of which is amazing and the 465

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES details have been readily recognized as coming from the pen of a scholar. In fact, Professor Kern of Leiden Uni. versity wrote over thirty pages, making a critical study of de Zuniga's Estadismo de las Islas Filipitnas. For Esta. dismo is Father Zuniga's masterpiece, his greatest contribution to Philippine civilization.

466

IV FEODOR,

J AGOR

Feodor Jagor, whose travels in the Philipp,ines had given inspiration to Jose Rizal to work for the uplift of the Philippines, was a German scientist and traveler. He was born in Berlin in 1817 and die'd there in 1900. He was once a professor of the University of Berlin and a member of the German Museum fur Volkerkunde of Berlin.

While occupying a professorial chair in the native land of Goethe and Beethoven, he became interested in things Asiatic. For this reason, he left Berlin in 1859 and visited India and the Oceanic Islands, particularly the Philippines and the Moluccas. Once in Asia he began to make study of the cranium and the state of cultures of the Asiatic and Oceanic peoples, publishing the result of his investigations in the European scientific journals. He, too, had gathered many specimens which might be found in the Berlin Museum.

Jagor, the scientist, published some invaluable books.

Some of his known works are: Singapore, Malaka, Java; Reiseskizzen; Reisen 路i n den Philip'JYinen, and Ostindisches Handwerk und Gewerbe mit Rucksicat auf den Europaischen Arbeitsmark.

Jagor as a traveling scientist was an authentic observer. He used his eyes and mind well in fathoming the underlying cultures of the peoples he visited. His observations are very keen and vivid. In his Travels in the Philip'JYines he made this account: "Although the Philippines belong to Spain, there is but little commerce between the two countries. Once the tie which bound them was so close that Manila was wont to celebrate the Spanish mail with Te Deums and bell ringing, in honour of the successful achievement of so stupendous a journey." Observe this: "The traffic with Spain was limited to conveyance of officials, priests, and their usual necessaries such as 467

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES provisions, wine and other liquors, and, except a few French novels, some atrociously dull books, histories of saints, and similar works." And lastly note closely his prophetic vision in 1875, regarding America and the Philippines-"In proportion as the navigation of the west coast of America extends the influence of the 1\merican element over the South Sea, the captivating, magic power which the great Republic exercises over the Spanish colonies will not fail to make itself felt also in the Philippines. The Americans are evidently destined to bring to a full development the germs originated by the Spaniards. As conquerors of modern times, they pursue their road to victory with the assistance of the pioneer's axe and plough, representing an age of peace (1;nd commercial prosperity in contrast to that bygone and chivalrous age whose champions were upheld by the cross and protected by the sword."

468

I

V JOSE TORIBIO MEDINA

Jose Toribio Medina was a Chilean historian. diplomat and bibliographer. He was born in Santiago de Chile in 1852. He was educated at the National Institute and the University of Santiago, graduating from the latter institution with LL. B. in 1873. At the age of twenty-two, he was appointed Secretary of the Chilean legation in Lima.

In that city, he made investigations in the archives, and in 1878 he published a History of Chilean Literature. Four years earlier than this date, he rendered into Spanish Longfellow's Evangeline.

When Chile and Peru had a war, Medina entered the Chilean army. Afterwards, he retired and became judge of the provinces ceded by Peru in that last engagement.

In 1884, Medina was made secretary of the Chilean legation in Madrid. In Spain, he delved into the archives of the peninsular capital, investigating the literature and history of Spanish America, particularly of Chile. After seven years of residence in Europe, he returned to his country. In 1902, he went abroad and visited the United States. Once in America, he made personal investigations of the resources of American libraries, looking for more facts and materials which eventually found themselves in his various works.

Medina wrote and compilefd many historical studies, devoting the greater portion of his time to bringing to light facts hardly known before. In fact, he even wrote several works pertaining to the Philippines. Of the known works of Medina, the following are important: Biblioteca Hispano-Americana, 1493-1810, in seven volumes; Historia, y Biblio,g rafia de la Imprenta en la Antigua Verreinate del Rio de la Plata (1892); B~blioteca-Americana Septentrional (1897); La Imprenta de Bogota, 1731-1821 (1904); La Imprenta en la Habana, 1707-1810; La I1nprenta en Li469

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ma, 1584-1824; La Imprenta en P~teblQ de los Angeles, 1640-1821,' Biblioteca Hispano-Americano-Chilena, 15231817; El Santo Olicio de la Inquisicion en las Islas Filipinas; La Imprenta en Manila hasta 1810; BiblwgrO;lia Espanola de las Islas Filipinas, 1523-1810; Epitome de la Intprenta en Mexico; Historia de lO; Literatwra Colonial; and others. Apart from these, Medina produced some historical works, such as: Historia de la Inquisicion en Lima; El Tribunal de Santo Olicio de la Inquisicion de Chile; Juan Diaz de Solis (1892); La Inquisicion de Mexico (1905); El Veneciano Sebastian Esteban Gomez (1908); and Medallas Coloniales Hispano-Americana.c; (1900). Medina edited thirty volumes of documents, which he entitled, Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos para la Histor,ia de Chile.

This famous Chilean histoliian and bibliographer was also the founder of the Archaeological Society and member of the Royal Academy of History of Chile.

470

VI PEDRO CHIRINO

The author of the famous book, entitled Relacion, is Pedro Chirino. He was born in 1557, in Osuna (Seville), Spain.

Chirino obtained his early education from his native community. In 1580, he joined the Jesuit order.

After nine years of active service, Chirino was sent with Dasmarifias to the Philippines. In the Philippines, he helped the friars in spreading the Catholic faith, and in 1602 he returned to Europe.

In 1604, Chirino published in Rome his accounts of the Philippines. He called the book, Relacion. Chirino returned once more in 1610, to the Islands, where he hoped to finish a history of the Islands. This book was unfinished, for, on September 16, 1635, he died in Manila.

He died at the age of seventy-eight.

The Relacion was published in Rome in 1604. It is a rare and curious work. It treats of Philippine alphabets, the early writings of the Filipinos, and the different dialects of the Islands, such as Tagalog, Bisaya and Haraya.

Chirino's Relacion, like Antonio Morga's Sucesos, is considered one of the most accurate accounts of the life and times in the Philippines in the sixteenth century.

471

VII MIGUEL MORAYTA

For his sympathy with the Filipinos and for his great work in the establishment of freemasonry in the Philippine Islands, Miguel Morayta, famous Spanish orator, statesman and writer, is now accorded the honor of being one of the eminent foreign Filipinologists.

Morayta was a great friend of such noted Filipinos as Rizal, Basa, Lopez Jaena, Regidor, Govantes, Llorente and del Pilar. It was he who opened to the natives the closed doors of Masonry. It was he who urged the Filipino patriots to work for the liberation of the Islands from the Spanish aristocracy.

Morayta was born in Madrid on September 3, 1834, and died in the same city on January 18, 1917. He was educated at the Universidad Central de Madrid where he obtained his doctorate of philosophy and letters and laws.

In said university he became assistant professor of law and also taught history. He resigned in 1865. With others he was prosecuted for his liberal republican ideas. He was deputy for Loja, Valencia and Madrid.

Morayta was made secretary of the Junta Revolucionaria. When the Republica Madrilefia was proclaimed in 1868, he was appointed secretary of state and ambassador to Constantinople, Rome and Jerusalem. Morayta held the important positions of president of Liga Anticlerical and other societies. He was Grand Master of the Gram Oriente Nacional de Espana and then of the Grande Oriente Espa-iLol, both of which are Masonic institutions.

He was also connected with the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina in Spain.

His fiery speech in 1884 at the Universidad Central caused his excommunication. But his name resounded again in the Spanish Congress when that body refused to admit him as deputy for Valencia.

472

.--r

I

-~

I

MIGUEL MORAYTA

473

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES As a journalist, Morayta wrote extensively; with Castelar and Canalejas he founded Eco Universitario; he was editor and publisher of Revista Iberica, La Reforma, La Republica Iberica, El Rep'ublicano Nacional and El Republicano. Morayta also published the voluminous Historia de Espafta, La Commune de Paris, Aquellos Tiempos, and Historia de Grecia, besides La Libertad de la Catedra, Moral Universal and other pamphlets.

Many of the first Filipino Masons, it should be remarked, were initiated into freemasonary in Paris and London, while Rizal, del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, Ponce, and A. Luna, M. Salvador and others were initiated in Spain. The Filipinos had their own lodge, when La SoUdaridad was founded; the name of their lodge was Revolucion, under the jurisdiction of the Grande Oriente Espanol, when Morayta was the Venerable Master in 1889.

Morayta was ever interested in the independent future of the Islands, did all that he could for Filipino Masons, and worked for the liberty of the Islands. That is why when Morayta died in Madrid in 1917, the Grand Lodges of the Philippine Islands, under the leadership of Stafford, Comfort, Quezon and Earnshaw, passed a ;resolution and united all lodges under the present grand lodge, and then mourned over the great Morayta's death. For "masonry," states Teodoro M. Kalaw in his book La Masoneria Filipino" "was nothing less at that time than a campaign for liberty."

474

VIII JAMES

A. LE Roy

James A. Le Roy is one of the finest American Filipinologists. His penetrations and analyses of Philippine life and manners, and his actual evaluations of the country as a whole are as. keen as the Arabian scimitar. "N 0where can a clearer and more judicial statement be found than in these chapters which Mr. Le Roy, who had really given up his life for the Philippines, was unable to complete!' Thus runs the fa,m iliar evaluation of his works.

James A. Le Roy was born in Pontiac, Michigan, on December 9, 1875. Of his parentage little is known, but he came from an averag,e American family. Le Roy was the product of the finest institution of the State of Michigan, the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Here he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. His scholarship was meritorious; it won for him then the friendship and commendation of J AMl!:S ALFRED LE ROY Dean C. .Worcester. In fact, when the latter was appointed member of the Philippine Commission in 1901, Le Roy was made by Worcester his secretary. As secretary to Worcester, he became interested in things Philippine. He also mastered the whims and other pets of this anthropologist, enabling him to know the fundamentals of the skull and the evolution of culture. Le Roy was able to learn from his superior the Spanish language, as the latter had devoted his time to mastering the tongue of Cervantes.

Apart from being secretary to the Philippine Com475

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES mission, Le Roy was alS'O a prolific writer. Le Roy was likewise consul of Durango, Mexico. He held this con. sular position up to 1908. Later on he moved to Fort Bayard, Michigan; here Le Roy devoted most of his time to writing and combating the pernicious disease known as tuberculosis. A restless brain, however, is' not conducive to fighting these microbes; hence, in a few months Le Roy collapsed, leaving to the world some unfinished manus. cripts, and other planned but unexecuted schemes.

Le Roy, like the Spaniard Wenceslao E. Retana, was an excellent Filipinologist. During his brief terrestrial career, Le Roy' was able to publish in book form several volumes regarding the varIous cultural aspects of the Phil路 ippines. Some of his works are: The American Occupation (1898-1903) ; The Philippines, 1860-1898; Some Comments and Bibliographical Notes,. The Philippine Life in Town and Country (1905); The Phililppines and the Filipinos (1906); The Amencans in the Philippines (1914); and Apolina;rio Mabini on the Failure of the Filipino Revolution.

He was the founder Gf a periodical in the United States:, devoted chiefly to informing the American press regarding the actual state and condition of the Philippine islanders. Then, too, he was the contributor to Dunn's Review: Political Science Quarterly, The American Historical Review, and The Nation.

Le Roy as a writer and a historian belongs to the new school; he takes more comprehensive views rather than merely detail dates and historical incidents. His style is charming, his, attitude somewhat sententious, and his dictum mild, but final. "The first requisite to such a review (meaning the historical consideration of the Philippines) ," he said, "is knowledge of the facts. Not only have these been obscured in the heat of partisan discussion in the United States, but the very mass of accumulated data is a hindrance to that clarity of understanding which 476

BIOGRAPHY

ought to prevail under g.overnment by the pe.ople." Here d.oubtless is the cere .of his thinking and beliefs.

James A. Le R.oy is und.oubtedly a friend .of the Filipine pe.ople. Alth.ough a s.omewhat sympathetic hi sterian, nevertheless the greater p.orti.ons .of his c.onclusi.ons are c.orrect diagn.oses. When he seeS! s.ome defects .of the Philippine s.ocial scheme, .or when he .observes the tyranny .of the Spanish g.overnment, he dips his pen in red ink and writes bitter denunciati.on .of the Spaniards and the Filipinos as well. Here is Le R.oy analyzing Filipin.o mentality: "Mabini and Rizal," he said, "stand .out as the m.ost c.onspicUQUS .of what may be called the YQung Filipin.o Party in tW.o distinct phases .of the general m.ovement. Alm.ost anything Rizal and Mabini CQuid have written WQuid be wQrthy .of careful perusal, as aff.ording an insight intQ the w.orkings .of these tw.o min.ds, neither typically FilipinQ in all respects, each p.ossessing an individual interest f.or us, and yet bQth reflecting als.o the aspiratiQns' and the undevel.oped state .of their pe.ople as they are in nQ .other way made clear."

Le R.oy's Philippine Life in Town and Country is a notew.orthy piece .of w.ork. It graphically describes the life, manners, and instituti.ons .of the c.ountry in that era. His presentatiQn is s.o vivid that a traveler t.oday may meet the same experiences when s.oj.ourning in s.ome sect.orSI .of the Philippines. His .other w.ork, The Philippines, is g.o.od, but not as brilliant and keen as the f.ormer.

As a wh.ole Le R.oy is a great writer. His sch.olar: ship is th.or.ough and pr.of.ound. His pr.on.ouncements are independent; he always, hits the head .of the nail, thus gaining the desired .objective, namely, the enlightenment .of the w.orld regarding the FilipinQ pe.ople.

477

IX MANUEL BLANCO

A noted botanist and writer, Manuel Blanco was born in Navianos (Zamora), Spain, in 1778. He died in Manila on April 1, 1845.

Father Blanco was educated in the College of Valladolid. Here in this institution, he studied theology, physics, philosophy, chemistry and medicine. After the completion of his college education, he translated into Spanish the Psalms of David, entitling them Penitenciales.

In 1805, Father Blanco arrived in Manila to join the religious; orders. So as to familiarize himself with the Tagalog language, he was sent to Angat. Afterwards he became the parochial administrator of San Jose, Batangas.

Here in this community, 4e was responsible in erecting an elegant and artistic church. Later on, he became the curate of Bauan in 1816; of Batangas in 1829; and of Parafiaque in 1838. Being bright by nature, he occupied high positions, such as rector provincial in 1820; definitor in 1825; rector provincial in 1833; and prior of Guadalupe from 1839 to 1845.

Father Blanco is noted for his marvelous andmagnificent study of Philippine plants entitled Flora de Filipinas. Published in 1837, this: monumental book was reissued and edited in 1845. As a piece of work, it is extremely important as the author classified and described more than 1,200 vegetable species, giving their botanical characters, and their medicinal uses. It is really the first attempt to study scientifically the flora of the Islands in a big scale. Later on, he wrote Nov1Jssima Appendix ad PhilippinOirum.

Father Blanco did not confine his interest merely to studying Philippine plants and flowers; he also devoted most of his time to the propagation of the Christian faith and to the study of the customs and traditions of the Fili478

MANUEL BLANCO

479

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES pinos. For this reason, he wrote Mapa general de las almas que administran los P. P. agustinos calzados... /0'1'mado en el a/no 1833 con expresi6n de los religiosos, con_ ventos, situaci6n topogrrijica de los pueblos, industria de sus habitantes y anos de su /undJaci6n (1834-35); Mwnga dalit na tagalog at pagtolong sa namamatay na taong cristiano (1881) : Preparaci6n para la muerte, escrita en prosa y verso (1865); Ang rnahusay na paraam nang pag-gO/fYWt sa manga may saquit ayon sa aral ni Tissot; this last book describes rather vividly the manners and customs of the Filipinos; Ang mahalagahang libro nang confesion at comunion (1888); Ang cristianong naghihingalo (1890); Noticia. s historicas del P'lleblo e iglesia de Bauan, provin路 cia. de Batangas; Arte de hacer las Indianas, divided in 67 articles; Confesi6n y Comuni6n 6 sea metodo para disponerse a recibir dichos sacramentos con muchas meditaciones piadosas propias parra dicho objeto.

Father Manuel Blanco was the first scientific authority on Philippine flora.

480

x JOHN BOWRING

The author of A Visit to the Phililppines, Sir John Bowring was an English statesman and linguist. He was born in Exeter on October 17, 1792, and died there on November 23, 1872.

While still young, he entered a business house in his native town and in 1811 became clerk in a London firm, for which business he traveled in Spain. Soon afterwards he started on his own account and made many journeys to the continent.

Having extraordinary linguistic ability, he made use of his residence in foreign countries to know the different languages.

His first publications consisted of translations, specially of popular poetry of many of the countries he visited. At the same time he appeared as a strong supporter of the Radical parties of the time and even espoused the views of Jeremy Bentham. In fact, he acted as first editor of WestminJOHN BOWRING ster Review from 1824 to 1830.

Bowring's public life began in 1828, when he was sent to Holland to make a report on public accounts to that kingdom. His letters there were published in the Morning Herald and were afterwards translated into Dutch. These letters won for him a degree of Doctor of Laws from the University of Groningen. Shortly, he received similar commissions to France, Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, Syria, and Germany, and his Blue-books which appeared in print were considered models of their kind. In 1835, he became 481

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES a member of the British Parliament, representing Kilmar_ nock burghs; he held this position for three years. In 1841 he was a member of the Parliament again representing Bolton up to 1849. Afterwards he became consul at Canton and his services during the four years were so highly appreciated by the ministry that Bowring immediately received the honor of knighthood. Later on he was appointed governor of Hongkong.

As governor of Hongkong, Bowring acted in the same spirit as he had manifested when he was consul at Canton, but the step which he had, taken in ordering Canton to be bombarded to punish the Chinese for an insult offered to the British flag, although approved by Lord Palmerston, led to his recall in 1857. The last public commission which he received was in 1860, when he was sent to Italy to report on the commercial relations with the new kingdom. Sir John Bowring while in Asia made many sojourns. He was in Siam too. His visit to the Philippines resulted in his writing his travellogs.

Sir John Bowring is the author of many anthologies and travel books. Of his best known works are: A Visit to the PhiU']YlYines; The Kingdom and the People of Siam; Specimens of the Russian Poets; BatOJVian Anthology; Ancient Poetry a.nd Romances of Spain; Specimens of Polish Poetry; Servian Popular Poetry; 1I1anuscriJpt of the Queen's Court, a collection of Bohemian lyrics; The Decimal System in Numbers, Coins and Accounts; PoeiJry of the Magyars; Cheskian Anthology; and Peter Schlemihl. Sir John Bowring wrote a popular hymn; it is entitled "Watchman Tell Us of the Night." He, too, wrote a memoir, Recollections; it was edited by Lewin Bowring.

Sir John's book on the Philippines. published in London in 1859, is an authentic account of the state of Philippine culture. His descriptions of the Islands, together with the various cultural forces of the country at that time, are graphic. Jagor's Travels in the Philippines, 482

BIOGRAPHY although written with a different objective, and Sir John's A Visit to the Philippines are invaluable pieces of work; regarding the real Philippines of the middle part of the nineteenth century.

REFERENCES

Retana, W. E., Estadismo de Zuniga Kalaw, T. M., La Masoneria Filipina Espasa, Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Taft, W. H., James A. L~ Roy in Americans in the Philippines Artigas y Cuerva, Manuel, Biblioteca Nacional Filipina Craig, A., Lineage, Life and Labors of Jose Rizal Russell & Rodriguez, The Hero of the Philippines Santos, E. de los, W. E. Retana Encyclopedia Britanni,ca Lincoln's Library

483

PART II SP ANISH GOVERNORS MIGUEL LoPEZ DE LEGASPI

The first governor of the Philippine Islands. Native of Zubarraja (Zumarraga), Guipuzcoa, born in early part of sixteenth century; went to Mexico in 1545, where he became clerk of the cabildo; appointed in 1561 to lean expedition to discover western islands; landed at Cebu April 27, 1565; began fort and took possession of Cebu and neighboring islands for Spain, May 8, 1565; took possession of Manila, May 19, 1571; erected city of Manila, June 3, 1571, and appointed regidors, etc., June 24, 1571; death, August 20, 1572; term as governor February 13 (date of first anchorage near Cebu)-August 20, 1572; also adelantado or governor of the Ladrones.

GUIDO DE LA VEZARIS

Biscayan; accompanied Villalobos expedition of 1542; appointed royal treasurer of Legaspi's expedition, 1564; appointed by Mexico Aadiencia by sealed instructions to succeed Legaspi in case of the latter's death; succeeded to governorship, August 20 (?), 1572; ordered Salcedo to subdue Ilocos and found town of Fernandina (now Vigan), and ordered SUbjection of Camarines, 1573; defended Manila against pirate Limahong, 1574; apportioned encomiendas; term as governor (ad interim), August 20 (?), 1572 -. August 25, 1575; given appointment for life as master. of-camp, by Felipe II, and encomiendas of which he had been deprived by Sande, restored to him.

DOCTOR FRANCISCO DE SANDE

Native of Caceres; served as attorney, criminal judge, and auditor in Mexico; succeeded Lavezaris, August 25, 1575; founded city of Nueva Caceres; arrival of first Franciscans, 1577; expedition to Borneo, 1578; term as 484

!

BIOGRAPHY governor, August 25, 1575-April, 1580; became auditor in Mexico Audiencia.

GONZALO RONQUILLO DE PENALOSA

Native of Arevalo; alguacil mayor in Mexico; contracted with king to colonize islands, for which to receive governorship for life; arrived at Manila, April, 1580; arrival of bishop and first Jesuits, 1581; founded Arevalo, 1581 or 1582; founded Nueva Caceres, 1582; expedition to Maluco, 1582; imposed import and export duties, 1582; conflict between the bishop and Augustinians, 1582; sent Gabriel Rivera to Spain; death, March 10, 1583; term as governor, April, 1580-March 10, 1583.

DIEGO RONQUILLO

Nephew of Gonzalo Ronquillo; appointed governor ad interim. by royal decree, succeeding to government, March 10, 1583; first great Manila fire, March 10, 1583; term as governor March 10, 1583-May, 1584.

DOCTOR SANTIAGO DE VERA

Native of Alcala de Henares; alcalde of Mexico; arrived at Manila, May 16, 1584; established first Audiencia of Manila, 1584; sent Diego Ronquillo prisoner to Spain, 1585; sent expedition to Maluco, 1585; Father Sanchez left for Spain, June 28, 1586; arrival of Dominicans for their first mission, 1587; constructed first stone fort, 1587; Candish captured "Santa Ana", November 4, 1587; insurrection in the Bisayas, 1588; term as governor, May 16, 1584May, 1590; appointed auditor in Mexico Audiencia.

GOMEZ PEREZ DASMARINAS

Native of Galicia, and knight of Order of Santiago; corregidor of Murcia and Cartagena, 1589; appointed governor of Philippines, 1589; sailed for Mexico, December 8, 1589; sailed from Acapulco, March 1, 1590; arrived at Manila, May (June 1, according to his own letter) 1590; 485

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES suppressed Audiencia, 1590; established regular camp, and fortified and walled Manila; quarreled with bishop; contracted with Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa to conquer Mindanao, May 12, 1591; correspondence .with Japan, 1592; Bishop Salazar went to Spain, 1592; embassy from Camboja, 1593; sailed on Maluco expedition, October 19, 1593; murdered by Chinese rowers, October 25, 1593; term as governor, May (or June 1), 1590-0ctober 25, 1593.

LICENTIATE PEDRO DE ROJAS

Auditor of Manila Audiencia, 1584; lieutenant-assessor, 1590; governor (ad interilm) , October-December (forty days) 1593; war affairs of islands in charge of Diego Ronquillo; appointed alcalde of Mexico, 1593.

