LIVESTOCK CARABAOS
When the Spaniards came to the Islands, they found wild carabaos in Mindoro. They came originally from China and Spain. In the Philippines they are the most important domestic animals. About ninety per cent of the agricultural and transportation work has been done by carabaos. The particular advantage of the carabaos over other draft animals is their ability to work in the mud, where oxen are of little value and horses are useless. This consideration is a most important one on account of the semi-liquid state to which the lowland rice fields must be reduced before planting. CATTLE
The cattle found in the Islands came originally from China and Spain. Not much attention was paid to their upgrading and care, although the Bureau of Agriculture has from time to time imported various breeds. Some of the crosses produced have proved satisfactory. They are primarily raised for food and some are turned into work animals. There were formerly a large number of them but diseases have now so reduced them that only a few heads are left. But the new breeds in Bukidnon and Masbate spell bright prospects for the cattle industry. GOATS AND SHEEP
Goats and sheep were both imported by the Spaniards from China and Mexico. The former were easy to raise and thrive, but the latter did not do so well. Angora, Spanish, and Maltese goats were purchased and later Indian and Nubian goats. Gid, foot-rat and stomach Worms have been, for the most part, of greatest drawback to this project. 269
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES A small number of goats wander about in nearly every town of the Philippines. No particular care is given to them; they are seldom used except to furnish flesh for feasts, or in a limited way, to transport small loads. The goat could be made of considerable importance in the Philippines if the value of its milk were understood. HORSES
The Philippine horse is a descendant of the Sulu horse and the horses brought by the Spaniards from Mexico and China. Due to the little attention given to this animal, although it is small, probably no other breed of horses in the world has the combined style, action, vigor, and endurance to the same degree that the Philippine breed has. It is used for riding. and light hauling. Before surra became prevalent in the Islands, the supply of horses in all districts was plentiful, but this disease has left many towns with scarcely an animal. Chiefly for this reason a large number of horses have been imported from Australia and Arabia. POULTRY
Chickens were brought mostly from China, Spain, Mexico, Cambodia and India. The fact is that there were chickens in the Islands when Magellan landed and there is a Philippine fowl that crosses freely with the domestic chicken in the farms. The Philippine chickens are without doubt the result of a mixture of imported fowls from various countries and wild fowls. There are no chicken farms in the Philippines, but each family has a few chickens for its own use. There is an undersupply of poultry and eggs due to a small number of chickens and ducks and to thei'r poor laying qualities. A large number of eggs are imported from China yearly. 270
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY SWINE
Swine were imported mostly from China. They were very inferior. They were generally allowed to run loose, each to find its own food and this was for the most part of such a nature as to make them undesirable for human consumption. The raising of swine, however, is gaining in popularity among Filipinos in the present generation. To gain an idea of the progress of the work on swine breeding suffice it to say that the majority of pigs now slaughtered in Manila show signs of blood from imported stock.
Livestock population in the Philippine Islands, for the year ending December 31, 1931 Carabaos ........................................... . Cattle ............................................. . Horses ............................................ . Hogs .............................................. . Goats .............................................. . Sheep ............................................. .
2,149,652 1,282,381 319,421 2,491,245 394,367 111,670
VALUE Carabaos ........................................ . Cattle ........................................... . Horses ........................................... . Hogs ............................................ . Goats ............................................ . Sheep ............................................ .
P83,660,665 32,350,711 10,337,230 24,846,865 1,099,389 319,432
Population for 1932 Carabaos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,192,904 Cattle .............................................. 1,320,980 Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337,669 Hogs ............................................... 2,594,62{) Goats ............................................... 423,287 120,476 Sheep ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aggregate Value ................................. P132,003,800
271
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CARABAOS
Nurnber of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption by provinces for the year enditng December 31, 1931. Number of head
Number slaughtered
Abra .............................. Agusan ........................... Albay ..................................... Antique ...................................... Bataan ....................................
30,080 5,807 47,748 30,653 15,844
716 44 1,599 163 302
Batanes .................................... Batangas .................................... Bohol ......................................... Bukidnon ................................. Bulacan .....................................
254 19,968 75,848 8,222 51,943
Cagayan ................... Camarines Norte ................... Camarines Sur ........................ • Capiz ...................................... Cavite .......................................
108,627 13,448 70,974 66,179 20,647
1,484 124 417 778 504
.887 .236 .227 .342
Cebu ..................................... Cotabato .................................... Davao ...................................... Ilocos Norte ........................... Ilocos Sur ................................
84,205 17,070 20,535 54,414 45,701
1,739 22 57 3,170 2,225
.247 .019 .073 1,826 1,314
Iloilo ........................................ Isabela ...................................... Laguna ..................................... Lanao ..................... La Union ..................
113,782 63,737 31,873 16,017 33,078
1,368 910 1,494 214 1,282
.348 .905 .979 .351 .931
Leyte ....................... Manila ............................... Marinduque ....................... Masbate ............................. Mindoro ..............................
99,330 984 14,504 28,218 25,323
1,267 793 687 103 16
.268 .322 1.093 .141 .025
Province
27~
.
Consumption per capita
I I
Kilos 1.077 .116 .603 .126 .639
.................. ..................... .. 289 2.984 1,593 .577 25 .075 1,163 .622
All
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY CARABAos-Continued
Number of head, slaughtered 'and per capita consumption by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931-Continued. Province
Number of head
Mountain Province ........ . Nueva Ecija .............. . Nueva Vizcaya ............ . Occidental Misamis ........ . Occidental N egros ......... .
33,223 110,539 14,556 32,751 82,712
Oriental Misamis ........... , Oriental N egros ........ . .. . Palawan .................. . Pampanga ................ "\ Pang'asinan ................ '.
21,043 37,510 10,133 62,254 130,.038
Rizal ................... . .. :. Romblon .................. . Samar .......... . ......... . Sorsogon ............. . .... • Sulu ...................... .
34,252 16,655 56,617 25,349 9,506
Total for 1932 ........... . Total for 1933 ............. .
2,192,904 2,224,580
273
Number slaughtered
53,723 60,010
Consumption per capita.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CATTLE
Number of head, slaughtered and per cOl[Xita consumption of beef by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931. Province
Number slaughtered
Number of head
Consumption per capita
!
Kilos 2.096 .358 .414 .620 .239
Abra ..................... . Agusan ...... . ............ . Albay .................... . Antique ................... . Bataan .. .. . .............. .
26,479 2,692 13,786 45,693 1,443
Batanes ............... . ... . Batangas ................ . . . Bohol ..... . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . Bulddnon ......... . ....... . Bulacan ..... . ........ . ... .
17, 233 63,747 51,245 43,669 19,675
Cagayan .................. . Camarines Norte .......... . Camarines Sur ....... . . . .. . Capiz ..................... . Cavite . ..... . ............. .
18,041 5,512 17,555 18,943 14,848
Cebu ...................... . Cotabato .................. . Davao .................... . Ilocos Norte . .. . . .......... . Ilocos S llr ................. .
61,705 30,788 31,684 25,890 48,697
11,279 1,131 1,973 2,834 3,451
.855 .693 1.539 1.486 1.981
Iloilo ......... . ........... . Isabela ................... . Laguna ................... . Lanao ..................... . La Union ....... . ......... .
83,077 15,812 7,868 36,380 13,514
10,134 1,114 2,342 932 1,284
1.789 .852 1.283 1.290 .664
Leyte ..................... . Manila ................... .
44,060 1,382
3,213 31,794
Marinduque ............... . Masbate .................. . Mindoro ............ . ..... .
6,602 79,303 28,273
83.0 908 1,174
.371 a 8.675 b 14.686 .581 .700 .989
274
1,938 132 1,528 1,675 162 1
I
I I
511 3,862 3,076 440 1,081
I
3.531 1.361 .579 1.116 .347
1,272 \ 375 I 1,875 1,477 3,637
.475 .478 .703 .257 2.741
I I
MINDANAO LUMBER YARD
CATTLE RANCH
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY CATTLE-Continued
Number of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption of beef by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931-Continued. Number of head
Number slaughtered
30,414 10,743 7,084 10,468 37,351
2,855 900 734 702 4,919
.958 .392 1.578 .735 1.148
15,475 35,087 39,522 1,844 27,527
1,455 1,324 1,304 792 2,488
1.642 .494 1.660 .231 .528
Rizal ..................... . Romblon ................... . Samar .................... . Sorsogon .................. . Sulu ...................... .
7,813 15,272 15,114 11,807 30,868
1,968 849 545 1,928 1,235
.690 .696 .371 .325 .677
Surigao ................... . Tarlac .................... . Tayabas .................. . Zambales .................. . Zamboanga ............... .
2,829 5,854 47,760 19,488 40,965
337 482 4,194 981 2,975
••••
1,282,381
130,401
a 1.071 b 1.249
Total for 1932 ............. . Total for 1933 ............. .
1,320,980 1,139,700
125,984 140,420
1.01 1.11
Province
Mountain Province ........ . Nueva Ecija .............. . Nueva Vizcaya ............ . Occidental Misamis ....... . Occidental Negros ......... . Oriental Misamis ...•....... Oriental N egros ............ Palawan ........ , ......... . Pampanga ................ . Pangasinan ............... .
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
a Excluding frozen beef.
I1\
Consumption per capita
Kilos
1
I
b Including frozen beef.
275
.172 .142 1.288 .679 1.663 b 1.249
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES HORSES
Number of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption of horse meat by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931. Number of head
Number slaughtered
Abra ..................... . Agusan ..... . ............. . Albay ..................... . Antique ................... . Bataan .................... .
9,994 703 847 1,Q60 899
16 1
.022 .002
3 33
.'()02 .065
Batanes ................... . Batangas ........... . ..... . Bohol ............ . ...... . . . Bukidnon ...... .. .. ... . . ... . Bulacan ........... ....... . .
35 25,434 6,259 3,336 8,816
235 63 55
.079 .019 .003 .027
Cagayan .................. . Camarines Norte .......... . Camarines Sur ............. . Capiz ..................... . Cavite .................... .
9,919 61 781 526 12,462
1 1
.0005 .002
2 438
.0008 .332
Cebu ...................... . Cotabato .................. . Davao .................... . Ilocos Norte . .. ...... ...... . Ilocos Sur ................. .
15,284 2,257 7,008 10,225 10,450
Iloilo ...................... . Isabela .................... . Laguna .... .. ............. . Lanao ..................... . La Union .................. . Leyte ..................... . Manila .................... . Marinduque ................ . Masbate ................... . Mindoro ................... .
Province
Consumption per capita
Kilos
276
1
479 \
.063
377 113
.202 .062
1,946 8,376 10,657 3,301 5,872
2 10 104 14 52
.00'()5 .009 .063 .021 .035
8,470 22,713 7,012 3,556 2,904
128
.025
26
.038
. ....... 3.\ ........ '.004
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY HORSEs-Continued
Number of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption of horse meat by provinces for the year' ending December 31, 1931-Continued. Number of head
Province
Number slaughtered
Consumption per capita
K ilos Mountain Province ........ . Nueva Ecija ........... . ... . Nueva Vizcaya ............. . Occidental Misamis ... . ...... :\ Occidental N egros .......... .
4,600 7,321 1,558 6,537 5,089
297 14 12 92 13
.162 .007 .041 .091 .004
Oriental Misamis ............ i Oriental N egros ...... . ...... !I, Palawan ........ . .... . ..... I ~ Pampanga ................. . Pangasinan ................ .
4,685 12,364 656 6,523 19,204
88 157
.094 .068
94 126
.041 .025
4,804 3,355 1,023 204 5,625
247 3 2
.134 .005 .001
38
.031
7,625 4,466 11,770 7,019 3,830
110 19 10 25 9
.108 .011 .005 .032 .007
319,421
3,513
.039
337,669 361,920
4,355 5,650
Rizal ... : ................... \ Romblon ................... . Samar .................... . Sorsogon .... . ............. . Sulu ..................... . . Surigao ...... . ............ Tarlac ....... . ............ Tayabas ................... Zambales .................. Zamboanga ................ PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Total for 1932 Total for 1933
. . . . .
277
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES HOGS
Number of helad, slaughtered and per oapita consumption of pO'l-k, by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931. Number of head
Province
Abra ...................... Agusan ..... . .............. Albay ..................... Antique .................... Bataan .....................
Number slaughtered
Consumption per capita
Kilos
31,402 32,101 47,979 28,164 13,641
7,367 4,935 13,187 4,027 3,952
3.30 3.87 1.48 .93 2.49
7,032 80,415 100,136 5,829 41,404
1,156 13,878 21,601 813 10,295
3.55 1.49 2.10
93,302 14,141 61,096 56,869 42,402
13,615 1,784 9,749 9,865 12,695
2.42 1.01 1.58 1.29 3.08
Cebu ............ . ............ Cotabato .. ........... . ...... Davao ..................... .. Ilocos Norte ................ Ilocos Sur ..................
228,052 8,658 32,961 42,397 63,303
72,256 1,669 5,108 11,211 15,293
3.06 .44 1.97 1.92 2.68
Iloilo ...................... . Isabela .................... . Laguna ...... . ............. Lanao ...................... . La Union .................. .
97,659 76,015 27,200 3,809 35,810
23,445 8,814 12,036 981 5,067
1.77 2.61 2.34 .48 1.09
Leyte ...................... Manila .................... . Marinduque ................ Masbate ................... . Mindoro ................... .
121,083 111,288 10,177 17,768 19,677
12,158 112,405 1,293 2,462 2,329
.76 13.59 .61 1.00 1.04
'. ~
Batanes .................... Batangas .................. . . Bohol .. .......... . ......... Bukidnon Bulacan ............. . ..... . ••••••••••
0
,0
••••••
Cagayan ............. . ..... ~ Camarines Norte ...... .. .... } Camarines Sur ............. Capiz ............... ....... Cavite .....................
278
.73 1.64
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY HOGs-Continued
Number of he'ad, slaughtere(f, and per aapita consumption of porle, by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931-Continued. Number of head
Number slaughtered
75,905 73,245 15,193 29,350 71,498
32,742 13,628 3,348 2,158 12,882
5.73 2.31 3.71 .69 1.29
39,041 84,922 32,848 153,467
6,975 16,310 2,623 31,408 34,228
2.39 2.26 1.67 4.40 2.22
Rizal .0 ........... 路 ......... Romblon ................... ; Samar ..................... Sorsogon ................... Sulu ........................
33,516 13,565 58,382 16,559 1,035
15,518 3,135 10,943 6,481 1,118
2.69 1.54 1.07 1.36 .30
Surigao .................... Tarlac ...................... Tayabas ......... ...... .. . .. Zambales ............... .... Zamboanga ...................
41,004 48,346 37,369 17,597 32,578
13,951 17,027 15,891 3,908 10,897
4.39 3.24 2.69 1.58 2.78
2,491,245
670,527
2,594,620 2,743,880
676,624 693,100
Province
Mountain Province ........... Nueva Ecija ................ Nueva Vizcaya ............. Occidental Misamis ........ . Occidental Negros ..........
Kilos
,
Oriental Misamis ........... Oriental ~egros ............ Palawan ................... Pampanga .................. Pangasinan .................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Total for 1932 Total for 1933
............... .................
Consumption per capita
I'
6~,055
279
I
i
2.40 2.65 2.65
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES GOATS
Number of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption of goat meat, by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931. Number of head
Province
Number slaughtered
Consumption per capita
Kilos
Abra ...................... Agusan .................... Albay ..................... . Antique Bataan
2,802 2,557 4,620 3,324 249
555 133 1,033 1,156 32
.0496 .0209 .0232 .0533 .0040
1,391 3,324 4,337 218 3,851
77 627 533 4 233
.0472 .0135 .0103 .0007 .0074
Cagayan ................... Camarines Norte ...... ...... Camarines Sur ............. . Capiz ...................... Cavite .....................
5,168 1,253 12,404 19,309 995
510 73 406 3,311 153
.0181 .0083 .0131 .0865 .0074
Cebu ...................... . Cotabato ................... Davao ..................... Ilocos Norte ................ Ilocos Sur ..................
49,897 3,800 4,972 7,873 16,467
5,099 628 348 1,656 1,944
.0431 .0330 .0268 .0567 .0682
Iloilo ...................... Isabela .................... Laguna .................... Lanao La Union ..................
29,116 2,998 1,131 3,696 17,542
3,539 428 77 452 2,755
.0535 .0253 .0030 .0441 .1190
Leyte ...................... Manila ..................... Marinduque ................ Masbate ................... Mindoro .................. , .
18,110 3,136 328 2,276 1,602 1
2,174 179 139 210 215
.0273 .0043 .0131 .0171 .0200
.':::::::::::::::::: \ 1\ "
Batanes ................. . . . Batangas .. , ............... . I( Bohol ...................... Bukidnon .................. . Bulacan ............. . ..... .
0 ••••••••••••••••••••
•
280
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY GOATs-Continued
Number of head, slaughtered and per capita consumption of goat meat, by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931-Continued. Number (If head
Province
Number slaughtered
Consumption per capita
Kilos
Mountain Province ........ . Nueva Ecija .............. . Nueva Vizcaya ............ . Occidental Misamis ........ . Occidental N eg-ros
2,169 18,959 332 4,476 17,551
2,530 3,321 185 441 3,349
Oriental Misamis .......... . Oriental :N egros ..... . ..... . Palawan .................. . Pampanga ............... . . . Pangasinan ......... . ..... .
7,053 29,120 947 8,972 28,058
646 2,534 74 1,955 6,500
.0442 .0704 .0094 .0547 .0843
Rizal ...................... . Romblon .................. . Samar .................... . Sorsogon .................. . Sulu ...................... .
2,414 3,671 9,062 1,852 3,759
295 663 1,692 762 542
.0102 .0651 .0330 .0320 .0288
Surigao ................... . Tarlac ..................... . Tayabas ................... . Zambales .................. . Zamboang-a ................ .
5,042 11,288 1,555 2,109 7,232
760 2,485 399 733 1,224
.0478 .0946 .0135 .0593 .0625
394,367
59,769
.0428
423,287 456,050
61,513 61,630
PHILIPPINE
Total for 1932 Total for 1933
ISLANDS
... .
281
.0885 .1127 .0410 .0280 .0669
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
TH~
PHILIPPINES
SHEEP
Number of head, slaughtered and consumption per capita, by provinces for the yea'r ending Decembe'r 31, 1931. Number of head
Number slaughtered
Abra ..................... . Agusan ................... . Albay ..................... . Antique ................... . Bataan ...................•
993 204 550 127 36
433 3 187 30 4
Batanes ................... . Batangas ................ . . . Bohol ..................... . Bukidnon ................. . Bulacan .. . ............... . .
5'76 22 282 5 489
Cagayan .................. . Camarines Norte ..... ' ...... . Camarines Sur ............ . Capiz ..................... . Cavite ..................... .
5,001 366 2,771 5,596 21
Cebu ..................... . Cotabato .................. . Davao ..................... . !locos Norte ............... . !locos Sur ................ .
7,026
Iloilo ...................... . Isabela .................... . Laguna ., .................. . Lanao .................... . La Union ................. .
3,3,03 1,824 109 26 1,577
Leyte ..................... . Manila .................... . Marinduque ............... . Masbate ................... . Mindoro ................... .
7,009
Province
Consumptionper capita
Kilos .04 .0004 .004 .001 .0004
29 .018 30 .0008 98 .0019 .................... .. .0007 I 24 I
II I
324 27 282 227 12
I
I
I
I
.0119 .0031 .0094 .0061 .00009
...... ~~~.! ...... :~~~~~
2,535 6,641 4,098
120 2,046 725
.00961 .0727 .0264
387 563 49 2 289
.00607 .03458 .00198 .00020 .01296
537
.00701
!.....2.':~~ '1 . . . . . . ~:: . II" .....:~~:: . 1
I
282
107
6
.0006
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY SHEEP-Continued
Number of head, slaughtered and consumption per capita, by provinces for the year ending December 31, 1931Continued. Number of head
Number slaughtered
Mountain Province ......... Nueva Ecija ............... Nueva Vizcaya ............ Occidental Misamis ......... Occidental Negros .........
3,385 2,666 169 961 18,883
2,390 486 97 18 2,217
Kilos .0868 .0171 .0223 .0012 .0460
Oriental Misamis .......... Oriental Negros •• • • 0· ' • • • • • • Palawan ................... Pampanga Pangasinan .0 .............. .
2,276 9,627 122 625 8,740
111 536
.0079 .0154
295 1,097
.0086 .0148
Rizal ...................... Romblon .... .............. Samar Sorsogon ... . ............ . . . Sulu .................... . ...
664 65 1,603 819 87
3
.0,001
SUl'igao .................... Tarlac ... .................. Tayabas ................... Zambales . .................. Zamboang;l .................
708 5,385 47 471 483
198 549 139 25 64
111,670
15,706
120,476 127,490
16,538 14,560
Province
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0
••••••••
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS Total for 1932 Total for 1933
............ .
............. ..
283
Consumption per capita
. ...... ... ........... . ............ ........... . 249 123 7
.0050 .0054 .0004
\1
I
.0129 .0217 .0049 .0,020 .0034 .0117
........ . ... ......... . ..
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CARABAOS
Grand total values, by provinces for the ye'ars ending December 31, 1930 and 1931. Grand total values Province 1930
Abra ............. . .... . Agusan ................ Albay .0 ... . . . . . ....... . Antique .. .. ... ......... Bataan .0 .... . ..... . ... .
II
P1,520,253 480, 395 1,956,769 2,035,196 1,293,287
I
II
1931
I
P992,986 510,796 875,833 1,893,177 1,062,787
5,100 I 2,067,477 4,005,185 \ 882,610 4,493,420
7,367 1,406,894 3,150,695 471,587 2,560,947
4,406,213 345,515 2,221,002 5,619,794 2,230,068
2,885,700 291,098 1,414,548 4,092,175 1,506,601
Cebu ....... . ..................... Cotabato ..................... Davao ........... . ........... Ilocos Norte ............... Ilocos Sur .....................
5,914,012 1,638,215 1,449,346 3,093,972 2,711,441
2,632,112 978,762 1,018,941 2,123,281 1,820,011
Iloilo ...... . . . . . ........ . .... I sabela ..................... Laguna ........................ Lanao ... . .............. . . La Union ...................
12,601,567 3,275,063 2,903,151 967,727 2,563,471
7,153,889 2,562,693 552,086 590,084 1,010,712
Leyte ......................... Manila Marinduque .0 ........... . Masbate ......... . ..... . Mindoro ................... . .
5,395,466 107,436 380,394 1,357,579 1,554,346
I ...... ..... ..... I
Batanes Batangas .............. Bohol .................... Bukidnon .............. Bulacan ........... . ....
Cagayan ............ . .. Camarines Norte ........ Camal'ines Sur ........ . Capiz ........... . .......... . Cavite .................... . . .
00
.................
•
I
II
284
1
Increase or decrease
II Per cent I I I
I
I I I
I 1
\
-34.68 + 6.33 -55.24 - 6.98 -17.82 +44.45 -31.95 -21.34 -46.57 -43.01 -41.07 -15.75 -36.31 -27.18 -32.44 -55.49 -40.25 -29.70 -31.37 -32.88
I
-43.23 -21.75 -80.98 -39.02 -60.57
2,964,177 \ 19,680 244,549 623,244 818,582
-45.06 -81.68 -40.97 -54.09 -47.34
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY CARABAos-Continued
Grand total values, by provinces for the ye'aTs ending December 31, 1930 and 1931-Continued Grand total values
Increase or decrease
Province 1930
1931
Per cent
Mountain Province ...... Nueva Ecija ........... Nueva Vizcaya ........ Occidental Misamis Occidental Negros .....
P1,928,146 8,433,856 1,115,970 2,559,991 11,884,194
P1,712,959 5,012,422 578,.009 1,088,670 4,552,024
-11.16 -40.57 -48.21 -57.47 -61.70
Oriental Misamis ...... Oriental Negros ....... Palawan ............... Pampanga ............. . Pangasinan ............ .
1,483,385 2,857,348 564,098 7,041,880 8,364,281
602,481 1,723,972 436,158 4,615,510 3,254,490
-59.38 -39.67 -22.68 -34.46 -61.09
Rizal .................. . Romblon ............... . Samar ................. Sorsogon ................ Sulu ...................
2,674,209 684,104 2,515,856 936,795 571,428
676,934 378,895 1,669,611 462,006 196,370
-74.69 -44.61 -33.64 -50.68 -65.64
Surigao ................ Tarlac ................. Tayabas ............... . Zambales .............. . Zamboanga .... ··········1
2,096,214 6,623,907 2,915,890 2,423,838 2,184,993
1,078,620 3,437,247 1,566,926 1,376,717 1,024,650
-48.54 -48.11 -46.26 -63.50 -53.11
\ 149,335,853
83,660,665
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
I
285
1 1 I I
-43.98
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CATTLE
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931 Grand total values Province
1930
I
I
Increase or decrease
1931 P670,851 35,387 154,338 1,682,930 49,020
Per cent -20.59 -82.61 -62.64 + 2.36 -26.88
1,041,969 2,117,828 244,933
-79.92 -45.47 -47.21 -37.39 -48.48
753,682 184,904 654,962 841,340 1,311,682
459,474 74,050 232,288 442,804 562,243
-39.04 -59.95 -64.53 -47.37 -57.14
Cebu .................. Cotabato ................ Davao .................. Ilocos Norte ........... Ilocos Sur ..............
2,200,798 1,759,418 1,195,934 1,676,059 2,406,925
988,680 430,702 788,413 910,384 1,125,456
Iloilo .0 .......•..•...•.. Isabela ................. Laguna ................. Lanao ................... La Union ..............
5,215,447 643,620 456,085 1,365,767 924,256
3,013,984 364,352 212,493 897,610 405,307
Leyte .................. Manila ................. Marinduque ............ Masbate ................ Mindoro .................
1,045,608 199,728 181,261 1,488,918 890,625
844,072 \ 60,808 104,191 1,408,109 \ 583,629 I
Abra .................. . Agusan ................ Albay .0 ................ Antique ................ . Bataan .................
P844,830 203,569 413,162 1,644,203 67,041
Batanes ................ Batangas ......... ..... Bohal ............... . ... Bukidnon ...............
Dul".n.... \
788,530 5,650,279 1,973,820 3,382,558 475,380
Cagayan ........... . ... Camarines Norte .... . .. Camarines Sur .......... Capiz ................... Cavite .................
286
I I I 158,372 I 3,081,257
I
\
-55.08 -75.52 -34.07 -45.68 -53.24 -42.21 -43.39 -53.41 -34.28 -56.15 -19.27 -69.55 - 42.52 - 5.43 -34.47
COMMERCE AND INDU STRY CATT LE-Co ntinue d
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931- Conti nued Provin ce
Grand total values
I
1930 Mounta in Provin ce .... . Nueva Ecija ...... .... . Nueva Vizcay a ....... . . Occide ntal Misam is .... . Occide ntal N egros ..... . Orienta l Misam is ....... \ Ol'ienta l N egros ....... . I' Palawa n ...... ...... .. . Pampa nga ....... ..... -.. Pangas inan ...... ..... .
Increas e or decreas e
1931
cent I Per -11.67
P1,603,655 613,265 519,073 395,610 2,771,446
P1,416,473 \ 161,674 244,394 209,351 ,
785,433 \ 1,641,608 1,034,903 116,980 1,660,741
I
1'::~::::
I'
-73.64 -52.92 -47.08 -57.48
812,118 856,598 46,660 539,565
-53.27 -50:53 -17.23 -60.11 -67.51
Rizal ...... ...... ...... . Romblon ...... ...... .. . Samar ...... ...... .... . Sorsog on ...... ...... .. . Sulu ...... ...... ...... .
395,320 442,681 485,498 382,372 724,030
198,571 232,468 229,033 169,544 174,052
-49.77 -47.48 -52.83 -55.66 -75.96
Suriga o ...... ...... ... . Tarlac ...... ...... .... . Tayaba s ....... ....... . . Zamba les ....... ....... . Zambo anga ...... ...... .
117,542 342,432 1,531,698 1,150,402 1,234,700
58,919 254,295 977,887 516,562 561,224
-49.87 -25.74 -36.16 -55.10 -54.55
PHILIP PINE ISLAND S
58,789,~80
287
I 32,350,711 Ii, "
-44.97
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES HORSES
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931 Increase or decrease
Grand total values
Province-
-
-1930
--I
1931
I
Per cent -17.56 -15.11 -34.46 .08 -16.63
Abra .. . _............. . Agusan .. . ............ . Albay ...... _. . .... . ... . Antique ............... . Bataan ................. '
P488,628 56,887 33,385 46,095 51,714
P402,835 \ 48,292 I 21,881 46,059 43,116 I
Batanes .......... . .... Batangas .......... . ... Bohol ................. Bukidnon .............. Bulacan .......... . . . .
. . :\ . .
7,352 2,012,702 189,391 220,233 551,205
884 1,095,314 113,281 156,874 472,998
-87.98 -45.58 -40.19 -28.77 -14.19
Cagayan .............. . Camarines NOlte ....... . Camarines Sur ........ . Capiz ................. . Cavite ................ .
334,932 928 22,033 24,042 722,464
307,892 1,219 23,053 19,457 646,752
- 8.08 +31.36 + 4.63 -19.07 -10.48
Cebu .................. . Cotabato .............. . Davao ................ . Ilocos Norte .......... . Ilocos Sur ............. .
602,216 204,232 449,133 855,095 490,556
352,196 106,814 402,334 256,028 332,134
-41.52 -47.69 -H).42 -70.06 -32.29
Iloilo .................. . Isabela ................ . Laguna ............... . Lanao ................. . La Union ............. .
126,576 462,455 522,021 217,855 383,573
100,458 349,078 150,472 109,691 179,361
-20.63 -24.51 -71.17 -49.65 -53.23
Leyte ................. . Manila ................ . Marinduque ........... . Masbate ............... . Mindoro ............... .
287,674 1,375,966 119,431 141,838 166,233
231,258 1,135,650 75,546 155,172 96,927
-19.61 -18.65 -36.75 + 9.40 -41.69
noo
I
PHILIPPINE LIVESTOCK
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY HORSEs-Continued
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931-Continued
1930
Mountain Province ...... Nueva Ecija ........... Nueva Vizcaya ......... Occidental Misamis ..... Occidental Negros ......
Increase or decrease-
Grand total values
Province
I
I
1931
I' Per cent
P367,349 680,867 68,071 157,425 329,931
P232,574 , 263,237 66,637 177,090 204,214
-36.69 -61.34 - 2.11 +12.49 -38.10
207,353 438,609 27,760 625,288 798,751
130,409 348,345 29,109 290,236 305,488
-37.10 -20.58 + 4.86 -53.58 -61.75
Rizal ................... Romblon ................ Samar .................. Sorsogon ............... Sulu ...................
438,024 110,555 36,905 8,353 377,378
81,506 63,357 20,818 3,363 110,932
-81.39 -42.69 -43.59 -59.74 -70.60
Surigao ................ Tarlac .................. Tayabas ................ Zambales ............... Zamboanga .............
172,781 319,988 498,162 484,246 170,707
83,445 122,469 198,695 91,968 80,312
-51.12 -61.73 -60.11 -81.01 -52.95
17,490,339
10,337,320
-40.90
Oriental Misamis ....... Oriental Negros ........ Palawan ............... Pampanga .............. Pangas~p.an .............
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
"\
289
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES HOGS
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 land 1931 Grand total values
Province-
1930
I
1931
Increase or decrease
Per cent Abra ................. . Agusan ............... . Albay ................. . Antique ............... . Bataan ................ .
P287,729 473,543 631,942 399,296 255,941
P296,312 396,726 308,580 243,533 256,389
+ 2.98 -16.22 -51.17 -39.01 + .18
Batanes ............... \, Batangas ............... I _ Bohol ........ "\' ..... . Bukidnon .............. . Bulacan ............... .
62,775 1,283,040 1,311,614 76,377 854,452
32,721 935,686 626,584 43,936 554,387
-47.88 -27.07 -52.23 -42.47 -35.12
937,550 127,469 716,761 487,214 483,741
1,122,840 113,860 496,320 437,159 424,412
+19.76 -10.68 -30.76 -10.27 -12.26
Cebu ................. . Cotabato .............. . Davao ................ . Ilocos Norte .......... . Ilocos Sur ............ .
3,777,885 120,105 578,521 685,819 862,657
2,301,063 109,833 498,403 698,945 1,253,531
-39.09 - 8.55 -13.85 + 1.91 +45.31
Iloilo ................. . Isabela ................• Laguna ............... . Lanao ................ . La Union ............. .
1,625,241 1,197,114 489,361 62, 869 394,132
932,894 1,045,896 323,570 35,623 316,600
-42.60 -12.63 -33.88 -43.34 -19.67
Leyte ................. . Manila ................ . Marinduque ........... .. Masbate ............... . Mindoro ...............
1,243,985 1,636,608 183,683 459,794 382,026
777,603 1,669,320 63,774 127,726 123,659
-37.49
Cagayan ................ , Camarines Norte ...... . Camarines Sur ........ . Capiz ................. . Cavite ................. .
I
290
l
+
2.QO
-65.28 -72.22 -67.63
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY HOGs-Continued
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931-Continued Province
Increase or decrease
Grand total values 1930
I
1931
Mountain Province ...... Nueva Ecija ...... ..... Nueva Vizcaya ......... Occidental Misamis ..... Occidental Negros ......
P577,058 2,085,670 207,502 21.0,881 1,372,967
P486,099 852,708 100,231 152,388 807,433
P er cent -15.76 -59.12 -51.70 -27.74 -41.19
Oriental Misamis ....... \ Oriental Negros ........ Ii Palawan ......... . ..... Pampanga ......... ..... Pangasinan .............
491,504 1,253,074 378,805 1,404,770 1,644,163
320,581 531,106 234,205 849,9,00 1,140,149
-34.78 -57.62 -38.17 -39.50 -30.65
354,9~3
131,302 464,066 395,100 23,051
422,636 63,772 446,251 162,374 13,243
+19.08 -51.43 - 3.84 -58.90 -42.55
498,984 1,234,255 1,009,285 389,134 265,839
280,172 659,230 422,758 146,710 187,034
-43.85 -46.59 -58.11 -62.30 -29.64
Rizal .................. . Romblon ............. .. Samar ................. . Sorsogon ................ Sulu .................... Surigao .................. Tarlac .................. . Tayabas ................. Zambal~s
...............
Zamboanga .............. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
36,481,587
291
I
24,846,865
I
I
-31.89
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES GOATS
Grand total values, by provinces for the years e.nding December 31, 1930 and 1931 Province
Increase or decrease
Grand total values 1931
1930 Abra .................. Ag'usan ................ Albay .................. Antique ................ Bataan .................
P13,930 18,147 23,397 8,327 1,690
P11,598 16,804 10,166 8,373 515
Per cent -16.74 7.40 -56.55 + .55 -69.53
Batanes ................ Batangas .............. Bohol .................. Bukidnon ............... Bulacan ...............
3,283 7,230 17,336 959 18,260
3,422 11,591 10,002 1,450 10,966
+ 4.23 +60.32 -42.31 +51.20 -39.95
Cagayan ............... Camarines Norte ........ Camarines Sur .......... Capiz .................. Cavite ..................
15,207 3,594 44,5,03 85,217 3,398
15,176 3,412 30,030 54,026 3,269
-
Cebu ................... Cotabato ................ Davao .................. Ilocos Norte ............ Ilocos Sur ..............
203,189 17,991 45,767 23,550 49,995
74,292 19,576 21,134 21,775 83,511
Iloilo ................... Isabela ................ Laguna ................ Lanao ................... La Union ..............
97,701 50,937 8,268 11,057 74,589
55,773 12,341 4,909 15,907 99,732
Leyte .................. Manila ................. Marinduque Masbate ............... Mindoro
84,019 14,800 1,645 4,442 6,837
39,227 15,660 533 6,679 3,362
............. ...............
292
I
.20 5.06 -32.52 -36.60 - 3.80
I
I
-63.44 + 8.91 -53.82 - 7.54 +67.04 -42.91 -75.77 -40.63 +43.86 +33.71 -53.31 + 5.81 -67.60 +50.31 -50.93
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
GOATs-Continued
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931-Continued Increase or decrease
Grand total values
Province
1930 I
I
1931 I
i
Per cent
Mountain Province ...... Nueva Ecija .............. Nueva Vizcava ......... Occidental Misamis ....... Occidental N egros ....... . .
P19,781 94,688 2,815 22,806 105,750
P10,081 54,990 1,270 20,253 39,970
Oriental Misamis ........ Oriental l'f egro/S ......... Palawan ................. Pampanga .............. Pangasinan ..............
32,016 104,198 4,586 37,297 102,383
32,388 75,797 4,015 21,761 56,859
+ 1.16 -27.26 -12.45 -41.65 -44.46
Rizal ................... Romblon ............... Samar ................. Sorsogon ............... Sulu ....................
8,762 13,561 28,914 15,932 8,420
11,911 7,280 22,167 4,108 9,721
+35.94 -46.32 -23.33 -74.22 +15.45
Surigao ................. Tarlac ................. Tayabas ................ Zambales ............... Zamboang!l ..............
12,839 83,145 5,300 23,379 20,404
10,105 26,585 4,040 4,748 16,129
-21.39 -68.03 -23.87 -79.79 -20.95
1,099,389
-35.57
I
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS • \
1,706,241 \
293
-49.04 -41.93 -54.88 -11.19 -62.20
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES SHEEP
Grand total values, by provinces for the years ending December 31, 1930 and 1931 Grand total values Province 1930
I
Increase or decrease
1931
I
Per cent
Abra ............ ..... . Agusan ............... . Albay ................. . Antique ............... . Bataan ................ .
P4,2561 237 2,873 ) 338 254
P3,309 1,07,0 2,082 227 207
- 22.25 +351.58 - 27.53 - 32.84 - 18.50
Batanes ............... . Batangas .............. . Bohol ........... . ..... . Bukidnon .............. . Bulacan ............... .
465 156 2,101 12 3,475
1,222 26 806 20 1,812
+162.80 - 83.33 - 61.64 + 66.67 - 47.86
Cagayan .............. . Camarines Norte ....... . Camarines Sur ......... . Capiz ................. . Cavite ................ .
17,931 2,942 17,938 34,156 755
I
15,940 1,152 6,592 10,275 80
-
11.10 60.84 63.25 69.92 89.40
-
74.69
-
92.94 32.30 29.05
6,869 5,979 ' 596\ 104 4,031
+ -
51.53 53.09 76.78 9.47 17.92
I
--
43.96 10.10
55'~i !I......1.~,~~~.
Cebu .................. . Cotabato .............. . Davao ................. . Ilocos Norte ........... . Ilocos Sur ............. .
30,547 18,299 14,692
Iloilo .................. . Isabela ............... . Laguna .... ...... ..... . Lanao ........ .. ....... . La Union .............. .
14,171 12,747 2,567 95 4,911
Leyte ................. . Manila ................ . Marinduque ........... . Masbate ............... . Mindoro ............... .
35,392 13,489
2,158 12,388 10,424
19,833 12,126
I
...... 'i,g~g .\...... 'i,~~~' \.... '-t-' ~gj~
294
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY SHEEP-Continued
Grand total values, by provinces for the year s ending December 31, 1930 and 1931-Continued Grand total values Province
1930
1931
!
I
I
Mountain Province ...... Nueva Ecija ............ Nueva Vizcaya ......... Occidental Misamis ...... Occidental N egros .......
I
Increase or decrease
P er cent
P24,623 13,181 792 3,120 146,428
'21,992 10,664 667 4,704 37,766
+ -
10.69 19.10 15.78 50.77 74.21
Oriental Misamis ........ ... Oriental Negros .. ...... Palawan ............... Pampanga .............. Pangasinan .......... ...
10,803 46,073 767 22,699 48,940
8,908 28,881 474 2,201 17,480
-
17.54 37.31 38.20 90.30 64.28
Rizal ................... Romblon ................ Samar ................. Sorsogon ............... Sulu ...................
4,676 82 13,984 5,761 483
Surigao ................ Tarlac .................. Tayabas ................ Zambales ............... Zamboanga ............... PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
,
}
\
3,528 168 4,501 1,914 400
- 24.55 +104.88 - 67.81 - 66.78 - 17.18
2,516 30,758 526 7,837 4,168
2,509 10,770 47 1,619 1,973
-
.28 64.99 91.06 79.34 52.66
681,348
319,432
-
53.11
295
'-'0
'"
co
89 92 69 57 65 126 76 116
Iloilo .............................. . Isabela ............................ . Laguna ........................... .
53 39 60 106 108
Cagayan ........................... Camarines Norte .................... Camarines Sur ...................... Capiz .............................. Cavite .............................
Cebu ............................... Cotabato ........................... Davao ........................ "..... Ilocos Norte ........................ Ilocos Sur ..........................
75 114 74 140 114
Batanes ............................ Batangas ........................... Bohol .............................. Bukidnon ........................... Bulacan ............................
I
P59 100 68 95 108
1928
Abra ............................. . Agusan ........................... . Albay ............................. . Antique ........................... . Bataan ....................... .
Province
I P32 88 18 62 67 29 7{) 41 57 49 26 22 20 61 73 31 57 50 39 40 63 40 17
P491" 97 40 77 99 64 98 56 111 99 42 29 38 87 107 71 112 78 50 72
119 55 93
104 106 72 135 109 54 36 56 102 112
124 72 106
85 116 67 59 64
P55 98 57 99 111
1930
1931
I
I
1929
Carabaos
I
\
75 62 76
46 55 38 49 58
39 47 53 52 1.05
22 85 40 85 58
P39 89 59 55 48
36 23 27
35 58 41 46 55 67 46 69
40 53 32 51 57 74 63 72
i
15 14 25 35 23
34 45 41 46 94
33 45 49 50 98
25 13 13 23 38
48 20 48 23
9
55 82 42 73 48
P25 13 11 37 34
40 82 40 86 53
1 ,
I
P40 85 34 36 49
1930
1931
P41 85 50 58 51
_1928 L_J~g~1
Cattle
Comparative average market prices per head of carabaos and cattle from 1928-1931
rn
Z
'"d '"d 1-4
1-4
~
1-4
::c:
'"d
t%J
::c:
1-3
~
o
>
1-4
t%J t:1
'"d
o
~
o
~
o
t%J
Z
l\:l
to -=I
68 93 76 116 155 124 103 94 129 74 115 65 83 62 68 62 96 74 7,0 82
88
Mounta in Provin ce ...... ...... ...... Nueva Ecija ...... ...... ...... ...... Nueva Vizcay a ....... .. ....... .. ... Occide ntal Misam is ...... ...... ..... Occide ntal Negros ...... ...... ......
