Encyclopedia of the Philippines [Volume 10 : General Information and Index - Part 2 of 2]

The Nepa By

BENITO RAZON

Former President, National Economic Protectionism Association

The students of economics are divided into two great groups: on one side, we find the followers of the doctrine of economic internationalism, of \vhich the physiocrats were the most ardent and worthy champions; on the other, we see the followers of the theory of economic nationalism with Friedrich List and Fichte as their leaders.

ECONOMIC INTERNATIONALISM

The internationalists hold that tariff barriers, restrictions, prohibitions, b(mnties and subsidies prevent the natural flow of commerce; that goods produced under the most natural conditions and freely exchanged between countries result in e,conomy, thereby promoting the welfare of the peoples affected; and that economic internationalism, in the operation of its functions, contributes in offsetting the periodic recurrences of world-wide depressions. Internationalism, like a great tide, is extremely high at one time and surprisingly low at another. It cannot be denied that in the ebb and flow of this tide, some progress has been attained in internationalizing ideas, contacts and attitudes; that selfishness, greed and domination have in many respects receded, while world's brotherhood, service, and the desire to secure for humanity equal opportunity in the promotion of happiness and well-being have gained momentum.

ECONOMIC NATIONALISM

On the other hand, the followers of the theory of economic nationalism claim that the millennium is not yet discernible in our horizon and that nations of the world are still provincial and insular.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Friedrich List, the founder of economic nationalism, "regards the condition of national economy merely as a transitional stage preliminary to a world economy in which all nations will form but a single society." This pronouncement was made more than a century ago.

Professor P. Kropotkin, unquestionably one of the most lucid economic thinkers of Europe of his time, once remarked that "Every nation to be its own farmer and manufacturer; every individual to be a field laborer and some sort of technologist; every individual to be in the possession of scientific knowledge and technical skillthis . . . is the tendency of the civilized nations."

The establishment of Soviet Russia brings into play the concept of isolation-the theory of self-sufficiency in a different form-as a means of making the world feel the doctrine of Sovietism. Economic nationalism predominantly controls Russia's internationalism.

The nations comprising the British Empire are now closely united in so far as their commerce is concerned.

Great Britain, it must be remembered, was not only the greatest advocate of the world's free trade, but for centuries the bulwark of international commerce. Yet, as a result of the world depression and the intense economic nationalism prevailing in many parts of the world, Great Britain has at last succumbed to the doctrine of economic nationalism.

The most important South-American countries, such as Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, and Mexico, have also consistently adhered to the doctrine of economic nationalism.

The countries of continental Europe for centuries have been conspicuously noted for their strict adherence to economic nationalism through the formation of either a closed unit or a confederation to prevent the more industrialized countries to gain a firmer foothold in their domestic markets.

290

GENERAL INFORMATION In the United States, from the time of its independence, economic nationalism had its advocates in Hamilton and his successors in American finance who pronounced the dictum that American infant industries required the highest possible protection to survive against foreign competition, and this paved the way for a series of Congressional protective 路legislation. High tariffs, however, gradually gave way to the strong pleadings or the free traders from across the Atlantic, so that at the outbreak of the Civil War there existed in the United States a substantial foreign trade due to low tariff rates. At the end of that war, however, this condition was reversed and an extremely high tariff system adopted, and from that time America has been one of the strongest advocates of the doctrine of economic nationalism. To he sure, there was an attempt made to lower the tariff schedules under the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913, but the World War disrupted the normal channels of international commerce and Congress proceeded again to raise the import duties, enacting, first, the Emergency Tariff Act of 1921, then the McCumber Tariff Act of 1922, and finally the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act of 1930, which latter act had been characterized by most writers in Europe as the highest tariff measure ever conceived by any government.

Thus, economic nationalism or its counterpart, economic protectionism, is a permanent institution among the nations of the world and forms in many cases the pillar supporting the structure of their national finance and national economy.

In studying these two schools of thought in relation to our economic problems, we find that our decision on the matter has already been made for us. Never in the history of the world has economic nationalism acquired the virulence of the present days. Wherever we turn our eyes we are confronted by the higHest expression of economic 291

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES nationalism. We also realize that the great divergence in the living standards of the peoples of the earth is still an insurmountable obstacle to the internationalization of commerce; that economic nationalism is being resorted to by most countries in order to maintain for their people the high standard of living which they may have attained; and that our geographical position, coupled with the type of our civilization, leaves us no choice but be guided b~ the bitter experience of others.

OBJECTIVES OF' ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM

For almost two centuries following the industrial revolution, industrial monopoly was the patrimony of a few chosen European countries, including Great Britain. Technical knowledge in production, scientific managerial skill, human-like machinery, control of raw materials, fast and dependable transportation, and control of markets either politically or economically were confined to some countries of the Western world. But conditions have changed considerably. Technical knowledge required for efficient production is no longer the monopoly of a few favored nations.

The spread of industrial, engineering, and agricultural science to all lands and among all peoples brought about this situation. All the factors of production, such as machines, men, patents, skill, capital-all these have flowed out to the former undeveloped areas. Even factories have migrated from old to new industrial countries. Textiles mills are now found in Japan, India, and China. India and Australia have begun the manufacture of iron and steel on a large scale. Only recently, Brazil has developed its textile and boot and shoe manufacture.

The main objectives of national economic protectionism are dependence upon the local supply as much as possible for the necessaries of life, consistent and normal growth and preparation, if attainable, for economic self292

GENERAL INFORMATION

sufficiency. We must bear in mind-and its reiteration is never out of place-that economic self-sufficiency should be regarded as an end in itself and as a means of securing and defending political independence. This, to some, might sound like an idle dream, an impractical solution of a practical problem. But if we search the records of every enlightened nation, we cannot fail to find a desire and a program for the attainment of self-sufficiency in any form.

MEANING OF ECONOMIC PROTECTIONISM

Protectionism does not necessarily mean an undue sacrifice on the part of the people practising it. The promotion of domestic production enriches all the factors involved. Land, labor, and capital would be profitably employed.

We all realize the millions of hectares of our land which are still idle and which await our immediate attention. Of the 29,629,600 hectares of land comprising the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines, only approximately six million and a half hectares constitute the cultivated area.

With the partial cessation of the American market during the Commonwealth period and with the possible total cessation of that market after that period, we would be forced to face the perplexing question as to how to utilize profitably the areas which are now devoted to our exportable products, principally sugar. We must cultivate our available lands as much as our means permit. To postpone their development is not warranted by the circumstances. But this development should take into account the degree of preparation which our domestic market offers to absorb any additional agricultural production. Again, the necessity of economic prot.ectionism plays its due role in assuring for our produce a local market.

Every writer of note on Philippine finance has given evidence of two conspicuous characteristics of our local 293

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES capital. First of all, it is realized that it is exceedingly limited. In the second place, that limited capital is also exceedingly timid. Capital is never unduly enterprising and aggressive. Capital investment takes into account the security of the principal and the assurance of a fair return.

Capital as a rule proceeds with caution and in a way with timidity. But once safety of investment has been assured, capital shows life and aggressiveness. In countries where econom~c protectionism is practised, capital is seldom lacking.

The extent of our territorial jurisdiction requires a much larger supply of labor. As soon as we undertake the industrialization of our country on any scale which our finances permit, we will increasingly feel the scarcity of our labor supply. In the past, hundreds of thousands of our laborers had emigrated to Hawaii and to the United States in search not of adventure alone, but also of betterment. To conserve this limited labor supply would require its employment upon a standard of living which every enlightened nation should pursue. Nothing could be more effective in the conservation of that labor supply than the creation locally of activities which would assure a steady and permanent employment.

Economic protectionism does not mean a dole, bounty, or subsidy for inefficiency in production and management.

Rather, it means that industries already established should be given additional impetus to adopt newer methods of production, which are in vogue in many of the highly industrialized nations. It also means that, for infant industries, it is a period of adjustment to enable home manufacturers to compete successfully with outside suppliers.

And in the last analysis it means that, as industries attain the full efficiency of production and management, competitive price and competitive quality should result so that, 294

GENERAL INFORMATION with or without protection, the said industries could withstand or survive outside competition.

OTHER IMPORTANT USES OF PROTECTIONISM

It has been said that economic protectionism drives away foreign capital or that such foreign capital has no willingness to invade countries which follow the policy of exclusive national economy. A review of the capital investments throughout the world would reveal that foreign investments seek such markets which afford protection both to principal and interest. It is quite true, however, that there is some resistance against the invasion of foreign capital in countries where economic protectionism is uppermost as a national policy. But this resistance, it must be observed, is due more to the concept of exploitation which such capital pursues than to its usefulness as an instrument of economic development. The era 路 of capital exploitation is now a thing of the past in many of the socalled undeveloped areas. Privileges and concessions which are generally obtained by foreign capital either by duress or imposition, or by ignorance of the people, are by economic nationalism tempered and in many cases given up or changed so as to prevent the ill-will of the people against the enterprise represented by such foreign capital.

INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippine Economic Association has recently published a very interesting and valuable study on the "Economic Problems of the Philippines." This book presents the types of industrialization which we have so far developed and which could be developed. The intelligent industrialization of the Philippines is of paramount importance to the new government. The full utilization of our raw materials in the manufacture of local demand and requirement must form the principal part of our program 295

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES of national economy. But this industrialization may be acccomplished within a comparatively short period only if our new and established industries receive the undivided support and patronage of our people.

If protection is a danger to national economy, it is because it may stimulate inefficiency and mismanagement.

Not too infrequently, in the desire of manufacturers to reap the largest returns, quality has been sacrificed at the expense of the consumers. The National Economic Protectionism Association, apart from its definite policy of encouraging the establishment of industries throughout the Philippines and of controlling the distributive structure of our domestic market in favor of the citizens of our country, is also vitally concerned with the viciousness of profiteering. This Association will not sanction profiteeritn;g in any form.

PLANS AND PURPOSES OF THE ASSOCIATION

The usual forms of protection which nations adopt in the promotion of economic nationalism are protective tariffs, differential transportation charges, bounties on exports, ship subsidies, discouragement of foreign enterprises, discouragement of denationalization of capital, import quotas and the like. These are oftentimes essential in the fulfillment of the purposes of economic nationalism. But the kind of economic nationalism which we wish at once implanted throughout the country is not government help, although this is important, but the people's support.

This is not the first time that the people of this country have been asked to support a national economic movement. As far back as 1782, La Sociedad Econ6mic(J) de las Islas Filipinas, better known as Amigos del Pais, was organized for the purpose of enhancing the well-being of the people by means of the development of agriculture and commerce and the diffusion of information on allied sciences.

296

GENERAL INFORMATION This Society was organized under the auspices of the Government. Again, in 1930, under the leadership of Manuel Roxas, then Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Bagong Katipunan movement had its birth. Unlike the two previous attempts for economic protectionism, the N ational Economic Protectionism Association has come into being, not under government auspices or under the initiative of a political leader, but as the sole creation of the Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, and unlike the other economic nationalistic attempts, our Association appeals directly to the people.

ACTIVITIES OF THE NEPA

The National Economic Protectionism Association is committed to the task of awakening interest in the doctrine of economic nationalism as a means of enhancing Filipino participation in our domestic and foreign trade and of encouraging the establishment of industries which would add to the common weal.

The immediate activities of the National Economic Protectionism Association shall consist of the preparation of an Industrial and Commercial Directory for free distribution; of the organization of chapters in every municipality and province; and of the creation of a statistical and technical office which will concern itself with supplying information on the trend of our economic development and suggesting remedies, if such become imperative, in the solution and attainment of our objectives.

The Industrial and Commercial Directory which we propose to prepare shall contain information clearly indicating Filipino participation in our country's economic activities. We hope to utilize every available agency in disseminating information on our economic life-newspapers and magazines, the radio, conferences and lectures before universities, colleges and community assemblies, open contests on national economic questions, etc.

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Our greatest task, however, one that must be undertaken immediately, shall be the drive for membership and the organization of provincial and municipal chapters.

We are sincerely of the opinion that success of our membership drive would be practically assured if the entire student body in all of our schools, colleges and universities would readily subscribe to our aims and purposes and lend their unqualified support to this drive.

Our adult population may have the material means at their disposal to carry out the most elaborate and ambitious program of propaganda; but it is the fire and enthusiasm of youth that will give this movement the dynamics which will force it to a successful conclusion and which will imprint permanently and indelibly the ideals of the Association in the character of our nationals. I must, therefore, say with all the emphasis of which I am capable that this gIl eat national reform, without your sympathy and direct help, may vanish into thin air of popular indifference to the great sorrow of the generations to come.

OUR CREED

Let our aims and purposes be plainly understood.

We aim not to encourage the system of boycott as a means of attaining our economic stability. Rather, we aim to foster our relatIons with foreign suppliers of those of our necessities which we do not produce on the hasis of mutual respect and mutual benefit. We aim not to encourage profiteering as a consequence of national patronage.

We aim, on the other hand, to encourage efficiency in production and management which would result to the relief and benefit of the consumer. We further aim not to adopt the policy of isolation as a mild form of self-sufficiency. But we do aim, and it can never be expressed too strongly, to develop our own industries as a basis for national discipline and social security.

298

V.

TRAVEL

Travel in the Philippines BEAUTY SPOTS AND SCENIC WONDERS AND HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS

Come, Traveler, the Philippines invites you!

Notour of the Orient or the world, you know, is complete unless it includes the Philippines.

Come! For a beautiful, fascinating, delightful tropic vacation beneath the Southern Cross. . . .

The Philippines beckons you! Traveler, Mabuhwy!

"See your country first!" is the Filipino travel slogan. See the Philippines and then die happilY. Such is the call of the tropics.

Remember that every spot, every barrio, or every isle, has its own wonder and ~auty, its song and history.

Travel in the Philippines.

"My country is also your country." Tourist, that is the Filipino welcome to you.

* * * *

"An archipelago of 7083 islands * * washed by tropic seas * *. extending for more than 1000 miles, like a great jade necklace across the throat of Asia * * an unspoiled vacation place * * where winter is unknown * * where all the year is kind ** where life flows easily and sweetly * * where age-old civilizations and cultures impinge on today's * * where motor roads penetrate jungle fastnesses and high mountains * * where primitive life still lingers with its ancient customs, costumes, festivals * * where western progress finds full expression * * where the rainbow mountains glow * * where the people are gentle and courteous * * where stupendous rice terraces hang like gardens in the sky '* * where flowers, shrubs, trees, bloom all the year * * 299

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES where the polo season lasts eight months * * where the world's finest deep-sea fishing flourishes * * where countless contrasts greet the eye, amaze, astound, and intrigue the senses * * such are the Philippine Islands which invite you" -comments our Philippine Tourist Association.

* * * *

"And the earth possesses no scenes more beautiful than those to be found in this verdant and blooming archipelago . . . this magnificent rosary of glowing islands, that Nature • has hung above the heaving bosom of the warm Pacific . . . with the vast variety of attractive scenery, mountain and plain, lake and stream, everywhere rich with glossy leafage, clustered growths of bamboo and palm, fields of yellow cane and verdant coffee-groves.

"Views of lands and sea and sky, beautiful, gorgeous, awe-inspiring; of historic spots and buildings, monuments, ruins . . . of peoples familiar and strange; of industries modern to the minute, or old, as old as the Pharaohs, the patient work of potter and weaver, of craftsman, artisan, woodman, fisherman, husbandman; of peoples primitive and cultured-races and nations, distinct, assimilated and assimilating foreigners-foreigners whose descendants a few generations later will be Filipinos-the Filipino Nation that is to be, in that wonderland, the Philippines.

"Lived ever a man or a people on an island, however insignificant and bleak and bare, without feeling for it pride and love? Call to mind poem and song, picture and tale; the histor~ of island races.

"Behold, then, the Philippines: thousands of islands, great and small, beautiful, bountiful, beneath a benignant sky. Seek to know how Truth paints them, and understand and sympathize with their people's fervid desire to call them their very own."-Beautiful Philippines.

300

GENERAL INFORMATION CALENDAR OF EVENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES THE PHILIPPINE T()URIST ASS()CIATION Life knows no dull moment in the Philippines. The year around, there are social, sport or recreational activities in full swing. Events turn from Manila, metropolis of the Islands, to Baguio, the gay summer capital, mile-high in the forests atop the mountains, and down the sunlit seas to Cebu, Ilnilo, Zamboanga, .Jolo, and Davao. To the traveler, the Philippine Islands offer a never-ending round of interesting days, as the following partial calendar of events will indicate.

JANUARy-New Year's festivals at Manila and Baguio -Manila polo season in full swing-gay winter social season at Manila-dry winter weather, average mean temperature 78 degrees, ideal for motor trips throughout Islands -U. S. Asiatic fleet wintering at Manila-Southern Cross cruises to southern islands-water parade and religious festival of St. Sebastian, at Lumbang, Laguna ProvinceFiesta de路 Santo Nino at Manila-open season for game bird and big game hunting-gorgeous sampaguitas in blossom in Manila, "The Sampaguita City."

FEBRUARY--Philippine Carnival (two weeks of festivals) at Manila-mango trees in fruit, continuing until July -'round-the-world cruise steamers visit Islands-fire trees and bougainvillea in blossom-big game fishing (swordfish, sailfiRh, tuna, barracuda, yellow-tail and lapu-Iapu) in southern waters-Manila winter social season continues.

MARCH-Summer season opens at Baguio, mountain capital of the Philippines, 5000 feet above the sea-polo, gymkhana and horse show at Manila-motor and airplane ex~ursions to Lake Taal Volcano-ideal motoring weather continues-excursions to Baguio, Bontoc and Mountain Province (center of rice terraces) -Southern Cross cruises to southern islands.

301

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES APRIL--Holy '\Veek and Easter religious festivals in every hamlet in the Islands. Festival of the Black Nazarin in Manila-rite of the Flagelantes in the provinces-parade of the talking images at Paete-pilgrimages to Pakil, Laguna Province-delicious native fruits ripen (including macopa, lanka, atis, siniguelas, duhat, camachile, pacuan, melons, mangoes, pomeloes) -warm dry weather continues.

MAY-Fiesta de San Isidro (patron saint of Filipino farmers) in provinces-carabao parade in Nueva Ecija Province-Festival de las Flores de Mayo-pilgrimages to the Shrine of the Virgin at Antipolo, near Manila-Baguio social season continues-golf tournaments at country club -Fiesta de Obando, Manila (parade of the childless wives) -inter-island excursions to Cebu, Zamboanga, Iloilo, J 010 and Davao-orchids, sampaguitas and ylang-ylangs in blossom-pineapples ripen-Far Eastern championship games at Manila.

JUNE-Rainy season begins, showers daily-Baguio social season ends-summer vacation season for Hongkong and Shanghai residents begins at Baguio, health and sport center of the Orient-social season opens at Manila-Festival of St. Peter and St. Paul-San Juan Fiesta and procession to Rizal-airplane, motor and boat excursions to Pagsanjan Waterfall and Lake Taal-the banaba in bloom.

Avocados and chicos ripen.

JULy-American Independence celebration-water parade-Fiesta of the Cross at Bocawe, Bulacan-big game fishing in southern waters-motor, boat or airplane excursions from Manila-rainy season continues-Baguio vacation season for Hongkong and Shanghai residents continues.

AUGUST-Game bird hunting season opens-Festival of the Assumption-Occupation Day (August 13), national holiday-Baguio vacation season continues-excursions from Manila by boa~ and motor.

3{)2

GENERAL INFORMATION SEPTEMBER-Baguio summer vacation season continues ~rainy weather-delicious lanzones fruit ripens-good deep-sea fishing-excursions by boat, motor and airplane -Olympic games, baseball leagues, Rizal Memorial Stadium.

OCTOBER-End of rainy season-Philippine Arbor Day (October 11) -Fiesta of Our Lady of the Rosary, Santo Domingo Church, in the 'Walled City, Manila-national swimming meets (Jose Rizal Natatorium)-motor boat and airplane excursions from Manila-Baguio vacation season ends.

NOVEMBER-Baguio winter social season opens-Fiesta of the Miraculous Medal at St. Paul's Church, Manilafestivals at Manila-winter polo season opens at Manila and Fort Stotsenburg-winter social season opens at Manila-big game fishing-excursions by motor, plane and boat.

DECEMBER-Christmas holiday season at Baguio-big game hurJting season opens (deer, wild carabao, tamaraw, wild pig)-game bird hunting season opens-church festivals, Manila-open-air New Year's celebrations, unexcelled anywhere for gayety and excitement.

WHAT TO SEE As traveling is also an art, so it should be done judiciously and spent profitably, in order to make it really the happiest educator.

Here is what to see in the Philippines which abounds with historic buildings and monuments and beauty spots and scenic wonders.

I. LUZON As the steamer nears the breakwaters of the port of Manila, you see the most beautiful pIer in the Orient-Pier No.7-which has cost the government P4,000,000. Moored 303

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES here and there are luxurious steamships flying the colors of different nations.

There are many things to see in Manila, because it is a city of churches and a city of contrasts. So go around first and acquaint yourself with the metropolis. But you should not, miss these places of interest: Make a point to have a glimpse of the oldest structure of the city-the Augustinian Church-the Monument of Jose Rizal, the National Hero of the Philippines-the old Walled City of Manila, built during the medieval agesthe Santo Tomas University, the oldest university in the Orient-the Monument of Legaspi and Urdaneta, purveyors of Philippine culture and civilization.

Fort Santiago-see its beautiful gate and the famous cell where Rizal wrote his Ultim o Ad;ios.