LUIS PEREZ DASMARINAS

Son of Gomez Perez Dasmarifias, and knight of Order of Alcantara; received governorship (ad interim) by virtue of appointment of father, December (Zufiiga says 3), 1593; foundation in Manila of Confraternity of La Misericordia, 1594; arrival in Manila of Chinese mandarins, 1594; embassy from Siam, 1595; Figueroa's expedition to Minda.nao, 1595; Morga arrived at Manila as lieutenant-governor, June 11, 1595; expedition to Camboja under Gallinato, 1596; term as governor, December 3, 1593-July 14, 1596 (San Antonio says the last of June). Some historians and chronologists say that Dr. Antonio de Morga acted as governor (ad interim) from his entrance into Manila, June 11, 1595, until Tello's arrival July 14, 1596, but he merely fulfilled the duties of his office of lieutenant-governor. In his letters after his arrival, and in his book, he distinctly stated that Luis Perez Dasmarinas was governor.

Tello says in a letter of July 17, 1596: "In respect to the person of Don Luis Perez Dasmarifias, whom I found acting as governor." Consequently Morga is given no place in this list.

486

BIOGRAPHY FRANCISCO DE TELLO DE GUZMAN Native of Sevilla, and knight of Order of Santiago; treasurer of India House of Trade; appointed governor and president of Audiencia, which he was ordered to reestablish, by royal decree, November 26, 1595; entered Manila, July 14, 1596; martyrdom of Franciscans in Japan, February 5, 1597; arrival of first archbishop, May, 1598; Audiencia reestablished, May 8, 1598; arrivals of first suffragan bishops, 1598-1600; Moro invasions, 1599-1600; Morga's fight with Oliver van Noordt, Deoomber 14, 1600; Jesuit seminary of San Jose founded, 1601; term as governor, July 14, 1596-May, 1602; death in Manila, April, 1603.

PEDRO BRAVO DE ACUNA Knight of the Order of St. John, and comendador of Salamanca; appointed governor of Cartagena in West Indies, 1593; appointed governor of the Philippines as early as January 16, 1600; instructions issued for, February 16, 1602; arrived at Manila, May, 1602; second fire in Manila, April 30, 1603; first Chinese insurrection, 1603; expeditien to Maluco, January 15-May 31, 1606; Audiencia ruled during his absence; first Japanese insurrection, 1606 ; death, June 24, 1606.

Then the office of governorship was left vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and Auditor CRISTOBAL TELLEZ DE ALMANSA of military affairs, June 24, 1606; arrival of first Recollect mission, 1606; second insurrection of Japanese, 1607; Audiencia governed, June 24, 1606..June 15, 1608.

RODRIGO DE VIVERO Native of Laredo; page to queen of Spain, and official in Nueva Espana; appointed governor (ad interim) by royal decree, July 7, 1607; arrived at Manila, June 15, 1608; issued instructions to alcaldes-mayor; term as governor, June 15, 1608-April (Easter), 1609; appointed 487

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES count of Valle, and governor and captain-general, and pres_ ident of Audiencia of Panama.

JUAN DE SILVA

Native of Trujillo, and knight of the Order of Santiago; arrived in Manila April (Easter), 1609; brought reenforcements of five companies; victory over Wittert, April 25 (San Antonio says 24), 1610; arrival of fourth archbishop, Diego Vazquez de Mercado, June 4, 1610; fruitless expedition against Dutch, 1611; expedition in conjunction with Portuguese against Dutch, February 4, 1616April 19, 1616; death, April 19, 1616; Audiencia governed during absence; term as governor, April, 1609-April 19, 1616.

Office vacant. So the Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and Auditor Licentiate ANDRES ALCARAZ of military affairs, as substitute for J er6nimo (uncle of Juan) de Silva, who was appointed governor (ad in.terim) in case of Juan de Silva's death, by royal decree of March 20 (Delgado) or 28 (San Antonio), 1616 (Alcaraz having been left in charge by Juan de Silva on his departure to Malaca) ; return of fleet, June 1, 1616; Spielberg bombarded Iloilo, September 29, 1616, and was defeated next day; his defeat at Playa Honda by Juan Ronquillo, April 14, 1617; J er6nimo de Silva arrived from Maluco and took charge of military affairs, September 30, 1617; Audiencia governed (after Juan de Silva's death), April 19, 1616-June 8 (Delgado), 1618.

ALONSO F AJ ARDO Y TENZA

Native of Murcia, knight of the Order of Alcantara, and seigneur of Espinardo; arrived at Cavite, July 2, 1618, and took charge of government on the day following (but June 8 is the erroneous date given by Buzeta and Bravo) ; foundation of convent of Santa Clara, August-November 1, 1621; killed wife for adultery, 1621; checked insurrection in the Visayas, 1623; death from melancholy, July 11 (Del488

I

BIOGRAPHY gado) or before July 23, 1624; term as governor, July 3, 1618-July, 1624.

Again Malacafiang's office left vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and JERONIMO DE SILVA of military aff.airs at death of Fajardo; Silva imprisoned by Audiencia for failure to pursue Dutch whom he put to flight near Playa Honda, 1624; Audiencia governed, July, 1624-June, 1625.

FERNANDO DE SILVA

Native of Ciudad-Rodrigo, knight of the Order of Santiago, and former ambassador to Persia; appointed governor (ad interim) by viceroy of Mexico; arrived at Manila, June, 1625; term as governor, June 1625-June 29, 1626.

JUAN NINO DE TABORA

Native of Galicia, comendador of Puerto Llano, and knight of Order of Calat rava; master-of-camp in Flanders; arrived at Manila, June 29 (Retana, Estadismo, says wrongly July 29), 1626; dispatched expedition against Moros, 1627-1630; built Manila bridge and strengthened fortifications; death, July 22, 1632; term as governor, June 29, 1626-July 22, 1632.

Governorship vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and LORENZO DE OLAZA (or Olaso) of military affairs, being appointed by viceroy of Mexico; Audiencia governed July 22, 1632, until about the middle of 1633.

I

JUAN CEREZO DE SALAMANCA

Appointed governor (ad interim) by viceroy of Mexico; expeditions against Moros, 1634-1635; term as governor, about middle of 1633-June 25, 1635.

SEBASTIAN HURTADO DE CORCUERA

Native of Berbenda (Berguenda) in the mountains of Burgos (some say of Vitoria, in province Alava), knight 489

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 路.of the Order of Alcantara, and ex-governor of Panama; arrived in Manila, June 25, 1635; term notable for troubles with archbishop and ecclesiastics; expeditions against Moros, 1637-1638; Chinese insurrection, November, 1639March, 1640; Formosa captured by Dutch, August 24, 1642; gave first ordinances for good government in the Philippines, 1642; term as governor, June 25, 1635-August J.l, 1644; arrested and held prisoner for five years by successor'; released by order of king and appointed (1659) governor of Canaries; death at Tenerife, August 12, 1660.

DIEGO FAJARDO

Knight of the Order of Santiago; took office, August 11, 1644; dominated by secretary Eustacio de Venegas, until September 15, 1651; naval battles with, and victories .over, Dutch, March, July, and August, 1646; fortified city; term as governor, August 11, 1644-July 25, 1653.

SABINIANO MANRIQUE DE LARA

Native of Malaga, knight of the Order of Calatrava, and ex-castellan of Acapulco; arrived at Cavite, July 22, 1653; took possession of government, July 25 (Retana, Estadismo, says July 28), 1653; earthquake in Manila, August 20, 1658; insurrections among natives 1660-1661; Chinese insurrection, 1662; term marked by partial cessation in ecclesiastical troubles and outbreaks of Moros; term as governor, July 25, 1653-September 8, 1663; returned to Malaga after residencia and became priest.

DIEGO DE SALCEDO

Native of Brussels, an army officer; appointed governor by royal provision, December 2, 1661; arrived at Manila, overland from Cagayan, September 8, 1663; troubles with archbishop and ecclesiastics led to his arrest by the Holy Office on the Inquisition, September 28, 1668; term. as governor, September 8, 1663-September 28, 1668; sent to Mexico for trial in 1669; but died at sea; Inquisition of Mexico exonerated.

490

MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI

GOMEZ PEREZ DASMARINAS

SEBASTIAN H. DE CORCUERA

M. L. DE ESPELETA

491

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES JUAN MANUEL DE LA PENA BONIFAZ

Junior auditor of Manila Audiencia; succeeded as governor (ad interi-m ) by trickery, September 28 (?), 1668; term as governor September 28 (?), 1668-September 24, 1669; took refuge in Recollect convent.

MANUEL DE LEON

Native of Paredes de Nava, and military officer; appointed by royal provision June 24, 1668; arrived in Manila, September 24, 1669; conflict with archbishop, 1673; death, April 11, 1677; term as governor, September 24, 1669-April 11, 1677.

Office left vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and Auditors FRANCISCO COLOMA and FRANCISCO SOTOMAYOR Y MANSILLA, successively, of military affairs; death of former, September 25, 1677; term of latter, September 25, 1677-September 21, 1678 (Delgado says September 22, 1679) ; Audiencia governed, April 11, 1677 -September 21, 1678.

JUAN DE VARGAS HURTADO

Native of Toledo, knight of the Order of Santiago, and military officer; appointed by royal provision, June 18, 1677; arrived at Manila, September 21, 1678 (Retana, Estadismo, says that he took charge of the government September 29); rebuilt college of Santa Potenciana; trouble with Archbishop Felipe Pardo; term as governor, September 28, 1678-August 24, 1684; was excommunicated; residencia lasted four years; died at sea on way to Mexico, 1690.

GABRIEL DE SURUZEALEGUI y ARRIOLA

K1night of the Order of Santiago, naval officer, member of council of war, and twenty-fourth regidor of Sevilla; arrived at Manila, August 24, 1684; reinstated archbishop, and exiled auditors; death, April 17 (Delgado and 492

BIOGRAPHY San Antonio) or 27 (Zuniga), 1689; term as governor, August 24, 1684-April 17 or 27, 1689.

Governorship vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs and Auditor ALONSO DE AVILA FUERTES, knight of the Order of Alcantara; Audiencia governed, April 17 or' 27, 1689-July 19 (Delgado, and Buzeta and Bravo) or 25 (Zuniga and Montero y Vidal), 1690.

FAUSTO CRUZAT y GoNGORA

Native of Navarra of a distinguished Pamplona family, and knight of the Order of Santiago; appointed by royal provision, January 15 (Delgado) or 31 (San Antonio), 1686; arrived at Manila, July 19 or 25, 1690; issued ordinances of good government, October 1, 1696; rebuilt governor's palace; term characterized by ecclesiastical troubles; term as governor, July 19 or 25, 1690-December 8, 1701.

DOMINGO ZA13ALBURU DE E'CHEVARRI

Knight of the Order of Santiago, and military officer; appointed governor, September 18, 1694; arrived at Manila, December 8 (San Antonio says September), 1701; attended to public works; received papal legate to China, Carlos Tomas Maillard Tournon, without credentials (which led to his dismissal by the king), September, 1704; term as governor, December 8, 1701-August 25, 1709; returned to Spain, 1710.

MARTIN DE URZUA y ARISMENDI

Count of Lizarraga, and knight of the Order of Santiago; appointed by royal provision, August 19, 1704; arrived at Manila, August 25, 1709; diminished number of Chinese at Manila; schism between Recollects, and other ecclesiastical troubles; death, February 4, 1715; term as governor, August 25, 1709-February 4, 1715.

Governorship vacant. The Audiencia took charge of political affairs, and Auditor Doctor JOSE TORRALBA of 493

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES military affairs; carried on public works; Audiencia governed February 4, 1715-August 9, 1717; Torralba arrested by next governor for deficit and misuse of funds; died in Philippines in poverty, with sentence by Council of Indies of exile from Madrid and Manila.

FERNANDO MANUEL DE BUSTILLO BUSTAMANTE y RUEDA

Usually called the "Mariscal", because he was the first mariscal-de-campo to govern the islands; ex-alcalde-mayor of Trascala, in Nueva Espana; appointed governor by royal provision, September 6, 1708; arrived at Manila, August 9, 1717; severe in judgments; reestablished garrison at Zamboanga; his troubles with the ecclesiastics led to arrest of archbishop, and to his assassination by a mob (said by s'ome to have been instigated by Jesuits), October 11, 1719; term as governor, August 9, 1717-0ctober 11, 1719.

FRAY FRANCISCO DE LA CUESTA

Of the Order o~ San Ger6nimo; native of Colmenar de Oreja; elected archbishop of Manila, August 12, 1712; arrested by Bustillo Bustamante; became governor (ad interim), on refusal of auditors to serve, October 11, 1719; term as governor, October 11, 1719-August 6, 1721; transferred to bishopric of Mechocan, Mexico, entering, April 18, 1724; death, May 30 (Retana) or 31 (Buzeta and Bravo), 1724.

TORIBIO JOSE COSIO Y OCAMPO

Marquis of Torre Campo, knight of the Order of Calatrava, and ex-governor of Guatemala; appointed governor by royal provision, June 30, 1720; ordered by royal instructions to investigate death of Bustamante, October 6, 1720; arrived at Manila, August 6, 1721; did not investigate Bustamante's death, although ordered again (1724) to do so by the king, acting on the advice of the Franciscan Totanes and the Jesuits; troubles with Moros continued throughout his rule; term as governor, August 6, 1721August 14, 1729.

494

BIOGRAPHY FERNANDO VALDES Y TAMON

Colonel and brigadier, and knight of the Order of Santiago; appointed by royal provision, October 25, 1727; arrived at Manila, August 14, 1729; unsuccessfully attempted conquest of Palaos 1730-1733; reformed army and engaged in other public works; received royal decree of April 8, 1734, deciding suit favorably to islands with merchants of Cadiz and Sevilla over Chinese trade between American colonies and islands; term as governor, August 14, 1729-July, 1739; returned to Spain and appointed mariscal-de-campo.

GASPAR DE LA TORRE

Native of Flanders, brigadier of royal 'armies and gentleman of the king's bedchamber; arrived at Manila, July. ~ 739; expedition of Admiral George Anson occurred during his rule; hars!} in government; death, September 21 (Buzeta and Bravo say 29), 1745; term as governor, July 1739-September 21, 1745. .

FRAY JUAN ARRECHEDERRA

Native of Caracas, Dominican, bishop-elect of Nueva Segovia; became governor (ad interim), September 21, 1745; quelled insurrection in Batangas; fortified Manila and Cavite against English; term as governor, September 21, 1745-July 20 (Buzeta and Bravo and Mas say June), 1750; death, November 12, 1751 (Delgado; Retana, Estadismo, say wrongly 1755).

JOSE FRANCISCO DE OBANDO Y SOLIS

Native of Caceres in Estremadura, marquis of Obando, member of his Majesty's council, and mariscal-de-campo of royal armies; in lima when received appointment; arrived at Manila, July 20, 1750; troubles with Audiencia and archbishop; troubles with Moros; term as governor, July 20, 1750-July, 1754; annoying residencia; death at sea, while on his way from Manila to Acapulco, 1755.

495

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES PEDRO MANUEL DE ARANDIA SANTISTEBAN

Native of Ceuta, of Biscayan descent, knight of the Order of Calatrava, gentleman of bedchamber of the king of the Two Sicilies, captain of the royal Spanish guards, and mariscal-de-campo of the royal armies; arrived at Manila, July (Retana, Estadismo, says June), 1754; reformed army and thereby incurred enmities; trouhles with Moros continued; expelled infidel Chinese and built alcaiceria of San Fernando; troubles with Audiencia and archbishop; death, May 31, 1759; term as governor, July, 1754-May 31, 1759.

MIGUEL LIND DE ESPELETA

Native of Manila, and bishop of Cebu; became governor (ad interim), against consent of part of Audiencia, June (Mas says July), 1759; archbishop claimed governorship on his arrival at Manila, but opposed successfully by Ezpeleta; revoked ordinances of good government made

by Arandia; brought suit against Santiago Orendain, favorite of Arandia; royal decree gave governorship to archbishop, July, 1761; term as governor, June, 1759-July, 176l.

MANUEL ROJO

Native of Tala, Nueva Esrpafia, and archbishop of Ma. nila; took possession of church, July 22, 1759; became governor (ad interim), July 1761; quashed case against Orendain; bombardment, taking, and sack of Manila by English, and cowardice and imprisonment of archbishop, Octo. ber, 1762; term as governor July, 1761-0ctober, 1762, although maintained as governor by English until death; died as prisoner, January 30, 1764.

SIMON DE ANDA Y SALAZAR

Native of Subijana, born October 28, 1701; and auditor; appointed by Audiencia lieutenant of the governor and captain-general; left Manila, October 4, 1762; established capital in Bacolor, Pampanga, and had himself proclaimed 496

BIOGRAPHY governor; British maintain archbishop as governor until his death, who ceded islands to them; insurrections of natives and Chinese, 1762-1764; negotiations with English, 1763-1764; term as governor (ad interim), October, 1762March 17, 1764; received keys to city from British, April, 1764.

Well received at court on return after 1764, and made councilor of Castilla; directed letter to king complaining of certain disorders in the Philippines, enumerating among them a number against the friars, April 12, 1768; arrived at Manila as governor, July, 1770; proceeded against predecessor and others; roused opposition of regulars; reformed army and engaged in other public works; troubles with Moros continued; opposed king's order of November 9, 1774, to secularize curacies held by regulars, and the order repealed, December 11, 1776; rule characterized by his energy, foresight, honesty, and conflicts with the regulars; death, October 30, 1776, at seventy-six years of age; term as governor, July 1770-0ctober 30, 1776.

FRANCISCO JAVIER DE LA TORRE

Military officer; became governor (ad interim) , March 17, 1764; British evacuated Manila, April, 1764; tried to restore order; term as governor, March 17, 1764July 6, 1765.

JOSE RAON

Native of Navarra, and mariscal-de-campo; arrived in Manila, July 6, 1765; Le Gentil arrived at Manila, October, 1766; Archbishop Santa Justa y Rufina took his seat July 12, 1767; his conflicts with regular clergy; Raon revised ordinances of Arandia; expulsion of Chinese, 1769; expulsion of Jesuits and Raon's collusion with them; term as governor, July 6, 1765-July, 1770; death, during residencia at Manila.

497

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES PEDRO SARRIO

(Soriano: Buzeta and Bravo)-Official in Manila; became governor (ad interim), October 30, 1776 (Mas says July); continued operations against Moros; royal order to Indians to ' cultivate flax and hemp, January 12, 1777; term ~ gOVfrnor, October 30-July, 1778.

Appointed governor (ad itnterim) for the second time, November 22, 1787, on departure of Basco; insurrection in Ilocos because of tobacco monopoly, 1787; death of archbishop Santa Justa y Rufina, December .15, 1787; term as governor, November 22, 1787-July 1, 1788.

JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS

Born of an illustrious Granada family, and naval officer; arrived at Manila, July, 1778; Chinese allowed to return to Manila, 1778; opposed by Audiencia, some of whom, with certain military officers, he arrested for con. spiracy, October, 1779 ; increased army and strengthened fortifications; tobacco monopoly established February 9, 1780-March 1, 1782; Sociedad Econ6mica de Amigos del Pais ("Economic Association of Friends of the Country") established, 1781; insurrection in Ituy and Paniqui, 1785; royal approval of powder monopoly, November 4, 1786; various innovations occurred during his term; encouraged agriculture and other industries; asked to be relieved because of opposition from Audiencia; at king's permission sailed for Spain, in the latter part of November, 1787: term as governor, July, 1778-November, 1787; appointed rear-admiral, governor of Cartagena, and count of the conquest of the Batanes Islands (which he had conquered).

FELIX BERENGUER DE MARQUINA

Naval officer; arrived at Manila July 1 (Buzeta and Bravo, and Retana say May), 1787; oppo.sed by Audiencia; Manila became an open port for all but European products, by royal decree of August 15, 1789; proposed plans 498

SIMON DE ANDA Y SALAZAR

F. J. DE LA TORRE

RAMON MA. S. LLANDERAL

JOSE MALCAMPO Y MONJE

499

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILiPPINES for government reforms in the Philippines; term as governor, July 1, 1788-September 1, 1793.

RAFAEL MARIA DE AGUILAR Y PONCE DE LEON

Knight of the Order of Alcantara, military officer, and gentleman of the bedchamber; arrived at Cavite, August 28, 1793; entered government, September 1, 1793; strengthened fortifications, levied native troops, and inculcated various reforms; conflicts with Moros continued, and shipyard established (1794) at Binondo to build boats for Moro war; received title of mariscal-de-campo; energetic and tireless; handed over government to king's deputy or segundo cabo, August 7, 1806; term as governor, September 1, 1793-August 7, 1806; death, August 8, 1806.

MARIANO FERNANDEZ DE FOLGUERAS

N ati ve of Galicia; became governor (ad interim), August 7, 1806; insurrection in Ilocos, 1807; English commercial house given permission to establish itself in the islands, 1809; term as governor, August 7, 1806-March 4, 1810.

Became governor (ad interim) for the second time, December 10, 1816; province of Ilocos Norte created, February 2, 1818; ordered reestablishment of Real Sociedad Econ6mica de Filipinas ("Royal Economic Association of Filipinas"), December 17, 1819; massacre of foreigners by natives October 9-10, 1820; establishment of three shortlived newspapers in 1821; term marked by closer connection with Spain; term as governor, December 10, 1816October 30, 1822; assassinated in insurrection of Spanish-American and Filipinos, 1823.

MANUEL GONZALES DE AGUILAR

Kill.ight of the Order of arrived at Manila, March 4, decrees of January 29 and deputies from the colonies

Santiago, and military officer; 1810; in accordance with royal February 14, 1810, permitting to be chosen for the Spanish 500

BIOGRAPHY Cortes, Philippine d€puties were present in that of September 24, 1810; proposed cessation of Acapulco ship, 1810; insurrection (anti-friar and to establish new religion) in Ilocos, 1811; first newspaper established in the Philippines, August 8, 1811; Spanish constitution of 1812 publicly received in Manila, April 17, 1813; Aguilar's term mark€d by various commercial movements; term as governor, March 4, 1810-September 4, 1813.

JOSE GARDOQUI JARAVEITIA

Naval officer; arrived at Manila, September 4, 1813; cessation of Acapulco ship; term marked by various gov~rnm€nt changes in consequence of decrees issued by Fernando VII, by certain commercial changes, and troubles with Moros; death, December 9, 1816; term as governor, September 4, 1813-December 9, 1816 .

•JUAN ANTONIO MARTINEZ

Native of Madrid, and mariscal-de-campo; arrived at Manila, October 30, 1822; accompanied by many new officials from Spain; insurrection of Filipinos and Spanish-Americans in consequence; newspaper founded by El Sociedad de Amigos del Pais, 1824; reactionary movements of Spain affected Philippines; term as governor, October 30, 1822-0ctober 14, 1825; death, at sea while on way to Spain.

P ALACIN Y ARARCA Native of Murcia, mariscal-de-campo, and perpetual ambassador of the city of Paz, Peru; arrived at Manila, October 14, 1825; forbade foreigners to sell goods at retail, February 4, 1828; made laws in many different directions; gave instructions for government of Mariana Islands, December 17, 1828; foundation of Dominican college in Ocana, Spain, as a feeder for China and the Philippines, May 2, 1830 (approved, August 15, 1831); reMARIANO RICAFORT

501

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES turned to Spain, December 23, 1830; term as governor, October 14, 1825-December 23, 1830.

PASCUAL ENRILE y ALCEDO

Native of Cadiz, military officer and segundo cabo of the Philippines; became governor, December 23, 1830; expedition to Igorrotes, 1831-1832; lottery established, July 3, 1833; royal tribunal of commerce created in Manila, January 1, 1834; Guia de Forasteros (Guide book for strangers) first printed, 1834; Compafiia de Filipinas dissolved by royal order of September 6, 1834; royal order of November 3, 1834, substituted segundo cabo in office of .governor, in case of latter's absence, sickness, or death; many useful laws passed and islands prospered during this term; term as governor, December 23, 1830-March 1, 1835.