Orienta l Misam is ...... ...... ...... . Orienta l N egros ...... ...... ...... .. Palawa n ...... ...... ...... ...... ... Pamna nga ...... ...... ...... ...... .. Pangas inan ...... ...... ...... ...... .
Rizal ...... ..... .... ...... ...... ... Romblo n ...... ...... ...... ...... ... Samar ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Sorsog on ...... ...... ...... ...... ... Sulu ....... ....... ....... ....... ....
Suriga o ...... ... ...... ...... .... ... Tarlac .... " ....... ....... ....... .... Tayaba s ...... ...... ...... ...... .... Zamba les ...... ...... ...... ...... ... Zambo anga ...... ...... ...... ...... .
....... .....
85
64 98 64 74 74
114 54 63 49 66
110 104 81 123 81
66 94 82 98 147
71
129 38 48 75
112 78
1
74
53 95 50 67 57
86 46 48 40 74
79 89 63 117 68
64 81 83 91 152
57 104 25 47 69
75 76
39
22 50 26 36 24
20 23 29 18 20
29 46 43 74 25
1
1
52 45 40 33 55
30 20 15 22 32
37 30
--- --- --- ---
83 139 46 59 86
Leyte ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... Manila ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... Marind uque ...... ...... ...... ...... Masba te ...... ...... ...... ...... ... Mindor o ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
1141 85
Lanao ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... La Union ...... ...... ...... ...... ...
55
48 63 44 45 42
69 32 59 54 38
58 37 66 65
77
48 65 55 66 81
38 79 31 44 39
73 72
52 68 41 52 39
65 31 50 46 39
76 63 34 64 64
53 55 58 62 80
40 68 29 38 39
64 70
43 64 33 44 33 1
67 \ 28 33 1 31 28
23 73 261 281 381 1 54 54 1 56 55 79 1 I 52 48 1 261 671 591
54 69
25
21 43 20 26 14
25 15 15 14 6
24 23 22 35 20
46 15 34 20 31
19 44 16 18 21
25 30
~
~
~
t:j ~ U1
1-1
Z
t:j
> Z
t.:tj
(':)
t.:tj ~
~ ~
o
(':)
00
co
t-o
•••••••••••••••••••••••
0 ·
••••••
66 35 78 76 36 24 47 60 73 59 96 77 60 54 82 51
Cagayan ........................... Camarines Norte .................... Camarines Sur ...................... Capiz .............................. Cavite .............................
Cebu ............................... Cotabato ........................... Davao ............................. Ilocos Norte ........................ Ilocos Sur ..........................
Iloilo ............................... Isabela .............................
71
49 62 69
71
P69 .
19281
Batanes ............................ Batangas ........................... Bohol .............................. Bukidnon ........................... Bulacan ............................
Agusan ............................ Albay .............................. Antique ............................ Bataan .............................
~bra
Province
68 59
45 90 70 62 50
32 32 42 55 69
72 65 27 67 59
P47 73 35 60 73
19291
62 47
35 94 69 45 49
37 16 29 51 59
63 68 30 70 52
P47 67 33 53 67
1930/
Horses
52 42
23 47 57 25 32
31 20 29 37 52
25 43 18 47 54
P40 \ 67 26 43 48
193111
II
16 13
12 10 17 13
14 13 17 17 13
15 11/
11
141 13 16 16 13
10 10 10 13
11
10/ 18 12 10 17
13 18
11
P 91 15/
16
11
12 13 12
11
13
18 13 18 16
11
PI0 15 15 13 16
1929 1 19301
15 13 12 13
11
9 18 13 18 18
PI0 16 15 12 16
19281
Hogs
Comparative average market prices per head of horses and hogs from 1928-1931
9 14
10 13 15 16 20
12 8 8 8 10
5 12 6 7 13
P 9 12 6 9 19
1931
t:tj
t:tj UJ.
Z
~
t"' ~ I-d I-d
~
~
I-d
t:tj
~
~
~
0
>
~
t:j
t:tj
I-d
0
~
Q ~ Q
Z
co co
1;1:)
34 65 56 46 52
Surigao ............................ r Tarlac .............................. / Tayabas ............................ Zambales .................. '. . . . . . . . . Zamboanga .........................
ISLANDS
90 26 48 46 451
Rizal .............................. Romblon ........................... Samar ....... ...................... Sorsogon ............................ Sulu ...............................
PHILIPPINE
65 50 81 91 52
Oriental Misamis ....... !II •.•...••••• Oriental N egros .................... Palawan ........................... Panlpanga .......................... Panga~nan ......... , ...............
15 15 21 11 18
13 16 14 21 13
I
9 20 17 11 12
12 17 20 11 12
1~ / 11
12 14 12 18 15
I
13 19 10 19 11
7 14 11 8 6
13 5 7 10 12
8 6 7 13 7
6 12 6 5 11
6 15 6 7 6
12 9 9
--s211---u \~ I~ l-w
11 27 17 13 21
31 69 39 45 41
I
16 19 20 16 20
27 28 44 44 16
11 10
12 20 10 24 12
50 36 42 27 40
9 16 8 10 181 1 12 I 14 11 26 11
I
10 I 19 10 14 21
13 15 17 14 11 8 19 9 18 18
14 12 11 9 16 17 11 16
22 13 13 13 17 26 10 17
19 14 11
27 50 11 44 33
14 33 30
71 25 46 38 61
37 53 79 40
............ \----slII57 \~
32 63 47 40 41
77 29 44 37 43
57 51 61 87 52
77 65 47 39 69
61 76 64 53 66
70 69 63 63 69
Mountain Province ..... .............. Nueva Ecija ........................ Nueva Vizcaya ..................... Occidental Misamis ................. Occidental N egros ...................
I 46
30 62 19 '40 57
25 93 23 44 52
38 94 31 51 54
581 53 59
Leyte .............................. Manila ............................. Marinduque ........................ Masbate ........................... Mindoro ...........................
60 85 66
61 111 68
Laguna ............................ Lanao .............................. La Union ...........................
~
~
t-3
U1
cj
Z t:I
~
Z t:I
:>
l:tj
(1
l:tj ~
~ ~
0
(1
~
o o
!I
~I
Iloilo .............................. . Isabela ............................ .
5
:1 ! I
10 3 3
5
~I
7 7 3 4
I
!I
5 9 10 3 4
5 1 5 4 2
3
4 6 9 4 4
5
6
5
2 4
3 8 4 4 8
3 5 4 6 4
P3 2 6 3 3
3 10 4 4 7
2 3 2 7 3
8 3 6
. .....
P3
1929
3 3 2 3 3
2 3 3 6 5
P4 7 2 3 2 ,
I
4 2 3 3 4
.
,
P3 7 3 2 4
1928
Sheep
4 3 4 4 4
4 7 7 4 3
3 4 4 6 5
P3 7 3 3 5
Cebu ............................... Cotabato .......................... . Davao ............................. Ilocos Norte ........................ Ilocos Sur ..........................
4 4
5
3
5
5
5 4 5
P4 6 5 4 5
1928
5
I
IJ 1929 I 1930 I 1931 i1
Goats
Cagayan ........................... Camarines Norte .................... Camarines Sur ...................... Capiz .............................. Cavite .............................
Batanes ............................ Batangas ........................... Bohol .............................. Bukidnon ........................... Bulacan ............................
Abra .............................. Agusan ........................... . Albay .............................. Antique ............................ Bataan .............................
Province
Comparative average market prices per head of goats and sheep from 1928-1931
!I
6 11 12 2 3
3 9 4 5 9
4 4
I
!I
P2 2 6 3 5
I
1930 '
2 3
3 2 2
......
2
3 3 2 2 4
2 3 3 4 4
P3 5 3 2 3
1931
t?=j
~
~ Z t?=j r:n
~
~ ~
t:
~
t?=j
1-3
o"%j
~ :>
t?=j
~
S
C1
to<
C1
Z
'""
0
~
••••••••••••••••••••••
1
••••
Rizal .............................. Romblon ........................... Samar .................... ......... Sorsogon Sulu ..................... . .........
Oriental Misamis ................... Oriental N egros .................... Palawan ........................... Pampanga .......................... Pangasinan .........................
Mountain Province ............ ..... . Nueva Ecija ........................ Nueva Vizcaya ..................... Occidental Misamis ................. Occidental N egros ............... ...
Leyte Manna ............................. Marinduque ........................ Masbate ........................... Mindoro ............................
..............................
Laguna ............................ Lanao .............................. La Union ...........................
I
5
I
!I
~I
4
5
4 7
1
4 4 3 4
5
4 6 4 4
5
5 5
6 4
5 5
I
1
I
4 3 3 2 3
4 4 4 4 3
4
5 5
4
5
4 2 3
4 3 4
4
I
5
4
I
I
I
1
:1
5 5
1
11
5 5 5
4
5 5 5 5
1
il
2 2 2 2
5
3 4 2 2
5
3 4 4 2
5
1 2 2
5
2
II
II
II
!!
6 8
I 5
5 8 5 5
7
5 5
6 8
5
7 6
5
9
5
6 8
I
I
I
5
6
5 5
1 6 2 6 4 6
5 5 6 4
9 6 6 6
1
1 41
6 3 7
5
1
I
3 31 1 7
5 5
6
5 5
7 6
6 6
7
I
2 6
3 3
2 2 2 4
5
4 3 4 3 2
2
5
4 4 4
4 3
..... . ..... . ..... . . .....
6 7
1
ill !I !I !I
5
t-<
~
t-3
c:! rn
t:j
~
Z
t:j
> Z
trJ
Cl
~
~ ~ trJ
0
Cl
c;.,
t.:l
o
I.VVU1\,;C
PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS
.••.....••..
Surigao ............................ Tarlac ............................. Tayabas ............................ Zambales ........................... Zamboanga .........................
P
Goats
II
I I I
1 5 5 4 3
4 4
.
' '
3 5 4 4 5
4
I
' 4
3 5 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 5
6 5 3 4 6
1
5
5 5 2 4 6
5
4 5 2 5 6
1930
Sheep -
I 19281 19291 19301 1931 11 19281 1929
I
Comparati1Je average market prices per head of goats and sheep from 1928-1931-Continued
3
3 2 1 3 4
I 1931
t;j
tJ:.j UJ
Z
H
~ ~
t'"i H
H
~
~
t;j
~
t-3
I'%j
o
H
>
t;j t:j
~
o
t'"i
o
~
Z o
FORESTRY
Quantities of timber and minor products removed from the public forest, 1932 1 Kind of products Timber ........................ , ....' Cubic meters Firewood ............................ do Charcoal ............ . ............... do Gravel and sand ..................... do Daluru ............................. do Stone ............................... do Kilos Dyewood ............................ Tanbark ............................ do Dyebark ............................. do Manila copal (almaciga) ............. do Manila elemy (pili resin) ............ do Limestone ........................... do do Gogo ....... :........................ Diliman .................... . ....... do Buri leaves ......................... do Hingiw ............................. do Camagsa ............................ do Nipa leaves ......................... do Bees Wax........................... do Guano .............................. do Clean salago bark ................... do Cabonegro ........................... do Dipterocarp resins ................... do Lumbang kernels .................... do Lumbang nuts ....................... do Buri fiber ............................... kilos Split rattan ............................. do Bark for cutch .......................... do Oleo resins ............................... liters Nipa sap ................................ do Tree fern ............................ whole tree Bohos .................................. pieces Table tops ............................... do Unsplit rattan ..................... linear meters Pine tree (Christmas tree) ............... do
1,103,823 206,544 23,021 79 6 2,376 1,607,078 44,273 598,728 111,245 43,100 66,926 117,725 38,648 61,022 30,728 1,577,237 1,815 12,010 45 10,319 12 70,932 19,269 811 1,389,913 11,722,044 16,650 586,493 59 558,258 301 3,909,383 833
Amount of important timber by 'species, cut and invoiced in the Philippine Islands during 1932. Cubic meters Species 127,726 Red lauan 296,810 White lauan ..................................... . 1
From annual report, Bureau of Internal Revenue, 1932. 303
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Amount of important timber by species, cut and invoiced in the Philippine Islands during 1932-Continued Cubic meters
Species
Apitong .......................................... . Tangile .......................................... . Guijo ............................................ . Yakal ........................................... . Ipil .............................................. . Molave ........................................... . Narra ............................................ . Kalantas ......................................... . Palosapis ........................................ . Manggachapui .................................... . Dungon .......................................... . Tindalo .......................................... . Akle ............................................. . Lumbayao ........................................ . Pagatpat ......................................... .
169,216 94,3G6 28,483 28,355 29,649 17,588 12,073 7,188 7,848 4,352 1,457 862 904 12,215 883
I
Other species: First group ........... . ...................... . Second group ................................. . Third group ................................. . Fpurth group ................................ .
2,468 17,573 131,300 27,653
Total ...................................... .
1,018,909
Amount in cubic meters of important timber by species cut andJ invoiced in the Philippine Islands, 1910 to 1932 Red lauan ....................................... . White lauan ..................................... . Apitong ......................................... . Tangile .......................................... . Guijo ............................................ . Yakal ........................................... . Ipil .............................................. . Molave ...........................................â&#x20AC;˘ Narra ........................................... . Kalantas ......................................... . Palosapis .â&#x20AC;˘....................................... 304
1,889,237 4,564,655 2,633,743 1,429,524 591,224 561,339 510,399 510,677 269,940 117,187 144,872
VIRGIN FOREST
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Manggachapui ................................... . Dungon .......................................... . Tindalo .......................................... . Akle ............................................. . Lumbayao ........................................ . Pagatpat ........................................ .
76,941 53,077 33,306 34,017 152,485 32,267
Other species: First group .................................. . Second group ................................ . Third group ................................. . Fourth group ............................... .
126,503 377,249 1,078,816 1,069,987 16,239,445
Total
Rental of forest lands by provinces, 1932 Abra Agusan ........... : ... . .......................... . Albay ............... . ............................ . Antique .......................................... . Bataan .......................................... . Batanes ......................................... . Batangas ........................................ . Bohol ............................................ . Bukidnon ......................................... . Bulacan .......................................... . Cagayan ..... ..................................... . Camarines Norte ................................. . Camarines Sur ..... ................................ . Capiz ............................................ . Cavite ........................................... . Cebu ............................................. . Cotabato ......................................... . Davao ........................................... . Ilocos Norte ...... : .............................. . Ilocos Sur ....................................... . Iloilo ............................................ . Isabela .......................................... . Laguna .......................................... . Lanao ........................................... . La Union ....................................... . 305
P267.30 10.40 126.00 22.00 131.00 20.00 795.96 5,844.53 93.77 1,245.61 162.17 317.73 183.14 2,061.53 11.22 389.98 928.02 611.24 5,247.30 990.67 1.20 46.40 122.28
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Rental of forest lands by provinces, 1932-Continued Leyte â&#x20AC;˘............................................ Marinduque ...................................... . Masbate ......................................... . Mindoro ......................................... . Mountain ........................................ . Nueva Ecija ..................................... . Nueva Vizcaya ................................... . Occidental Misamis ............................... . Oriental Misamis ................................ . Occidental N egros ................................ . Oriental N egros .................................. . Palawan ......................................... . Pampanga ....................................... . Pangasinan ...................................... . Rizal ............................................ . Romblon ......................................... . Samar .......... , ................................ . Sorsogon ......................................... . Sulu ............................................. . Surigao .......................................... . Tarlac ........................................... . Tayabas ......................................... . Zambales ........................................ . Zamboanga ....................................... .
P414.32 33.00 1,241.7,0 439.85 533.35 886.49 2,771.18 650.99 2,317.10 1,756.55 701.95 687.50 66.90 1,683.03 129.70
Total charges .............................. .
25,918.88
75.49 98.53 100.00 50.88 113.00 516.98 809.98 856 ..07
From annual report, Bureau of Forestry.
Revenue from public forests, 1932 Ordinary
Surcharges
TIMBER
First group forest charges Second group forest charges .... . Third group forest charges ... . Fourth group forest charges
P280,351.25 92,048.72 575,865.32 173,387.68
P21,565.06 5,441.41 6,250.66 5,123.94
22,184.67 11,607.50
3,770.88 2,913.75
FIREWOOD
Bacauan and tangal forest charges Other wood forest charges 306
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Revenue from public forests, 1932-Continued MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS
Forest charges
101,044.99
10,9,02.30
11,901.81
855.91
RENTAL OF FOREST LANDS
Forest charges
Surcharges TOTAL
..•••..••...••..•...
P56,823.91
and I Ordinary surcharges
I
P1,325,215.85
From annual report, Bureau of Forestry.
Exports-Lumber and Timber 1930 194,395 P5,486,784
Cubic Meter ............... . Value ..................... .
1932
Cubic Meter ............... . Value ...................... .
119,406 P1,669,450
Manufacturing Cigars produced ............ . Cigarettes produced ........ . Distilled §,.t>irits removed from distilleries (1) ............ Consumption of still and imitation wine (gauge 1) ..... Fermented liquors for domestic consumption (gauge 1)for. Domestic matches removed consumption (gross boxes) ,
1932 257,958,585 3,953,734,493
I I 977,176
6,776,970
I....... 3.'.8.5,6,'6,0.0.. \ 307
1931 168,240 P3,681,203 1933 189,257 P2,537,214 1933 261,425,868 3,554,651,125 51,786,869 1,070,567 4,419,400 829,763
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Cig'ar and cigarette factories-Production for local consumption and exportation, 1928-1932 1 CIGARS
Year
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.. .. .. .. ..
N umber removed for-
Number of factories
Local consumption
92 94 83 88 83
106,850,178 110,740,724 102,822,216 87,752,901 70,159,737
1
Export 224,967, 195 187,576,361 180,506,786 186,776,610 187,798,848
I 1
II
Total 331,817,373 298,317,085 283,329,002 274,529,511 257,958,585
CIGARETTES 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 '
·.
·. ·. ·. ·.
29 26 27 23 25
4,880,512,372 4,811,120,495 4,659,025,297 4,216,677,143 3,928,858,313
229,694,875 163,479,371 59,629,226 33,025,250 24,876,160
5,UO,187,247 4,974,599,866 4,718,684,523 4,249,702,393 3,953,734,473
Cigars removed for export and countries to which exported, 1932 ~ COUNTRY TO WHICH EXPQRTED
Number
United States ................................... . 174,909,002 4,208,207 China 1,883,300 Spain ........................................... . 1,267,800 France .......................................... · . 1,115,437 Straits Settlement ............ . ................... . 1,053,554 England ......................................... . 805,051 Consumption on the high seas .................... . 617,915 India ........................................ . ... . 1 Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. I!- Compiled from the anuual report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. 308
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Cigars removed for export and countrie's to which exported, 1932~-Continued COUNTRY TO WHICH EXPORTED
Java
............................................ . Indo~China ....................................... . Canary Islands ................................... . Egypt ............................................ . North Africa .................................... . South Africa .................................... . Japan ........................................... . Switzerland ...................................... . Holland .......................................... . South America ................ . ................. . Panama ......................................... . Scotland ............ . .......... . ................. . East Africa ..................................... . Siam ............................ . ............... . Guam ........................................... . Australia ...........â&#x20AC;˘ . ........... . ................ New Zealand .................................... . Belgium Arabia Borneo Formosa ......................................... . New Guinea ...................................... . Celebes .......................................... . Persia ........................................... . Sumatra ......................................... . Samoa (American) ............................... . Germany ......................................... . Morocco ......................................... . Denmark ........................................ . Norway .......................................... . Greece ........................................... . Moluccas Islands ................................. . All others ........................................ . Total ...................................... .
Numbe'r 357,935 313,210 155,250 122,528 120,050 113,095 100,655 100,150 94,250 85~000
65,300 52,495 50,010 46,725 27,725 26,050 20,975 20,954 13,600 12,500 8,500 4,075 3,750 3,500 2,050 2,000 1,700 500
14,050 187,798,848
a Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
309
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Cigars removed for domestic consumption and exportation, 1932 I,l. REMOVED FOR-
Consumption in the Philippin~ Islands .... . Export to foreign countries .............. . Shipment to the United States ......... . Sold to the United States Army and Navy ..
Number 69,854,832 12,889,846 174,909,002 304,905
Per cent 31.84 6.99 61.05 .12
Total ............................ .
257,958,585
100.00
Per capita removal of cigars, 1932 I,l. LOCAL CONSUMPTION
Domestic manufacture ............................ . Imported ........................................ .
70,159,737 7,209
Total ...................................... . Per capita removal ........................ .
70,166,946 b 5.15
Cigarettes removed for export and countries to which exported, 1932 I,l. Number COUNTRY TO WHICH EXPORTED Canary Islands ................................... . 11,415,000 China ............................................ . 9,735,020 United States ................................... . 1,419,130 687,280 Straits Settlement ................................ . 502,280 Japan ........................................... . Consumption on the high seas ..................... . 368,950 Indo-China ....................................... . 339,900 111,750 Guam ............................................ . 98,940 India ............................................ . 94,000 Morocco 30,720 Australia .................................. I• • • • • • • 26,000 Switzel'land ...................................... . 21,600 Spain 6,750 Java a From the annual report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. b Based on the population of 13,636,350 in 1932. 310
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Cigarettes removed for export and countries to whick exported, 1932~ Number 6,750 4,500 3,750 1.500
COUNTRY TO WHICH EXPORTED
Borneo Scotland Germany England Sumatra Moluccas Islands ................................ . Central Africa ................................... . North Africa .................................... . All others ....................................... .
2,340
Total ...................................... .
24,876,160
Cigarett.es removed for domestic consumption and exportation, 1932 a REMOVED FOR-
Consumption in the Philippine Islands . Export to foreign countries ....â&#x20AC;˘....... Shipment to the United States ........ . Total
Number 3,928,858,313 23,457,030 1,419,130
Per cent 99.37 0.60 0.03
0,953,734,473
100.00
Per capita removal of cigarettes, 1932 a LOCAL CONSUMPTION
Domestic manufacture .......................... . Imported ....................................... . Total Per capital removal ............................ .
b
Number 3,928,858,313 1,550,304,930 5,479,163,243 401.80
From the annual report of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. The figures appearing here include all imported cigarettes on which specific taxes were paid during the year. A part of such cigarettes were imported prior to 1932. The foregoing figures also include ci~arettes delivered tax-free to the United States Army and Navy. 311 a
b
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Raw materials used in the manufacture of tobacco products, 1932 a Kilos Cigarettes ...................................... . Cigars ......................................... . Smoking tobacco ................................ . Chewing tobacco ............................... .
5,915,091 2,191,213 302,519 212,746
Total .................................... .
8,621,569
Leaf tobacco exported, 1932 a COUNTRY TO WHICH EXPORTED
Kilos
Spain .......................................... . Japan ................ . ........................ . Korea ......................................... . North Africa ................ . ................. . Holland ........................................ . China ......................................... . Belgium ....................................... . Morocco ....................................... . Guam .......................................... . United States ................................. . Australia ...................................... . Java ........................................... . Straits Settlements ............................. . France ........................................ . Indo-China ...................................... . Austria ........................................ . â&#x20AC;˘ South America ................................. . England ....................................... . All others ...................................... .
17,(l39,503 1,544,375 434,748 326,363 224,746 206,965 114,902 100,845 19,740 13,823 5,522 2,875 1,729 400 320 138
Total .................................... .
20,637,303
a
309
From the annual report, Bureau of Internal Revenue.
312
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Leaf tob:acco on hand, December 31, 1932 a Dealers ........................................ . Manufacturers Total
.................................... .
b
Kilos 36,105,355 11,264,213 47,369,568
~ b
From the annual report, Bureau of Internal Revenue. Stocks of 29 dealers for December, 1932, not included. ports not received.
Re-
Leaf tobacco stock, 1928-1932 a Year
I 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
......
.. ... ...... ..... ,.
,.
•••
.o
••
Used in manufacture of cigars, etc.
On hand b
Exported
Kilos 11,593,751 10,337,995 9,662,296 9,815,339 11,264,213
Kilos 58,999,0'64 46,880,752 43,150,497 34,024,301 'C 36,105,355
Kilos 18,811,627 26,017,92,0 20,501,955 22,978,856 20,637,303
Total
Kilos 89,404,442 83,236,667 73,314,748 66,818,496 68,006,871
a Com'piIed from the annual reports of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. b In hands of dealers and manufacturers. 'C Stocks of 29 dealers for December, 1932, not included. Reports not received.
313
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Domestic distilled spirits, fermented liquors and wines removed from factories, 1928-1932 a Distilled spirits Year
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.. .. .. .. ..
Numher of distiIle-ries
I I
I
87 92 94 88 78
Quantity removed
Fermented liquors
Wines
I
IProof liters Gau ge liters Gauge liters 17,424,492 3,790,000 1,381,309 17,236,339 3,820,882 1,383,326 13,111,630 3,900,658 1,353,585 9,260,999 3,789,200 1,202,005 6,776,970 3,856,600 977,176
Total removed
Liters 22,595,801 22,440,546 18,365,873 14,252,204 11,610,746
a Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
Production and consumption of electricity and gas, 1928-1932 Electricity 1 Production Consumption
Year
I I
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
I I
1 2
K.W.H. 79,963,400 90,414,490 97,964,583 106,776,463 109,177,924
II I
K.W.H. 67,829,123 75,027,480 65,642,189 70,075,093 74,501,411
Gas 2 I I Production Consumption
Cu.m. 11,187,630 12,446,960 12,946,800 12,531,726 11,553,467
Cu.m. 11,187,630 12,446,960 12,209,912 12,144,238 11,271,369
I
From the annual statement of the Manila Electric Company. From the annual statement of the Manila Gas Corporation.
314
MINING
Location of mineral, claims filed, 1902-1932 Province
Placer
Number Abra .................................. . I: Numbe;9l 13 Agusan ................................ . ......... ·1 460 Albay ................................. . 61 111 Antiql,le ............................... . 197 10 Bataan ................................ . 43 22 Batanes ............................... . Batangas .............................. . Bohol .................................. . Bukidnon .............................. . Bulacan ................................ . Cagayan ............................... . Camarines Norte ........................ . Camarines Sur ......................... . Capiz .................................. . Cavite ................................. .
117
778 28 970 164 ................... ....................
Cebu .................................. . Cotabato ............................... . Davao ................................. . Ilocos Norte ............................ . Ilocos Sur ............................. .
26 1 40 247 5
Iloilo .................................. . Isabela ................................. . Laguna ................................ . Lanao ................................. . La Union .............................. .
13 6 2 16
Leyte .................................. . Marinduque ............................ . Masbate ................................ . Mindoro ............................... . Mountain Province ...................... .
315
....................
12 58 1,152 20 4,393
31 12 190 16 478 49 47 1 85 426 9 5
I····· .. ~~~
12 26 65 40 157 3 524 58 136
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Location' of mineral claims filed 1902-1932-Co:ntinued Province
Lode
Nueva Ecija .......................... . Nueva Vizcaya ......................... . Occidental Misamis ..................... . Oriental Misamis ...................... . Oriental Negros ....................... . Occidental N egros ...................... . Palawan ............................... . Pampanga .................... . ........ . Pangasinan .................... . ....... . Rizal .................. .' ...... . ........ . Romblon ............................... . Samar ................................. . Sorsogon .............. . ... . ...... . ..... . Sulu ................. .. ................ . Surigao ......................... .. ..... .
Placer
Number 106 66
Number 359 1
61
132
.
............... ................. .
..
........... .......... . 56 3 1 .................... 411 432 8 238
...................
....................
I······· ·s·
....................
8 3 3
1 .................... 59 585
Tarlac ................................. . Tayabas ................ . ....... . ...... . Zambales .............................. . Zamboanga ............................ .
4 171 130 27
10 2,079 40 8
Total .............................. .
9,360
7,206
Number of pate.n ts, permits, and leases for mineral lands in force on December 31, 1932, and area covered thereby. Lode patents ............................ . Placer patents .......................... . Coal patents ............................ . Coal revocable permits ................... . Coal leases .............................. . First-class Spanish concessions ........... .
316
Number 138 20 8 35 3 481
Hectares 1,076 467 338 138 2,652 3,964
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Output of mineral products, 1931 Product Metallic: Cast iron ............................ . ........ . Gold .......................................... . Silver 1 . . . • . • . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . Total
Value P31,138 7,524,867 69,463 7,625,468
Nonmetallic: Cement ........................................ . Clay products 2 ••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• Coal .................... . .................. . .. . Guano and phosphate rock . . .................... . Lime .......................................... . Mineral waters . . ........... . ................. . Salt 3 •••.•••••••••••.•••••• • •••••.••••••••.•••• Sand, gravel, and crushed rock ................. . Siliceous materials stone, building and ornamental ..
2,882,916 352,322 271,462 5,166 353,284 179,882 362,345 3,805,283 49,713
Total .......• . ................. . ...........
8,262,373
Grand total ............................... .
15,887,841
1 2
3
By-product from gold bullion. Includes pottery, brick and tiles. From evaporation of natural brines and ocean waters.
317
....00
co
..
.
~
.
.
Abra .......................... Agusan ........................................... Albay ......................... Antique ........................................... Bataan ........................ Batanes ............................................ .. Batangas ...................... Bohol ................................................ .. Bukidnon ...................... Bulacan .............................................. Cagayan .......................................... .. Camarines Norte ............... Camarines Sur ............ . .................. Capiz .................................................. Cavite ......................... Cebu .......................... Cotabato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Davao ......................... Ilocos Norte ................... Ilocos Sur ..................... Iloilo .......................... Isabela ........................
Provinces
..........
36 3,987 18 2,583 11,043 1,017
.... .......... . .............. .
:. 0 : _" .. ........
;
~
~;
6 ., 287 .. .............. 18 191 15 .............. .. 13
.... . ........ .
.............. . ...............
............... .
128 1,528 120 .............. . 104
................
48 2,296
. .............. . .............. . .............
.............
.. ..............
~- '"
.,:,;.:..:::. :.,: .. >.....
./
/
1,040 848 328
70,677 495 585
130 106 41
Placer Area in No. hectares
............ .
10 730 2 305 1,418 128
.............. ..
.. .............. .............. .. .............. . ................
7,983 161 106
No.
84 6,283 18 2,711 12,571 1,137
................
. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
. ..............
71,717 1,343 913
Total Area in hectares
30
162 3,283 19,106 318
18 365 2,133
36
........
16 728
48
....... .
2 91
6
162 3,267 18,378
270
33
....... . ....... . ....... . ....... . ....... . . .......
18 363 2,042
180
.............. ..
........ 284 ....... . ....... . ........ . ....... ....... . ........
4 443 2 287 1,227 113 .............. . 20
.............. . . . .......... . .............. . .............. .. .. ..............
7,853 55 65
No.
Lode Area in hectares
Location of Mining Claims, 1933 t;tj
t;tj UJ
Z
~
'"d '"d
~
t-t
~
p::
'"d
t:z:j
p::
~
I-%j
0
>
~
t:::1
t;tj
'"d
t-t 0
(':)
~
(':)
Z
....
~
~
Laguna ........................ Lanao .......................... La Union ..................... Leyte ................................................ . Marinduque .................................... . Masbate ....................... Mindoro ....................... Occidental Misamis ...................... . Oriental Misamis ............... Mountain ...................... Bontoc ....................................... Benguet ................... Nueva Ecija ................................... Nueva Vizcaya ................ Occidental N egros .......................... Oriental N egros .............................. Palawan ........................ !" ........... .. Pampanga ..................... Pangasinan .................... Rizal .......................... Romblon ............................. Samar ........................ Sorsogon ...................... Sulu .......................... Surigao ....................... Tarlac ........................ Tayabas ....................... 26,820 10,782
110,~01
. ....... . ....... . ....... 855
. ....... . ....... . .......
95
........ . .......
. ....... ........
9 2,034 30,600 3,789 72
.. . .... ........ ..... _.. ..............
.
1 226 3,400 421 8
.............. ..
5,276 12,289 2,980 1,198 ............. .
................
..............
2,688 64 64 5
336 1 1 1
76
608
. ....... . ....... . ....... .. .......
.. ..............
................
. ....... . ....... . ....... . .......
. ..............
.. ..............
.. ..............
. ..............
.. ..............
47,508 112,553 28,164 10,782
. ..............
..
..
242 248 7,974 207 ............. 36 2,640 ............. 3,140
855 608
. ....... . .......
. ....... . .......
95 76
9 2,034 33,288 3,853 136 5
1 226 3,736 422 9 1
. ....... . .......
.. .............. .. ..............
5,279 12,533 3,148 1,198
. ..............
364
..
1,088 ............. .. 24 1,952 1,344 . .............
. ..............
.. ..............
0路
............ . .
.~
.
136 .. ............. 3 244 168
840
105 . ..............
................
2,052 ............. 47,484
. ..............
.. ..............
.. ..............
...............
228
4 200
.............. ..
790 23
27 31 898 23 .............. 4 305
.. ..............
.. ..............
................ .. ..............
.. ..............
8 248 864
1 31 108
234 ................ 7,110 207 ................ 36 1,800
26
............ .
~
~
~
~ U1
t:!
~
Z
t:!
Z
>
t:t.1
l.:l
~
t:t.1
0 ~ ~
l.:l
o
to.:)
CI:I
17,909
2,227
9
364,590
40,510
Total .................... .
136 744
17 93
7,398
Zambales Zamboanga ................... .
Placer Area in No. hectares
822 1
No.
Province
A1'ea in hectares
Lode
Location of Mining Claims, 1933-Continued
42,737
382,499
7,534 753
Total Area in hecta1'es
839 94
No.
t.%j
t.%j U1
Z
~
1-0 1-0
~
~
::r:
1-0
t-:3
::r: t.%j
~
o
>
~
t:1
t.%j
1-0
o
t"'I
Q ~ Q
Z
~
t¢
CI:I
••••••••
0
°. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Abra ....................................... . Agusan .................................... . Albay ...................................... . Antique .................................... . Bataan ..................................... . Batanes .................................... . Batangas ................................... . Bohol ...................................... . Bukidnon - .................................... . Bulacan ..................................... . Cagayan ................................... . Camarines Norte ............................ . Camarines Sur .............................. . Capiz ...................................... . Cavite ..................................... . Cebu ....................................... . Cotabato· ................................... . Davao ..................................... . .Iloco·s Norte ................................ . llocos Sur .................................. . Iloilo ...................... '" . '" .......... . Isabela ..................................... . Laguna -
87
32
465
24 2 2 7 9
1
3
3
1 11
1
6
7 3
35 1 4 108
3
........
"
10 730 2 305 1,418 128
7,983 161 106
1933
14
........
1
.........
36 27
18 365 2,133
........ 33 ....... . .. .....
...... . ........
2
15
11
........ 29 76
2 4
1
22
........
1932
........ ........
1 2
33
1 1
1931
54
1930
3 5
1929
Mining Locations, by Provinces, 1920-1933
...---------------------------~--~--~~~-....-.--..-
-
~
~
t-3
UJ
~
t::1
Z
1-1
t::1
> Z
t::z:j
o
t::z:j ~
~ ~
o
o
~
t-:l t-:l
Lanao ...................................... . La Union .................................. . Leyte ...................................... . Marinduque ................................ . Masbate .................................... . Mindoro ........................ , ........... , Mountain Province .......................... : Nueva Ecij a ............................... . Nueva Vizcaya ............................ . Occidental Misamis ......................... . Occidental N egros ........................... . Oriental Misamis ........................... . Oriental N egros ............................ . Palawan ................................... . Pampanga .................................. . Pangasinan ................................. . Rizal ....................................... . Romblon .................................... . Samar ..................................... . Sorsogon ................................... . Sulu ....................................... . Surigao .................................... . Tarlac ..................................... . Tayabas .................................... .
1929
2
3 1
14
1
5 94 31
4 -3.
..
,
"
4
305 17,812 3,148 1,198 3
........
31 898 23
1933
5
t:tj
3 1
1 1
1
.......
95 76
........
. .......
.
I-d
226 3,736 422 9 1 1 136 16 29 3 2
t.%j r/J
Z
H
I-d I-d
::r.1 H t:"' I H
t:tj
~
::r.1
....... . ....... . . ....... ....... . ........ ........
~
0
>
t:l H
t:tj
I-d
t:"'I 0
0
t-<
0
Z
364
........ ........ ........ . .......
538 38 66
1932
2
3
35 12 503 23
1931
20 1
30
3
17 10 3 112
...
1930
Mining Locations, by Provinces, 1920-1933-Continued
~
t¢
~
671 423 779
2
1
7
1
5
1,011
.. ..............
42,737
94
839
Since the enactment of the Act of Congress of July 1, 1902, governing the location of mmmg claims up to December 31, 1933, a total of 59,303 mining claims have been located in the Philippine Islands.
Total .........................•..............
Zambales ............................•....... ........... Zamboanga .................................. ., ......................... ............. .
>
~
~
~
If.J
~
t:::1
Z
1-4
t::;
Z
t.:tj
Ci
.t.:tj ~
~ ~
Ci
o
LABOR
Statement of the number of workpeople employed in industrial and commercial establishments in the City of Manila inspected by the Bureau of Labor duritng 1932
1
Number of wage earners Minors
Total
Percentage
14
17,648 12,579 4,644 2,349 963 723 403 313 285
44.22 31.52 11.64 05.89 02.41 01.81 01.00 00.79 00.72
14
39,907
100.00
Adults
Daily wages
Male
I Female
PESOS
U)O 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.100 4.50 4.50
and and and and and and and and and
under ..... under ... . under .. under under .... under under ... . under ... . over ......
10,898 11,211 4,537 2,330 951 720 396 310 281
6,736 1,368 107 19 12 3 7 3 4
.........
1\ 31,634
8,259
.... ., ....
Total
........ . ....... . ....... . ....... . ........ . ....... ........ ........
Statement of the number of workp'eople employed in industrial and commercial establishments in the provinces inspected by the. Bureau of Labor during 1932
1
Number of wage earners
I
Male
Minors
I
PESOS
and and and and and and and and and
under under under under under under under under over
.....
.... .... ... . . . .. ... . ... . ... .
.....
'0
12,924 6,290 1,759 1,247 820 516 202 175 140
Total
Female
\ .
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 4.50
Percentage
Adults
Daily wages
149 19
. ....... 2
........ \ . .......
13,073 6,309 1,759 .. 路 .... 路1 ........ 1,249 .. ........ 820 1 516 202 .......... 175 ......... 140
........ . ....... ........ ....... .
.......... . ........ .
\
........
53.93 26.02 07.26 05.15 03.38 02.13 00.83 00.72 00.58
100.00 170 ........... 24,243 24,073 Total .......... . Com'p iled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor. 324
1
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Estimated number of unemployed agricultural and industrial laborers in the Philippine Islands compiled from data reported to the Bureau of Labor by the municipal presidents during 1932, by provinces 1
Province
Abra ............... Agusan ........... Albay ............... Antique .......... . Bataan ........... Batanes . ' " ......,~~ Batangas .......... Bohol ............. . Bukidnon .......... Bulacan ............ Cagayan ......... . Camarines Norte .. Camarines Sur .... Capiz ............ . Cavite ............
.
Cebu ............. Cotabato .......... Davao ............ Ilocos Norte ....... Ilocos Sur ........
Iloilo ............. Isabela ............ Laguna ............ Lanao ............. La Union ........ 1
Number of municipalities not reporting
Numberof municipalities reporting
2 1 3 3 2
16 4 21 10 10
2 9 5 9
4 17 31 4 14
4 2 10 3 3
20 7 21 24 17
8
3 1 3
44 1 4 17 24
8 2 9 1 1
29 13 2.0 2 13
1\
..........
. .......
I
Unemployed laberers Agricultural
Total
9,565 1,582 23,377 12,492 4,282
Industrial
7,998 1,125 14,527 5,887 949
1,567 457 8,850 6,605 3,333
....... . ....... . ......... 2,727 7,245
1,312 2,810
1,415 4,435
8,395
5,045
3,350
4,324 2,785 4,728 26,715 8,644
1,702 729 3,005 21,567 6,280
2,622 2,056 1,723 5,148 2,364
....... . ....... . .. ........
1
62,768
1
40,399
1
• ••••••• 1 ••••••••
498 4,305 16,393
2,2981 1,800 18,220 13,915 21,636 5,243 9,537 50 11,371 1,068 2,481
5,023 50 6,807 150 2,171
22,369
. .......
II······· . 4,514
1
I
4,564 918 310
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor.
325
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Estimated number of unemployed agricultural and itndustrxal laborers in the Philippine Is'lands compiled from data reported to the Bureau of Labor by the municipal presidents during 1932, by provinces 1-Continued
~~~f I
Number of .. munici- mUnIClpaliti" paHlie, not rereportporting ing
I
Province
Leyte ......... . ... Manila ~ ...... . .. Marinduque ... . ... Masbate ...... . ... Mindoro ....... . ...
..
Nueva Vizcaya .. . Palawan ...... . .. . Pampanga .... . .. . Pangasinan .... . ... Rizal ........ . . ... Romblon ...... Samar ........ Sorsogon ...... Sulu .......... Surigao .......
. ... . .. . . ... . . .. . ...
Tarlac ........ Tayabas ....... Zambales ...... Zamboanga ....
.., . . .. . . .. . . .. .
Total . . . . .. . 1
Il-
I~
3,325 1,800 3,306
2,319 8,244 12,677 11,003 23,632
1,889 6,077 8,659 8,190 17,400
430 2,167 4,018 2,813 6,232
4 8 17 35 14
534 2,732 13,496 29,040 7,462
............... 1,210 4,993 18,523 2,700
9 27 12 1 12
7,949 13,517 19,884 198 16,340
16 25 11 5 713
1 4
6 7 13
6 3 5 5 5
4 8 21 19 22
2
.............. 4 11 13 1 1,0 4
.