As for sight-seeing tours, money equivalents, hotel accommodations, and other important information, such as landing and customs, passport regulations, head tax, clothing, amusements and shopping, the tourist is kindly referred to the Philippine Tourist Association witli ~offices at the Manila Hotel, and to the American Express, With offices on Plaza Moraga, Manila.

To make it "easy and comfy," let us follow the list prepared by the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee, composed of Mr. Walter Robb, Father Miguel Selga, Prof. H. Otley Beyer, Prof. Jaime C. de Veyra, Dean Conrado Benitez, Dean Edward R. Hyde, and Mr. Eulogio B. Rodriguez and founded by former Governor Frank Murphy, on October 23, 1933, in accordance with the report of Janual'y 15, 1936: CHURCH OF SAN AGUSTIN

Oldest in the Philippines. Cornerstone laid in 1599, church completed in 1608 under supervision of the lay brother Antonio Herrera. Of churches in Manila, this one 304

THE WORLD-FAMOUS IFUGAO TERRACES

THE LUNETA

GENERAL INFORMATION alone withstood the earthquakes of 1645, 1754, 1852, 1863 and 1880. The choir has 68 carved molave seats, an artistic lectern, and parchment cantorals of the 16th and 17th centuries. This church and its graves were profaned during the British occupation of Manila in 1762, and the ashes of Legaspi, Salcedo, Lavezares and others now rest in the easternmost chapel of the transept. Terms for the American occupation of Manila were signed in the vestry of this church in August, 1898.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Founded in 1611 by legacy of Archbishop Miguel de Benavides. Authorized to conf er degrees in 1624. Granted university privileges in 1645 by Innocent X upon Philip IV's request. Made a royal university in 1785 by Charles III and a pontifical university in 1902 by Leo XIII. Oldest university under the American flag.

COLLEGE OF SAN JUAN DE LETRAN

Founded by Diego de Santamaria, O. P., 1630, and in 1638 absorbed the school of Juan Geronimo Guerrero. Removed to the Parian in 1648 after destruction by the earthquake of 1645, it remained there twenty years. Located on this site since 1669. Tercentenary solemnly celebrated in 1930.

CORNER OF GEN. LUNA AND CALLE VICTORIA

This site was formerly occupied by three Jesuit educational institutions: the Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Ignacio 1589-1768; the Colegio de San Jose founded in 1610

by Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa; and the Real Colegio de San Felipe de Austria founded by Governor Corcuera in 1640 and abolished by Governor Fajardo in 1644.

JESUIT CHURCH OF SAN IGNACIO

Design by the Architect Felix Roxas. Laying of cornerstone, February 9, 1878. Construction by Francisco 305

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Riera, S.J. Solemn blessing, July 25, 1889. Wood carvings

by Isabelo Tampingco. Marble work by Francisco Rodoreda. Bells and metal ornamentation by Hilario Sunico.

POWDER MAGAZINE

Placed here behind these massive double walls by Field Marshall Fernando Valdes y Tamon, Knight of Santiago, Governor and Captain General of the Philippines 1729-1739.

FORT SANTIAGO

Built of Guadalupe volcanic tuff, by Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarifias, 1590-1593. In place of the wooden palisade of Rajah Matanda.

PLAZA McKINLEY

So named in. 1901 for William McKinley, U. S. President when American forces occupied the Philippines in 1898.

SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH

Designed by Genaro Palacios. The structural metal pf which this church is uniquely built was manufactured in Belgium and erected in the Philippines by Belgian engineers. The church was solemnly blessed August 16, 189!.

Earlier churches built on this site by the Recollect friars since 1611 were destroyed by earthquakes in 1855, 1863, and 1880.

DR. LORENZO NEGRAO

Spanish physician and pharmacist. Established in Manila in 1830 a commercial pharmacy later known as Boie and Schadenberg; continued into modern times as the Botica Boie: Philippine-American Drug Company.

CHURCH OF SAN VICENTE DE PAUL

The chapel built here in 1883 was used as parish church of Paco from 1898 to 1909. Present church built of concrete in 1912 to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of 306

GENERAL INFORMATION the arrival of the Vicentians and Sisters of Charity in the Philippines.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL OF MANILA

First Cathedral built in 1581, damaged by a typhoon in 1582 and destroyed by fire in 1583. Second Cathedral built of stone in 1592 and partially destroyed by an earthquake in 1600. Third Cathedral built in 1614 and destroyed by the San Andres earthquake of 1645. Fourth Cathedral magnificently built in 1654-1671 by Archbishop Miguel Poblete and destroyed by the earthquake on June 3, 1863.

Fifth Cathedral built in 1870-1879 by architects Luciano Oliver, Vicente Serrano Salaveria and Eduardo Lopez Navarro and solemnly blessed in December, 1879. The center of the Cross, on the dome is the reference point of all astronomical longitudes of the Archipelago.

CHURCH OF NUESTRA SE1itORA DE GUIA

Oldest shrine of Our Lady in the Philippines. The first shrine, built in this district prior to 1606, was totally destroyed by the earthquake of 1645. That church was rebuilt prior to 1658. Partially demolished by Governor Manrique de Lara in 1662 for military reasons, it was rebuilt and blessed by Archbishop Poblete February 7, 1666. Ruined prior to 1706, it was rebuilt in 1712 by Archbishop Cuesta. Captured in 1762 by British forces preparatory to their occupation of Manila. Ruined by the earthquake of 1771, it was rebuilt on the present site in 1810. The present church was completed in 1885.

The image of Ntra. Sra. de Guia, which had been in the Cathedral since the British occupation, was restored to this church in 1918 by Archbishop M. J. O'Doherty.

CHURCH OF STO. DOMINGO

First chapel inaugurated on January 1, 1588, collapsed in 1589. First church built by Alonso Jimenez, 路 O. P., in 1592 was destroyed by fire on April 30, 1603. A second 307

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES church was built but was ruined by the earthquake of November 30, 1645. A three-aisle church was erected but was demolished by the earthquake of June 3, 1863. Cornerstone of present church laid on August 30, 1864. The image of N uestra Senora del Rosario, venerated here, was canonically crowned on October 5, 1907.

INTEND EN CIA BUILDING

Cornerstone as customhouse authorized April 3, 1823.

Building erected by Tomas Cortes was destroyed by earthquake June 3, 1863. Present building, designed by Luis Cespedes, was built 1874-1876 by Luis Perez Sionjue.

A YUNTAM!ENTO

Cornerstone laid January 31, 1735, in the administration of Governor Fernando Valdes Tamon. Destroyed by earthquake June 3, 1863. Present building, designed by D. Eduardo Lopez Navarro, begun May 2, 1879. Seat of city administration in Spanish times, and of insular administration in American times.

MINT

This building housed the Mint of the Philippines inaugurated March 19, 1861, to coin silver only. Closed October 25, 1889, to June 24, 1893, it persisted to the end of the Spanish ' regime in 1898. Under America the building became headquarters of the Bureau of Education. The Philippine Mint was opened in the Intendencia Building in 1920.

BOTANICAL GARDEN

Botanical Garden established in 1858 by Governor Fernando N orzagaray in northern section of Arroceros at the request of the City of Manila. Walks of the Garden were named for prominent Filipinos and foreign scientists.

CHURCH OF THE RECOLETOS

The first church erected in 1608 by the Recoleto Fathers through the generosity of Bernardino del Castillo 308

GENERAL INFORMATION Maldonado; was partially ruined in the earthquake of N 0vember 30, 1645, and totally destroyed by the earthquake of August 20, 1658. A newly built church collapsed in 1722. The present church dates from , 1780.

SANTA ROSA BEATERIO AND COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

This institution, as a Beaterio, was founded about 1750 by the Dominican Tertiary Paula de la Santi sima Trinidad.

The school was entrusted to the Sisters of Charity in 1866.

The building that had been partially destroyed by earthquake of 1863 was rebuilt in 1866 by Sor Eustaquia Lara.

The later building was destroyed by the earthquake of 1880 and was replaced by the present structure erected from its very foundations under the supervision of Sor Josefa Nunez.

LOOBAN COLLEGE

The ground and college were donated to the Sisters of Charity for the education of poor girls by Sor Asuncion Ventura, a native of Pampanga, herself a Sister of Charity. The institution was inaugurated on November 26, 1885, and gained great distinction for the design and excellence of its embroidery and needlework.

MANILA RAILROAD COMPANY

Preparation of a general plan for railroad on Luzon authorized by Royal Decree June 26, 1875. Royal approval of Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro's plans May 11, 1883.

Concession for the Manila-Dagupan line awarded to Don Edmundo Sykes, January 21, 1887, and later transferred to the Manila Railroad Company Ltd., of London. Cornerstone of the main station building at Tutuban laid July 31, 1887. Entire Manila-Dagupan line, 195 kilometers long, completed and service inaugurated November 24, 1892.

309

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES CONCORDIA COLLEGE FOR GIRLS

Founded in 1868 by Da. Margarita Roxas de Ayala on her La Concordia estate and administered by the Sisters of Charity.

BEATERIO

Religious Instihltion canonically approved by the Holy See, March 24, 1931, under the name of Congregacion de Religiosas de la Virgen Maria and popularly known as Beaterio de la Compafiia since its foundation in 1694 by Ignacia del Espiritu Santo, a native of Binondo.

CHURCH OF THE THIRD ORDER OF THE FRANCISCANS

Third Order of the Franciscans founded here about 1611 by Jose de Santa Maria, O.F.M. First chapel built in 1618. Present church in honor of the Immaculate Conception finished in 1733 and solemnly consecrated in 1734

by Felipe de Molina, Bishop of Nueva Caceres.

CHURCH OF SAMPALOC

Site donated to the Franciscans in 1613 by Pedro de Chaves. First chapel built in honor of our Lady of Loreto in 1613 and set on fire during the Chinese uprising of 1639. Second chapel built under the supervision of Andres de Puertollano, O.F.M. Present church built in 1666, under the direction of Francisco de Santa Catalina, O.F.M. Associated with the Convent of Sampaloc there functioned here from 1692 to 1808 one of the best printing presses of Manila.

FRANCISCAN CHURCH

First chapel constructed of nipa and bamboo in 1577.

Destroyed by fire in 1583. Built of volcanic tuff in 1602.

Laying of the cornerstone of the present church on N ovemher 5, 1739, by Governor Gaspar de la Torre. Belfry damaged by the earthquake of 1824.

310

GENERAL INFORMATION MALACA:&ANG PALACE

Former site of a summer residence purchased in 1802 from Luis Rocha by Col. Miguel Jose Formento, whose testamentary executors sold it to the Spanish Government in 1825. By royal decrees of 1847 this property was set aside as the summer residence of the Governor General.

The Palace in Intramuros having been destroyed by the earthquake of June 3, 1863, the Governor General moved to this place, the known as the Posesion de Malacanang.

Buildings reconstructed, new grounds purchased, old grounds raIsed, regraded and parked during American Administration. Extensive improvements made under Governor Dwight F. Davis (1929-1932). Executive building adjoining was completed December, 1921.

Malacanang is derived from the Tagalog words M a, meaning there are; Lacan, meaning noblemen or chiefs; and Nan, meaning there; or combined together, Malacanang means "There are Noblemen There," or simply "Abode of Noble Men." ATENEO DE MANILA

Former site of a school taken over by the Jesuits in 1859 in continuation of the Escuela Pia, changed to Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865 and called Ateneo de Manila since 1901. Alma Mater of Patriot Dr. Jose Rizal Mercado y Alonzo, who graduated here as Bachiller en Artes, March 23, 1877. Building destroyed by fire on the night of August 13, 1932, with total loss of equipment, museums and library but without injury to resident students.

EL PARIAN

Former site of EI Parian, a Chinese walled suburb, des~ troyed and rebuilt several times, bombarded from San Gabriel bastion in the Chinese uprising of 1603, set on fire in the Chinese insurrection of 1639, transferred to La Estacada, Binondo, in 1644 by Governor Diego Fajardo, 311

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES but built again in this district, and later moved to Alcayceria de San Jose, Intramuros, by Governor Jose Basco y Vargas in 1786 for military reasons, and finally dispersed in 1860.

PARIAN GATE

Provided communication almost from the beginning of Spanish times between the Walled City of Manila and the Chinese commercial and industrial community confined to the Parlan, a walled village beyond the moat opposite this gate toward the Pasig River. This gate was officially named in 1782.

BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

Oldest bank in the Far East, founded in 1851 by the Junta de Autoridades under the name "Banco Espaiiol-Filipino de Isabel II," in compliance with a Royal Decree of Her Majesty the Queen of Spain Isabel II. In 1908 it was reorganized and its name changed in 1912 to the Bank of the Philippine Islands.

ARAULLO HIGH SCHOOL

Escuela Municipal for girls 1892 to 1899 under the Sisters of Charity-Hospital for Spanish soldiers during the Spanish-American War.-Manila Grammar School and the American High School during mornings 1900 to 1905.Manila Normal School during afternoons 1901 to 1903.Manila High School, 1906 to June 1921.-Victoria Night School during evenings for many years.-Manila South High School, June 1921 to June 7, 1930.-Formally named Araullo High School, June 8, 1930, in memory of the eminent Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, 1863-1924.

A few minutes ride outside the city, the motor car takes you to the majestic ancient ruins of Guadalupe, founded in 1601-there to commune with the past, away from the hustle and bustle of city life.

312

GENERAL INFORMATION Another drive takes you to Las Pinas Church which preserves the Bamboo Organ, built about 120 years ago by a padre. Hear this unique orgaR play and enjoy its full sweetness and softness of tone and beauty.

By automobile, you can reach the following: Cavite. See the United States Arsenal-the sunset beach, Canacao Hospital, and the Sailors Rendezvous.

Cavite is the place where Manila-Acapulco galleons were fitted out during Spanish rule.

Los Ranos. Its hot springs with Mt. Makiling of beautiful legend are beautifully refreshing.

Antipolo. Shrine of Nuestra Senora de la Paz y Buenviaje-Mecca of devout Christians from all over the Islands.

Pagsanj an Falls. Cascades-falls-made famous by the visit of many tourists. One of the prettiest and wildests spots in the coconut province of Laguna.

Taal Lake and Volcano. Maj estic and magnificent, one of the rarest sights in .the world! In Taal is located the artistic cathedral, the biggest in the Islands.

On the way to Baguio, there is the scenic cement road of Pampanga with Mt. Arayat, famous in song and story, on the background.

Baguio. The Pines City of the Isles-nestling in the mountains and in the great pine forests-5,000 ft. above sea level-the Summer Capital of the Philippines, with beautiful zig-zags--one of the best world spots and health centers. Along the Bontoc-Banaue highway lie the prehistoric terraces of the Ifugaos--one of the wonders of the world!

The old lighthouse of Cape Bojeador, built by the Spaniards and put in order by the present administration.

There, behold the yellow, the mighty China Sea! 313

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The Atimonan Beach. Washed by the waves of the Pacific Ocean, fringed with palm-trees over an expanse of blue waters, a bit of .the South Sea life. It is the Riviera of the Orient.

Worth seeing also is the roaring San Bernardino Strait where the waters of the vast Pacific pours into the picturesque Philippines. The most dangerous strait where many a vessel and steamship sank.

What of the awe-inspiring Subterranean River, St. Paul's Bay, Palawan!

Mount Mayon. The volcano with the most perfect cone in the world, with the most amazing sight imaginable!

No European Alpine hill, no American Rocky mountain, can be compared to its serene grandeur and its maj estic beauty.

At night you could have a cruise from Pasig River to Manila Bay or els~ enjoy a drink and dance at the Santa Ana Cabaret, the largest in the world, after entering the church for meditation and prayer, enjoying a tropical meal or hearing an opera at the finest opera house in the Far East, The Metropolitan Theater, in order to end a truly perfect day in the city of Manila, the only Pearl of the Orient.

II. VISAYAS Almost every day or two there is a steamer bound for the Visayan Islands. The Iloilo-Negros Air Express Company provides daily aerial transportation facilities to the Southern Islands.

Either by air or by water, the trip is joyously healthful and fully enjoyable, affording sights unsurpassed, such as palm-fringed shores and calm blue skies-what limpid seas and verdant isles!

Cebu. This is the capital of Cebu Island, with its modern piers. Hard by is the isle of Mactan where the 314

GENERAL INFORMATION

, monument (erected in 1866) of the discoverer of the Archipelago, Ferdinand Magellan, stands-once the abode of brave rajahs. See the Holy Cross and the Holy Child of Cebu, given by Magellan to the rajah's wife. In Cebu, there exists the oldest street in the Philippines, together with other spots of historic memories.

Not far from the island of Leyte lies the islet of Limasawa where the first Mass in the Philippines was celehrated.

Iloilo. This beautiful city, a shipping center, is on the Island of Panay, once bought from the settlers for a song by ten datos from Borneo. Legaspi colonized this place. Famous for its jusi and sinamay cloth is Mandurriao. Modern weaving industry was taught by the Spanish priests to the people of this city which is the crossroad of many a civilization. At Jaro, see the Cathedral and the oldest watch-tower in Panay. Natives called Iloilo, the capital since 1688, Irong-Irong, "like a nose." In Capiz visit the impressive church there.

III. MINDANAO Zamboanga. Glowing capital of Zamboanga province -famed for its luring, glamorous beauty-with its tilting song of love No Te Vayas a Zamboanga! Fort Pilar, built in 1636, by Chaves. Not far from the city is the San Ramon Penal Colony, affording a picturesque ride on a palmshaded road along a crescent-shaped beach of fine sands.

Also see Petit Barracks, chic and cool.

Dapitan, the place where Rizal was banished, is not far from the city. Another beauty spot, also worth while seeing, is in Lanao, the Maria Cristina Falls, scenic and wonderful.

Jolo. The royal seat of the Sultan of SuIu, with its bamboo pier. The street scenes offer a study in humanity. See the limpid sea water, note the majestic Moro vinta 315

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES with a Moro pearl-fisher! It is a spot of the world possessing a wondrous beauty all its own.

And Bukidnon, about 300 feet above sea level, with mild climate, vast cogonal plants and verdant ranches, together with the three scenic canyons and falls on the way to Malaybalay, its primitive capital.

Davao. Once a swampy camp infested by malaria, now the most prosperous city of Mindanao--the Promised Land-blossoming, as it were, with prosperity. What modern abaca and coconut plantations r Mount Apo, the highest here, is majestic and grand, towering against the sky-surrounded by the rarest orchid -the waling-waling!

There's the best, in brief, in the Philippines, the land of the Filipinos, famed for their hospitality and their kundiman.

Under the moonlit night, hear the melodious kundiman-the native song of romance-the Filipino soul's love of God, Race and Country!

So, to the Traveler, ,Mabuhay! May Bathala bless your stay in this country! If the skies are blue, then Bathal a has looked upon you with favor.

Again, Tourist, Salamat at M abuhay ka! . ..

316

Cities and Municipalities City or Municipality

Alaminos Aliaga Angeles Apalit Aparri Arayat Argao Asingan Atimonan Bacolod Bacolor Bacon Bacoor Bago BAGUIO Balanga Balaoan Baliuag Bambang Bangued Barili' Barugo , Basey Batangas Bauan Baybay Bayambang Bayombong Binalonan Binmaley Boac

Province

Pangasinan Nueva Ecija Pampanga Pampanga Cagayan Pampanga Cebu Pangasinan Tayabas N egros Occidental Pampanga Sorsogon Cavite N egros Occidental Benguet Bataan La Union Bulacan Nueva Vizcaya Abra Cebu Leyte Samar Batangas Batangas Leyte Pangasinan Nueva Vizcaya Pangasinan Pangasinan Marinduque 317

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES City or Municipality

Borongan Bulacan Bulan Burauen Cabatuan Cadiz Calapan Calasiao Calbayog Calivo Caloocan Calumpit Camiling Candaba Can don Cantilan Capiz Carigara Catbalogan Cavite CEBU Cervantes Concepcion Cuyapo Cuyo Daet Dagami 路 Dagupan Dalaguete DAVAO Dingras Donsol Dulag

Province

Samar Bulacan Sorsogon Leyte Iloilo Negros Occidental Mindoro Pangasinan Samar Capiz Rizal Bulacan Tarlac Pampanga Ilocos Sur Surigao Capiz Leyte Samar Cavite Cebu Mountain Province Tarlac Nueva Ecija Palawan Camarines Norte Leyte Pangasinan Cebu Davao Ilocos Norte Sorsogon Leyte 318

GENERAL INFORMATION City or Municipality

Dumaguete Dumanjug Escalante Gandara Gap~n

Gerona Gubat Gihulfigan Guinobatan Guagua Guian Hagonoy Hilongos Hinigaran Iba Ilagan ILOILO Imus Indang Infanta Iriga Isabela Janiuay Jaro Jaro Jimamailan Jolo Kabankalan La Carlota Laoag Legaspi (formerly Albay) Lingayen Libmanan

Province

N egros Oriental Cebu Negros Occidental Samar Nueva Ecija Tarlac Sorsogon N egros Oriental Albay Pampanga Samar Bulacan Leyte N egros Occidental Zambales Isabela Iloilo Cavite Cavite Tayabas Camarines Sur Negros Occidental Iloilo Iloilo Leyte N egros Occidental Jolo N egros Occidental N egros Occidental Ilocos Norte .