GABRIEL DE TORRES

Native of Valladolio province, and segundo cabo of the Philippines; became governor, March 1, 1835; death, April 23, 1835; term as governor, March 1, 1835-April 23, 1835.

JUAN CRAMER

(Montero y Vidal) Joaquin de Crame (Mas, and Buzeta and Bravo). Native of Catalufia; became governor (ad interim) as office of segundo cabo vacant, April 23, 1835; term as governor, April 23, 1835-September 9, 1835.

PEDRO ANTONIO SALAZAR CASTILLO Y VARONA

Native of Ibrillos (Rioja), and military officer; came to Manila with appointment as segundo cabo; became governor (ad interim), September 9, 1835; royal council of Spain and the Indies abolished by royal decree, September 28, 1836; hy the promulgation in Madrid (June 18, 1837) of the political constitution of the Spanish monarchy, the Philippines lost her representation in the Cortes; term as governor, September 9, 1835-August 27, 1837.

502

BIOGRAPHY ANDRES GARCIA CAMBA

Knight of the Order of Santiago, and mariscal-de-cam_ po; captured with royal army at battle of Ayacucho, Peru, December 9, 1824; residence in Manila, April, 1825-March, 1835; received royal approbation to appointment as commandâ‚Źr-in-chief of military forces at Manila, May 22, 1826; appointed director of La Sociedad Econ6mica de Ami(JOS del Pais,. elected to represent the Philipp,i nes in Spanish Cortes; 1834; appointed secretary of War (ad interim) , August 15, 1836; elected to Cortes to represent Lugo (but did not sit), October 2, 1836; arrived at Manila, August 24, 1837; took charge of government, August 27, 1837; given name of "EI Des,e ado" ("the desired") ; was opposed politically and by the ecclesiastics; term as governor, August 27, 1837-December 29, 1838; after return to Spain, elected senator for Valencia; minister of the marine, commerce, and government of the colonies, May 21, 1841-May 25, 1842.

LUIS LARDIZABAL

Arrived at Manila, December 26, 1838; entered upon government, Decembâ‚Źr 29 (Montero y Vidal) or 30 (Mas), 1838; first issue of weekly paper, Precios Corrientes de Manila ("Prices Current in Manila") in Spanish and English, July 6, 1839; province of Nueva Vizcaya created, 1839; project for monument to Magallanes on the islet of Mactan submitted to supreme government, 1840; solicited recall; term as governor December 29, 1838-February, 1841; death at sea on return voyage to Spain.

MARCELINO DE ORAA LECUMBERRI

Native of Navarra, and lieutenant-general; arrived at Manila, February, 1841; insurrections among TagaJs, the second of native soldiers, 1841 and 1843; newspapers Seminario Filipino first published, 1843; term as governor, February, 1841-June 17, 1843.

503

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES FRANCISCO DE PAULA ALCALA DE LA TORRE Native of Extremadura, and lieutenant-general; became governor, June 17 (Buzeta and Bravo say 12), 1843; Isabel II declared of age and received as queen of Spain, December 1, 1843; Alcala made laws regulating commerce, the army, and welfare of the islands; term as governor, June 17, 1843-July 16, 1844.

NARCISO CLAVERIA y ZALDUA Native of Gerona (but of Biscayan origin), and lieutenant-general; became governor, July 16, 1844; calendar in Philippines corrected, 1844; made reforms in office of alcalde-mayor, 1844; founded casino called "Sociedad de Recreo" ("Recreation Association"), October 31, 1844; his proposal to establish military library approved, February 15, 1846; first steam war-vessels in the Philippines bought (in London), 1848; conquest of island of Balanguingui, 1848, for which he received the titles of count of Manila and viscount of Claveria, and the cross of San Fernando, besides other rewards; regular clergy forbidden to alienate property, January 15, 1849; surnames given to natives, November 11, 1849; his term marked by intense activity, and the number of papers founded, among them being the first daily of Manila, La Esperanza (December 1, 1846), and Diario de Manila (1848); asked retirement and returned to Spain, December 26, 1849; term as governor, July 16, 1844-December 26, 1849.

ANTONIO MARIA BLANCO Segundo cabo; became governor (ad interim), December 26, 1849; monthly lottery established in Manila, J anuary 29, 1850; created province of Union, March 2, 1850; term as governor, December 26, 1849-June 29, 1850.

ANTONIO DE URBISTONDO y EGUIA Native of San Sebastian, and marquis of Solana; formerly a Carlist; became governor June 29, 1850; leper hos504

BIOGRAPHY pital founded in Cebu, 1850; bank Espa:fiol-Filipino established, August 1, 1851, and began operations, 1852; expeditions to, and conquest of, J 010, 1851; term characterized by many administrative laws; solicited retirement; term as governor, July 29, 1850-December 20, 1855; appointed minister of war by royal decree, October 12, 1856.

RAMON MOTERO Y BLANDINO

Segundo cabo of the Philippines; became governor (ad interim), December 20, 1853; term as governor, December 20, 1853-February 2, 1854.

Governor (ad itnterim) for the second time, October 28,1854; term as governor, October 28-November 20,1854.

Became governor (ad interim), for the third time, December 5, 1856; term as governor, December 5, 1856March 9, 1857.

MANUEL PAVIA Y LAY

Marquis de N ovaliches, lieutenant-general, head of department of infantry; appointed without previous consultation, September, 1853; arrived at Manila, February 2, 1854; reequipped army; mutiny of portion of native troops suppressed; monthly mail between Manila and Hongkong established; left Manila, October 28, after thanking religious orders (October 27) for cooperation; term as governor, February 2-0ctober 28, 1854.

MANUEL CRISPO Y CEBRIAN

Native of Extremadura, and formerly segundo cabo of the Philippines, became governor, November 20, 1854; expedition against Igorrotes, December, 1855-Februjary, 1856; resigned December 5, 1856; term-as governor, November 20, 1854-December 5, 1856.

FERNANDO NORZAGARAY Y ESCUDERO

Native of San Sebastian, and lieutenant-general; entered upon office, March 9, 1857; authorized establishments of houses of exchange, June 18, 1857; sent expedi505

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES tion to Cochinchina to aid French, 1858; reforms in local administration ordered, August 30, 1858; infantry reorganized by order of September 23, 1859; first Jesuit mission, after reinstatement of order, reached Philippines in middle of 1859; several papers founded during his term; encouraged agriculture; solicited recall because of illhealth; term as governor, March 9, 1857-January 12, 1860.

RAMON MARIA SOLANO y LLANDERAL

Native of Valencia, mariscal-de-campo, and segundo cabo of Philippines; became governor (ad interim), January 12, 1860; pawnshop authorized in Manila, January 18; issued decree for civil government of province of Manila, January 31; functions of bank Espaiiol-Filipino extended, February 16; Jagor traveled through the Bisayas; term as governor January 12-August 29, 1860; death from fever (with rumor in Manila of poisoning), August 30.

JUAN HERRERA DAVILA

Sub-inspector of artillery; became governor (ad interim), August 29, 1860; civil administration of provinces of the colonies organized, and Audiencia in Manila reformed, July 9, 1860; printing of Coleccion de Autos Acordados authorized, January 10, 1861; regularly appointed governor, general of marine Mac-Crohon, died in Red Sea while on way to Philippines; term as governor, August 29, 1860-February 2, 1861.

JOSE LEMERY E IBARROLA NEY Y GoNZALES

Senator of the kingdom; became governor, February 2, 1861; politico-military governments installed in Bisayas and Mindanao, April 1, 1861; Jesuits given Mindanao as mission field, and opposed by Recollects; operations against Moros; delivered command to segundo cabo, July 7, 1861-July 7, 1862.

SALVADOR VALDES

Segundo cabo; became governor (ad ilnterim) , July 7-9, 1862.

506

EULOGIO DESPUJOL

507

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF THE PHILIPPINES

RAFAEL DE ECHAGUE Y BERMINGHAN

Native of San Sebastian, lieutenant-general, and governor at Puerto Rico; arrived at Manila, July 9, 1862; various insurrections, 1863; earthquake, June 3, 1863; creation of ministry of colonies, 1863; normal school established, January 23, 1865; term marked by various calamities; term as governor, July 9, 1862-March 24, 1865.

JOAQUIN DEL SOLAR E EBANEZ

Segundo cabo of the Philippines; became governor (ad interim), March 24, 1865; reforms in various branches of government, 1865; term as governor, March 24, 1865April 25, 1865.

Was governor (ad interim), for the second time, September 27, 1866; term as governor, September 27-0ctober 26, 1866.

JUAN DE LARA E IRIGOYEN

Native of Navarra, lieutenant-general, and ex-minister of war; assumed office, April 25, 1865; Antonio Canovas del Castillo appointed minister of the colonies, July 3, 1865; erection of bishopric of J.aro, by bull of Pius IX, 1865; establishment of Jesuit institution Ateneo Municipal at Manila, 1865; recalled for corruption of government; term as governor, April 25, 1865-July 13, 1866.

JOSE LAUREANO DE SANZ Y POSSE

Mariscal-de-campo, and segundo cabo elect because of former incumbent of that office having left islands with Lara; term as governor (ad interim), July 13-September 21,1866.

ANTONIO OSORIO

Naval officer; became governor (ad itnterim) , September 21, 1866; term as governor, September 21-September 27, 1866.

508

BIOGRAPHY JOSE DE LA GANDARA y NAVARRO

Lieutenant-general; became governor, October 26, 1866; uniform monetary system adopted; reformed primaryeducation, 1867-1868 j resigned office; term as governor, October 26, 1866-June 7, 1869.

MANUEL MALDONADO

Segundo cabo of islands; became governor (ad interim), June 7, 1869; term as governor, June 7-June 23, 1869.

CARLOS MARIA DE LA TORRE y NAVA CERRADA

Native of Cuenca, and lieutenant-general; became governor, June 23, 1869 ; constitution of 1869 sworn to, September 21, 1869; p,r ojected monument to Anda y Salazar; question of removing the monopoly on tobacco; guardia civil created; radical in government; term as governor, June 23, 1869-April 4, 1871.

RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO y GUTIERREZ

Native of Santander, and lieutenant-general; became governor, April 4, 1871; insurrections in Cavite and Zamboanga, 1872; reforms in army; opening of steamship line and telegraph lines; governor resigned because of ill-health; term as governor, April 4, 1871-January 8, 1873.

MANUEL MAC-CROHON

Naval officer, became governor (ad interim), as office of segundo cabo vacant, January 8, 1873; term as governor, January 8-24 (?), 1873.

JUAN ALAMINOS Y DE VIVAR

Became governor, January 24 (?), 1873; conflict with archbishop and other ecclesiastics; steamship line established between Manila and Spain; various ports opened for commerce; term as governor, January 24 (?), 1873March 17, 1874.

509

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES MANUEL BLANCO VALDERRAMA

Became governor (ad interim), March 17, 1874; repulse of J oloans; handed over government to regularly appointed governor, June 18, 1874.

JOSE MALCAMPO y MONJE

Marques de San Rafael and rear-admiral; became governor, June 18, 1874; conquest of J 010, 1876; given title of count of Mindanao, December 19, 1876; mutiny of artillerymen; term as governor, June 18, 1874-February 28, 1877; given titles of count of Jolo and viscount of Mind.anao, July 20, 1877.

DOMINGO MORIONES y MURILLO

Marquis of Oroquieta, and lieutenant-general; became governor, February 28, 1877; took drastic measures against mutinous artillery regiment, 1877; prevented sale of tobacco monopoly, 1877; constructed Manila waterworks, 1878; term as governor, February 28, 1877-March 18 or 20, 1880.

RAFAEL RODRIGUEZ ARIAS

Nav.al officer; became governor (ad interitm), March 18 or 20, 1880; term as governor, March 18-April 15, 1880.

FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA

Marquis of Estella; became governor', April 15, 1880; cable opened between Luzon and Spain, 1880; royal decree ordered repeal of tobacco monopoly, 1881; term marked by corruption in public offices; term as governor, April 15, 1880-March 10, 1883.

He became governor for the second time, April 23, 1897; insurgents scattered, and more than thirty thousand natives s'a.id to have been killed in one province; pact of Biak-na-bato signed, December 14, 1897; re-occurrence of insurrections in Luzon, 1898; term as governor, April 23, 1897-April 11, 1898.

510

BIOGRAPHY EMILIO MOLINS

Segundo cabo of Philippines; governor (ad interim), March 10-April 7, 1883. .

He was governor (ad interitm), for second time, and ruled three days, April 1-4, 1885.

JOAQUIN JOVELLAR

General; became governor, April 7, 1883; decrease of annual period of personal ,services from forty to fifteen days, and creation of provincial tax, 1883; plan for railroads in Luzon approved, 1883; visited southern islands, 1884; tribute abolished and tax of cedula personal substituted, 1884; Jesuit observatory at Manila declared official, 1884; term as governor', April 7, 1883-April 1, 1885.

EMILIO TERRERO Y PERINAT

Lieutenant-general; became governor, April 4, 1885; led expedition in person against Moros, 1885; dispute between Spain and Germany as to ownership of Carolinas, 1885; term as governor, April 4, 1885-1888.

ANTONIO MOLTO

He was segundo cabo.

His term as governor, (ad in-

terim), was 1888.

FEDERICO LABATON

Naval officer. His term as governor (ad interim), was only one day in 1888.

In March 1, 1888, a petition signed by eight hundred and ten natives and mestizos demanded immediate expUlsion of the friars of the religious orders and of the archbishop, the ,s ecularization of benefices, and the confiscation of the estates of Augustinians and Dominicans.

VALERIANO WEYLER

Native of Majorca, marquis of Tenerife, and son of a German doctor; became governor, 1888; said to have purchased office from minister's wife; school of agricul511

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ture established in Manila, 1889; practical school of arts and trades established, 1890; telephone system established in Philippines, 1890; Dominican secondary school established in Dagupan, 1891; said to have -received money from religious orders for armed support against their tenants; term as governor, 1888-1891; later minister of war at Madrid.

EULOGIO DESPUJOL

Native of Catalufta, and count of Caspe; became governor, 1891; Liga Filipitna (Philippine League) founded in Manila by Rizal, 1892; introduced many reforms; popular with natives; aroused wrath of religious orders, who were said to have paid $100,000 for his dismissal; term as governor, 1891-1893.

FEDERICO OCHANDO

He was Governor (ad interim) in l893.

RAMON BLANCO

Became governor, 1893; electric light established in Manila, 1895; formation of Kiatipunan society; outbreak of insurrection, August 30, 1896; Blanco opposed by ecclesiastics; term as governor, 1893-December 9 (date of royal decree removing him), 1896.

CAMILO POLAVIEJ A

General; became governor, December 13, 1896 (AIgUt3) ; Rizal executed, December 30, 1896; Philippine Repuhlic proclaimed, October, 1896; insurrection spread; operations against insurgents by General Lachambre, 1897; Polavieja issued amnesty proclamation, January 11, 1897; efficient service of loyal Filipino troops; term as governor, December 13, 1896-April 15, 1897.

JOSE DE LACHAMBRE

He was a General; governor (ad interim), April 1523, 1897.

512

BIOGRAPHY BASILIO AGUSTIN

He was governor, April 11, 1898; Dewey's victory, May 1, 1898.

FERMIN JAUDENS

Governor (ad interim), 1898; peace preliminaries, surrender of Manila, and entrance of Americans (August 13) into Manila.

FRANCISCO RIZZO

General; became governor (ad interim), 1898.

RIEGO DE LOS RIOS

Was governor, with capital at Iloilo, 1898; treaty of Paris signed, December 10, 1898; term as governor, after August 13, 1898-December 10, 1898. He left Manila, January 1, 1899. Last of the Spanish governors.

REFERENCES

Blair & Robertson, The Philiwine Islands Morga, S1lcesos de las Islas Filipinas (Mexico, 1609) Argensola. Conquistas de las Malucas (Madrid, 1609) Colin, Labor E-vangelica (Madrid, 1663), mentioning as his authorities the authors Morga, Grijalva, and Chirino San Antonio, Chronicas, parte pri1'nera (Manila, 1738) Murillo Velarde, Historia (Manila, 1749) Delgado, Historia General (Manila, 1892) La Concepcion, Historia General (Sampaloc, 17881792) Zuniga, Historia de las Islas Filipinas (Sampaloc, 1803), and Estadismo (Retana's ed., Madrid, 1893) Mas, Informe de las Islas Filipinas (Madrid, 1843) Buzeta and Bravo, Diccionario (Madrid, 1851) Montero y Vidal, Historia General (Madrid, 1887), and Historia de la Pirateria (Madrid, 1888) 513

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Combes, Historia de Mindanao y Jolo (Retana's ed., Madrid, 1897) Catalogo de la Exposicion General de las Islas Filipinas (Madrid, 1887) Algue, Archipielago Filipino (Washington, 1900) Sawyer, Inhabitants of the PhiliP'[>ines (New York, 1900) Calkins, "Filipino Insurrection of 1896" in Harpe1路's Monthly, vol. xcix Wilcox, Harper's History of the War in the Philippines (1900) Various modern histories of the Philippines

514

PART III AMERICAN GOVERNORS

WESLEY MERRITT

American soldier, born in New York, New York, U. S. A. He graduated from the West Point Military Academy in 1860, and served with distinction as a Federal cavalry officer in the Civil War, rising to the rank of major-general of Volunteers in 1865. Until June, 1864, he served in the Army of the Potomac; between August, 1864 :and March, 1865, he commanded a division, under General Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley. In the final campaign-ending in the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox-he commanded a cavalry corps, and showed unusual bravery. He was then brevetted major-general 515

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES after the Appomattox. campaign. After the war, he reentered the regular service and rose through successive grades, to the rank of major-general in 1895. He was superintendent of the United States Military Academy at West Point (1882-1887); and commanded successively the Department of Missouri and the Department of the East.

In July, 1898, during the Spanish-American War, he assumed command of the United States forces in the Philippines.

In the Philippines he was responsible in capturing the city of Manila, on August 13, 1898. Eventually he became the first American Chief Executive in the Islands.

General Merritt was ordered to Paris to confer with the Peace Commission in October, 1898. Subsequently, until his retirement from active service in 1900, he commandfd the Department of the East. He died in 1910.

ELWELL

S.

OTIS

American soldier, born in Frederick, Maryland, U.S.A. He wa:s a graduate of the University of Rochester in 1858, and the Harvard Law School in 1861. He entered the volunteer army as captain in 1862, and re3lChed the rank of lieutenant-colonel and brevet-brigadier-general in 1865.

In 1866, he received a commission as lieutenant-colonel in the regular army, and became colonel in 1880 and brigadier-general in 1893.

At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, he received a commission as major-general of volunteers, and in December, 1898, he succeeded General Wesley Merritt as commander in the Philippines. This was on August 29, 1898. Later he became the military governor of the Philippines. During his regime, troubles' brewed up in the Islands (February 4, 1899) ; his term of office, therefore, was devoted to bringing the Filip,i nos to subjection.

516

BIOGRAPHY

ELWELL S. OTIS

On May 5, 1899, he was recalled to the United States. Two years afterwards (March, 1902), he retired to private life. General Otis was awarded Congressional Medal of Honor for conspicuous bravery. He died in 1909.

ARTHUR McARTHUR

American soldier; born in Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A. He entered the Civil War as first lieutenant in the 24th Wisconsin Volunteers (August, 1862). He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and brevet-colonel before he was twenty years old. In 1866, he joined the regular army as a first lieutenant, and rose to the rank of colonel in 1896. In the Spanish-American war, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers (1898), and major-general the same year. He served in Cuba and in the Philippines.

517

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES General McArthur relieved General Otis! as Commanding General of the United States Army. He became then the third American chief executive of the Islands.

Later on, he was the commander of the Department of the Lakes, of Cali forni:a , and of the Pacific Division. He was commissioned brigadier-general. in the regular army in 1900; major-general in 1901, lieutenant-general and assistant chief of staff in 1906. He was awarded Congressional Medal of Honor for conspicuous bravery. He retired in 1909 and died in 1912.

He established a free public school system-primary, intermediate and secondary-the Normal School, the School of Arts and Trades and the School for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

Twenty-seventh president of the United States. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, U. S. A., on September 15, 1857. He was the third son of Alphonse Taft, Secretary of War and United States Attorney-General. He received his preparatory training in the public schools and in the Woodward High School of Cincinnati; entered the Yale University at the age of seventeen; and was graduated in 1878, second in the claSIS of 121. After two years' course in law at the Cincinnati College, he graduated with honors in 1880.

Finally he was admitted to the bar, and took up the work of a legal reporter on local papers.

Taft was once assistant prosecuting attorney of Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1881-82, and collector of internal revenue in 1882. He resigned from this position to practice law. In 1885, he became assistant county solicitor, and in 1887 he was appointed to fill an unexpired term as judge of the superior court of Ohio. He was reelected for a period of five years in 1888, but resigned in 1890 to become Assistant Solicitor-General of the United States 518

BIOGRAPHY

WILLIAM H. TAFT

Government. In that capacity, he helped in drafting the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and the argument for Bering Sea Arbitration. Ire also established the constitutionality of the McKinley Tariff Act before the United States Supreme Court. From 1892 to 1900, he served as U. S. circuit judge for the Sixth Judicial District.

In March, 1900, President McKinley appointed William H. Taft as President of the United States Philippine Commission. After a year, Taft was made the first American Civil Governor of the Islands. In this capacity, he reorganized the government of the Islands in 1903, introduced sanitary reforms, and established a system of schools.

This last was calculated to win the good will of the Filipinos. In 1902, he went to Rome to see the Pope regarding the purchase of the friar lands in the Philippines. His trip was successful. It marked the greatness of his diplomacy.

In 1903, Taft was called by President Theodore Roosevelt to become Secretary of War. His tact and diplomatic ability made him the President's emissary on many im519

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES portant missions. He was civil governor of Cuba in 1906; he investigated the political and economic conditions of Cuba and Santo Domingo; in 1907, he opened the first Philippine Assembly. Afterwards, he conducted important negotiations in China regarding the boycott of Ameriean goods.

In 1908, Taft was elected President of the United States and was inaugurated on March 4, 1909. As President, he signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff in 1909. In September, he started a speech-making tour and met President Diaz of Mexico. President Taft was responsible in fixing the Atla.ntic Fisheries Arbitration, th~ Mexican boundary dispute, and the. Bering Sea controversy.

In 1912, after a stormy convention, which resulted in the creation of the Progressive P:arty, headed by Theodore Roosevelt, President Taft was renominated. In the election of the following year, he was opposed by Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Taft, however, receiveti only eight electoral votes out of 531.

Since 1913, Taft had been Kent professor of law at Yale UniverSiity. He was president of the American Bar Association in 1913 and first President of the American Academy of Jurisprudence. He published: Four Aspects of Civic Duty (1906), Present-Day Problems (1908), Political Issues and Outlooks (1909), The Anti-Trust Act and the Supreme Court (1914), The United States and Peace (1914), Popular Government (1915), Ethics in Service (1915), The Presidency: Its Duties, Opportunities and Limitations (1916). In 1918, he was appointed by President Wilson member of national war路路labor for arbitrating labor disputes. In 1919 he endorsed the Peace Treaty of Versailles and was a vigorous spokesman. In 1920, he supported the candidacy of Warren G. Harding. On the death of Chief Justice White on June 30, 1921, Taft was appointed by President Harding as Chief Justiqe of the United States Supreme Court. He held this exalted posi520

BIOGRAPHY tion which he called the pinnacle of his ambition, until the year of his death.

LUKE

E. WRIGHT

American statesman and diplomat. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A., in 1847. He served in the Confederate army; studied law with his father; rendered effective relief service during the yellow fever epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1878. Between 1880-88, he was attorney-general of that state. In 1900, he became a member of the Philippine Commission; in 1901, he was vice-governor of the Islands; in 1902, he was acting governor; and on November 3, 1905, he became GovernorGeneral. Governor Wright, it should be remarked, was severely attacked by the Filipino press and some political leaders on account of personal differences. During 190607, he became ambassador to Japan, and in 1908, he succeeded William H. Taft as Secretary of War, serving until the following year.