............ 7
1 5 2 1 --201
Agricul- Industrial tural 11,655 2,811 2,211 2,732 821
30 .. .............
.. ..............
1\
Total
17,499 2,811 5,536 4,532 4,127
17
. ..... ,. ....
Misamis Occidenta,I . Misamis Oriental .. Negros OccidentaI N egros Oriental Nueva Ecij a ... ...
Unemployed laborers
5,844 . ..............
I
I (
534 1,522 8,503 10,517 4,762
2,700 6,307 6,230 83 4,237
5,249 7,210 13,654 115 12,103
13,204 6,516 4,475 5,046
6,561 4,250 1,250 1,581
6,643 2,266 3,225 3,465
479,063
265,609
213,454
ComDiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor. Taken from reports of the Presidents of labor unions.
326
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Average daily rate of wages for common laborers in public works 1 Province Abra ............... . Agusan ............ . Albay .............. . Antique ............ . Baguio ............. . Bataan ............ . Batanes ............ . Batangas ........... . Benguet ............ . Bohol .............. . Bukidnon ....... . .. . Bulacan ............ . Cagayan ........... . Camarines Norte ... . Camarines Sur ..... . Capiz .............. . Cavite .............. . Cebu .............. . Cotabato ........... . Davao ............. . Ilocos Norte ....... . Ilocos Sur ......... . Iloilo .............. . Isabela ............ . Laguna .... . .. . .... . Lanao .............. . La Union ... . ...... .
1931
III
Province
1931
I
PO.35 I Leyte ............. . 0.90 I Manila ............ . 0.80 I Marinduque ........ . 0.65 I 0.90 II Masbate ........... . Mindoro ........... . 1.00 ,I Mountain Province .. Nueva Ecija ....... . 0.50 Nueva Vizcaya .... . 1.10 0.78 , Occidental N egros .. 0.70 I Oriental N egros .... 0.70 I Oriental Misamis '" ........ I Occidental Misamis 0.80 I Palawan .......... . 0.85 I 1.00 II Pampanga . ....... . II Pangasinan ........ . 0.75 I Rizal .............. . 1.10 I Romblon ... . ....... . 0.70 I Samar ............ . 0.75 I 1.20 I Sorsogon .......... . Sulu .............. . 1.20 I Surigao ........... . 0.75 I Tarlac ............ . 0.90 I Tayabas ... . ....... . 0.90 I 1.00 I Zambales ...... . ... . Zamboanga .. .. .... . 0.95 I Average ... ... .. . 0.70
0.70 1.79 0.80 0.85 1.10 0.60 0.85 0.75 0.75 0.53 0.70 0.85 0.75 0.90 0.90 1.10 0.90 0.83 0.70 0.83 0.83 0.75 1.050.9(} 1.13 PO.86路
I 1
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor.
327
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Statement of the number of industrial accidents reported to the Bureau of Labor from January 1 to December 31, 1932, by industry 1
Industry
Land and water transportations, wharfs, etc. . .. . Oils, fats, etc. . .......... . Metal works, etc. . ....... . Mining, quarrying and other stone works, etc. Food, drinks, tobacco, etc., manufacturing and distribution ............. . Textiles, clothings, hats, shoes and leather goods, etc. . Building and engineering constructions, etc. . ...... . Books, printing, publishing, etc................... . Wood, furniture, sawmills and lumber yards, etc. . .... Miscellaneous and general labor ................ . Government activities: Insular .............. . Municipal ............ . Grand total ...... .
Total accident cases
Victims D.,e_g_r_e_e_o_f,l_路n_j_u_ry-----.__ P.D. ' P.P.D. , P.T.D. ~
1_ _ _
1
650
8
25
628 51 25
400
374
7
54
14
.......
3
19
....... 1
I
1
501
449
15
14
1
....... 1....
95
78
5
.......
7
7
169
149
45
40
105 57 2,123
24 ....... 1 28 1
I
.............. 1 . .
12 ..
1
6 ....... 1 14 .............. 1
5
1
73
2
....... 1 30
_5_3 ~~1_4 53 ....... 1 129 1,941 1
1 Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor. NOTE.-P. D.-Partial disability; P. P. D.-Permanent partial disability; P. T. D.-Permanent total disability; F.-Fatal
328
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Emigrants to Haw'aii during the year 1932 1 Males
Province Abra ..................... Batanes .................. Batangas ................. Bohol .................... Cagayan .................
. . . . .
La Union ................. Leyte ..................... Negros Oriental ........... Nueva Ecija ............... Pampanga .................
i ...... :.\ 2
1 4
6
1
7
1\
1
5
4~ ~
Cebu ..................... . Ilocos Norte .............. . !locos Sur ................ . Iloilo ..................... . Isabela ................... .
I
I Females \ Minors 1 ~ _T_o_ta_l_
1 4 1 2
11 1
2 17
10
4
....... .
2~ 1~\ I...... ~ .I ...... ~. \
20 90
13 5 1
1. . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . 1
1
...... ~ .1 ...... ~.I 2 I 1
2 3
10 1 8 5 2
. ....... ....... .
Pangasinan ................. Tarlac ............... .....
14 1
2 2
2 2
18 5
Total ................. .
97
58
58
213
Emigrants retwrning !?路om Hawaii to the Philippines during 1932 1 Province
Males )
Abra ..................... . Albay .................... . Antique .................. . Bataan ................... . Batanes .................. .
175 12 16 7
10
Batangas ................. . Bohol .................... . Bulacan .................. . Cagayan .................. . Camarines Norte ......... .
122 20
Camarines Sur ........... . Capiz .................... . 1
Femalesl_M_i_n_or_s_I,I~__T_o_t_a l_
~
3 4 3
2 \
17 10 10 ....... . 5 72
95 5
6 22 2 2 1
19 34
4 9
29 21
9
8 1 4
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor.
329
178 36
29 21 13 20 216 30 98
10 43 64
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Emigrants returning from Hawaii to the Philippines during 1932 l-Continued Province
Males
!Females/ Minors / I
, 11 376 1,659
Cavite ..... . Cebu ...... . ............................. Ilocos Norte ................. .o
...................
Ilocos. Sur .. .................. Iloilo .................... Isabela .... . ................. Laguna ... . ................. Lanao ..... . ................. La Union .. . .................... Leyte ...... . ................... Manila .... . ...... . .......... Marinduque. ................. Mindoro .... ......... ....••.•
" I
, 5 213 69
9 636 150
798 13 52 6 51 .. ......... 16 1 4 1
30 15
434 163 18 5 57
,--Total
I
,...... i
2
25 1,225 1,878
841 73 51 18 7
l I
7 23 6
24 60 20
. ........... .......... .. . .............. .............. ..
465 246 44 5 57
Misamis .... ............... . .... . .... N egros Occidental ................ Negros Oriental ................... Nueva Ecija ...................... Nueva Vi~caya .................
13 24 27,0 75 4
3 5 56 3 1
9 16 169 7 3
25 45 495 85 8
Pampanga .. .................. .. Pangasinan . ................ . Rizal ...... . ........................ Romblon ... . ...................... Samar ..... . ................ .
89 1,057 15 8 51
5 14 8 3
22 27 22 4 10
116 1,098 45 15 64
Sorsogon ... . ............... . Surigao .... . .................. . Tarlac ..... . ................. . Tayabas .... . ................... . Zambales ... . .................. .
3
,
Zamboanga . . ............. .
18
1
'" ..............
6,211
516
Total
15 7 363 20 42
4 1 10 7 ............. . . ............ 11 3 349 6 I 2 12 1 41 . .......
. ....... 1,428
19 8,155
lCo111piled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor.
330
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Statement of the number of Japanese immigrants landed in the Port of Davao as per reports of the Collector of Customs of Davao, by months 1 N umber of immigrants duringMonth
1929 January ...................... February ..................... March ........................... April ............................... May ......... ,. .................... June .......................... July ........................ August ......................... September ...................... October ...................... November .................. December ........................ Total
73 69 97 152 162 1 40,0 226 56 515 283 352
................... I 2,386 I
1930
I I
174 I 167 69 341 256 149 220 159 164 101 87 108 1,995
1931 75 50 25 135 55 25 81 61 25 63 33 44 672
1932 22 12 12 28 12 25 14 20 35
I \
...... ~~
I
243
I
Imrnigration of Chinese through the port of M'anila during the past three yeGJrs 1 [Source: Bureau of Customs] Month January ........................... . February .......................... . March ............................ . April . . ........................... . May .............................. . June . .................. . .......... . July .............................. . August .................. . ........ . September .................... . ... . October ............... . ........... . November . ... .. .. .. ............... . Decen1ber ......................... .
1
1931
567 211 1,517 924 879 ~ 554 678 386 472 690 739 ~ 526
420 116 401 503 655 ~ 560 399 3m 370 587 529 459
8,143
Total
~
1930
I
5,300
1932 501 120 534 435 366 340 187 315 769 694 897 905
I
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor. Including all other ports.
331
6,064
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Philippine Civil Service.-Regular and permanent personnel, 1928-1.932 1 Officers and employees Year
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... Year
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Americans
....... I ....... ....... ...... . .......
494 471 456 446 427
I
Filipinos
I
I
Total
19,606 20,332 21,248 21,720 21,823
I
20,100 20,803 21,704 22,166 22,250
Salaries paid
Average salaries
I
Americans \ Filipinos
Americans
Filipinos
I
P4,298.25 4,471.75 4,502.,06 4,418.64 4,342.00
P2,123,335 ) P25,080,081 26,105,899 2,106,192 27,384,803 2,052,938 1,968, 517 1 27,915,197 27,935,494 1,854,056
P1,279.20 1,283.98 1,241.75 1,285.09 1,280.00
Philippilne Civil Service-Temporary personnel, 1928-1932 1 Clerical position Filipinos
Americans
Year
I
Number 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. .............. .............. ..............
I
...............
\
3 4 4 3 2
Salaries P10,000 14,000 14,0.00 10,000 8,000
I
I
Number 436 400 495 591 459
1
Salaries P270,418 259,594 291,358 320,562 248,361
I
1 Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Civil Service.
332
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Philippine CivU Service-Temporary personnel, 1928-1932 1-Continued Unclassified and non-clerical Americans
Year
Number 1928 ............ 1929 .................. 1930 ............. 1931 ............... 1932 .............
111 114 108 90 55
I I
Filipinos
Salaries P346,369 406,949 419,969 338,804 205,940
Number
I
I
I
6,484 7,000 7,108 6,986 6,690
Salaries P6,056,682 6,517,830 6,734,667 6,558,053 6,182,834
Total Year ~-
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1
\
\
\, \,\-, \
_................. . ............. . ................................. . ............... , ................ . ................................. . ................................. .
I
Number
I
Salaries
7,034 7,518 7,715 7,670 7,206
I I
P6,683,469 7,198,373 7,459,994 7,227,419 6,645,135
I
Compiled from annual reports of the Bureau of Civil Service.
Laborers
Number unemployed .................... . Wage (average daily) .................â&#x20AC;˘ Emigration To Hawaii ......................... . From Hawaii ...................... . Agricultural laborers ..... .â&#x20AC;˘.............
333
1932
1933
610,319 PO.80
853,665 PO.50
213 8,155 1,470,919,
69 4,138 1,525,683
"""
~ ~
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
t%j
~
o
:x:-
t::1 1-1
t%j
'"d
o
t'"I
('1
~
('1
Z
1
Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Civil Service.
t%j UJ
Z
~
t:
Total Fo-r promotion or transfer For original appointment t-3 Per cent Per cent Per cent ~ Examined Passed passed Examined Passed passed Examined Passed passed - t%j '"d 26 14,663 3,848 446 22 3,402 27 2,039 ............ 12,624 ~ 4,492 30 28 15,067 625 3,867 30 2,250 ............ 12,817 1-1 2,154 22 9,812 1,197 240 20 1,914 22 ............ 8,615 26 3,341 855 '"d 18 27 428 75 ............ 2,913 780 '"d 22 653 2,955 20 327 122 37 2,628 531 ........â&#x20AC;˘...
Philippine Civil Service-Summary of Educational Examinations HeW, 1929-1933 1
Year 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Classified clerical positions Unclassified and non-clerical Filipinos Total Ame1'icans Filipinos Americans Number Sala1'ies Number Salaries Numbe1' Salaries Number Salaries Number Salaries P14,000 4 400 P259,594 114 P406,9-49 7,000 P6,517,830 7,518 P7,198,373 7,459,994 6,734,667 7,715 14,000 108 419,969 7,108 4 495 291,358 7,227,419 6,558,053 7,670 338,804 6,986 3 10,000 591 320,562 90~ 6,645,135 6,182,834 7,206 205,940 6,690 8,00.0 459 248,361 55 2 3,216,856 2,768,322 4,828 39 187,404 4,295 2 6,800 492 254,330
Philippine Civil Service-Temporary Personnel, 1929-1933 1
Qt
C¢ c¢
Year 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Year 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Total Number Salaries paid 28,321 1'35,410,464 29,419 36,897,735 37,111,133 29,836 29,456 36,434,685 25,923 28,784,807
1
Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Civil Service.
Officers and e1nployees Salaries paid A verage salaries Americans FililJinos Total Americans Filipinos Americans Filipinos 471 20,332 20,803 1'2,106,192 1'26,105,899 1'4,471.75 1'1,283.98 456 21,248 21,704 2,052,938 27,384,803 4,502.06 1,288.82 446 21,720 22,166 1,968,517 27,915,197 4,413.72 1,285.23 427 21,823 22,250 1,854,056 27,935,494 4,342.05 1,280.09 370 20,725 21,,095 1,429,087 24,138,864 3,862.39 1,164.72
Philippine Civil Service-Regular and Pm'manent Personnel, 1929-1933 1
Regula1' and permanent Temporary Number Salaries paid Numbe'l" Salaries paid ........................... 20,803 7,518 1'7,198,373 '28,212,091 ........................... 21,704 29,437,741 7,715 7,459,994 ........................... 22,166 7,227,419 29,883,714 7,670 ........................... 22,250 29,789,550 1,206 6,645,135 ........................... 21,095 25,567,951 4,828 3,216,856
Philippine Civil Service-Regular, Permanent and Temporary Pe1'sonnel, 1929-1933 1
~
~
~
r.n
tj ~
Z
~
tj
> Z
l?=j
o
t:;j ~
~ ~
o
o
TRADE
Oversea trade of the PhiliJppines, Year 1890 ............. 1900 .............. 1910 ............. 1920 ............. 1932: January ...... February ..... March ........ April ........ May ......... June ......... July ......... August ....... September .... October ...... November .... December ....
Total 1
....
I'
1890~1932 1
Total imports and exports
Imports
Exports
P19,789,636 ) 49,727,558 99,438,722 298,876,565
P26,213,554 45,980,746 81,256,926 302,247,711
P46,003,190 95,7083,04 180,695,648 601,124,276
16,293,852 11,623,287 15,041,963 15,296,838 11,155,515 15,435,205 12,354,118 12,782,422 13,173,954 13,197,510 11,517,604 10,917,902
16,785,617 22,764,188 22,136,318 17,913,465 11,732,810 14,153,430 12,410,731 14,095,590 12,055,437 10,996,386 12,763,167 22,869,022
33,079,469 34,387,475 37,178,281 33.210,303 22,888,325 29,588,635 24,764,849 26,878,012 25,229,391 24,193,896 24,280,771 33,786,924
158,790,170
190,676,161
349,466,331
1932 figures, compiled from annual report, Bureau of Customs.
(
336
COCONUT PLANTATION
NIPA PALM GROVE
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Oversea trade of the Philippines, by countries, 1932 1 Countries
Imports
United States ..... Japan ............ China ............ Germany Great Britain 2 British East Indies Dutch East Indies Australia ......... All other countries 3 Switzerland ...... France Belgium .......... Spain ............ French East Indies Netherlands ....... Canada .......... Japanese-China Hawaii .......... Italy ............. Hongkong ........
........ ...
...........
...
Exports
I
P102,595,499 P165,295,733 12,310,012 5,144,825 11,770,179 1,131,681 6,691,736 1,888,523 6,523,181 2,749,131 3,719,685 439,983 3,344,095 302,971 2,207,639 209,499 1,887,468 1,373,069 1,821,630 13,218 I 1,740,252 1,974,223 1,673,131 394,449 954,641 7,254,764 934,36,0 29,718 756,499 649,451 651,922 223,572 485,202 19,967 376,622 433,621 234,636 539,559 111,779 I 603,204 I
I
I
I I
Total trade P267,891,232 17,454,837 11,901,860 8,580,259 8,272,312 4,159,668 3,647,066 2,417,138 3,260,537 1.834,848 3,714,475 2,067,580 8,209,405 964,078 1,405,950 880,494 505,169 810,243 774,195 714,983
Annual Report, Bureau of Customs. From the year 1925 the value of foreign trade for Ireland is excluded. 3 For total, see preceding table. 1
2
Oversea trade of the Philippines, by ports of entry, 1932 1 Countries Manila ........ . .. Iloilo ............. Cebu .............. Zamboanga ....... Jolo ............. Legaspi 2 ••••••••• Davao 2 •••••••••• 1
2
Imports P138,804,921 7,319,256 11,246,514 371,278 209,862 265,287 573,052
Exports P82,173,594 74,381,125 23,077,021 2,t068,302 74,971 3,829,175 5,071,973
Total trade P220,978,515 81,700,381 34,323,535 2,439,580 284,833 4,094,452 5,645,025
Annual report and monthly statements, Bureau of Customs. Opened as ports of entry, January 1, 1926. 337
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Merchandise imported free of, and 'subject to, duty, 1921-1932
Year
1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.... .... .. , . .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
Free
I I
I \
I
Dutiable
PI51,551,984 97,916,150 102,208,699 124,444,132 142,118,930 145,529,627 146,522,33.0 170,066,406 188,581,294 158,898,810 126,702,036 104;015,707 1
1
P80,125,164 62,479,139 72,790,795 91,577,658 97,346,737 93,068,357 85,150,613 99,247,330 105,739,255 87,287,097 71,655,401 54,774,463
Import duty
Average rate of duty
Per cent 15.95 18.19 18.63 19.31 18.65 18.33 18.73 19.32 19.92 20.44 22.61 30.12
PI2,778,791 11,362,250 13,559,403 17,682,619 18,153,985 17,055,548 15,952,850 19,177,376 21,067,524 17,841,386 16,202,563 16,495,956
I
I
Annual Reports, Bureau of Customs.
Imports of foreign merchandise into the Philippines, 1932 1 Articles Aluminum, and its manufactures ................ Animals: Carabaos .................................... . Cows and other cattle ...................... . All other animals ........................... . Artificial flowers and fruits .................... . Articles, produce, and manufactures of the Philippines returned ...................................... . Artificial leather 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Asbestos, and its manufactures .................. . Blacking, and other shoe dressing ............... . Brass, and its manufactures .................... .
I I\
1932 P168,278 3,606 22,676 5,125 125,624 58,645 75,401 73,192 547,887
1 ComJ,liled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Bureau of Customs. 2 Not separately stated prior to the year 1931.
338
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Imports of foreign merchandise into the Philippines, 1932 1-Continued Articles
1932
Breadstuffs: Bread and biscuits .......................... . Macaroni ................................... . Rice ....................................... . Wheat flour ................................ . All other ................................... . Brooms and brushes ............................. . Buttons, except gold and silver ................... . Candles ......................................... . Cars, other vehicles, parts of, except tires: Automobiles, trucks, and parts of, excluding tires Railway cars ............................... . All other ........ . ....... . .................. . Celluloid ........................................ . Cement ......................................... . Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations .... . All other ................................... . Clocks and watches, and parts of ................ . Coal ........................... . ............... . Coke ........................................... . Cocoa, or cacao, and its manufactures ............ . Coffee, and its preparations ..................... . Combs .......................................... . Confectionery and candies ....................... . Copper, and its manufactures ................... . Cotton, and its manufactures: Cloths ..................................... . All other ................................... . Cork, and its manufactures ...................... . Diamonds, and other precious stones, unset ....... . Earthen, stone, and chinaware ................... . Eggs in natural form ........................... . Electrical machinery, apparatus, and appliances .... . Explosives ...................................... . Fans, not electrical ............................ . Felt, and similar materials for roofing and sheeting .. Fertilizers, chemical and natural ................ .
P402,925 438,821 998,690 4,903,878 268,795 209,283 105,880 15,243 6,623,763 374,512 902,192 30,011 41,870 1,655,928 2,264,115 356,392 1,516,272 59,043 523,,021 1,179,495 278,187 638,383 235,319 20,860,713 12,662,530 30,371 300,860 934,749 1,538,319 4,548,753 626,113 72,840 31,343 2,951,780
1 Compiled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Bureau of Customs.
339
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THg PHILIPPINES Imports of foreign merchevndise into the Philippines, 19321-Continued Articles
1932
Fibers, vegetables, textile grasses, and their manufactures: Bags, empty ................................ . Burlaps and bagging ....................... . All other ................................... . Fish and fish products: Salmon, canned ............................. . Sardines, canned ........................... . All other ................. . ................. . Flavoring extracts .............................. . Fodder ................ . ........................ . Fruits and nuts ........ . ...â&#x20AC;˘... . ................ Fruit juice, and all similar non-alcoholic beverages .. Furniture of metal ............................. . Gelatins, albumens, ".isinglass, and their manufactures Glass and glassware .......... . . . . '\' ............. . Glue ........................ . .................. . Gold, platinum and silver manufactures .......... . Grease ......................................... . Hair ........................................... . Hats and caps .................................. . Hay ............................................ . Hides and skins ................................. . Honey .......................................... . Hops ........................................... . Horn and bone manufactures .................... . Household and personal effects of settlers and returning residents ................................. . India-rubber, and its manufactures: Tires, automobile ............................ . All other ..â&#x20AC;˘................................. Ink ............................................ . Instruments and apparatus: Motion-picture films ......................... . All other ................................... . Iron and steel, and their manufactures: Bars, or rods of steel ...................... . Railway track materials .................... . Corrugated roofing .......................... . Agricultural implements ..................... . Machinery, machines, and parts of ........... .
P967,188 2,221,351 673,650 248,051 760,583 829,336 56,170 14,627 2,467,972 71,952 233,856 51,490 1,049,750 5,0,697 212,190 183,369 52,861 215,419 2,292 7,862 4,951 13,981 10,636 313,554 1,434,813 782,516 131,650 476,007 927,448 608,283 295,612 2,083,942 253,150 7,010,839
1 Compiled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Bureau of Customs.
340
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Imports of foreign merchandise into the Philippines, 1932 I-Continued Articles
1932
Iron and steel, and their manufactures-Continued. Pipes and fittings .......................... . All other ............... ..................... . Lamps, chandeliers, etc., and parts of, except electric Lead, and its manufactures ...................... . Leather, and its manufactures .................. . Malt ........................................... . Matches ........................................ . Meat and dairy products: Meat productsBeef, fresh, or frozen .................. . Hams and shoulders ..... . .............. . Lard ................................... . All other ............................... . Dairy products Butter and cheese ...................... . Milk ................................... . Metals, and metal composition, and its manufactures Musical instruments, parts of, and accessories .... . Oilcloths ........ " ....................... . ...... . Oils . MineralsCrude ...............â&#x20AC;˘................... Illuminating ............................ . Gasoline, and other motor spirits ......... . Lubricating ............................ . Vegetable ................................... . All other .................................. . Paints, pigments, and varnishes ................. . Paper, and its manufactures: Books, and other printed matter .............. . All other ................................... . Pencils ......................................... . Perfumery, and other toilet preparations .......... . Photographic equipments and supplies ........... . Platedware, gold and silver ...................... . Salt ............................................ . Sanitary appliances ............................. . Seeds ........................................... . Shells, and its manufactures ..................... . Silk, and its manufactures ...................... .
P459,463 9,266,285 240,833 147,920 1,818,559 95,395 392,861 400,802 773,524 601,384 1,149,524 785,831 4,417,189 92,473 280,337 180,744 3,554,931 2,272,457 5,831,565 1,655,164 771,923 488,467 1,155,193 1,892,547 3,636,786 142,643 1,313,670 410,780 183,910 15,500 281,515 64,069 2,078 4,901,256
1 Compiled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Bureau of Customs.
341
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Imports of foreign merchandise into the Philippines, 1932 l-Continued Articles
1932
Soap ................... . ....................... . Spices ........................... . ..... . ........ . Spirits, wines and liquors ....................... . Sporting goods .... . ............................ . Star ch ......................................... . Stones, natural and artificial ..................... . Straw, rushes, and palm leaf manufactures ....... . Sugar and molasses ..................... . ....... . Tea ......... . .............. . . . ................. . Tin, and its manufactures .... . . . ................ . Tobacco, and its manufactures: Cigarettes .......... . ....... . ............... . Chewing tobacco ........... . ................ . Leaf ..... . ... . ......... . ................... . All other ...... . .. . ... . .......... . . . .. ... ... . Toys ............ . ...... . .... . .................. . Trinkets ....... . ............. . .................. . Trunks, traveling bags, and valises ............... . Turpentine, spirits of .. . .. .. ..................... . Umbrellas路 and parasols, and parts of ............. . Vegetables ...................................... . Vessels, parts of, and equipment for .............. . Vinegar .................... . ......... . ......... . Wax ...... . ................... . ................ . Wood, and its manufactures ..................... . Wool, and its manufactures . . ................... . Zinc, and its manufactures ..................... . All other ....................................... .
3,890,449 607,443 815,334 72,916 264,739 86,054 151,879 12,985 115,662 3,102,493 119,261 13,647 476,261 842,572 758,836 41,016 281,007
Grand total imports .................... .
158,790,170
P869,119 65,856 806,099 296,392 444,543 90,890 94,860 204,954 135,3,01 73,153
1 Compiled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Burea.u of Customs.
342
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Principal Philitppine imports
1
COTTON GOODS
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(--) imports over preceding year
Per capita
Year
P er cent
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
1.331 4.66 3.73 4.46 4.20 2.82 2.45 2.45
Imported from--
I
I ,:.
:
15 24 20 20 18 15 17 21
............ + 2 -18 +22 -4 -32 -11 + 2 1932
Value
United States ....................... . Japan ............................... . Great Britain ................ . ....... . China ............................. . . . Switzerland . . ........................ . France ............................... . Germany ............................. . British East Indies ................... . Belgium ............................. . Netherlands .......................... . Other countries ..................... .
P21,147,596 6,112,823 2,240,329 2,030,425 1,171,386 470,002 165,772 82,610 31,992 30,664 39,644
Total ....................... . .
33,523,243
1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
343
I Percent
~
I I
63.08 18.23 6.68 6.06 3.49 1.40 .49 .25 .10 .09 .13 100.00
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Princip'al Philippine imports 1-Continued IRON AND STEEL AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF
Value
Year
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
................... ..
.......................... ............ . ............. ..........................
........................... ............................
....................... . . .......... .. .......... . ....
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(-) over preimports ceding year
Per capita
Pesos 4,259,020 27,041,520 30,855,639 40,296,562 43,812,331 38,559,138 26,729,765 19,977,574
r
I
0.56 2.23 2.50 3.20 3.41 2.94 1.99 1.46
I
Per cent
.....................
6 11 13 15 15 16 13 13
-3 +14 +31 + 9 -12 -13 -25 1932
Imported from-
JrI
Value
I
Per cent
United States ............1.. .t-• ••• • ••••• Germany ............................ . Great Britain ....................... . Belgium ............................. . Japan ............................... . Sweden .............................. . China ................................ . Dutch East Indies ................... . Norway .............................. . Switzerland .......................... . Other countries ...................... .
I P14,668,250 2,207,111 1,077,349 953,696 496,193 127,793 107,559 94,098 42,060 31,063 172,402
73.42 11.05 5.39 4.77 2.48 .64 .54 .47 .21 .16 .87
Total ...•.....................
19,977,574
100,,00
1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
344
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philitppine imports I-Continued MINERAL OILS
Year
Per capita
Value
I 1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
......................... ............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
............................ ............................ ............................
II
f
I
Pesos 1,252,384 17,656,849 15,405,879 17,608,298 19,838,056 17,921,314 I 18,935,275 1 13,718,021
0.16 1.46 1.25 1.40 1.54 1.37 1.41 1.00
Increase ( + ) cent or of total decrease (-) imports over preceding year
IPer
~ I
!
Per cent
.. .... . ................
7 7 7 7 7 9 9
+ 2 -13 +14 +13 -10 + 6 -28
1932
Imported from-
~lu-e---:--P-e-r-cen-t-
I
United States ........... . .. . . . ....... . Dutch East Indies ................... . Other countries ......................â&#x20AC;˘ Total
P11,673,954 2,028,265 15,802
85.10 14.79 .11
13,718,021
100.00
MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS Year
Value
I
Per capita
I 1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1
.................... . ...... ............................ ...... . ....................
............................ ............................ ............ . .... . ........ ............................
............................
I
Pesos 1,934,026 11,910,837 12,418,212 13,346,159 13,787,160 11,259,879 12,150,885 8,128,254
0.25 .98 1.00 1.06 1.07 .86 .91 .6.0
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. 345
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(-) over preimports ceding year
I
3 5 5 5 5 5 6 5
I. ~.e~. ~~~~
.. +9 + 4 + 7 + 3 -18 + 8 -33
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Principal Philippine imports I-Continued MEAT AND DAIRY PRODUCTS-Continued 1932
Imported from-Value
I Per cent
United States ....................... . China ............................... . Australia ............................ . Netherlands .......................... . Switzerland .......................... . Uruguay ............................. . Argentina ........................... . Denmark ............................. . New Zealand .................. . ...... . Japan ............................... . Other countries ...................... .
P4,695,494 1,208,198 1,142,678 351,400 265,188 102,034 60,024 53,706 53,276 52,003 144,253
57.77 14.86 14.06 4.32 3.26 1.26 .74 .66 .66 .64 1.77
'f . '1••••••
8,128,254
10.0.00
Total ...............
AUTOMOBILES , PARTS OF AND TIRES FOR
-,
Year
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
Value
! i
Per capita
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(--) imports over preceding year
I Pesos 10,444,942 12,479,552 13,292,723 15,271,461 12,362,144 9,030,872 8,058,776
0.86 1.06 1.05 1.19 .94 .67 .59
Annual reIXlrt, Bureau of Customs.
346
5 5
Per cent +13 +19 + 7 +15 -19 -26
5
-11
4 5 5 5
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philippine imports l-Continued AUTOMOBILES, PARTS OF AND TIRES FOR-Continued 1932
Imported from-Value
Per cent "
I I I
United States ......................... P7,879,872 Great Britain ........................ . 78,716 Japan ................................ I 71,883 Canada ............................... 13,862 Germany ............................ . 8,317 Other countries ....................... 6,126
97.78 .98 .89 .17 .10 .08
1-----1
Total ........................ .
8,058,776
100.00
PAPER AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF
Year
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1
Per capita
Value I
I
Pesos
/
896,786 7,016,408 7,654,852 8,257,259 8,454,247 7,808,940 6,516,224 5,529,333
.121 .58/ .62 .66 .66 .60 .49 .40
Annual report, Bureau of CustoIrul.
347
IIncrease ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(--} imports over preceding year 1 / .. 3 3 3 3 3 I 3 3
~.e~. ~~~~+ ..
3
+9 +8 +2
--7 --16 -15
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Principal Phililppine imports I-Continued PAPER AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF-Continued 1932
Imported from--
Value
United States ........................ . Germany ............................ . Japan ............................... . Spain ................................ . France .............................. . Norway ............................. . Sweden .............................. . Netherlands .......................... . China .................... . .......... . Austria .............................. . Othe-r countries ... . ............ . .... .
P3,984,646 384,003 181,787 180,130 173,981 133,931 86,043 57,040 133,964 45,246 168,562
Per cent
I
72.06 6.94 3.29 3.26 3.15 2.42 1.56 1.03 2.42 .82 3.05
5,529,333 \--10-0-.0-0
Total TOBACCO PRODUCTS
Year
..............
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
I
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(--) imports over preceding year
Per capita
Value
Pesos 27,142 4,295,291 5,491,741 6,202,070 6,541,455 5,887,775 5,443,428 5,386,142
I
(a) .35 .44 .49 .50 .44 .40 .39
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. (a) Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
1
348
l
Per cent (a) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
+17 +27 +11 + 5 --9 --7 --1
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Principal Phililppine imports 1-Continued TOBACCO PRODUCTs-Continued 1932
Imported from--
Value
United States ........................ . Dutch East Indies ................... . China ..... ........................... . Other countries ...................... .
Per cent
P5,253,936 20,516 2,484
97.55 2.03 .38 .04
5,386,142
100.00
W9 ,206
Total WHEAT FLOUR
Year
". \ \ 1\
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
............................ ............................ ............................
............................ ............................ ............................ ............................
............................
Value '~
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease(--) imports over preceding year
Per capita
'- ..
,,
1,615,708 9,724,101 9,731,783 10,650,603 10,120,155 8,982,329 6,429,237 4,903,878
I
,I
Pesos .21 .80 .79 .85 .79 .78 .48 .36
I
2 4 4 4 3 4 3 2
I.. ~~~. ~~~~ .. (a)
II
--13
+ 9 --5 --11
--28 --24
1932
Imported from--
Value
Per cent
United States ........................ . Australia ............................ . Canada .............................. . Other countries ...................... .
P3,885,663 550,389 443,843 23,983
79.24 11.22 9.05 .49
Total ........................ .
4,903,878
100.00
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. (a) Less than one-half of 1 per cent.
1
349
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Principal Philippine imports I-Continued SILK (NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL) AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF
Year
Value
...................... .................. .............. ...................
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
............................ ............................ ............................
............................
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease (- ) imports over preceding year
Per capita
Pesos 1,069,636 7,092,855 7,960,729 8,512,739 9,328,442 8,650,820 6,461,561 4,901,256
I
.14 .59 .64 .68 .73 .66 .48 .36
I
2 3 3 3 3 4
i
Per cent
I........... . +26 +12 7 +10 - 7 -25 -24
+
3 3 1932
Imported fromValue United States ....................... . Japan ............................... . China ............................... . Great Britain ........................ . France ............................... . Germany ............................ . Switzerland .......................... . Italy ................................ . Netherlands .......................... . British East Indies .................. . Other countries ...................... . Total ........................ . I
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
350
IPercent I
P1,874,085! 1,794,890 897,591 144,763 I 79,968 I 38,700 30,283 21,651 6,185 4,278 8,862
38.24 36.62 18.31 2.95 1.63 .79 .62 .44 .13 .09 .18
4,901,256
100.00
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philippine imports 1-Continued ELECTRICAL MACHINERY, ApPARATUS AND ApPLIANCES
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Per capita
Year
Value
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
3,408,617 4,911,789 4,370,059 7,460,050 9,742,846 6,972,727 4,548,753
..............
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease ( - ) over preimports ceding year
II
Pesos
I
.26 .38 .34 .58 .74 .52 .33
1 2 2 3 4 4 3
I
Per cent + 4 +44 -11 +71 +31 -28 -35
1932 Imported from-
\ r
Per cent
Value \
'\ \ I II United States ........ .................. China ................................ Germany ................................ Sweden ............................... Japan ................................. Netherlands ........................... Great Britain ......................... Czechoslovakia ......................... Austria ............................... France ................................. Other countries ........................
P3,934,755 213,820 178,945 49,855 48,035 26,928 26,756 13,781 12,597 10,073 33,208
86.50 4.70 3.93 1.10 1.06 .59 .59 .30 .28 .22 .73
.........................
4,548,753
100.00
Total 1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
351
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Exports of domestic merchandise from the Philippines, by articles, 1932 1 Articles
Value
Animals ........................................ . Bonga husks .................................... . Books and other printed matter .................. . Breadstuffs: Rice ........................... . ............ . All other ................................... . Butter, vegetable ..... . ........................ . Cacao, and its manufactures ... . ................. . Cen1ent ...................... . .................. . Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines: Cutch" ......•........... . ... . ................ Glycerine 2 .••••..••. • •.••.••••.•••..•••.•••• All other ................ . .................. . Confectionery and candies ........ . .............. . Copra .............. . .. . ........................ . Copra meal ..........•..... . .... . ................ Copper, and its manufactures (scrap and old) Fibers, vegetables and their manufactures: U nmanufacturedAbaca fibers (Manila hemp) ............. . Buntal fibers ........................... . Canton fibers ........................... . Kapok fibers ........................... . Maguey ................................ . Sisal ................................... . All other unmanufactured fibers ......... . Manufacturers ofCloths (sinamay, pina, etc.) ............. . Clothing, plain 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Cordage ................................ . Embroideries ........................... . Knotted hemp .......................... . Laces ................................... . Thread and twine 2 ••••••••••••••••••••• Table linen 2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• All other manufactures ................. . Fish and fish products: Beche de mer ............................... . Sea-horse 2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
P7,022 824 13,173 28,094 1,265 5,462 2,676 130 400,828 17,898 7,404 6,826 10,266,454 2,107,333 34,938 10,031,204 105,735 214,602 28,786 279,904 382 7,879 5,294 12,725 1,318,093 6,534,088 457,433 1,018 32,692 5,655 12,842 60,428 3,973
1 From the annual repol'ts and monthly statements of the Bureau of Customs. 2 Not separately stated prior to the year 1930.
352
BAMBOO HATS
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Exports of domestic merchxLndise from the Philippines, by articles, 1932 I-Continued Articles
Value
Fish and fish products-Continued Shark fins ................................. . All other fish and fish products ............. . Fruits and nuts: FruitsMango (fresh) ......................... . Pineapple (canned)S .................... . All other fruits ......................... . Nuts and its productsDesiccated and shredded coconuts ........ . PE,lanuts 2 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• All other nuts and nut products .......... . Ginger-aleJ or non-alcoholic beverages ............. . Gold and silver manufactures ................... . Gums and resins: Cop ai, or almaciga ......................... . Elemi ................................. . .. .. Hats: Abaca ..................................... . Bamboo ..................................... . Buntal •...................................... Buri .............................•........... Cotton ...................................... . Straw .....................................•. All other ................................... . Hides and skins: Reptile skins 2 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• All other hides and skins .................... . Household and personal effects of settler and traveler Iron and steel, scrap and old ...................• Lard, vel?'etable ................................. . Leather, and its manufactures, except shoes and slipper Malt liquors .................................... . Meat and dairy products ........................ . Metals and metal composition ................... . Molasses and syrup ............................ .
P641 34,695 109,579 596,969 4,427 3,233,402 1,473 6,394 979 4,052 95,987 41,111 8 930 1,181,036 1,076 61 1,575 2,494
60,772 9,862 290,845 5,736 120,562 7,369 2,970 176 8,823 1,114,420
1 From the annual reports and monthly statements of the Bureau of Customs. 2 Not separately stated prior to the year 1930. S Not separately stated prior to the year 1932.
353
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Exports of domestic merchandise from the Philippines, by articles, 1932 I-Continued Articles
Value
Oils: Coconut ................................... . IlanQ'-ilang ................................. . All other ................................... . Palm leaf manufactures: Mats ....................................... . All other ................................... . Seeds: All other ................. . ................. . Shells: U nmanufacturedGreen snail ............ . ............... . Mother-of-pearls ....... . ................ . Tortoise ........................ ;' ....... . Trocha .... . ............. . .............. . Window ................................ . All other unmanufactured shells .......... . Manufactures of--.J Pearl buttons ........................... . Lampshades, and other shellcrafts ........ . All other manufactures ................. . Scrap and old articles, not elsewhere specified: Rubber ..................................... . All other ................................... . Shoes .......................................... . Silk, and its manufactures: Embroideries ................................ . All other ................................... . Slippers ........................................ . Soap ........................................... . Spirits, distilled alcohol ......................... . Sponges ........................................ . Sugar: Centrifugal ................................. . Raw or muscovado .............. . ........... . Refined .................................... . Tobacco: . Leaf ....................................... . Cigars ..................................... . Cigarettes .................................. . Smoking .................................... .
P15,302,287 13,180 4,649 533 83 1,202 41 4,104 762 6,048 672 13,450 487,334 34,778 13,385 1,690 5,491 13,393 165,561 930 33,027 2,645 58,971 450 110,661,409 11,884 8,930,476 5,644,466 6,462,436 58,859 1,696
1 From the annual reports and monthly statements of the Bureau of Customs.
354
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Exports of domestic merchandise from the Philippines, by articles, 1932 I-Continued Articles
Value
Tobacco--Continued Scrap, stripped fillers, and cigar ends ....... . All other ................................... . Vegetables ..................................... . Wood, and its manufactures: Lumber ..................................... . Timber ..................................... . Rattan and reeds ........................... . Furniture ................................... . Basketware ................................. . Veneers .................................... . All other wood, and its manufactures ......... . All other domestic exports ....................... . Total domestic exports .......................... . Re-exports of foreign merchandise ............... .
925,040 744,410 58 26,542 2,549 8,300 9,594 131,446 189,370,875 1,305,286
GRAND TOTAL EXPORTS ................... .
190,676,161
P619,779 12,882 2.899
I From the annual reports and monthly statements of the Bureau of Customs.
Principal Philippine exports, 1932 I SUGAR
Year
............. . .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 I
Increase ( + ) Per cent or Per of total decrease (- ) capita exports over preceding year
Value
Pesos
Per cent
6,650,463 64,459,268 100,591,919 95;085,879 106,488,298 104,480,451 99,926,210 119,603,769
0.87 5.32 8.14 7.54 8.28 7.96 7.47 8.76
Annual l'eport, Bureau of Customs.
355
10 24 32 31 32 39 48 63
•........•.• -29 +56
-5 +12 -1
-4 +20
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Principal Philippine exports,
1932 l-Continued
SUGAR--Continued 1932 Exported to-Value
Per cent
United States ....................... . Pl19,584,586 Hongkong ........................... . 10,961 Guam ............................... . 7,299 China ............................... . Other countries ..................... . 923 Total
99.98 .01 .01
100.00
119,603,769 COCONUT OIL
Year
Value I'
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Per capita
\
I
I
I
I
I
Pesos
162 .•...... 44,690,433 3.69 49,681,356 4.02 46,978,345 3.73 58,369,883 4.53 38,310,763 2.92 30,070,644 2.25 13,302,287 1.12
I
I:
I
Increase ( + ) or of total decrease (--) exports over preceding year
IPercent
Per cent 16 16 15 18 14 14 8
I
+13 +11 -- 5 +24 --34 --22 --49
I 1932
Exported to-Value United States ........................ . Netherlands .......................... . China •................................ Great Britain ........................ . Dutch East Indies ................... . Other countries ...................... .