Albay Pangasinan Camarines Sur 319

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES City or Municipality

Ligao Lipa Los Banos Lubang Lucban Lucena Maasin Macabebe Mangaldan Malabon Malitbog Malolos Mambajao Manaoag Mangatarem MANILA Masbate Mauban Mexico Misamis Molo Moncada Nabua Naic Navotas Naga Olongapo Oras Ormoc Oroquieta Palo Polompon Panay

Province

Albay Batangas Laguna Mindoro Tayabas Tayabas Leyte Pampanga Pangasinan Rizal Leyte Bulacan Misamis Oriental Pangasinan Pangasinan Manila Masbate Tayabas Pampanga Misamis Occidental Iloilo Tarlac Camarines Sur Cavite Rizal Camarines Sur Zambales Samar Leyte Misamis Occidental Leyte Leyte Capiz 320

GENERAL INFORMATION City or Municipality

Province

Pasig Pototan Pozorubio Romblon Rosales Santa Barbara San Carlos San Carlos Santa Cruz Santa Cruz San Fabian San Fernando San Fernando San Luis San Mateo San Miguel San Narciso San Pablo San Pedro Macati Saravia Sariaya Silay Siquijor Sorsog'on Subic Surigao Taal Tabaco Tacloban Talisay Tanauan Tanauan Tanjay

Rizal iloilo Pangasinan Romblon Pangasinan Pangasinan N egros Occidental Pangasinan Laguna Marinduque Pangasinan La Union Pampanga Pampanga Rizal Bulacan Zambales Laguna Rizal N egros Occidental Tayabas Negros Occidental N egros Oriental Sorsogon Zambales Surigao Batangas Albay Leyte N egros Occidental Batangas Leyte N egros Oriental 321

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES City or Municipality

Tarlac Taytay Tayug Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valladolid Victoria Vigan Villasis Virac ZAMBOANGA

Province

Tarlac Palawan Pangasinan Cagayan Pangasinan N egros Occidental Tarlac Ilocos Sur Pangasinan Albay Zamboanga

322

The 33rd Eucharistic Congress in Manila By

REV.

A. N.

HANNON,

M.M.

The selection of Manila as the scene of the next Congress was made public at the conclusion of the 32nd International Eucharistic Congress, at Buenos Aires in October, 1934.

The National Eucharistic Congress which was held in Manila in 1929 was certainly a very successful gathering-perhaps the grandest thing seen in the Philippines up to that time. In the recollection of that celebration there is much that is encouraging as we look forward to February, 1937. Yet the National Congress of 1929 can only suggest in a small way what we must look for in the International Congress.

The story of the last two International Eucharistic Congresses gives the cue to what we must expect. At Dublin, Ireland, in 1932, one million persons attended the closing function of the Congress at Phoenix Park. At Buenos Aires in October of 1934, the number was closer to two million persons. It is difficult to visualize such vast gatherings. But when we realize that in each case the numbers represent about three times the normal population of the city, then we begin to comprehend the greatness of the task which lies ahead. The Eucharistic Congress has a definite, strong appeal to Catholic people all over the world.

PURPOSE OF CONGRESS

There can be no doubt that the Thirty-third International Eucharistic Congres is the greatest event in the history of the Philippines. It is important, however, that the real purpose of the Congress be not obscured by reflections on its grandeur as a spectacle. The Congress is a great act of faith and homage: of faith in the real Presence of 323

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Jesus Christ in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist; of homage to our Divine Lord in this Masterpiece of love whereby Christ our God, our King, our Brother, touches and appeases the hungry souls of men.

Since faith is the motive of the Congress, it will not be amiss to review briefly the basis of this belief.

Among the various teachings of the Catholic Church there is none which rests on stronger Scriptural authority than the doctrine of the Real Presence of Jesus Christ in the Holy Eucharist. So copious, indeed and so clear are the passages of the New Testament which treat of this subject that it is necessary to select only a few as examples.

The four Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, and with them the Apostle St. Paul, have written so explicitly ana abundantly on this subject ~hat one of them alone would be amply sufficient to prove the dogma without taking them collectively. These five inspired writers gave the weight of their individual testimony to the doctrine of the Eucharist because they-or rather, the Holy Ghost speaking through them-foresaw that this great mystery. which exacts so strong an exercise of our faith, and which bids us bow down our "understanding unto the obedience of Christ" would meet with opposition in the course of time.

PROOFS FROM BIBLE

Let us select from the New Testament three classes of arguments which satisfactorily demonstrate the Real Presence of Christ in the Blessed Sacrament. The first of these texts speaks of the promise of the Eucharist, the second of its institution, and the third of its use among the faithful believers.

To begin with the words of the promise. While Jesus was once preaching near the shore of the sea of Galilee he was followed by a great multitude of persons who were 324

GENERAL INFORMATION attracted by his words of wisdom and by his miracles.

Seeing that they were without food, and far from the sources of food, He multiplied five loaves and two fishes to such an extent as to supply the wants of five thousand men, besides women and children.

Our Lord considered the present a favorable occasion for speaking of the sacrament of His body and blood, which was to be distributed not to a few thousands but to millions of souls; not in one place, but everywhere; not at one time but for all days. He says to his hearers: "I am the bread of life. Your fathers did eat manna in the desert and are dead. I am the living bread which came down from heaven. If any man eat of this bread he shall live forever, and the bread which I shall give is My flesh for the life of the world. The Jews therefore disputed among themselves saying: How can this man give us His flesh to eat? Then Jesus said to them : Amen, amen I say to you: Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink His blood, you shall not have life in you. He that eateth My flesh and drinketh My blood ha,.th everlasting life, and I will raise him up on the last day. For My flesh is meat indeed, and My blood is drink indeed."

MANNA FROM HEAVEN

Here is a stupendous promise. Christ who is God offers his own flesh and blood to be the food and drink of his followers. The Manna was miraculous bread showered down from heaven-the only food of the Hebrews during forty years in the desert. Yet the manna is as nothing compared to the promise of Christ. The eaters of the manna are dead; but Christ says, "If any man eat of this bread he shall live forever, and the bread 'which I will give is My flesh for the life of the world."

But did Christ really mean that He would give His own flesh and blood to be consumed after the manner of food and drink? That surely is what his listeners under325

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES stood him to mean, for they asked: "How can this man give us His flesh to eat?"; and many of them turned away in disgust. Others said, "This is hard saying"-and even many of his devoted friends left Him. If they were so shocked and revolted, it was because they understood Christ to mean what His words clearly mean-that He offered His flesh to be eaten and His blood to be drunk.

This great and mysterious promise was fulfilled on the night before Christ died on the Cross. It was during the last Supper; and St. Matthew described the event as follows: "And while they were at supper, Jesus took bread and blessed and broke and gave His disciples and said, "Take ye and eat, This is My body. And taking the chalice He gave thanks and gave to them, saying: Drink ye all of this; for this is My blood of the new testament which shall be shed for many unto remission of sins."

FULFILMENT OF PROMISE

Recall the promise, and reflect on these words of fulfillment. How admirably they fit together, like two links of a chain! How faithfully has Christ fulfilled the Promise which He made! No idea could be expressed in clearer terms than these: "this is My Body, this is My Blood."

Could these words be a figure of speech intended to convey some other idea than that clearly contained in the statement itself? Remember that these words were spoken to His apostles; and Christ had promised to make all things clear to them, even going to the trouble of explaining the parables as He delivered them to the people. And this institution takes place when Christ knows that his death is at hand. This is His last will and testament. When will a person use plainer speech than at the point of death?

And where will we find any words more plain than those contained in a last will?

That the words of the promise and of the institution by which the promise was fulfilled are to be taken literal326

GENERAL INFORMATION ly, can be learned from the practice of the apostles and their successors. If we find the apostles and their successors from the first to the twentieth centuries professing to consecrate and dispense the body and blood of Christ, then our literal understanding of Christ's words alone can be accepted.

Let St. Paul be the first witness. He writes to the Corinthians: "The chalice of benediction which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? and the bread which we break, is not the partaking of the body of the Lord? For I have received of the Lord that which I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night in which He was betrayed took bread and giving thanks break it and said take and eat: this is My Body . . . in like manner also the chalice saying: this cup is the new covenant of My blood. . . . For as often as ye shall eat this bread and drink this cup ye shall show the death of the Lord until he come. Therefore (and here the Apostle speaks significant words) whoever shall eat this bread or drink this chalice of the Lord unworthily, shall be guilty of the Body and of the Blood of the Lord. . . . For he who eateth and drinketh unworthily, eateth and drinketh judgment to himself, not discerning the Body of the Lord."

ST. PAUL'S TESTIMONY

Mark the words that the unworthy recipient "shall be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord." How could a man be guilty of profaning the Body and Blood of the Lord if he received only bread and wine? The vigor of St. Paul's charge is measured by the strength of his faith in the presence of Christ under the appearance of bread and wine. Again, take the words "He that eateth and drinketh unworthily eateth and drinketh condemnation to himself, not discernilng the Body of the Lord." The receiver is condemned for not discerning in the eucharist the 327

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF . THE PHILIPPINES Body of the Lord. How should he be blamed for not discerning the Body of the Lord if there were only bread and wine before him? The words of St. Paul are not exaggerated figures, but literal terms full of sense and awful significance. Christ lives in the Holy Eucharist, offering Himself as the food of our souls! That is the meaning which has echoed and re-echoed through the writings of great ecclesiastics from the first to the twentieth century.

That is the meaning at the bottom of Catholic faith in the Real Presence. That explains the enthusiasm and grandeur of past Eucharistic Congresses. That and that alone, supplies the motive for the Thirty-third International Eucharistic Congress.

Does this faith find adequate expression in so vast a gathering as an International Eucharistic Congress? Can belief so spiritual-so much of the mind and the heart-make itself felt amid all the pageantry of such a celebration? Search the records of past congresses and the answer is clearly affirmative-almost with a roar of thunder, '''Yes !"

EXPRESSION OF FAITH

Describing a Congress held in Melbourne, Australia, in 1934, Caroline Gaye wrote in "The Advocate": "The wonderful thing we have seen was the expression of a people's ordinary everyday faith. The newspapers have made much of the emotional and demonstrative side of things. Their harvest has been rich, undeniable pageantry.

Ours is the strong texture of faith that lies underneath it nIl. . . . They have wondered at the utter mystery, elusiveness, and surprising grace of our ceremonies. But they have sought in those ceremonies no more than the emblems of centuries and sovereignty. Whereas to us Catholics the liturgy is symbolism made perfect by the infallible doctrine which is the sternness at the heart of its beauty, the great spine that actuates its very movement. The newspapers 328

GENERAL INFORMATION take little count of that. Nor do they remember that their reporters were among the very few who could see all that went on. The majority of men and women standing for hours in the Cathedral; the majority of men, and women, and children, at the show grounds: the majority of that half a million people who watched the procession, saw as little of the lovely ritual as made no matter. They got what they wanted, though: God's blessing on their souls . . . . That is what I mean by saying that ordinary, everyday faith was the most impressive thing in the Congress.

It was not the ceremonies themselves that attracted. It was that which underlay them all. . . . When the Cardinal Legate lifted the monstrance in benediction, a sudden silence deeper than the sea, covered everything. There was no doubt anywhere then. There was hardly even a conscious act of faith. We just knew that God was in the midst of His people."

THE CHICAGO CONGRESS

When the 28th International Eucharistic Congress was held in Chicago in 1926, the feature stories in The Chicago Tribune were written by a non-Catholic, James O'Donnel Bennett. He described the stirring occasion of Men's Night, when 150,000 lighted tapers scattered the evening shadows while 150,000 manly voices dispelled the shadows of doubt by thundering a profession of loyalty to God and to His Church. "Catholic and non-Catholic alike" he wrote, "were overcome by what they just had seen. The police officers who guarded the throngs may fairly be supposed not to be o'er susceptible persons, but I saw many a stalwart of the force viewing the tableau of the candles with swimming eyes, and when it faded and flickered from view, and when the onrush of lights was withdrawn from the alter, and when the cardinal princes and the episcopal lords from the slopes of the predella and-mark 329

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES this-the humble, toil worn, candle bringing Mexican laborers who work in railroad yards-had risen from their knees, the words ran among the thousands almost as on~ whisper, 'I never in my life saw anything so beautiful!' " It could hardly have been more beautiful and been endurable.

It was one of the white nights of the soul, and it brought moments that austerely subdued the heart as rapturously they exalted it.

And to the worshippers this jubilation of the candles carried a significance so heart-searching that one who was among them only a reverent onlooker can but faintly estimate it.

For this is the significance and this the message of everyone of those flaming tapers which the kneeling men Lifted to the altar of their Christ: "The light of faith and the fire of the Love of God." CHESTERTON TAKES UP PEN

G. K. Chesterton was among the million persons who attended the Dublin Congress in 1932.

Describing the Mass on the last day, he wrote: "At one of the moments when Catholics would be accustomed to hear the clear and rather shrill tinkle of the bell of the Sanctus, there was heard a sound that must be alnwst unique in human history. It was as faint as the sound of a far-off sheep-bell and as weak as the bleat of a sheep; but there was something in it that was not only weighty, but curiously hard; almost dead; without the resonance that we mean by music. It was as if it came out of the Stone Age; when even musical instruments might be made of stone. It was the bell of St. Patrick; which had been silent for 1,500 years. . . . From far away in the most forgotten of the centuries, as if down avenues that were colonades of corpses, one dead man had spoken and was 330

GENERAL INFORMATION dumb. It was Patrick; and he only said: 'My Master is here.'

"And after that, I for one could realize little but a catastrophic silence, till it could be crowned with the only fitting close. From the four corners of the sacred enclosure the all shattering trumpets shouted, like the Sons of God shouting for joy. And all along the front there ran, like a sudden lightning, the light upon the lifted swords; for all the soldiers standing before the altar saluted with a blazing salute of steel, carrying the hilt to the head in the old swordsman's salutation, and then striking outwards, in the ancient gesture of the Romans.

Her face was like a King's Command When all the swords are drawn.

The old line of Belloc's song went through my mind for a moment; and \!lone could doubt in that day what King was commanding; almost visible upon His throne."

CONGRESS A CELEBRATION

For convenience, we rather naturally choose a conversational short-cut and refer to an International Eucharistic Congress quite casually as "the Congress." Thus, we keep the one word that matters least. For "the Congress" is not merely a gathering. It is primarily and emphatically a Eucharistic celebration-a grand act of faith and homage.

Again, much more important than the idea conveyed by the word "Congress" is the notion contained in the word "international." For the International Eucharistic Congress is international, and more; it is supra-national.

It is not merely Catholic as distinguished from nonCatholic; it is catholic in the strict sense of the word.

This characteristic is brought out by another descriptive passage from the pen of James O'Donnel Bennett: "The processional now becomes, as all this week they invariably have become, a march past of nations and peoples-Ger331

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES mans, Frenchmen, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Sy. rians, Coatians, Belgians, Poles, Hungarians, Italians, Mal. tese, Chinese, Ukrainians, American Indians.

'Tis the world at thy feet, 0 ancient of Days!

They prayed and sang as they marched.

"In Latin mostly-the Church's Esperanto--they sang; but when they prayed it was more often each group of nationals in its own tongue.

"Sometimes a bit of ballad tells a story better than labored pages of description possibly can, and there come back to me now some simple verses called "The Lord's Prayer" and they tell the essential story of this day for me : They were ordinary soldiers, just the common Jean and Hans.

One from the valley of the Rhine and one from fair Province.

They were simple hearted fellows~very night each said his prayer; The one prayed 'Vater Unser' and the other 'Notre Pere.' " From every race, from every continent, they will come to Manila, in February, 1937; and it will be impossible to count the different languages they speak. Yet they will not be strangers to one another, or to us. United under the common Fatherhood of God, they will speak one common language-the language of praise and adoration of their Eucharistic King. The Thirty-third International Eucharistic Congress-indeed, " 'Tis the world at Thy feet, o Ancient of Days!"

ITS HISTORY AND ORIGIN "It was Mlle. Emilie Tamisier of France who first proposed the idea of rendering public homage and veneration to the Blessed Sacrament under the form and name {)f International Eucharistic Congress. She revealed her 332

GENERAL INFORMATION desires to Bishop Louis Gaston de Segur . . . who by his facile pen and personal enthusiasm for the foundation of Eucharistic Congresses . . . proved an invaluable ally.

Together they sought the aid of Bisliop de la Verge and through their combined efforts, the faithful of France were informed of and prepared for the first Eucharistic Congres. . . . The final plans were formulated in 188!.

Letters were dispatched to the adjacent diocesses and the shrines and churches of Lille, France, were prepared for the solemn occasion. ' With the names of Bishop de la Verge, Bishop Monnier, the president of the Congress of Lille; Mlle. Tamisier and Thilibert Vrau, we have the members of the First Committee of Eucharistic Congresses.

"Foreign cities SOOTl observed the singular effects of this devotion and its marvelous appeal to the hearts of all und they proferred requests to celebrate a Congress. This privilege was first granted to Liege in Belgium. . . .

"In 1887, P,ope Leo XIII gave his approbation declaring that: 'For the promotion of Eucharistic Devotion, I will grant anything.' In 1905 by the express desire of Pope Pius X the Vatican and the hallowed streets of the Eternal City rang with the hymns in honor of our Lord, in the first International Eucharistic Congress in Rome," whote Rev. Joseph Boubee, S.J.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

EUCHARISTIC CONGRESSES Lille, France ..................... .

Avignon, France ................. .

Liege, Belgium .................. .

Fribourg. Switzerland ............. .

Toulouse, France ................. .

Paris, France .................... .

Antwerp, Belgium ...... , ......... .

Jerusalem ............... , ....... .

Reims, France 333

1881 1882 1883 1885 1886 1888 1890 1893 1894

I

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 10. Paray-Ie-Monial ...................

11. Brussels, Belgium .................

12. Lourdes, France ..................

13. Angers ..... " . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

14. Nemur, Belgium ..................

15. Angouleme .......................

16. Rome, Italy .......................

17. Tournay, Belgium ..............

18. Metz, France .....................

19. London, England ..................

20. Cologne, Germany .................

21. Montreal, Canada .................

22. Madrid, Spain ....................

23. Vienna, Austria .... . ..............

24. Malta, Italy ......................

25. Lourdes, France ....... ,...........

26. Rome, Italy .......................

27. Amsterdam, Netherlands ...........

28. Chicago, United States .............

29. Sydney, Australia .................

30. Carthage .........................

31. Dublin, Ireland ...................

32. Buenos Aires, Argentina ...........

33. Manila, Philippines ................

Cardinal Dennis Dogherty is the Legate of ness Pope Pius XI. I

••

1897 1898 1899 1901 1902 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1937 His Holi-

OFFICIAL PROGRAM FEBRUARY 2ND

(or som.e other day before Feb. 4th)

. o'clock-Harbor

7 :00 of Manila-Pier No.7.

The Papal Legate's arrival.

Addresses of welcome by the religious and civil authorities.

Solemn drive in open carriages from harbor to Cathedral.

334

GENERAL INFORMATION All the Bishops and the clergy await His Eminence in the Cathedral.

A visit to the Blessed Sacrament. No addresses.

After the visit, the Legate is conducted to his residence.

Soon after he pays an official visit to the President of the Commonwealth, who repays the visit according to diplomatic rules.

P.M. No Formal Congress Activity.

FEBRUARY 3RD

. A.M. No formal Congress Activity.

P.M. 5 o'clock-Luneta.

Formal opening of the XXXIII International Eucharistic Congress.

Reading of the Papal brief.

The salutation of the Papal Legate.

Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

The Hymn of the XXXIII I.E.C. 9 o'clock-The Cardinal Legate "at home."

A Remark: From Wednesday night to Sunday morning, the Blessed Sacrament will remain exposed in three of the most central Churches in Manila.

FEBRUARY 4TH

WOMEN'S DAY A.M. From 4 o'clock to 6 :30 A.M.-All the Churches and Chapels.

Masses celebrated by various Cardinals, Bishops, Prelates and Priests.

6 :30 A.M.-Luneta.

General Communion for Women-Low Mass.

335

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 9: A.M.-At various places (Churches or Halls according to convenience.)

Foreign National Meetings (in their respective languages).

Philippine Sectional Meetings (Details later).

P.M. 4 :00 P.M.-Cathedral.

Priests' International Meeting.

Same Time: Principal Churches and Chapels.

General Holy Hour inviting the faithful to "pray for numerous and saintly vocations."

6 :00 P.M.-Luneta.

The First International Assembly.

Two Addresses, one in Spanish and one in English.

Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

The Hymn of the 33rd I.E.C. FEBRUARY 5TH

MEN'S DAY A.M. 12 :00 Midnight--Luneta: General Communion for Men. From 4 o'clock to 6 :30 A.M.-Masses, as yesterday in all the Churches and Chapels.

6 :30 A.M.-Luneta.

Pontifical Mass.

9 :00 A.M.-At various places.

Foreign National and Philippine Sectional Meetings, as yesterday.

P.M. 4:00 P.M.-Cathedral.

Special Holy Hour for Bishops, Prelates and Priests.

336

GENERAL INFORMATION Same Time: Principal Churches and Chapels.

General Holy Hour, as yesterday, "for numerous and saintly vocations."

6 :00 P.M.-Luneta.

The Second International Assembly. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The Hymn of the 33rd I.E.C. FEBRUARY 6TH

CHILDREN'S DAY A.M. From 4 to 5 :30 A.M.-All the Churches and Chapels.

Masses, as yesterday and the day before.

6 :30 A.M.-Luneta.

General Communion for Children. .Low Mass for children.