521

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

HENRY CLAY IDE

American lawyer and diplomat. He was born in Barnet, Vermont, U.S.A., in 1844. He was graduated by the Dartmouth College as valedictorian in 1866, and was admitted to the Vermont bar in 1870. In 1878-80, he was state attorney-general, and state senator (1882-85) of Vermont; president of the State convention (1884) and delegate to the Republican National Convention (1888).

Afterwards he became the United States Commissioner to Samoa, and chief justice of Samoa (1893-97). He was a member of the Taft Commission in 1900; served successively as Secretary of Finance and Justice of the Insular Government (1904-05); vice-governor general of the Phi1ippines from November 4, 1905, to April 2, 1906. He was, then, the sixth American Governor of the Islands.

In 1909, Ide was made Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain. He wrote: Code of 522

BIOGRAPHY

Procedure in Civil Actions and Special Proceedings in thA Ph:ilippine Islands (1901); Land Registration Act (1903), and Internal Revenue Law of 1904 of the Philippine Islands (1907).

JAMES FRANCIS SMITH

American soldier and administrator.

Commonly known as "Hell-Roaring Jake Smith"; was born in San Francisco, California, U.S.A., in 1859. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, and in 1898 he went to the Philippine Islands as colonel of the First California volunteers. He took an active part in the capture of Manila, on August 13, 1898. Afterwards he was Deputy Provost Marshall, 1898, and president, Military Commission, in 1899. He was a member of the Commission to confer with General Emilio Aguinaldo; commander of the First Brigade, First Division, 8th Army Corps. He was commended for gal523

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES lantry in action in fighting near Manila against the Filipino forces. Eventually he was ' promoted BrigadierGeneral of the Volunteers. In the Philippines he commanded the Department of N egros and Visayas. Here in the Visayas, he used the so-called "water cure method" in sllbjug1ating the Filipinos. Smith became Collector of Customs in October, 1900. Shortly he was honorably discharged from military service,and was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines (1901-03). He was also a member of the Philippine Commission and Secretary of Public Instruction (1901-06). In 1906, General Smith was designated to succeed GovernorGeneral Henry Clay fde, but he resigned this position on November 11, 1907. Afterwards, he became Associate Judge of the United, States Court of Customs Appeals.

Governor James F. Smith was the seventh American Governor-General in the Philippines. Under his administration the Philippine Assembly was established in 1907.

WILLIAM CAMERON FORBES

American administrator and financier. He was born in Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.A. He was educated at Milton Academy, then at Harvard College, graduating from this last institution in 1892. Later on he entered business and became officer and director of numerous~ corporations. For instance, in 1897-1902, he was chief of finance, department of Stone and Webster, engineers; and in 1899, he was a partner of the banking house-J. M. Forbes & Company, Boston, Massachusetts.

Forbes was secretary of commerce and police in the Philippines (1904-08). During his administration, he organized the constabulary, post-office, and many other public departments. In July, 1908, he became vice-gov524

BIOGRAPHY

WILLIAM C. FORBES

ernor-general of the Philippines and Governor-General on November 11, 1909. He, however, resigned from . this last position in September, 1913. As Governor-General, he erected various government buildings, constructed public roads and railways, and exerted efforts in improving the inter-island communication. He built Baguio, the pine city of the Philippines. He is known in the Islands as a "builder."

Forbes, who now lives in the United States, was appointed by President Warren Harding in 1921 to investigate the political condition of the Islands. His findings are now embodied in what is called the Wood-Forbes Mission Report to the President. In 1928, he wrote a history of the Philippines in two volumes. It is entitled The Philippine Islands.

525

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES NEWTON WHITNEY GILBERT

American lawyer and administrator. He was born at Worthington, Ohio, U.S.A., on May 24, 1862. He was educated at the Ohio State University. He was admitted to the bar in 1885. He was conferred by the Iowa Wesleyan and the University of the Philippines with LL.D. degrees. On August 8, 1906, he married Martha Edna Berg of New York.

Gilbert practised law at Angola, Indiana. Later on, he became a member of Indiana Senate (1896-1900); lieutenant governor of Indiana (1900-04); member of the 59th American Congress (1905-07), 12th Indiana District.

He was Captain of Company H, 157th Indiana Volunteers Infantry from May to November, 1898. In 1900 he was member of the Philippine Commission, headed by William H. Taft.

In the Philippines he was Judge of First Instance, Manila, (1906-08); appointed Secretary of Public Instruction of the Philippines, 1909; Gilbert was Vice-GovernorGeneral of the Islands (1909-13); acting Governor-General (1912-1913). He was also Delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1916.

Gilbert is now in the United States, living in New York city. He is a. member of a firm---Gilbert, Campbell and Barranco. He was once the president of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, 1908-13, and Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society, in London. Gilbert was the ninth American Chief Executive of the Islands.

FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON

American administrator. He was born in New York, New York, U.s..A., in December, 1873. He obtained his degree of Bachelor of Arts from Yale University; his LL.B. from New York School of Law in 1897. He married Mary 526

BIOGRAPHY

FRANCIS B. HARRISON

Crocker of San Francisco, on June 7, 1900, who unfortunately died in 1905. He shortly married Mabel Judson of Brooklyn, New York, in 1907; married for the third time Elizabeth Wrentmore of Berkeley, California, on May 15, 1919 and divorced her in 1927 and married for the fourth time Margaret Wrentmore, on April 8, 1927.

Harrison taught for some time in the University of New York night law school (1897-99). In 1898, he was admitted to the bar; entered Private Troops A, New York Volunteers Cavalry; was captain and adjutant-general of the United States Volunteers of Spanish-American War from June, 1898, to January 31, 1899. He was member of the 58th Congress, 1903-05; 13th New York District to the 60th, 61st and 62nd Congresses (1907-1913); 16th District and 63rd Congress (1913-15). He resigned from the 63rd Congress to become the Governor-General of the Philippines on that same year.

527

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES As a Governor-General of the Philippines., Harrison formed a body known as the "Council of State," consisting of the President of the Senate, Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Secretaries of the Departments, with the Governor-General as Chairman. Here in this body, the important policies of the government were formulated. Then Filipinization of departments began, and the Philippine Legislature was establisihed in 1916. During his administration, government ownership of public utilities and development companies were vigorously advocated. The Mint and the Philippine National Bank were established. Governo Harrison was the tireless spokesman for complete independence of the Philippines and spared no effort to gain the confidence' and good will of the Filipino people. He served in this capacity for eight years, resig,ning from this said position in 1921.

Governor-General Harrison, it should be recalled, was at one time the Democratic candidate for lieutenant-governor of the State of New York; he was even groomed as a Presidential Candidate of the Democratic party, but was defeated by Governor James M. Cox. He was the author of The Cornerstone of Philippine Indep'endence. At present he resides in Alness, Scotland.

CHARLES EMMET YEATER

Lawyer and statesman. He was born in Oceola, Missouri, U.S.A., on April 24, 1861. He il? the son of John Jameson and Sarah Jeanette. He was graduated by the University of Missouri with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1880; Mtaster of Arts in 1882. On October 19, 1887, he married Anna Richaridson of Sedalia, Missouri, now deceased. He began to practice law at Sedalia in 1882.

In 1883, he became city counselor of Sedalia, a member of the Mis'Souri Senate in 1893-96, inclusive. He became a member of the Board of Curators of the University of 528

BIOGRAPHY Missouri, 1909-15. On May 30, 1915, he was appointed vice-Governor-General of the Philippines by President Wil. son. In the Islands he was also Secretary of Public Instruction. Yeater acted as Governor-General ad interim between Governor-General Harrison's resignation, March 5, 1921, and the appointment of Governor-General Wood, October 14, 1921.

Governor-General Yeater handled a difficult position with unusual ability and tact. Perhaps no government official had won higher esteem by the inhabitants of the Islands than he. He was the eleventh American Chief Executive.

LEONARD WOOD

American soldier and administrator. He was born in Winchester, New Hampshire, U.S.A., on October 9, 1860.

Graduated from the Harvard Medical School in 1884. Two years later, he became assistant surgeon, with the rank of first lieutenant in the United States Army, serving the same year as medical and line officer in Lawton's expedition to the Apache Indians, under Geronimo in Arizona and New Mexico. For his services, Wood was awarded in 1898 a Congressional medal of honor. In 1891, he became surgeon of the Army with the rank of captain. With Theodore Roosevelt, he was able to organize the noted "Rough Riders" for service in the Spanish-American War. Eventually he became colonel in this regiment in May, 1898.

Wood took conspicuous part in the Santiago campaign, particularly in the engagements at Guasimas and San Juan Hill. Shortly he was promoted to the rank of brigadiergeneral of the Volunteers in July, 1898, and major-general of the Volunteers in December, 1898. He served as military governor of Santiago (1898-99) and of Cuba (1899-1902). He showed himself as an efficient administrator and did much to render both cities more san i529

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

LEONARD WOOD

tary. In 1901, he was appointed as brigadier-general in the regular army, and in 1903 as major-general.

From 1903 to 1905 General Wood was military governor of the Moro p,rovinces of the Philippine Islands.

From 1906 to 1908, he commanded the military division in the Philippine Islands. In 1908, he was transferred to the Department of the E'a st. In 1910, he was sent on a special mission to Argentina. Between the years 1910 and 1914, he was chief of staff of the United States Army. From 1914 to 1917 he was put in command of the Department of the East; and on May 1, 1917, he was transferred to the newly created Sub-Eastern Department.

In 1919, he became the commander of the Central Department in Chicago. In 1920, he was a prominent candidate for the presidential nomination of the Republican Convention; he was badly defeated by Harding-"The dark 530

BIOGRAPHY horse." In 1921, he was sent by President Warren G. Harding to head the Wood-Forbes Mission to the Philip... pines. In October, 1921, Major-General Wood became the Governor--General of the Islands until his death in August, 1927. Under his administration Pier 7, one of the world's most beautiful piers, was built.

General Wood was the author of many articles and books. Of his known works are: The Military Obligation of Citizenship; Universal Military Training; Our Military History, Its Facts and Fallacies; National Defense; C'lfvil Reports of Governor-General Wood; and The Milita,r y Government of Cuba.

HENRY LEWIS STIMSON

American lawyer and statesman. Henry Lewis was born in New York City, U.S.A., on Sept ember 21, 1867.

He came from a wealthy American family. He was graduated by the Yale University in 1888 with a Bachelor of Arts degr-e e; in 1889 he received his Master of Arts degree from Harvard. He attended the Harvard Law School, and in 1891 he was admitted to the New York bar. Shortly afterwards, he went to business and subsequently became a member of the firms Root and Clark (1893-97); Root, Howard, Winthrop and Stimson (1897-1901), and after 1901, Winthrop and Stimson.

Stimson's abilities as a lawyer brought him into the limelight. In 1906, he was appointed United States attorney for the southern district of New York State. This position he, however, relinquished in 1900 to become candidate of the Republican party for New York. But as a gubernatorial candidate, he was badly beaten by his opponent. In 1911, he was appointed Secretary of War by President Taft, in which office he continued from May, 1911, to March, 1913. Later on he practiced law, which 531

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 'fHE PHILIPPINES

HENRY L. STIMSON

was interrupted by the participation of the United States in the Great War. Stimson became colonel of the 31st Field artillery in France.

In 1927, Stimson was sent by President Calvin Coolidge on a special commission to Nicaragua. Here he met President Diaz and the rebel leaders. Through his diplomacy, he Was instrumental in persuading the South American leaders to lay down their arms, on condition that the United States would supervise the forthcoming election.

His success on this mission, together with his timely study of the Philippine question in 1926, led to his appointment in December, 1927, as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

Stimson was very fond of Filipino dances, and gave encouragement to the rigodon de honor in the Malacafiang palace. In the Philippines, however, he continued the policies formulated by the late Governor-General Wood. At 533

BIOGRAPHY one time he revived the so-called Council of State, which was abolished by the preceding chief executive.

With the Republican triumph in the elections of 1928, Henry Lewis Stimson was appointed by President Hoover as Secretary of State. As a secretary he exerted efforts in carrying out the policies of Herbert Hoover. He was chiefly known for his firm stand in defending the rights of the Chinese, in the face of the Japanese aggression leading to the capture of Manchuria, now Manchukuo.

With the defeat of Herbert Hoover by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1931, Stimson resigned his position.

Henry Lewis Stimson was the author of a book. It is entitled The American Policy in N~caragua. Apart from this, he wrote many articles, appearing in American and Philippine papers.

Upon the resignation of Governor Stimson, Vice-Governor-General Eugene F. Gilmore performed the duties of chief executive, pending the appointment of Stims.on's successor in 1929.

DWIGHT FINLEY DAVIS

American lawyer and administrator. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A., on July 5, 1879. He is the son of John Tilden and Maria Finley Dwight. He was educated at Harvard University, where he obtained his A.B. degree in 1900 and his LL.B. in 1903 from Washington University. On November 15, 1905, he married Helen Brooks of Boston. For many years he occupied various board positions; member of Public Baths Commission (1903.06); Public Library Board (1904-06); member of Board of Control of the Museum of Fine Arts (1904-07, 1911-12); Public Recreation Commission (1906-07); member of St. Louis Home of Delinquents (1907-09); 533

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

DWIGHT F. DAVIS

member of Board of Freeholders (1909-12); Public Commissioner (1911-14); and member of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University (1915-21).

With the participation of the United States in the Great War, Davis entered the United States Army. He was Captain of the 5th Missouri Infantry in May, 1917; colonel of O.R.C. in 1923. Afterwards he became a member of the executive committee of the National Municipal League (1908-12). He, too, became a member of the Playground and Recreation Association of America (1904-14); director of the Civic League (1904-14); vice-president of the St. Louis Playground Association (1905-08); director of Tenement House Association (1907-09); director of the Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis (1909-22); and director of the War Finance Corporation (1921-23).

In 1923, he became assistant Secretary of War; afterwards 534

BIOGRAPHY a full-fledged secretary of War in 1925. He served in this position until 1929, when he was offered a position to become the Governor-General of the Philippines. He succeeded then Governor-General Henry L. Stimson. Davis became the fourteenth American Chief Executive in the Philippines.

Davis, like Stimson, carried on the policy of General Wood and the Republican party. However, he enlarged and beautified the Malacafiang Palace. He furthered the material development of the country by heading a party that visited Indo-China, Java and other neighboring countries, for the purpose of fostering closer relations with these people and extending the commerce and trade of the islandS! with them.

Dwight F. Davis was awarded a D.S.C. in March, 1923, for his extraordinary heroism in Baulny and Chauldron Farm, France, in September, 1917.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.

American soldier and administrator. He was fortyfive years old when appointed Governor-General of thE' Philippine Islands by President Hoover and inducted into office on February 29, 1932. Native of New York, New York, U.S.A., and son of Theodore Roosevelt, once President of the United States of America.

Educated at Groton School and Harvard College where he graduated in 1909 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

From 1912 to 1917 he was a banker in New York. During the World War he obtained a commission in the army, and became major in 1918 of the 26th Infantry, in the First Division of the American Expeditionary Forces, commanding the I1egiment through the MeUfle-Argonne offensive. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and was decorated by the French, Belgian and Montenegro governments. He is a Colonel, United States Reserves.

535

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

THEODORE ROOSEVELT, JR.

In 1921 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., was appointed assistant Secretary of the Navy. He served as a member of the International Committee of Naval Experts at the Conference for Limitation of Armaments at Washington in 1921 and 1922; also as Ic hairman of the Executive Committee of the National Conference on Outdoor Recreation in 192223; and member of the National Executive Committee of the Boy Scouts of America in 1928-29.

He has won renown in other activities than political, such as in two scientifi,c expeditions to Central Asia, 1925-26, for the Field Museum of Chicago, and another expedition to China and Indo-China, 1928-29.

Roosevelt is also author of Average Americans, East oj the Sun and West of the Moon (with Kermit Roosevelt) , Rank and File, and All in the Family.

536

BIOGRAPHY As Governor of Puerto Rico, his administration of that place was marked with ability and success.

As Governor-General of the Philippines, Roosevelt championed the average man's cause. He displayed great activity in vi's iting all parts of the Archipelago and in securing knowledge of the existing conditions as a basis for his policy on "health, justice and education-the foundations of liberty in the islands." The change of administration, however, in Washington, resulted in his resignation after a year's work in the Philippines.

FRANK MURPHY

American lawyer and executive. Governor-General Murphy, a real Democrat, was born in Harbor Beach, Michigan, on April 13, 1893, son of John F. and Mary (Brennan) Murphy.

Frank was educated at the University of Michigan where he obtained his LL.B. in 1914. He pursued his graduate study in Lincoln's Inn, London, and in the Trinity College, Dublin.

From 1916 to 1917 he practiced law at Detroit, Michigan, where it is said he had never lost a single case. He waS chief assistant U.S. attorney at the Eastern District of Michigan from 1920 to 1923. From 1922 to 1927 he was instructor in law in the University of Detroit. Judge in Recorder's Court of Detroit, Michigan, from 1923 to 1930, he became Mayor of Detroit since 1930; his second term for mayorship expired in 1934.

Governor Murphy attended the Officers' Training Camp in Fort Sheridan, Illinois, from April to August, 1917; served as first lieutenant, and captain later, in the Infantry, U.S.A., from 1917 to 1919; also in the overseas servi路ce from 1918 to 1919, and with the Army of Occupation in Germany. He was appointed in 1933 by the 537

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

FRANK MURPHY

President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, as Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

Murphy's administration of Philippine affairs is marked with utmost sincerity. He has won the cooperation and admiration of the leaders of all parties. In fact, he is called one of the greatest governors of the Islands.

Murphy did much in balancing the budget of the Islands during depression times. Though not much material improvement was accomplished, yet he helped greatly in the reorganization of the government and in the commercial and educational development of the country. He is without doubt one of the best executives sent by the United States to the Islands.

In his absence, John Ralston Hayden became acting Governor-General of the Philippine Islands.

538

BIOGRAPHY REFERENCES

Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands Fernandez, A Brief History of the Phililppines Forbes, The Philippine Islands Who,'s Who in America Jackson, Representative Men of the Philippines Wilcox, Harper's History of the War in the Philippines

539

PART IV NOTED FOREIGNERS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY ABARCA, JUAN DE

Native of Madrid; came to the Philippines with the Augustinian mission of 1635; was a minister of the Pampangan and Visayan villages for a period of twenty years, except at times filling official posts in Manila. He died here in 1656.

ADAN, FRANCISCO LoPEZ

Noted doctor. In 1737 he said that at the Universities of Santo Tomas and of the Jesuits, the Filipinos who but yesterday were mere students acted very soon as teachers and professors with a competency making them worthy not only of the professorial chairs of these Is_ lands, but even of the first of Europe.

ADUARTE, DIEGO

Dominican missionary an'd writer; was born in Zara~ gosa, Nueva Segovia; he died in 1636. He came to the Philippines with Father Blancas; was a contemporary of Chirino and Morga. He was once a bishop of Nueva Segovia. Author of Historia de la Provincia de St~. Rosario de Filipinas, Japon y China de la Orden de Predicadores; Catalogo; Relacion de los gloriosos martirios; Relacion de los Ma'rtires que ham estado en Japon en 1626.

AGANDURU MORIZ, RODRIGO DE

A Recollect missionary and historian. He was born in Guipuzco, Spain, about the middle part of the 16th century; he died in Rome, on December 27, 1626. He traveled much in Europe and in the Philippines. He w,a s the writer of Historia general de las Islas Occidentales y la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Filipinas; also wrote Conversion de Filipinas y J apon de los Agustinos Descalzos.

540

BIOGRAPHY AGUILAR, GERONIMO DE

A Spanish friar; the first teacher of Filipinos in music, especially sacred music. A Franciscan priest who came to the Islands during the early conquest of the Islands by the Spanish conquistadores. Able tet'lJcher and musician.

AGUIRRE, ANDRES DE

Spanish Augustinian Friar; accompanied Legaspi on his expedition from Mexico to the Philippines in 1564-65.

Wrote a number of books on discoveries in the western Pacific. Died September, 1593.

ALAVA, IGNACIO MA. DE

Ignacio Ma. de Alava, the friend of the historian, de Zuniga, was a naval officer and geographer. He was born in Victoria, Spain. In the Peninsula he began his military career as early as 1766. In 1782, he fought the English forces at Gibraltar. M'aking a trip to the Orient, he studied the geography of the Philippines and subsequently suggested and rectified many points regarding the contour and topography of the Islands. After completing this geodetic work, he left Manila in 1803 for Cadiz, Spain. Once in the Peninsula, he was made second lieutenant of the Gravena de Trafalgar. Later on he became chief of Apostadero de Habana. In 1815, he was appointed Vocal Admirantazzo. In the same year he was made Captain General. He died in Chiclana on May 26, 1815, after having written his invaluable Memoirs.

ALBUQUERQUE, AGUSTIN

Augustinian Friar, companion of Goiti. Came to the Philippines with the fourth Mission of his order in 1571.

Served notably in Batangas district. Wrote first book in Tagalog language. Died 1580.

ALCEGA, JUAN DE

Native of Viscaya; captain during the administration 541

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES of Governor Dasmarifias; well known for his bravery; was with Morga; appointed head of the party intended to capture Van Noort; was killed in the Chinese revolt of 1603, his head cut off and exhibited on the walls of Manila.

ALFARO, PEDRO

Spanish Franciscan Friar; came to Manila, 1576.

Principal founder of San Francisco, Manila. Went to Macao, founded convent, 1530. Wrecked en route to Goa in China Sea same year. Body drifted ashore, Cochin China, in state of excellent preservation. Found and buried by natives; ashes venerated.

ALGUE, JOSE

Spanish Jesuit meteorologist and inventor of the barocyclometer. Educated in Spanish schools; joined the Order of the Jesuits. In 1905 in Mallorca he made important observation of the eclipse of the sun. To gather more scientific materials, he left Spain for the Philippines. In Manila he became director of the Weather Bureau; in 1907 he supervised Mirador in Baguio. In 1912 he invented the instrument-in predicting or forecasting the storm-the barocyclometer. Traveled later in Europe and America, and returned afterwards to his work in the Observatory of Manila; wrote many scientific papers published by the Bureau of Printing. Returned to Spain in 1924. Died in Roquetas, Spain, in 1930. Recognized as one of the foremost meteorologists of his time.

ALONSO, SANDIN

Definitor and procurator-general of the province of San Rosario of the Order of St. Dominic in the Philippines; made his profession in the Dominican convent of Salamanca, 1659, and after completing his stUdies, he became a teacher in the college of Placencia., but resigned that post and followed the Philippine Mission which came here in 1671. He was a teacher in the Sto. Tomas University 642

BIOGRAPHY until 1675, when he was finally sent as procurator to Rome and Madrid for about twenty years. He died in Madrid in May, 1701.

ALVA

Spanish admiral. Sent to the P. 1. in 1796 to prevent the British from taking possession of the Islands. Sailed to attack British fleet on its way from China to London.

Did not meet enemy but his squadron was nearly wrecked by a hurricane. Stayed in Manila until 1802 and his squadron became the basis of a navy in the P. 1.

ALVARADO, ALONSO DE

Augustinian priest. Was in the expedition of Villalobos. Passed Mexico in 1549 and arrived in the Philippines in 1571. Made member of the ministry of Tondo the next year. His mission included Taytay, Cainta, Pasig and Bay. Mastered Tagalog and Chinese languages. Died in Manila, May, 1576.

ALVAREZ DE ABREU, ANTONIO

Marquis of the Regalia; member, Consejo de Indias, 1733; noted writer on law cases and bibliographer; his memoirs about the history of Philippine commerce constitute a work of the valuable kind.

ALVAREZ, GABRIEL

Spanish; Intendant General de la Hacienda (Secretary of Treasury) for the Philippine Islands, 1866. He was an old employee, very competent, reliable and of recognized probity.