P14,671,659 183,172 168,197 109,706 58,024 111,529
Total ............................ .
15,302,287
I Percent 95.88 1.20 1.10 .72 .38 .72 100.00
i 1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. 356
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philippine exports, 19321-Continued TOBACCO PRODUCTS ( +) IPer cent Increase or Per total decrease(-) capita of exports over preceding year
Value
Year
,
................ ................ ...............
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. .............. ................. ................ ...............
Pesos 3,893,750 17,263,163 17,817,331 17,142,873 17,579,888 15,672,771 14,841,675 12,800,118
0.51 /' 1.43 1.44 1.36 1.37 1.19 1.11 .94
6 / 6 6 6 5 5 7 7
.. ~~~. ~~~~ ..
-2
+ +
3 -4 3 -11 -5 -14
1932
Exported toValue
I Per cent
, United States ....................... . Spain ............................... . Japan................................. . Hawall .............................. . China ............................... . Spanish Africa ...................... . French Africa ....................... . British East Indies .................. . France .............................. . Italy ................................ . Other countries ...................... . Total ............................ . 1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
357
P6,486,682 , 50.68 35.42 4,534,395 \ 611,745 4.78 2.23 284,926 1.46 186,871 .85 109,370 98,488 .77 .62 78,732 .17 22,121 364 ......... . 386,424 3.02
t
12,800,118
100.00
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Princip1al Philippine exports, 19321-Continued COPRA
Year
Per capita
Value
1
1
I 7,639,586 37,173,465 I 38,311,481 Pesos
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
45,084,682 31,131,641 26,866,875 18,300,808 10,266,454
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease (-) exports over preceding year
1.00 3.07 3.10 3.58 2.42 2.05 1.37 .75
II
1
Per cent
1
12 I ........... . 14 \ -1-17 12 3 15 +18 9 -31 10 -14 9 -32
+
I
I
5
-44
1932
Exported to-
I
Value United States ........................ . Spain ............................... . France .............................. . Japan ............................... . Netherlands .......................... . Germany ............................ . Other countries ...................... . Total 1
P6,112,133 2,416,()54 1,582,339 147,826 7,498
59.54 23.53 15.41 1.44 .07
604
.01
10,266,454
100.00
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
358
Per cent
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philippine exports, 1932 l-Continued ABACA (MANILA HEMP)
Value
Year
Increase ( + ) Per cent or of total decrease ( - ) exports r ov.er precedmgyear
Per capita
I 1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. .............. .............. ............... .............. .............. .............. ..............
I
Pesos 44,001,176 64,284,076 59,374,258 53,187,212 56,841,100 36,853,352 17,885,813 10,031,204
5.76 5.31 4.81 4.22 4.42 2.81 1.34 .73
I 68 \ .. 23 19 11 17 14 8 5
~~~. ~~~~ ..
- 9 - 7 -10 7 -35 -51 -44
+
1932
Exported Value Japan ....................... . ....... . United States ........................ . Great Britain ........................ . Belgium ............................. . France ............................... . Spain ............. . .................. . Australia .................. . ......... . Germany ............................ . Canada .............................. . Netherlands ......................... . Other countries ............ . ......... . Total 1
P3,217,285 2,963,152 1,899,039 328,908 259,816 253,691 165,268 144,040 142,802 126,412 530,791
32.07 29.54 18.93 3.28 2.59 2.53 1.65 1.44 1.42 1.26 5.29
10,031,204
100.00
---
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
359
Per cent
0
c:.:> a>
V.ALUES OF PRIIICIPAL PHILIPPlBE EXPORTS
coeOWV!'
100
L
140
160
20
~o
ALL
Local exports f"om 1900 to 1923
~XMW?w路Jt1 IIIIII~"%."~
"'hirzu::0K"",,~
HEMP SU4A.R OIL COPRA. 1'08.芦(0 (mlns
KANlLA
LEOENa_
Zio ...:-.-----~"j
Z60
~80
300 PESOS
nU.tlOK
~I
~~
~2~O
~----260
~
V7A
0---------------------------------------------
280
3<1
PESOS
l'fftUON
-.-
BUR&AV!rC~ERCE~IXDV8T1Y
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Principal Philippine exports, 19321-Continued EMBROIDERIES (COTTON AND SILK)
+)
Value
Year
.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............
1926 1927 1928 1929 193.0 1931 1932
Per capita
Pesos 11,984,778 8,006,952 9,047,936 12,023,065 7,183,473 5,314,259 6,699,649
,,
Increase ( Per cent or of total decrease(-) over preexports ceding year
i
.99 .65 .72 .93 .55 .40 .49
Per Dent +31 -33 +13 +33 -40 -26 +26
i\ 41
!!
I
1932
Exported to-
I Per cent
Value United States ........................ . Hawaii ......................... . .... . Other countries ...................... .
I
P6,658,961 20,690 9,998
Total
6,699,649
I
99.54 .31 .15 100.00
DESICCATED COCONUT
Year
Per capita
Value
Increase (+) Per cent or of total decrease (-) exports over precedin~ year
I
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . ............. . .............. . 1
Pesos , 5,515,315 5,700,120 7,447,171 7,080,247 5,925,689 3,644,257 3,233,402
,I Per Dent .45 .46 .60 .55 .45 .27 .24
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. 361
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ +
6
3 +31
-5
-16 -39 -11
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF . THE PHILIPPINES
Princip'al Phi[ippine exports, 19321-Continued DESICCATED COCONUT-Continued 193~
Exported to-Value United States ........................ . Hawaii ....... . ........ . ......... ... . . Other countries . . .................... .
Per cent
P3,230,891 2,375 136
99.93 .07
3,233,402
100.00
Total
COPRA MEAL OR CAKE
.~\
Year
\ 1\
Per capita
Value ~
. I
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
...... . .. . . . .. . ... . .. . .... . .. . . . ........... . .............. . . . . .. . ..... . .. . .............. . .............. .
Increase (+) Percent or of total decrease (-) exports over preceding year
P esos 3,472,447 4,969,078 5,772,274 7,585,573 3,784,449 3,041,605 2,107,333
.29 .40 .46
59 .29 â&#x20AC;˘ .23 .15
II 1
1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
362
~1 21
1
1
1
1
i II
1
I
Per cent
+
2 +43 +16 +31 -50 -20 -31
COMMERCE
AND INDUSTRY
Princip'al Philippine exports, 19321-Continued COPRA MEAL OR CAKE-Continued 1932
Exported toValue Germany ............................ . N etherIands .......................... . Sweden .............................. . United States ........................ . Hongkong ............................ . Norway ...... . ... . ... . .............. . Belgium .. . ........ . ................. . China ..................... .. ....... . . Spain ................................ . Finland ..... '" .................... . Total
Per cent
P1,642,531 214,960 111,620 111,482 9,950 7,528 4,815 3,255 1,192
I
77.94 10.20 5.30 5.29 .47 .36 .23 .15 .06
. ........... 1路.路 ...... . \
2,107,333 \
100.00
LUMBER
Year
..... ......... ............... ......... ...... ............... ........ .......
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.. .. ........... ...............
.. ...... .......
I
Increase (+) Per cent or of total decrease (-) exports over preI ceding year
Per capita
Value
Pesos 67,986 5,105,621 5,587,614 6,253,001 7,237,918 5,486,784 3,681,203 1,669,450
.01 .42 .45 .50 .56 .42 .28 .12
I (~) I. ~~~.~~~~ .
Annual report, Bureau of Customs. (a) Less than one-half of one per cent.
1
363
2 2 2 2 2 2 1
+20 + 9 +12 +15 -24 -33 -55
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Principal Philippine exports, 1932 I-Continued LUMBER-Continued 1932 Exported toValue Japan ............................... . United States ........................ . Great Britain ....................... . China ............................... . British Africa ........................ . Canada .............................. . Australia ............................ . Other countries ...................... . Total
Per cent
P722,737 346,275 262,120 206,393 41,930 21,704 16,706 51,585
43.29 20.74 15.70 12.36 2.51 1.30 1.00 3.10
-----1---1,669,450 I 100.00 1
,
CORDAGE
\
t
Year
Per capita
Value
Increase (+) Per cent or of total decrease (-) exports over preceding year
I
1903 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
.............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . .............. . I
pe:~~696
2,810,916 3,333,413 3,550,871 3,808,544 3,106,453 1,774,816 1,318,093
I
I
\........ . ....... \ .. .23 1 .26 1 .28 1 .29 1 .23 1 .13 1 .10 1
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
364
I
~~~. ~~~~ ..
-16 +18 +6 +7 -18 -42 -26
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Princip'a}, Philippine exports, 1932 I-Continued CORDAGE-Continued 1932 Exported toValue United States ........................ . British East Indies .................. . China ............................... . Hongkong ........................... . Siam ................................ . Dutch East Indies .................... . Hawaii .............................. . Puerto Rico ......................... . Panama ..................... . ....... . Italy .................. . ............. . Other countries ...................... . Total
I
P822,414 62.39 126,157 9.57 82,815 6.28 5.28 69,658 I 5.23 68,979 54,597 4.14 2.70 35,608 I 22,280 1.70 10,425 .79 ...................... .. .. .................. 25,160 1.92
I
I
1,318,093 I
II Per cent
100.00
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
Values of mercharJiise sold by merchants, manufacturers and peddlers, 1928-1932 1 . Y ear an d prOVInces
I
I
Peddlers
I
II
Merchants and i manufacturers
I
Ttl 0 a
1928 .............. P54,449,395 P1,103,282,483 P1,157,731,878 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,422,582 1,143,195,782 1,198,618,364 1930 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,189,921 I 959,547,563 1,005,737,484 1931 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,458,131 744,627,356 780,085,487 1932 .............. 27,767,377 570,329,560 598,096,937 Abra ............... 119,530 168,468 287,998 Agusan . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,882 972,502 1,056,384 Albay .............. 176,495 5,254,720 5,431,215 Antique ............ 227,480 856,728 1,084,208 Bataan ............ 286,883 588,194 875,077 Batanes ............ 13,759 8,800 22,559 Batangas ........... 1,656,556 4,684,086 6,340,342 Bohol .............. 1,164,912 2,593,512 3,758,424 Bukidnon ........... 19,600 150,498 170,098 Bulacan ............ 1,472,581 2,869,940 4,342,521 Cagayan ........... 1,448,219 4,258,696 5,706,915 Camarines Norte.. . . 167,744 1,411,652 1,579,396 Camarines Sur ...... 209,452 3,319,162 3,528,614 1 Compiled from the annual reports and statements of the Bureau of Internal Revenue. 365
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Values of merchandise sold by merchants, manufacturers and peddlers, 1928-1932 i-Continued Year and provinces \ Capiz ............ . Cavite ............ . Cebu .............. . Cotabato .......... . Davao ............ . Ilocos Norte ...... . Ilocos Sur ........ . Iloilo ............. . Isabela ............ . Laguna ........... . Lanao ............ . La Union ......... . Leyte ............. . Manila ........... . Marinduque ....... . Masbate .......... . Mindoro ........... . Misamis Occidental. Misamis Oriental .. . Mountain ......... . Nueva Ecija ...... . Nueva Vizcaya .... . Occidental N egros .. Oriental N egros ... . Palawan .......... . Pampanga ........ . Pangasinan ........ . Rizal ............. . Romblon .......... . Samar ............ . Sorsogon .......... . Sulu .............. . Surigao ........... . Tarlac ............ . Tayabas .......... . Zambales ......... . Zamboanga ....... .
Peddlers
Imanufacturers MeTchants and I
I
450,668 437,126 I 1,894,506 I 283,888/ 176,295 333,409 390,015 1,652,177 . 446,334 869,893 1,06,565 386,418 554,165 2,741,884 28,039 31,867 506,465 187,446 124,407 168,680 907,165 W8,106 1,167,286 280,962 107,171 608,464 2,093,513 903,219 78,740 594,124 88,037 306,430 68,461 553,529 ( 710,246 159,188 215,728 I
I
I
1
2,957,544 2,300,074 46,729,268 2,912,020 10,188,582 1,387,612 2,137,714 54,167,122 2,438,836 4,791,696 1,319,036 1,467,378 6,961,274 323,746,754 518,086 680,720 1,265,172 1,957,754 2,934,600 2,767,496 3,628,142 423,856 18,280,318 3,838,942 1,197,646 3,291,422 5,606,082 4,538,378 1,025,620 4,214,,040 2,278,054 2,938,238 1,738,428 3,177,086 6,028,584 816,148 6,544,880
II I
I
I I
I
II I
Total 3,408,212 2,737,20.0 48,623,774 3,195,908 10,364,877 1,721,021 2,527,729 55,819,299 2,885,170 5,661,589 1,425,601 1,753,796 7,515,439 326,488,638 546,125 712,587 1,771,637 2,145,200 3,059,007 2,936,176 4,535,307 531,962 19,447,604 4,119,904 1,304,817 3,899,886 7,699,595 5,441,597 1,104,360 4,808,164 2,366,091 3,244,668 1,806,889 3,730,615 6,738,830 975,336 6,760,658
I
Compiled from the annual reports and statements of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
366
~ CI) ~
I
Total
1
Cotton goods ................. . Iron and steel ................ . Gasoline and naphthas ........ . Illuminating oil or kerosene .... . Wheat flour ................. . Crude fuel oil ................ . Lubricating oil ............... . Meat and dairy products ...... . Rice ......................... . Other imports ................ .
Article
P 2,746,873 1,833,774 1,315,436 912,264 644.521 391,693 354,065 291.076 232,797 2,524,015
11
I
"~>
P23,077,021
Total ..................... .
1932 P 6,893,997 6,055,260 4,517,957 2,624,619 978,607 596,932 531,569 463,668 276,264 24,431 15,415 98,302
Article
Sugar, centrifugal ............... . Copra ........................... . Coconut oil . ..................... . Abaca (Manila hemp) ............ . Tobacco leaf ..................... . Pineapple, canned ............... . Copra meal ...................... . Lumber and timber .............. . Maguey ......................... . Kapok .......................... . Alcohol ......................... . Other exports .................... .
J
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
1 - ___
---II I P11,246,514 II
.
I
Exports
I ,__________;~_
-----/1
I 1932
--------_1
Imports
CEBU
Principal imports and exports by ports of entry, 1932 1
(j
~
~
t-3
(j UJ
Z t:J
1-1
t:J
> Z
t.lj
(j
~
a= a= t.lj
0
00
CI) 0)
I.
1932
Total ........-: ~- . : .; .. .
I
P7,319J 256
.-'"
..... ~:
.. -
/:' .,eI'
.,'/
",' y" Article
Exports
----~------~---------
II
I
-----~I
1932
667,992 197,688 85,874 57,196
Total ...................... I P74,381,125
Sugar, refined ................... Copra . . .......................... Lumber and timber ............... Other exports.....................
IIII Sugar, centrifugal ................ I P72,610,731 Molasses and sYrup ............... I 761,644
II
Fertilizers .................... . P 1,974.:221 Iron and steel ................. . \ 1,225.. ~89 857,970 Cotton goods .................. . I Wheat flour ., ..â&#x20AC;˘.............. 711)97211 412.160 Fibers, vegetable .. , ........... . 233~333 Meat and dairy products ...... ' 158.905 Silk and manufacture of ...... ,. Other imports ........... " ... . 1,74.t:706
Article
Imports
~~--1¡ 1---~---
ILOILO
Prirwipaj, imports and exports by ports of entry, 1932 I-Continued
~
rn
t,:tj
Z
'"d I-f
t: '"d
I-f
'"d ~
t,:tj
1-3
I'%j
o
>
I-f
t:1
'"d t.:r.1
t"4
o
~
(")
t.:r.1
Z (")
-~--
----~----
PINEAPPLE FIELD
CARlL, NATIVE ORANGES
co
CI) 0)
---------
1
II
\"
Total .................. , ...
2,068,302
26,879
. ...............
P888,949 628,331 400,828 122,795 520
, /,J' /:.,...
Copra ........ , .................... Desiccated and shredded coconut .... Cutch ............................. Lumber and timber ................ Gums and raisins ................. Abaca (Manila hemp) .................... Other exports ...............................
..
-,I 1932
---
Article
//,
Exports
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
371,278
.........................
Total
16.400 77;675
32~961
P106,918 8tJ1 947 51.377
1932
Meat and dairy products Cotton goods ................... Wheat flour ................... Iron and steel ................. Illuminating oil or kerosene ..... Other imports .................
Article
Imports
ZAMBOANGA
Principal imports and exports by p01路ts of entry, 19321-Continued
"------------"--
~
~
1-3
c:: U1
t::!
Z
~
t::!
> Z
ttj
(i
ttj ~
~ ~
o
(i
o
-:j
~
Total
1
Iron and steel ................ . Cotton goods .................. . Wheat flour .................. . Meat and dairy products ..... . Vegetables ................... . Fish and fish products ........ . Gasoline and naphthas ......... . Other imports ................. .
Article
Imports
II
II
Total ..................... .
Abaca (Manila hemp) ........... . Lumber and timber ............. . Copra ........ . .................. . Other exports ... ................. .
Article
Exports
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
57~,052
51,073 48;309 27.254 28:074 21,007 130,443
66~450
1'200,442
1932
T
DAVAO
Principal irnports and exports by ports of entry, 19321-Continued
5,071,973
1'4,363,769 404,.032 297,S81 6,791
1932
t;tj
t;tj Ul
Z
~
'"d '"d
~
~
'"d
::r:
::r: t;tj
1-3
o"%j
>
~
t;tj tj
'"d
o
~
Q
Z Q t-<:
~
t-<
...;J
Total
Gasoline or naphthas ......... Coal ......................... Illuminating oil or kerosene .... Wheat flour .................. Rice ......................... Other imports ................
Article
Imports
1932
1
I
Article
Total ..................... .
Copra ........................... .. Abaca (Manila hemp) ........... . Lumber and timber .............. . Canton ......................... . Other exports . .................. .
./'<>
Exports
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
265,287
I
II
. 1 P1081278 1\ . 69,455 . \ 38,296 . I 33}814 II . ............ 11 . 15J 444 I
~
I II I I -------------------------+----------
LEGASPI
Principal imports and exports by ports of entry, 19321-Continued
3,829,175
P2,397,173 1,001,142 219,089 185,393 26,378
1932
t-<
~
t-3
rn
q
!:j
H
Z
!:j
> Z
tr.j
0
~
trj
~
a=
0 0
c:.o
t.?
-:!
Total
1
Cotton goods .................. . Wood, bamboo, rattan, reeds and manufactures of ............ . Chemicals, dress dyes, and medicines ....................... . Silk and manufactures of ..... . Sugar ........................ . Other imports ................. .
Article
Imports
20,028 13,743 7,679 46,834
2,()1550
P101,028
1932
I
/11'
II
~ II
1
II Article
Exports
Total
.................... .
Fish and fish products ........... . Animals, alive ................... . Shells . .......................... . Wood and its manufactures ...... . Cordage ......................... . Copra ........................... . Hides and skins ................. . Other imports .................... .
-, -
.
Annual report, Bureau of Customs.
- - - -II 2091862 II II
I I
1
r
u
JOLO
Principal imports and exports by ports of entry, 19321-Continued
74,971
P53,675 6,234 4,451 2,386 1,878 597 578 5,172
1932
!'lJ
t:z:J
Z
~
'"d '"d
t"4 ~
~
'"d ~
~
~ t:z:J
~
0
>
~
t:j
'"d t:z:J
t"4 0
0
~
0
t:z:J
Z
~
-'l
~
!
Capital authorized P124,8.o.o 1 32,.0.0.0 1,.0.0.0
I
I
P62,475 32,.0.0.0 1,.0.0.0
Capital paid
, 1
I
I
I
I
I 123,2.0.0 1 32,.0.0.0 8.0,.0.0.0 3,.0.0.0 1 167,79.0 2,593,39,.0
354,.025
5.0,.0.0.0 4,.0.0.0 9,.0.0,.0 I
I
41,95.0 32,.0.0.0 29,.0.0.0 3,.0.0.0 152,188 2,121,885
293,785
42,5.0.0 1,3.0.0 9,.0.0.0
'1' ... '7'.0'.0',000 ./ ..... 3'2'3',000
1
Capital subscribed
1
I
328,5.0.0 58.0".0.0.0 1,15.0,5.0.0 9.0.0,.0.0.0
282,9.0.0 58.0,.0.0.0 871,128 9.0.0,.0.0.0
I' ....... { I' ... 'i~{~,~~ .!.... 'l~t~gg '1' .... ·l.o·~·:~gg
Advertising and agency .................... . 71 P553,5.o.o Agriculture ................................ . 4 8.0,.0.0.0 Automobile and accessories dealers .......... . 1 1 1,.0,.0.0 Building, saving and loan associations ....... . Banking and insurance ..................... . \.;;;~.... 3. \... i:5·.o·.o·,000 Cigar and cigarette factories ................ . ___ '.' 21 15.0,.0.0.0 Commission and brokerage ............. . .... . 2 2.0,.0.0.0 Distilleries .................................. . 1 --'1 9,.0.0.0 Drug stores ............................... . Dry goods .............................. . .. . Electric lights, power and ice plants .. . ...... . 13 I 855,.0.0.0 Embroidery establishments ................ . . Engineering, construction, and repair estabI lishments ............................... . 4 458,5.0.0 1 5.0,.0,.0.0 Film exchange ........................... . . . 2 1.0.0,.0.0.0 Fishing ......................... . .......... . Furniture and fixture factories ............. . 1.0,.0.0.0 1 1 14 419,.0.0.0 General manufactures ...................... . 47 5,518,.0.0.0 General luerchants ............. . ........... . 1 Glass factory ...... . ....................... . Hotel and restaurants ..... . ................ . Livestock ................................. . . Lumbering and sawmills ............. . ....... . 6 1,2.0.0,.0.0.0 Lumber merchants ....... . ................ .. 2 1,1.0.0,.0.0.0 Mining .................................... . 1.0 4,665,.0.0.0 Oil mill ................................... . 1 1,5.0.0,0,.0.0
Number
of business, number and capitalization of domestic corporations registered, 1931
Nature of business
Nat~(,re
l;tI ~
~
UJ
d
t:l
..... Z
t:l
Z
>
l:tJ
o
~
l:tJ
o is: is:
o
~
~
-::J
Total ................... '" ... ..... ......
Paper factory .............................. Printing, publishing, and engraving .......... Real estate dealers ............ . .. .. ......... ," Rice mills ................................... Rice merchants .............................. Rubber merchants ........................... Shoe and slipper factories .................... Social, educational and recreational ..........-. Sugar mills and centrals .................. ~ ' I Sugar dealers ............................. . Surveying ................................... Telephone company ........................ . Tobacco dealers ............................ . Transportation ........ .. ........... ........'. Warehouse ................................. . All others ................................. .
Nature of business
1--
Capital authorized
Capital subscribed
266
22,134,390
9,189,535
. ........ . ........... ·1············ 5 72,000 I 23,425 - _,.f 7 734,500 389,200 2 50,000 40,155 . ........ . . ........ . . ........ . ... .... .... . ........... . 610,000 353,020 93 1 250,000 62,100 . ........ . ............ ........... . 3 70,000 29,400 1 12,50.0 50,000 . ........ . ......... .. . ........... . 11 1,152,990 489,850 3 135,000 32,900 12 474,900 372,83.0
Number
7,233,909
419,400 27,462 177,830
........... .
18,625 3,125
........... .
278,200 16,100
. ...........
tzj UJ.
Z
H
~ ~
H
t"'4
~
P:1 H
tzj
t-3
P:1
oI'%j
>
t:J H
tzj
~
t"'4
o
13,175 361,896 22,155
tzj
Z o ~ o Capital paid
Nature of business, number and ca,pitalization of domestic corporations registered, 1931-Continued
-:J 01
CI:)
Unit of currency
(a) No par value shares.
- - --- - - - --
~
.-
~
~
110,000,000.00 13,797,716.88 4,000,000.00 24,000.00 ./ 800,000.00 2,500,000.00 :.,..1,000,0,00.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,0,00.00 500.00 Nonstock .... . .. 50,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 129,000.00 1,255,727.00 664,000.00 350,000.00 5,400,000.00 35,605,275.00 191,265: 13: 5
Capital authorized Capital subscribed
110,000,000.00 American . ................ Dollar . . .... 13,797,716.88 Do ............... . ... ... do ....... 4,000,000.00 Do ................... ... do .. . .... 24,000.00 Do . . . . ............... ... do . ...... 800,.000.00 Do . .......... . ....... " .do . . ..... 2,500,000.00 Do ................ . .. ... do ....... 1,000,000.00 Do ................... ... do .. . .... 1,000,000.00 Do ................... . . . do ....... 1,000,000.00 Do . ........... . ...... ... do ....... 500.00 Do .. , ...... , ... , ..... ... do ..... . . Do ., ..... . ....... . .. , ... do ....... Nonstock ....... Do .................. . ... do .... . .. 500 shares (a) .. Do ... . ..... . ........ , ... do ....... 100,000.00 Do ... , ....... . ....... .. . do .... . .. 50,000.00 English .... . ...... , ....... Pound ..... 1,000,000.00 Do .. .. .. . .. . ......... ... do .... . . , 2,250,000.00 Do .. . ................ ... do ... . ... 2,000,000.00 Do ........ .. . .. ...... .. . do .... . .. 900,0,00.00 German .................. Gold Marks. 18,000,000.00 British India ......... .. . , Rs . . .. . ..... 60,000,000.00 New Zealand ............. Pound ...... 250,000.00
Nationality
1930
Foreign corporations licensed in the Philippine Is"lalnds
110,000,000.00 13,797,716.88 4,000,000.00 24,000.00 800,000.00 2,500,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 500.00 Nonstock. 50,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 251,863.00 1,255,727.00 664,000.00 350,000.00 5,400,000.00 7,121,055.00 191,265: 13: 5
Capital paid
~
~
1-3
UJ
C
tj
Z
H
tj
> Z
t:::j
(1
~
t:::j
~ ~
o
(1
-:J
c.:>
0)
Unit of currency Capital authorized
:::::: :/
1932
DomPnio~' ~f' C'a'~~d~':::::: :~~
'1
100,000,000.00 American ................ . Dollar .... . 2,0,00,000.00 Do ...................... do ...... . 250,000.00 Do ................... " .do . ..... . Do ...................... do .. ' .... . 500,000.00 Do ...................... do ...... . 1,00.0 shares without nominal or par value. 300,000.00 Do .................. "do 14,000 shares .... :: ....... 1,000,000.00
-
American ................. Dollar 500,000.00 Do ................... .. . do ....... 10 no par shares issued for $1,000 Do ................... .. . do ....... 100,000.00 Do ................... ... do ....... 50 shal'es of the par value of $100 each. Do ., ... , ............. .. . do ....... 175,000,000.00 Do ................... ... do ....... 300,000 without par value. Hongkong ................ Taels . ..... 10,000,000 . ..... Singapore in Strait Settlements ............ .. ... do ....... 50,000.00
Nationality
1931
I
300,000.00 40,0.00.001 229,697.00
50,000,000.0,0 500.00 250,000.00 500,000.00 100,000.00
300,000.00 40,000.00 229,697.00
50,00,0,000.00 500.00 250,000.00 500,000.00 1000,000.00
21,250.00 21,250.00
300..00 5,000.00
400,000.00 1,000.00
50,000.00 10 shares without par value. 3,000,000.00
300.00 5,000.00
40,0,000.00 1,000.00
Capital paid
5.0,000.00 10 shares without par value. 3,000,000.00
/'
.
-
Capital subscribed
Foreign corporations licensed in the Philippme I stands-Continued t.%j
::!1
UJ
Z t.%j
~
~ ~
~
~
~
::!1
~
t.%j
t-3
~
o
>
~
t:;:j
t.%j
~
o
(') ~
~
(')
Z
I:.<'
...;J ...;J
The Filipino, Incorporated ..... Maranding Agricultural Development Company ........... . Viuda de Jurika e Hijos, Incorporada ................... .
Plantaciones de Binalbagan, Incorporada. Hacienda Casilda, Inc. . ....... . Philippine Farm Products Co., Inc. Moro Improvement and Trading Company .................. The Pinatubo Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. ........... San Juan and Camaal Pasture Land ...................... Corporacion Clarin Magbabaul, Inc. .......................
I
50,000
I
I.····.··. ·1
Clarin, Occidental Misamis .. .
Zamboanga, Zamboanga ... .
,
P10,000,
29,600
Manila
1931
1
N onstock
Gamu, Isabela ............. ', N onstock Occidental Misamis ..
50,000
50,000
San Marcelino, Zambales. . ..
1 1
1
I
I
1
I
20,600
I
P660
1,850.00
N on stock
5,152.00
50,000.00
1,000.00 13,500.00 5,200.00
68,309.17
10,000.00
P8,500.00 2,500.00
Capital paid
20,6.00
Nonstock / ......... .
P2,400 I
7,40.0
50,000
50,000
Pantucan, Davao ......... .
1,000 45,.000 20,800
80,00.0
10,000
10,000 80,000
P30,000 10,000
P3,O,000 50,000
1,000 45,000 99,000
r Clarin,
1
1
I
Capital Capital authorized subscribed
Isabela 1 N egros OccidentaL .. Puertobello, Merida, Leyte .. Iloilo .................... .
Davao, Davao ............ . Misamis, Misamis Occidental Kawilihan, Mandaluyong, Rizal ................... . Taguisa, Tran, Cotabato, Mindanao ............. .
Mairal Farm and Cattle Ranch Co. Salug Agriculture Co., Inc. . .... Marina Plantation Company .,.
Taguisa Plantation Co., Inc. . ....
Address
Corporation
1932
Agricultural corporations registered
to<
~
~
Ul
t1 d
Z
t1
!-4
> Z
tr.j
o
tr.j ~
~ ~
o
o
~
00
-:!I
Sanito Coconut Plantation, Inc .. Buayan Agricultural Company .. Moro Plantation Company ..... Lanut River Plantation Company Catalina Development Company .. Ganaderia Moraza Hnos., Inc. .. Natividad Coconut and Cattle Range, Inc............... . Cajumer Agricultural Company Clarin Corporaci6n Agricola, Inc.
Padada Cooperative Company .,.
16,200 7,500 2,000 50,200 30,000 2,000 80,000 80,000 20,000
Cebu, Cebu ............... . Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija .. Clarin, Occidental Misamis ..
'i:J 7,200 17,500 50,000
U'1
tIj
Z
~
'i:J 'i:J
t:
~
::q
tIj
t-3 2,500 10,000
40,000
::q
oJorj
>
~
t:J
tIj
'i:J
o
(") ~
~
(")
P185,000
1,000
tIj
Z
11185,0,00
11300,000
I
1,600 5,000 12,500 180,000 1,700 4,300 25,000
• ; ••
1,000
6,050 20,000 50,000 180,000 6,500 13,300 25,000
•
30,000 \
II
Capital paid
25,000 2,0,000 50,000 180,000 30,000 50,0,00 25,000
Co · • •
i
I
I
I
Capital Capital authorized subscribed
Alaminos, Laguna ......... . Danao, Escalante, Negros Occidental ....... ..... . Padada, Santa Cruz, Davao, Mindanao ............. . Manila ................... . Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija .. Davao, Davao ............. . Bagabag, Nueva Vizcaya .. . Manila ... ......... .... .. . . Baybay, Leyte ............ .
Manila ........... ...
Clarin, Occidental Misamis ..
Magpatao Agricultural Corporation, Inc. . ............... .
Manila Commercial and Agricultural Development Company, Ltd....................... . Pakil Agricultural Development Company, Inc.............. . Nebroco ...................... .
Address
Corporation
1931-Continued
Agricultural corporations registered-Continued
to
~ ~
Calilangan Plantation Co., Inc. ., Brooke's Point Agricultural Co. .. Ganaderia Abuitez y Moraza, Inc. Mayo Hacienda, Inc. . ......... . Inocentes de la Rama, Inc. . ... . Pagsanjan Agricultural Association, Inc.................. . Biac-na-bato Agricultural Corpotion ...................... . Florentino VilaI' and Sons, Inc. KanIa-on Agricultural Development Co., Inc. . ........... . The Tapilac Farm, Inc. . ...... . Dadiafigas Agricultural Development Co .................. . Samahang Matiaga ............ . Malindang Corporation, Inc. . .. . Magyuyutang Aloranon ........ . 2,500 25,000 20,000 18,400 2,000 36,000
10,000 50,000 80,00,0 22,000 25,000 36,000
Valladolid, Occidental N egros Manila ....... .... ........ .
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija .. . Bifian, Laguna ........... . Clarin, Occidental MisamJs .. AIOl'an, Occidental Misamis . .
5,000 18,400 2,000 9,000
1,600 6,270
10,000 16,500
35,000 22,500
99,000 25,000
Manila ................... . Lopez, Tayabas ........... .
5,760
5,76,0
13,200
Pagsanjan, Laguna ........ .
20,000
5U,vUD
16,500 10,400 120,000 50,000 5,000
40,000 21,600 120,000
50,000 45,,000 120,000 50,000 100,000
Manila ................... . Brooke's Point, Palawan ... . Cebu, Cebu .............. . Manila ................... . Bacolod, Occidental N egros ..
to<!
~
~
Ul
t? d
Z
~
t?
> Z
t:tj
0
~
t:tj
~ ~
0
0
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Statement of the average priceS! of the most important articles of) food for sale in the public markets in the Philippine Islands according to transactions made on June 30, 1932 1 Class Article
Unit 1st
Rice ....................... . Corn ....................... . Mongo ..................... . Beef ....................... . Pork ....................... .
I LIter . .... .
PO.07 . ... do ... . .04 .., .do ... . .13 .60 I Kilo ..... . .53 , .... do. '~'I Chicken ..................... . .26 Hen's egg ................. . .02 Duck's egg ................. . I \ .04 Bangos .................. . .. . .35 Dalag' ...................... . 1 .34
Sugar ...................... . Coffee. " ................... . Garlic ...................... . Tomatoes ................... . Native onions ............... .
I
I
\ 1 10~
100 Liter .... . . ... do ... .
Kilo ..... . Liter .... . 100 12 100
1
PO.06 .02
PO.06 .02 .10 .09 .49 .45 .46 I .39 )
.16 .02 .03 .20 .15
.15 .67 .57 .04
.11
.13 II .44 .33 I .04 , lJ7
.10 .26 .26 .03 .04
.26 .43 .94 .07 .21
.19 .34 .71 .05 .14
.14 .18 .55 .03
.06 .09 .79 .41
.04 .06 .63 .35 .07
.03 .05 .58 .24 .06
.02
.02 .07 .42 1..08 .06 .05 .05
Peppers .................... . Ginger ..................... . Amargoso ................... . Eggplants .................. . Red squash ................. .
12 12 100 100 1
Patola ...................... . Radishes ................... . Svveet potatoes .............. . Gabe ....................... . Bananas "bungulan" ........ .
12 100 100 12
.75 1.83 .09
.02 .08 .47 1.33 .07
Bananas "lacatan" .......... . Bananas "latundan" ........ .
12 12
.09 .07
.07 .06
1
1
3rd
2nd
.20 I .02 .03 \ .27 .26 I
~
Hito .................. . .... . Sapsap ......... , ........... . Sardines .................... . White salt ................. . Vinegar .................... .
I
.11 .11
.11
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Labor. 380
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION FOREIGN SHIPPING
Number: and tonn'age of foreign vessels entering Philippine ports, by nationalities, 1932 1 1932 Nationality of vessels Number
I
I Net tonnage
I
1
1
American ............................. 79 402,427 British ............................... " 147 624,278 Belgian .. " ........................ ".. 1 • • •• " ••••• 1 •• " • • • • • • • . . Chinese ........ "...................... 3 \ 8,244 Czechoslov:ak ....... . ..... "............ ..".... . .. . . . " ...... ".
I
Danish ..... . " ................. " ..... " " 11 45,046 Dutch ..................... " "." ... "."" 39 150,307 French ........ "."..................... . .. "" .. "" ... "" .. "" . . . " German ....... " ........... • . " . """""""" 41 1 182,959 Italian ".""."".".""""." .. ".""."""."""" " " " " " "1"1"1" "\" " " " " "4"0"2",5" 2" 9" Japanese."".".".""" .. . ..... . ......... . Norwegian ................. . .......... 46 146,827 Panaman ............................. 3 10,787 Philippine .................. "......... 4 5,955 Spanish............................... . .................. " .. Swedish. . . ......... .... .. ....... ... ... 7 27,942 Finish ............................................. . ... " ... "" Russian ... " .............. " ...................... 1•••••••• " •• " Portuguese- ............................ 1 1,434
I
Total .................... "....
492
I 1
From annual report, Bureau of Customs"
381
2,088,735
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Aggrega,te value of merchandise ca,rried by vessels enga,ged in foreign tra.de, 1932 1 1932
Nationality of vessels
Imports
American ............. . / 57,045,877 Philippine ....... . .... . Belgian ............... . / .....2.1.9.'~~~ . British ................ . 50,979,016 Chinese ............... . 377,602 Danish .................
~~:~~h
I
I
2,006,226
.:::: ::::::::::::.1 ... ~,.5.8?.'~~:.
German ............... Italian .................
9,264,704 12,511,633 5,557,036 1,274 760,633
60,433,999 / 58,737
117,679,876 278,260
47,803,417 41,791
98,782,433 419,393
5,856,428
7,862,654
49,501,041 17,027,518 2,095,903 ............ 898,286
2,592,565 1
185,790,170
1 1
Total
. .. :,.1.6.2.'::~. . .. ~~,.7.4.3:~~~ 8,892,784 1 2,360,499 1 11,053,283 . ....................... 1 • • • • • • • • • • • •
I
Japanese ............... Norwegian ............. Panaman ............... Spanish ................ Swedish ................
Total ..........
Exports
1
58,765,745 29,539,151 7,652,939 1,274 1,658,919
2,436,316
5,028,881
190,676,161
349,466,331
I
From annual report, Bureau of Customs.
382
I
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Number and registered net tonnage of vessels engaged in foreign trade, by ports of entry 1932 1 Entered Ports of entry
Number
Manila ................ Iloilo ................. Cebu .................. Zamboanga ............ Jolo ................... Davao ................. Legaspi ............... Total ..............
I
II
928 127 143 13 27 16 4 1,258
I
I
Cleared
Net tonnage 4,095,461 502,502 531,916 43,557 3,738 60,960 16,867 5,255,001
Net Number I tonnage
I
825 122 209 9 26 70 18 1,279
II
3,719,878 455,438 765,953 21,865 2,571 239,858 73,493 5,279,047
1 Compiled from the monthly statements and annual reports of the Bureau of Customs.
DOMESTIC SHIPPING
The entrances 'and clearances of vessels engaged in the coastwise trade, 1932 1 Entered Ports of entry Number Manila ................ Iloilo .................. Cebu .................. Jolo ................... Zamboanga ............ Davao ................. Legaspi ................ Total
.............. 1
I
3,510 8,412 6,548 441 1,441 153 331 20,836
!
I
Cleared
Net. tonnage
Number
I I I 1,044,703 I 953,078 929,969 76,192 461,561 110,631 168,364
3,264 8,390 6,476 443 1,453 155 331
I I
20,512
3,744,498 \
From the annual report, Bureau of Customs.
383
Net tonnage 1,056,812 953,809 927,443 76,127 466,512 109,541 168,369 3,758,613
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Licensed vessels for the coastwise trade, 1929-19321 Coastwise trade Sailing
Steam
Year
Number
I
Net tonnage
Number
Net I tonnage
I
1929 ....................... 1930 .................................. 1931 ................................. 1932 ...................
405 422 394 728
48,815 51,768 49,061 4,704,889
Lighterage and har bor craft Year Number
, I
1929 ......... ~79 1,889 1930 .............. . .. 1931 ................. 1,776 947 1932 ................â&#x20AC;˘ 1
Net I tonnage
I
48,746 47,286 47,128 5,506,453
1,299 1,281 1,244 1,564
43,012 44,493 44,201 2,692,567
I Total Net INumber I tonnage 3,483 3,592 3,414 3,239
I
140,573 143,547 140,390 12,903,909
I
Rearranged from the annual reports of the Bureau of Customs.
384
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Roads and, bridges, by provinces, 1932 1 Province
Abra ............. . Agusan .......... . Albay ............ . Antique .. . .. . .... . Baguio ........... .
IFirst class I S~l;!d
Third class
I
I
I
Total
K ilomete1路s Kilom eters I K ilomet ers Kilometers 101.6 .......... 319.3 120.3 71.5
52.0 78.7 54.7 116.6 5.2
3.0 10.8 42.7 14.2 1.8
156.6 89.5 416.7 251.1 78.5
2.8 11.3 111.1 1.4 9.2
80.1 13.0 438.5 305.8 489.5
Bataan ........... . Batanes .......... . Batangas ...... . .. . Benguet ........... . Bohol ............. .
245.1 86.4 297.7
23.2 1.7 82.3 218.0 182.6
Bukidnon ......... . Bulacan .......... . Cagayan .......... . Camarines Norte .. . Camarines Sur ... .
82.6 174.5 168.4 45.5 181.1
34.0 118.8 52.1 55.4 95.0
74.3 52.0 117.4 18.3 40.0
190.9 345.3 337.9 119.2 316.1
Capiz ............. . Cavite ............ . Cebu ... . ......... . Cotabato .. . ....... . Davao ............ .
218.4 99.0 561.4 80.7 52.6
119.9 56.2 185.8 14.0 41.6
66.7 67.5 169.8 114.6 40.1
405.0 222.7 917.0 209.3 134.3
Ilocos Norte ..... . Ilocos Sur ..... . .. . Iloilo ............. . Isabela ........... . Laguna ........... .