Breakfast for the children orl the Luneta.

Consecration of children and parents to the Blessed Virgip. Mary.

P.M. 4 :00 P.M.-Cathedral.

Priests' International Meeting. Theme: "De Eucharistia in Miss'Wnariorum sacerdotali vita."

Same Time: Principal Churches and Chapels.

General Holy Hour.

6 :00 P.M.-Luneta..

The Third International Assembly. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament. The Hymn of the 33rd I.E.C. FEBRUARY 7TH

A.M. From 4 to 7 :OO.-All Churches and Chapels.

Masses, as yesterday and the days before.

7 :00 A.M. (sharp) .-路Luneta.

Pontifical Mass by the Papal Legate.

337

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES P.M. 4 :00 P.M.-Solemn Procession with the Blessed Sacrament. Lay Procession will start at 4 P.M. sharp.

5 :45 P.M.-Clergy and Liturgical part of Procession will start from De la Salle College.

7 :30 P.M.-Luneta.

Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, given by the Papal Legate.

8 :00 P.M.-The Pope's Personal Blessing, received by radio.

8 :00 P.M.-Closing Speech by the Papal Legate.

The Hymn of the 33rd I.E.C. THE PHILIPPINE HIERARCHY His Excellency, THE MOST REVEREND WILLIAM PIANI, D.D.,

Titular Archbishop of Drama Apostolic Delega,te to the Philippine Islands.

HIS GRACE, M()ST REVEREND MICHAEL J. O'DOHERTY, D.D.,

A?'chbishop of Manila a;nd P1'imate of the Philippines.

HIS GRACE, MOST REVEREND GABRIEL M. REYES, D.D.,

Archbishop of Cebu.

HIS EXCELLENCY, M()ST REVEREND ALFREDO VER~OSA, D.D.,

Bi.shop of Lipa.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND JAMES P. MCCLOSKEY,

D.D., Bishop of Jaro.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND SANTIAGO SANCH(), D.D.,

Bishop of Nueva Segovia.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND SOFRONIO HACBANG, D.D.,

Bishop of Calbayog.

338

GENERAL INFORMATION HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND FRANCISCO REYES,

D.D.,

Bishop of Nueva Caceres.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND CONSTANT JURGENS,

D.D., Bishop of Tuguegarao.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND CESAR MAo. GUERRERO,

D.D., Bishop of Lingayen.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND CASIMIRO LLADOC,

D.D.,

Bishop of Bacolod.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND LUIS DEL ROSARIO,

S.J., DD., Bishop of Zamboanga HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVEREND JAMES T. G. HAYES,

S ..J., DD., IBis hop of Cctgayan.

HIS EXCELLENCY, MOST REVERE~D WILLIAM FINNE MANN,

D.D., Auxiliary Bishop of Manila.

RT. REVEREND VICTORIANO ROMAN, A.R.,

Prefect A. postolic of Palawan.

RT. REVEREND JOSEPH BILLIET,

P1 efect Apostolic of the Mountain Province.

0

THE INVITATION

The Philippines, the only Catholic nation in the Orient, has been selected as the country in which the XXXIII International Eucharistic Congress will be celebrated-the first in the Far East!

Manila, the nation's capital, modern and beautiful, offers the up-to-date accommodations for the pilgrim.

The Churches and shrines of this Catholic country are a delight to artistic as well as pious eyes.

339

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The subject, appointed by His Holiness Pope Pius XI, for the solemn discourses is: "The Holy Eucharist and the Missionary Work especially in the Far East."

Come, adore the Eucharistic God in the beautiful Archipelago of the Orient Sea. OFFICIAL HYMN The poem of the official hymn of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress in Manila was written in Spanish

by Mr. Emeterio Barcelon and set to music by Father D. Carceller, Augustinian .Recollect.

I

Hace ya cuatro centurias Que esta tierra filipina Se ÂŤI,'ldre de la doctrina De Cristo, divina Luz; Pueblo amante de Maria, Antes que sus montes de oro Forman su rico tesoro Los tesoros de la Cruz.

II

El sol de la Eucaristia Surgio aqui tan refulgente Que a otros pueblos del Oriente Alcanzo su resplandor.

Y hoy que en su cenit fulgura Irradiando bendiciones, A esas paganas regiones Envia beso de amor.

III

Hoy el mundo es volcan vivo De mil odios y rencores; 340

GENERAL INFORMATION

Envidias, celos traidores Lo destrozan sin piedad.

H ostia santa que en la noche Del Mundo fulgente br'illas, Quema esas negras rencillas Con fuego de caridad.

CORO

Gloria a Jesus que se encierra En la H ostia de bendicion!

Postraos, cielos y tierra, En rendida adoracion!

Venid, pueblos del Oriente, Naciones todas, venid; Y en abrazo de fe ardiente ADios Hostia bendecid.

341

First Facts About the Philippines The first Mass celebrated in the Philippines was on Limasawa Island on March 31, 1521, during Easter Sunday.

Ferdinand Magellan who discovered the Philippine Islands was killed on Mactan ' Island in 1521.

The city of Manila, capital of the Islands, was founded by Legaspi on June 3, 1571.

The first Spanish Governor in the Philippines was Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.

The last Spanish governor in the Islands was 11iego de los Rios.

The first religious order to arrive here was the Augustinian.

The first Filipino philanthropist was a woman named Margarita Roxas de Ayala.

The first Filipino Mason was Jacobo Zobel de Zangronis.

The first Filipino governor under the Spanish rule was Lino de Espeleta.

The first Episcopal school established here was by Brent.

The first church built here was the Augustinian.

The founder of the Manila Observatory was Padre Federico Faura.

The oldest street in the Philippines is Calle Colon in Cebu.

The first bank was the Banco Espanol-Filipino.

The name of the first bank founded in the Islands in 1851 is now known as Bank of the Philippine Islands since 1912.

The first Filipina Mason was Rosario Villaruel.

The first Filipino flyweight champion of the world was Pancho Villa.

The first Filipino dentist was Bonifacio Arevalo.

The first lady dentist was Catalina Arevalo.

The first Tagalog book was Librong Pagaaralan by Tomas Pinpin.

342

GENERAL INFORMATION The first book published about the Philippines was Moluccis Insulis by Maximilianus Transylvanus.

The first Filipino noted printer was Tomas Pin pin.

The first Pampango vocabulary was written by D. Bergafio in 1732.

The first Pampango-English vocabulary was written by Luther Parker.

The best Tagalog-Spanish vocabulary was written by Jose Serrano Laktaw.

The first Bicol vocabulary was written by Fr. Marcos de Lisboa in 1865.

The first Filipino oculist was Rizal.

The first Filipino world renown botanist was Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera.

The founder of the Katipunan was Andres Bonifacio.

The first cry of war was in Balintawak on August 26, 1896.

The founder of Vigan was Salcedo.

The first Audiencia of Manila was established by Santiago de Vera on May 16, 1584.

The first stone fort in the Islands was constructed in 1587.

The first arrival of Chinese Mandarins in Manila was in 1594.

The first arrival of suffragan bishops was in 1598.

The first known Moro invasion during Spanish sovereignty was in 1599.

The founding of the city of Nueva Caceres was in 1577.

The first arrival of the first Archbishop was in May, 1598.

The founding of the Seminary of San Jose was in 160l.

The first great fire in Manila was on March 10, 1583.

The first Chinese insurrection here was in 1603.

The first bombardment of Iloilo was by Spielberg in 1616.

The first big naval battle here was at Playa Honda on April 14, 1617.

The foundation of Santa Clara Convent was in 162l.

343

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The first expedition against the Moros in Mindanao was planned in 1591.

The real first expedition against the Moros took place in 1627. \ The first to give ordinances for good government was Governor Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera in 1642.

The first governor who was ~rrested and held prisoner for five years by his successor was Corcuera.

The first quarrel between Governor and Archbishop was in 1637 in Corcuera's time.

The first victorious Spanish governor in naval battle with the Dutch was Diego Fajardo in 1646.

The Spanish governor who later became priest in Spain was Manrique de Lara.

The Spanish governor who in his troubles with the archbishop and ecclesiastics became arrested by the Inquisition was Diego de Salcedo.

The man who built the first wall of Manila (Guia) was Padre Sedefio.

Tt was Lapu-Lapu's men who killed Magellan on Mactan island in 1521.

There existed a kingdom in Pangasinan under learned Princes Urduja long before the Spaniards came.

Tt was Tupas who said to the Spanish conquerors, "If these people have not learned a lesson from the incident at Mactan let us give it to them."

The rajah who said to the Spaniards, "I assure you always of my friendship" and abided by it was Rajah Matanda.

The Tondo king who fought the Spaniards and said, "I have to protect our people from abuses," was Rajah Soliman.

The brave warrior who became baptized by the Spaniards was Lakandola.

The first man baptized in the Islands was Humabon.

344

GENERAL INFORMATION The famous cannon maker of ancient times was Panday Pira.

The first noted blind Ilocano poet was Pedro Bukaneg.

The brain of the Katipunan was Emilio Jacinto.

The brain of the Revolution was Apolinario Mabini.

The first Filipino chemist was Anacleto del Rosario.

The bravest Filipino general was Gregorio del Pilar who died in Tila Pass.

The musician who composed religious music admired by the Spanish priests was Marcelo Adonay.

The Filipino poet who set words to the National Hymn was Jose Palma.

The first Spanish governor who was excommunicated because of his trouble with the Archbishop and died at sea on his way to Mexico was Juan de Vargas Hurtado.

The first Spanish governor wlio limited Chinese immigration to Manila was Urzua y r\rismendi.

The first governor (acting) to be arrested for misuse of public funds was Jose Torialba, 1717.

The man who betrayed the Katipunan to the priest in Tondo was Teodoro Patinio. .

The first Mariscal de Campo to govern the Islands was Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda. rfhe first Spanish governor who killed his wife because of unfaithfulness or adultery was Alonso Fajardo y Tenza.

The governor who estahlished Bacolor the capital of Pampanga and proclaimed himself governor of the Islands was Simon de Anda y Salazar.

The governor who received the keys to the city of Manila from the British in 1764 was Simon de Anda y Salazar.

The governor who rebelled and opposed the king's order and still became governor was Simon de Anda y Salazar.

The British evacuated Manila in April, 1764, when Francisco Javier de la Torre was governor .

345

•

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The governor who expelled the Chinese and the Jesuits was Jose Raon, 1765-1770.

The governor who ordered the natives to cultivate flax and hemp was Pedro Sarrio.

The Tobacco Monopoly was established on February 9, 1780, under Jose Basco y Vargas.

The Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, which encouraged agriculture and commerce and gave prosperity to the Islands, was established in 1781 by Jose Basco y Vargas.

The governor who conquered the Batanes Islands in 1571 and was named Count of the Conquest of the Batanes was Basco y Vargas.

Manila became an open port for all but Europeans and had plans for government reforms in the Islands during Felix Berenguer de Marquina's time.

The governor who introduced various reforms was Rafael Maria de Aguilar y Ponce de Leon.

The governor who permitted an English firm to be established here was Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras.

The governor who was assassinated during the insurrection of Spanish-American and Filipinos in 1823 was Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras.

The first newspaper established in the Philippine Islands was in August, 1811, under M. Gonzales de Aguilar's administration.

The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was received in Manila on April 17, 1813.

The Acapulco trade ceased during Jose Gardoqui Jaraveita's time, 1813-1816.

The governor who forbade foreigners to sell goods at retail was Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Ararca in 1828.

The foundation of the Dominican College in Ocana, Spain, as a feeder for China and the Philippines, was on May 2, 1830.

-

.

346

GENERAL INFORMATION The expedition against the Igorots was in 1831.

The establishment of the first lottery in the Islands was on July 3, 1833.

The Royal Tribunal of Commerce was estahlished in Manila on January 1, 1834.

The first guide book (Guia de Forasteros) was printed in 1834.

The governor when the Islands prospered after Basco's time was Pascual Enrile y Alcedo.

The Philippines lost her representation in the Spanrish Cortes in 1837.

The governor elected to represent the Isles in the Spanish Cortes was Andres Garcia Camba.

The governor called El Deseado but opposed by ecclesiastics was Camba.

The first issue of a weekly paper in English and Spanish was on July 6, 1839.

The first paper on current prices was called Precios Co-

rrientes de Manila.

The first religious magazine was Seminario Filipino in 1843.

The governor who founded a casino in 1844 was Narciso Claveria y Zaldua.

The governor who proposed to establish the first military library here in 1846 was Claveria.

The first steam war vessels were bought in London in 1848.

The governor who gave surnames to the Filipinos was Narciso Claveria y Zaldua on November 11, 1849.

The first daily of Manila was La Esperanza, December 1, 1846.

The first well edited and modern paper was Diario de Ma-

nila, 1848.

The Count of Manila was Governor Claveria.

The monthly lottery was established in Manila by Blanco in 1850.

347

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The creation of La Union province was in 1850.

Though the Banco Espanol-Filipino was established in 1851 it began operations in 1852.

The conquest of Jolo was in 1851 under Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguia.

The book Historia de Pirateria or Moro piracy was written by Montero y Vidal, Madrid, 1888.

The man who became thrice governor ad interim was Ramon Motero y Blandino.

The monthly mail established between Manila and Hongkong was in 1854.

The establishment of houses of exchange under Norzagaray was in 1857.

The first Jesuit mission, after reinstatement of the order, arrived here in 1859.

Pawnshop business was authorized in Manila in 1860.

Jagor traveled in the Islands in 1860.

The first printing of A 'lttos AcordOAdos was authorized in 1861 under Juan Herrera Davila.

The governor who died in the Red Sea while on his way to the Philippines in 1861 was Mac-Crohon.

The politico-military governments were first established in the Visayas and Mindanao in 1861.

The Jesuits were given Mindanao as mission field, but opposed by the Recollects, under Governor Lemery's administration, 1861-1862.

The Escuela Normal was established in 1865.

The governor whose reign was marked by various calamities, such as earthquakes and insurrections, was Rafael de Echague y Bermingham.

The erection of the bishopric of J aro by Pius IX was in 1865.

The establishment of the Ateneo Municipal de Manila was in 1865.

348

GENERAL INFORMATION The uniform monetary system was adopted under Jose de la Gandara y Navarro's time (1867-1869).

Primary education was reformed, 1867-1868.

The G1,t.ardia Ci'&'il was created under Carlos Maria de la Torre (1869-1871).

Revolts in Cavite and in Zamboanga occurred in 1872.

Telegraph lines were opened here in 1873.

Steamship lines were established between Manila and Spain in 1873.

Various ports were opened for commerce under the administration of Juan Alaminos y de la Vivar (1873-1874).

The governor who was given the title of Count of Mindanao for his conquest of Jolo in. 1876 was Jose Malcampo y Monje.

The first Spanish governor who was a Mason and who introduced masonry here was Jose Malcampo.

The construction of Manila Waterworks was in 1878 under Domingo Moriones.

The opening of a cable between Luzon and Spain was in 1880.

The governor when the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed in 1897 was Fernando Primo de Rivera.

The creation of provincial tax was on April 7, 1883.

The Cedula Personal was established as substitute for tribute in 1884.

The Jesuit Observatory in Manila was declared official in 1884.

It was in Governor Federico Labaton's time when in 1888 a petition signed by more than 800 Filipinos demanded the expulsion of the religious orders and the archbishop, the secularization of benefices, and the confiscation of the estates of the Augustinians an-d Dominic{ ns.

The governor who purchased his office from a Minister's wife was Valeriano Weyler.

349

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The School of Agriculture was established in Manila in 1889.

The School of Arts and Trades was established in 1890.

The telephone system was established in the Philippines in 1890.

The Dominican secondary school was established in Dagupan, Pangasinan, in 1891.

The Liga Filipina; for the enlightenment of Filipinos was established by Rizal in Manila in 1892.

The governor who was paid 200,000 dollars for his dismissal was Eulogio Despuj 01.

The electric light was established in Manila in 1895.

The Philippine Republic was proclaimed in 1896.

The battle of Manila Bay took place on May 1, 1898.

The occupation of Manila or the Islands by Americans was on August 13, 1898.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898.

The United States of America paid $20,000,000 for the Philippines to Spain.

The last Spanish governor of the Philippine Islands left on January 1, 1899.

The last capital of the Spanish government was established in Iloilo in 1898.

The first American military governor here was Wesley Merritt.

The American governor who wrote many codes for the Islands was Henry C. Ide. The establishment of free public schools was under Governor MacArthur.

The man responsible for the purchase of friar lands was William H. Taft.

The governor who became United States President and then Chief Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court was William H. Taft.

350

I

GENERAL INFORMATION The American governor and builder of Baguio was William Cameron Forbes.

The Philippine Assembly was established in 1907 under Smith's administration.

The American governor who was employed by the Commonwealth government is Francis Burton Harrison, author of The Cornerstone of Philippilne Independence.

The governor who Filipinized the Philippine government was Harrison.

The American governor when the Mint and the Philippine National Bank were established was F. B. Harrison.

The military governor who headed a survey mission to the Philippines was Governor Wood.

The governor fond 01 rigodon de honor was Henry L. Stimson.

Pier 7, the most beautiful in the Orient, was built in 1917, under Wood's administration.

The first governor general honored by the University of the Philippines was Harrison.

The "champion of the cause of the average man" was Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. The last governor general of the Philippines under the American rule was Frank Murphy.

Frank Murphy was the first American bachelor Governor and the first United States High Commissioner to the Islands.

The governor who divorced many wives was Harrison.

The man who was father of the bill creating the University of the Philippines was Juan Alvear in 1908.

The first Filipino Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under the American regime was Cayetano Arellano.

The Filipino orator during the Revolution was Graciano Lopez J aena.

The priests executed together in 1872 were Burgos, Zamora and Gomez.

351

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The author of the Malolos Constitution was Felipe G. Calderon.

The president of the Philippine Republic in Malolos was General Emilio Aguinaldo.

The first stage artist of note here was Praxedes J. Fernandez.

The doctor who discovered the cure for taol or tiki-tiki was Manuel Guerrero.

The painters who won art prizes in Europe were Luna and Hidalgo.

One of the noted old Filipino pedagogues was Valerio Malaban an of Batangas.

The composer of the NaU,onal Hymn was Professor Julian Felipe of Cavite.

One of the illustrious students in Spain and the author of the first Filipino novel in Spanish was Pedro A. Paterno.

The first Tagalog novelist was Valeriano Hernandez, author of N ena at N eneng.

The first novelist in English was Zoilo M. Galang, author of A Child of Sorrow.

The most noted Tagalog poet is Balagtas, author of Floran.te at Lanra.

The most famous Pampango poet was Juan C. Soto, (Crissot).

The most famous Bisayan dramatist was Angel Mahagum y Merle.

The bibliographers of the Islands are Epifanio de los Santos, Mariano Ponce and Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera.

The greatest FiIipinologist was Wenceslao A. Retana.

The first Filipino successful merchant was Luis R. Yangco.

The most famous Rizalist is Retana.

The most famous American Rizalist is Austin Craig.

The most famous American anthropologist is H. O. Beyer.

352

GENERAL INFORMATION The priest who wrote the monumental book, Flora de Fili~ piruu;, was Padre Manuel Blanco.

The Filipino priest who collaborated with Padre Blanco was the Augustinian Ignacio Mercado.

The battle of Zapote Bridge took place in 1899.

The opening of the Nautical School was in 1899.

The Battle of Tila Pass was in 1899.

The first Philippine Commission was under Schurman and Otis.

The courts of first instance and the Supreme Court were created under General Otis' administration.

The Independent Church was proclaimed by Isabelo de los Reyes in 1902.

Native currency was adopted under Taft.

The first Philippine Census was in 1903, the second in 1918.

The Philippine Amnesty Proclamation was declared by President Roosevelt.

The Civil Service and the Bureau of Health were organized under Governor Wright's time.

The first Congressional visit, under Vice-President Garner and Speaker Byrns, was in 1935.

The metric system, or standard weights and measures, was introduced here in 1906.

The Postal Savings Bank was established in 1906.

The Reform of P. I. Currency was in 1906.

The author of the currency system was Conant, an American.

The designer of the P. 1. coins was Melecio Figueroa, a Filipino.

The first convention of provincial governors, presided by Sergio Osmefia, was in 1906.

The first general elections in the Philippines took place on July 30, 1907, for members of the first Philippine Assembly . . The first Speaker of the Assembly was Sergio Osmefia.

353

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The first Resident Commissioners to the United States were Benito Legarda and Pablo Ocampo.

The establishment of the University of the Philippines was in 1908.

The great eruption of Taal Volcano was in 1911.

The great eruptions of Mayon Volcano were in 1766, 1814 and 1928.

The Autonomy Law was approved on August 29, 1916.

The creation of the Council of State was in 11)18.

The Council of State was abolished by General Wood.

The National Guard was created in 1918.

The first Independence Mission to the United States was in 1919.

The last Independence Mission was in 1933.

There were ten independence missions altogether before the Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed.

The first Philippine Legislature, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, was inaugurated in 1916.

The first president of the Senate was Manuel L. Quezon.

The first speaker of the House of Representatives was Sergio Osmefia.

The reorganization of executive departments was under Harrison.

25,000 Filipinos offered their services to the United States for the World War in 1921.

The Cabinet Crisis took place in 1923.

The Constitutional Convention took place in Manila from 1934 to 1935.

The inauguration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was on November 15, 1935.

The first President of the Commonwealth was Manuel L. Quezon.