ALVAREZ, JOSE

Augustinian priest and author. Granted an "encomienda", then a very rare distinction for a friar, by the government for his good services. Author of several religious books.

543

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ALZINA, FRANCISCO IGNACIO

J esui t priest; an agricultural observer of the seventeenth century. Born in Gandia, Spain, about 1609; came to Manila April, 1631. Lived in the Visayan Islands; gave advices to the natives and showed them how to get the best out of the soil; taught them agriculture and introduced the planting of many plants.

ANDA YA, JOSE

Bishop of Angeles, (Mexico). Filipino mestizo; native of Manila. Alumnus of the Real Colegio de P.P. Jesuitas. Bishop of Oviedo and later of Angeles (America).

ANDRE, EDOARD

Belgian consul to Manila; during the last chapter of the Spanish rule in the Philippines. He was chiefly known in the history of the Philippines as an intermediary character between Admiral George Dewey and Don Basilio Davila, the Governor General of the Philippines. He made efforts in arranging the terms of the capitulation of the city of Manila. Because of the change of the administration in the Spanish government and the terms of Admiral Dewey, his efforts were protracted and the final capitulation was extended to August 13, 1898.

ANDREA

Greek; member of the party of Legaspi in 1565; married Isabel, niece of Tupas, King of Ceb'll; the first European on record to marry a Filipino woman.

ANGEL RODRIGUEZ, JUAN

Native of Medina del Campo, Spain; professor in Alcala and Salamanca universities; appointed confessor of Diego Morcillo Rubio de Auiion, archbishop of Lima, Peru; presented as archbishop of Manila on May 18, 1731; landed at Samar, August 30th; reached Nueva Caceres on October 4th, and was consecrated archbishop there by 544

BIOGRAPHY bishop Dr. Felipe de Molina. He took posse~sion of office on January 23, 1737. He prohibited night procession and reformed several feasts. He died of melancholia; chiefly noted for his disposition, lovable traits and virtuous life.

ARAGON, ILDEFONSO DE

Colonel, Spanish Army; noted military engineer; published in Manila, 1877 and 1881, various descriptions of the provinces and other statistical works.

ARANGUREN, JOSE

Born at Barasoain, diocese of Pamplona, on February 16, 1801; a Recollect by order; studied philosophy at Pamplona; law at Zaragosa. He arrived in Manila in 1830; was cure at Masinloc, Zambales; definitor of the chapter in 1840; elected provincial in 1843; appointed archbishop by the king on November 12, 1845; consecrated archbishop on January 31, 1847. He died on April 18, 1862. He was laborious and prudent, and an economico-religious administrator.

AROLAS Y ESPLUGUES, JUAN

Colonel, Spanish army. Governor of Jolo; distinguished for his excellent administration and for his notable victory over the Moros in 1887.

ARRIARAN, AMADOR DE

Member of Goiti's expedition in 1750; helped in the conquest of Manila; was one of those who successfully fought the party of Limahong in Manila in 1574, and in Pangasinan in 1575; governor of Oandaba, Pampanga~ 1576.

ATAYDE, JUAN

Military man, orator, poet; born in Manila, June 24, 1838; studied first in Manila, but later entered the Academia de Infanteria of Spain; joined the Spanish Army on finishing his course; member, Circulo Hispano-Filipino; 545

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES spoke for Spain and received praises when King Louis of Portugal visited Spain; widely traveled; represented Spain in foreign expositions; served under Colonel Blanco in J 010 and in Cuba; was a Lieutenant Colonel when he retired from the army; wrote a hymn for Cervantes in Spain; one of the founders of La Ilustracion Filipina; edited Revista Mercantil de Filipinas, 1892; collaborated with EspaJiiJ1, Oriental, Eco de FUipinas, and La Moda Filipina; was a a linguist of no mean ability; died of paralysis, January 12, 1901.

Ros First Spanish governor of Jolo (1638). Native of Valencia. Took part in the campaign in the Rio Grande of Mindanao and in Jolo from 1637 to 1639. Returning by ship to Manila from Jolo, was assassinated by some Chinese.

AVILES, GINES

AzCARRAGA, MANUEL DE

Noted Spaniard; brother of Marcelo de Azcarraga; educated in the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, and in Madrid, Spain; was mayor of C'agayan and Bulacan, and later civil governor of Manila and Corregidor.

A~CARRAGA, MARCELO DE

Famous Spanish military man; born in Manila in 1834; educated in the Academia de Estado Mayor; became captain in C'uba; later on appointed brigadier in 1871, and then J efe de Estado Mayor, Mariscal de Campo, and Ministro de Guerra. Decorated for military merit with the cross of Isabella Catolica. Deputy to the Cortes.

AZCUETA MENCHACA, CRISTOBAL DE

Came to the Philippines as a soldier in 1575 with Dr. Sande, being only 16 years old; due to his extraordinary abilities, was soon made an alferez; for other valuable services, was made captain by Dasmarifias in 1596; Tello gave him the command of a company in Manila in 1599; 546

PEDRO DE ALMONTE VERASTEGUI

JOSE ALGUE

MANUEL DE AZCARRAGA

MARCELO DE AZCARRAGA

547

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES drove the Japanese pirates that assailed the coasts of Balayan and Mindanao; quelled the insurrection in Batangas; was with Acuna in the conquest of the Moluccas; on his return, was made maestre de campo; made governor of Ternate in 1610; died on the sea when his ship sank on his diplomatic mission to Macao in 1612; was one of figures in the history of Spanish colonization in the Philippines.

BACK HOUSE, THOMAS

Member of the British Invaders. Drove Busto, the lieutenant-general of Anda, who was attempting to starve them out of the P. I., from Pasig. Captured Sultan Ali Mudin who had escaped from Manila; helped him regain his throne. Backhouse continued on his march to look for the treasure of a Spanish galleon but was unsuccessful.

BARBERO, JUAN

Spanish dean of Filipino actors; native of Seville; born in 1825, and ih the Philippines in 1875.

BARBOSA, EDUARDO

Cousin of Magellan who succeeded to the command of the expedition when Magellan was killed on the Island of Mactan, April 21, 1521. Barbosa accompanied by Padre Valderama, the ship captain Juan Serrano, and a guard of 25 men attended a fiesta on the island of Gebu .a few days after Magellan's death. Natives proved unfriendly and murdered the entire party.

BARRANTES Y MORENO, VICENTE

Poet, writer, and scholar. Born in Badajoz, Extramadura, on March 14, 1829. Died in Pozullo, Madrid, October 16, 1898. Educated in his native town. With the military administration in 1842; went to Madrid in 1848 and worked with several important newspapers; adviser of UItramar regarding the Philippines. Was senator of the Spanish Cortes. Managed the publication of Publico and 548

BIOGRAPHY

El Abate Rascalrrabias. Author of La Instruccion Primaria en Filipifnas, Paris, 1869; Catalogo Razonado y Critico de Libros, etc., Baladas Espanolas and Dias Sin Sol. N 0vels-Juan Padilla, Siempre Tarde and La Viuda de Padilla.

Prolific writer. Wrote also El Teatro Tagalo; a writer of many books on various subjects, besides his numerous contributions to different local and foreign papers.

BAUTISTA BLASQUEZ, PEDRO

Franciscan priest; learned and well informed; born June 29, 1542, San Esteban, Spain; came from a noble family; arrived in the Philippines in 1583; became a minister of the Tagalogs; the first to teach the Filipinos technique of music; discoverer of the Springs of Los Banos; founder of the convent of San Juan del Monte; went to Japan in 1593; founded the conve:nt of Miako; preached whenever he could; was imprisoned in Japan with some companions in December, 1596; wag tortured, exposed to the public and finally crucified, February 5, 1597; martyr to the Catholic Faith; canonized, September 14, 1627; brought to the altars in 1862.

BELEN, GASPAR AQUINO DE

Author of Pasion in 1704, Spanish priest who in 1704 published Pasion, the first in the Islands.

BENAVIDES, MIGUEL DE

Native of Carrion de los Condes; went to Manila with the first Dominican mission in 1587; elected procurator general of the Dominican order and accompanied Salazar to Spain; elected first bishop of Nueva Segovia; consecrated in Nueva Espana, in 1597; arrived in Manila in 1598; took control of bishopric in 1599; presented as archbishop in 1601; took possession of Manila-see, 1603. By decree of September 9, 1603, he gave administration of the Japanese in Manila to the Franciscans; was not partly responsible for the Chinese massacre of 1603; a generous 549

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES alms-giver; died .on St. Anne's day,. July 26, 1605. He was buried in the Dominican church and left bequest for foundation of Dominican college, the University of Santo Tomas, which was actually established in 1611.

BERGANO, DIEGO

Spanish friar; author of Arte de la Lengua Pampa;nga published in Manila in 1729; also published in 1732 Vocabula".io en Ro路rnance y Diccionario de Romance en Pampanga. The first A rte of the Pampanga dialect is said to be written by the Augustinian friar Francisco Coronel, printed in Manila, in 1617, but only manuscripts exist.

BERMUDEZ GONZALES DE CASTRO, CARLOS

Born in Pueblo de los Angeles, Nueva Espana (now Mexico); Secular priest ; licentiate and doctor of laws; professor in canons in the University of Mexico; presented as archbishop, in 1722; consecrated archbishop on June 17, 1725. He came to the Philippines three years later for lack of transportation; was received privately in Manila, on July 29, 1728; took control of office on August 25; had trouble with the government about the college of San Felipe; became ill on October 5, 1729 and died on November 13, of the same year. He was sixty-two years old.

BLANCAS DE SAN JOSE, FRANCISCO

Dominican priest; native of Zaragosa; came to the Philippines in 1595; was a zealous missioner; good Tagalista; promoted the Philippine press; author of various works in 1602 and 1610; died on his way to Spain in 1614.

BODIN, FILIBERTO

Native of Vrienes, Turin. Was in the expedition of Magellan. Left Sanlucar on the Victoria. Assisted Magellan in the hattIe of Mactan on April 2"7, 1521. Died September 1 of the same year.

550

BIOGRAPHY BOLIVAR, JUAN

Spanish priest who was for 18 years the chief vicar of the choir of San Felipe el Real, Madrid; came to the Philippines in 1739. Mastered the harp, organ, fiddle, flute, and other instruments. Celebrated cantor; refused big offers from Toledo and Mexico, only to come to the Philippines. In Manila his incomparable singing was displayed.

He composed an organ song, and three volumes of different Glorias, Credos and Christmas carols. He taught many in the Visayas and Luzon.

BONAFE, RAFAEL DE

Jesuit priest; native of Palma de Mallorca, Spain; born in 1606; came to the Philippines in 1622; dignitary of the Roman Catholic Church; was Rector of the famous Colegio de San Jose; died in Manila, September 27, 1668.

BRENT, CHARLES HENRY

A Protestant leader in the Philippines; writer and founder of the Brent School in Baguio. The first Protestant Episcop-al Bishop in the Islands. Born in Newcastle, Ontario, Canada, in April, 1862; educated in his home town; in the Trinity College, Ontario, and Trinity University, Toron to; B.A. in 1884, and M.A. in 1889. Ordained deacon, then priest, and then Bishop in 1901 in the Islands. Writer and lecturer; wrote With God, The Consolations of the Cross, Liberty and Other Sermons, Advent~tres for God, Leadership, Prisoners of Hope, The Mount of Vision, A Master Builder, and The Splendour of the Human Body.

Social worker; President of the Opium Conference at Hague, 1911; member of the American delegation to the International Opium Commission in Shanghai; officer, Legion of Honor; founder, St. Mary, the Virgin School in Mt. Province; responsible for establishment of St. Luke's Hospital in Manila and the Brent Hospital in Zamboanga.

Died in 1929.

551

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES BUSTOS

Lieutenant Colonel of Spanish army; came to Islands with Simon de Anda. Transferred to King's Regiment with station in Manila. Called by Anda his "Right Arm"; valiant soldier; did excellent work during the war with English. Died in Bulacan, 1773.

BUZETA, MANUEL

Augustinian friar and writer. He was born in the early part of the nineteenth century in Bemeiro, Galicia.

He was professor in Valladolid in 1826, and in the following year, he was sent to the Philippines as a missionary.

He occupied various parochial positions in the Tagalog regions. Afterwards, he returned to Spain where he became procurator in 1849. Shortly he died there. Buzeta was the author of (ka1natica Tagala, and the Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico de las Islas FiliJpin.as. In this last, he was helped by Fr,a y Felipe Bravo.

CABEZAS DE HERRERA, JOSE

Distinguished economist; occupied various important positions in the Philippines; published valuable works on his return to Spain; some of which were Philippine bibliographies; died in Madrid in 1890.

CALDERON DE SOTOMAYOR, DR. MELCHOR

Rector, University of Osuna; was delegated to investigate if Morga was of pure blood; was president of the board that examined Morga for the licentiate and doctor's degree in 1578.

CAMACHO Y AVILA, DIEGO

Born in Badajoz, Spain; Secular order; collegiatemayor in the Insigne de Cuenca of Salamanca; presented as archbishop of Manila on August 19, 1696; took possession of see on September 13, 1697; champion of the regular visit of the regular parish priests, and hence he incurred 552

BIOGRAPHY the opposition of all the regulars. He made many improvements of the Cathedral of Manila, and spent at least P40,000. He died in 1712.

CAMACHO, JUAN

Made his profession in the Dominican convent of AImagro, Apri119, 1638, and came to the Philippines in 1648.

Most of his remaining years were spent in the Pangasinan missions; but in 1668 he became a prior of the Manila convent, and a year later provincial. In his old age, he was summoned to Mexico by the Inquisition on a scandalous charge; his innocence being declared after four years, he returned to the Islands and died in Manila in 1700.

CAMPO, JUAN DEL

Born in March, 1620, in Villanueva de la Vera near Jarandilla, his fatber being Juan del Campo, a familiar of the Holy office; studied in the Jesuit college at Oropesa; entered the Society of ,J esus ill 1636; was sent ,a mong the Subanos in Mindanao, where he labored zealously; suffered martyrdom in the hands of the Subanos who mutinied in the jurisdiction of Zamboanga in the village called Siocon, January 7, 1650.

CANO, JUAN SEBASTIAN DEL

Known as Elcano by others; native of Guetaria, Guipuzcoa; took part while still very young in an expedition to Mrica; enlisted in the party of Magellan in 1519, possessing at the time the title of expert sailor; was master of the Concepcion; remained as chief of V~ctoria which was able to return to Spain, after the death of Magellan; known as among the first to sail around the world; died on the sea on his way to a new expedition, August 4, 1526.

CARBALLO, JUAN LOPEZ

Sailing master of one of the vessels of Magellan on his expedition to the Western Islands (now P.I.) , 1521.

553

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES When Magellan and Barbosa died Carballo succeeded to command the fleet the same year. Took ships to Borneo and repaired them. Shortly afterwards succeeded by EspHiosa who was more expert.

CARRIEDO, FRANCISCO

Spanish philantropist. Born in Ganzo, Santander, on November 7, 1690. Baptized in the same town on November 30, 1690, by Juan Gutierrez Quijano. Married Maria Ana de Cosio on June 26, 1727. Donated 10,000 pesos for the building of a canal to carry the water of the neighboring towns to Manila. The project was neglected and the water system was built many years after the death of Carriedo which occurred September 2, 1743. Monument to the memory of Carriedo is in Rotonda, Sampaloc, Manila.

CARRION, ANTONIO

Spanish Augustinian friar. Served with zeal in the Philippines in 1645 until his death in !locos in 1665. Distinguished for his perfect knowledge of the Visayan, !locano, and Tagalog languages.

CARRION, JUAN PABLO DE

Took part in the expedition of Villalobos; came to the Philippines in 1543; passed later to Cagayan where he drove away a Japanese pirate, Tayzufu; founded Nueva Segovia; governor of Cuyo; one of the bravest soldiers of • the Spanish army in the Philippines.

CARRO, ANDRES

Friar; had a good command of the !locano language; reviewed the !locano-Spanish dictionary which Father Francisco Lopez and Bukaneg wrote and reprinted in 1849.

B. Justice of the Supreme Court. Born January 14, 1869, in Enniskillen, Ireland. Educated in Portora Royal CARSON, A.

554

MIGUEL DE BENAVIDES

CHARLES H. BRENT

J. SEBASTIAN DEL CANO

FRANCISCO CARRIEDO

555

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES School of the same town; University of Virginia, 1887-93, with the degree of LL.B. Captain 4th U.S. Volunteer Infantry in Cuba, 1898-99, and of the U.S. Volunteer Infantry in P.L, 1899-1901. Judge of the Court of First Instance, 1901-04. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the P. 1. Professor in the University of the Philippines.

CARVAJ AL, CIRIACO GONZALEZ

Justice, Supreme Court of the Philippines, about 1784, when appointed by Governor Basco as head of the department of the Army and branch of the Treasury. He effected much reform regarding the establishment of the Government monopoly of tobacco. Relieved in 1787.

CASARRIEGA, ENRIQUE ABELA Y

Geologist; born in 1848, .a nd educated in Spain; became a mining engineer in 1869; employed in the mines of Asturias, Spain, until 1878; on his return to the Islands, became mining inspector of the Spanish government; appointed by Governor Polavieja secretary of the Governor General in 1896; became governor of Leon and Alemaria; afterwards returned to the Philippines, and again engaged himself in mining; while here he wrote several books. Some of them are La Region Central de Luzon desde el Bolinao y Carballo Sur hasta el puerto de Laguimanoe, Filipinas, El Mayon, and Ligera Resena de la Mineria de Islas Filipinas.

CASTELLO, LORENZO

Augustinian friar who came to the Philippines in 1718 from the convent of Valencia, Spain. Intelligent musician, good choir singer; composed two volumes of classical masses, two Visperas and various Proeesiones and Christmas Carols. He had many pupils from all over the Islands.

CASTRO, ALONSO DE

Born in Mejialburgis; took the Augustinian habit at 556

BIOGRAPHY Salamanca in 1559; came to the Philippines in 1577, where he became proficient in the Tagalog and Visayan languages; labored in Calumpit in 1578; in Tigbauan, in 1581; and in Oton in 1587. He was elected prior of Manila in 1589, .and presided at the provincial chapter in 1593 as senior definitor. Felipe II proposed him as bishop of Nueva Caceres but died in 1597 before he could assume his office. He wrote three volumes of certain "moral happenings" that occurred during his stay in the Visayans.

CAUCHELA, ANDRES

Contador de Hacienda with Legaspi until 1584; was the first accountant in the Philippines.

CAVENDISH, THOMAS

Also known as Scander, Canbler, and Escander; famous English pirate; came to the Philippines in February, 1588; attacked the Arsenal de Arevalo; from the Visayas, proceeded to London in a regal manner, his ship displayed damask and silks which rivalled the famous Drake, the master English pirate.

CENTENO Y GARCIA, JOSE

Chief of the Spanish mining bureau from 1876 to 1886; contributed much to the geologic literature of the Islands; his important contribution was on Taal Volcano; noted geologist and minerologist; had the best and most concise work on the geology and minerology of the Philippines, published by Royal Order in 1876.

CHACON, LoRENZO

Captain of the Spanish forces in Manila during the governorship of Lavezaris. Distinguished himself in a hand to hand struggle which occurred when the Chinese pirate Limahong and his Jap路a nese general, Sioco, made a ferocious attack on Manila, November 30, 1574.

557

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CHARLES 1. (of Spain and V. of Germany) Roman emperor; born in Ghent, Belgium, February 20, 1500; son of Philip of Burgundy and Johanna, third child of Ferdinand and Isabella; became King of Spain In 1518, and found a large and mighty power in the nation bequeathed to him by his ancestors, Ferdinand and Isabella.

During his reign, the Pacific and the Philippine Islands were discovered, 1521, and for the first time the globe was circumnavigated. He ordered many expeditions to different corners of the world. On becoming Emperor of Germany, Charles wielded a power that was the greatest of his time, and the same was all the more increased in the time of his son and successor, Philip II. Because of his v,ast dominions, his reign was turbulent, and he had to abdicate on January 16, 1556. He was, however, remembered as a lover of peace, dignified and magnanimous.

CHAVEZ, JUAN DE A brave Spanish leader. With three hundred Spaniards and natives he drove out the Moros in 1635.

CHAVEZ, PEDRO Founder of Nueva Caceres; came to the Islands when still very young, but soon distinguished himself for his daring and bravery; conquered Camarines and founded Nueva Caceres; when Limahong attacked Manila, Chavez was the first to help with sixty-five soldiers under his command; was made maestre de campo when Juan de Salcedo died, 1576; pacified the Ilocos and Cagayan in 1589, and quelled the rebellion caused by Magalat; was later mayor of Manila; died in 1617.

Cm, PEDRO Captain in the Spanish Army; headed the expedition to the district of Ituy, from Manila to the mouth of the Rio Grande of Cagayan, 1591; celebrated the blood pact with the chiefs of various Igorot towns of Northern Luzon.

558

BIOGRAPHY CLARK, METCALFE

American Merchant. Born in Centralia, Illinois, U. S. A. Educated in the common and High School of Centralia. Came to P. 1. in 1898. Established bakery, confectionery, manufactory and restaurant. First to stake and set claims for gold in northern Philippines. President, Benguet Consolidated Mining Company.

CLEMENTE, JUAN

Franciscan friar who in 1573 founded the San Lazaro Hospital of Manila; this famous hospital is closely connected with the name of Fray Felix Huertas. Came to Islands with the first Franciscan Mission. San Lazaro Hospital (connected with contagious diseases) is the first of its kind in the Philippines.

CLEMENTE, MANUEL

Spanish priest; native of Calatrava, Spain; came to Manila while yet very young, 1869, and worked as secretary to the governor general; finished his ecclesiastical studies in Manila and soon became a dignitary of the church; was an eloquent orator, good literarian and a noted bibliographer; had an excellent library; one of few Spaniards who deserve the title of Filipinista; to him was due principally the pUblication of the works of Dr. Morga that Rizal annotated.

COLIN, FRANCISCO

Jesuit historian and writer. He was born in the early part of the 17~h century in Repoll, Gerona, and died in Makati, Philippine Islands, on May 6, 1660. He came of noble family; studied science and art in Barcelona; became missionary in 1625; was counsellor to the auxiliary governor in Manila; figured in the expedition to J 010 ; taught ecclesiastical history in San Ignacio de Loyola; rector once, provincial order; missionary to Mindoro; in 1651 to Makati. He wrote Labor Evangelica, Ministerios Apos559

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

tolicos de los obreros de la Compania de JesUs en las Islas Filipi1WS, India Sacra, Vida del Santo Hermano A.Zfonso Rodri'guez, Historia Universal de la Provincia de Filipinas de la Compania de JesUs desde 1581 a 1615, Libro de meditaciones, Oracion funebre, Sermon en la fiesta de accion de gracias.

GOLLANTES, DOMINGO

Religious chronicler; was born in Herrin de Campos (Valencia) ; arrived in the Philippines in 1769; was Bishop of Nueva Caceres in 1800; died in 1808. He is the author of Historia de la Provincia de Sto. Rosario de Filitpinas, Chima, Tonquin, Orden de Predicadores (1783).

COMBES, FRANCISCO JUAN

Born at Zaragosa on October 5, 1620; entered Jesuit Order as a novice at the age of twelve, at Tarragana; went to Acapulco with Bobadilla in 1643; completed theological studies in Manila; ordained in 1645; sent to Zamboanga. and stayed in Mindanao for twelve years, often acting as ambassador of the governors to Corralat and other Moro chiefs; returned to Manila in 1657; was sent to Madrid and Rome as procurator for his order; died in the voyage on December 29, of that year.

COMYN, TOMAS DE

A noted Spanish economist of the early part of the nineteenth century. He was educated in Spain and after a few years' stay there, he came over to the Islands to study the economic aspects of the Philippines. For eight years, he was General Manager of the Royal Philippine Company. After a thorough research work, he published his famous work entitled, Estado de las Islas Filitpinas. In 1821, it was translated into English by William Walton.