122.0 214.0 360.7 176.7 201.7
155.5 66.6 119.2
325.9 289.6 57Q.4
38.3
48.4 9.0 90.5 35.3 32.6
Lanao ............ . La Union ........ . Leyte ............. . Marinduque ....... . Masbate .......... .
52.6 143.6 146.4 55.2 91.2
48.7 56.9 255.2 67.4 32.9
57.4 21.7 56.1 8.1 42.0
158.7 222.2 457.7 130.7 166.1
Mindoro .......... . Occidental Misamis Oriental Misamis ... Mountain Province ~ Occidental N egros ..
55.0 66.0 156.2
112.2 28.4 107.9 381.2 104.5
12.7 26.1 27.6 40.2 46.2
179.9 120.5 291.7 421.4
1
I!-
54.1
450.4
From annual reports, Bureau of Public Works. Includes City of Baguio.
385
212.0 272.6
601.~
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
RoaAls and bridges, by provinces, 19321-Continued Province
Oriental Negros .. . Nueva Ecija ..... . Nueva Vizcaya ... . Palawan .......... . Pampanga ........ .
First class
I
I
Second class
I
Total
I
K ilomete?'s \K ilomete?'"s " Kilometers I Kilometers 269.6 \ 59.3 I 19.1 348.0 307.5 191.5 45.8 544.8 100.5 21.6 22.5 144.6 .......... 40.1 49.4 89.5 220.1 84.8 112.3 417.2
I
Pangasinan ....... . Rizal ............. . Romblon .......... . Samar ............ . Sorsogon .......... .
. ........ 238.8 165.3
84.2 41.8 122.9 119.8 54.5
Sulu ........... . .. . Surigao ........... . Tarlac ............ . Tayabas .......... . Zambales ......... .
98.2 102.0 178.0 243.1 161.8
Zamboanga ....... . Total ......... . 1
Third class
29.5
751.4 360.4 122.9 456.6 249.3
11.2 12.9 29.6 56.6 7.6
1.3 42.6 36.6 74.0 9.0
110.7 157.5 244.2 373.7 178.4
63.2
177.7
36.4
277.3
8,167.0
4,278.8
2,218.2
14,664.0
561.5 205.5
~
I
106.7 13.1
I········· . 98.0
From annual reports, Bureau of Public Works.
Roads and bridges, by provinces, 1933 1 Second First class class Third class Km. Km. Km. Abra ................. 101.6 53.9 8.0 Agusan ............... . . . . . . . . 84.9 11.2 Albay ................ : 329.6 63.3 29.6 Antique ............... 140.1 96.8 14.2 1.5 Bataan ............... 55.1 25.8 Batanes ............... . . . . . . . . 1.7 11.3 116.0 Batangas ............. 248.7 92.3 49.2 Bohol ................. 328.6 132.3 66.8 Bukidnon ............. 83.9 41.5 45.1 Bulacan ............... 182.8 126.6 102.0 Cagayan ........ . ..... 170.9 73.2 12.8 Camarines Norte ...... 46.0 64.3 Camarines Sur ........ 186.0 104.6 29.3 1 Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works. 386
Trails Km. 84.6 1.4 63.5 95.7 99.7 70.9 67.2 80.8 75.5 56.7 39.4
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Roads and bridges, by provinces, 19331-Continued FiTst class Km. 230.1 99.0 592.0 86.2 52.7 122.0 212.9 390.5 191.0 201.7 52.8 144.2 146.4 55.2 91.2 55.0
Second class Third class
Km. 124.9 Capiz ................ . 80.4 Cavite ............... . 204.1 Cebu ................. . 38.8 Cotabato ............. , 57.6 Davao ............... . 186.9 Ilocos Norte .......... . 68.5 Ilocos Sur ........... . 118.5 Iloilo ................ . 12.5 Isabela ............... . 51.4 Laguna .............. . 80.6 Lanao ................ . 62.2 La Union ............ . 288.2 Leyte ................ . 74.4 Marinduque .......... . 45.7 Masbate ............. . 115.8 Mindoro ............. . Mountain ............ . 380.2 Baguio ........... . 3.5 74.4 Benguet .......... . 223.7 86.9 Nueva Ecija ......... . 224.2 315.3 Nueva Vizcaya ....... . 22.4 100.4 Occidental Misamis ... . 28.1 79.5 Occidental N egros .... . 105.9 487.4 Oriental Misamis .... . 114.7 163.2 Oriental N egros ...... . 61.6 275.5 Palawan ............. . 47.3 Pampanga ............ . 220.1 85.8 Pangasinan ........... 587.5 45.3 Rizal ................. 211.9 55.8 Romblon .............. . . . . . . . . 132.4 Samar ................ 259.9 118.6 Sorsogon .............. 174.4 58.0 Sulu .................. 108.1 10.1 Surigao ............... 102.0 35.3 Tarlac ................ 192.7 30.4 Tayabas .............. 247.2 56.0 1 Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works.
387
Km. 60.9 58.4 138.8 99.8 38.5 30.8 9.0 87.4 14.5 22.4 46.2 16.6 43.6 8.4 34.9 14.9 45.0 1.8 .9 57.6 36.6 14.1 49.6 23.5 28.3 54.0 139.2 75.7 8.7 .4 1.06.2 20.0 6.0 34.3 37.9 73.2
Trails
Km. 58.2 109.2 ....... . 263.4 415.0 84.7 150.4 12.5
13.6 237.9 125.3 14.2 240.6 930.5 246.4 90.0 118.5 59.3 9.5 11.3 139.1 89.3 75.0 11.7 176.5 15.2 42.5 140.3 22.2
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Roads and bridges, by provinces, 1933 1-Continued First class
Second class Third class
Trails
Zambales .............. Zamboanga ........... .
Km. 157.9 64.0
Km. 6.3 193.7
Km. 8.5 55.3
. .......
............
8,504.5
4,611.0
2,098.9
4,760.3
Total
1
Km.
122.6
Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works
Expenditures of Public Works, 1932-1933 1 1932 1933 Ite'Yns Roads, bridges and ferries .......... . P13,527 ,943.74 P12,7 44,344. 73 Telegraphs, telephone, cable lines and radiograms .................... . 6,972.96 15,975.57 Buildings ................... . .... . 2,873,893.54 2,129,322.49 Maintenance, alteration and repair of public buildings ............... . 483,890.20 452,412.72 River and harbor works including 3,155,500.30 3,042,712.72 lighthouses, buoys and beacons .. 910,149.92 682,934.44 Artesian wells and water supply ... . 1,040,033.42 399,965.75 Irrigation projects ................ . Los Banos quarry ................ . 95,425.01 69,042.06 Registration and regulation of motor 168,608.78 163,786.95 vehicle traffic ................ . Board of Examiners for Engineers and 3,535.97 . ............ Architects ..................... . Regulation and safeguarding of traffic and collection of tolls of Kenon and N aguilian roads ........... . 10,964.05 8,675.20 Dwelling and equipment for rent in 69,075.80 67,532.38 Baguio ........................ . 1,141,618.97 1,101,257.85 Permanent bridges revolving fund .. 111,064.80 Machine shop ..................... . ........... .. 312,653.23 397,000.72 Miscellaneous ...................... .
Total .......................... 1
P23~758,361.35
P21,427,932.92
From the annual reports of the Bureau of Public Works. 388
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Roads and bTidges, 1925-1933 1 First class Year 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Km.
....................... . 5,664.3 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0
5,846.7
........................ 6,033.9 ••••••••••••••••••••••• 0
6,380.0
........................ 6,76,0.1 ...................... .. 7,286.6 .......................
'0
••••••••••••••••••••••• 0
........................ 1
7,700.8 8,167.0 8,504.5
Second class Thi1"d class Km. 2,359.9 2,611.1 3,031.9 3,340.7 3,629.7 3,765.5 4,026.3 4,278.8 4,611.0
Km. 2,639.3 2,480.6 2,322.8 2,171.6 2,250.7 2,353.4 2,605.2 2,218.2 2,098.9
From annual reports, Bureau of Public Works.
)
389
Total
Km. 10,663.5 10,938.4 11,388.6 11,892.3 12,640.5 13,405.5 14,332.3 14,664.0 15,214.4
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Durable b1'"idges, culve'rts, and public buildings, constructed, 1925-1932~ Bridges and culverts Year
Length Number \ (meters)
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
7,779 753 7, 7,831 7,898 8,049 8,156 (b) 8,024
I 1
31,217 31,697 33,014 33,672 35,.051 (b) (b)
Cost
I
I
39,180
P15,604,543 15,818,347 16,837,919 17,323,706 19,191,257 15,243,808 16,409,488 14,629,202
I Buildings Year
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
109 135 251 235 329 391 444 415
Contents (cubic meters)
Expenditures for construction and maintenance
257,893 387,869 710,109 490,868 687,674 396,126 903,188 531,667
P3,585,977 5,025,025 4,135,701 6,838,440 4,814,988 5,910,514 5,617,834 3,357,784
a Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Public Works. (b) No data available.
390
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Durable bridge's and culverts, 1923-1933 1 Total number 7,586 7,613 7,779 7,753 7,831 7,898 8,049 8,156
1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Increase during the year 24 27 166 * 26 78 67 151 107
(a)
8,024 8,072
(a)
* 132 48
Registration of motor vehicle's by make, 1933 AutoTotal mobile Truck Make 1 1 Ahruns for truck .................... . Ajax ................................ . 7 7 9 Alco ................................. . 9 9 9 Am. La France ...................... . 1 1 Anzen ................................ . 1 1 Arcadia .............................. . Auburn .............................. . 78 80 2 2 Aucal ................................ . 2 Austin ............................... . 282 19 301 Autocalesa ........................... . 1 1 2 Autocar .............................. . 39 46 7 Berliett ....................... ........ . 2 2 Bethlehem ............................ . 9 9 Blackhawk ........................... . 3 3 Briscoe ............................... 2 1 3 Brockway ............................. 8~. 85 1 The term "durable bridges and culverts" includes structures of reinforced concrete, steel, bricks, and all substantial stone structures whether of adobe or other materials. The above figures were obtained from semi-annual report of District Engineers. * Decrease. (a) No data available.
391
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Registration of motor vehicles by make, 1933-Continued Make Dugatti .............................. . Buick ................................ . Cadillac .............................. . Cape ................................ . Chalmer ............................. . Chandler ............................. . Chevrolet ............................ . Christie .............................. . Chrysler ............................. . Citroen .............................. . Clement .............................. . Cleveland ............................ . Clydesdale ........................... . Columbia ............................ . Commonwealth ....................... . Continental .......................... . , Corbitt '.............................. . Cord ................................. . Crabbe .............................. . Crow Elkhart ........................ . D. K. W ............................. . Daimler .............................. . Dalhatsu ............................. . Daniels .............................. . Day Elder ........................... . Dedion Boutton ...................... . Delage ............................... . Delahaye ............................. . Derby .............. ,................. . Desotto .............................. . Detroit .............................. . De Vaux ............................ . Diamond ............................. . Dodge ............................... . :Dover ................................ . Durant .............................. . Electric .............................. . Erskine .............................. . Essex ................................ . Excelsior ............................. . 392
Automobile 1 1,754 117 1 1 22 4,161 1,368 83
Truck 34 12
2 5,367 3 17 2 1
3 19 1 1 21
.,..... 4 3
2 2
1 13 1
1 1
1 8 1 2 2 50 850 5 19 1,651 504 157 710 1
30 1,196 8 179 6 10
Total 1 1,788 129 1 1 24 9,528 3 1,385
85 1
3 19 1
1 25 3
2 2 1 14 1 1 1 8 1 2 2 50 850
5 19 30 2,847 8
683 6 157 720 1
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Registration 01 rnotor ve'hwles by make, 1933-Continued Automobile
Make F. W. D. Falcon-Knight ........................ . Fargo ............................... . Federal .............................. . Fiat ................................. . Fisher ............................... . Flat tractor .......................... . Fleet ................................. . Flint Flyer ................................ . Ford ................................ . Fordson ............................. . Four wheel DC ...................... . Franklin ............................. . Francauff . ............................ . G. M. C•............................ Gardner ......... .,., ..............•... Garford .............................. . General Vehicle ................... ~ .. . Graham ............................. . Grant Trailer ........................ . Gray ................................ . Graybor-Tractor ...................... . Hanomag ............................ . Heyness ............................. . Hendy ............................... . Hewitt ............................... . Highway Trailer ..................... . Hudson .............................. . Hispano .............................. . Hupmobile ........................... . Indian Tractor ....................... . International ......................... . I ver Johnson ........................ . Jewett ............................... . Jordan ............................... . Kesshberer ........................... . Kelly Springfield .................... . Kissel ............................... . La Salle ............................. .
393
T1'twk 85
25 5 91
6,170 13 2
187 210 1 44 1 5 5 1 4,681 8 5 1 63 785
3
145 3
52 35 133 11 1 1
1 1
422 1 474 1
1 1 14 18
1 5 5 1
10,851 8
5 14 63 787 3 52 35 278 11 4 1 1 1
1 1
14 440 1
21 3 576
1
12 1
495 3 577 1
12 1 1
1 74
Total 85 25 187 215 92 44
1 1 1 1
74
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Registra-tion of motor vehicles by make, 1933-Continued Make Leach ............................... . Leyland .............................. . Liberty Truck ....................... . Lincoln .............................. . Little ................................ . Rollfix .. . ............................ . Rollin ................................ . Rolls Royce .......................... . Locomobile ........................... . Los Angeles Trailer .................. . Low Trailer .................. . ....... . Mack ................................ . Marmon ............................. . Marquetter ........................... . Master ......... \ ........... . ... . .... . Maxwell ............................. . Mercedes Bens ....................... . Miami ............................... . Moon .................. . .. . . . ........ . Morris ............................... . Nash ................................ . National ............................. . Oakland ............................. . Ohio Trailer ......................... . Oldsmobile ........................... . Opel ............................... ... . Overland ............................. . Packard ............................. . Paige ................................ . PashaI'd ............................. . Peerless .............................. . Pengent .............................. . Pierce-Arrow ......................... . Plymouth ............................ . Polo Cart Trailer .................... . Pontiac .............................. . Priech ............................... . Releigh .............................. . Renault .............................. .
394
Automobile 1
Truck
1 19 43 1 1 2 1 12
Total 1 1 19 43 1 .1
3 4
2 1 12 3 4
11
11
60 74
1
82
W
61 74 1 92 9 2 15 63 382 1 279
1 9 2 15 63 380 1 273 182 89 598 380 7 1 8 1 23 837 509 4 10
2 6 4
4
1 74 55
183 89 672 435 7 1
3
11
11
1 1 5 1 2
1 34 838 1 514 1 4 12
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Registra.tion of motor vehicles by make, 1933-Continued Make Reo ................................. . Republic ............................. . Rickembacker ........................ . Riker ................................ . Rockne .............................. . Roosevelt ............................ . Rugby ............................... . Sauber ............................... . Sayers ............................... . Seagrave ............................. . S. Booth ..................... . ....... . Sechler .............................. . Service .............................. . Sherdan ............................. . Singer .......................... . .... . Std. Class B ........................ . Star ................................. . Steerns Kpight ....................... . Stephens ............................. . Stewart .............................. . Studebaker ........................... . Stutz ................................ . Talbot ............................... . Tempo ............................... . Thorne .............................. . Tractor Traffic Trailer .............................. . Trailmobile .......................... . Triumph ............................. . Troy Trailer ......................... . Tug ................................. . U. S ................................ . Universal ............................ . Utility Tractor ....................... . Vauxball ............................. . Vicking .............................. . W & K Trailer ...................... . Ward Electric
395
Automobile 28
Truck 56 3
4 168
4 4
172
11
11 11
11
24
1 2 1 285 5 1 923 8 1
Total 84 3 4
1 2 1 1 7 4
4
1
2 1
25 7 4 1
79 34
2 80
319 5 1
12 72 1 1 3
1 65 4
1 5 1 9 1 3 1 1
12 995 8 1 1 1
3 1
65 4 1
5 1 9 1 3 1 1
14 4
14 4
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Registrotion of motor vehicles by make, 1933-Continued Make Warner ............................. . Water Town Trailer .................. . Webb ................................ . White ................................. Willys-77 ............................. Willys Knight ......................... Winther ............................. . Wolyerine Total
Registration of Provinces
Automobile
Truck 10 4 1
3 224 207
24,865
451 35 40 1 1 15,237
Total 10 4 1 454 259 247 1
1 40,102
and motor trucks, by provinces, 1933 1
a~ttomobiles
Automobiles 37 6 237 54 71
Trucks
Abra 44 Agusan ............ . 33 Albay ................ . 326 80 Antique .............. . 82 Bataan .............. . Batanes .............. . 598 Batangas ............ . 287 Bohol ................ . 120 216 Bukidnon Bulacan ... . . . . . . . . . . . 517 529 Cagayan .............. 202 123 Camarines Norte ...... 28 20 Camarines Sur ........ 140 124 Capiz ................. 143 236 Cavite ................ 604 281 Cebu ................. 1,179 755 Cotabato .............. 22 40 Davao ................ 323 205 Iloeos Norte........... 205 176 206 208 Iloeos Sur ............. Iloilo ................. 1,017 917 Isabela ............... 73 55 Laguna ............... 277 415 1 Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works. 396
Motorcycles
4
2 2 6
6
10 5 1 4 6 4
38 6 1 4 10 1 6
Total 81 39 567 136 155 891 342 1,056 330 49 268 385 889 1,972 62 534 382 418 1,944 129 698
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Registration of automobile's and m;otor trucks, by provinces, 1933 1-Continued Provinces Lanao La Union , ........... . Leyte ................ . Manila .............. . Marinduque .......... . Masbate ............. . Mindoro .............. . Mountain ............ . Baguio ........... . Nueva Ecija .......... . Nueva Vizcaya ....... . Occidental Misamis ... . Occidental N egros .... . Oriental Misamis ..... . Oriental N egros ...... . Palawan ............. . Pampanga ........... . Pangasinan .......... . Rizal ................ . Romblon ............. . Samar ............... . Sorsogon ............. . Sulu ................. . Surigao .............. . Tarlac ............... . Tayabas ............. . Zambales ............ . Zamboanga Total ............ . 1
Automobiles 52 109 174 11,142 46 33 9 18 525 357 66 50 1,991
Trucks
Motorcycles
Total
343 21 792 519 1,817
82 134 288 4,030 25 23 20 33 286 464 93 82 1,254 192 217 21 432 469 745
8
8
28 54 32 10 259 214 124 190
89 45 53 55 250 197 43 144
13
58 31 52 824 823 161 133 3,253 334 569 46 1,231 998 2,633 16 117 99 86 67 516 413 170 347
24,865
15,237
554
40,656
1'34
Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works.
397
2
6 262
134 245 468 15,434 71
2 2 1
13 2 2 1 8 8 9 4 7
10 71
1 2 7 2 3
~
co
00
1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
.............. .............. .............. ..............
.............. ..............
.............. .............. ..............
I
.............. \ .............. ..............
Year
1
I
15 I 25 14 30 41 46 56 43 \ 33 36 I
1~ I 5 10 9 22 15 16 14 8 9
1~ \ -
-
11 -
----"
~
46 27 21 32 28 43 38 61 61 73 56 54
.-.--
bUlldmg~
I d~r8:blE.'
Other
-
111 88 124 131 107 251 235 329 391 444 415 316
./
building~
Total of all durable
I 314,014 212,485 308,177 387,869 255,618 710,106 49,0,868 687,674 396,126 903,188 531,667 395,175
Total contents in cubic meters
Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works
I
49 50 76 69 55 169 134 207 258 314 318 217 I
-.-
.-
Markets Hospiand Schools tals tiendas
I
88 70 89 71 62 63 68 55 58 62 45 47
I
4,287,121.76 2,275,758.26 2,911,816.19 3,585,976.91 5,025,024.96 5,428,597.98 6,838,439.99 5,661,840.99 5,918,513.66 5,617,834.33 3,337,783.74 2,581,735.21
E xpenditures on buildings completed, Pel' cent buildings undel' construcby contents tion and maintenance of builddings
N umber cubical con tents and costs of dU1"able buildings, 1922-1933 1 t.:tj
p::
t.:tj UJ
Z
H
'"0 '"0
H
~
H
p::
'"0
t.:tj
t-3
~
o
>
H
t:j
t.:tj
'"0
o
~
Z o ~ o
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
A nnual expenditures for the construction and maintenance of roads 'and bridges, 1923-1933 1 Year 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
................... . .................. . ................... . .................. . .................. . ................... .
1
Maintenance 5,356,230.19 5,693,466.40 5,873,078.63 5,806,013.33 6,525,639.46 6,608,638.61 6,919,183.84 7,304,293.34 7,567,516.24 6,913,367.91 7,194,037.02
Const1'uction 1,814,640.41 2,437,601.74 3,094,820.51 3,414,515.78 5,549,660.34 7,275,744.66 8,759,828.68 7,939,514.40 8,841,971.45 7,715,833.68 5,691,926.68
Total 7,170,870.60 8,131,068.14 8,967,899.14 9,220,529.11 12,075,299.80 13,884,383.27 15,679,012.52 15,243,807.74 16,409,487.69 14,629,201.59 13,885,963.70
Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works.
Reinforced concrete structures, 1923-1933 1 Year 1923 .......................... 1924 ........................ 1925 ......................... 1926 ......................... 1927 ........................ 1928 ......................... 1929 ........................ 1930 ......................... 1931 .......................... 1932 ........................ 1933 ........................
Total number 4,400 4,428 4,575 4,597 4,653 4,709 4,882 5,001
Total span in meters 18,054 18,413 18,894 19,236 19,664 20,264 20,456 21,152
(llo)
(llo)
5,012 5,133
22,674 22,937
Courtesy of the Bureau of Public Works. (a) No data available. NOTE-All reinforced concrete structures were built under American Administration together with a large number of steel and other classes of construction. 1
399
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Radio registration in the Philippines, 1927-1933 1 Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Total nu,mbe1' of receivers registered 724 1,252 1,936 3,593 6,915 12,646 17,974 1 Courtesy of the Bureau of Posts.
Radio registration fees coUected, 1927-1933 1 A mounting to RadJio broadPena,lties Tota,l Insular casting Fees funds funds P122.58 P3,316.68 P663.34 P2,653.34 P3,194.10 5,817.13 1,163.43 4,653.70 5,497.40 319.73 7,823.95 906.34 9,779.94 1,955.99 8,873.60 4,305.75 17,222.94 18,541.10 2,987.59 21,528.69 8,042.89 32,171.47 35,265.60 4,948.76 40,214.36 69,629.40 6,276.45 75,905.85 15,181.18 6.0,724.67 94,481.01 3,522.47 98,0.03.48 ........ 98,.0.03.48 1 Courtesy of the Bureau of Posts. Collectiom
Year 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
........ •
•
.o
•••••
........ ........ ........
........ ....... .
4.0.0
FINANCE
1932 P9,499,980 88,442,235 173,087,000 10 91 8 74,716,773 79,896,887
Corporate investments ............ . Monetary circulation ............. . Bonded indebtedness .............. . Banks ........................... . Insurance ........................ . Building t\i Loan Association ...... . Government Actual Income ....... . Government Actual Expeditions ... . REVENUE
1933 P12,521,655 99,942,688 -174,364,700 9
99 10 '58,047,874 56,631,361
1
1932
Revenue Revenue from taxation: License and business tax . ... .. .............. . Import duties .......... . .... .. .............. . Excise tax .......... . ....... . ............... . Income tax ................................. . Wharfage tax ...... . ....................... . Internal revenue documentary stamp tax ..... . Custom documentary stamp tax ............. . Tonnage dues ............................... . Immigration tax ................... _........ . Inheritance tax ............................. . Franchise tax .............................. . Miscellaneous taxes ......................... .
P14,508,384 16,495,956 20,321,274 3,413,187 3,014,347 655,704 636,789 390,071 309,132 648,352 154,754 23,957
Total ................................... .
60,571,907
Incidental revenue: Revenue from public forests ................ . United States internal revenue .............. . Fines and forfeitures ....................... . Sales of public domains ..................... . Interest on bank deposits .................... . Inter~st on investments ..................... . Discount on bonds ........................... . Other incidental revenue ..................... .
1,268,392 712,370 682,099 110,991 578,491 983,040 260,706 45,433
Total ................................... .
4,641,522
1
Compiled from the annual report of the Bureau of Audits, 1932. 401
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
Internal revenue collections, by sources, 1932-1933 Domestic ............................. . Imported ............................ . License tax .......................... . Business tax ......................... . Occupation tax ....................... . Cedula tax ........................... . Franchise tax ........................ . Income tax ........................... . Documentary stamp tax ............... . Inheritance tax ...................... . Incidental revenue .................... . Service income ....................... . Total
1932 P8,621,760 11,688,779 958,901 10,099,176 3,019,730 4,849,888 465,514 3,451,127 656,346 697,610 2,038,617 583,150
1933 P8,085,296 7,198,912 891,269 9,842,103 3,129,908 4,324,914 444,273 3,111,531 636,342 445,303 2,143,251 521,798
47,130,598
40,774,9,00
Inter'liaZ ?'evenue collections, by distribution, 1932-1933 Insular Government Provincial Government ................ . Municipal Government ................ . City of Manila ....................... . Total
1932 P33,849,291 10,534,154 2,105,902 641,251
1933 P31,469,666 6,766,293 1,947,366 591,575
47,130,598
40,774,900
Internal revenue collections, by provinces, 1932-1933 Abra ................................ . Agusan .............................. . Albay ............................... . Antique .............................. . Bataan .............................. . Batanes .............................. . Batangas ............................ . Bohol ................................ . Bukidnon ............................. . Bulacan .............................. . Cagayan ............................. . Camarines Norte ...................... . Camarines Sur 402
1932 P53,553 80,466 388,064 108,184 86,502 4,978 422,589 275,665 24,940 408,666 477,034 60,632 262,936
1933 P52,836 69,267 289,264 100,629 79,276 4,794 399,145 259,339 21,292 289,457 411,716 71,116 299,658
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
Internal revenue collections, by provinces, 1932-1933 -Continued 1932
Capiz ................................ . Cavite ............................... . Cebu ................................. . Cotabato ............................. . Davao ............................... . Ilocos N Ol'te .......................... . Ilocos Sur ............................ . Iloilo ................................ . Isabela .............................. . Laguna .............................. . Lanao ............................... . La Union ............................ . Leyte ................................ . lVIANILA ............................ . Marinduque .......................... . Masbate .............................. . Mindoro ............................. . Mountain ............................ . Nueva Ecija ......................... . Nueva Vizcaya ....................... . Occidental Misamis ................... . Occidental N egros .................... . Oriental Misamis ..................... . Oriental N egros ...................... . Palawan ............................. . Pampanga ........................... . Pangasinan .......................... . Rizal ................................ . Romblon ............................. . Samar ............................... . Sorsogon ............................. . Sulu ................................. . Surigao .............................. . Tarlac ............................... . Tayabas ............................. . Zambales ............................. . Zamboanga ........................... . Total 403
1933
218,445 214,151 3,426,845 128,736 484,840 209,210 231,466 1,701,662 179,745 405,350 107,856 147,391 418,009 30,447,287 50,910 80,380 89,402 190 1058 329,912 51,295 144,684 1,074,036 155,639 290,491 63,610 478,606 757,818 480,146 53,514 253,097 129,873 112,335 117,581 283,118 474,555 83,029 411,3.07
256,019 186,642 2,859,857 107,469 416,906 177,103 217,341 1,699,747 156,421 356,074 101,422 128,808 434,823 25,708,966 50,738 83,746 82,559 223,462 294,526 46,789 121,622 1,090,167 134,713 277,993 58,474 442,022 597,720 432,805 48,530 228,880 95,931 100,770 95,679 308,761 418,273 75,611 309,742
47,130,598
40,774,900
~
o
~
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
1
,
-,--
71,244 79,366 77,358 80,295 80,244
1
I
I
I 1 1
Number \
17,993.00 /110,153 19,322.00 130,431 19,622.00 129,438 18,457.70 111,135 17,556.66 93,877
Fees
1 -______1_____
I
'I
P1,601,409.00 1,700,!;l21 ..00 1,734,298.00 1,678,486.50 1,587,583.18
Amount
I
P54,90 1,443 .00 57,977,464.00 54,401,811.00 46,868,766.30 41,293,110.16
Amount
P298,051.00 317,345.00 305,463.00 278,939.04 261,170.21
Fees
P11,581,864.00 12,701,388.00 12,138,861.00 10,123,202.72 7,191,135.06
1,799,036.00 1,820,683.18 1,736,074.02
I P1,669,048.00 1,766,255.00
Orders of the United States and foreign coun- Philippine tries paid in the Philip- Islands orders paid in United pine Islands States and foreign countries Amount Number
1,178,064 1,269,745 1,239,276 1,302;968 1,213,184
Number -\
Orders payable in the Philippine Islands
Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Posts.
............... / ······ .. ·······1 ............... ............... ...............
Year
-
-
592 6,08 629 635 641
Orders payable in the United States and possessions
....................................
.................................... .................................... .................................... ....................................
Year
Number of money order offices
1928-1932 1
Money orders issued or paid in Philippine post offices, t;J:j
~
t;J:j Ul
Z
H
~ ~
H
~
H
::r:
~
::r: t;J:j
~
o
>
H
t:;
t;J:j
~
o
~
o
K1
Z o
Q1
0
~
Year
1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930. 1931 1932 1933
o,
•
~
1
........................... ........................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .......................... .................... .....
••••••••••••••••••••••••
.......................... .......................... P2,596,5D7.44 1,556,844.98 1,676,472.0.6 1,679,496.42 1,669,0.47.72 1,766,254.76 1,799,0.36.32 1,820.,683.18 1,736,0.74.0.2 1,323,0.94.18
Issues total PD.22 P57,321.59 .13 18,625.34 .168 20.,583.60. .14 19,0.77.32 .13 19,388.32 .13 20.,716.38 .137 20.,991.46 .138 21,411.74 .127 20.,659.90. .0.951 18,980..80.
Issues per Fees total capita
Courtesy of the Bureau of Posts.
147,614 74,313 77,40.3 78,333 73,153 81,253 79,120. 84,447 84,472 75,193
Numbe1' PD.DD3 .0.0.1 .0.0.2 .0.0.15 .0.015 .0.0.16 .0.0.16 .0.0.16 .0.0.151 .0.0.136 5,327 25
8,10.0.
3,,0.90. 930.
Fees per Incapita crease
9,279
2,133
5,180.
73,30.1
Decrease
Money orders issued payable in the United States and other countries, 1924-19331
(':)
~
~ ~
U1
tl d
1-1
Z
ztl
:>
t?;j
(':)
t?;j ~
~ ~
0
Q')
".. 0
Abra ....................................... Agusan ..................................... Albay ...................................... Antique ..................................... Bataan ..................................... Batanes .................................... Batangas .................................... Bohol ...................................... Bukidnon ................................... Bulacan .................................... Cagayan ................................... Camarines Norte ............................ Camarines Sur .............................. Capiz ...................................... Cavite ..................................... Cebu ....................................... Cotabato .................................... Davao ..................................... Ilocos Norte ................................ Ilocos Sur .................................. Iloilo ...................................... Isabela ..................................... Laguna .....................................
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS .........................
Province
Per capita
-
\-
.......-
31,529,930 119,642,330 28,616,770 68,773,990
33,865,81.0
8,471,510 8,888,570 42,1029,560 12,977,080 17,180,710 2,448,360 45,668,140 38,047,630 3,628,970 68,606,660 32,953,170 15,459,970 41,329,700 40,495,150 28,075,945 106,637,500 8,668,560 39,192,790
P2,336,828,345
~
25,943 23,751 73,332 35,278 49,086 5,220 136,164 96,820 3,457 207,762 85,936 37,612 64,991 86,200 77,441 289,436 21,486 94,134 110,863 99,260 304,032 63,626 181,524
P9,100,590 94.96 147.15 139,23 75.09 254.68 298.07 112.67 88.73 80.16 254.61 151.94 253.11 176.14 118.56 160.27 105.16 41.60 276.10 135.02 128.46 207.68 201.81 295.67
P175.32
I .29 .39 .24 .20 .73 .64 .34 .23 .08 .77 .40 .62 .28 .25 .44 .29 .10 .66 .44 .41 .53 .45 .78
PO.73
Assessed value Real I Real of real estate property tax Real estate assessment property tax
Real estate assessment and tax, 1932 1 t?;j
t?;j UJ.
Z
H
~ ~
H
t-t
::r:: H
~
t.:rj
p::
~
~
o
>
H
t:j
t?;j
~
o
t-t
Q ~ Q
Z
-.;J
o
01:>.
1
3,677,960 27,474,180 50,588,960 420,243,870 14,211,880 18,600,720 17,059,430 24,903,940 92,777,600 9,692,520 21,925,000 29,645,730 144,409,260 34,530;160 5,993,240 67,215;410 94,680,330 91,888,770 12,897,740 33,329,17.0 30,169,050 5,515,330 24,331,060 69,047,120 108,537,650 12,599,400 27,694,090 12,286 81,060 116,130 4,125,137 019 33, 39,994 45,464 79,724 246,885 31,233 57,308 83,653 343,273 88,369 12,883 223,281 254,110 263,290 28,940 69,513 50,596 6,538 43,124 221,690 267,960 35,843 65,933 1
I
I
Compiled from the annual reports of the Bureau of Audits.
Lanao ..................................... . La Union ................................. . Leyte ...................................... . M:anila (City) ............................. . l\1:arinduque ................................ . Masbate ................................... . Mindoro ................................... . Mountain ................................. . Nueva Ecija ............................... . Nueva Vizcaya ............................ . Occidental Misamis ......................... . Oriental Misamis ........................... : Occidental N egros .......................... . Oriental N egros ............................ . Palawan .................................. . Pampanga ................................. -:Pangasinan ................................ :. Rizal ..................................... . Romblon ................................... . Salnar .................................... . Sorsogon ..... " ....... " ... '" ., .... . ...... . Suln ...................................... : Surigao ......... . ..... . .................. . . Tarlac ....................... . ............ . Tayabas .................................. . Zanlbales .................................. . Zaluboanga ....................... . ........ . 28.22 147.71 66.31 1,158.27 233.10 215.46 175.02 69.16 308.77 270.45 203.82 203.44 309.63 103.95 62.83 236.37 141.27 312.63 174.53 70.97 134.55 31.22 165.08 343.68 419.78 131.70 148.72
I I .09 .44 .15 11.37 .54 .46 .47 .22 .82 .87 .53 .57 .74 .27 .14 .79 .38 .90 .39 .15 .23 .28 .29 1.10 1.03 .37 .35
~
~
t-3
U1
Z t:I d
~
Z tJ.
>
txj
o
txj ~
~ ~
o
o
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Values of gold ore; bullion and coins exported from the Philippine Islands by calend'ar years, from 1899 to 1933 ~ Gold OTe Gold Bullion
Year
G ld C路 Total Gold 0 oms Exports of
(Foreign)
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
P7,WO 11,900 444
2oo 6,170 516 10,020 7,140 3,626 29,492 19,696 20,820 17,764 283,444 25,696 250 24,020 100,000 20,500 51,083 32,945 55,533 24,919 15,684 26,35.0 23,068 1,500 38,351 8,200 2,903 750 7,700 a
P4,853,310 P2,120,790 P6,974,100 4,730 1,174,456 1,186,286 6,300 1,696,926 1,715,126 路......... 628,590 629,034 路......... 126,880 127,080 6,500 161,340 174,010 路......... 20,680 21,196 1,500 20,000 31,520 180,508 7,964 195,612 430,874 106,366 540,866 495,194 973,068 1,468,262 279,368 690,476 999,336 360,210 181,300 561,206 1,119,604 . . . . . . . . 1,140,424 1,718,960 ........ 1,736,724 2,137,520 15,000 2,435,964 2,586,287 57,000 2,668,983 2,986,868 6,200 2,993,318 2,677,284 912,714 3,614,018 1,873,938 . . . . . . . . 1,873,938 1,843,153 ........ 1,943,153 2,323,386 .... . . .. 2,343,886 2,610,292 11,00,0 2,672,375 2,867,912 .... . . . . 2,900,857 3,307,677 200 3,363,410 3,448,945 1,580,000 5,053,864 3,862,119 150,000 4,027,803 3,866,760 .. . . . . .. 3,893,110 3,177,200 . . . . . . .. 3,200,268 3,730,352 ........ 3,731,852 6,562,435 400,000 7,000,786 7,461,282 ........ 7,469,482 7,531,350 ........ 7,534,253 10,071,492 ... . . . .. 10,072,242 9,693,271 .. , . . . .. 9,700,971
Courtesy, Bureau of Customs. 408
the P. I.
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
A verage exchange of foreign currencies London
1929 ................. . 1930 ................. . 1931 ................. . 1932 ................. . 1933January .......... . February ........ . March ........... . April ............ . May ............. . June ........ . .... . July ............. . August .......... . September ........ . Octob拢'r .......... . November ....... . . December ........ . Yearly average ....... .
9.8509 9.8820 9.3322 8.2320
2.0211 2.0220 2.0225 2.0225
.9400 1.0054 1.0064 .5928
1.1981 .8608 1.5599 1.3390
6.9419 7.0619 6.9788 7.4018 8.0504 8.5250 9.6497 9.3289 9.5654 9.6064 10.5929 10.5023 8.6838
2.0200 2.0200 2.0158 2.0085 2.0033 2.0150 2.0225 2.0225 2.0200 2.0175 2.0163 2J0086 2.0158
.4387 .4349 .4540 .4725 .4994 .5344 .5965 .5639 .5676 .5729 .6266 .6363 .5331
.5713 .5816 .6018 .4972 .5093 .5480 .6140 .5857 .6131 .6158 .6756 .6841 .5915
Year and Months
Madrid
Paris
Hongkong
India
(6)
(7)
(8)
(1)
(5) 1929 1930 1931 1932
New Y o?路k (2)
Japan
Shanghai
Year and Months
(3)
(4)
.................. 1.5062 .0805 1.0401 ....... . .................. 1.2049 .0807 1.4453 ....... . .................. .9867 .0808 1.9713 .7138 .................. .8505 .0805 .4834 .6201 (1) Monetary unit, pound sterling, par of exchange $4.8665 or P9.7330. (2) Monetary unit, dollars, par of exchange P2.00. (3) Monetary unit, yen, par of exchange $0.4985 or PO.9970. (4) Monetary unit, Shanghai dollar, no par of exchange; average value of silver 1913, $0.6685 or P1.3370. (5) Monetary unit, duro, par value of exchange $0.9650 or P1.9300. (6) Monetary unit, franc, par of exchange $0.0392 or PO.0784. (7) Monetary unit, dollar, par of exchange $0.4469 or PO.8938. (8) Monetary unit, ruppee, par of exchange PO.7300. 409
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
A verage exchange of foreign currencies-Continued Yea?'s and Months 1933January ........ .. February ........ . March ........... . April ............ . May ............. . June ............. . July ............. . August .......... . September ........ . October .......... . November ........ . December ......... . Yearly average ....... .
Year and Months
Java
Paris
Hongkong
India
.8375 .8457 .8692 .9492 1.0401 1.0713 1.2067 1.1832 1.2681 1.2827 1.3547 1.3141 1.1019
.0798 .0801 .0807 .0883 .0960 .1002 .1134 .1122 .1189 .1199 .1295 .1262 .1038
.4613 .4625 .4775 .5124 .5640 .6045 .6827 .6554 .6798 .6839 .7462 .7599 .6087
.5256 .5360 .5379 .5634 .6186 .6436 .7240 .7045 .7181 .7254 .7919 .7881 .6563
Singapore
Milan
B erne
Madrid
(11) (12) (10) (9) 1929 1930 .396.0 .1067 .8202 .8955 1931 ....... . .3988 1.0648 .1056 1932 ....... . .8224 1933Jan. .... .8249 .8079 .1058 .3949 Feb. .... .8256 .8231 .1057 .3945 March .. .8278 .8265 .1052 .3994 April ... .8853 .8888 .1137 .4162 May 9936 .9485 .1264 .4694 June 1.0165 .9950 .1311 .4808 July 1.1710 1.1308 .1430 .5604 Aug. 1.1558 1.096.0 .1507 .5531 Sept. 1.2265 1.1202 .1637 .6011 Oct. 1.2513 1.1303 .1621 .5983 Nov. .... 1.3482 1.2351 .1744 .6442 Dec. .... 1.2994 1.2372 .1715 .6321 Yr. average 1.0688 1.0199 .1378 .5120 (9) Monetary unit, guilder, par of exchange 1'0.8040. (10) Monetary unit, dollar, par of exchang'e 1'1.1356. (11) Monetary unit, lire, par of exchange 1'0.1052. (12) Monetary unit, franc, par of exchange 1'0.3860. (13) Monetary unit, guilder, par of exchange PO.8040. 410
A msterdam (13)
.8234 .8268 .8333 .8333 .8333 .8900 .9872 1.0052 1.1756 1.1577 1.2241 1.2493 1.3482 1.2994 1.0697
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Philippine currency in circulation, 1929-1933 Year and A10nths 1929 .................. . 1930 ................... . 1931 .............. .. ... . 1932January ........... . February .......... . March ... ... ....... . April .............. . May ......... ..... . June .............. . July ............... . Augusta .......... . September a ........ . Octob(lr ............ . November December .......... . 1933January .......... .. February .......... . March ............. . April .............. . May ............... . June .............. . July ............... .. August ............ . September ......... . October ............ . November December .......... . 1 i).
Amount in Increase(+) Per capita(l) ci1"culation Decrease (- ) circulation P126,019,467 112,764,285 103,941,465
-P1,966,121 -13,255,182 - 8,822,820
P10.45 9.20 8.35
95,969,804 109,478,450 97,516,672 94,,000,398 92,076,744 89,325,362 87,459,458 86,852,602 89,418,479 87,534,916 88,119,688 89,082,2S5
- 3,716,533 +13,508,646 -11,961,778 - 3,516,274 - 1,923,654 - 2,751,382 - 1,865,904 606,766 + 2,565,787 - 1,883,563 584,772 + 962,547 +
7.59 8.66 7.71 7.43 7.28 7.06 6.92 6.87 7.07 6.92 6.97 7.04
87,784,693 86,700,640 92,740,909 92,283,783 93,762,261 92,487,325 92,429,,023 93,326,649 95,777,132 95,267,193 96,663,196 100,582,688
- 1,297,542 - 1,084,053 + 6,040,269 457,126 + 1,478,478 - 1,274,936 58,302 897,626 + + 2,450,483 509,939 + 1,396,003 + 3,919,492
6.83 6.75 7.22 7.18 7.30 7.20 7.19 7.26 7.45 7.41 7.52 7.83
Based on P. I. population as estimated by the Statistics Division. Revised.