The first Vice-President of the Commonwealth was Sergio Osmefia.

354

GENERAL INFORMATION The first Speaker of the first National Assembly under the Commonwealth government was Gil M. Montilla.

The first act of the Commonwealth government was the National Defense Law. The first Filipino division superintendent of schools was Camilo Osias.

The Bureau of Science was founded in 1902 by Paul C. Freer.

The first Tourist Association in the Islands was headed by James Steel (Mabuhay).

The Bureau of Education was created by Act 74 in 1901.

The first concrete office building in th~ Islands was the Kneedler Building.

The first Filipino opera was written by Pedro A. Paterno and set to music by Bonus, called Mwgdapio and staged at Zorilla Theatre in 1905.

The first recorded earthquake occurred in Manila on August ~O, 1658.

The first aeroplane company in the Philippines was the Philippine Air Taxi Co., or Patco.

The first Filipino-owned airway is the Inaec, or Iloilo-Negros Air Express Co. The first successful Filipino sugar central is Pasudeco or Pampanga Sugar Development Co., Inc. The first to establish electric tramways in Manila was the Meralco, or the Manila Electric Light Co. The first tramway line was from Manila to Caloocan pulled by horses.

The first Japanese insurrection in the Islands was in 1606.

The first newspaper in the Philippine was Del Superior Gobierno in 1811.

The first book printed about the Philippines was in 1523.

The first book printed in Ilocano was Libro a N aisuratan in 1621.

355

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The first Bisayan Vocabulary was written by Fr. Alonso de Mentrida in 1637.

Pobres Frailes caused Rizal's deportation to Dapitan.

The organ of the Filipino patriots in Sp~in was La Solidaridad, founded by Graciano Lopez-Jaena in 1899.

The best edited daily during the Spanish regime was Dia1'io de Manila.

The oldest Spanish paper in the Islands is El Come1路cio, now combined with La Opinion.

The oldest American newspaper here is The Manila Daily Bulletin, 1900.

The first known printed book in the Islands is Doctrina Cristiana Tagala-Espanola by Dominican printers 111 1593.

The ten best Philippine books are listed in Volume I of this Encyclopedja, the first and only one of its kind.

The first attempt to write an encyclopedia was by Calderon.

The second attempt was by G. Nieva.

Modesto de Castro was the prince of Tagalog prose writers.

Antonio de Pigafetta wrote the first Voyage Around the W01路ld.

The first American paper printed here was The Bounding Billo1.v, printed on board the Olympia.

The oldest Spanish owned daily is El Mercantil, 1902.

The first Chinese newspaper here was Kong Li Po. The first newspaper to issue morning and afternoon editions was El Porveni1路 Filipino, 1863.

One of the oldest weeklies was El Noticioso Filipino, 1821.

The first professional journal was El Faro Juridico, 1882.

The first organ of the Spanish government was Boletin Oficial de Filipinms in 1852.

The first provincial newspaper was El Eco d,e Vigan in 1884.

The genuinely native press was El Ilocano by Isabelo de los Reyes in 1889.

356

GENERAL INFORMATION The first all Tagalog paper was Ang Patnubay ng Catolico in 1890.

The first Filipino economist was Gregorio Sanciangco.

The mouthpiece of the Katipunan was Kalayaan.

The first provincial paper to support the Revolution was El H eraldo de Iloilo.

The most influential newspaper of the Revolution was founded by Antonio Luna in 1898 called La Indeperl,. dencia.

The first American official pUblication was the Official Gazette which appeared when the Amerioons came in 1898.

The prince of Tagalog poets' is Balagtas.

The first king of Balagtasan was Jose Corazon de Jesus or Huseng Batute.

The oldest Tagalog novelist is Lope K. Santos.

The first Filipino woman writer was Rosario de Leon of Pampanga.

The first Filipino poetess was Leona Florentino, an Ilocana.

The writer of the popular P(J;Sion is Dr. Pilapil. ' The contemporary of Balagtas was Joseng Sisiw.

The first Tagalog to write a critical biography of a Filipino is Faustino Aguilar.

The first woman novelist is a Visayan, Magdalena Jalandoni. .

The best Pampango poet was Juan C. Sotto author of Alang Dios and Lydia..

The first Pampango dramatist was Proceso Pabalan.

The first Pampango novelist is Aurelio A. Tolentino.

The man to writ~ the most famous epic in Pampango is Pedro Fajardo, author of Gonzalo de Cordoba.

The first Pampango newspaper was Ing Emangabiran.

The Hospital de San Jose was founded in 1641.

The Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded in 1596.

The San Lazaro Hospital was founded in 1578.

357

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The Hospital de Lazarino de Palencia was founded in 1872.

The Hospital de Aguas Santas in Los Banos was founded in 1602.

The Hospicio de San Jose was established in 1810 and reopened in 1828.

The Enfermeria de N aga was established in 1583 by the religiosos of Albay and Camarines.

Inspeccion General de Minas was established in 1837.

The Manila Observatory of the Jesuits was founded in 1865.

The first royal decree for Comision de la Flora de Filipinas was in 1876.

The Comision Agronomica de Filipinas was founded in 1881.

The Comision Especial de Estudios Geologicos y Geograficos' was in 1885.

The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established in 1887.

The Museo-Biblioteca was created in 1887 and organized in 1891.

Colegio Farmaceutical de Filipinas was founded by Manila pharmacists in 1892.

National University was founded by Mariano F. Jhocson in 1901, formerly Colegio Filipino, its first president being Camilo Osias.

The Centro Escolar de Senoritas, now the Centro Escolar .

University, was founded in 1913 by Librada Avelino.

The University of Manila, formerly Instituto de Manila, was founded by Apolinario G. de los Santos in 1920.

The Far Eastern University was founded in 1933.

The Mapua Institute of Technology was founded in 1925.

The Nautical School was founded in 1901.

The Philippine Women's University was formerly the Philippine 'Women's College headed by Mrs. Francisca Tirona Benitez.

The Adamson School of Industrial Chemistry, the first of its kind, was founded in 1933.

358

GENERAL INFORMATION The Philippine General Hospital was established in 1910, supported by insular funds. rfhe St. Paul's Hospital was founded in 1905 by the Archbishop of Manila.

The Santiago Hospital was established in 1902.

The Chinese General Hospital was founded in 1891 by 路Carlos Palanca.

The St. Luke's Hospital was founded in 1907.

The Mary Johnston's Hospital was founded in 1908 by Dr. Rebecca Parish.

The Mary Chiles Hospital was founded in 1911 by Dr. W. N. Lemmon.

The Bureau of Science was established in 1901 by Act No. 156.

The Bureau of Health was established in 1898.

The Bureau of Agriculture was established in 1901.

The Bureau of Forestry was established in 1900.

The Bureau of Public Welfare was established in 1915.

The Coast and Geodetic Survey was established in 1905.

The Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de Filipinas w.as founded

by Filipino pharmacists and doctors in 1899.

The Gota de Leche was founded by Dogherty in 1907.

The Manila Medical Society was founded in 1903.

The Philippine Scientific SocietY was established in 1923.

The first medical book was written by Father Clain in 1712.

Another medical book was by Santa Maria in 1768, MediC'inas Caseras.

The Plantas Med~cinales de Filipinas of Tavera was published in 1892 and translated into English by Thomas in 1901.

The first Filipino to found an asylum in 1885 was Sor Asuncion Ventura, Asilo de Looban.

The first Filipino to study and write on Philippine flowers was an Augustinian priest, Ignacio de Mercado.

359

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE, PHILIPPINES One of the greatest Spanish botanists here was Sebastian Vidal y Soler.

The first to make geological study of the Isles were Enrique Abella y Casariego and Jose Centerio.

The first to make study of conchology in the Islands was Gonzalez Hidalgo.

The first European to discover gold deposits in the Philippines was Fr. Jose Torres, 1829-1831.

Blumentritt wrote many things about the Islands without seeing them.

Padre Juan Peguero gave Manila potable water.

The Carriedo Water System which supplied Manila with drinking water is stil1 good.

The illustrious bishop of Nueva Caceres who contributed much to Philippine science was Francisco Gainza.

One of the early missioners was Juan Prieto who wrote on Ifugaos,. Kalingas and Y rrayas.

Fray F. de Borja introduced indigo here.

Father M. Vazquez introduced in Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan the planting of potatoes and beans.

The 'f amous cartographer was Padre Pedro Murillo Velarde, a Jesuit.

The famous Filipino engraver was Bagay.

The best Spanish scientific expedition was under Alejandro Malaspina.

The oldest drug store here is Botica Boie founded in 1830

by Dr. Lorenzo N egrao.

The developer of scientific agriculture was governor Basco.

The introduction of smallpox vaccination was on April 15, 1805, by order of King Charles IV of Bourbon.

The first Filipino to head the Bureau of Science or the first appointed Filipino Director of Science is Angel S. Arguelles.

The world-famous Culion Leper Colony was created on August 22, 1904.

3;60

GENERAL INFORMATION The most precious Philippine flower is the orchid known as waling-waling.

The oldest lighthouse in the Philippines is the Farola at the mouth of Pasig river, erected in 1846.

The first case decided by the Court of Appeals was rendered on June 4, 1936.

The first case flIed in the Supreme Court wason October 11, 1901.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was the founder and first Filipino head of Masonry in the Philippines.

The Filipiniana Collection is the richest and most valuable on things Philippine.

The modern Filipino religion is Aglipayanism. , Coal was discovered here in 1827.

Chromite was first found in Zambales.

The percentage of literacy in 1918 was 49.2 9"0 The proclamation of the 'Republic was in Kawit on June 12, 1898" but its capital was in Malolos, Bulacan.

The Holy Child of Cebu was given by Magellan to Cebu in 1521.

The galleons used by the Spanish government in the Acapulco-Manila trade were built in Sorsogon, especially on the island of Bagatao, at the entrance of Sorsogon Bay. The peerless and perfect cone in the world is Mayon Volcano.

The Filipino \-rho tried to found a kingdom in Pangasinan in 1660 was Malong.

The Silliman Institute, now a university, was founded by Dr. Horace B. Silliman of New York in 1901, now maintained by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions.

Leyte before was called Tandaya, the first to receive the name Filipinas.

361

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Mohammedanism was introduced into the Archipelago by three men-Makdum, Rajah Baguinda, and Abu Bakr (1450-1480) .

Prior to American occupation the Mexican silver peso was the principal monetary unit in the Islands.

The first bank to issue notes was Banco Espanol-Filipino.

The Monte de Piedad was organized in 1882.

The Philippine National Bank, which is the official depository of the Philippine government, was established in 1916.

Humonhon Island was haptized by the discoverer as the Watering Place of Good Signs.

Mactan was originally known as Matan.

Sulu was called Solar by Duarte Barbosa.

Mindanao was formerly known as M agindanOIO or "that which is inundated."

Bohol was originally written Bojol-the place where Magellan's Concepcion was burned-the place where Sikatuna made blood compact with Legaspi.

Manila came from Maynila1d -meaning where small mangrove trees bearing white flowers grow in abundance.

Rui Lopez de Villalobos gave the name Filipinas to the islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain in 1542.

Luzon came from the Chinese words Lu-zung, meaning "far away land."

Palawan was known to the Chinese since 982 as Palan-yu and later on as Puloa,n .

Samar came from the words Zama,l or Ibabao, being the first island seen by Magellan here.

N egros was formely known as Panilougon or a region inhabited by blacks.

J 010 was called Seilani and Baybay.

Cebu was formerly kno'wn as Soghu or Sugbu.

362

GENERAL INFORMATION The 33rd International Eucharistic Congress will be celebrated in Manila, Philippines, in February, 1937. Cardinal Dennis Dogherty is the Papal Legate.

The Augustinians established themselves in the Philippines in 1565.

The Dominicans arrived in the Islands in June, 1587.

The Recollects came to th.e Islands in 1606.

The Franciscans established themselves here in 1577.

The Capuchins arrived in the Islands in 1886.

The Benedictines came here in September, 1895.

The Jesuits went to the Philippines in 1581 and returned to the Islands in 1859.

The Paulists arrived here in 1862.

The Sisters of Charity came to the Archipelago in 1862.

The first villa of the Spaniards was Cebu.

Volcanic eruptions occurred on January 3, 1641, in Zamboanga, which lasted half an hour, with cannon-like thunders.

Tupas was baptized on March 21, 1567, when Goiti came.

The Virgen de Acapulco arrived in the Islands on March 25, 1626, during Tabora's time. This is now the Nuestra Senora de la Paz y Buen Viaje in Antipolo, Rizal.

The founder of Taytay, Rizal, was Padre Pedro Chirino, the first Jesuit to speak Tagalog.

The first Christian Bikol was Pedro Tabao, when he was baptized on March 26, 1587.

The Spanish flag was first planted on Limasawa island on March 31, 1521.

Before 1898, Filipinos had been Prime Minister of Spain, Governor General of the Islands, Delegates to the Spanish Cortes, and Generals in the Spanish Army.

During Spanish sovereignty, Filipinos had been bishops in the Roman Catholic Church, presidents and professors of colleges and members of European learned societies.

363

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Filipinos were before the Americans came authors of many books in different languages and artists honored internationally.

Filipinos were before the closing of the Spanish rule lawyers, bankers, and physicians abroad, and also students in Hongkong, United States, India, Japan, England, France, Germany, Belgium, ~olland, Switzerland, Italy, and Spain.

The first street railway was a native enterprise.

The first private steamer in the Islands was owned by a Filipino.

One thousand years ago Manila merchants sold their products and manufactures in Canton, China.

The Philippines because of Legaspi became Spanish and the only Christian people in the Orient.

Until 1845 the Islands were under the Spanish government of Mexico.

American business men were already in the Philippines before the arrival of Dewey.

Filipinos were the body-guards of General F. Townsend 'Ward in Shanghai, 1860-1862, and helped in Chin!l's Ever Victorious Army.

In 1645 Filipinos desired a republican form of government, and J agor prophesied it. In 1898 the Filipinos fought for it, and in 1935 America gave them the Commonwealth.

The three origins of Philippine culture and civilization were Asiatic, Spanish and American.

Mariano Ponce and Marcelo H. del Pilar were from Bulacan . .Bulacan was called the Sarong Bayani during the Revolution.

Cagayan province of Luzon was explored first by Salcedo in 1572 and later during the administration of Guido de Lavezaris, 1572-1.575.

364

GENERAL INFORMATION The adventurer who drove the Japanese corsair Tayfusa from Cagayan was Captain Juan P. Carreon in 1581.

Lal-Io, now Nueva Segovia, of Cagayan was founded by Captain Carreon.

The revolutionary forces under Col. Daniel Tirona took Aparl'i in 1898.

Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur formed for over two centuries one political unit-Ambos Camarines or Bikol.

Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte provinces were separated in 1529 and reunited in 1854, joined in 1854 and separated in 1857, and again reunited in 1893 and separated in 1919.

Camarines Norte was explored in 1571 by Juan de Salcedo.

Gold in Mambulao and Paracale attracted Salcedo in 1571.

Spanish influence was felt in Camarines when a Spanish garrison was established in Naga by Captain Pedro de Chaves.

Nueva Caceres was founded by Captain Chaves by order of Governor de Sande and became the capital of Camarines.

Capiz came from the Bisayan word Kapis, the name of pearl ~hells abundant on the coast.

The ancient name of Capiz "vas Aklan.

Antique was called by the Bornean settlers Ma:diaas, after a lofty mountain of the same name and divided into three sakops-Hantik, Aklan and Irong-Irong.

Panav came from the Spanish word Pan hay.

BiMlIaS, or Visayas, came from the native name of the inhRbitants of the Bisayan Islands.

Abra was founded by the Augustinians in 1598.

The first explorer of Albay was Luis Enriquez de Guzman in 1569.

Albay was formally created in 1636.

Datu Somakuel was the founder of Malandog, the first ~ettlement of Antique.

365

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Antique was created into a politico-military province in 1790.

The first Spaniard who visited Baguio was Guillermo Galvey in 1829.

The man who made plans for the improvement and beautification of Baguio was the landscape architect D. H. Burnham.

Mariveles was formerly Kamaya in honor of a nun.

Batangas was formerly called Bantayan, Bombon, Balayan, Batangan.

Datu Balensuela and Datu Dumangsil settled in Batangas long before the Spaniards arrived.

Batangas was explored by Martin de Goiti and Juan de Salcedo in 1570.

Batangas province was created in 1581.

Taal was in 1732 the capital of Batangas.

Batangas was the capital of Batangas in 1754.

Coffee was introduced in Batangas in 1814.

Lipa was the greatest coffee-producing town in the Philippines, specially in 1887.

Two great revolts broke out in Bohol, Tamblot's in 1622 and Dagohoy's in 1744.

Sikatuna and Legaspi in 1565 made their blood compact.

Bukidnon came from the name of the home of the Bukidnons.

Malitbog and Claveria of Bukidnon were founded in 1849.

Bulacan was one of the earliest provinces founded by the Spanish government in 1578.

The towns settled and founded by the missionaries north of Manila in Luzon were Calumpit in 1572 and Meycauayan in 1576.

When the British occupied Manila Anda established his government in Bulacan in 1762.

Datu Bangkaya founded the first Malay settlement of Capiz.

The Spaniards entered Capiz in 1569.

366

GENERAL INFORMATION Legaspi built the second Spanish settlement on Panay Island.

Cebu, the first Spanish settlement in the Islands, was formerly called San Miguel.

Capiz was organized into a politico-military province in 1716.

Cavite was a politico-military province in 1614.

In Cavite the ships for the Manila-Acapulco trade and for the expedition against Moro pirates were fitted out.

Cavite was attacked by the Dutch in 1647 and a military mutiny led by Lamadrid also took place in Cavite in 1872, resulting in the execution of Burgos, Zamora and Gomez.

Cebu (Zebu) was the first Spanish settlement which was prosperous before the Spaniards came and founded it in 1521 and called it San Miguel, and then changed it to the "The Cit~ of the Most Holy Name of Jesus."

Opon was under the leadership of Lapu-Lapu when Magellan came.

When the ownership of the archipelago was disputed between Spain and Portugal, the Portuguese sent expeditions in 1568 and 1575 when they blockaded Cebu.

Sinamay comes from the Bisayas.

The first Spaniard to lead an expedition to Mindanao in 1525 was J ofre de Garcia.

Cotabato means in Moro "stone fort."

Urdaneta and Loaisa were the first Spaniards to visit Cotabato.

The first attempts to conquer Maguindanao were by Rodriguez de Figueroa in 1560 by occupying Tampacan, and

by Pedro de Almonte forty-three years later.

Cotabato was visited in 1851 by the Spaniards who made Pollok as a naval base.

The Moro sultan and his father Datu Arnirol were the first to recognize Spanish authority in Mindanao.

367

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The capital of Mindanao for about three years was Cotabato in 1872.

The man who led a successful expedition to Davao was Jose Oranguren, a Spaniard, in 1874.

The first capital of Davao was Vergara in honor of the home town of Oranguren.

In 1844 Governor Figueroa of Zamboanga and Agustin Bocallan obtained Davao from the sultan of Mindanao, being then under the jurisdiction of the sultanate of Mindanao.

The first governor of Davao or Nueva Guipozcoa was Jose Oranguren.

The northwestern region of Luzon was bâ‚Źfore known as Ilocos and the settlements were Laoag and Vigan.

The Spaniards made the Ilocos region the province of Ilocos with Vigan as the capital in 1818.

In 1572 Salcedo made a trip along the Ilocos coasts and occupied Laoag.

Laoag means clear, light, formerly called Iluag.

It was in Dingras, Ilocos Norte, when in 1589 the first important revolt against the collection of unjust tributes by the encomenderos had taken place.

In Laoag occurred two revolts of consequences, one 1788 against the tobacco monopoly and another in 1807 against the wine monopoly.

Salcedo, the encomendero and lieutenant governor of Ilocos, gave the Ilocos provinces their early days of prosperity.

The Spanish city of Fernandina-Vigan-was founded by Salcedo.

In the history of Ilocos Sur two early revolts occurred, Malong's in 1660 and Silang's in 1763.

The place where the ten datos of Borneo landed on Panay Island is the present town of Miagao, Iloilo.

The founder of the first Malay settlements in Iloilo was Datu Paiburong.

368

THE MANILA STAGE FOR THE XXXIII INTERNATIONAL

EUCHARISTIC CONGRESS

GENERAL INFORMATION The first Spanish large settlement in Iloilo was Oton.

Arevalo, Iloilo, was founded by Governor Ronquillo, 15801583.

Iloilo was evacuated by the Spaniards in 1898.

The province of Isabela was created with Ilagan as capital in 1856.

Palanan, a town of Isabela near the Pacific coast, was Aguinaldo's headquarters until his capture by the Americans in March, 1901.

Calamba, Laguna, is the birthplace of Jose Rizal.

Corralat's stronghold was in Lancitan on the coast of Lanao.

Spanish authority was established in Lanao only during Governor Blanco's time in 1894.

La Union province was created in 1854.

On Limasaua island, near Leyte, Magellan met Rajahs Colambu and Siagu who feasted him and his companions: the first sign of Filipino hospitality.

In the early Spanish days Leyte was under the jurisdiction of Cebu.

Carigara, Leyte, was the center of the revolt of Bancao in 1622 when he erected a temple in honor of the Diwatas.

In 1874 Tacloban, the capital of Leyte, was opened to foreign trade.

When the Spaniards came to Manila the city was ruled by Raj ah Soliman.