CONCEPCION, JUAN DE LA

Spanish writer; born in Madrid, 1724; came to Ma560

BIOGRAPHY nila in 1752; held some important positions; wrote Historia General de Filipinas in fourteen volumes, published in 1788-92.

CONDE, JOSE

Spanish editor and journalist, at one time editor of El Comercio, during the last quarter of the 19th century; this paper was later combined with La Opinion.

CRUZ, GABRIEL DE LA

First school master of the Cathedral of Manila, 1583; became dean, after serving as Vicar in Vigan, in 1600; died in Manila, May 26, 1601.

CUARTERO, MARIANO

First Spanish bishop of J aro. Of the Order of Sto. Domingo. To him the Panay and N egros people owe about twenty-seven books, religious or otherwise.

AnEJ ANDRO Said to be the father of the Spanish theater in the Philippines. Since 1884 he was in Manila, heading a Spanish zarzuela company.

CUBERO,

DELGADO, JUAN JOSE

Spanish writer; came to the Philippines in 1711; in 1751, wrote Historia Sacro-Profana, one of the biggest Philippine books ever written in the 18th century.

DENBY, CHARLES

American peace commissioner; one of the members of the first Philippine Commission to establish peace in the Islands on March 4, 1899, composed of President Schurman, Admiral Dewey, General Otis and Professor Worcester.

DEWEY, GEORGE

American admiral. Born in Montpelier, Vt., U. S. A., 1837. Graduate of the United States Naval Academy.

561

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Took part in Farragut's naval operations in 1862. Made commodore in 1896. On the outbreak of the SpanishAmerican War in 1898, he commanded the Asiatic fleet to Manila Bay and defeated the Spanish fleet and captured Manila. On his return to America, he became Admiral of the Navy. Died in 1917.

DIEZ, HILARION

Born in Valladolid, 1761; took habit at an early age in the same place; served as parish priest in several Tagalog villages in the Philippines, and became proficient in the Tagalog dialect; twice prior of the Manila convent and provincial of his order; appointed archbishop of Manila; took charge of his see on September 15, 1826; consecrated in the Augustinian church on October 21, 1827; died May 7,1829.

Ducos, JOSE

A militant Jesuit priest who in Governor Arandia's time, 1754-59, conducted a brilliant campaign against the Moros, captuI'led 150 %ssels, destroyed 3 villagoo, and freed many Christian captives. The Te Deum was sung in Thanksgiving.

DUQUE, JOSE

Spanish Augustinian friar; engaged in active religious work in the Archipelago from 1660 until his death in 1695. A most diplomatic churchman who had many missions of importance, chief among which was the pacification of Pampanga. He was four times chosen provincial curate (1674-83-88-92).

EGAN, MARTIN

American editor. Manila Times. Born June 18, 1872, California. Educated in public schools and took special courses in literature and history. Admitted to the Bar of California. Worked with many newspapers. Managing Director of Times Publishing Co. 562

GEORGE DEWEY

FEDERICO FAURA

FREDERICK FUNSTON

563

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ELERA, CASTO DE

Spanish botanist; author of Catalogo Sistematico de toda la Fauna de Filipinas, published in 1895.

ENCARNACION, JUAN FELIX DE LA

Spanish priest and writer. Member of the St. Augustine's Order. Author of various Spanish-Bisayan dictionaries and religious books.

ENTRALA, FRANCISCO DE

A lover of things Philippine; came to Manila in 1873, and studied in Spain how to write novels and plays. Before 1875 he published La Rubia de Quiapo and La Morena de Sampaloc. Sometimes they call him a peninsular Filipino.

FAURA, FEDERICO

Eminent Jesuit meteorologist in the Philippines.

Born in Barcelona in 1840; died in Manila in. 1897. He was educated in the Seminary in Vich; was sent to Manila in 1866; taught in the Ateneo Municipal de Manila-teaching mathematics and physics. While there, he devoted most of his time to meteorological work, studying the cyclones. Father Faura encouraged by the Spanish government with financial aid, established weather stations in Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayan Islands, Marianas. He was once delegate to the Congress that met in Europe, studying the eclipse. He contributed various articles to the Boletin Meteorologico, published in Rome by Secchi.

In 1871, Father Faura was in Europe stUdying in SaintCassien, France. Here, he also worked with Secchi and Stonyhurst. In 1878, he returned to Manila and became the director of the Observatory of Manila. He is the author of: Senales precursoras de temporal en el archipielago Filipino (1880); Reglamento Interino e Instruccion practica para uso de las Estaciones meteorologicas secunda564

BIOGRAPHY

rias de las Islas Filipinas (1884).

He, too, was an important figure in the Meteorological Congress in Paris; also in Chicago in 1893.

FECED, PABLO

Able Spanish journalist; the man of the keenest imagination of an the journalists in the Philippines. Connected with Diario de Manila in 1888; wrote for Liberal in Spain. Joined also La Opinion, when he started his campaign for Spanish immigration and against Asiatic inrush in the Islands.

FERNANDEZ NAVARRETE, DOMINGO

Missionary teacher and writer; was born in Penafiel, Valladolid, on December 8, 1635; he died in Madrid in 1689. He was educated at the college of Valladolid.

Later on he taught philosophy in that institution. In 1648, he arrived in the Philippines; became a cure in the Tagalog district; taught at the University of Sto. Tomas; made several journeys in the Bisayan Islands, and then to China.

Was persecuted by the Chinese but managed to return to Spain unharmed. Once in Spain, he became procuratorgeneral for the Philippine province. In 1677 he was appointed bishop of Isla Espanola. He died at the age of seventy-two. Author of a three-volume edition of his travels, entitled: Historical, political, ethical, and religiou.') treatises on the Monarchy of China. This work was translated into many languages. He wrote various things on China and the Philippines.

FERNANDEZ DE OVIEDO Y VALDES, GONZALO

Spanish historian and admiral. He was born in Madrid in 1478, and died in Valladolid in 1557. He occupied various positions in the Navy; was active in the peninsular politics. He traveled much and wrote fairly. Of his known writings, Historia general y Natural de las Indias, islas y tierra firme del Mar Oceano; Colecci6n de Documen565

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES

tos ineditos para La Historia de Espana,' La Respuesta a, La epistola moral del Almirante; and La Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes.

FERNANDEZ DE QUIROZ, PEDRO

Navigator; born in Evora, Portugal, 1565; learned navigation very early and became an expert in same; enlisted in Peru in the expedition of Alonso de Mendefia; from Santa Cruz where Mendena died, Fernandez directed the fleet to the Philippines; entered Cavite February, 1596; returned to America in December; in February, 1600, was in the Court of Philip III; returned to Peru in 1605; on his trip to Nueva Espana, he died, 1615; all excellent pilot; was called the "Segundo Colon".

FUNSTON, FREDERICK

American general. While Aguinaldo w路a s hiding from his pursuers in the litt le town of Palanan, Isabela, and General March was hot at his heels, another cordon was led

by General Funston, who with the aid of Macabebes, finally captured him on September 1, 1901.

GAINZA, FRANCISCO

Doctor of Theology; bishop of Nueva Caceres in 1862; born in Calahorra, Spain, June, 1818. In Manila, he was professor at the University of Santo .Tomas. Author of El Arte de G1'amatica Latina.

GALAISIERE, LE GENTILE G. DE LA

French astronomer and traveler. He was born in Coutances, France, in 1725, and died in Paris in 1792. III France he was a vigorous champion of the theory of Juan Cassini in 1750. Because of his scientific works and interests, he was elected to the Academy of Sciences. To further his astronomical interest, Le Gentile went to India, and lived there for eleven years, Here he studied the behaviour of the planet Venus before the sun. M. Le Gen566

BIOGRAPHY tile wrote numerous scientific articles, which are now incorporated in Le Gentile's Memoirs. Having traveled a great deal in Asia, particularly in India, China, the Philippines and the Moluccas, he published in 1781, Voyage dans les mers de l'Inde. Herein his accounts of the Philippines may be found.

GALVEY

Head of the Spanish expedition in 1829 in northern Luzon to subj ugate Benguet and Abra; surprised at the well-cultivated fields, numbers of cattle, horses and carabaos. The Igorot owners made the Spaniards fight for life. In 1846, however, Benguet and Abra provinces were created.

GARCIA SERRANO, MIGUEL

Native of Madrid; went to the Philippines with one of the early missions; became prior of Manila and provincial of his province, and was elected procurator to Spain.

There, presented bishopric of Nueva Segovia; consecrated in Nueva Espana in 1616; went to the Philippines the same year; presented archbishopric, in 1618; took possession of his office August 24, 1619; tried to enforce episcopal visit of regular parish priests, but opposed vigorously by regulars who threatened to resign curacies.

The question, however, was finally submitted to the king and Pope for decision; unfortunately the holy sacrament was stolen from the Cathedral in 1628; due to this incident and partly to his grief, Archbishop Garcia Serrano died on Corpus Christi day, June 14, 1629. He was sixty years old.

GARCIA YANEZ, GERONIMA

Foundress of the old Convent of Santa Clara. Native of Toledo, Spain; daughter of a lawyer, Pedro Garcia Yanez. When she was sick she took an oath to serve God if she would get well; so in August, 1570, at the age of fifteen she took the habit; left Spain with ten sisters; in Acapulco 567

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES all became ill except her; arrived in Bolinao, and then in Manila in 1621. Died October, 1630, saying in deathbed, "Para honra y gloria de Dios no he tornado otra Cosa de la tierra."

GEORGE, VVALLACE G.

American musician; the first directer of the Conservatory of Music, now under the University of the Philippines. Joaquin Luna was sponsor of the bill for the creation of the Conservatory in 1916. Then followed other directors-R. L. Schofield, American, and Alexander Lippay, Czeko-Slovakian, then Francisco Santiago, acting director; and this school has now produced many talented artists.

GIRONIERE, PAUL P. DE LA

French navaI~surgeon and, traveler. He was born in Nantes, France, in the last part of the eighteenth century; he came from a noted family, reduced in poverty during the Napoleonic empire. He studied at Hotel Dieum of Nantes; became naval surgeon. In 1819, he traveled on board the boat, Cultivateur. Later on, he found himself in Manila about 1820. He resided in the Islands and spent twenty good years of his life in the J ala-J ala Estate. He wrote a noted account of his life and travels in the Islands, Twenty Yea,rs in the Phili']YPines.

GIVER, JOSE FERNANDEZ

Editor and journalist, Spanish mayor of Vigan; edited the first provincial newspaper, El Eco de Vig(Jffl" appear. ing on January 6, 1884.

GOITI, MARTIN DE

Native of Bilbao; came to the Philippines with Legaspi, his uncle; was then captain of Infantry; distinguished himself at once for his intelligence and bravery; was made maestre de campo when Mateo de Saz died, 1567; directed the conquest of Manila, 1570; later went 568

BIOGRAPHY

to Cebu as ruler of the place; came back to Luzon to pacify the Pampangos, Zambalenos, Pangasinanes and Ilocanos; was sick in bed and killed when Limahong attacked Manila, November 30, 1574; was one of the most valiant officers of the Spanish colonizers in the Philippines.

GoMEZ ENRIQUEZ, FRANCISCO

Founder of Hospicio de San Jose in Manila; in 1782 he, with his wife Barbara Ver.soza, left a donation for this institution; then in 1806 the Archbishop of Manila with other donations started the present institution.

GOMEZ DE ESPINOSA, GoNZALO

Spaniard; native of Espinosa de los Monteros. Alguacil Mayor of the expedition of Magellan on April 19, 1519.

On the death of Magellan and Barbosa, Carballo took command but later Espinosa who was more expert succeeded him.

GONZALEZ, CIPRIANO

Spanish priest of Pand,acan. Organized Circulo Musical de Pandacan in 1893. That is why the people in that community are the best band musicians nowadays.

GONZALES DE MENDOZA, JUAN

Missionary writer of the 16th century. He is the author of Historia de las Cosas mas Notables, (1585). His work is singular and important to research workers.

GONZALEZ, ZEFERINO

Cardinal. Born in Asturias in 1831. Educated in Colegio de Dominicos de Ocana, but finished his studjes in the Philippines. Vice-Rector of Sto. Tomas; Director of the College of Sto. Tomas and Vicar of San Juan de Letran. Some of his works are Economia politica y el Cristianismo and Tratado sobre la inmortalidad del alma y sus destinos. Died November 29, 1894.

569

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES XIII Pope, from 1572 to 1585; was the reformer of the calendar and the creator of the Obispado of Manila.

GREGORIO

GRIJALVA, JUAN DE

Augustinian missionary and writer; was born in New Spain (Mexico), about the early part of the sixteenth century; came to the Islands about the middle part of the sixteenth century, joining the Augustinian orders in Manila.

He wrote an interesting account of the Philippines, embodied in his Cronica de la Orden de N. P. S. Agustin en las provitncias de la Nueva Espana, 1533-1592.

GRUET, PEDRO

Spanish music teacher. One of the founders of the Artistico Musical, president later of same; founder of the, famous orchestra band in Sampalok, in 188-5.

GUERRERO, HERNANDO

Native of Madrid; professed in the Augustinian convent at Madrid; came to the Philippines; finally sent to Spain as procurator; by a decree appointed bishop of Nueva Segovia; proceeded to Spain, where he obtained a mission; returned to the Philippines in 1627; consecrated at Cebu, in 1628; presented as archbishop of the Philippines on January 16, 1632; took possession of work on June 23, 1635. During his term he quarreled with governor Hurtado de Corcuera, the Audiencia, and the Jesuits; refused to authorize or recognize the Collado-faction among the Dominicans. Finally he was exiled, in 1636, to Mariveles ; for 26 days. He died July 1, 1641, at age of 75; buried in Augustinian church; zealous, but obstinate, hot-headed, and too unbending.

GUERRICO

A Jesuit priest of the Ateneo de Manila; one of the teachers of Jose Rizal. The bust of this teacher of beloved 570

GERONIMA GARCIA YANEZ

HORACE L. HIGGINS

FATHER GUERRICO

571

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES memory was executed by Rizal, then the school boy hero of the Ateneo.

HERRERA, DIEGO DE

Augustinian priest; native of Recas, Toledo; became priest in 1545; came to the Philippines in 1564 with Legaspi; baptized many prominent natives, among whom was Tupas, the ICing of Cebu; was the first Superior of the Augustinians in the Philippines; wrote censures against Legaspi; went back to Spain in 1572; died on his way to the Philippines in 1576.

HIDALGO, GONZALEZ

Spanish macologist; one of the great contributors to the study of macology in the Philippines.

L. An English engin~er who built the Manila Railroad Company's line from Manila to Dagupan-the first railroad in the Philippines; completed and placed in operation on November 24, 1892; five and half years in building.

HIGGINS, 'HORACE

HUERTAS, FELIX

Spanish Franciscan Friar. Born in Toledo in 1814.

Came to Manila in 1839. where in 1859 he was chosen Director of the Royal Hospital of San Lazaro. Authol of Estado, Geographico, Topografico, etc. de las Provincias d~ S. Grego't'io. Largely due to his efforts, the water works for which funds were left by Carriedo got under way.

HURTADO, MELCHOR

Spanish Jesuit priest, on duty in Leyte. Captured at town of Dulor with 700 women and children by Moros in October, 1603. Held captive in Mindanao, nearly a year.

In April, 1625, returned voluntarily to Moros as ambassador of General Acuii.a. Received final liberty upon return of General Acuna from successful expedition to the Moluccas.

572

BIOGRAPHY IRIBERRI, IGNACIO

Spanish General.

Conducted an expedition to Jolo in February, 1731, to punish the Moro Pirates by order of Governor Valdez. Jolo strongly defended but General Iriberri captured it, burned houses and boats.

J AEN Y CASTILLO, ALONSO

Spanish professor and writer of the 18th century. He was the author of C07ltpendio historico politico sobre los ilustres hechos del Sr. Don Simon de Anda.

JESUS, IGNACIO DE

Augustinian friar, musician and composer of religious music. He came to the Islands in 1737, became prior in Guadalupe, and wrote most of the choir books of the Saint Augustine convent.

JESUS, PABLO DE

Born of noble family in Catalunia in 1533; studied at Alcala de Renares, and at the age of nineteen took tht' Dominican habit in Madrid; was enrolled for the first Dominican mission for the Philippines, where he arrived on June 24, 1577; labored in the provinces of Camarines, Bataan and Zambales, until July 1, 1580, when he becamp a custodian; dispatched the first missionaries to CochinChina in 1583; was assigned to the villages of Santa Ana de Sapa and Taytay after the completion of his office, and in 1591 was again elected to the head of his province. He sent the first Franciscan to Japan; was appointed visitor in 1600, and on his return to Manila retired to the convent.

In 1602 he was elected definitor. He died in the Manila convent in 1610.

JIMENEZ, DIEGO

Spanish editor of El Porvenir, 1865, which marked a significant progress in Philippine journalism, with first imported press, enabling the paper to put out two editions.

573

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Was also the first to write novels of local setting, according to Retana, the admirable Filipinologist.

JONES, WILLIAM ATKINSON

Congressman; born March 21,1849, Warsaw, Virginia; son of Thomas and Anne S. (Trowbridge) J.; entered the Virginia Military Institute, where he remained until the evacuation of Richmond; served with the cadets in the defense of that city; after the close of the war he studied at Coleman's School in Fredericksburg until October, 1868, when he entered the academic department of the University of Virginia, where he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws and was admitted to the bar in July, 1870. He was elected to the 52nd up to 60th Congresses; was one of the delegates-at-large to the Democratic National Conventions in 1880, 1896, 1900. He was the author and the first advocate of the resolution adopted by the Democratic Party in Virginia to nominate Democratic candidates for Senators at party primaries. He is the author of the Jones Law, now a part of the organic laws of the Philippine Islands.

JUAREZ GALLINA TO, JUAN

Captain of the Spanish Army; Gallinato rendered valuable service in the colonization of the Philippines, in the conquest of the Moluccas, and in the Spanish operations at Ternate; died as maestre de campo in 1615.

JU-KUA, CHAO

Chinese geographer; believed to be a descendant of the family of the Sung Dynasty; born after the beginning of the second half of the twelfth century; was inspectQr of the salt beds in the province of Fukien; was Shih-po or superintendent of sea trade, during the years 12771287; wrote an account of certain geographical places in the islands, and the trade relations of these islands with China. He called this account Chu-fan-chih.

574

i

BIOGRAPHY KUE-SING (OR KOXINGA)

A Chinese traveler who threatened to destroy the Spanish government in 1662; did not, however, realize his ambition. Demanded tribute from the Islands in 1662.

The Spaniards expelled all non-Christian Chinese. The Chinese revolted, but were defeated. As a result, Tiongco, a Chinese conspirator, was executed.

LABRA, RAFAEL MARIA DE

Spanish writer and legislator during the Cortes.

Wrote many books wherein the Philippine Islands were always mentioned and their interests defended. In 1873 as an influential republican, he asked for the pardon of A. M. Regidor, Agustin Mendoza, J. M. Basa, Maximo Paterno and J. Pardo de Tavera.

LADIA, PEDRO

Bornean pvetender. Appeared' in Malolos, Bulacan, in 1643 and claimed to be descendant of Rajah Matanda; called people to rise against tyranny of Spain and to place him as their king. Secured large following; plans for revolt were about ready when they were discovered; arresterl and taken to Manila where he was executed.

H. W. American general, U. S. Volunteers; commanded a battalion of soldiers in the northern Luzon campaign during the American-Filipino war; crossed the provinces of Luzon from coast to coast with a great loss of soldiers; killed by Filipino revolutionists on the morning of December 19, 1899, in the mountain fastness of San Mateo and Montalban.

LAWTON,

LEMOS, MANUEL LORENZO DE

Officer of the Spanish army who drove the English pirate, Cavendish, from Arevalo in February, 1588; was in 1603 alcalde mayor de Balayan, where, with only twenty men, resisted successfully every Moro pirate that came.

575

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES LIMAHONG

A famous Chinese pirate, who maintained his stronghold on an island called Pehon; came to the Philippines in 1574 to found a kingdom; with him he brought some three thousand men and women who were to form the nucleus of his colony; had a general named Sioco, a Japanese, who attacked Paranaque with seven hundred soldiers; twice an attack was made on Manila and in one of these they killed Governor Goiti, and wounded his wife. Each time they were repulsed and Limahong retreated to Pangasinan, and later escaped when he sensed the danger of losing his own life.

LISBOA, MARCOS DE

Spanish friar who wrote the Vocabulario de la Lengua Bieol, published in Manila in 1865.

LLANES, ANTONIO

Spanish botanist; auth9r of Estudios Sobre Plantas de Filipinas published in 1851.

LOAISA, JUAN GARCIA JOFRE DE

Spanish Friar, commanded second Spanish expedition to Island of Oceania. Sailed from Coruna in the middle of 1525 with Captains Urdaneta, Acuna, Elcano, etc.; stormy voyage; Loaisa died July 30, 1526. Passed Carolina and Ladrones Islands. Inigues succeeded and reached Mindanao. Remain of expedition rescued by Saavedra in 1528.

LoPEZ, JUAN

Born in Marin Munoz in Castilla la Vieja, professed in Dominican convent of San Esteban Salamanca; went to the Philippines in 1643 as missionary. He gave lectures on theology in the college of Santo Tomas; in 1658, he went to Nueva Espana to recover his health. In the following year, he received title as definitor and procurator general; from Rome he received decree of Felipe IV (Dec., 1662) 576

BIOGRAPHY presenting him bishopric of Cebu; received confirmation of Pope, on April 23, 1663. Lopez had troubles in his bishopric, and proceeded to excommunicate the dissenters so that it became necessary for the Royal Audiencia to intervene. He died in 1671. He was harsh and impetuous by nature ~ hence, his zeal caused him constant trouble.

W. H. American Negro soldier; famous military band conductor; composer of marches; also major in the Philippine Constabulary, the first director of the Constabulary Band, composed of forty Filipino musicians. The band was founded on October 15, 1903; later made famous the world over. In 1904 the band was taken to the St. Louis Exposition in Missouri, U. S. A.; awarded second prize in the International Band contest. In 1909 the Band was again sent to Washington, D. C., taking part in the inaugural ceremonies of President Taft; then toured the United States. J. Philip Sousa, the world's greatest band master, said on hearing the Band at the Panama Canal Exposition in 1915, HThe Constabulary Band was the best that attended that exposition."

LoVING,

LOYZAGA, JOAQUIN DE

Spanish journalist and editor of El Comercio, founded in 1869, a paper of commerce, industry, agriculture and information. This paper proved to be the strongest, and the largest, in circulation; it lived the longest of all. This was later purchased by Ramon Fernandez and combined with La Opinion.

MAC-CROHON Y BLAKE, JOSE

Lieutenent General. Born May 13, 1803, in Ferro!'

Educated in a cadet school. Occupied many high positions in the army; later made Sub-secretary in the Ministry of War, Captain General of Madrid and Minister of the Navy, and sent to the Philippines.

577

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES MAGELLAN, FERDINAND

The discoverer of the Philippine Islands as well as the Strait of Magellan and the Marianas Islands, Ferdinand Magellan was born in Oporto, p'ortug.al, in 1479.

In trying to find a route different from that of Balboa and Vasco de Gama, to the Spice Islands, he discovered the Philippines in 1521. He was well received by Humabon and many of the natives were converted into Christianity, but his daring valor led him to his death in his fight with Lapu-Lapu on April 27, 1521. His men, however, continued the voyage, and at last the Victoria, which left Spain in September, 1519, arrived in 1523.

Magellan was a brave Portuguese navigator. His ship Victoria was the first to circumnavigate the globe. The coming of Ferdinand Magellan to the Philippine Islands is one of the greai est events in history. The islands became known as the Philippine Islands, named after King Philip II; later on, the inhabitants of the Islands were converted into the Catholic faith, and consequently Latin culture and civilization were introduced into the Philippines.