411
~
~
~
- "-----" --"--""--"""
-"-
1
215,130,129.76
1'1,458,893.46 56,452,496.63 157,218,739.67 1,119J 61>9.95
1'67,012.20 283,705.63 768,942.12 918,438.99
1'23,972.06 217,108.96 677,357.97 210,958.98
1'24,835.81 2,424.79 183,698.38
Gross Premiums Net premiums Net losses received incurred received
From the 1933 annual report of the Insular Treasurer.
Total .....................
Domestic (5) ................. . Foreign (American) (10) ..... . Foreign (other) (32) ......... .
Net 1路isks written
323,906.73
1'24,895.81 76,461.34 222,549.58
Net losses paid
Statement of business transacted by marine insurance comp'anies in the Philirppine Islands during the year ended December 31, 1933 1
-"
tz=j
UJ
t::l
Z
1-1
~ ~
1-1
t"'
1-1
p::
~
tz=j
~
p::
~
0
>
.1 -1
t;
tz=j
~
0
~
(1
~
Z (1
~
"""
~
1
2,462,371.68 583,373.00 195,779.98
2,198,626.38 633,079.07 21,425.91
438,362.00 254,368.00 8,730,567.00
249,055.00 448,934.00 9,604,758.00 44,040,593.00
8,356,050.00
13,527,481.00
42,606,683.00
P45,107,840.0.o
P39,381,949.00
Foreign (American)
264,584.44
1,130,394.66
3,559,018.14
60,857,688.00
683,315.00 505,574.00 9,091,968.00
9,046,058.00
P62,092,488.00
Foreign (others)
From the 1933 annual report of the Insular Treasurer.
Insurance in force, January 1, 1932 ..................... . Insurance issued, revived and increased during the year ... Insurance terminatedBy death .............. . By maturity ........... . By lapse and other causes. Insurance in force, December 31, 1932 ..................... . Total premium income for current year ................. . Losses and claims settled during the year ................. . Losses and claims unpaid, December 31, 1932 ........... .
Domestic
481,79,0.33
2,346,846.73
8,220,016.20
147,504,964.0.0
1,370,732.00 1,208,876.00 27,427,293.00
30,929,589.00
PI46,582,277.00
Total
Statement of business transacted by l~fe insurance companies in the Philippine Islands during the year ended December 31, 19321
to<:
~
1-3
r.J).
q
t:1
Z
~
t:1
Z
>
t:Ij
(')
~
t:Ij
~ ~
o
(')
"""
~
01>-
Automobile motor car and motor vehicles: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Health and accident: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Typhoon, tidal wave, flood and earthquake: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Plate glass: Net risks written .................. .. Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Fidelity and surety: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . 30,775,999.70 608,695.54
Nil Nil Nil Nil
Nil Nil
225~0
30~00~0
1,540,500.00 7,984.77 3,424.14 3,653.14
Nil Nil Nil Nil
22,210.00 3,376.38 281.40 281.40 60,000.00 30,835,999.70 1,075.100 609,770.54
22,210.0,0 3,376.38 281.40 281.40
7,748,017.33 20,622,214.67 28,400,232.00 47,961.46 67,780.43 19,593.97 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
5,164,400.00 7,688.67 72.62 72.62
9,010,9,00.00 17,979.44 3,501.76 3,730.76
Total
2,306,000.00 2,306.00 . 5.00 5.00
Foreign (others)
P3,084,800.70 P3,386,900.70 Nil 181,439.32 192,872.67 P405.66 69,385.61 72,632.78 Nil 57,742.29 54,495.12 Nil
Foreign (Ame?-ican)
P302,100.00 11,027.69 3,247..1'7 3,247.17
Domestic
Statement of business transacted by miscellaneous insurance companies in the Philippine Islands during the year ended Decembe1" 31, 1933 1 tl:j
~
tl:j U1
Z
I-tJ I-tJ ......
~ ...... t-t ......
I-tJ
tl:j
~
o I-:Ij
>
t:1 ......
tl:j
I-tJ
o
t-t
Q ~ Q
Z
01
,.... "'"
1
0
0
••••••••••
••••••••••
2,480,522.01 71,652.47 38,474.04 28,028.67
Nil Nil
2,480,522.01 71.652.47 38,474.04 28,028.67
133,656.57 44,692.89
50,000.00 1,150,.000.00 46,728,410.90 47,928,410.90 1,523.05 3,105.00 84,45.,1.59 89,079.64 Nil Nil 5,508.15 5,508.15 Nil .c,-" Nil 5,508.15 5,508.15
...........
......... ..
. ........ ..
............ ........... . ..........
........... ...........
133,656.57 44,692.89
-- -"- -- "-"-------
From the 1933 annual report- of the Insular Treasurer.
Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Workmen's compensation and employers' liability: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... . Other miscellaneous: Net risks written ................... . Net premiums received .............. . Net losses incurred .................. . Net losses paid ..................... .
-"--
~
~ ~
c: w
t;
Z
~
t:J
:>
z
t;xj
()
t;xj ~
~ ~
o
()
0)
~
....
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921
II
'1
I!
......................... IT ......................... 11 ......................... ......................... / ......................... ........................ 1 ......................... .... _ .................... .......•................. 1 ......................... \ .......................•. ......................... 1 ......................... 11 ......................... 11 ........................ ·11 ........................ '1\ ......................... ......................... 11 ........................ '1 1 ......................... I ......................... 11 ......................... 1\ ......................... 1
Year Exports
I Total
3,371,146
201,962 9,001,641 48,881,690 59,614,552 73,190,541
P 6,808,448\ 12,478,248 5,288,114 6,829,904 7,679,836
I
I
I
55,446,503
11,042,452
18,181,796 6,374,560 13,489,202 11,079,660
P 8,692,808 3,746,812 11,318,236 9,340,524 2,829,276 856,462
Against
Trade Balances
Trade In favor of
P38,385,972 [ P29,693,164 [ P68,079,136I 49,727,558 I 45,980,746 I 95,708,304 60,324,942 4\),006,706 109,331,648 I 66,684,332 57,343,808 124,028,140 67,622,768 64,793,492 132,416,260 59,155,462 58,299,000 117,454,462 60,101,100 66,909,548 127,010,648 52,807)536 65,285,784 118,093,320 60,907,620 66,195,734 127,103,354 58,372,240 65,202,144 123,574,384 62,168,838 69,848,674 132,017,512 99,438,722 81,256,926 180,695,648 96,048,814 89,674,254 185,723,068 123,335,802 109,846,600 233,182,402 95,545,912 202,171,484 106,625.1572 97,177,306 97,379,268 194,556,574 98,624.1367 107,626,008 206,250,375 90,992,675 139,874,365 230,867,040 131,594,061 191,208,613 322,802,674 197,198,423 270,388,964 467,587,387 237,278,104 226,235,652 463,513,756 298,876J 565 302,247,711 601,124,276 231,677,148 176,230,645 407,907,793
Imports
Values of the Foreign Commerce
Value's of imports, exports and total trade of the Philippine Islands, 1899 to 1933 t:z:j
Ul
t:z:j
Z
~
t-' ~ ""d ""d
~
::r:
""d
::r: t:z:j
1-3
~
0
>
~
t:!
t:z:j
t-' 0 ""d
0
~
0
Z
~
"'"
"'l
1899 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
II
I
to I( ......... 1 .......... 'I .. . . . .... 11 ......... II ......... 11 ......... 11 ......... [! ......... 11 . . . . .... . /1
Year
158,79Q)170 149,361,523
198,357~437
174,999J 494 216,0211 790 239,4651 667 238,5971984 231,702}943 269,3131 796 294,320,549 246,185,907
160,395~89
191,166,596 / 351,561,885 241,505,980 416,505,474 270,689,325 486,711,115 297,754,4W 537,220,077 273,768,639 512,366,623 311,148,170 542,851,113 310,109,092 579,422,888 328,893,685 623,214,234 266,334,255 512,520,162 207,944,148 406,301,585 190,676,1'61 349,466,331 211-,542,105 360,903,628
I
I
30,771,307 I 66,506,486 54,667,535 58,288,743 35,170,655 79,445,227 40,795,296 34,573,136 20,148,348 9,586,711 31,885,991 62,180,582
I
I
Tonnage Number
I I
I Tonnage
Domestic
I
I 3,066 4,977,435 9,540 1,890,238 1,057,639 558 1,932 421,750 I 532 1,056,440 1,916 385,371 1,,076,929 517 2,202 453,703 591 1,215,615 2,360 465,949 I 552 1,345,414 2,283 478,551 / 589 1,345,419 2,502 485,551 I 753 1,649,202 2,847 568,280 I 817 1,821,353 2,856 603,190 I 1l"l'om Bureau of Customs, 1934 Year Book
Number
Foreign
J
/
I
II
12,606 2,490 2,448 2,719 2,951 2,835 3,091 3,600 3,673
Number
I
I
6,894,673 1,479,389 1,441,811 1,530,632 1,681,564 1,823,965 1,830,970 2,217,482 2,424,543
Tonnage
Totals
Number and registered net tonnage of foreign and domestic vessels entered the port of Manila, 1899 to 1933 1
//
1922 ......••••••••••.•..•..•• 1\ 1923 ........................ '1 1924 ......................... , 1925 ......................... ! 1926 • • • . • . . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • • . . • 1 1927 1928 :::::::::::::::::::::::: :1/ \ 1929 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1930 ......................... 1931 ..........•......... . ... ·11 1932 ..•...•••.•........••.•. ·11 1933 .•.••••.••.......•..••••• 11
t<:
~
t-3
~ U1
Z t1
lo-o4
Z t1
>
trj
C":l
~
trj
~ ~
o
C":l
...
II禄
00
1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
ilI
II
II
I
......... ....... "'1 ......... : I ......... /1 ......... .. . . . . ... 1 ........ '1 ......... 1 .. ... .. .. I ......... 11 ......... ......... 1 ......... 11 ......... 11 ......... 1 ... . ..... I ......... 11 ......... 1 .. ...... . 11 ......... 11
1913 .........
Year
810 775 651 657 564 540 642 922 807 842 923 950 903 927 990 1,.038 1,265 1,273 1,187 1,125 1,192
Number
1
Tonnage
\11
I1II
I
I 2,734 2,676 2,705 2,831 3,426 3,751 3,303 3,164 3,113 3,469 3,301 3,308 3,259 3,393 3,261 3,370 3,568 3,671 3,448 3,510 3,372
Number
\
I I I I
I
I I I I
I
L1 . 路
.1
I
,, '
'II ".
L路~
I......
I,r
I
704,502 692,204 742,238 823,065 848,726 861,687 933,552 972,695 1,079,764 1,044,7,03 934,244
1)89,087
651,815 657,600 617,653 553,072 565,838 557,763 584,917 618,997 620,667
I!
II
I
_I
Tonnage
Domestic
From Bureau of Customs, 1934 Year Book
I
I
I
I
1,952,546 1,926,394 1,606,275 1,495,014 1,385,050 1,380,194 1,629,553 2,717,570 2,573,909 2,981,499 3,284,706 3,557,441 I 3,574,285 3,839,378 3,953,621 4,128,734 I 4,932,712 I 5,116,594 I 4,911,426 4,880,516 5,120,617
I
I I
Foreign
3,544 3,451 3,356 3,488 3,990 4,291 3,945 4,086 3,920 4,311 4,224 4,258 4,162 4,320 4,251 4,408 4,833 4,944 4,635 4,635 4,564
Number
I
1
2,604,361 2,583,994 2,223,928 2,048,086 1,750,888 1,937,857 2,214,470 3,336,567 3,194,576 3,670,586 3,989,208 4,249,645 4,316,523 4,662,443 4,789,634 4,990,421 5,866,264 6,089,289 5,991,190 5,925,219 6,054,861
Tonnage
Totals
Number a,n d registered net tonnage of foreign and domestic vessels entered- the port of Manila, 1899 to 1933 1-Continued
--
UJ.
t;Ij
Z
1-4
~ ~
1-4
t-t
1-4
::q
~
t;Ij
~
::q
~
0
P>
1-4
t:j
t;Ij
~
0
t-t
0
~
0
t;Ij
Z
BOOK
Two
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
Business Philosophy Of Leading Philippine Merchants And Executives I
FILIPINOS LEOPOLDO
R.
AGUINALDO
"Nowadays in ,order to succeed in the business world," he said with his winning smile and his magnetic personality all expressed in his voice and his look, "one must have solid preparation, one must do much study." That was stated one bright morning. He was in his cozy office on the third floor of the Aguinaldo Building. The office was marked with simplicity and that quietness necessary for an executive. Tall, well-built and unassuming, Mr. Aguinaldo added, "My motto is always honesty." The other floors of the building were occup,ied by clerks and other office departments, while the first floor was teeming with customers. It was a busy day, but the owner and manager, complaisant and confident, gave one the idea that he was at home, not in a hurry, for everything has its proper time. Sometimes people call him the most successful Filipino merchant, this proprietor and manager of the big L. R. A. interests with its central office on Calle Juan Luna, Manila, and with branches in the principal cities of the Islands, and also with a purchasing office in the busiest city of the world, New York City. Mr. Aguinaldo's career is marvelous. He rose from mere employee to employer-then, to owner and manager. He belongs to the self-made class. For big men usually make themselves. Continuing his remarks, he said further, "One should labor early. He should exercise economy in order to gain experience. In his obligations, he must be prompt so as to 419
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES obtain credit which is the soul of every successful enterprise. Ab{)ve all, he should not forget this-always sincere, always honest in all his dealings." A typical Filipino merchant, Mr. Aguinaldo is like the successful American business man, a modern Filipino merchant, adopting the scientific methods. That is why he is known as business leader, leader in progressive business. His business philosophy is based on the solid rock of honesty, sincerity in all that he does:. He is industrious, a keen observer of things; he is a man of a sunshiny nature, very kind and cordial; he uses his knowledge and his experience to advantage in forecasting business conditions. Mr. Leopoldo R. Aguinaldo is a successful Filipino merchant and executive because he has for his life's philosophy the very basic foundation of all human endeavors-honesty; that is why what he says goes, and that is why what he does succeeds-bec~use he is modern in his methods, because he is honest in his dealings. GONZALO PUYAT
"Know both the theory and practice of your business in order to succeed in any human undertaking. Engage in a line you like, and then, other things being equal, you will, with intelligence, tact, industry and thrift, realize, sooner or later, the goal of your ambition." The speaker is Mr. Gonzalo Puyat, proprietor and manager of the well known firm, Gonzalo Puyat & Sons, Inc., the biggest Filipino manufacturers of home and office furniture made of Philippine woods. That business philosophy of Mr. Puyat was given some t ime ago, after thinking on what really made him what he is today, the Filipino furniture king. His office and plant are located at the corner of Solana and Potenciana streets, in the Walled City, of old 420
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Manila. It was a beautiful morning when he was seen. His store was buzzing with many customers from different provinces, and his factory humming with the noise of hammers, planes, and machines. But this busy man is always self-composed. Never talkative but observant, he is quiet, thoughtful and courteous. To be near him is to feel some assurance, the confidence which is needed in big enterprises. One cannot help but say that this businessman's method is-Slow, but sure. A truly self-raised man, Mr. Puyat began life as a billiard hall boy. Through thrift and industry, he rose from a mere office boy to furnitu.re king. His brilliant achievement in business is a challenge to the countless youths who say that they have no chance. What with their college training and their vigorous youth! Those are the best assets, according to ' Mr. Puyat's life, that make one be somebody: to rise from poverty to r iches. Mr Puyat's enterprise is an example of the one-man corporation. In his office and factory he rises with the sun, working early and late, attending to the minutest detail gf the things in his shop and his office, seeing to it that all his customers, as well as his employees, are satisfied. He has' patience because he knows that whatever is lasting deserves hard work, patient waiting. He has grit because he knows that whatever succeeds must be done well. He has tact because he knows right from his personal experience that sooner or later one must reap what he has sown. That is why he is thrifty, indus.trious, tactful. The soul of courtesy, Mr. Puyat, once a poor boy, has recently become the president of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, the highest post to which a Filipino merchant can aspire. He has also recently traveled around the world in order to introduce modern business methods into his com421
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES pany. Enterprising, polite and observing, this furniture king is another Filipino merchant who has built his, business philosophy on experience, the touchstone of achievement. TEODORO
R. YANGCO
One of the greatest philanthropists and business leaders of the Philippine Islands, Don Teodoro, says: "Be a Christian, good and true. Then study hard and let your work be a fitting tribute to Him. My greatest wish is to see men and women, robust and God-fearing, do their bit for our beloved. Philippines ... Character, remember, makes the man ... " Simplicity marks the very lif~ of this leader, this capitalist, gener:al merchant, shipping executive, and social welfare worker. The proprietor of the Bazar Siglo XX, the Yangco Drydocks and Slipways, and the T. R. Y. Transportation Company and other interests, Mr. Yangco was president of the Young Men's Christian Association and other commercial and civic institutions. His inspiring biography has been written by S. Stagg. It is the romance of a successful business life, marked with charity and service. When the Y.M.C.A. was organized and there was a need of a real leader and a good man, the voice and vote fell to him, as everyone said, "Mr. Yangco is the man." A better tribute than this, "This is the man," could perhaps never be paid to Don Teodoro. He is frank, he is simple, he is a lover of his people. He loves and works and serves. Many a time people ask, "Is that Don Teodoro? Is that T, R. Y.?" It is because he goes out and walks alone and dresses simply, even without a cravat. The motive of his life is to be a Christian. Yes, on 422
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY that philosophy all the laws of the prophets hang. It is to be a man among men, the real Filipino gentleman. Don Teodoro's business philosophy, the stone on which he has built his success, not only in his commercial but also in his social life as well is, "Be a Christian"; for a Christian loves his neighbor as he loves himself; he practices the Golden Rule, because this is the rule of rules. VICENTE MADRIGAL
This is the coal prince, another Filipino business leader, owner and manager of the vast Madrigal interestscoal, steamships, cotton mills. and cement factory. "In business he is aggressive, in transactions he is foresighted," wa~ said of him by many an interviewer. As student of. the Santo Tomas University, Mr. Madrigal is well known to his professors. Here is what the Rector said: "As a student he was good, quiet and thoughtful. Now as a business man he is, I should say, a wonder. Early in the morning he enters office and returns home at dinner time. Now and then he takes a walk or a ride for change and exercise. Then he goes home, reads and sleeps. Such a life as he leads is what I call systematic and scientific, fruitful of good, noble results." The same opinion was expressed by many of those who know him. What he said to Governor Murphy might as well be said of him, "He has shown, by positive ads, his deep interest in helping the Filipino people to plan and to build their economic future." For Mr. Madrigal is one of those rare leaders who has helped build the economic structure of Philippine progress. As an executive, Mr. Madrigal possesses that vision which is clear, deep and far-reaching; his determination to succeed is an inspiration to all; he is a leader who knows 423
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES what he knows; he is a gentleman who is always himself~ modest, just, and dignified. Tall in stature, artless in his manners, and square in his dealings, Mr. Madrigal is a man of character, with actions stamped by a seriousness of motive which cannot be doubted. Once the President of the Philippine National Bank and of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, this is what another leader like him remarked, "Mr. Madrigal is enterprising; he is keen, foresighted; that happened in his coal business. Once he has determined to do a thing, he does it, though the heavens would fall. I think that is the only way to succeed." There is Mr. Vicente Madrigal, pictured by his friends who have nothing for him but high esteem and regard. He has vision. and foresight. His integrity of character is unquestioned. N ow he stands in the business community as one of the successful few, one of the big leaders who made good, because his business philosophy which carried him triumphantly through many successful deals was sound, based on methods that are systematic and scientific. Men of vision never perish. They devote their lives to accomplish their purpose in life. Their greatest glory lies in not succeeding all the time, but in rising every time they fall. TORIBIO TEODORO
They call him the Slipper King of the Philippine Islands-Mr. Toribio Teodoro-the president and proprietor of the famous Ang Tibay establishment, sUpper and shoe manufacturer and merchant. What has really transformed this man from nobody to somebody? From day laborer to factory king? Listen to his own words! 424
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY HI consider no one t oo poor... Capital is not necessary .. , It is the will that some lacks. .. Work and you will see ... There are four requisites to this Success which we mistakenly call luck. First, begin from the bottom. Second, have patience. Third, work hard. Fourth, study continuously." Had you heard him talk and saw him do so, you would have felt the throb of activity and enthusiasm vibrant within him-imbued with the impression that this slipper magnate is a good, hard and honest worker. As a laborer, he stated, "There is no gain without pain." The son of a poor farmer of Tondo, Mr. Teodoro started life as a laborer, earning eighty centavos a week. He began his business venture by opening a small slipper factory. Through tnuch economy and hard work the slipper shop grew, with the passing of many busy years, into a big establishment, Ang Tibay. This Ang Tibay possesses the most modern Filipino shoe and slipper factory in the East, turning out 400 pairs of shoes a day and 7,000 pairs of chinelas a week, and having branches all over the Islands, and some agencies abroad. Seeing that he had no chance to grow and become independent in a tobacco factory, Mr. Teodoro decided to paddle his own canoe. That is why he urges young men to start on their own feet; to lead instead of follow; and be the master of their own destinies. In accordance with his four rules, Mr. Teodoro, like all successful people, began from the bottom rung of the ladder of life. He was patient because patience determines success. He worked hard, knowing that there is no substitute for industry which unlocks the door of opportunity. Lastly, he studied much and continuously, for the man of lasting endeavor must indeed know himself and his times. 4~5
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES To him there is no such word as impossible; there is no such word as luck. Luck to him spells hard work, continuous study, much patience and solid preparation. Is not his very life an example of his rules, his philosophy? Like Lincoln, he studied and prepared; then, his chance came, he made good use of it, and as a result he succeeded. That is why he considers no one too poor to start his own business venture. All the capital he needs is his. head, plus health and hard work. "If you would succeed, young man," Mr. Toribio M. Teodoro, the Filipino slipper king, often exclaimed, "study and work hard; and, remember, that there is no gain without pain." The psychology of his. business success is obvious. His own life is. an example of what he says. It is an open book which all who pass can read.
N. Luz "He is the man who can deliver the message to Garcia!" always exclaim his friends whenever they speak of "Arsenic Napoleon Luz." Mr. Luz is the greatest publicity man the Philippines ever produced. Such has been attested to many a time by those who were with him in different city clubs. What lesson, then, can be derived from his colorful life? Again, all those who joined in exclaiming the tribute given above unanimously sayConcentration. Indeed! For did he himself not say, "Attend to business"? BecaU'se to whatever he devoted himself, he devoted himself completely; he is all there-body, mind, and soul. Let us illustrate. As a cub reporter of El Renacimiento, the editor ARSENIO
426
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ordered young Arsenio to get the news from Fort Santiago. l:!Il those days no one was allowed to enter the fort. But what did the newshound do? Without counting the cost, he went about his work, asking no question and uttering no word of protest, and then got what he wanted. What others could not do, he did and did well. Another example is worth mentioning. It is about the Philippine Carnival Association. This commercial and industrial fair is now a permanent annual institution. It has put together our producers and customers, and has brought together our people of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. It was Luz who did it well again. Another instance is that sometime ago some people said that the life insurance business is crowded. But Mr. Luz founded and organized the National Life Insurance Co., Inc. The same people shook their heads. N ow this concern is counted as one of the soundest and most successful in the field. Who did all these? It was Mr. Luz, always optimistic, always cheerfu1--beaming with: magnetic smHes--a great organizer, a great builder of Philippine progress. There is nothing secret about his achievements. Whatever he did, he did with all his might and main. That is why failures turned into successes. The secret of his achievement is concentration. Did not a philosopher of old say that to be great is to concentrate? Mr. Luz is a native of Lipa, province of Batangas, educated in Manila and in New York. He held many government positions, such as commercial agent of the Philippine government in New York, representative of the Islands in the Foreign Trade Convention of San Francisco in 1920 and in the Tropical Products Exposition of London in 1921 and recently in the Colonial Exposition of Paris. A forceful writer, and a man of convictions, Mr. Luz 427
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES was the first Filipino commercial adviser to the Governor General during Roosevelt's administration. Traveler, writer, executive, and publicist, Mr. Luz is the director of the Philippine Carnival Association. He was also the president of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands and of the Rotary Club of the Philippines. When the life of this leader would he closed, one thing would perhaps sum up the philosophy of his success. That one thing is Concentration. For to concentrate is to succeed in any walk of life. Such is Arsenio N. Luz through and through, the greatest publicity man of the Islands, one of the greatest builders of the economic advancement of his fatherland. JOSE L. DE LEON
"On his desk we saw the chart of his work and a picture of Jesus Christ, his inspiration in all he thinks and does, for many a time he says to the boys that go to him for help and advice, 路'You are young; study hard and work honestly; follow the footsteps of Christ.' " The above is quoted from the Leaders of the Philip.pines, third edition, 1933. It happened during such a time that many business firms, local and foreign, lost and failed, while the Pasudeco (Pampanga Sugar Development Co., Inc.) of San Fernando, Pampanga, kept on growing and making money. Mr. de Leon is a native of Bacolor, Pampanga. He began as a small retail store dealer. Through thrift and industry he was able to buy land and invest in rice and sugar. Later on at past the prime of life, his name suddenly leapt into prominence as one of the most successful and most wealthy businessmen of the Philippines. The sesame of his success is nothing short of miraculous. As a devout Catholic, he was careful with his in428
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY vestments. He did all he could to make a peso grow into two, until one day he and others decided to build a sugar central. All were skeptical, saying that all Filipinos are a failure in business. Firm, decided and confident in his ability to accomplish things, he continued and worked hard in the face of great odds. At last his dream came true. The Pasudeco was established. Its success became complete, even praised openly by the late Governor Wood anrl editorially by the newspapers of Manila. "Mr. Jose L. de Leon is a self-made man in the strict sense of the word," comment his provincemates. "He is charitable, a very religious man, prompt in meeting his obligations. His credit is beyond question. His greatest success is the San Fernando Sugar Central-the one enterprise for whicb. he will be long remembered not only by his associates and by his townmates, but also by the Filipino people and the business worlq." A scientific farmer, a conservative corporation executive, and a conscientious person, Mr. de Leon is modest, and retiring, but an indefatigable worker, very thoughtful and courteous. Such qualities made him appear in his line a leader in the rice and sugar industry. "Whenever I have serious problems I always go to Jesus Christ for enlightenment. I just follow his footsteps by asking myself, 'What would Christ do were he in my place?' " Those are his words, worth their weight in gold. Very practical and very noble in his ways and methods, Mr. de Leon, the founder and president of the most efficiently managed sugar central in the Philippines, offers. the commercial and industrial men and women of the Islands an inspiring life in the romance of his personal [Success, made up of defeats and triumphs, no doubt, but very ennobling, exemplary, and efficient. 429
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES RAFAEL CORPUS
"Whenever I have work, I do it to a finish, without considering whether it pays or not," stated Mr. Rafael Corpus, the Vice-President and General Manager of the Philippine National Bank, the official depositary of the Philippine Government. Mr. Corpus has been in the government service for more than thirty years. "My aim in life is to serve, and the government is my biggest field of service," he continued. Modest and unassuming, Mr. Corpus is one of the great Filipino executives of this country. The Whole people have confidence in his able management of the state bank. For as a financier, he has but few equals. Educated in the Ateneo de Manila, Escuela de Derecho de Manila, and later in the George Washington University of Washington, D. C., Mr. Corpus is a lawyer, once the solicitor general and director of the Bureau of Lands, and under-secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources and manager of the Yangco business interests, aside from his connections with various organizations. With a distinguished record of brilliant accomplishments as his background, Mr. Corpus sways a great power over the economic growth of the country. He has helped the average man or the small farmers a great deal by establishing the rural credit associations and the grant of loans through the national bank. "If I were to advise young people intending to enter my line," he said further, with that charming way of his, "I would say: Rely on yourself. College education is not very necessary. Never be a child of circumstance. Make yourself. Have a vision-a goal of life-and faith in that vision." Such gems of his philosophy in life are indeed a lamJ) unto the youth's feet. 430
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Don Rafael is a veteran of the Revolution. As a soldier and a public servant, he has always done what he thought was right, doing it, regardless of cost, to a successful finish; for whatever he touches seems, as it were, to turn into gold or success. As banker and executive, Mr. Corpus stands high in the regard of the community. His word is as good as his bond. His sterling character is the admiration of those who come into close contact with him. His business philosophy is, in short, "Always do your best." Had he not done his best, where would Mr. Corp~s be now? As it is, Mr. Rafael Corpus, with his business philosophy, enjoys the undivided confidence of the people of the Philippines in his efficient management of the Philippine National Bank, due to his own words of wisdom"Whenever I have work, I do it to a finish, without considering whether it pays or not." JOSE PAEZ y NAVAL
Jose Paez y Naval is one of the highest p.a id Filipino executives in the government service. He is the General Manager of the Manila Railroad Company, Inc. A specialist in his life's chosen career, Mr. Paez is a product of the German schools which are peers in their lines. He is an engineer by profession. He was Director of the Bureau of Public Works. His admirably efficient management of that bureau demonstrated once more the capacity of the Filipino as a true executive, a leader also in the commercial world. As a corporation manager his record is excellent, his service brilliant. A member of the board of directors of many government entities and private institutions, Mr. 431
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Paez is a silent and simple man, very modest and candid. He indeed belongs to the book of the builders of the present Philippines.. In all that he does he is painstaking and thorough. .As one comes in direct contact with him, he immediately feels that atmosphere of respect and trust which charms and elicits confidence as well as admiration. N ever satisfied with what he does, he always seeks for something different, something better. Once he said that things never came out as one wished and that they turned out quite differently. That is what happens to men, men of great plans; they are not content with what has been done, always looking for fresh fields to conquer. Dressed simply and a man of few words, Mr. Paez possesses a charming personality. What did he say about his one philosophy? "In my mode of thinking," he said modestly, "in order that one may achieve anything worth attracting some real attention, he must specialize in something and be all there." That sums up the rich experience of his interesting life. Further on, he remarked that had the things which he dreamed and planned turned out as he expected, he would have been an entirely different man. But he is a man who is not easily daunted by failures; he always turns his defeats into victories; he makes them as stumbling blocks to greater things. Is it because he hopes to make his life "one grand sweet song"? VICENTE SINGSON ENCARNACION
"In my youth/' said the President and Executive of many local corporations, Mr. Vicente Singson Encarnacion of the Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., and formerly Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce, "the way to leadership was taking up law and entering in politics. As a 432
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY young man I did so, for I had nothing worth while to do. But I found out that I liked the study of law and that I was fitted for it. Ever since then, I have stuck to my legal line; that is, I entered politics and worked in the government service. .. But later on, another realization came to me. I am now in the commercial field." Mr. Singson is a native of Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He was educated in thâ&#x201A;Ź city schools, and a law graduate from the University of Santo Tomas, being admitted to the bar in 1901. As a result of his efficient services rendered to the government, he was in 1904 appointed a member of the commission to the International Exposition at St. Louis; also a member of the Philippine Commission, and senator for the first senatorial district in 1916. At present he is president of the Philippine Guaranty Co., Inc., and of the Balintawak Esta.te, Inc., and also of the Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., the pioneer local life insurance corporation of the Philippines. Why did Mr. Singson enter business when he was s.o successful as a government worker? In his ovm beautifully inspiring words he replied, "To better my condition in life, I entered business." His views .on economics are, "If I earn or gain ten pesos, I save two. To be financially indepâ&#x201A;Źndent Jay aside not less than 20 % of your earnings, for it is what you save, not what you earn, that counts." Genial in nature and keenly observant, Mr. Singson is a tried public as well as private executive, a very successful business man. He is a very singular person. "Economy is what we ought to practice." After a significant pause, he concluded, "Whatever I do, I do it completely, giving my heart and my soul to it entirely." 433
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES G. DE LAPERAL Foremost among Filipino jewelers in the Philippine Islands is Mrs. Victorina G. de Laperal, business woman, executive and operator in real estate. The romance of her business success can perhaps be comprehended through her own simple words. "I was sort of born into this jewelry business, for my father and mother had a jewelry store on Calle Rosario when I was a child. I always love thi's kind of business. "This present business of ours really began more than twenty years ago. It was in this modest way. My husband and I sometimes alone, for we have to separate to cover more territory, traveled and peddled our stocks from house to house in the Tagalog, Pampango and Visayan regions for years and years. "In time our customers increased and were satisfied. Through much study I came to know what they most wanted. "In places where people ate poor you have to bring and sell cheap jewels or articles with prices within their reach. But in places where people are rich you have tf) bring costlier ones and sell the right kinds. Now remember this, if it is a pearl you sell, it must be a pearl; if it is gold, it must be gold; if it is a diamond, it must be a diamond." There was charm in her words and power in her acts. She is a magnetic saleswoman. She knows what she says and says it authoritatively. She added furthermore that one must study her market, and spend less than she earns. "In the case of buyers, they must get the value of their money, perhaps more; if not, you will be disappointed. .. Know your customers and your market; specialize in people's needs-in quality and in price. With these things in mind, you will arrive at your life-goal." VICTORINA
434
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Then, with her sympathetic manner, she concluded, "In our business there are three kinds of pâ&#x201A;Źople: first, those fond of luxury; second, those fond of what ,is in vogue; and third, those fond of investing. Therefore, know your customers before you try to sen them any jewelry or precious stones. For when they are satisfied, they will come back and bring their friends and relatives." Such is the simple story of the tremendous growth of her jewelry business-from a small shop into a big building-now the largest of its kind in the Islands. Foremost among Filipino dealers in jewelry and precious stones Mrs. Laperal is now one of the richest business women in the Philippine Islands. Mrs. Laperal was educated in the Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and other Spanish private schools. She is a native of the city of Manila, the wife of Mr. Roberto Laperal, a so a leader in the business field. What can the l:iusiness student learn from her life? It is this: From little acorns great oaks. are born. It is patient study of her customers' needs, specialization in her line, square dealing with the public; it is, far and above all, her masterly art of salesmanship. I
CIRIACO TUASON
"I mean to be in business not only today, but also tomorrow. For that reason I make it a point to serve and satisfy my customers." Mr. Ciriaco Tuason is the manager and proprietor of the firm C. Tua,son e Hijos, Inc., manufacturers of tiles and bricks and of the Mayon stoves which obtained prizes in many industrial fairs, bearing U.S. Patent No. 1706943. The plant of this company is located on Calle Agno, Manila. How this native concern came into existence is an interesting story. Mr. Tuason was bDrn in Pateros, province of Rizal. 435
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES He attended the Escuela Normal, and then joined the Revolutionary Government as a designer and in charge of the trenches. Later on he worked with the Bureau of Public Works in the capacity of draftsman. Not satisfied with his station in life, Mr. Tuason decided to start his own business enterprise. So in 1921 the Tuason brick and tile factory was established. The volume of the business was at first small, but in time it grew, until it is now one of the largest of its kind in the city. What added more to the commercial prestige of Mr. Tuason was the manufacture of the famous Mayon stove. This stove received many commendations here and abroad, for it is clean and economical. It has been said that one could count with his fingers the few successful merchants in the Islands. With this point in view, Mr. Tuason tried and did all he could in order to show the commercial Philippines that the Islands are not lacking in men of initiative and enterprise. "Leadership in Business." Such is his slogan. A staunch believer in advertising as one of the greatest factors in a successful commercial organization, Mr. Tuason advertised his products widely and permanently by using the modern methods. Speaking on economics, Mr. Tuason has this to say: "What 路we need is a solid economic foundation. With this shall come economic independence, as we cannot lead in business if we have no solid economic foundation. So build your business foundation on a solid rock of credit and faith in order to weather all storm, all crisis. That is the road to economic freedom and to business leadership." A man of wide business experience, alert and keen, Mr. Tuason is one who minds his own business, one whl) works silently but steadily, one who looks far ahead in order to know what his market needs. 436
MANILA BANKS
Peoples Bank and Trust Company Philippine National Bank China Banking Corporation Yokohama Specie Bank Philippine Trust Company National City Bank Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China Bank of the Philippine Islands, and Hongkong and Shanghai Bank
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY If you would mean to make good in business, give your buyers satisfaction and be a master in your line.
II
FOREIGNERS
W. HAUSSERMANN "The masterword of life," according to Mr. Haussermann, one of the most colorful figures in the Philippines today and whose leadership in the mining industry has made him one of the builders of the present-day Philippines, "is Labor: Labor in order to be somebody and be of service to Humanity." This leading factor in the mining industry is Judge John William Haussermann, lawyer and business man. He is the soul of the two greatest gold mining corporations in the Philippine Islands; namely, the Benguet Consolidated Mining Co., Inc., and the Balatoc Mining Co., Inc., of which he is the President and the General Manager for many, many years. This indomitable worker is a gI'aduate of the University of Cincinnati in 1889. In Kansas he practised law and then came to the Philippines with the 20th Kansas Volunteers in 1898. In 1900 he became City Attorney of Manila. Later on he engaged in private practice until 1915 when he began to devote his entire time to his commercial and mining interests. The colorful life of this man demonstrates his spirit of vision, the vision of the greatest industry in the Islands -the gold mining industry. When others failed, he kept on and on until at last he succeeded, and he is now the acknowledged leader in his field. Fairly sized, robust in health, and square-faced, with JOHN
437
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES eyes that glitter with determination, Judge Haussermann is a man of action; his leadership is sure and sincere, commanding one's deepest respect and highest esteem. His acts are characterized by a sincerity of purpose that brooks no doubt, no defeat, no reproach. As a lawyer, he stands very high in the legal profession. As a speaker, he is a forceful extemporaneous orator-direct and simple, but sincere and eloquent. A member of many commercial and civic organizations, Mr. Haussermann is frank, charitable, good-natured. He said that there are only two kinds of men in this world. They are the Thinker and the Doer. If you can combine both, you will be great. This man of action, this leader of the mining industry, said in his am' able way, thi.s stirring stanza of Longfellow"In the wo~ d's broad field of battle, In the oivouac of Ljlfe, Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife." Action-Labor-Be a hero in the strife! That is the business and life philosophy of Mr. John William Haussermann, the leader and the executive of the two largest gold mining companies in the Philippines. HORACE
B. POND
The president of the greatest business house of its kind in the Islands, the Pacific Commercial Co., Inc., Mr. Horace B. Pond, is one of the regents of the University of the Philippines, also one of the economic builders of the country. This American corporation executive is a native of Waltham, Massachussetts. He started life in the Islands as a stenographer in . the Bureau of Customs. Then through industry and perseverance he rose from employee 438
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY to manager of the biggest concern in the country. The Pacific Commercial Company has branches in the principal cities of the Archipelago. Some of its subsidiaries are the American Hardware & Plumbing Co., the International Cold Stores, and the Farola Bodegas. This concern is exclusive agent in the Philippines for many American products and manufacturers, such as the famous cars and trucks of the General Motors Corporation, the biggest automobile manufacturers in the world. A power and a leader in the economic affairs of the country, Mr. Pond's utterances on commercial and industrial subjects are regarded as significant, for they war not only deep study but also the stamp of sincerity, as they furnish the public with food for thought. Mr. Pond is one of the founders of the American Chamber of Commerce and a member of the board of direct.. ors of many business and social institutions of Manila. As a corporation executive and administrator, what is the outstanding trait, quality, or feature of his success in the business world? What is, in one word, his watchword of life? All those who knew him, all those who followed his career in life have, without resorting to his speeches and articles, which appear in many papers of the city, unanimously agreed that it is-Efficiency. His business philosophy is Efficiency. He believes that successful business enterprises nowadays should be conducted in a modern, scientific way-based on facts and figures-done in the right way; that is, efficiently. LEOPOLDO KAHN
"All my life I have adopted but one philosophy of success, and that is-To do my duty." As a result, Mr. Kahn has become the leading jewelry merchant of the Philippine Islands. He has also been de439
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES corated by Governor Pasquier of French Indo-China as the most cultured Frenchman in the Philippines. The first vice-president and manager of La Estrella del Norte on the Escolta, one of the oldest quality jewelry shops in Manila, Mr. Kahn is a native of Alsace, France. He is the manager of the Es.trella Auto Palace. Mr. Kahn is one of the business pioneers of the Islands. Was it not he who first introduced into the country such articles as the phonograph, bicycle, cinematograph and"the French automobile? Amiable in nature, genial in movement and pleasing in speech, Mr. Kahn is a charming personality, an indefatigable worker and social server. A man is known by his words, judged by his deeds. Here is the vivid story in brief of Mr. Kahn's life struggle in order to be what he is today-peer in his own field: "I have spent my years in business. What can I say to succeed but what I have done? I am a hard worker, determined, fair in my dealings. In my business I want to serve and satisfy my customers so that they will return and patronize me. Difficulties... failures? Don't talk of them ... I never give up. I meet them face to face. In my varied lines of endeavor I have encountered countless difficulties. Did I ever give up? N ever, never!... The more failures come the more they are welcome. They only season the timber in us... Rolling up your sleeves and working harder to fight failures and depressions, you will certainly emerge out triumphant and victorious. Life is but a continuous struggle. A vanquished one or a victor in the struggle, just bear this in mind-Do your duty ... " Because Mr. Kahn has met his personal problems face to face bravely and manfully, because he has fought his battles in the business field squarely and rightly, and because he has struggled to the best of his knowledge and ability by doing his duty, Mr. Kahn was awarded many a 440
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY medal for distinguished service not only by his own country but also by many other countries of the world. JOAQUIN J. ELIZALDE
Who is the well informed man in the Philippines who does not know Don Joaquin? He is one of the Islands' captains of industry, the managing partner of Ynchausti y Compania, now the Elizalde & Co., Inc., and one of the builders of the economic structure of Philippine prosperity. Silent but observing, simple but alert, Don Joaquin is a man of great enterprise, one of those who are born to lead and to prosper. The Elizalde & Co., Inc., is one of the biggest FilipinoSpanish firms in the Philippines. It operates in shipping and in the sugar, rope and paint business in a grand scale. Mr. Elizalde has been and still is the president of the Spanish Chamber of Commerce in the Philippines. His wife is the well known leader in the Manila Spanish community, Dona Carmen Moreu Diaz de Elizalde, also a great social welfare worker of the country. His sons are now his \managjng partners in the company, famous as merchants and business executives as well as polo players. Mr. Elizalde is a modest person. His name has shone the more when the old Spanish firm Ynchausti y Cia. was changed into Elizalde & Co., Inc. Like real captains of industry, he hates publicity, for he prefers to work silently, but surely-surely to the goal which he has planned a long time before. In fact, he works according to a program, he knows where he is bound to, he is the man prepared. A man who does not wish to say much for himself, Mr. Elizalde believes that one should be judged by what he has not yet done, not by what he often says. When one has worked and succeeded, the eyes of the 441
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES world are focused upon him. Mr. Elizalde's triumph ill business is another inspiring example of pure grit, wise preparation, patient striving. Written large on the business book of his life is just one word, magical, heartening and encouraging. Excelsior! That is it, with all the glamour that it connotes. To him this is the key to any human achievement. SAMUEL
F.