The northern bank of Pasig was ruled by Rajah Lakandola, king of Tondo, when the Spaniards .arrived in Manila.

Legaspi founded the city of Manila and called it the "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City."

Manila city is the birthplace of the Katipunan Society.

The curate of Tondo, Padre Gil, was the priest who discovered the Katipunan on August 19, 1896.

Manila fell into American hands on August 13, 1898.

The city of Manila received its charter on August 7, 1901. a69

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ' THE PHILIPPINES Mashate Island was explored in 1569 by Capt. Luis Enriquez de Guzman.

Mindoro was first visited by the Spaniards in 1570.

During the 17th and 18th centuries Mindoro witnessed the struggles between the islanders and the Moro pirates.

Mindoro was named from the Spanish phrase Mina de Oro, or gold mine.

The first Spaniards to arrive in 1672 in Misamis province were the Recollects in Cagayan of Oriental Misamis.

Corralat was ut the time the Spaniards came to Misamis the Mohammedan king of Mindanao.

The original inhabitants of the Misamis provinces were the Bukidnons.

Mountain Province was explored in 1663.

Guillermo Galvey was the greatest Spanish explorer of the Mountain Province.

The famous TiJa (~irad) Pass is in Lepanto where General Gregorio del Pilar made his gallant stand.

Under the American rule, Benguet was the first in the mountain province to be organized as a province with Baguio as its capital in 1900.

The terrace-building people of the world are the Ifugaos of Mountain Province.

The constructio'n of the wonderful Ifugao rice terraces took, according to Professor Beyer, from 12 to 15 hundred years of time.

The Island of Negros was created in 1879 into two politicomilitary provinces-Occidental N egros and Oriental Negros.

The old name of Negros Island was Buglas, later named Negros by the Spaniards, on seeing the Negritos there.

The island of N egros had led the islands in the production of sugar since Spanish occupation.

Dumagllete, capital of Oriental Negros, was formerly known as M anaguit, a name given by Moro pirates.

370

GENERAL INFORMATION Nueva Ecija province was named after the native city of Governor Fausto Cruzat y Gongora in 1705.

The first eight provinces to join the Philippine Revolution were-Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Morong (Rizan, Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite.

Cab''l.natuan, capital of Nueva Ecija, was the place where General Luna was killed.

In 1839 Luis Lardizabal made Nueva Ecija a politico-military province.

The most famous Spanish expedition to Nueva Vizcaya was that led by Mariano Oscarriz in 1847 and 1848.

Taytay of Palawan was the Spanish bulwark of authority in 1730 against Moro invasion.

Palawan received the Mohammedan influence about the same time as' Mindanao did.

Palawan was in 1818 known as the province of Calamia-nes.

The chief industry of the people of Palawan is fishing, such as gathering trepangs, seashells and edible birds' nests.

Pampanga came from Pampang-along the bank of a river.

The king of lVIacabebe of Pampanga said, "May the sun split my body into halves and may my woman folks heap their hatred on me if I should ever become a friend of the Castilians."

Goiti conquered in 1572 the greater part of Pampanga.

Two revolts broke out in Pampanga, the first in 1645 connected with unjust tributes, and another in 1660 on account of forcible employment in cutting timber, led by F. Maniago.

Pampanga was created in 1571 as a province.

One of the oldest provincial churches in the Islands is in Lubao, Pampanga, built in 1572.

The first capital of Pampanga was Bacolor, the seat of Anda's revolutionary government.

Pampanga is second to Negros in the production of sugar.

Early chroniclers called Pangasinan "Layug na Caboloan."

371

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES An early kingdom existed in Pangasinan with Kasikis as king, and with his capital Sapan Palapar.

In the 13th century Lingayen was alluded to by Chao-JuKua as Li-[{ing-Tung.

De Goiti explored Pampanga, Tarlac and Pangasinan.

In 1585 Franciscan missions penetrated the Layung na Caboloan kingdom in Pangasinan.

Pangasinan was created into a province in 1611.

Limahong tried and failed to found a settlement in Agno River, Pangasinan, in 1574.

Andres Malong led a revolt in 1660 in an attempt to found a kingdom with Binalatongan, Pangasinan, as capital, and with central Luzon, as his goal.

Another Pangasinan revolt was led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris in 1762.

Rizal province wa~ named after Jose Rizal, the most beloved of Filipino heroes.

The first Spaniard to visit Rizal was Juan de Salcedo.

Rizal province was formerly called Morong.

In 1763 the British commander Backhouse reached Lipa, Batangas, in search of the treasure of the galleon Philippine, but failed; so he plundered the town of Lipa.

Romblon is famous for her marble.

Romhlon was called by Loarca Donblon.

Romblon suffered considerable damages from raids both from the Dutch and the Moros.

Samar was at the coming of Magellan called Zamal by the natives.

Palapac, Samar, was the seat of Sumuroy's revolt in 1649, caused by enforced labor in shipbuilding.

Casiguran in Sorsogon was the Spanish mission center in order to secure hold of this province.

In 1669 priest Espellargos invented the hemp-stripping machine which gave Sorsogon or the Bikol province prosperity.

372

GENERAL INFORMATION Many galleons, ships, vessels, and steamers crushed and sank since Spanish days in San Bernardino Strait.

The most seafaring people in the Islands are the inhabitants of Sulu-having had commercial transactions with foreign traders long before the Spaniards arrived in the Islands.

The great Mohammedan leader and teacher in Mindanao was Abu Bakr whose power, 1450-1480, was felt not only in Mindanao but also in the Bisayas and in Luzon.

The first Spanish occupation of Jolo was under Governor Corcuera ip 1638.

The earliest Moro converted into Christianity was Bantilan.

Ali Mudin in 1737 revised the Sulu code of laws, had parts of the Koran translated into Sulu, prepared the ArabicSulu vocabulary and tried to suppress piracy.

In 1850 Spain obtained a better foothold in Sulu by the incorporation of the Sultanate of Sulu into the Spanish Monarchy.

Surigao was once part of the old province of Caraga on northeastern Mindanao; Caraga, meaning the name of the inhabitants there when the Spaniards arrived.

It was Villalobos, a Spaniard, who in 1543 explored Surigao, but the first to explore this province was the Portuguese Francisco de Castro in 1538.

In 1543 Bernardo de la Torre named Surigao Cesare Karoli in honor of Charles V, then king of Spain.

In 1752 Surigao suffered severely from Moro raids, her population of nearly 2,000 were killed or carried away to Siargao.

Tarlac, Tarlac, was founded in 1686.

Tarlac revolted against Spain in 1762, led by Palaris.

Tayabas was explored by the Spaniards in 1571 and created into a province in 1591 under the name of KalilayOJ, now Unisan.

373

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES In the annals of Tayabas was the Cofradia revolt in 1841

by Apolinario de la Cruz, King of the Tagalogs.

Zambales was explored in 1572 by Juan de Salcedo.

The first capital of Zambales was in Masinloc, then removed to Iba. Zambales came from the name of the people ZOtmbOtls who inhabited this place.

The bravest sympathizers of rebels are the Zambals as proved during the Pampanga revolt of 1645 and the Malong revolt of 1660.

Legaspi touched Dapitan, Zamboanga, in 1565, one of the oldest towns of the Philippines and where Rizal was banished.

Spanish missionaries were already in Zamboanga in 163!.

Dapitan was founded by the inhabitants from Bohol.

In 1636 the Governor of Zamboanga defeated Tagal, famous brother of the sultan of Mindanao, when 300 Moros perished in the battle off the coast of Point Flechao Fort Pilar of Zamboanga was founded by Juan de Chaves in 1636.

Zamboanga was the capital of Mindanao from the beginning to the end of the Spanish rule in the Philippines, except when Cotabato became the center of government between 1872 and 1875.

The oldest church in the Philippines is the Church of San Agustin in Manila; its cornerstone was laid in 1599 and its construction supervised by Antonio Herrera.

In the chapel of San Agustin rest the ashes of Legaspi, Salcedo, Lavezaris and others.

In the vestry of San Agustin the terms for the American occupation were signed in 1898.

The oldest university under the American flag is the University of Santo Tomas founded in 1611 by Father Benavides.

374

GENERAL INFORMATION Diego de Santamaria founded San Juan de Letran College in 1630.

The famous educational site in the islands is the corner of General Luna and Calle Victoria, Intramuros, where three Jesuit institutions once stood.

The Jesuit Church of San Ignacio was designed by Felix Roxas in 1878.

The Powder Magazine is in Intramuros, built with massive double walls by Governor Fernando Valdes y Tamono Fort Santiago was built by Governor Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, 1590-1593, in place of the wooden palisade of Rajah Matanda.

San Sebastian Church is the only steel church in the Islands, designed by Genaro Palacios and manufactured in Belgium.

The Church of San Vicente de Paul was built in 1883.

The Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila was first built in 1581. Its dome is the reference point of all astronomical longitudes of the Archipelago.

The Church of Nuestra Senora de Guia was the oldest shrine of Our Lady in the Philippines and built prior to 1606. This is now in the Cathedral.

The first chapel of the Church of Santo Domingo was inaugurated on January 1, 1588, and t~e first church was built by Alonso Jimenez in 1592.

The Intendencia Building which houses the Mint and Treasury of the Philippines was built by Tomas Cortes in 1823.

The Ayuntamiento's cornerstone was laid on January 31, 1753. This edifice was the seat of city administration during Spanish rule and of insular administration in American regime.

375

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The Mint of the Philippines was inaugurated on March 19, 1861, in the building where the Bureau of Education is now located.

The Botanical Garden was established in 1858 by Governor Fernando N orzagaray.

The Cliurch of the Recoletos was erected in 1608 by the Recoleto fathers.

The Santa Ros~ Beaterio and College for girls was founded about 1750 by the Dominican Tertiary, Paula de la Santisima Trinidad.

The Looban College was founded by Sor Asuncion Ventura, a Filipina, native of Bacolor, Pampanga, and a Sister of Charity, in 1885 for the education of poor girls, now known as the Asilo de Looban, noted for excellent emhroidery and needlework.

The Manila Railroad Company was the first of its kind in the Philippines, authorized by royal decree on June 26, 1875; its cornerstone at Tutuban was laid on July 31, 1887, and the entire Manila-Dagupan line completed in 1892. " The Concordia College for girls was founded in 1868 by Margarita Roxas de Ayala, a Filipino woman, and administered by the Sisters of Charity.

The Beaterio is the religious institution canonically approved by the Holy See on March 24, 1931, founded in 1694 by Ignacia del Espiritu Santo, a native of Binondo.

The Church of the Third Order of the Franciscans was founded about 1611 by Jose de Santa Maria, with its first chapel built in 1618.

The Church of Sampaloc's first chapel was built in honor of our Lady of Loreto in 1613.

The' Franciscan Church's first chapel was constructed of nipa and bamboo in 1577; its cornerstone was laid by Governor de la Torre in 1739.

376.

GENERAL INFORMATION .Malacafiang Palace was purchased in 1802 from Luis Rocha by Col. Miguel Jose Formento, and sold to the Spanish government in 1825: it was the residence of Spanish and American governors, now of the President of the Philippines.

The Ateneo de Manila, Alma Mate):' of Rizal, was formerly Escuela Pia in 1859, then Ateneo Municipal de Manila in 1865, and now Ateneo de Manila since 1901.

EI Parian, a Chinese walled suburb, was bombarded in the Chinese uprising of 1603, set on fire in 1639, and dispersed in 1860.

The Parian Gate of Intramuros, named officially in 1782, was the communicating gate between the Walled City of Manila and the Chinese community, a place where in Spanish days flowed Spanish civilization.

The Araullo High School was formerly Escuela Municipal for girls in 1892 under the Sisters of Charity, Hospital for Spanish soldiers during the Spanish-American War, Manila Grammar School, Manila Normal School, Manila High School, 1930, and then Araullo High School on June 8, 1930, in honor of Chief Justice of the Su~ preme Court, Manuel Araullo.

The Casa Real of Simon de Anda y Salazar was in Bacolor, Pampanga.

The first Archbishop of the Philippines was Domingo Salazar.

The first Filipino acting governor under the American occupation was Rafael . Palma. .

Rizal's pseudonym was Dim(l,<~alang.

The last Speaker of the Philippine Legislature was Quintin Paredes.

The President of the Constitutional Convention, 1934-1935, was Claro M. Recto, former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.

Crissot was the pen name of Juan Crisostomo Soto.

377

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Plaridel was the pseudonym of Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Mariano Ponce's name was Kalipulako.

T(~ga"'/log was A. Luna's pen name.

Juan Totoo was J. Zulueta's pen name.

The first general elections in the Islands were held in 1907.

The first presiding judge of the Court of Appeals was Pedro Concepcion.

According to Dr. Laubach, illiteracy here is the lowest in percentage.

The first and only Filipino Sister who became Directress of the Spanish institution, Colegio de Santa Isabel, founded in 1594, is Sor Candida Ocampo, a native of Camarines Sur. The Philippine government paid '7,000.00 for Rizal's library including the original of Ultilmo Adios.

The best Filipiniana collection is the one in the National Library of the Philippines.

THE FILIPINIANA COLLECTION:

Tabacalera collection ................... .

Noli Me Tangere (manuscript) ......... .

El Filibusterismo (manuscript) ......... .

Rizal's manuscript (bought from Maximo Viola) ............................. .

Rizal's French notebook (manuscript) ... .

Pardo de Tavera's collection ............ .

Ponce's collection ...................... .

Zulueta's collection .................... .

Retana's collection ..................... .

Le Roy's collection .................... .

Pacto de Sangre (manuscript) .......... .

Mabini's manuscripts (including La Revolucion Filipina) ....................... .

Jernegan's collection ................... .

Minutes of the Katipunan .............. .

378

P220,000 25,000 10,000 10,000 1,000 25,000 24,000 18,000 15,000 2,600 2,000 2,700 1,000 1,000

GENERAL INFORMATION Villamor's manuscript ...................

350 Pasion de Jesucristo (manuscript) .......

225 Old Music pieces (classical operas) ......

202 Santos' collection .......................

19,250 Lete collection ..........................

5,500 Artigas collection .......................

4,620 Other acquisitions of the Filipiniana .....

70,000 The Constitution of the Philippines was signed in blood by one of the delegates, Gregorio A. Perfecto.

The biggest source of Philippine revenue is, first, from import duties, 3004 0/0 of the annual income, second, from license and business tax, 20 %, and third, from excise tax, 16.570 (1937 budget).

The Department of Public Instruction spends 28.9 0/0 or P18,703,634 and the Philippine Army 24.6 % or P15,955,972 of the first budget of President Quezon, P64,767,138.

Out of the. 1937 budget of the President, 30 0/0 are for salaries and wages, 24.6 0/0 for the Philippine Army, 17 0/0 for aid to local governments, 12.3 % for public debts, 4.5 % for consumption of supplies and materials and the rest for miscellanies.

President Quezon caused a memorial mausoleum in August, 1936, to be erected in Guam in honor of two Filipino heroes who died in exile there-Colonel Lucas Camerino, leader of the Paliparan battalion, and Pio Barican, former president of the district of Sta. Cruz, Manila.

The largest budget of the Philippines was in 1920P84,453,806.00 and the smallest was in 1918P51,051,724.50.

The first American Archbishop in the Islands was Harty.

The first Filipino Archbishop during American rule was Reverend Juan B. Gorordo.

The first Filipina novelist in English is Felicidad V. Ocampo.

379

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES The first Filipino novelist in Spanish was Pedro A. Paterno, author of Ninay.

Monte de Piedad. the oldest savings bank in the Islands, was established in 1882 by a royal decree of the Spanish government.

The words of the official hymn of the XXXIII International Eucharistic Congress (Manila, February 3-7, 1937) were written by E. Barcelon and the music was composed by Father Carceller.

The Guihulngan Church in the province of Negros Oriental was adjudged by the late Dr. K. Butterfield as one of the most effective community serving church in all the world.

380

VI. MISCELLANEA Sports I

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PHILIPPINE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES

By DR. REGINO R. YLANAN National Physical Director AIMS

To provide practical and usable information about health and the development of skills, habits, and attitudes for wholesome living.

To give the student an opportunity for vigorous wholesome activity necessary for promoting health and for proper growth and full physical development.

To develop habits, knowledge, and sufficient skill in desirable activities, in gymnastics, aquatics, dances, games, sports, athletics, and outdoor recreations for leisure time use during school and for use in later years after graduation.

REQUIREMENTS

All collegiate students should be required to take two years of physical education at least two hours a week during the first two years of residence in the college. First year students should be required to take during the first semester one hour of personal and community hygiene lecture, ill addition to two hours of practical work.

All elementary and secondary school students should be required to take physical education at least three hours a week during their stay in school. In addition to the above requirements, all elementary and secondary students should be required to take physiology, hygiene, and sani381

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES tation, in order that they may acquire knowledge, skills, habits, and attitudes important for health.

PROGRAM OF ACTIVITIES

To adequately meet the physical education needs of the students there should be provided a comprehensive all-year-around program of activities to include the following: Gymnastics and folk dances, aquatics (swimming, water polo, rowing) , athletics (cycling and track and field), combative sports (for men students: boxing, wrestling, pistol and rifle shooting; for women students: arcbery, pistol and rifle shooting) and games (basketball, baseball, soccer football, volleyball, and tennis, for men; vollayball, indoor baseball and hockey for women). In addition to the above activities group games, mass recreational activities and other forms of vigorous play for pupils in elementary grades, should be provided.

The aim of the program should be educational and should include required physical work, intramural and, to a certain degree, inter-institutional contests in organized athletics. Muscular and athletic education for the mass of students should be emphasized. The program should reach every boy and every girl in school every day, if possible, and reduce the percentage of pupils who do not know how to play.

The physical education activities in schools should be adopted to the age and strength of the pupils in schools.

Intramural and inter-institutional athletics for women should be limited to those events considered suitable to their sex.

EQUIPMENT

Adequate facilities in the way of playgrounds and athletic fields and equipment should be provided. The problem in city schools and in many private institutions with reference to physical education, is one of large groups 382

GENERAL INFORMATION and small inadequate play spaces. Each school should have a play and athletic field of at least two hectares, cleaned, drained, graded, surfaced, and laid out into play fields for sports and athletics. Each college or university should have, in addition to adequate athletic field for intramural and organized inter-institutional athletics, adequate dressing rooms and shower facilities. Inexpensive gymnasium facilities suitable for the tropics for use by students in folk dancing and formal gymnastics, during rainy season, should be provided, whenever possible.

MEDICAL AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION, TEST AND MEASUREMENT

Daily health inspection for the general hygienic condition of the pupils in school should be conducted by classroom teachers. Periodic health examination by medical officers for the detection of early signs of disease, defect and deformity should be carried out in schools and colleges.

Treatment of school pupils and college students who are discovered to be suffering from illness and remediable defects, should be given school clinics and college infirmary, respectively, or referred to family physicians.

The weight and height of every pupil in school should be taken once a year for the purpose of determining the proper nourishment and the normal growth and development. Physical tests and measurements should be required of every new student matriculating in a college or university.

The program of physical activities for the school and college groups is intended for physically sound, normal students only. All candidates for intramural and interinstitutional organized athletics must present a certified stntement from a medical officer of their physical fitness.

This procedure should be followed strictly in order that games and organized athletics may build the physique of the students rather than ruin their health.

383

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES SUPERVISION AND DIRECTION

Physical education in each school, public or private, should be in charge of a trained director of physical education or coach, according to the size of the s~hool. But this athletic officer should be a member of the faculty 9f the school. The director should be responsible to the principal of the school. Each team should be in charge of a coach or assistant coaches, who, in turn, are responsible to the director. Classroom teachers should be used to assist in mass group games, mass athletics, gymnastics and folk dances. In order that the program would be effectively organized, and well supervised, there should be appointed supervisors of physical education who will guide the efforts of the directors, coaches and teachers in the fields. To systematize direction and to coordinate the work throughout the country, there should be established in the Department of Public Instruction a Central Office of Physical Education which will have authority and supervision over the physical education of each school, college and university, including control and regulation of organized inter-institutional games and athletic contests.

FINANCE

How to finance such a comprehensive physical education program is a problem. The supervisors of health and physical education should take the place now occupied by the supervisors of health and sanitation. Trained directors of physical education can be appointed as members of the teaching staff, the same as what is being done at present in the Insular normal school and the Manila city high schools. The office now under the Secretary of Public lnstruction can be converted into a State Central Office of Physical Education with the corresponding authority and supervisory power. With additional appropriation from the Insular Government, a division and an office of Health and Physical Education might be created in the Bureau 384

GENERAL INFORMATION of Education and the Commissioner of Private Education, respectively, instead of the state Central Office of Physical Education.

An athletic fee for physical education might be adopted as follows: PO.50 in elementary grades; P1.00 in secondary schools and P2.00 in colleges and universities.

This amount will be used to finance the entire program, including the purchase of equipme~t, uniforms, transportation, etc.

TRAINING OF ATHLETIC DIRECTORS AND COACHES

Coaches and athletic directors are regarded as highly important teachers of youth whose professional qualification must be that of the best. To provide such type of trained coaches and directors, there should be established a national school of physical education under the University pf the Philippines or jointly under the University of the Philippines, the State Office of Physical Education, and the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation. Such a school can be established in the Rizal Memorial Field and should train men and women who have athletic backgrounds and whose physical condition and inclination is along athletics and physical education lines.