MALASPINA, ALEJANDRO'

A famous scientist; was leader and captain of the expedition in 1792 which made a scientific survey of the seacoasts of Spanish America, the Marianas group, ,a nd the Philippine Islands. From these observations they were able to make maps of these places.

MALCAMPO', JOSE

Spanish marine officer; brave and liberal; one of the leaders in Philippine Masonry (1856); with Mendez Nunez, he founded and maintained the first stably organized lodge in the Philippines, Primera Luz Filipina, in Cavite, under the jurisdiction of the Gran Oriente Lusitano. One of those brave Spaniards who drove the Moro pirates in the south seas. After the Iounding of the Primera Luz Fi578

H. W. LAWTON

BERNARDINO NOZALEDA

JOSE F. DEL PAN

679

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES lipina, another Masonic lodge in Zamboanga was organized; then this Masonic institution spread its activities in the Islands, and light shone over the Orient, thanks to daring and liberal views of those Spanish Masons, who like Morayta, helped a great deal in making the Filipinos realize their political situation.

MALLAT, J.

French traveler and writer during the nineteenth century. He made voyage to China in 1838, afterwards to the Philippine Islands and Batavia. He came to Manila three times. Writing his impressions, M. Mallat produced in 1842 a noteworthy account of Philippine life and condition in the first half of the nineteenth century in t~o volumes entitled, Les Philippines.

MALUMBRES, JULIAN

Spanish priest; noted author of Historia de Cagayan, published by the Santo Tomas Press in 1918; and of Historia de let Isabela. One of the early and active missioners in Cagayan. Died about 1931.

MARCH

A major of the American army in the Philippines, who commanded the 33rd infantry of soldiers to Tila Pass.

After a hard-fought battle, he succeeded in making his way down to the valley of Lepanto, through the treachery of a certain Januario Galot, who showed him the way over which they could take advantage of the enemy. General Gregorio del Pilar, who bravely defended this pass himself. fell among his soldiers on that eventful morning of December 2, 1899.

MARCILLA, CIPRIANO

Augustinian priest; good Ilocanista; preserved the old alphabet of the natives; died in Macao, 1900.

580

BIOGRAPHY MARIN Y MORALES, VALENTIN

Dominican priest; native of Catalufia, Spain; came to the Philippines in 1894; was a doctor of Philosophy and Letters; distinguished Filipinista and a good writer; was professor, University of Manila.

MARQUEZ, BERNARDINO

Native of Galicia; made his profession in the convent of Toro, and came to the Islands in 1645; spent the rest of his life mainly with the Ilocano mission; was a friend of everybody; painstaking and hardy; died in 1680.

MAS Y SANS, SINIBALDO DE

Diplomat, writer and traveler. He was born in Barcelona, in 1809, and died in Madrid in 1868. He studied languages and painting. In 1830, he wrote a trag'ledy, Aristodemo. He also painted the portrait of the poet, Cabanyes, which was well received in the Barcelona Exposition. He delivered a lecture at the Spanish Academy: El sistema musical de la, lengua castellana. He traveled much in the Near and Far East. He was Spanish diplomat to China in 1842; minister-plenipotentiary in 1848. He wrote in 1844, I deogrO,fica. Of his known works are: Informe Sobre el Estado de las Islas Filipinas (1842); Politica Interior,' Poesias LiJricas; Memorias sobre las Rentas de las Islas Filipinas; La Chine et les Puisances Clirretiennes; L'Anglatiere, La Chine ct L'Inde. He also made a translation of the Eneid of Virgil.

MASTRELLI, MARCELO

A Spanish chronicler and martyr in J,a pan. He was born in Naples in 1603; entered the Jesuit order in March, 1618; came to the Philippines as a missionary in 1635.

When Corcuera visited Mindanao, Mastrelli accompanied the Governor. Afterwards, he went to Japan, where he was arrested and duly executed by virtue of the hatred of 581

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the Japanese to the Christian faith. He wrote accounts of the Philippines in his Historia de Filipinas.

MEDINA, JUAN

Missionary and chronicler; was born in Seville, Spain, in the last quarter of the 16th century; was in the Philippines in 1610. He was prior of the Convent of Dumangas; for twenty years, he was in the Vi sayan Islands, spreading the faith. He was about to return to Nueva Espana in 1631, but died in the Islands in 1635. He was fifty years old. He wrote Los sucesos que los Religiosos de la Orden de N. P. S. Agustin han tenido en las Islas Filipinas.

MELITON MARTINEZ DE SANTA CRUZ, GREGORIO

Born in 1815, in Prado-Luengo, in the diocese of Burgos; Secular Order; appointed archbishop of Manila by the sovereign on July 31, 186]! ; consecrated路路 in Madrid on March 23, 1862; took possession of his work on J.\Ilay 27, 1862; received degree of doctor of jurisprudence from the University of Sto. Tomas on August 24, 1862; member of the Vatican council; published long pastoral letter in Spanish and Tagalog, lamenting and condemning the Cavite revolt, 1872. He resigned his position in 1875.

MENDEZ NUNEZ, CASTO

A brave Spanish marine officer (1859); one of those who stopped Moro piracy in the south seas; member of freemasonry; one of those liberal Spaniards who introduced the institution of freemansory into the Philippine Islands, with Malcampo; founded and maintained, in spite of trouble and opposition of the Spanish authorities, the first Masonic lodge, stably organized in the Islands, called Primera Luz Filipina, constituted in Cavite in 1856, under the auspices of the Gran Oriente Lusitano; then another lodge in Zamboanga was founded, where officers of the marine and employees of the government, all Spaniards, 582

BIOGRAPHY united together to propagate freemansory; as this institution, according to history, was responsible in a great measure for the enlightenment of the Filipino people.

MENTRIDA, ALONzO DE

Member of the St. Augustine's Order. Author of Arte de la Lengua Bisaya-Hiliguayna de la Isla de Panay (Art of the Bisayan-Hiligaynon Language of the Island of Panay) 1818, and the Diccionario de la Lengua BisayaHiliguayna y Haraya de la Isla de Panay (Dictionary of the Bisayan-Hiligaynon and Harayan Language of the Island of Panay) 1841.

MONTERO DE ESPINOSA, FERNANDO

A native of Burgos; became a secular priest; doctor of theology in Salamanca University; first cura of Felipe IV; a noted preacher, administrator of the hospital outside of Toledo; presented as bishop of Nueva Segovia in 1642; consecrated in Mexico in 1643. On May 20, 1644, while on way to Islands, he received presentation as archbishop; embarked at Acapulco, in March, 1645; arrived at the port of Lampon, at the end of July of that year; set out for Manila, but died at Pila, in Laguna de Bay-a victim of fever; funeral celebrated on day he was to have his public entrance into Manila. He was forty-five years old.

MONTERO Y VIDAL, JOSE

Spanish writer on the Philippines. He was born in Spain about the middle part of the nineteenth century.

Having a strong interest regarding things Philippine, he devoted most of his time to studying the history and romances of the Islands. In the course of his life time he was able to produce Cuentos Filipinos (1876); Historia General de Filitpinas desde el Descubrimiento de dichas Islas hasta nuestros Dia,s (1887); Historia de la Pirateria Malayo-Mahometana en Mindanao, Jolo y Borneo (1888).

583

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES This last volume is a monumental piece of work on the subject.

MONTES. ALFONSO

Spanish editor and journalist; editor of La Fraternidad during the last part of the nineteenth century.

MONTES, JERONIMO

Franciscan priest; came to the Philippines in 1583; good Tagalista; wrote various works, one of which is Devocional Tagalo, printed in Manila, 1610; died in the same year in Lumbang, Laguna.

MONTES, RAMON

Spaniard; owner and proprietor of Litografia Montes; one of the earliest lithographers of the Philippines.

MORAGA, HERNANDO

Spanish priest; presented himself to King Philip III of Spain for service. in the Philippines; a much-traveled man and a very illustrious servant of God during the time of Governor Alonso Fajardo; Procurador General; died at sea during a storm on December 9, 1619.

MORALES, LUIS DE

Born in Tordesillas on September 29, 1641; became :l.

Jesuit novice at the .age of seventeen, and later devoted himself to the Philippine missions; met Father Sanvictores in Mexico, who selected him to aid him in the evangelization of the Marianas, where he labored for three years; came to Manila in 1671, and received an assignment for the Tagal missions; in 1676 he became rector of Antipolo, and in 1681 he was vice-rector of Cavite; went to Europe some years later and in 1698 he came back to the Philippines and soon was elected provincial; died here on June 14, 1716.

MORGA, ANTONIO DE

Spanish writer and soldier. Was an, official in the Spanish colony; came to the Philippines in 1595; was ac584

BIOGRAPHY companied by the Jesuit fathers; expelled Chinese from Manila; wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which is now in the British Museum; later annotated by Dr. Jose Rizal; was a member of the Misericordia; approved the reestablishment of the Audiencia.

MORIONES, JUAN DE

Spanish Sargento Mayor, Philippine forces, in 1575; rescued Fathers Rada and Albuquerque when left ashore on Zambales coast by the Chinese crew. Was with Governor Sande when he helped a Sultan regain his throne; drove the usurpers and took possession of same in the name of Spain.

MOSES, BERNARD

American educator. One of the members of the second Philippine Commission to establish peace and order in the Philippines in 1900. Secretary of Public Instruction.

MUNOZ E INFANTE, FERNANDO

The first general manager of the Monte de Piedad, Manila. Born in Intramuros in 1812; died on August 6, 1886.

NAGRAO, LORENZO

Spanish physician and pharmacist; founder of the famous Botica Boie in 1830, a commercial pharmacy later known as Boie and Schadenberg, now the Philippine-American Drug Store; oldest European drug store in the Islands.

NOZALEDA, BERNARDINO

Spanish friar; archbishop of the Philippines; native of Puneda (Oviedo) ; came to the Philippines in 1891; professor in Santo Tomas University, and rector of Colegio de San Juan de Letran. One of the beloved religious ministers of the country. He died in Manila on January 1, 1889.

585

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ODORIC A friar who is said to have come to the Philippines between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to escape religious inquisitions then going on in Europe; landed in Talamasin (Pangasinan); also mentioned in one of Dr. Jose Rizal's books.

OHTA,1.

A Japanese business man; one of the pioneers of the abaca industry in the Islands; a builder of Davao, Mindanao; turned swampy wilderness into flourishing modern abaca plantations. Died in Davao during the early quarter of the present century.

OMOCON Captain of two Chinese sh,ips sent by the governor of Fukien to capture or destroy Limahong's fleet in 1575.

When they learned that Limahong was besieged by the Spaniards in Pangasinan, they returned with two friars and other Spaniards who bore the letter of Governor Lavezaris inviting Chinese friendship and intercourse. This embassy was received by the governor of Fukien and the good result was the opening of a port through which the Spaniards could carryon their trade.

ORBIGO y GALLEGO, ANTONIO DE A native of Obriego in Leon in 1729; took Franciscan habit at Priego; elected bishop of Nueva Caceres in 1779; took possession of his bishopric a year later; chosen archbishop of Manila in 1789; almost captured by Moros; died May 15, 1790, at Santa Ana; buried in Franciscan church at Manila on the following day because he had requested that his body should not be embalmed. He was simple in his taste and without enemies.

ORDONEZ DE CABALLOS, PEDRO Native of J aen; born in 1550; one of the celebrated 586

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FERDIN AND MAGELLAN

587

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES travelers of the world; was at one time in the Philippines; mentioned Islands in his Viaje del Mundo, 1614, and praised the honesty of native women.

ORTEGA, GERONIMO DE

Born in Toledo, April 12, 1627; entered the Jesuit order at the age of fourteen; 1654 entered the Philippine mission, where most of his term of service was devoted to the College of Manila, of which he was successively vice-rector and rector during six years; filled several important offices of his order for some years; was procurator-general of the royal court and that of Rome wiih Father Luis de Morales; sailed for Europe in 1683 and died at sea before reaching Acapulco, on November 15 of the same year.

in

ORTIZ, SANCHO

Alferez; came to the Philippines in 1574; died a few months after in the defense of Manila against the Chinese pirate, Limahong.

OZCARIZ, MARIANO DE

Lieutenant Colonel df Spanish army, aide-de-camp of Governor Claveria (1844-49). Led successful expedition against certain Igorots of Northern Luzon, 1847. Made governer of pacified district (Nueva Vizcaya). Made vari_ ous expeditions against tribes of the neighborhood. Governor of Pollok, Mindanao, 1852. Severely wounded in attack on Moro port.

P ALANCA, CARLOS First Chinese Consul in the Philippines. Often known as Chan Quinsien. Born in Sin Lo Sia, province of Tang Wa, China, June 4, 1844. Early came to Manila to seek his fortune. Through hard work, he became influential and rich. Founder of the Chinese School and the Chines~ Hospital in Manila. Arbiter of conflicts between Chinese 588

BIOGRAPHY and foreigners in Manila. The Spanish government decorated him with a medal; was called the Chinese Mandarin in the Islands. A merchant, dealer in rice and sugar; broker, contractor, and leader among the Chinese. He belongs to one of those poor boys of China in the Islands who became famous. Died on September 3, 1901. El Renacimiento said: "Carlos Palanca was a tactful diplomat; he was also noble, just and kind-hearted; one of the illustrious residents of our country."

J OSE FELI~E DEL Spanish journalist in the Philippines; was born in Coruna, Spain, on May 26, 1821, and died in Manila, on November 23, 1891. He was secretary to the Governor-General of the Islands; founder of Revista de Filipinas (18'75) ; editor of La Oqeania Espanola. He also edited Diario de Manila. He wrote: El Aderezo de Paquita; Cinco Horas en el Litmbo; gHay Muerte de Amor?; jHay que Vivir!; Las Medias N aranjas; I dilio entre Sampaguitas; La Poblacion de Filipinas; and Los Chinos de Filipinas. He also translated the work of John Bowring into Spanish: A Visit to the Philippine Islands. The ablest Spanish editor in the Philippines during his time.

PAN,

PARDO, FELIPE

Born in Valladolid, of noble parents; came as missionary to Philippines in 1648; lector and rector in the University of Santo Tomas in Manila; twice commissary of Inquisition; presented as archbishop, by royal decree of May 30, 1676; took possession of archbishopric on November 11, 1677, without being consecrated, by special order of the king. He ordered all Spaniards to pay fees to the parish priests of each district instead of the parish priest of Bagumbayan, and since almost all the Spaniards lived in Binondo, this greatly benefited his order. He was exiled to Lingayen, Pangasinan, March 31, 1683; died, December 31, 1689.

589

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES P ASTELLS, PABLO

Jesuit priest; born in Figueras, Spain, 1846; came to the Philippines in 1875; went as head of the mission to Mindanao; good Filipinista; supplied Colin with many important facts about the Philippines. Editor of Catalogo de los Documentos Relativos a las Islas Filipinas Existentes en el Archivo de Indias de Sevilla by Francisco Navas del Valle.

PEGUERO, JUAN

Spanish priest; gave Manila potable water before the Carriedo water system was introduced, by building a canal in San Juan del Monte Church, modeled after the system then existing in London and Madrid.

PENARkNDA, JOSE MARIA

Adjutant to Governor Enrile y Alcedo; a military engineer; made survey of the lands in northern Luzon; constructed the highwa],s of the Ilocos regions; explored almost all the provinces on this i~land; was made corregidor or governor of the province of Albay on May 14, 1834; promoted agricultural development in Albay; effected the building of bridges and other ways of communication to bring the eastern and western coasts of Luzon into closer contact; conducted with brilliant success an expedition which overthrew the stronghold of Moro pirates on Masbate Island, and later established a signal code on the islands of the South to watch the movements of the pirates.

PERALTA, MATEO DE

Augustinian priest; came to the Philippines as a soldier; became a priest before 1580; took part in the expedition to Ituy, 1591; after some years of missionary work in Pampanga, died in Apalit, 1609.

PEREIRA, GONZALO DE

Portuguese Captain General who entered the Cebu harbor in 1568 and demanded the removal of the Span590

BIOGRAPHY iards. Raised blockade on refusal of Legaspi, but was forced to withdraw due to lack of provisions and the appearance of a deadly epidemic. Made another attempt in 1570. Unsuccessful.

PEREZ, DOMINGO

Born in 1636 near Santillana, and professed in the Dominican convent at Triano, at the age of twenty-three.

He came to the Islands in 1666, and during the following year he was sent to the Bataan missions; the rest of his life was spent among the Zambals. He wrote ,a n account of the customs and superstitions of these people.

PEREZ, JERONIMO

A Jesuit priest who, in 1637, on the occasion of the conquest of Mindanao by Governor Corcuera, wrote an allegoric comedy of Thihgs PhilipPine.

PEROUSE, JEAN FRANCOIS DE GALAUP DE LA

French navigator and traveler. He was born in AIbi, Languedoc, France, on August 22, 1741, and died in 1788 in a wreck. He served in the French navy against England, 1778-83. He commanded the frigate, Stre in the attack on British convoy off the coast of Nova Scotia in 1781. In 1785, he sailed the seas to explore the Pacific, finding a northwest passage from the Pacific side. By sailing through La Perouse Strait, between Sanhalien and Yezo, he discovered that each of these was a separate island. He touched at points in China and Japan, and vi-sited Solomon Islands and Australia. In 1788 he sailed from Botany Bay, and after this, no more was heard from him. Apparently he died in a wreck off Vanikoro. His journal, which gives accounts of the Philippines, was published in France; it is entitled Journey Around the World.

II King of Spain; son of Emperor Charles V. of Germany PHILIP

591

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and Isabella of Portugal; born in Valladolid, May 21, 1527; was yet a prince when Ruiz Lopez de Villalobos named the Philippines in his honor; was educated in Spain; his emperor father, moving from one part of his wide dominion to another, watched his education from afar; was impressed by his father, by letters, of a profound sense of the high destinies to which he was born; grew up grave, independent in judgment and self-reliant; in 1543, married his cousin, Mary of Portugal; when he succeeded his father's throne, "!::lecame Philip II of Spain; during his reign, the Philippines were definitely incorporated to Spain; his possessions, after he had taken the government of Portugal, were the most extensive that any king or emperor ever held: America, from Florida to Cape Horn; a great part of the coast of Africa, Arabia, Persia and India; large and numerous archipelagos in every latitude; the best parts of Italy, Franche-Comte and Roussillon in France, the Low Countries; his reign was also turbulent; died at the Escorial, September 13, 1598.

PIGAFETTA, ANTONIO

Italian navigator and writer; born in Vicenza, Italy, in 1491 and died there about 1535. Joined Magellan's expedition. Author of The First Journey Around the World, containing the most graphic account of Magellan's discovery of the Philippines in 1521; this voyage of the Victoria culminated into the first circumnavigation of the globe.

PIMENTEL, JUAN

Born at Alba de Tormes, and professed at the Valladolid convent; reached the Philippines by way of Mexico, with a mission of twenty religious in 1581; accompanied Father Andres Aguirre to Spain on an important mission in 1582; died at the Burgos convent in 1586.

PINEDA, ANTONIO

Noted Spanish botanist.

Was a soldier and a natural-

592

BIOGRAPHY ist. Studied in 1879, the flora and agricultural conditions of the Islands. Died in the Philippines in 1792.

PINEDA, PERFECTO

A young botanist who accompanied the scientific observation of the seaco~st of Spanish America, Marianas group and the Philippine Islands in 1792, which was led

by Malaspina. He died in Ilocos while the party was making a survey of the Philippine inland seas.

PLACENCIA, JUAN DE

Missionary and Chronicler. Born in Placencia, Extremadura, about the fourth decade of the sixteenth century. He took the priestly habit while still young in Italy; returned to Spain, and entered the missionary work. On June 24, 1577, he arrived in Manila, becoming one of the first Franciscan missionaries. In 1578, he was assigned to Tayabas and later on to La Laguna. He was the first exponent in the creation of primary schools in the Islands; he became provincial in 1683; died in Lilio in 1590. He wrote El Arte y Diccionario Tagalog and two Relaciones.

These Relaciones consider the ancitnt customs of the Tagalogs.

POBLETE, MIGUEL DE

A secular priest born in Mexico, in 1603. In 1644 he resigned the bishopric of Nicaragua; the decree of his presentation as archbishop of Manila was dated May, 1648; kept decree hid for more than a month before showing it; finally consecrated archbishop in Mexico, on September 9, 1650. He reached Cavite, July 22, 1653, with Governor Manrique de Lara; in the Islands he rebuilt the cathedral, laying the first stone, on April 20, 1654; begged alms for the reconstruction of the cathedral, and ~pplied to it twenty-two thousand pesos, which had been contributed by the inhabitants of Manila; he died on the day of the Conception, December 8, 1667; he ordered own body not 593

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES to be embalmed; his order, however, was disregarded; at last, he was buried on December 11 of the same year.

POLANCO, JUAN

A native of the hill-country of Burgos; professed in the Dominican convent of Valladolid in 1639; came to the Islands in 1658, after learning the Spanish language, went to China; spent two or three years there suffering persecution and torture. Some time later he was appointed procurator-genelial of his order at Madrid and Rome; during his service, sent to the Philippines the mission of 1666. He died at Sevilla on December 2,.1671.

PONCE, MIGUEL

Born in Peiiaroya in Prragon; attended the university of Alcala de Henares where he studied philosophy and theology; came to the Philippines in 1631 from Acapulco; studied in Manila, where he was ordained; for eleven years labored in eastern Samar, and later appointed rector of Palapag, where he was killed by rebels led by Sumoroy on June 11, 1649.

QUESADA, MANUEL DE

Spanish Brigadier of Marines (Commodore) commanding Philippine Naval Station (1847-52). Commanded fleet that attacked J 010 in 1851. Rendered valuable services against Moros on many occasions.

RADA, MARTIN DE

Augustinian priest; born in 1533 in Pamplona, Spain; at eleven, was brought to Paris to begin his studies; from Paris transferred to the University of Salamanca; became a friar in 1553; won fame as a mathematician in Mexico, 1557; enlisted in the expedition of Legaspi, 1564, arriving in Cebu, 1565; stayed also in Manila for some time; later went to China and Borneo; died on his way back to the Philippines in .J une, 1578.

594

JOSE MA. PENARANDA

KING PHILIP II

ANTONIO PINEDA

DOMINGO DE SALAZAR

595

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES RAMIREZ, GASPAR

Member of the Ayuntamiento of Manila when Limahong came; for his bravery, was made a captain; accompanied Juan de Salcedo to Pangasinan in driving the pirate from the Islands; was later given charge of various towns near Calamba.

RIBERA, GABRIEL DE

One of Legaspi's officers; was sent to conquer Mindanao in 1579, but failed; explored the coasts of Borneo and Patan, and was later sent by Pefialosa to Spain, to render an account of the conquest made in the Indian archipelago; conferred by Felipe II the title of Mariscal de Borbon as a reward for his services.

Rros, HERNANDO DE LOS

Spaniard; came to the Philippines in 1588; took part in some military expe<ijtions and soon became a captain; went with Dasmarifias to Cambodia, China; was said to be the first intellectual in the Islands in his time for being an inventor, nautico, etc.; went twice to Spain where he printed in 1621 a rare Memorial; died later in Madrid.

RODRIGUEZ DE FIGUEROA, ESTEBAN

Conqueror of Mindanao; born in Africa; of Portuguese parentage; was brought to New Spain, Mexico, while yet young; was one of the first to enlist in the expedition of Legaspi; came to the Philippines under Goiti in 1565; took part in various encounters, one of which was the one led by Juan de Salcedo in 1575 against Limahong in Pangasinan; for his bravery, was made captain and given charge of Panay and Camarines; took possession of Borneo in 1576; later, Jolo and Calamianes; soon became rich; was highly esteemed by Governor Dasmarifias; in April, 1596, made his brilliant expedition to Mindanao and became the first Spanish ruler of the same; because of excessive confidence, was killed when least expected; his corpse was brought to 596

BIOGRAPHY Manila; with his wealth, the famous Colegio of San Jose in Manila was founded.