GACHES
Proprietor, Merchant and Corporation Executive, a recognized Leader in business in the Philippine Islands. "Start your own business," began Mr. Gaches who believes in financial independenee and in being the boss of one's destiny. "Put your heart and soul there. Then work and wait. Everything worth while accomplishing takes time." I Like a father talking to his son, he continued with that confident air of his that marks him as a business leader and builder, "Business is a profession, like law or medicine. Study hard, if you would amount to something. So be constantly in touch with new ways of business. Keep everlastingly at your goal; there is no end to it; and win the confidence of the public by fair dealing." There was something behind the tone of his soft but firm voice, and something more in the light of his eyes, in the movement of his person, and in the aura of his individuality. Mr. Gaches is the President and General Manager of the H. E. Heacock Co., wholesale and retail jewelers, opticians and stationers; C. Alkan, Inc., dealers in sporting goods, radios, musical instruments and office equipment; Denniston, Inc., pliotographic supplies; and the Lecaroll Plantation Co., Inc., an agricultural corporation. Mr. Gaches is a member of the board of directors of various 442
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY commercial as well as civic organizations in the city of Manila. To him, where a man makes his living, there he should stay. Consequently he has come to stay in the Phili ppines, making it his home, for he has f irm faith in the ultimate future of this pearl of the Orient. A graduate from the famous Stanford University of California, Mr. Gaches came to the Islands in 1900. He was in the commercial field for more than thirty years. Of course he began like the rest in a modest way. Now he is an acknowledged leader in his chosen line. The Heacock Building is one of the few modern American structures on the Escolta, the metropolis of Manila. Experience, according to Mr. Gaches, counts a great deal in this life and in this world. His very life consists of hard work, much study and honest struggle. As a summary of his business experience, he repeated with the emphatic tone of "one who knew and did it""It is only hard work that counts. By keeping everlastingly at your job, it will bring you reward, the attainment of your purpose." ANDRES SORIANO
"What you do today, you will be tomorrow," said the President of the San Miguel Brewery, the biggest corporation of its kind not only in the Philippines, but also in the whole Orient. Don Andres Soriano is a business executive of tried ability and a man of respected judgment. He is also the president of the Sorox & Co., Inc., general merchants and realtors on a big scale. Born in Manila and son of the pioneer Filipino woman leader in business in this country, Dona Margarita. Roxas, whose inspiring biography appears in Volume II of this Encyclopedia, Don Andres was educated in the Ateneo 443
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES de Manila, in the Stonyhurst College of Lancashire, England, and in the Escuela Superior de Comercio of Madrid, Spain. On his return to the city in 1917, he took active part in the management of his family'S vast commercial interests. Don Andres began his business career as an accountant at the San Miguel Brewery; then, little by little, he rose up to the top rung of the ladder of life by being in 1924 appointed Manager and lastly elected in 1931 President of the same firm. Our todays and yesterdays are really the blocks with which we build our future destiny in this world. For what does it profit man if he owns the whole world and then lose his soul? Enterprising and progressive, Don Andres is a popular figure not only in Philippine commercial circles but also in social gatherings. His life is a challenge to the saying that scions of wealthy families amount to nothing. He is an exception, for the very spirit of Dona Margarita seems, as it were, to be the very motivating guide of his momentous undertakings. Andres Soriano's contribution to the economic progress of this country, his sterling character, and his achievements so far, shall serve as stimulus to the youth of the land which teems with vast opportunities, virgin lands and potential natural resources. A prominent member of various commercial organizations and numerous civic institutions of Manila, Don Andres possesses a brilliant record in his business career, a record which justly confirms his singular ability as an executive, his continuous progress as a business leader, his exceptional faculties in coping with the large problems of life,-thus making him one of the builders of the economic advancement of the Islands. 444
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Scanning his book of life, this is what one can learn. Don Andres has done his part well. His achievement recorded in the Business Journal is laudable. He has done his best. What he will be tomorrow his today will tell. For he is, like Dona Margarita, a person of vision and will power. S. REESE One of the most successful American business men and business leaders of the Philippines-that is Mr. Julius S. Reese. He is the President and General Manager of the Manila Trading & Supply Co., Inc., and Vice-President and Director of the Peoples Bank & Trust Co., Inc., and the Peoples Mortgage & Investment Co., Inc., and Vice-President of the N. & B. Stables Co., Inc. Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, he arrived in the Philippines in 1898, with the military expedition, during the Spanish-American War. He was provincial treasurer and acting governor of the provinces of Romblon and Occidental Negros for many years, and later general agent for the Philippine Railway Company and assistant director of Navigation for the Philippine Government. Leaving the government service, he joined the Erlanger and Galinger, Inc., and was made manager of same, but later on in 1915 he purchased the Manila Trading & Supply Co., Inc., which has become, under his efficient management, one of the greatest automobile business houses in the Islands, being the exclusive distributor for the Philippines of the Ford Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan. Mr. Reese was educated in the public schools and in the University of Cincinnati. He is a veteran of the Spanish-American War and has taken active part in the China Relief Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion. JULIUS
445
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Mr. Reese is alert-minded, big-hearted and goodnatured; keen and aggressive as a business man, but sincere and magnanimous as a friend. He is a man who never believes in failure, for labor, according to him, conquers all. This he has demonstratell in all his business undertakings. Success to him in business life is nothing but ninety percent perspiration. Optimism! That is his chief characteristic. Cheerf ul in attitude and frank in his action, Mr. Reese is a living personification of that new thought philosophy-Opt imism-cheerfulness of nature, never giving up, always looking at the brighter side of life-smiling, studious, hopeful. Written large over his robust person is this verse of undying cheer: " Smile, and the world smiles with you." Such is his optimistic natur e which to him is the passport to business progress and prosperity. Z. Sy CIP He is the leading Chinese Merchant and Banker in the Philippines. He is prominent in Manila social and civic circles. "He is always at work, never hustling and bustling but always quiet, busy, thinking of things that would help ot hers and make them happy." "A typical Chinese leader, modern and modest." That is Mr. Albino Z. Sy Cip, Vice-President and Executive of the China Banking Corporation. He is also a well known attorney. He was conferred the LL. D. degree by St. John's University of Shanghai. He studied law at the University of Michigan and then engaged in active private practice in Manila from 1912 to 1918. Mr. Sy Cip is connected with various mercantile organizations either in the capacity as a legal adviser or as ALBINO
446
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY executive and director. As president for many years of the Philippine Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Sy Cip is a power to be reckoned with in the Chinese community of these Islands. Simple in nature and unassuming in actions, he is a man who could be depended upon, for he knows what he is about, resolute, firm and foresighted in his business dealings and activities. To have a business, transaction with him is a pleasure, for he does not beat about the bush, but goes on straight to the point, for his training abroad has given him that culture which is modern, agreeable, broad. Mr. Sy Cip was born in the city of Manila. That is why he knows the business conditions and trends of life in this country; that is why he has been able to tackle his commercial problems satisfa<etorily. For these reasons he is a leader among his people, helping build the economic structure of this country as a banker, a lawyer and an executive. He was formerly president and honorary vice-president of the Chinese Y. M. C. A. and diredor of the Philippine Carnival Association. According to Mr. Sy Cip, man does not live by bread alone. He should serve mankind by living a useful life, by making others happy. If that is philosophy, Mr. Sy Cip's life has not been spent certainly in .vain. He knows his mission.
J. E. H. STEVENOT "J. Stevenot: one of the builders of the new Philippines-a great worker and a great friend"-that is the tribute of one great builder to /imother. It is the inscription on a photograph of Arsenio N. Luz to J. E. H. Stevenot, the pioneer-leader in the electric light, avia447
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES tion and long distance telephone service in the Philippine Islands. Who is Mr. Stevenot? His many friends say that his greatest achievement is the establishment in the Philippines of the long distance telephone service which today connects Manila, the trade center of the Pacific, by telephone with millions of other telephones throughout the world and with ships at sea. Born in the heart of the great Mother Lode gold mining region of California, Mr. Stevenot was educated in San Francisco and also in the University of Texas. When he came to the Philippines he was already an experienced engineer. When he was in Iloilo he founded the International Chamber of Commerce there. A director and executive of many local and foreign corporations, Mr. Stevenot is also major of the U. S. Army Air Corps and the Philippine National Guard. To quote from a book dedicated to him, it was said of him: "Bubbling with enthusiasm, he seems always at his best, busy in his office. " 'There is no greater joy than to make others happy.' Such is the voice of the big-hearted pioneer, the great builder, and the real friend. 'Kindness is the greatest thing in the world'.' "'And gratitude is a cardinal virtue and those without it never make real lasting friendship nor do they enjoy the respect of their fellowmen.' "'Be generous to a fault, but never be so unhappy a soul as to allow a vindictive thought to creep in your heart.' "'And remember that success should never be measured in dollars and cents, but in accomplishment.' "A pioneer-leader in all he does, he is always thinking 448
HOm€$ OF L-EADInG
CHAMBER50FCOMMEF\CE
CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND GOLD MINING
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY and doing all he can to contribute to the sum of human happiness. For here is an original thinker and a doer. " 'You can find millions of men of your own race, millions of your countrymen everywhere, but very few real friends; so one should cherish them' " The soul of optimism, enthusiastic in nature, and ever interested in human welfare, Mr. Stevenot has this last message to say: "Service to others is a great privilege. After all is said and done, it is what you have done-Service--that counts in this world of ours."
E. C. BARNES All those who have been either employed or associated with him for many years have nothing to say regarding Mr. E. C. Barnes, the General Manager of the firm which bears his name, Warner, Barnes & Co., Ltd., but fine words, compliments to his remarkable administration and his successful business affairs. Warner, Barnes & Co., Ltd., is one of the oldest foreign firms in the Philippines. This company is engaged in the import and export trade in a big scale of sugar, copra and abaca, also in general imports, insurance and machinery; they are the shipping agents of Japanese and British liners, such as the Nippon Yusen Kaisha and the Prince Line, Ltd. The British merchants of the city, it should be remembered, have done a great deal in the progress of Philippine Commerce, with such old firms as the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, Smith, Bell & Co., Ltd., and Wise & Co., Ltd., bankers, exporters and importers and dealers in local products respectively. Mr. Barnes is a quiet man, simple in attitude but very keen in business, kind to his employees; for he belongs to 449
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES that type of men whom Addison calls the fine English gentlemen. He has been a resident of the city of Manila for about thirty years. Mr. Barnes goes every three years to London where a branch of his company is located. Simple-natured and industrious, Mr. Barnes is a good man and true, who works silently not for his own benefit only but for others also. One of his associates has said a lot when he referred to him as one of those included in this beautiful poem: "Men whom the lust of office does not kill; Men whom the spoils of office cannot buy; Men who possess opinions and a will." PAUL
A. MEYER
Four times President of the American Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Paul A. Meyer is one of the notable figures in Philippine commerce and industry, a corporation executive of no mean ability. "His outstanding trait is specialization," remarked those many who know him intimately. Born in Switzerland and then educated in Switzerland and in San Francisco, California, where he graduated in a school of commerce, Mr. Meyer is a naturalized American citizen. He has been in the Islands for more than thirty years. He is the President also of the Alhambra Cigar and Cigarette Manufacturing Company, Inc., La Flor de Intal Cigar Manufacturing Co., Inc., and vice-president of the Baguio Gold Mining Co., Inc., and connected besides with many other commercial and civic organizations. "This man's specialization is business management. All the firms under his administration are sound, strong and successful," said local foreign admirers of his. 450
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Mr. Meyer is also President of the Kuenzle & Streiff, Inc., general importers and exporters, wine merchants and insurance agents. Indeed, to be the highest official of successful organizations is not only an honor but also a credit; for such exalted positions spell commercial stability and financial strength. That is why in the mercantile world there is a lot to be said about a name, for a name is enough to start any undertaking which shall bring profit, credit, money and confidence. Mr. Meyer is a man who is a hard worker, a keen stuaent of human affairs, an able executive who can turn defeat into victory. His life means efficient management, specialization in these . days of keen, modern competition.
!
451
Scientific Advertising By
MANUEL RUSTIA
Assistant Direct01' of Commerce
With recent progress in advertising technique, with the gradual elimination of false claims and grossly exaggerated statements in advertisements and with a better understanding of the significance of advertising to the average person, the layman is now rapidly changing his attitude towards this modern force in business. At a time when the advertisers themselves did not know how to advertise, when misrepresentations and tricky statements were rampant, it was natural that the average person and reader should become cold and indifferent to advertisements. All of that has changed during the past few years, however, and with it there ha:s come about a renaissance of public interest and confidence in advertisements. This is as it should be. Advertising is aimed at the public and public interest must be aroused, if it is to perform the service expected of it. Advertising promotes economy. How many housewives take advantage of sales" bargains, special offers and other unusual shopping opportunities by reading advertisements? Many such events are held only for limited periods of time ancl unless the information is disseminated rapidly, unless shoppers read the advertisements, both the stores and the shoppers stand to lose mutually. I know of many thrifty women who make it a point to read advertisements, regularly in search of such buying opportunities and in order to keep informed of trends and tendencies in the market. The amount of money which is thus saved to the shoppers can hardly be estimated, but it is safe to say that it is of tremendous magnitude. There is another significance to advertising which the average person should not overlook. I refer to the fact that an advertiser, particularly he who spends huge sums 452
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY for the purpose, cannot afford to risk his reputation and the very sums which he is Is,p ending for advertising by offering undesirable !merchandise. If he is conscious of its undesirability it would be foolish for him to waste money on advertising. If despite such knowledge he should desire to induce people by means of advertising to buy it his business cannot continue indefinitely. Those who advertise are constantly faced with the necessity of maintaining certain standards of quality, uniformity, service and price. To the buying public, this carries considerable significance for shopping is very greatly simplified once a brand is tested and identified. Right now, many housewives spend cOn'S,i derable time when buying loose rice because every time they make a purchase they are obliged to scrutinize the grade or quality of the product. This would not become necessary if there were known advertised rice brands of reliable uniformity, for then, people would test them and would simply have to ask for the grade they desire by their name or by their trademarks. We hear some merchants at times making the claim that they do not advertise because they would rather pass on the corresponding amount to their consumers. Nothing could be more fallacious than such a statement. Of course, that would be the case if he did not know how to advertise, for then any advertising expense would be mere waste and a decided load upon his cost of doing business. Advertising properly done i'So not an addition to cost. It does not raise the price of goods to the consumer. Case after case has proved beyond doubt that advertising has even reduced cost and made possible lower prices to the buying public. To turn now to the incidental benefits which we desire from advertising, we find it not only a developer and a stimulant to art, industry and employment but also a lifegiver. The modern newspapers cannot exist as they are without the support of advertising. The great advance of 453
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES journalism owes much to advertising. The most progressive papers are those endowed with the greatest advertising support. In a like manner, broadcasting systems in many countries are either partly or totally supported and maintained by adverti's.ing income. Advertising stimulates art and gives employment to a vast army of artists, illustrators, photographers, printers and engravers. From time to time we also hear of people complaining of too many unsightly billboards on our landscapes. While we cannot deny that there are unsightly and improperly painted billboards, we should never lose sight of the fact that many eye sores and ugly views are today hidden from our sight because of billboard advertising. Filthy swamps and unkept premises would appear much more numerous than they actually seem to be were it not for the saving influence of numerous billboards. We ought to congratulate ourselves, therefore, upon the progress which the advertising profession has been able to make in the past few years. Reputable advertisers are constantly endeavoring to purge the profession of all the undesirable elements by fostering truthful advertising, by discouraging exaggerated claims and mis,r epresentations, and, in short, by giving the shopping public a square deal at all times.
454
Transportation and Communication I
TRANSPORTATION By SALUSTIANO REYES Superintendent, Automobile Division, Bureau of Public Works
I.
Introduction
A treatise on the subj ect of development of transporta_ tion in the Philippine Islands is to a great extent an exposition of modern transportation. It is not to be understood, however, that means of transportation were unknown to the ancient Filipinos, but due to reasons enumerated below, a full discussion of aneient Filipino transportation is quite impossible. The development of transportation in the Philippine Islands can be safely divided into three stages; namely, (1) The ancient Filipino period; (2) The Filipino-Spanish era; (3) The American-Filipino era, better known, perhaps, as the period of modern transportation in the annals of Engineering progress in the Archipelago.
II.
The Ancient Filipino Period
Treatises on the means of ancient transportation in the Philippine Islands can only be gleaned from writings of contemporary writers of nearby countries. While the ancient Filipinos had their own way of writing and showed quite an advanced cultural development, yet the absence of available data regarding the progress of the time is manifest to a student of ancient history. This is due to a great extent to the practice of missionaries who went side by side with the soldiers of Spain, burning everything 455
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Filipino, as a means of exterminating what they termed to be heretical, and as a way of advancing the Christian cause. The other reason for the scarcity of material touching upon ancient transportation is the fact that ancient Filipino writings were made on such non-lasting material as leaves, bark of trees, bamboo stems and wood. From the writings of contemporaries of nearby countries, the following were known to have been used during the Pre-Spanish period for transportation purposes; carabao-drawn cart, hammock, pack-carabao, on carabao back, carabao-drawn sledge, by foot, boat, such as barroto, esqui fe, banca, etc. There seems to be no available record of the first use of the cart. Most probably the carabao and the cart were used from time immemorial, that either their introduction was lost in the obscurity of the past or the record on the subject was destroyed by the conquerors. However, it must be remembered that our water buffalo is an aboriginal beast of burden of the Islands. The carts used at the time had solid wheels, without spokes, hewn from trunks of trees. They were pulled by carabaos and made considerable noise while in motion. A carabao-drawn sledge is like the ordinary sledge. It is a vehicle mounted on runners, or a drag-like vehicle drawn by carabao. These were the means of transportation in places where roads or clearing for pathways were already opened. In places where no wide clearing or semblance of a road was opened but only pathways or trails, the common means of transportation were by pack-carabao, by foot, or on carabao back. These kinds of transportation were usually for freight. Transportation by hammock was effected by means of a hammock hung on a long pole supported on the shoulders of two or more men. Sometimes animals were used to car456
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY ry the pole on which the hammock was hung. The means of locomotion was furnished either by men or by animal. This was usually for passenger use. Perhaps the most frequent means of transportation at the time was by foot. The person utilized his legs as the means of locomotion and his back as the carriage. This kind of transportation was convenient at the time due to the absence of well defined roads. Equally important as transportation by foot was the use of bancas. The Filipinos are by nature a water-loving people. This is illustrated by their history. They were, as they are now, skilled in the use of the banca. The topographical condition of the country multiplies and augments the importance of water transportation. Pack-carabao and travelling on carabao back was also a favorite means of transportation. The former was used for freight purposes, the latter for passenger. The influence of these means of transportation, aL though crude, can not be denied. They enhanced the social, economic and political condition of the country. They formed the structure upon which the present progress of the Filipino people is superimposed.
III. Filipino-Spanish Era . The same means of transportation used during the Pre-Spanish period were also continued to be used during the Filipino-Spanish time which covered a span of 377 yea.rs. However, new means of transportation were introduced as a consequence of the importation of new beasts of burden and the higher degree of civilization of the conquering people. The most notable of these new innovations of Philippine transportation were (1) the introduction of horse-drawn carromatas and (2) street cars drawn by horses. The same difficulty encountered in the lack of avail a457
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ble documents in matter of carabao-drawn carts is also true in horse-drawn vehicles. However, horses not being a native beast of burden of the Islands, it is safe to conclude that carromatas drawn by horses must have begun their existence in the Islands after the importation of the animals, for Blair and Robertson's The PhiLippine Islands, Volume XVI, page 90, says that "Until the Spaniards brought them from China and New Spain, there were no horses, mares, cows or asses in the Philippines." In 1587 Governor Santiago de Vera reported that "many vessels had come to these islands from China and especially to this City (Manila) bringing horses, cows, etc." From this we can infer that horses and cows have been used since 1587. The importance of the importation of these animals cannot be overestimated. It greatly diversified the transportation facilities of the Islands. Carromatas were introduced for ordinary transportation of the people, both for freight and passenger use. They facilitated commerce. It was a great stride as compared with the slow-moving cart drawn by carabao. And for better and solemn occasions, such as the festival of a Patron Saint, chariots and coaches were used by the more aristocratic elements of the community (Blair and Robertson, Volume LXIV, page 66; Volume XXVI, 35). Travel on horse-back was also in vogue, more especially by the military people. More speedy means of communication and the consequent development of commerce were noted during this time. Added to the importation of additional beasts of burden was the attention given by the government to road building. The influence of education, which although limited to a selected few, had raised the standard of living, created a demand for other material, which soon became a necessity. This led to the greater exploitation of the Islands' 458
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY natural resources, giving rise also to a demand for better means of transportation and communication. "The needs of Commerce," says Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Revista Economica, 1912, "demanded not by the poor but by the powerful, were attended to; for that reason roads were made, bridges were built, new highways of communication were opened, public safety was organized in a more efficient manner, the abuses of the denominators had greater publicity and, therefore, were fewer and more combated; the mail service was improved, Spaniards and other Europeans penetrated, into the provinces, the natives themselves were permitted to go from one pueblo to another and change their residence, and the Filipinos were able to place the1n8elves in contact 'with' the civilized ~vorld emerging from their prolo ged and harmful sequestration, thanks to the working of economic forces." It was in the decade 1830-4{), James A. LeRoy says in The Americ'ans in the Philippines, Volume I, page 10, under Governor Enrile and his chief assistant Penaranda, that the Philippines first felt a real stimulus to road and internal improvement. Of necessity, with the building of roads and the spanning of rivers with bridges came an increased desire for travel, and the consequential demand for greater and better means of transportation with reference to the whole archipelago. We will now discuss a notable advance in the means of transportation by the introduction of horsedrawn street cars which were inaugurated in Manila, December 26, 1885. Manila by the year 1885 was already advanced. It may sound incredible to one who does not know the country, when the writer says that during the course of a day about 8,800 vehicles of all makes passed Calle Nueva, 6,000 vehicles at Puente de Espana, 5,000 at Calle Escolta and 459
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 950 at Calle Real de Manila, as shown by Municipal Statistics. One hundred and eighty thousand souls from 6 in the morning to 9 in the evening, were constantly in motion. Manila, therefore, offered a golden opportunity for a company designed for transportation purposes. Acting on the needs of the time a company known as "Compafiia de los Tranvias de Filipinas," whose principal capitalists were in Spain was organized and applied for a franchise from the government. The government of Spain granted two concessions for 60 years, the first of which was given on April 23, 1881 and the second on August 28, 1884. The first was to construct its lines within the limits of the City, while the second extended its activities up to the populous town of Malabon. The length of the five street-car lines was as follows: A. Intramuros Line--2,800 B. Malate Line -4,400 C. Sampaloc Line -4,000 D. Malacafiang Line-2,220 E. Tondo Line -2,500
meters. meters. meters. meters. meters.
The enterprise was capitalized at 850,000 pesetas. The coaches were of light construction pulled by native horses in pairs. The horses had a running radi us of 20 kilometers per day. The coaches had a capacity for 10 persons seated and 8 standing. Taking as a base of 12 round trips per hour in line A, and 6 round trips in lines B, C, D, and E, the necessity of 40 coaches and 192 horses is evident for the daily service. This of course includes a reserve of 25 %. A sample of the first report of the company is as follows: 460
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Ingresos Meses
1885 Die. desde 26-31 1886 Enero 1886 Mayo 1886 Septiembl'e 1886 Diciembre
Longitud Construida
No. de Km. ReCoches curridos
2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500
3 4 2 2 2
852.7 4,047.6 4,402.9 4,253.1 4,339.6
Ingresos
5ÂŁ18.30 pesetas 2,870.05 pesetas 1,311.70 pesetas 1,712.60 pesetas 2,328.75 pesetas
We have shown the progress of transportation during the Filipino-Spanish time. It must, however, be remembered that although there had been great strides in the means of transportation in the Islands, it was to a great extent a development in cities and pueblos. Primitive means of transport still existed in the mountainous and civilized portions of the Islands, although perhaps, improved to a certain degree. IV. Filipino-American Era In dealing with this topic we are already stepping into the realm of modern times, in so far as the transportation facilities of the Islands are concerned. When the Americans came they found the Islands deficient in roads. There was utter lack of intercommunication, especially between towns of the interior. The Philippine Census of 1903, Volume IV, reported: "Land transportation in the rural districts of the Philippine Islands is not easy for wheeled vehicles at any time, and during the rainy season in many places is entirely impracticable . . . A great deal was done by the army during the period of military government toward improving land communication by grading and ditching the roads and constructing bridges, but the work was usually of temporary character and hurriedly carried on to facilitate military operations." That is why the first act passed by the Phil461
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ippine Commission was to appropriate two million Mexican pesos for the construction and improvement of roads in the Islands. Prior to 1908 there was no system in the construction of roads. Roads deteriorated due to the fact that no provisions were made for maintenance. However, the passage of the double cedula law in 1907 which authorized the provincial board to double the cedula and add the extra sum to provincial road and bridge funds somewhat remedied the situation. W. Cameron Forbes, former governor-general of the Islands, is largely responsible for the formulation of a policy for the extension and maintenance of public highways. The vehicles of transportation increased proportionately with the construction of new roads. The new means of transportation not including Railroads, discussed in the preceding chapter, are: 1. Horse-drawn vehicles 5. Buses 2. Electric cars 6. Hire cars 3. Automobiles 7. Aeroplanes 4. Trucks 1. Horse-Drawn Vehicles Horse-drawn vehicles are popularly known as Carromatas, Calesas and Carretelas. They have no fixed routes and operate along the municipal streets at all hours, for about fifty centavos per hour or twenty centavos per trip. In the City of Manila alone there are now registered 5,200 calesas and carretelas. And in the majority of the provincial towns they form the chief means of transportation. However, with the arrival of automobiles, this form of conveyance is fast disappearing. 2. Electric Ga;rs When the victorious American Army entered Manila in 1898, they found an obsolescent horse-car system, inadequately serving two or three favored districts, and an oldfashioned electric plant, furnishing a limited section with intermittent light. 462
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Today, however, Manila has a transportation and lighting system which can compete with any Oriental city and the majority of the cities of Europe and America. The first considerable investment of American capital in the Philippines was the Manila Railroad and Light Company. Charles M. Swift, of Detroit, and his associates obtained from the Philippine Government a franchise to construct, operate, maintain and supply electric current and transportation to the inhabitants of Manila and its suburbs. That was' in 1902, when the last of the guerilla bands were laying down their arms, and while the future of the Islands was still a political issue in the United States. The financial pioneers who ventured to invest their money in those days showed a patriotic confidence in the stability anti progressiveness of the American-Philippine Government and in the prosperity and growth of Manila which are being abundantly justified. In March, 1905, the power plant on Isla Provisor commenced to furnish light and power current to the Manila public, and electric cars began to render service. The growth of the service has been unprecedented, and today nearly all the districts of the city as well as the suburbs, Pasay, Fort W. McKinley, Malabon, Caloocan, and Pasig are supplied with lines. The transfer system permits one to go round the whole extent of Manila for a single fare, and a few cents more will carry the passenger far from the hot stuffy air of the city, across the billowy rice and ever green zacate fields, to nearby provincial towns. At the beginning of the street-car service all motormen were Americans with Filipinos serving as apprentices. Profiting by this opportunity and learning quickly the handling of the cars, all motormen as well as conductors and inspectors now are Filipinos who have passed through the training school maintained by the Company. 463
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The office and car barns of the Company are located in San Marcelino Street. Speaking of the Manila Railroad and Light Company, the Manila Times says: "In the original plans the company divided up, with admirable precision, the various districts of the City of Ma~ nila, for the purpose of furnishing a system that would be convenient to all. Few streets, even in the outlying dis~ tricts are so far from the car line that the catching of a car entails a long walk. "The cars on the Manila Electric Railroad are both plentiful and commodious. They are standard gauge and are equipped with every modern device for the safety and comfort of the public. Most of them are of the wide open variety necessary to comfort in this climate during the greater part of the year, but for the annual rainy season the company has provided a sufficient number of con~ vertible cars to insure the shelter and accommodation of all passengers." Today the maximum number of cars in operation is about 136 a day. The latest innovations still fresh in our minds are the "Pay as You Enter Device" and the use of the auto~buses. In the pay as you enter system, the cars are so constructed as to oblige the passengers to pass the conductor before they can approach their seats so that their fares are collected as they enter, thus facilitating collections. The use of buses is one of the most notable developments in city transportation in recent years. Although there is now a legal tangle regarding the use of auto-buses by the Manila Company, and notwithstanding the decision of our local Supreme Court, we believe that the use of auto-buses is in keeping with modern progress. It rids the city streets of steel rails, an unsightly network of wiring and the nerve-racking noise of electrie cars. 464
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
3. Automobiles A great contribution is being made by the Automobile Industry towards the modernization of transportation in the Philippines. Automobile transportation was practically unknown in 1910, as less than 250 automobiles had been imported into the Islands up to that year. In 1912 the registration law took effect, and on that date there were 1,586 automotive vehicles registered, distributed as follows: 947 passenger automobiles, 450 motorcycles, and 180 motor trucks. Eight years after, in 1920, a total of 13,562 motor vehicles were registered. The latest data, that is for the year 1934, show that there were 42,909 motor vehicles registered, or an increase of nearly 300 % during the period of a decade and a half. Automobile transportation is one of the greatest productive forces of the last fifteen years. The increase in the efficiency of the individual, the settlement and rapid development of sparsely settled areas, thus creating additional sources of wealth, the elimination of sectional differences, and the welding of the Filipino people into one compact homogeneous mass, and consequently the increase in the business of the community, may be attributed to the new means of transportation and the roads that are being constantly opened. The growth of automobile business in the Philippines is a mute witness of the Island's progress. The following tabulations show the yearly increase in automotive transportation, the number of drivers' licenses issued, collections made from registration of motor vehicles and licensing of chauffeurs, and the length of improved roads in existence from 1920 to 1934:
465
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Automobiles
Year
I 1920 1921 1922 1923 I 1924 I 1925 1926 . 1927 i 1928 I 1929 1930 1931 I 1932 1933 I 1934 I /1
I I
I Trucks IMotorcycles I
I 9,6921 9,481 9,537 9,662 10,973 13,549 16,239 18,547 19,791 21,341 22,899 23,373 25,187 24,865 26,507
Total
I
2,689 I 1,181 2,747 I 1,113 2,904 r 965 3,118 909 3,870 833 5,225 815 6,541 758 8,283 767 9,552 703 10,365 574 14,380 388 14,131 385 15,772 626 15,237 554 15,868 534
I
No. of Chauffeurs
Income
15,624 16,859 17,939 17,042 22,632 25,127 33,440 40.049 47,956 52,921 57,344 59,097 62,218 61,983 65,310
13,562 P177,263.24 13,341 207,275.53 13,406 518,825.85, 13,689 628,918.54 15,676 633,214.36 19,589 798,438.62 23,538 985,561.28 27,597 1,145,369.34 30,046 1,254,684.81 32,280 1,341,364.17 37,667 2,015,772.49 37,889 \1,895,165.40 41,585 1,852,637.40 40,656 2,476,917.86 42,909 . 2,515,860.94 I,
I
1
II
Improved Roads Year 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Second Class
Third Class
Km.
Km.
2,037.5 2,044.8 2,115.5 2,196.7 2,132.0 2,359.9 2,611.1 3,031.9 3,340.7 3,629.7 3,765.5 4,026.3 4,278.8 4,611.0 4,792.1
4,698.8 4,386.4 4,982.3 5,140.7 5,488.3 5,664.3 5,846.7 6,033.9 6,380.0 6,760.1 7,286.6 7,700.8 8,157.0 8,504.5 8,845.5
9,816.1 3,036.6 2,942.7 2,795.2 2,704.6 2,639.3 2,480.6 2,322.8 2,171.6 2,250.7 2,353.4 2,605.2 2,218.2 2,098.9 1,928.5
I I \
There are 174 makes of cars, in operation in the Islands. which are mostly of American manufacture and are represented in the market by 24 automobile firms or dealers. The most popular is the Ford, with a total registration of 11,566 in 1934. Ranking second is the Chevrolet, 466
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY having 9,922 cars to its credit. Dodge comes third, with 3,814 in its favor. Trailing behind these three cars: Buick, 1,740; Chrysler, 1,468; Plymouth, 1,114; and Studebaker, 1,099. The rest of the makes has less than 1,000 cars each. The construction of roads connecting the important agricultural centers of the Islands to the industrial and commercial cities made marketing easier. It encouraged farmers, for they could transport their products to places where there was greater demand and consequently at greater profit. It eliminated hazards in transportation to both passenger and freight. It reduced the cost of transporting merchandise, and gave pleasure and convenience to travel. The construction of an extensive road system and the increasing demand of highway traffic encouraged the operation of many competing public utilities. This competition necessarily resulted in public benefit because of better service and reduced rates.
4. Trucks Trucks are used for heavy hauling, but are being gradually utilized in increasing numbers for wholesale and retail store delivery in the cities of Manila, Cebu, Iloilo and Zamboanga. Manila being the principal clearing port of the Islands is the greatest truck user, with 3,922 trucks in actual operation in 1934. The province of Occidental Negros comes second with 1,300; Iloilo, third with 945; and Cebu, fourth with 888. In N egros trucks are used principally by the Sugar Centrals in hauling their output from central to port. Trucks are also used by the public utility companies and the provincial and insular governments for heavy hauling. 5. Buses The Philippines is a short-haul territory which makes the bus system advantageous. The three railroads in the 467
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Islands are now feeling the keen competition of bus and truck transportation. Where roads are opened bus companies are formed. Great competition exists between those companies. In Cebu a passenger may ride 62 miles for 40 centavos. The railroad companies open bus service usually at the ends of their lines to places of importance, such as Baguio, which is inaccessible to railways. The Manila Electric Company recently experimented in the use of a bus system for the City of Manila. The experiment has been successful and an extended bus service to several city routes has already been made which finds popular patronage from the masses. The lowest fare is three centavos for a zone. The bodies of the buses are practically all locally made. The capacity ranges from 8 to 47 passengers. In Iloilo a double-decked bus like those used in London and New York, is now actually ru ning. As longer routes are gradually being operated more comfortable accommodations are provided. Trips as long as 125 miles are undertaken by autobuses. 6. Hire-Cars Hire cars are of four kinds: namely, the PU cars, the garage cars, the taxis and the auto-calesas. These are operated under the authority of the Certificate of Public Convenience granted by the Public Service Commission, the office which regulates and controls public utility enterprises. The PU cars and the auto-calesas have a specified route in the certificate and a fixed fare for a designated number of kilometers. The operation of the PU cars remedied to a great extent the transportation deficiencies of the Islanqs, inasmuch as there are only three main railroad lines in the Philippines, and these cannot adequately meet public demand. The garage cars are operated by garage or priv:ate 468
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY individuals on an hourly basis or under special contract. A garage owner must at least have five cars before he is granted authority to begin business. Some of the garages in Manila operate as many as 100 cars, while the majority have from 5 to 10 cars each. Rates range from 'Pl.00 to P3.50 per hour depending on the size and make of car. The taxis and the auto-cales as are the latest additions to the transportation system in the Islands. Garage and PU business, however, seemed to have declined with the introduction of these new types of cars in our transportation. Some garage owners shut shop and applied for new authority to operate taxicabs. One novel feature of the taxicab is the taximeter which registers the fare for every five hundred meters of distance it has run. Taxis are getting more popular everyday and many prefer to ride in them because of the speed and convenience they offer to passengers. They will perhaps gradually supplant the use of the carromatas and carretelas, the twin relics of the Spanish days. 7. Aeroplanes The practicability of air transportation for commercial purposes is now a recognized fact. It is no longer an experiment but a proven utility. Today, all the progressive countries of the world have taken advantage of this latest development in the transportation system and each has begun spending vast sums establishing air routes in their respective territories where mammoth passenger planes, undreamed and unheard of in the past, now daily make trips on regular schedule. A plan is now afoot in America to establish a new commercial air line that will span over the Pacific, thus bridging a gap between the East and the West. Transportation by air in the Philippines is still in its infancy but it has a promise of great future development. What is only needed is the full support and confi469
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES dence of the people which will give impetus to this important enterprise. Backed up by some pioneering capitalists, our local aviators blazed the trail and established the Manila-Baguio and the Manila-Iloilo-Negros air routes. Prominent business men and many high government officials have already made trips over these air routes and are loud in their praises of this new system of transportation. Perhaps it would not be long when we will all be air-minded and trips over the air route will be within reach of a man of average income. To bring to fruition this idea of our great air transportation system, sufficient capital must be marshalled. Other capitalists should follow the pioneers in this field. Due to the geographical and topographical conditions of our country, and due to the pioneering attitude of capital towards this new pathway of transportation, we are confident in our prophecy that in the not distant future the principal islands of the Philippines will be linked with one another by efficient network of air routes. II
COMMUNICATION Communication in the Philippine Islands began, like in the ancient world, by means of signs and of words. People communicated with each other by messengers or by burning bushes. Communication developed along with Transportation. As the world progressed, means of communications developed. Long before Magellan came to the Philippines in 1521, there had been intercourse or communication between the Philippines and the outside world. This was with China, Japan, India, Java, and Sumatra. When the Americans came, modern methods of communication with Mexico and Spain became regular. Then 470
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY came the Compafiia Real de Filipinas which granted exclusive traffic between Spain and the Islands. The opening of Manila in 1834 to the commerce of the world marked the continuous progress and prosperity of the Islands. For communication with the outside world was easier. Thus :foreign firms began to establish themselves in Manila; consequently other ports of the Philippines were also opened to the world. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and of the Panama Canal later, closer communication with Europe, America and the rest of the world redounded to the benefit of Manila and the Philippines. Telegraph as well as steamship lines were inaugurated in the Islands during Governor de Izquierdo's time, 187173; in 1880 communication by cable was opened between Luzon and Spa路n; and in 1890 the telephone system was established in the Philippines. When the Americans 'came, modern methods of communication by means of telegraph, telephone, cable, steamship and radio improved in leap and bounds. Today we have more efficient communication by means of modern steamships a:nd aeroplanes, by means of trains and automobiles, and by means of cables, radios, and telephones all over the world.