RESEARCH

Research studies on the effects of the various phases of physical education program adopted for the Philippine schools, colleges, and universities, study of games, folk dances, and other recreational forms among different groups of Filipinos; comparative study of growth and physical development of the various "mestizo" groups and study. on the effect of the program on girls and women students in schools and colleges, these and other problems, should be included in the research studies to be conducted, either under the Central Office of Physical Education or under the National School of Physical Education.

385

II ATHLETIC PROGRESS IN THE PHILIPPINES

By JORGE B. VARGAS P,'esident, Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation Mernbe,', International Olympic Committee INTRODUCTION

In discussing athletics in the Philippines the author has in mind those physical activities that are highly specialized, systematized and organized, such as competitive team games like baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, tennis, and boxing-sporting events that have heen included in the Far Eastern Championships and in the World's Olympics in which the Philippines has participated.

From the days of ancient Greece to the present time four characteristic attitudes on the culture of the body have found expression in the social life: namely, the aesthetic, the ascetic, the military, and the scientific. The educational question uppermost in the minds of the Greeks was: How can strong, wise and efficient men be produced?

To the Greeks harmonious development of the abilities and capacities within was conditioned on harmonious development of the physical body. Their ideal of the strong mind in a strong, body was naturally opposed to that of a strong body and a weak mind, or of a strong mind in a weak body.

They believed that the aims of athletics were the generation of health, strength, adroitness, self-possession, dignity, temperance, and the "control of passions and emotion by reason." The chief exercises consisted of running, jumping, throwing the discus and the javelin, wrestling and swimming. Grace of body, symmetry of form furnished the themes for poets, philosophers, sculptors, and painters.

The breadth of aims and charity of purpose, as well as the means of realizing them, have exerted an influence upon ages. The achievements of the Greeks along this 386

GENERAL INFORMATION line have been a constant source of inspiration to modern civilization. The revival of the Olympics attests to this.

Asceticism was the monastic ideal, and the significance of the word in its original Greek meaning indicated the training, the endurance, and the discipline of the athlete that was necessary in the preparation for physical competition. The figurative use of the word implied that discipline was necessary to bring into subjection the desires, pleasures, and passions of the flesh so that the soul would be free for the things of the spirit. This ideal was found in the belief that the soul and the body are separate, independent, and antagonistic to each other. Hence, among some of the early religious brotherhoods, destruction of the body through mutilation, penance, and flogging was not uncommon because of the belief that flesh was the cause of all evils. This unworldly ideal was considered negative because it meant physical destruction.

In feudal times the ideal was chivalry. The knights were given all sorts of training, mostly physical in nature, to protect the weak, the feudal lords, and Christianity.

In modern times the view on these physical activities had its origin in the belief that to work the' mind was to work the body. All situation response connections had their appropriate concomitants. The responses to thinking, feeling and willing could take place without the corresponding bodily process.

These attitudes have been carried down to our times with slight variation in each country, perhaps in accordance with national ideals. They found expression in the athletic system of each country ever emphasizing individual and national efficiency. Athletics in most European countries has been developed to produce strong, self-reliant, patriotic citizenry for one purpose, namely, to protect the fatherland and make it a greater nation. This is especial387

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES ly true among less democratic states. But in the more democratic states, emphasis on athletics is not so much on national efficieney as on the individual well-being.

Here in the Philippines. as elsewhere, athletics has its place in the national scheme of life. It has been developed not so much to produce "record-breaking athletes" as to produce virile, healthy, and physically efficient citizens.

It is hoped that through athletics well-balanced Filipinos will be developed, and that they will be not only physically efficient but intellectually a.nd socially fit as well; they, in turn, it is hoped, will produce a disciplined, unified, patriotic, and efficient nation.

EARLY HISTORY

Organized athletics in the Philippines is a little over three decades old, and it came into being through American Occupation. The first American teachers and the American ~oldiers of occupation introduced their sports in the country, and the Filipinos readily adopted them. Cockfighting, which was the popular pastime in the Islands upon the arrival of the Americans, rapidly gave way to athletic sports as the Filipinos gradually learned to play them. The strenuous athletic games had enough competitive element to appeal to their fighting instinct, so that slowly but surely these games developed. Customs and prejudices which sometime hinder the development of things Occidental in the Orient gradually died out. This condition could be ascribed to the influence of European culture. Even the older people who were at first opposed to these games as being harmful by reason of their strenuous character were gradually won over. Athletics under such atmosphere cannot help progressing.

It was really the Bureau of Education that played an important role in the introduction and development of organized athletics in schools. . The first American teachers 388

GENERAL INFORMATION that came to the Philippines were the real pioneers of organized school athletics in the country. Some of them were former college athletes themselves, and it was but natural that they included athletics in the school activities.

It was not long before every pupil, even girl, possessed a desire to exhibit his or her play instinct in some form of school sport.s. And the only reason why athletics did not reach every boy and girl in the school was lack of sufficient equipment and adequate facilities. It must be admitted here that this has since been one of the school problems not on]y of the Bureau of Education but also of every institution of learning in the Islands.

It is interesting to note that baseball, which was reaUy the first American game to be introduced here, had its origin in the games and contests among the American soldiers in the early days of occupation. The Army posts scattered all over the Islands had equipment and facilities for the recreation of enlisted men. Various leagues and tournaments were conducted which have since served as an impetus to the development of competitive athletics in the country. These posts have been for several years important athletic centers.

At first the Filipinos were merely interested spectators, but very soon, however, as they learned the fine points of the game, they began to play, it. So popular was this game among the boys that every vacant lot around where the soldiers were stationed had become a miniature baseball diamond. The boys used whatever stick they could get hold of as bat and played with crudely home made balls patterned after those used by the Americans.

Very soon Filipino teams were organized in the neighborhood.

The game at first was not popular among the boys in school as they had not been used to strenuous sports. They could see no reason why they should tire themselves out in 389

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES it when there were less strenuous diversions at hand. Keen rivalry among schools helped to do away with this attitude.

Side by side with the development of baseball was the growing interest shown by school boys in track and field. The inclusion of other Western sports in the school program opened up new avenues for athletic activities among the boys as well as among the girls.

ORGANIZATION OF ATHLETIC UNITS

When the people showed signs of interest in the various games, the government helped by financing teams and equipping schools. It was not, however, until 1905 that athletics received suhstantial encouragement. It was the Hon. W. Cameron Forbes, who later became GovernorGeneral of the Philippines, that stimulated interest in school sports by providing athletic equipment to schools showing the greatest progress, and, later, to each province and division under the same condition. Teams were organized and competition was well on its way.

Several factors have contributed in bringing about the raising of the standard of athletic competition in this country. First, the organization of athletic entities; second, the formation of leagues; third, national and international championships; and fourth, the construction of adequate playing fields and the establishment of athletic facilities. These factors have stimulated interest in competitive sports and have helped develop them as well as raise the standard of competition.

The Bureau of Education was the first to organize athletic associations. It had adopted a comprehensive program of competitive sports, the object being to bring into competition as many pupils as possible. The program started with inter-school competition; this was followed by inter-district, provincial, inter-provincial meets, and finally by the national interscholastics. So effective has 390

GENERAL INFORMATION this program been that for several years the Bureau supplied the athletes to represent the Philippines in the Far Eastern Championship Games.

The first inter-provincial association organized was the Bicol Athletic Association composed of the provinces of Albay, Ambos Camarines, Sorsogon, and Masbate. Its first meet was held in 1905. Today there are eleven wellorganized associations under the Bureau of Education holding yearly meets ending with national interscholastics.

The attitude of the Bureau as regards athletics is best expressed in the slogan which it had adopted-"Play for Everybody." 'rhe effectiveness of this program can be ascribed to the fact that the officials of the bureau believe in the physical improvement of the Filipinos through athletics-a fact which can be accomplished through the help of thousands of teachers under them who serve as agents in carrying out this program.

The events of the athletic meets include baseball, track and field, volleyball, tennis, basketball, and swimming for boys; and indoor baseball, volleyball, track and field, swimming, and tennis for girls. Girls used to play basketball, but this was dropped in 1913 because it was considered very strenuous for them.

The inter-provincial meets are preliminary meets to national interscholastics, and the national championships, the latter held in Manila every year and conducted under the auspices of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation.

Practically every provincial high school has an athletic ground provided with facilities for baseball, track and field, indoor baseball, basketball and tennis.

Coaching is mostly handled by former college athletes now engaged in teaching. The lack of technically trained coaches has always been of the chief problems of athletics in this country. 路What training the school coaches had was achieved during their competitive days as athletes.

391

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Besides the public schools there are several entities promoting athletics among their members. The United States .Army, Philippine Department, was the first entity to promote athletics in the Philippines. It conducted leagues and tournaments which served to stimulate the development and promotion of amateur sports in the Islands. In the early days there were Army teams all over the Archipelago; they provided competition to the school teams and athletic clubs which were organized in large towns. In these posts were found strong teams and star athletes who figured prominently in various contests in the United States. These teams set the standard of competition in the Philippines at a high level. When the American soldiers were gradually withdrawn from the provinces, the barracks and athletic fields were taken over by the civil authorities. Several provinces became the owners of excellent athletic facilities, but they lost strong opponents which provided training for their athletes . .

The American enlisted men were gradually replaced

by Filipino scouts, many of whom were athletes in their schools. These boys have kept up the good work of their American predecessors and have defended the Army colors in many important championships.

The Army has an effective system of athletics which brings into competition practically every enlisted man in the unit. Inter-regimental meets and tournaments, interpost leagues and annual department athletic championships which usually last from seven to nine days are held each year at Fort 'W illiam McKinley, Rizal, to determine the relative strength of the various teams and individual athletes, and also to select competitors to represent the Army in the annual national championships. The events adopted in military meets and tournaments include baseball, track and field, basketball, volleyball, swimming, boxing and wrestling. The Army has produced several star athletes 392

GENERAL INFORMATION who represented the Philippines in the Far Eastern Cham. pionship Games and in the World's Olympics. The first Philippine representative in the World's Olympics at Paris was David Nepomuceno, a sprinter from the Army. Teo· filo Yldefonzo, another star athlete from the Army, placed third in the 200-meter breast stroke at Amsterdam in 1928, and again at Los Angeles in 1932. He represented the Philippines for the third time in the last World's Olympics in Berlin. Jikirum Adjaluddin is another star athlete of the U. S. Army who competed in the last two World's Olympics. These are only a few of the many star athletes turned out by the U. S. Army who have performed credit. ably for the Philippines in international meets.

Private institutions have likewise taken competitive athletics in a big way. Some of them have a decided ad· vantage over many gove:rmment schools as they maintain adequate playing fields, swimming pools, and up-to-date gymnasia. Heretofore, with few exceptions, the public schools were the only ones engaged in organized athletics.

Even to this day, the provincial high school athletic fields remain the only playing fields available in provincial cap· itals and ]arge towns.

In 1934, private institutions of learning began to take active part in athletics. In that year the National Colle· giate Athletic Association was formed. At first it was composed of colleges and universities, but later it was reorganized, and the universities formed the "Big-3." At present the Association has six members actively engaged in athletic competitions: Ateneo de Manila, De la Salle College, San Beda College, Mapua Institute of Technology, ,J ose Rizal College, and San Juan de Letran College.

The athletic program of the N.C.A.A. includes basketball, track and field, swimming, tennis, and soccer foot· ball. These are conducted in leagues and tournaments.

The season starts with hasketball, followed by swimming, 393

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES soccer football, tennis, and track and field. The Association lays stress on basketball. Every unit has two teams, junior and senior, competing in the basketball league each year.

The inclusion of junior championships in this league, together with intramural basketball series conducted by the different colleges before or after the N.C.A.A. season, provides a constant supply of basketball materials to the association. These youngsters are being developed into brilliant players as the years go by. This system of developing basketball teams is responsible for raising the standard of the game in the country. The Association has perhaps done more for basketball in the Islands than any other ()rganization. Certainly the success of the Philippine national teams in the past Far Eastern Games and in the last World's Olympics held in Berlin has been due in large measure to the support given by the Association.

Partly because the other events in the N.C.A.A. program require a great deal of expense for training and equipping teams, and partly because many N.C.A.A. units are new in athletics and are not familiar with baseball, track and field and swimming, these sports do not receive as much attention as th.at given to basketball. There is no other. association in the Philippines, however, which encourages Floccer football as the N.C.A.A. does. The N.C.A.A. has stimulated football in the country. The football players who represented the country in every Far Eastern Games since 1913 have been developed in colleges which are now competing units of the N.C.A.A. While athletics is being promoted in schools and colleges, the universities have done their share in stimulating interest in it in order to give the benefits of such physical activity to every student enrolled. The University of the Philippines, the University of Sto. Tomas, and National University, members of the erstwhile "Big-3," the Philip394

GENERAL INFORMATION pine Women's University, and recently the Far Eastern University, have been active in promoting organized sports among their students. Practically all these universities are engaged in all competitive sports-baseball, basketball, track and field, swimming, soccer football, boxing, and tennis. They compete in leagues and tournaments, and conduct intramurals of evp.rybody. They are responsible to a certain degree for the success of Philippine national baseball, boxing, track and field, tennis, and swimming teams in the Far Eastern Championship Games.

Besides these institutions and the U. S. Army, there are other entities that promote athletics among their mem路 bers, among whom are ex-college athletes. Among these units may be mentioned Casino Espanol de Manila which has competed in several soccer football leagues; Calamba Sugar Estate whieh has competed in the Manila Bay Amateur Baseball League and has won the league championship for the last four years; Government Employees Athletic Association; Laong Laan Tennis Club; Philippine Columbian Association; Young Men's Christian Association which has been conducting leagues and tournaments; and the Nomad Sports Club which has been conducting football and hockey leagues and tournaments among its members who are British. Some of these units have done their share in contributing to the success of the Philippine national teams in international competitions.

. .

LEAGUES AND TOURNAMENTS

In addition to the meets and tournaments conducted by these units promoting athletics in the Philippines, there are various leagues and tournaments held by clubB and other athletic organizations in Manila and in other important provincial towns. The Manila Bay Amateur Baseball League, the Manila Soccer Football League, the Amateur Boxing League, the Manila Swimming League, the Manila 395

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Bay Amateur Basketball League, and the Manila Secondary School League are among the important associations promoting competitive sports.

All the various leagues and tournaments are preliminaries to prepare the athletes for the annual national championship games, which are really the climax of all competitive sports during the year. The championship games are open to Filipinos, Americans, and foreigners.

NATIONAL CHAMPIONSHIPS

The annual national championship games include the following events: baseball, track and field, swimming, basketball, soccer football, volleyball, tennis, boxing, wrestling, weight-lifting, sipa, handball and cycling for men; and swimming, track and field, indoor baseball, volleyball, tennis for women.

The Philippine records in track and field, swimming and the performance of the Filipino athletes in boxing, baseball, basketball, and other team events compare favorably with those made in South America and in continental European countries.

The national records made by Filipino athletes are not far below the World's Olympic records. They are the following:

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21.8 sees. N. de Guzman, Alaminos Academy, 1935; A. M. Salcedo, U.S.T., 1936 49.8 sees. G. Candari, N.U. 1:57.3 M. Andes, U.S. Army (P. S.), 1934 4 :06.1 P. Y. Yatar, Bureau of Education, 1936.

34:17.4 P. Y. Yatar, U.P. 42 sees. U.P. (Candari, Cristobal, de Guzman, Navallasca), 1936 3 :20.3 P.I. National Team (Estrada, White, Candari, Alhambra), 1934 15.00 sees. F. V. Casia, U.S. Army (P.S.) 53 sees. M. S. White, U.P., 1934 6 ft. 4-5/8 in., S. Toribio, Silliman Institute 25 ft. 1 in. N. Ramirez, U.S.T., 1936

200-METER DASH .........•

BROAD JUMP..............

400-METER Low HURDLES...

HIGH JUMP ...............

1l0-METER HIGH HURDLES..

1,600-METER RELAY ........

10,OOO-METER RUN.........

400-METER RELAY. . . .. . ....

1,500-METER RUN ..........

400-METER RUN BOO-METER RUN

Philippines 10.5 sees. A. M. Salcedo, U.S.T., 1936

Events 100-METER DASH..........

TRACK AND FIELD

52 sees., G. Hardin, U.S.A., 1932 6 ft. 7-15/16 in., C. Johnson, U.S.A., 1936 26 ft. 5-21164 in. J. Owens, U.S.A., 1936

14.2 sees. F. Towns, U.S.A., 1936

30 :06.2 Kusoeinsky, Poland, 1932 39.2 sees. U.S.A. (Owens, Metcalfe, Drapper, Wykoff), 1936 3 :08.2 U.S.A. (Fuqua, Ablowich, Warner, Carr), 1932

3 :47.8 J. Lovelock, N.Z., 1936

46.2 sees. Carr, U.S.A., 1932

World's Olympics R. Williams, Canada, 1930; E. To· lan, U.S.A., 1932; R. Metcalfe, U.S.A., 1933; J. Owens, U.S.A., 1936. 10 seconds 20.7 sees. J. Owens, U.S.A., 1936

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200-METER BREAST STROKE .,

1,500-METER FREE STYLE 100-METER BACK STROKE

400-METER FREE STYLE

100-METER FREE STYLE

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JAVELIN THROW ...........

DISCUS THROW ............

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Events Hop, STEP AND JUMP

SWIMMING 59.8 sees. J. Adjaluddin, U.S. Army (P.S.), 1935 5:14.7 Eli Misaya, Bureau of Education, 1935 21 :52 Tuburan Tamse, U.P. 1 :09.5 N. A. Christiansen, Unattached, 1936 2:45.9 T. Yldefonzo, U.S. Army (P.S.), 1934 9 :42.8 N.C.A.A. (Tuburan, Arasad, J akaria, Ali)

Philippines 47 ft. 9-1/2 in. R. Evangelista, Mountain Province 12 ft. 5-1/2 in. M. Sujeco, U. S. Army (P.S.), 1936 42 ft. 5-1/8 in. W. Ray, Jr., U.P., 1936 140 ft. 5-3/8 in. A. Amante, Bureau of Education, 1935 185 ft. 8-1/16 in. J. V. Antonio, U.P., 1934 7,107.21 Points, D. R. W. May, U.S. Army (P.S.)

8:58.8 Japan (Yusa, Siguira, Taguchi, Arai) , 1936

2:44.9 Ramuro, Japan, 1936

57.5 secs. Taguchi and Yusa, Japan (T.R.) 1936 4 :48.4 sees. J. Medica, U.S.A., 1936 19 :12.4 Gitamura, Japan, 1932 1 :05.9 A. Kiefer, U.S.A., 1936

World's Olympics 52 ft. 6 in. N. Tajima, Japan, 1936 14 ft. 3-1/4 in. E. Meadows, U. S.A., 1936 52 ft. 1-13/16 in. Woelke, Germany, 1936 165 ft. 7-1/8 in. K. Carpenter, U.S.A., 1936 238 ft. 7 in. M. Jarvinen, Finland 1932 7,900 Points, G. Morris, U.S.A., 1936

TRACK AND FIELD-(Continued)

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GENERAL INFORMATION FAR EASTERN CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES

Ever since the Far Eastern Athletic Association was organized in 1913, the Philippines has always been represented by a complete athletic delegation. It had teams that competed in every event of the Far Eastern Games regardless of whether the games were held at home or abroad. At first the Philippine government contributed part of the expenses of the Philippine delegation, but later, however, the expenses were borne entirely by an allotment appropriated by the government for this purpose. Far Eastern Games have progressed steadily both from the standpoint of the quality of performance and that of better relationships among the competing nations.

The games have afforded an important training to Philippine athletes for the World's Olympics. Competition with the other peoples of the Far East in friendly rivalry has developed in them proper attitudes towards their opponents and due appreciation of the finer points of the various games as well as the ideals for which these meets had been organized. Hence, the importance of these Games cannot be under-estimated. They are preliminaries to the athletic classic known as the World's Olympics of the modern era.

The records of the Far Eastern Athletic Association show that the Philippines won the championships as follows: Track and Field-1913 to 1921, 1925 Swimming-1913, 1919, 1921, 1927 Baseball-1915, 1919 to 1925, 1934 Volley Ball-1913, 1919, 1923, 1925, 1934 Basketball-1913 to 1919, 1923 to 1934 Tennies Singles-1913, ] 921 Tennis Doubles-1919, 1921 Soccer Football-1913 399

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES WORLD'S OLYMPICS

The World's Olympics is the consummation of the athletes' efforts; it is the goal of their ambition. And the Filipino athletes are just like any other athletes in their desire to compete in this classic. Day in and day out they trained diligently to develop skill and other prerequisites which will enable them to take part in this international meet and to win individual honor and glory.

In the first Philippine participation in the World's Olympics held in Paris in 1924, one representative was sent, David Nepomuceno, a sprinter from the U. S. Army whose best performance was 10.8 seconds in the 100 meters and 22.5 seconds in the 200 meters. At Paris he failed to qualify in either event although the time made in his heats was slower than this usual records. The eight days he Bpent for training prior to the contest after having gone through the 32-day trip across the Indian Ocean was not sufficient to put him in condition for the games.

In the second Olympics held at Amsterdam in 1928, in which the Philippines participated, two track athletes and two swimmers were sent to compete. This time the Filipino athletic authorities having profited from the experience of the previous meet, sent the men early enough to enable them to devote one month for training in Holland.