RODRIGUEZ, JUAN ANGEL

Archbishop of Manila, who founded the famous Colegio de Ninos Tiples of the Manila Cathedral where many of the musical talents of the Islands came from; he landed at the port of Palapag, Samar, on August 30, 1736. Then went to Nueva Caceres, and then to Manila; made several reforms in the Cathedral, and encouraged music in the Islands; died on June 24, 1742.

ROJO DEL RIO Y VIEYRA, MANUEL ANTONIO

Born in Tala, Nueva Espana (Mexico); provisor of Mexico; consecrated archbishop of Manila in Nueva Espana, in 1758; took possession of his see on July 22, 1759; demanded charge of government of the Islands from Bishop Miguel Lino de E's peleta, who became ad interim on the death of Arandia without the consent of the Audiencia, but latter held command until arrival of decree from Spain transferring the command to Rojo. Rojo immediately settled Villacorta matter and quashed the case of the famom:; Spanish mestizo criminal, Orendain; made prisoner by the British when they besieged and captured Manila in 1762.

He died on January 30,11764; was given military burial by the English.

RONQUILLO DEL CASTILLO, JUAN

Cousin of Governor Gonzalo de Ronquillo de Penalosa with whom he came to the Islands; was ordered to make expeditions to South America, Moluccas and Mindanao and to continue the work of Rodriguez de Figueroa; it was he who defeated Minduc, Silonga and others, thus making definite the conquest of Mindanao.

ROST, REINHOLD

Librarian of the Indio office.

597

Born and educated in

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Germany though naturalized as British subject. Had great musical talents, his family sometimes forming an orchestra. Riz.al was a frequent visitor in his, home.

Editor of the Trubner's Record, a journal devoted to the literature of the East.

ROXAS, GINES DE

Spanish leader chosen to suppress the rebellions of 1649 and 1650. Rebellion suppressed successfully.

Rmz, JOSE MARIA

Dominican priest; born in Zamora, Spain, 1849; came to the Philippines in 1872; became professor; with a Jesuit priest, Francisco Sanchez, published in 1887 an interesting Memoria about the races in the Philippines.

SAA::VEDRA, ALVARO DE

Captain of the 1st expedition to the East from the port of Ziguadenejo in New Spain. Undertook to find out what happened to Serrano and other Spaniards left at Cebu in 1521. Arrived at the Ladron Islands in December, 1527. Stopped in Mindanao long enough to secure supply of food. He then continued his voyage to the Moluccas.

Twice he tried- to return to Mexico, but did not succeed on account of the winds. Finally he surrendered to the Portuguese.

SAEZ, AGUSTIN

A Spanish art teacher in Manila during the second half of the nineteenth century.

SALAS, JOSE MA. ROMERO

Spanish Filipino editor and journalist, known as the dean of Philippine journalism; editor of the oldest Spanishowned daily called El M ercantil, established on April 1, 1902.

SALAZAR, DOMINGO DE

First bishop of the Philippines. Born at Rioja, Spain, 598

I

BIOGRAPHY in 1512; a missionary of Nueva Espana for 40 years. He was proposed as bishop of the Philippines in 1578, and was eventually consecrated archbishop at Madrid, 1579.

He .arrived in Manila in March, 1581; he erected the cathedr,al of Manila, on December 21, 1581; was designated first archbishop by the king. He died on December 4, 1594, at college of Santo Tomas at Madrid; age 82; hotheaded and impetuous, and apt to meddle too freely in secular affairs. Nevertheless he was a just and conscientiom; worker.

SALCEDO, JUAN DE

Conqueror of the Ilocos; Mexican; came to the Philippines in 1567; distinguished himself at ' once with his courage and his daring; was at the same time kind, generous and reasonable, for which he won the respect of his contemporaries and the natives; took part in many encounters and conquered various islands for the king of Spain; pacified Cainta, Taytay, and Pasig, August, 1571; conquered Cagayan and the Ilocos, May, 1572; founded Villa Fernandina in memory of Prince Fernando, son of Philip II of Spain; his timely help saved Manila from Limahong; for this he was made maestro de campo in spite of being only twenty-five years old; with Lakandola, drove Limahong from Pangasinan, March, 1575; was the most loved figure among the Spaniards in the Philippines during his time; died March 11, 1576; his skull was preserved as a relic by the natives whom be befriended.

SALES, JOSE

Augustinian friar. Born in Ares, Tortosa, in 1731.

Arrived in P. 1. in 1754. Worked in the parishes of various towns in Pampanga. Died in Sta. Ana in 1797.

SALVATIERRA, CRISTOBAL DE

Native of Salvatierra in Extramadura; professed in the Dominican convent of Salamanca, August 27, 1571; 599

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES accompanied Bishop Salazar to the Philippines; became provisor and was inexorable in his denunciations of all immorality; was prior of the convent of Tondo with Father Alonso Sanchez; died early in 1595.

SAN AGUSTIN, GASPAR

Augustinian friar and writer; was born in Madrid, in 1650. He professed the Augustinian faith in 1668. Later on, he left Spain for the Philippines, and was assigned to the Vi sayan Islands; eventually to Manila. He was procurator general in 1677; in 1686, he was secretary of the Province. He died in M.anila, in 1727. Father Agustin was a noted Latinist and eminent Hebrew scholar. He was the author of Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: la temporal, por las a1'mas del Senor Don Phelipe segundo el Pru.dente (1698); Compendio del Arte de la Lengua Tagala (1703); Confesionario Copioso en Lengua Espanola y Tagaw, (1713). Apart from this, he cooperated in writing a Spanish-Tagalog Dictionary and in writing, Ejemplo de todas las, Virtudes y vida milagrosa de la Venerable Madre Geronima de la Asuncion.

SAN ANTONIO, FRANCISCO

Missionary and writer; was born in Madrid in 1682; he joined the religious order in June, 1702; arrived in the Philippines in 1724. For some time, he was lector and secretario de provincia; parochial priest in Pandacan in 1729; in Mecauayan in 1730. He died in Manila, on May 29, 1744. He wrote a noted chronicle, Ristoria Fr<JJnciscana.

SAN BUENAVENTURA, PEDRO

Franciscan priest; came to the Philippines in 1594; author of the first Tagalog vocabulary printed in the Islands; died in Cavite, 1627.

SAN MIGUEL, RODRIGO DE

Recollect Spanish priest; wrote between 1610 and 600

BIOGRAPHY

1620 Ma.n ual de medicinas caceras para consuelo de los indios; founded the towns of Bagak, Mariveles, Bataan; and Subic, Zambales, in 1605. Died in 1626.

SAN PEDRO, AGUSTIN

From the order of the Recoletos. Natural soldier and military leader. Born in Portugal, 1599. Came to the Philippines about 1625. Converted to Christianity thousands of Moros of Mindanao, formed them into an army and led them against their brethren, gaining decisive victories. Died in Romblon, 1652.

SANCHEZ, ALONSO

Born in Mondejar in 1547; entered the Jesuit novitiate at Alcala, June 18, 1565; went to Mexico in 1579, going thence immediately to the Philippines; went twice to China; came back to the Philippines and became prior in the church of Tondo; went to Rome on his memorable journey to Spain in 1586; died at Alcala on May 27, 1593.

Among his works are De la Justificacion del Titulo de los Relles de Castilla, a las Filipinas para enviar Predicadores asegurados en armas; Carta del Primer Viaje a Filipinas. and Memorial.

SANCHEZ, FRANCISCO

Spanish priest and educator. Rizal's instructor in Ateneo de Manila. Made a long visit to Dapitan when Rizal was exiled there, and brought with him surveyor's instruments. Father Sanchez was one of the greatest Spanish educators in the Islands. Died during the early part of the 20th century.

SANCHEZ, .JUAN

Early Christian missionary to the Islands and chronicler. He was born in Casarrubios del Monte, Toledo, in 1689, and died in the Philippine Islands in 1758. He worked in the Visayan Islands; in Carcar, Oton, Duman601

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES gas, Jaro, Capiz, etc. He was definitor in 1728 and afterwards vicar provincial. He wrote: Relacion sumaria de los sucesos de la ciudcui (7,e Manila; Ang infierno bucas riga hinuad sa binisaya riga pulong (1740); M editaciones; Panagdieon cag lactud riga tocsoan riga casayoran sang pagtotonan sa nga cristianos (1847).

SANCHEZ, MATEO

Of the Order of "Sagrada Compania de Jesus".

Author of Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Vocabulary of the Bisayan Language) published in 1711. This book was later augmented by several friars of the same order for the use of ministers oi the Bisayan islands.

SANTA JUSTA Y SANCHO DE RUFINA, BASILIO

Born in the province of Aragon; preacher to the king; appointed archbishop of Manila in 1767; was consecrated archbishop in Spain. He arrived in Manila in 1767 ; preached rigorously against all the vices for nine days; made more vigorous attempts to enforce episcopal visits of regular parish priests than any archbishop in the history of the Philippines, basing his action on the bull Firmandis of Benedict XIV, dated N ovembâ&#x201A;Źr 6, 1744, and the bull of February 24, 1745, .which were confirmed at the instance of the king by the bull Nunc Nuper, on November 8, 1751.

He died in Manila on December 15, 1787.

SANTA MARIA, JUAN DE

Came to the Islands in 1666, for the Dominican convent at Sevilla, where he had p'l'ofessed two years before; was occupied as teacher in Sto. Tomas, later becoming rector in the same university, supervisor of the province, and incumbent of their offices therein; labored from 1694 to 1700 in the mission of Bataan; was acting provincial at the time of his death which occurred on April 30, 1715.

602

JUAN DE SALCEDO FRANCISCO SANCHEZ

JOHN M. STOTSENBURG

ANTONIO SEDENO

603

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES SANTIBANEZ, IGNACIO Native of Burgos, Spain; a guardian of the province of Burgos, and later provincial; preacher to Felipe II. He was presented as first archbishop of the Philippines on June 17, 1595; consecrated archbishop in Nueva Espana in 1596; came to Hie Philippines in 1598; took possession of his see, May 28, 1598; immediately converted the cathedral into a metropolitan church, with three suffragan sees, by virtue of the bull of Clement VII, dated Aug. 14, 1595.

During his regime the Audiencia was reestablished. He died, on August 14, 1598, a victim of dysentery. He served a term of two months and 1.7 days. He was buried in the cathedral, funeral sermon was preached by Pedro de Agurto, O. S. A., bishop of Cebu.

SANTISIMA TRINIDAD MARTINEZ DE ARB IZALA, PEDRO DE Born in Madrid, Spain; auditor of Quito; counsellor of the Indies; belonged to the Franciscan Order. He was consecrated archbishop of Manila in Spain; made public entry into Manila on August 27, 1747. He quarreled with Obando's successor, Governor Arandia, over questions of etiquette. He died on May 28, 1755.

SANTOS, DOMINGO DE LOS Native of Extramadura, Spain; came to the Philippines in 1665; great Tagalista; left a good Tagalog dictionary printed in Tayabas in 1703; died in Majayjay, January, 1695.

SEDENO, ANTONIO Born in San Clemente of the bishopric of Cuenca in 1532 or 1533; went to England in the service of the duke of Feria at an early age; entered the Society of Jesus in 1558; studied at Padua and while at Rome he had charge of the German college; was assigned to the Japanese mission while there; sent to Nueva Espana in 1572, after his campaign in Florida in 1568; planned the first real forti604

BIOGRAPHY fication of Manila, part of it is the Guia; endeavored to introduce silk-raising into the Islands and planted many mulberry trees but failed; was rector of Manila and viceprovincial; the first to teach the natives the manufacture of bricks, the cutting of stones, and built shops where he taught the European way of making clothes. Was one of the most useful Spaniards of his time. Died September 2,1595.

SEGUI, JOSE

Born on October 3, 1773, at Camprodon, in the bishopric of Gerona; went to the Philippines in 1795. He was a missionary for twenty years in China; served as definitor and procurator general for twelve years in the Philip,pines; elevated to the Metropolitan ~ee by Pius VIII, on July 5, 1830. Consecrated archbishop in the Manila Augustinian church on October 28, 1830. He died on July 4, 1845.

SERNA, ESTEBAN DE LA

Made a voyage in 1591, to the Babuyanes Islands which were then inhabited by some two thousand people, and to whom he gave encomiendas. With him was another Spaniard by the name of Francisco Castillo.

SERRANO, FRANCISCO

Portuguese; great navigator; discoverer of the Moluccas; friend of Magellan; it was he who inspired Magellan to make his expedition in 1521; died before Magellan could start.

Sroco A Japanese captain under Limahong with 700 men; made first attack of the Islands in Parafiaque; Spaniards were taken by surprise. Goiti was killed in 1574.

V Pope, from 1585 to 1590; with him Father Alonso SIXTO

605

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Sanchez discussed the case of the Philippines in Rome in the year 1590.

SONNERAT, PIERRE

French traveler and naturalist; born in Lyon, France, in 1745, and died in Paris in 1814. He devoted most of his life to traveling, especially in the Far East. In France he was able to plant exotic plants, as for example, cacao, mango and other alien plants. He is chiefly noted for his travel accounts of China, India, the Philippines and the tropical islands. He wrote two books: Voyage a la N ouvelle G~dnee (Paris, 1776) ; and Voyage aux Indes Orientales et a la Chine (Paris, ].782).

STANLEY,

1I. E.

J.

English; translator of S'lwesos de las Islas Filitpinas written by Dr. Antonio de Morga and published in London in 1868.

STOTSENBURG, JOHN M. Colonel of the U. S. Army that came to the Philippines in 1898; born in New Albany, Indiana, U. S. A., November 24, 1858. Graduated from New Albany High School, 1876; from 路West Point Military Academy, 1881.

Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant and, later, Captain, 6th Company, U. S. Cavalry. Military Instructor, University of Nebraska. Major, then Colonel, First Nebraska Volunteers. Killed, Quifigua, Bulacan, P. 1., April 23, 1899.

TAGAWA

Japanese business man and friend of the Filipinos.

Built his fortune in the Islands, especially in Manila, and identified himself with the Filipino cause during the early days of American occupation in the Philippines.

TORRES, JOSE

Spanish priest; in 1829-31 in his expedition to Benguet and Bontoc, he discovered the immense gold deposits in the Mountain Province.

606

BIOGRAPHY TUANO, ROQUE

Spanish priest; wrote the best work on La Tectonicn de Filipina.s; it describes the earth crust.

UGALDE, LoRENZO DE ORELLA

Spanish army officer, rose to rank of general; distinguished for his valor and talent in wars against the Moros in Mindanao and Jolo, and against the Dutch (163548). Commanded Spanish forces in desperate naval fight of two Spanish ships against six Dutch vessels, March 16, 1646, off the west coast of Luzon, near Bolinao, and again in second series of naval fights from July 29th to 31st, 1646.

URDANETA, ANDRES DE

Augustinian priest; born in Villafranca, Guipuzcoa, 1498; took part in the w,ars; of Italy and Flandes wherein he was made captain; joined the expedition of Loaisa and came to Mindanao in 1526; later went to the Moluccas and finally returned to Spain where he became a priest in 1553; was asked by Philip II to join the expedition of Legaspi in 1564; accepted in the belief that the expedition was to New Guinea; was already nearing the Philippines when he learned that their expedition was to the Philippines; stayed a few months in Cebu and returned to New Spain; there he died June 30, 1568. Military man, adventurer, navigator, and, finally, friar, Urdaneta is prominent in Philippine history when, in fact, he was not able to do so much for lack of time. He stayed only a few months in Cebu.

UTOR FERNANDO, JUAN

President of the Centro Artistico, a musical organization, inaugurated in June, 1901.

VALENZUELA, JOSE DE

Franciscan priest; botanist; wrote Flora Filipina, 607

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES describing the roots and herbs, their forms and curative powers; came to the Philippines in 1654; died in Pila convent in 1669.

VAN NOORT, OLIVER

Pirate; native of Rotterdam, Holland; after his piracy in the Indies and the Strait of Magellan, he proceeded to Manila Bay and attacked the galleons of Acapulco; Governor Tello sent Dr. Morga to capture him on December 14, 1600; Dr. Morga, with the cooperation of Juan de AIcega succeeded after a hard-fought battle in beating Van Noort and capturing his party, but the pirate was able to escape; returned to his country and in 1802 published th~ story of his adventures.

V AZQUES DE ALDANA, ANTONIO

E'd itor and journalist; Spaniard; director of El Oriente, a weekly magazine of Manila in 1875.

V AZQUES DE MERCADO, DIEGO

A native of Arevalo, in Castilla la Vieja. He obtained his licentiate in canons from University of Mexico; went to Philippines with Salazar, when he became his lawyer; acted as dean of the Manila cathedral for sixteen years.

In 1597 he went to Nueva Espana to assume the curacy of Acapulco. In Nueva Espana he was given the degree of Doctor of Canon Law from the University of Mexico; in 1600, presented as bishop of Yucatan; in 1608, presented as archbishop of Manila; took possession of see, on eve of Corpus Christi, 1610; completed building of the cathedral by means of his own funds and contributions of the inhabitants of Manila. Apart from this, he built a chapel in the collateral nave on epistle side of cathedral, for his own burial. He enacted various acts for good government of the cathedral. He died on June 12, 1616, and was buried in the chapel.

608

BIOGRAPHY VELARDE, PEDRO MURILLO

Spanish Friar. Born August 6, 1696, at villa Lanjar, Granada. Entered Jesuit novitiate. Professor in the Colegio de San Jose; rector of Antipolo, procurator at Rome and Madrid. One of the most noted among Jesuit writers.

His principal works are: Cursus juris canonici, hispani et indici (Madrid, 1743). Historw, (1749) and Geografia historica (Madrid, 1742). In the Historia was published his noted map of the Philippine Islands, the first detailed map of the Archipelago having been made at the order of Governor Valdes y Tamon. Died at the hospital of Puerto Sta. Maria, November 30, 1753.

VELASQUEZ, ALONZO

Captain of Spanish forces in Manila during the governorship of Lavezaris, who on November 30, 1574, distinguished himself in beating off the ferocious attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong and his Japanese General Sioco. The fight was a desperate hand to hand struggle.

VELASQUEZ, RAIMUNDO

Dominican author. Born January 20, 1855 in Ocana, Toledo. Studied in the college of the Dominicans in 1870. Arrived in Manila in 1877. Served many years in the church. Provincial secretary.

VERA, MELCHOR DE

Jesuit priest. The man who knew much in his time of Mindanao and its people; made and directed the plans for the building of the fort of Zamboanga in June, 1635.

VERASTEGUI, PEDRO DE ALMONTE

Valiant Spanish soldier; one of the distinguished conquerors of Mindanao during the time of Governor Corcuera. In 1639 with six hundred men he conquered the Moros in Jolo and Tawi-Tawi. About 1500 Moros and 100 datus died.

609

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES VIDAL Y SOLER, DOMINGO

Spanish botanist and writer; wrote Manual del Maderero en Filipinas; wrote also for Diario de Manila.

VIDAL, SEBASTIAN

Spanish botanist. Born April 1, 1842, in Barcelona.

Finished high school very young. Entered engineering school in 1860-1865, then various other schools abroad.

Made "Inspector general de Montes de Filipinas" on October 1, 1872. Chief of the Philippine Flora and Forest Statistics. Commissioned to study the floras of various countries. His works are botanical treatises. Instrumental in having the Botanical Garden established. Rewarded medal and diploma of honor of the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876 and the Internacional Colonial de Amsterdam in 1882, and a gold medal of Barcelona in 1883. Died July 28, 1889.

VILLALOBOS, RUIZ LoPEZ DE

It was he who named the Philippines; native of Malaga, Spain; member of the expedition of Pedro Alvarado to conquer and colonize the islands of the South Sea and spread Catholic faith, which he later headed because of the former's death; came to Mindanao on February 2, 1543; named Mindanao Cesaria Caroli Island, and Leyte, Philippine Island, which name was later applied to all the Philippine Islands in honor of Prince Philip of Spain, son of Charles I then ruling king; decided to return to Spain after some expeditions to the Moluccas and the Isla de los Reyes, but he died in Amboino, April 4, 1546.

VIRCHOW, RUDOLF

German scientist and scholar. Was the author of The Peopling of the Philippines. He was born in Schivelbein, Prussia, on October 23, 1821; he died in Berlin on September 5, 1902. He was a medical-surgeon and pathologist; once elected to the German Diet in 1862; to the Reichstag 610

ANDRES DE URDANETA

SEBASTIAN VIDAL Y SOLER

RUDOLF VmCHOW

DEAN C. WORCESTER

611

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES (1880-93) . He was a vigorous opponent of Bismarck. He was for some time professor of the University of Berlin: then at the University of Wurzburg. With Benno Reinhardt, he founded the noted Archiv fur pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fur Klinische Medizitn. After the death of Reindliardt, Virchow edited that world famous A1'chiv alone.

Virchow was responsible in convincing the German government to erect the world-famous Pathological Institute and Museum in Berlin. Of his workR not yet mentioned are: Die Freiheit der Wissienschaft im.

Modernen Sta.dt, Ueber den Hungertyphus, Vorlesungen uber Pathologie, and Vier Reden uber Leben und Krankseim.

VIVERO, JUAN DE

Native of Llerena, Extramadura; capellan of San Jeronimo; came to the Philippines, May, 1566; stayed in Cebu and other places for some time; was the baptizer of Rajah Matanda in 1571 ; died in Manila, December 20, 1610.

WALLS Y MERINO, MANUEL

Puerto Rican writer on the Philippines, living in the nineteenth century. He devoted his time to studying the economic, political and cultural phases of the Islands. Hp. is the author of La musica popular de Filipinas,' Obser'1-,aciones sob,r e el Presupuesto de Gastos de Filipinas (1893) ; El General Despujol en Filipinas (1892); OpUsculo sobre la Historia de la Legislaci6n Espanola; Hadenda publica de Espana (1889); Elocubraciones Filosofwa.~ (1889); and Anotaciones sobre Disciplina Eclesiastica (1887) .

WHEATON, LLOYD

American general during the Revolution; conveyed a force by transport to the Gulf of Lingayen; threw a cordon across the Ilocano coast to cut off the Filipino army 612

BIOGRAPHY in the north, but for being unfamiliar with the points of strategy of the Filipino soldiers he accomplished but little.

WILLARD, J.

Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands; American lawyer and jurist and author of many legal outlines and books.

WITTERT

Dutch pirate who in 1609 unsuccessfully intercepted Spanish trade during the battle of Mariveles. Governor de Silva captured the Dutch fleet.

WORCESTER, DEAN CONANT

American professor and writer; born in Thetford, Vermont, October 1, 1866; graduate in the University of Michigan in 1889. He was member of Steere Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands in 1887-88; assistant in botany in University of Michigan, 1889-90; one of the two men to conduct and manage Scientific Expedition to the Philippines in 1890-93; instructor of zoology in 189395; assistant professor and curator of the zoological museum, University of Michigan; United States Philippine Commission, January, 1899 to September 1, 1901; Secretary of Interior of the Philippine Insular Government, September 1, 1901; author of the Philippine Islands and Their People; also various papers on birds and mammals of the Philippine Islands.

ZARAGOZA, JOSE D.

Spanish editor and proprietor of La Ilustracion Filipina, published in Manila during the last part of the nineteenth century.

ZORRILLA, ANANIAS

Author of Dama Ines, a comedy.

613

Nineteenth century.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ZULAIBAR, JUAN ANTONIO

Native of Vizcaya; born in 1753; at age of sixteen took habit in the convent of San Pablo at Burgos; received doctorate degree from University of Avila; August, 1803, presented as archbishop of Manila; consecrated at Manila on July 14, 1805; died March 4, 1824.

REFERENCES

Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands Forbes, The Philippine Islands Retana, in his Different Notes Benitez, History of the Philippines Fernandez, A Brief Histary of the Philippines Espasa, Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Encyclopedia Britannica La Ilustracion Filipina, Vols. I-III Rosenstock, Press Reference Library Jackson, Representative Men of the Philippines Philippine Magazines and Newspapers

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