471
Principles of Business Business is a science. Scientific methods applied to any human endeavor eliminate blunders. For the pound of cure can be saved by applying the ounce of prevention. Obedience to well tested rules, founded on the basic principles of cause and effect, will produce the best possible results. In a country like the Philippines the need is for practical men-scientific business men. This is a land of plenty, a land flowing, as it were, with milk and honey. We have vast virgin lands, covered with first class timber; we have untouched mineral resources,. with mountains hiding the richest gold veins. What is a practical man? "The practical man," DisraeIi said, "is the man who practices the errors of his forefathers." The scientific spirit must be imbued in business when carried on a great scale. Its environment should be studied, its function observed and its kind determined. The functions of business, for example, include: Production-the study of the organization and management of the processes required to transform raw material into useful activities and simple energy into useful services. Marketing-the study of all the means whereby goods are exchanged and transported from one owner to another. Financing-facilitating production and marketing because of funds. What is business? We hear this word every day. What does it mean, then? The Americans who are the greatest business people in the world have defined it as "the economic activities of men for the purpose of securing profits or for the purpose of acquiring property rights." 472
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The business man in securing his profits or acquiring his property rights must not, as a member of society, injure the public good. For in the long run he who serves best profits most. THE SCIENCE OF BUSINESS
For commercial purposes, the sciences have been divided into two: (a) Natural Sciences which include Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, Biology, Botany and Zoology, and (b) Social Sciences which include History, Economics" Politics, Jurisprudence, Sociology, Psychology, Ethics and Philology. But the pure sciences, however, should not be forgotten; they are Logic and Mathe~atics. While logic has connection with business, mathematic~, the science of numbers, has a more direct relation to business than logic. The natural sciences, as well as the social sciences, also play important roles in every day business. This has taken place from the dawn of history until the present age. The sciences are mentioned because of their close reo lations with business in general. For a business executive must not only know how to sell but also how to produce and how to direct the marketing and the financing. He should be alive and alert with the problems that arise, equipped with technical training, efficient to solve the questions of policy and the demands of the world. The structure of business may be likened to a temple. The foundations are the pure sciences; the columns are the natural and physical sciences and the social sciences; while the dome is composed of production, marketing, accounting and financing. 473
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Take away one and the edifice collapses. That is why the great business man acts by express calculation, by using the scientific system. Of course there are times when he has also to act by intuition, when aware that the problem confronting him is not one of mere mechanics, bu t one involving sympathy and imagination. "The practical men in business, or politics, or in every mode of social conduct, will supplement and correct the application of the scientific rule by the play of private judgment and intuition, lYecause the most abundant supply of the most accurate statistics, utilized by the most approved methods of economic science, can only afford results of a rude approximate validity, expressed in tendencies," as what man proposes God disposes. History, the business man must understand, repeats itself. Business history was repeated from time to time; after the World War depression came, then followed the New York market crash of 1929! Business, after all, is a cooperative thing. Unless men work together in building the Temple that endures, nothing much or great can be accomplished. For every one is his brother's keeper. The world is indeed a stage; every one must play his role well, efficiently. SCIENTIFIC METHODS
The failure of many a business man has from time to time demonstrated the vital importance of scientific methods. Scientific methods briefly consist of observation, analysis, definition, classification, inference and verification, plus the deductive method; that is, the application of general laws to particular problems plus the human element. 474
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY "The scientist is, in the br,oad sense, a creator of wealth as' truly as is the man whose attention is focused on the application of science," said R. A. Millikan in his "Twentieth Century Physics." "Indeed, the scientist is merely the scout, the explorer, who is sent on ahead to discover and open up new leads to nature's gold. His motive may be merely to find out how nature works, but once that knowledge has been gained, man almost always finds a way to apply it to his own ends, so that in a very real sense all scientific effort is directed toward the improvement of human well-being by creating more wealth." The paramount value of methods was emphasized by Andrew Carnegie, the steel magnate, when he stated: "Take away all our factories, our trade, our avenues of transportation, our money; leave me our organization, and in four years I shall have re-established myself." And then commented Jones, in his "Business Administration," "To the attainment of superior methods there is unhappily no royal road." Finally, science alone can lead to future achievement. BUSINESS ENTERPRISES
The various forms of business organizations are1. The individual proprietorship 2. The partnership, general and limited, and 3. The corporation. In the Philippines and in America the more common form of business enterprises is the corporation. The Corporation Law of the Philippine Islands is Act No. 1459. FINANCING
This is the soul of the company, of any business pursuit in life. It has been said that the strength of a chain 475
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES is its weakest link. But financing is both the strength and weakest link of the business chain. As it is impossible for an empty sack to stand. Behind the corporation there must be a promoter in order to solve the first problem. This is called the promotion stage. By promotion is meant the concep~ tion and organization of a new business or combination of business ventures. The promoter must be a man of integrity; well known. sound in judgment, active, persuasive, intelligent, and above all sincere and honest, for honesty is still and will always be the best policy. First, the promoter must approach prospective stockholders and explain his object. Second, when sufficiently assured of the stockholders' cooperation, he coul~ consult his lawyer and then print subscription blanks wherein the name of the company and it"! authorized capital stock are stated. Third, when all the subscription blanks have been signed and the money deposited with the treasurer of the company, the promoter should call a general meeting. In the general meeting there must be an election of directors and then of the officers of the corporation, in accordance with the provisions of the existing corporation laws of the Philippine Islands. Thus, the need of the constant advice and presence of a corporation lawyer. Afterwards, the chairman should direct the secretary to keep the proceedings of the firm in the Minute Book. As soon as the incorporation papers, such as the articles of incorporation and the by-laws have been duly approved, the signatures must be affixed thereon. Lastly, these papers must be filed together with the Bureau of Commerce and Industry. 476
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The whole process of course is not as easy as said. But the promoter must certainly and definitely know what he is after. This promotional stage is as critical as the financial and managing and expanding stages. The organization must be built upon frankness, confidence, and sincerity. The promoter takes upon himself the moral obligation to protect the interests of the stockholders. That is why not only knowledge and will power are needed for the promotion and financing of an enterprise but also prudence and good will.
General Organization 477
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The purpose of the corporation in which it shall engage must be only one. That is provided for in the Corporation Law. Concentration in all lines of human endeavor is a prerequisite to any successful undertaking. Supposing that the company has already been incorporated under and by virtue of the laws of the country, then the work of the promoter stops there. Real financing will then begin. It is necessary for the construction of the enterprise and for building up the business. . When promotion expenses have been deducted from the common fund, the construction expenses must come; expenses, for example, for a manufacturing concern, or a sugar or rice Il\ill. There should pe a working capital remaining. This is called the initial working capital-the net amount of liquid funds, which consists chiefly of cash and accounts receivable, less accounts payable. Right during this stage the value of accounting enters in. Accounting is as necessary as financing and promoting or producing and marketing; for all form part of the great wheel of business. WORKING CAPITAL
Other things being equal, the following elements govern the comparative amount of working capital required. 1. Larger business will require more working funds. 2. During expansion period a company will requirE' a larger supply of r.eady cash, as the money collected from sales is less than production cost. 3. When the product manufactured takes longer time, the company requires more working capital, as its cash is invested in pending works. 478
BREAKW ATER AT MANILA HARBOR
r
INTERISLAND SHIPPING
GILBERT BRIDGE, ILOCOS NORTE
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 4. When engaged in making various kinds of products, more capital is needed for a reasonable stock of each commodity. 5. Seasonable businesses will need also a bigger working capital. 6. The more quickly a company can turn over its capital or sell its merchandise the less working capital it will need. 7. The longer the terms of credit a company extends to its customer, the greater the amount of working capital it will require. 8. rrhe longer the terms of credit it can obtain from outside to purchase supplies, the less the working capita] is needed. 9. .The more difficult the securing of raw materials is, the more working capital is also required. Industrials therefore require more working capital. For a successful business concern, it has been wisely said, three C's are needed-Capacity, Capital and Credit. For expansion, more capital is necessary. Now, the question is-how can additional capital b~ secured? More capital for business expansion can be secured either (a) by selling additional stock of the company, or (b) by borrowing capital. For such purpose of expansion, the one great thing which investors or banks usually consider is the good will of the company; that is, its financial standing, the integrity of the executive and its board of directors, the soundness of its credit, and the history of its business transactions. Really you cannot sell any additional stock unless your trial balance is in the company's favor, when profits are more than expenses. In short, the organization must be 479
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES sound morally and financially, or else there is no use of expansion--selling more stocks and borrowing more funds; for these will be just like salt thrown into the Pasig River. Or may be, the company owns certain properties or goods; in that case the concern can mortgage its properties or else obtain a short period loan on such goods from the banks or sell properties and goods completely. Other sources from where corporation executives obtain loans are from friends, discount-houses and notebrokers. There are also financing methods through bond issues, backed up by collateral securities and tangible properties. It certainly taxes the most ingenious mind of the Corporation Manager in order to raise more funds for the working capital o'f the business organization which needs the best years of nis life to make it expand and live and have a good name in the commercial world. All this must be done within the law, both written and unwritten-physical and moral. Otherwise a company not built on rock but on sand must collapse when the rains shall descend and the storms batter its foundations. There are, of course, causes beyond control-acts of God, as they call them-or force majeur. But the real financier sees and knows; the real executive has it in his heart that whatever is right is might, if he is truly honest. For him there will be no writing on the wall, for he would not be found wanting; for him there will be no collapse of his business empire, built oij. scientific methods, modern management, and honest dealings; if ever he would fall, he would rise again; his unexpected fall is but his stepping-stone to another glorious ascent, grander than all the rest. 480
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY MANAGEMENT
Management is the conducting of the business enterprise. It consists, on the one hand, of organization and plan, and, on the other hand, of administration or realization. For the business plans must be put into effect. Planning must be followed by working; thinking by action, in oruer to get results. For realization precedes success. When, therefore, the business firm's earlier stages of promotion or organization and financing or expansion are done, the company becomes, as it were, established. Then the directing of such established corporation must be well done--done efficiently, or the whole thing will sooner or later be bound to the rocks. The problem of management must be conducted in such a manner as to secure for the business as an entity the greatest amount of profit. What are the elements that in general terms yield profits? Generally speaking, they are goods supplied by the capitalist, labor supplied by the employee, the purchasing power exercised by the public, and the managerial ability supplied by the manager or administrator of the corporation. Commented an American authority, C. W. Gerstenberg, on these elements: "These are the four elements out of which a business enterprise is formed. Goods without the application of labor are of no value; the product of goods and labor without a market is of no value; and the market without the product cannot exist. Goods, labor and market cannot come together of their own accord-they must be brought into relation each with the other. The person who brings these several elements together is a 'promoter'; if he continues their correlation and co-ordination, he is known as an 'enterpriser'; the ex481
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ercise of the enterpriser's function, immediate or delegated, is defined as management." There are certain fundamental requisites and special aptitudes, abilities, interests, ambitions, and traits of character, in their relations to Efficient Service and Industrial Success. These fundamentals, applicable in large measure to all industrial pursuits, are Health Enthusiasm Endurance Energy Thoroughness
Persistence Honesty Promptness System Common Sense
Reliability Foresight Will Power Memory Judgment
That is to s'ay, the manager must have broad knowledge of business affairs; good judgment and caution; foresight; good busine s connections; reputation for sound judgment; square dealing, honesty, and reliability; ability to pick out the right men and get good results out of them; and capacity for executive power. The executive must have that executive ability, organizing power, energy, push, enterprise, tact, and cooperation; he must have a knowledge of the business; knowledge of human nature; he must love his work and be aggressive; and he must possess humor and personality. These quaiities have now been toned down into one word; in short, he must be efficient. What is, by the way, Efficiency? Efficiency leads men from poverty to power. It tells how great men have won their battle with fate, leading them from a world of chance to a world of choice. Efficiency shapes human destinies. Efficiency is the science of self-management. It is the short cut to success. Success in any human enterprise; be it personal or collective. 482
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The corporate executive must always ask himself, "Am I efficient?" "Efficiency," Purinton defines it, "is the power of doing one's most and best, in the shortest time and easiest way, to the satisfaction of all concerned." Have you ever met a man who was nobody before? How was it that now he has gone ahead of you? Perhaps he makes much money, or occupies a responsible position in a governmental department or commercial firm? Somecall him lucky. This is the story of his efficiency. Listen to it and you will know. Because he who seeks finds. 1. He analyzed himself, discovering what he wanted to do and have and be in life. He kept on and on. 2. He stutlied his powers and limitations, such as physical, mental and spiritual, trying to find and develop himself. 3. He acquai ted himself with the biographies of the world's greatest men who were masters and leaders in his life's chosen calling. 4. He changed his attitude in life and began a new job, a new profession, the work Nature has intended for him in order to be himself. 5. He made the most of his work by using the scientific management. He so made up his program that everything leads to his daily improvement physically, mentally and morally. 6. He looked after his health, lived freely and fully. He changed the state of his mind; he became optimistic, cheery, hopeful. 7. He changed his mental attitude. He became a good mixer, using what he knew and read. He could forecast business conditions. 8. To him there is nothing impossible. He chose his right companions to secure the best possible cooperation, 483
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES financial, industrial and moral support. 9. He determined to be a leader, not a follower; so he developed his moral courage, his will power, and his personal influence. 10. He lived as he wanted, a full life; doing what he thought best, serving the best he could, and playing the role of a man-an efficient man. Such is but a common story. We see and meet this man every day on the street, in the offices and in various homes. There is nothing impossible under the sun. There is nothing mysterious about this efficient man, this boss, this successful fellow; he is human-the best of friends-an inspiring leaaer. History furnishes us with various instances. There is Edison, there is Carnegie, Schwab, Ford, Rockefeller; there is Rotchschiltl, Napoleon, Mussolini, Kemal Pasha, Stalin, Mazaryk. The man who has done his best has indeed done everything. "Captains of industry are not hunting money," said Schwab. "America is heavy with it. They are seeking brains-specialized brains-and faithful, loyal service. Brains are needed to carry out the plans of those who furnish the capital ... Men make opportunity. Every great industrial achievement has been the result of individual effort-the practical development of a dream in the mind of an individual ... I have always believed that the aristocracy of any country should be the men who have succeeded -the men who have aided in upbuilding their country-the men who have contributed to the efficiency and happiness of their follow men." THE IDEAL OFFICE
The Ideal Office is the simplest office. The busy man in his travel around the world has seen many offices. 484
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY The one which he has seen in continental Europe is the real office, simple but ideal, having the features of the best office ever seen. The ideal office is the best office. This office is modern. As you enter you see the manager's table. The space is enough, but the atmosphere is different. There is something individual in it. The furniture is made of molave and mahogany. There is the touch of the modern without surpassing the ancient; it is a combination of things local and foreign, but mostly Philippine. The ideal office has a library. Yes, it is a library, with books on technical matters and personal efficiency. Around the spacious room hang few but masterful pictures. It is a place where one can read and meditate. The ideal office is a school. Organization, production and marketing are taught, financing is considered, and salesmanship studied. Its motto is "It Can Be Done I" The ideal office is a home. All the members of the corporation are welcome, to get orders or to give advices, to learn and to cooperate; all belong to a big family, headed to one goal- to serve most in order to profit most. About it is the air of homeliness. The ideal office is a battle ground. Everybody has his work and his rank. He gets more who works better. Big problems that loom are solved. Business battles are fought there in an honest, manly way. The ideal office is a resort. As you are inside, you feel the air of health, of vigor, of inspiring life. It is well ventilated, healthy, clean, just like the house by the seashore or the one built on the mountains. The ideal office is like a church. The ideas and ideals of mankind are found there; the hopes and aspirations of the world find their practice there. The manager is not one to be ministered unto; he is there to minister, to 485
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES give peace and power, hope and life; he is there to work and serve and love. The chief is the servant of all. He is a Christian, for he practices the golden rule; he is a server, for he plays the part of a man who is good and true, an efficient manager. More than these, the best office is a service bureau, a factory, a training school, a religious temple, a civic society. The ideal office while a company is also a sanctuary; the ideal office while a health resort i's also a theater; the ideal office while a laboratory is also an improvement society. It is, in fine, a library, a school, a home, a battle ground, a resort, and a church; a place for reflection, for growth, for enj oyment, for service. It is the temple of business where the transactions of the day become as a song offer to God Almighty. But the Ideal Office is, far and above aU, a sancto sanctorum, with the atmosphere of love, with the objective of humane service. It is a cloister of life, a modern home, church, and school; it is everything, an ideal place where beautiful ideals blossom into beautiful deeds. The ideal office is all that and something more. In this office you can do finer work, obtain bettel! results, think better thoughts, produce larger revenue, and serve humanity more. For it is a temple of prosperity and progress-this Ideal Office. BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
The unity of control is essential in management. The same with the harmonious distribution of managerial authority, in order to make the corporation work on a truly scientific management that is veritably efficient. The following chart illustrates this. 486
""
00 -:J
Budgets
J
I Men
I
I
I
I Auditor and Ass'+sj
I
I Comptroller I
I
~-'
1-"
I I Me" I
I
,I
Purchas;"9
I
I Machin~ry II Stores
I
Il
,I
Corp or ati on M 'an ag ement
I Men
I I
IGeneral A<:countsl Iinvoicas
I
I
Men
I Follow-Ups I
I
Advedisi"9
I
I
J
.ord e rs
I
Traffic
Manager I
I
Sales Force
J
I
I Works Manager I I S ales Manufactur ing
I
I
Pfoducin,
I
I
inJ'
ravelling I IWorks Accounts I ITAuditor
Cash ReCQ!ipts II Disbursemenh I
I
ond, Collections
I~redits I I
I
Treasurer
-
I
Officersl
Directors
I
MANAGER
l
Stockholders
I GENERAL
I
J
J
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Everything will then work like a machine, for all is standardized after a careful test; everybody would be busy, and the bigger plans are left to the men in charge. After a plan is made, it is easily carried out into action. Under such a systematic method, the location of the plant would be properly situated; records are kept, and t he whole organization would be so well supervised that the manager has ample time for bigger and better plans for the progress of the concern. For then authority is distributed easily and responsibility fixed definitely. One famous scientific management is Known as the Taylor System, whereby records are made for enlightened judgment, for the records represent performance in harmony with fundamental principles. The manager can, like a judge, make his decis.ion based on incontrovertible facts. He could then be able to forecast business conditions effectively. In ordel\ that a certain task is done in the one best way, Taylor tHought it neeessary to plan it in detail before actual performance. For the "one best way" the following conditions are set forth: 1. Standardization of the operation, including that of the machines and tools used. 2. The fitness of the workman. 3. A spirit of cooperation on the part of the workman. Standardization means finding the best for the purpose desired and keeping it until we get something better. This standardization has two forms-materials and methods. This principle runs through all industry, anrl if generally followed would perhaps harmonize capital with labor. . The workman must fit the task assigned to him, in order to avoid was.te of time, money and energy, so that there will be a real division of labor as well as a wage of contentment. 488
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY For the spirit of cooperation, men must work for deserved wages. Proper men must be placed where they belong; leaders separated from workers. In that way men can feel that in working for the business they are working for themselves. The relationship between employer and employee should be mutual; that is, on a square deal; the employee should not be exploited; he should do his part, and the employer must understand the worker's viewpoint; then, all could work for one goal-for profit, for service. Office management also plays an important part in a business organization. The office is the place where a man regularly transacts his business. A place where letters, telegrams, telephone calls and the like can reach him and from which he can send them. It is a place where the great mass of clerical work is done. There is also a certain knack in office management. For the office manager in order to succeed must be so trained that he understands his workers as. well as his employers; in fact, he should be efficient, too. After treating organization, finance, production, and administration, there is still another important factor in business; it is called advertising. People are amazed at the idea of a manufacturing concern spending millions of pesos a year for advertising. MARKETING
There are certainly psychological principles that govern effective marketing or advertising. For its growth advertising is a marvel of the present industrial civilization. What is an advertisement? It is a notification to the public of the name, uses, merits, or price of certain goods offered for sale. Publicity is its essential. And the business of making such advertisements is Advertising. It 489
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES is a phase of salesmanship, and the advertiser's problem is to induce purchase. The first requisite in an advertisement is that the customer's attention must be attracted, halted and induced. 'When interest is secured, the desire to buy must come; then the conviction to buy, and lastly action-actual buying. There are many things which attract attention, favorable attention; curiosity, for example, is an example. Price and quality are also of paramount importance to the buyers. But modern ladvertising demands instant attention. The science of publicity has become so far advanced that now it is an art. Of course, advertisements must state the truth, for you can fool the people for some time, but 'n ot all of them all the time. An advertisement must therefore be simple, boldsomething that attracts favorable attention, that arouses the interest to buy-that forces action at once. That is effective advertising. It is a study, and nowadays an art. You can have the best product, but without efficient marketing it shall not sell, and consequently you shall not prosper in business. SALESMANSHIP
Everyone has something to sell. This begins from an individual to a company. One of the most important factors of a successful corporation is salesmanship. Given all the products and all the attractiveness of the company's service, if no one could sell them, there will be no profits, there will be no business, there will be no success. Every one ought to study salesmanship. For the world is a business concern and everyone is a salesman. Have you ever stopped to think that you are yourself a salesman? If you are a young man you want to sell 490
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY yourself to your sweetheart. If you are a professional you want to sell your services to the public. If you are a manu_ facturer you want to sell your product. If you are a writer you want to sell your books. For all are salesmen. So all have something to sell. What is it? Unless you know the science of personal salesmanship, the chances are that you will fail. "Personal salesmanship is the art of making our finest product or service the .best in its own field, then selling it regularly to the most possible customers for the largest reasonable price." There are two basic methods: 1. Objective. What do people want most? Money, food, clothing, pleasure. 2. Subjective. What can you do best? Solve both, and you can sell and succeed financially and spiritually. Many have written about this all-important subject. But the efficient salesman must first be so trained that he is well prepared. He must stud,1Y the art of salesmanship. First, he should analyze his product, and see if it is worth selling. He should read several books on the new salesmanship. He must study the lives of great salesmen and merchants. He must observe the trends and needs of his time. He must learn advertising. Then line up his forces on the selling side, visiting the factories and interviewing successful people determined to succeed-knowing that he is selling the best thing he can offer to the world. He must be a good citizen, for a good citizen must be a good salesman. There is more opportunity in salesmanship than in any other calling. Some one who knows said, "Opportunities for selling jobs are ten to one in other fields. Not only is a salesman's job better paid in actual salary return for the effort expended, but it is more stimulating mentally. It brings him into contact every day with new people, new ideas, and new problems. .. To those young 491
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES men who must make money to take care of responsibilities and support a family, I again say, 'Go, Sell!' " That is the dictum of Bush, founder and president of one of the world's great business organizations. Some of the world's great men were salesmen. Washington was a salesman before he became president. Napoleon was also a salesman before he became emperor. Salesmanship means hard work, but it pays. The salesman gets the most for his services. But the harder the work the better, for he who works harder, remarks Crane, earns and serves more. The rules for successful salesmanship are many, but the most essential are here given. Here, therefore, are the five cardinal rules of salesmanship1. Preparation. The salesman must secure an educational training, have knowledge about the science of selling. He must study himself an,d his product. Education paves the way to any success in life. 2. Personality. The sta lesman must be agreeable. He must be neat, clean, and well dressed; sympathetic, sincere and patient. He must radiate optimism. His approach must be favorable. 3. Confidence. He must be sure of himself, enthusiastic about his product, never contradicting, but knowing, and courageous. To him there is nothing impossible. He holds his own, and keeps on and on. 4. Honesty. This is not only the best policy, but the only way to attain a sale. He must tell the truth. What he says is true. In short, he can be depended upon. 5. Knowledge. Not only knowledge of his goods, but also memory of names and places. For salesmanship is an applicatiIQn of the science of psychology, the application of knowledge to the actual process of selling. That is why there should be no reason why a s'a lesman should not 492
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY be as much of an artist in his line as the painter is. To him-all is possible-HI will succeed." There you are-the successful salesman must have poise, in line with self-respect and courtesy; he must have cheerfulness, to invite others into his confidence; he must ha ve faith not only in the goods that he sells, but also in himself; the salesman must have hope, hope to get the order and realize his sale; he must have enthusiasm-that soul on fire, as the Greeks say, the steam that carries the salesman to success; and then he must have persistence; no matter what happens he keeps on and on, until the customer has signed on the dotted line, the goods are delivered and the buyer is satisfied. Thus everyone has something to sell, and the ability to sell hi's commodity or service determines the measure of his success. For, then, salesmanship becomes not only a science, but indeed an art. So study your business. Be a monetary success, use tact, be courageous, be honest, and success will be yours. Success is not something achieved at the end of life. It is more than that. It is gained every day. Daily failures are nothing. They are part of living. For real success is the result of infinite trial and failure and of trial again and again. But success in salesmanship or in any enterprise is always Now. The thing that counts is Today. So make today the best day of your life. The successful salesman is the man who acts, the man who has for his daily guide to success these additional rules: 1. I look at my work as a wonderful opportunity. I measure it not by the pay I get, but by the power I gain. 2. I believe myself the best man in my line. I am confident of my powers. 493
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 3. I must be sure I am in the right work, not a square peg in a round hole. 4. I learn to enjoy my work, whatever it is. I love it. 5. I must find and trust my supreme desire. I was born to be somebody. 6. I plan my future in detail, and then join it to the present. I do my best to realize my ambition. 7. After chosing my path, I follow it though the heavens fall. For every cloud has its silver lining. 8. I stop the little leaks of time, thought, money, and vitality. I am working after a goal. 9. I try to see myself through the eyes of the critics. I am simple and sincere, just and truthful. 10. I am an optimist, first, last, and all the time. To me nothing is impossible. It can be done! In times when things go wrong, we might well repeat that noble ver e from Henley's Inviotus: "In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud; Beneath the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody but unbowed."
494
Philippine Economic Ideals LA LIGA FILIPINA
The aims of this economico-political organization are: 1. Union of the Archipelago into a compact, vigorous and homogeneous mass. 2. Mutual protection in all cases of pressing necessity. 3. Defense against violence and inj ustice. 4. Encouragement of education, commerce and agriculture. 5. Study and application and reforms. Motto: Unus I nsta;r Omnium (One Like All). DECALOGUE OF ANG BAGONG KATIPUNAN
I. Our National Destiny.-We believe that independence is -the only way to our national self-realization and that the destiny of our nation can only be intrusted to our people. We 0 e it to ourselves, to our forebears, and to our posterity to trive and 짜fork for our emanci pa"ti on. We do not allow a day to pass without our share in thought and in deed for the attainment of our freedom. II. National Unity.-We will maintain our national unity. We will permit no barriers to divide us. We will consider every Filipino, Christian or Non-Christian, our brother in blood, aspirations and ideals. We are, as Filipinos, bound to one another by ties of common interest and common purpose. III. Economic Nationalism.-We hold that our country is the inalienable patrimony of our people. We will conserve and develop our lands, forests, mines, water power and other national resources, and will insist that their disposition and control will be kept in the hands of our people. We will practice economic nationalism. We will organize and struggle for economic self-sufficiency. We will strive to produce what we need and buy what we produce. 495
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES We will encourage the development of our home industries. We will patronize our countrymen who are engaged in business but condemn those who exploit customers. We will buy from abroad only those commodities we do not produce, giving preference to articles coming from countries which buy our products. IV. Race Equality.-We believe in race equality. We take pride in our race, demand just treatment everywhere, and oppose all discrimination on account of color. We insist upon the equal protection of laws, and will deny to no one the same measure of justice we demand for ourselves. V. H~~1nan Resources.-We will husband our human resources. We will foster athletics and outdoor life, we will observe in our homes the rules of sanitation and hygiene and we will encourage wholesome diet from the products of our land, 'fas and forests. VI. Vene?'ation of our Past.-We will venerate our past. We will look up to our national heroes for inspiration in our daily lives. We will rear our children in the love of our country. 'We will instill in them the spirit of our forebears and imbue them with the high destiny of our race in the progress of mankind. VII. National Culture,. -We will develop our own culture without rejecting the best of other nations. We will give the expression to the soul of our race in the arts and literature, in our customs and civilization. We will release our native genius and stimulate our creative power. We will preserve and keep uncontaminated those fine qualities which distinguished our people. VIII. National Discipline.-\-Ve will cultivate national discipline. We will guard against those destructive influences which provoke class or sectional strife. We will subordinate our national and party interests to the exigencies of our fight for freedom. 496
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY IX. Public Office is a Public Trust.-We will uphold a high standard of public administration. We will insist that public office is an opportunity for service and not for profit, and we will denounce corrupt public men as enemies of their country. X. ldealism.-We will consecrate our lives to righteousness which exalteth a nation. We will be loyal to principles and ideals and abhor expedience and personal advantage. We will keep the soul of the nation aglow with faith in God. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ECONOMIC DECALOGUE
I. II.
Cherish your own above all others. Honor your country's products, her industries and lier commerce. III. Think and act as a Filipino in economic matters. IV. Do not consume foreign goods if the same are produced locally. V. Give protection to the business of your own countrymen rather than to that of aliens. VI. Bear in mind this great truth: that a country without a patrimony is miserable. VII. Exert your will that the wealth of the country shall fall in the hands of Filipinos, and let the wealth be the foundation of our nationalism. VIII. Help exalt the welfare of workers of your own blood, and obey that natural law that orders a brother to help another brother. IX. Practice protectionism with deeds and not with words. X. Be constant and strong in the exercise of this virtue: Be s-ilent if you are weak and your heart be craven. 497
"'co00"
Livestock Carabaos Cattle Horses Hogs Goats Sheep Area Cultivated Rice Production Coconut Production ' Abaca (Piculs) (QuinTobacco tals) Domestic Trade Overseas Trade Imports Exports Embroidery Exports
Name ~~
":/ ~'
1923
P149,361,523 P211,542,105 P174,999,494 P241,505,980 P12,746,529
P106,625,572 P95,545,912 P352,538
P67,622,768 P64,793,492
P207,270
P3,661,337
907,610 P573, 795, 773
369,767 P400,197,966
713,17,0 P1,067,322,073
781,585,500 2,221,660
232,314,800 1,055,434 1,001,310 P661,640,304
2,224,580 1,391,580 361,920 2,742,120 456,050 127,490 4,219,300 ha. 47,843,000
1933
2,142,383,000 2,125,790
1,618,875 1,063 ,93z.... ,;,/ ,/' 873,995 426,119 /~" 282,116 179,352 ,/ 2,,031,988 1,628,111 ,...-' 4.74,248 308,494 ,111,531 73,108 ,r"2,527,2.00 ha. 3,817,300 ha. 43,790,500 24,498,860
1913
1,515,253,0.00 2,896,380
640,871 127,559 144,171 1,179,371 124,324 30,428 1,267,600 ha. 11,466,564
1903
Chief, Statistics Division
By LEON MA. GONZALES
The Three Decades of Philippine Progress
rn
M
Z
t-<
"'tI "'tI
t-t t-<
~
p::
"'tI
M
p::
>-3
~
0
>
~
t:J
t;:j
~d
0
t-t
0
~
0
M
Z
~ ~
,;...
----
-"
19,259,700 6,817,580 4,949,430 2,849,287 Sugar (Piculs) 264,771,690 423,549,037 305,651,429 168,526,079 Cigars 3,623,311,679 4,451,613,696 4,500,771,926 3,530,101,594 Cigarettes 461,576,533 bd. ft. 280,601,504 bd. ft. 117,520,504 bd. ft. 61,133,964 bd. ft. Lumber Gold (Amount in 9,214,868 2,537,162 1,306,542 141,204 Gr.) , ,<", â&#x20AC;˘ 1'16,190,795 1'1,736,724 P187,647 (Value) </ 1'3,372,674 Government In" 1'71,108,722.42 1'70,025,933.81 1'27,034,140.84 "., P14,520,256.76 come Bonded Indebted1'189,859,400 1'154,920,000 1'24,000,000 1'24,000,000 ness .--" Monetary circu1'100,582,687 1'110,389,333 p3,91D,393 1'50,697,253 lation Communication 10,616.36 Km. 13,578.09 Km. 5,478.35 Km. 7,450.15 Km. (telegraphs) Transportation 1,359.368 Km. 1,259.06 Km. 195.9 Km. 1,095.60 Km. Railroad Motor registl'a40,656 1,586 (1912) 970 13,689 tion
.-<
~
t-3
U1
Z t:1 C!
I-(
> Z t:1
t.:lj
(")
t:tj ~
~
~
C":l
0
01
c c
Roads and bridges Public Schools Sanitation Dispensaries Infant mortality Hospitals Homesteads Population
1913
15.9989 ha. 7,635,436
11
51,540
1
12
:,
1923
1.0,132.0 KIn. 1,132,719
62,002 139 53,079.7501 ha. 12,849,550
54,100 69 13,391.7893 ha. 10,962,9,00
.4'
1,082
15,214.4 Km. 1,146,471
1933
1,066
'" ,../ ...," .-#"
","
48,212 33 1,176.8540 ha. 9,38'1,540
---:.-'"
397 KIn. (1908) 7,397.1 Km. 182,202 621,030
1903
The Th1-ee Decades of Philippine ProgTess -Continued t:rj
t.:tj U1
Z
~
~ ~
~
1:""1
~
::r:
~
::r: t:rj
~
~
o
>
~
t:rj t:j
~
o
1:""1
(')
k'!
(')
Z
Made In The Philippines By CORNELIO BALMACEDA Di1'ector of Commerce
Lately, we have frequently heard the appeal to buy things made in the Philippines. Nothing Ishort of a call to arms under the banner of economic protectionism has been sounded, and it is gratifying to see the interest and enthusiastic response that the movement is meeting on all sides. Only the other day prominent women leaders of the country, heeding the call to give encouragement and support to native industries, decided to organize themselves to help the campaign to buy and consume things made in the Philippines. They themselves will set the example by wearing_the native dress in the home and in social gatherings and by equipping their households with articles of Philippine manufa<\ture. The students in our universities are also rallying to the support of thils national movement. Student chapters of the national protectionism committee have been organized and more are in process of organization. The buying public is beginning to look more insistently for Philippinemade and Philippine-produced goods. But with all these encouraging signs, we should realize that the campaign has barely started. The 路work must go on with unmitigated zeal until the spirit of economic nationalism has become deeply rooted in the hearts of our people. This nationalistic movement is not peculiar to the Philippines. It is not a new thing in the economic policies of nations. It was the dominant feature of the commercial policies of England and Germany even during the old mercantilist regime, and although superseded for a time by the policy of laissez-faire that was introduced by the 501
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES physiocrats in France, and subsequently by the policy of free trade that won strong adherents especially in England, economic protectionism reasserted its strength and soon became the generally accepted policy of nations. The United States is the strongest advocate of the policy of protecting home industries. Japan, in turn, follows this nationalistic policy not only in various laws of the Empire but especially in the very life and conduct of its people. N ationali'sm finds forceful expression in that country in economic and social discipline. Goods made in Japan are patronized by the people of Japan as a matter of course. Their spirit is born of an innate belief in the superiority of their products over those of other peoples. Even Chin~ has awakened from her lethargy to the necessity of giving special prot ection and encouragement to the development of home industries.. The nationalist government has passed laws intended to help Chinese capitalists and Chinese goods to predominate in China. A law, for instance, requires that all government offices and personnel should buy only goods that are made in China. Another law requires that no foreigner will be imported to occupy executive positions in enterprises or organizations capitalized by the government, and still another law requires that establishments organized in China must employ at least 60 per cent Chinese in their personnel. In our own country, the common attitude toward native products in the past has been more of indifference, not to sayan outright preference for the exotic and foreign. We have absorbed' so much of foreign ways, foreign tastes, and foreign modes of thought that we have come to cons.ider things as superior and good just because they bear the foreign brand, and to look down upon things native just because of their domestic origin. Incessant and extensive advertising and sales propaganda for foreign goods sold in our local market have created a 502
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY decided preference for them in the minds of our local customers. Thus, instead of it being a help and a great asset to be known as a home manufacturer, as it is in other countries like Japan, the manufacturer or producer in the Philippines often finds it a hindrance to be a home producer. This decided preference for foreign wares that are being sold in our local market is clearly shown by the relatively prosperous import trade in these articles which is in clear contrast with the very limited and insignificant trade in similar articles of domestic production. Thus, while we import annually cotton goods worth P38,000,000, our textile manufacturing industry is still in a backward condition. The industry still remains in the handicraft stage except the single cotton textile mill that has been establi's hed here. Weavers of IlocanQ cloths are mostly operating on a hand-to-mouth basis. Besides Ilocano cloths we manufacture in the Philippines a wide variety of wearing apparel that can be produced on a bigger scale to meet local needs. Among these are the abatex, "rengues," pina, jusi, Balintawak cloths, and others woven from local materials and specially adapted to tropical wear. These, however, are becoming almost strangers. in their own native land. They have been going out of use, while the consumption of imported cloths has been growing at a steady pace. This same condition holds true with most other lines of Philippine manufactures. In the Manila Trading Center and Exchange which has been established by the Government to serve as a permanent expasli tion and sales center for articles made in the Philippines, we have more than a thousand different kinds of articles that could be ,u sed in place of similar imported articles. But these local manufactures are still being carried on on a very limited scale. They are hardly known to the public, and if known, they are not widely patronized. Oh the other 503
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES hand, identical wares that are imported are being bought extensively in our local market. We have our own cigarette factories arid we export considerable quantities of tobacco products" but we keep on impoTting cigarettes to the value of over P4,000,000 a year. Brooms and doormats made of coir and abaca fibers are made locally and can be manufactured cheaply and abundantly to provide for local needs, yet for imported brooms alone we are paying more than P40,000 a year. There are, besides, many other imports which can be replaced by locally-manufactured goods such as coffee with over P1,500,000 worth of imports each year; cacao with over P500,000; fiber bags with more than P1,000,000; soap over P1,400,000; and wines and liquors more than P1,000,000; toytS<, P200,000; starch, P600,000; meat and dairy products, P10,600,000; fish and fish preserves, P3,000,000; fruits l\nd nuts, P3,000,000; vegetable products, fresh and canned, ~5,000,000; and onions, P600,000. The greatest hindrance to the more rapid growth of domestic industries has been the keen competition of imported products and the notion Qf superiority attributed to the latter by the local consumers. Many buyeI"s are prone to criticize the things that we produce locally without trying to help in correcting their faults. We cannot, as consumers, help to improve the qualities of locallymade goods, if we find faults in them, by merely keeping such criticisms to ourselves or by taking advantage of every chance to knock and criticize them. We should try to help the manufacturer by letting him know in what way he can better satisfy our needs. The local product s.hould be given at least a fair chance and should be fairly judged on its merits. Protectionism should not, of course, be interpreted to mean blind patronage of all that are products of home industry regardless of their kind and quality. In our zeal to perform our patriotic duty in this regard, we cannot very 504
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY well close our eyes to the purely economic considerations involved. No mere slogan or campaign for economic protectionism no matter how intensive and wide it may be can bring loyal and constant patronage to everyone of our home industries. National sentiment is an important factor, but it should not be relied upon as the sole consideration. The manufacturer has to do his part. He has to produce the right goods, know how to reach the buyer effectively, and provide the type of service that will give the greatest satisfaction to the user of his product. Modern trade is extremely competitive. Every market no matter where it may be is practically an international market where goods from all corners of the world may come in and compete. The tariff may limit the entry of foreign goods but the common policy of nations is not to deprive the customer entirely of the benefits of foreign competition. Hence Philippine manufacturers must be prepared to meet all kinds of competition by producing the right kinds of goods, and also by employing the same methods of effective selling and advertising tha.t their competitors use. It would be futile to expect that we can be completely self-sustaining in all our economic needs. Protectioni's m does not advocate complete severance of our commercial relations with other countries, but it does advocate that our home market should be kept and maintained primarily for our home producers. The present situation demands that we examine carefully all the essential factors in our national economic organization. Our immediate concern is to preserve the well-being of our Philippine economic :system under the stress and difficulties of the transition period that we are soon to enter. In this economic readjustment, the present movement for the conservation of our home market for our home producers will be an important factor. 505
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Through it a significant change can be effected in our economic system. The present extreme dependence of our principal products upon foreign markets must be altered. We should produce primarily to 's upply our domestic needs and make our foreign trade an adjunct to our domestic trade. Statistics show that of our total output of sugar in this country during the last five years, 90 per cent was shipped abroad; 75 per cent for hemp; 50 per cent for leaf tobacco; and over 30 per cent for copra. Almost 100 per cent of our output of coconut oil and desiccated coconut during the same period went abroad. With more and more restrictions being placed against our exports in various countries, the need for redirecting our production forces toward ~upplying more for the home market in order to make our national economic system less dependent upon outside support becomes apparent. By converting our principal raw materials into finished products, we would be able to reduce the imports of various commodities into the Islands and at the same time place our economic 's tructure on a more secure foundation. The coconut oil, for instance, is an important material for soap making, and by converting it into soap of the right quality we could reduce or stop altogether the present annual importation of P1,400,000 worth of soap into this country. Butter and lard can also be made from coconut oil. Our imports of lard aver.a ge P600,000 annually and that of butter, P500,000. Five years ago, our imports of lard went over P1,200,000 in value, and that of butter over P1,000,000. Sugar is a basic material in the manufacture of candies, and yet we have been importing during normal times around P500,000 worth of candies. Alcohol from molasses can be made into motor fuel, yet our imports of both crude fuel oil and gasoline have been around P10,000,000 in value every year. Wines and liquors, the imports of 506
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY which reach an average of P1,OOO,000 annually, could also be made out of alcohol from molasses. The famous "basi," a native wine, is manufactured from the juice of sugar cane. As regards Manila hemp, the abaca fiber is an excellent material not only for the manufacture of cordage but also for many other things of great utility. We are large importer's of empty bags and burlaps for sacks, for which we have been giving to India an annual tribute of P5,000,000. Abaca sacks could be used instead. Carpets and rugs worth P70,000; twines worth P400,000; sandals and slippers worth P10,000; fi'shing nets worth P150,000 -these are some of the other yearly imports which could be replaced with similar articles from abaca. Other imports which could be replaced by local products are canned goods, such as fish and vegetables, fertilizers, cacao and coffee and their malmfactures, papers" eggs, meat products, dairy products, paints, pigments and varnishes, perfumery and all toilet articles, rubber and manufactures thereof, and starch. Annual imports of these lines range from six to seven figures yearly. They show that we still have .a long way towards iRdustrialization and the only hope of reaching that stage lies in the support of the public to the present movement to buy things manufactured in the Philippines. This is a movement that deserves the full and active support of every citizen. It stands for the application of the law of self-reliance to the life of the nation. We have to give, for our own sake, for the sake of our Filipino workers and industrialists, and for the sake of the economic welfare and progress of our own country, our loyal and patriotic support to the cause of our home industries. The true spirit of economic nationalism is not shown by mere talk and loud protestations, in its favor. It is shown 507
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES in the daily life and acts of the people. It should find expression in practical deeds and in the high regard that we shall accord to all products of our soil and of Filipino enterprise. It should be practised and observed by all of us as a form of national discipline.
508
Rizal's Vision Of The Philippines During the last century, the great Jose Rizal had a vision; for great men are also prophets. His vision of tlie future of his country, the Philippines, is this: "Some day we shall all be citizens of the Philippines. Our future will be bright because it will be in loving hands. The future indeed is ours. How rosy it seems to me! I foresee activity in these regions. There will be life where for so long there has been death. I see cities arise beside highways of iron. .. Everywhere there are factories. I hear the steamer's whistle, the rumble of trains, the noise of machinery. I behold the smoke rising, their powerful breath. I breath~ the odor of oil, the sweat of those monsters working so uI\ceasingly. "The port of Manila has been long in the making. In the Pasig River commerce has often seemed to be gasping its last, but soon we shall see it full of masts like the forests of Europe in winter. The pure air will then be full of smoke and dust. Boxes and barrels, products or human industry, will cover these stones now too bare. But we need not mind such drawbacks. We shall travel speedily, and in comfortable cars seek other airs in the interior; we shall get different views of other shores; we shall find lower temperatures on the crests' of the mountains. Cheerfully and confidently the people will work. Labor will cease to be servile and like the task of the slave. Commerce, industry and agriculture will flourish. The sciences will be under the protection of liberty and of wise and equitable laws, and will develop as in prosperous England." 509
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES
It is a song of business, with a beauty all its. own. Its significant effect is here, felt and seen everywhere. It is a dream come to realization; it is truth eternal. We who are fortunate to behold the vision should welcome it. It is the work of the builders of the Islands.
510
;~:'::::::I
1111111 Dim I01111111,1111111111111
Rare 1726 _ OS 654 G35 1935 .. E R I TAG E Encyclopedia of the Philippines: the library of Philippine literature, art and science I Zoilo M. Galang
i
_