The showing of the Filipino representatives in track and swimming was gratifying. The high jumper, Simeon G. Toribio, scored three points by finishing fourth after tying for second place at 6 feet 3-1/ 4 inches in the event. The breast stroke swimmer, Teofilo Yldefonzo, scored four points by placing third in the 200-meter with a record of 2 minutes 562/ 5 seconds. The track sprinter, Anselmo Gonzaga, qualified in the first eliminations of the 100meter dash, but failed to place in the second series. The long distance swimmer, Tuburan Tamse, was apparently greatly affected by the low temperature of the water, for 400

GENERAL INFORMATION he could not swim the distance anywhere near his usual performance.

The Philippines was represented in the Los Angeles Olympics in 1932 by a bigger delegation. In addition to track and swimming, the Philippines competed in boxing.

One track athlete, three swimmers, and four boxers were sent. Simeon G. Toribio, competing for the second time, placed third in the high jump after tying for first place at 6 feet 5-3/ 8 inches to score four poin't s for the Philippines. Teofilo Yldefonzo, also competing for the second time, again placed third in the 200-meter breast stroke with a record of 2 minutes 48.4 seconds and scored another four points for the Philippines; while Jikirum Adjaluddin placed fifth in the same event with a mark of 2 minutes 49.2 seconds to score two more points. In boxing Jose Villanueva placed third in the bant amweight division to score four points, while Jose Padilla, Jr., John Gray, and Carlos Padilla were eliminated in the elimination round.

In the Berlin Games the Philippines was represented by twenty-nine athletes, four of whom, Simeon G. Toribio, Teofilo Yldefonzo, Jikirum Adjaluddin, and Jose Padilla, Jr., were veterans. Toribio and Yldefonzo competed in the 1928 and 1932 Olympics; Jikirum and Padilla, in the 1932 Olympics. In addition to track, swimming, and boxing, the Philippines competed in wrestling, basketball, and shooting. The Philippines was represented by two sprinters, two hurdlers, one high jumper, one broad jumper, five boxers, one wrestler, two shooters, and ten basketball players. Simeon G. Toribio qualified for the final in the high jump, but failed to place when he could not clear the bar at 6 feet 1 inch. Antonio M. Salcedo and Nemesio de Guzman both failed to qualify in the 100 and 200 meters trials. Miguel S. White placed third in the 400 meter low hurdles with a record of 52.8 seconds, and thus gave the Philippines its first four points. Nino Ramirez and 401

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Teodoro Malasig faIled to qualify in broad jump and 400 meter low hurdles, respectively. Enrique Jurado was eliminated in wrestling; Martin Gison placed fourth in the final of the small-bore rifle shooting to score three points; Jose Obial failed to qualify in the 100-meter free style; Felipe K. Nunag was eliminated in the second round of the boxing championship, flyweight division; Jose Padilla, Jr. was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the lightweight division; Simplicio de Castro was also eliminated in the quarter finals of the welterweight division; Oscar de Larrazabal was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the bantamweight division; Felipe Gabuco was eliminated in the elimination round; Teofilo Yldefonzo placed seventh in the final of the 200-meter breast stroke with a record of 2 minutes 45.6 seconds; Nils A. Christiansen was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 100-meter back stroke; Jikirum Adjaluddin was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 100 meter free style and the 200 meter breast stroke. Arasad Alpad was eliminated in the semi-finals of the 20D-meter breast stroke. The basketball team fared better, but although they only lost one game and won five, they placed fifth under the Berlin intricate scoring system. Mexico, which they beat, lost two games but placed third. The only team to which the Philippines lost was the United States which won the championship.

OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONTESTS

In the early days of athletics the Philippines limited its international contests to those held in the Far East.

The athletic performance of the local boys was not considered good enough to allow them to compete against American or European opponents. Although as early as 1908 and later, prominent American baseball teams visited the Islands (the University of Chicago team and the American Big League baseball players), they played mostly against 402

GENERAL INFORMATION strong local American teams. With the exception of professional boxing in which the Filipinos excelled early, it was only during the last fifteen years that the Filipino athlete developed the desire to measure his strength against the best athletes of foreign countries.

In 1926 the Philippines challenged for the Davis Cup tennis championship in the American Zone. The Filipino team drew Japan in the first round, and Japan won 5 to O. In 1928 the Philippines again challenged in the Davis Cup, but this time the players were sent to compete in the European Zone. The Filipino representatives drew Austria in the first round, and the former lost, 1 to 4, in Vienna.

In 1935 the Philippines sent a baseball, track and field, and boxing teams to Japan for a series of dual meets.

The Calamba Sug路ar Estate baseball team, Manila Bay League champion, was sent and played a series of games in Japan. It won seven games and lost six. The Philippines also lost in track, but made a commendable showing.

The boxing team won three out of the five encounters.

Besides the teams that had been sent abroad to represeI}t the Philippines in international meets, various entities have, from time to time, sent teams to the United States, Japan, China, Java, Indo-China, and the Federated Malay States. Among the teams which had made invasions abroad were the All-Filipino professional baseball team which competed in the United States in 1913; and the All-Filipino team which went to Hawaii in 1923. The former played against high class minor league teams and good semi-professional ball clubs, and lost the majority of its games. The latter team, although composed of players who won the Far Eastern Championship at Osaka in 1923, failed to play the brand of game to which they were accustomed because of poor management and dissensions among its members.

403

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Two soccer football teams competed abroad-the All路 Manila team composed of young college players which prayed a series of matches in Java and Singapore in 1927, and the All路Manila team composed largely of young players from the various colleges in Manila which played a series of matches in Java in 1935. The former team made a good showing against Dutch teams composed mostly of mature and experienced players. The latter team played ten games, won seven, tied two, and lost one.

In the summer of 1928, four Filipino track men took part in an international meet held at Bandoeng, Java.

Considering the fact that the meet was held under adverse conditions, the Filipino representatives performed splendidly.

Two Filipin0 basketbal1 teams went to Japan and China for a series of games in Sl).anghai, Tokyo and Osaka.

The first team represented the Universit y of the Philippines, and with the exception of one defeat in Shanghai, it won all its games. The second team representing the University of Sto. Tomas made a perfect record by winning ali the games it played both in Japan and in China.

In 1929 the first Philippine-Formosa dual swimming meet was held at Taihoku with the Philippines WInning the championship by the score of 56 to 8 points, losing only two first places. Some of those who competed against the Filipinos later qualified for the team which represented Japan in the Far Eastern Games held at Tokyo. In the second dual meet held in Manila in 1931, the Philippines won again, the score being 34 to 29. But in the 1933 meet held in Taihoku, the Formosans won by the score of 37 to 27 points. In 1935 the meet was held in Manila, and the Philippines won the championship.

Besides these activities, several meets and tournaments were conducted in Manila between visiting teams and the local boys. In addition to the visits of the big 404

GENERAL INFORMATION league players and other American baseball teams already mentioned, Japanese teams representing Waseda and Osaka, Chinese teams known as the All-Chinese and Mandarin representing Honolulu, the American Big League team coached by Connie Mack of the Philadelphia Athletics and headed by "Babe" Ruth, Lou Gehrig, and other outstanding players of the American League teams, and the Honolulu Braves visited Manila in 1915, 1929, 1934 and 1936, respectively. The Malaya Command composed of British soldiers at Singapore and the picked team composed of Chinese and Javanese players from Soerabaya also came to Manila and took part in the national soccer football championship in 1935. In the same year a crack American track and field team headed by Ralph Metcalfe, Glenn Cunningham, Gordon Dunn, and Chuck Hornbostel participated in a series of track and field events held at the Rizal Memorial Track-Football Stadium.

Individual athletes and swimmers including Paddock and Murchison, American sprinters; Dr. Otto Peltzer, the German middle-distance runner; and Arne Borg, the Swedish champion swimmer, participated in meets held in Manila. Harold Smith and Zimaica, world's outstanding fancy divers, also performed in Manila. Several ranking tennis players also competed in national tournaments held on various occasions. In the early days, Bill Johnston, Fottrell, Dawson and Griffith, Kumagai and Mikami were here for the championships. Later, Church and Throckmortion; and then more recently the Australians, Moon Schwartz, Thompson, and Hasset, and the Americans, Gene Smith and Wayne Sabin, and Japanese and Chinese players were invited to participate in the local tournaments.

Vincent Richards, after turning professional, visited the Islands in 1926 and played exhibition matches against local players. In 1935 Henri Cochet, now a professional, also came to the Philippines and gave exhibition matches in 405

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Manila and in the Southern Islands with and against local players.

These meets and tournaments held in tne Philippines and abroad, together with the exhibition series, have done a great deal towards stimulating the interest of the people in the various sports and in raising the standard of competition.

ESTABLISHING OF ATHLETIC FACILITIES

One of the most serious difficulties encountered in connection with the promotion of athletics in the Philippines is the lack of adequate playfields and athletic facilities. Consequently the activities of the different units engaged in this promotional work are limited to forms of athletics that are inexpensive and which do not require large playing fields. However, during the past few years there has been considerable progress made in the acquisition of new sites for athletic fields and the construction of gymnasia. Important among the facilities built during the past few years are the gymnasium and the playfield of the University of Sto. Tomas, the gymnasium and playfield of Ateneo de Manila, the playfield of San Beda College, the athletic stadium of Bacolod, Occidental Negros, the ne"wly constructed De la Salle gymnasium, the Bulacan High School athletic field and the Iloilo provincial athletic field. But the greatest achievement in so far as the establishment of adequate facilities is concerned is the construction of a group of stadia in the Rizal Memorial Field which have just been completed. There is the spacious Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium to take care of baseball and other allied sports; the Rizal Memorial Track-Football Stadium for track and field, and football; the Rizal Memorial Swimming Stadium with two pools for children and for adults, and diving platform; the Rizal Memorial Tennis Stadium which is just newly roofed, so that indoor sports 406

GENERAL INFORMATION could be played there. This plant has been built from the proceeds of the sweepstakes, and cost over P1,500,000.00 COACHING

In the early years of athletics in the Philippines, all . the coaches and athletic directors were Americans who were former college stars. They did excellent work and developed some wonderful athletes. After these men returned to the United States they were replaced by Filipinos.

Today, practically all the coaching done in the schools and in some of the colleges is handled by former Filipino star athletes who ,graduated from various colleges and normal schools several of whom had training in coaching in the United States.

Coaching has been one of the problems of athletics in the Philippines. Lack of technically trained coaches and athletic directors has been partllY responsible for the slow progress of athletics in the country. In 1928, 1929 and 1930, with the cooperation of the Bureau of Education, the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation conducted at the Philippine School of Arts and Trades a Summer School for coaches in order to help teachers who handle physical education activities. But in 1931 this was discontinued.

In the summer of 1935 the Summer School for coaches was conducted in the Rizal Memorial Field.

THE ROLE OF THE PHILIPPINE AMATEUR ATHLETIC FEDERATION

The promotion of competitive athletics in the Philippines is in the hands of the Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, a national governing body which was granted a charter by the Philippine Legislature on December 7, 1925, to promote and encourage amateur athletic activities in the Philippines. The Federation, in order to promote and improve athletic sports among amateurs, has established uniform rules to regulate competitive sports in the 407

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Islands, and conducted a system of annual championships in every line of sport which it recognizes.

Under the provisions of the charter the P.A.A.F. has charge of the organization and direction of the training of athletes to represent the Philippines in international contests.

The Fed~ration has been in existence since 1911, and since that time it has established a clear line of demarcation between amateur and professional sports. It is now understood in the Philippines that to participate in competitive sports for . gain constitutes professionalism. The Federation has not. only encouraged the development of excellent individual performers, but has also fostered the idea of competition for everybody.

The Federation is a member of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, the International Soccer Football Federation, the International Swimming Federation, the International Lawn Tennis Federation, the International Boxing Federation, the International Basketball Association, and the International Baseball Federation. Its president, the writer of this article, is a member of the International Olympic Committee.

PROFESSIONAL BOXING

No article on athletics in the Philippines is complete without mention of the wonderful strides that have been made in the realm of professional boxing. Introduced into the Philippines shortly after American occupation, Filipinos have taken to boxing like ducks to water. The Philippines has produced two world champions-the immortal Pancho Villa, first Filipino flyweight champion of the world who died in California in 1925, and the present flyweight champion, Small Montano. Another Filipino might have been a world champion had not death cut his professional career too soon-Dencio Cabanela, lightweight, 408

GENERAL INFORMATION who was considered the greatest boxer the country has produced. Cabanela died in Australia in 1921. Along the Pacific Coast of the United States today Filipino boxers furnish the greatest drawing cards. Because of their natural size, they cannot dominate any division except that of the fly or bantamweight, although at present there is a Filipino welterweight fighter, Ceferino Garcia, who continues knocking at the gates of a world's championship.

It is indisputable that Filipino boxers are supreme in the Far East. Filipino boxers are famous in Borneo, Java, Australia, Hawaii and other countries for their skill and aggressiveness. In time we will probably be able to produce world champions in the feather and lightweight divisions, and then the world's professional boxing rings would be the better for it.

409

Typhoon Signals

DAY

First Signal-Syntbols.-Day symbol, a black T-Night symbol, three lights, white, white, white.

Meaning.--This signal may signify(a) Indications of a distant typhoon, the direction of whose movement is still unknown.

The signal will be changed in case the typhOOll becomes more threatening. (b) Typhoon whose direction or distance is at present such, that it may pass off without seriously- affecting the Archipelago. (c) Depression of little importance, though it may develop later into a typhoon.

Use.-Frequently used in the Philippines; seldom, if ever, in Hongkong.

Relation to the old system.-It is the same as the old signal No. l.

Second Signal-Sym,bols.-Day symbol, a black horizontal bar-Night symbol, three lights, white, green, white.

Meaning.-Center of typhoon will pass or is passing to the north (northeast or north or northwest) at a considerable distance. Strong winds from the southwest quadrant (west to south), which may acquire considerable force and continue for several days.

Use.-Used both in Hongkong and in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It is the same as the old signal No.2.

410

GENERAL INFORMATION

NIGHT r

Third Signal-Symbols.-Day symbol, a black inverted TNight symbol, three lights, green, white, green.

Meaning.--Center of typhoon will pass or is passing to the southward at a considerable distance. Strong winds from the east quadrant (northeast to southeast), which may acquire considerable force.

Use.-Used both in Hongkong and in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It is the same as the old signal No.3.

Fourth Signal-Symbols.-Day symbol, a black diamondNight symbol, three lights, white, white, red.

Meaning.-Typhoon dangerous, though the danger is not yet imminent. Look out for the next signal.

Use.-Used in the Philippines as a transitional signal; seldom, if ever, used in Hongkong.

Relation to the old system.-It is the same as the old signal No.4.

Fifth Signal-Symbols.-Day symbol, black cone point upward-Night symbol, three lights, white, green, green.

Meaning.-Winds of gale force expected from the northwest (from north to west).

Use.-Used in Hongkong, but seldom, if ever, in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It is a new signal.

Sixth Signal-Symbols.-Day symbol, a black cone point downward-Night symbol, three lights, green, white, white.

411

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Meaning.-Gale expected from the SW (west to south) -Center of typhoon will pass or is passing to the northward at a short distance. Strong gales from the northwest and southwest quadrants (north over west to s.outh), which may reach hurricane force.

Use.-Used both in Hongkong and in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It corresponds to signal No. 5 in the old system.

Seventh Signal-Syrnbol.c:;.-Day symbol, two cones point upward-Night symbol, three lights, green, green, white.

Meaning.-Winds of gale force may be expected from the NE (from north to east).

Use.-Used in Hongkong; seldom, if ever, in the Philippines.

Relation tCI the old system.-It is a new signal.

Eighth Signal-Symbols.-Day symbol, two cones point downward-Night symbol, three lights, white, white, green.

Meaning.-Gale expected from the SE-Center of typhoon will pass or is passing to the southward at a short distance. Strong gales from the northeast and southeast quadrants (Rorth over east to south), which may reach hurricane force.

Use.-U.sed both in Hongkong and in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It corresponds to signal No. 6 in the old system.

Ninth Signal-Syrnbols.-Day symbol, black hour-glassNight symbol, three lights, green, green, green.

Meaning.-Gale is expected to increase.

Use.-Used in Hongkong only.

Relation to the old system.-It is a new signal.

Tenth Signal-Syrnbols.-Day symbol, a black crossNight symbol, three lights, red, green, red.

412

GENERAL INFORMATION

Meaning.-Center of typhoon will pass or is passing over or very near the place.

Used both in Hongkong and in the Philippines.

Relation to the old system.-It corresponds to signal No.7 in the old system.

Typhoon signals-Weather Bureau, Manila.

413

Holidays LEGAL HOLIDAYS

Sundays January 1, New Year's Day February 22, Washington's Birthday Thursday and Friday of Holy Week (movable) May 1, Labor Day May 30, Memorial Day July 4, Independence Day August 13, Occupation Day November 15, Inauguration of Commonwealth November 26, Thanksgiving Day November 30, Bonifacio Day December 25, Christmas Day December 30, Rizal Day All notes, drafts, checks, or other commercial or negotiable papers falling due or maturing on a legal holiday shall be deemed as having matured on the day previous; when preceding day is also a legal holiday, the paper shall be deemed as having matured on the last preceding day not a holiday.

Legal holidays falling on a Sunday shall be observed on the following day, and all notes, drafts, checks, or other commercial or negotiable papers falling due or maturing on that day shall be deemed as having matured the previous Saturday.

CHURCH HOLIDAYS (Observed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines)

All Sundays January 1, Circumcision January 6, Epiphany March 19, Saint Joseph March 28, Easter Sunday 414

GENERAL INFORMATION May 6, Ascension May 16, Pentecost May 27, Corpus Christi June 29, St. Peter and St. Paul August 15, Assumption November 1, All Saints Day December 8, Immaculate Conception December 25, Nativity of Jesus Christ

415

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Foreign Commerce of the Philippines

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The Port of Manila, 1936 Year Book, Manila Harbor Board.

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467 .6 463. 5 601.

407.

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486.

537.

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44.5 37.1 34.6 17.9 16.8 23.3 30.0 35.9 24.8 27.9 27.6 26.0 19.1 14.4 8.4 8.0 9.0 9.3

Grand total, foreign commerce, 1899 to 1935 ................ . . . .

296.0 264.3 395.0 249.0 223.7 270.8 315.4 356.7 343.2 375.0 398.9 434.1 367.1 291.1 267.9 269.7 292.4 258.6

P 6-,831,610,895 4,551,658,000

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Total trade with the United States, 1899 to 1935 ........................

Total trade with all other countries, 1899 to 1935 .....................

1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

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Evangelical (Protestant) Churches in the Philippines '" In May, 1898, three weeks after the battle of Manila Bay, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America instructed its Board of Foreign Missions to consider the possibility of sending Mission representatives to the Philippines. Various other Mission Boards in America joined with the Presbyterian in considering the responsibility placed on the shoulders of the American Churches by the entrance of the American government in the Philippines.

The first missionary representatives who were officially assigned by any board of Foreign Mission in America were Dr. and Mrs. James B. Rodgers of the Presbyterian Church in the United States who arrived in the Philippines in April, 1899. 'Ehey were closely followed by Dr. and Mrs. D. S. Hibbard who arrived in May, 1899, and by Dr. and Mrs. J. Andrew Hall, in 1900. Upon the arrival of these Presbyterian missionaries religious work was started at once in different places of the Islands-in Manila by Dr. Rodgers, in Iloilo by Dr. Hall and in Dumaguete by Dr. Hibbard. The work of these men started the Presbyterian churches in the Islands which became later merged with the United Evangelic.al Church of the Philippines.

Before any of the above named missionaries reached the Philippines, Bishop James 1. Thoburn of India visited the Islands in 1898. Bishop Thoburn in his visit appointed Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Prautch, lay workers from India who were opening a Soldiers' Institute, to supervise Methodist work in the Philippines. This marked the beginning of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Philippines.

* Prepared and written with the assistanoe of Dr. Enrique C. Sobrepefia and others.

418

GENERAL INFORMATION The following other church missionary organizations sent their representatives: The Church of the United Brethren in Christ sent as their first missionaries the Rev. Edwin S. Eby and the Rev. Sanford D. Kurts in 1901; The Church of the Disciples of Christ appointed Mr. Hermon B. Williams who served as an army chaplain in the Philippines as its first missionary in 1901; the Baptist churches started work in 1901 and the Congregational churches also in 1901. Other groups or organizations that responded to the challenge of religious work in the Philippines at the beginning of the twentieth century were the American Bible Society (an organization devoted to the distribution of Bibles), the Young Men's Christian Association, the Christian Missionary Alliance and the Seventh Day Adventist. .

The missionary organizations that sent representatives in the Philippines are all of the United States of America. The missionaries representing various Protestant churches naturally organized Philippine protestant churches after the pattern of the churches from which they came-the Presbyterian missionaries established Presbyterian churches; the Methodist missionaries, Methodist churches; the Baptist missionaries, Baptist churches; the Congregational missionaries, Congregational churches, etc.

The early protestant churches were organized according to the form of government, discipline and confession of their respective mother churches in America.

The early missionaries, however, had the great wisdom of organizing themselves into some form of federation for purposes of comity arrangements and effective evangelization of the entire Archipelago. For purposes of field operation, the different missionary representatives agreed to divide the entire Archipelago among themselves. With just slight modifications as the exigencies' of the times required, the different parts of the Islands were assigned 419

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES to different missionary groups in very much the same arrangements they are today, as follows: The Presbyterian-Southern Tagalog provinces, the Bicol provinces, parts of Western Visayas and all of Eastern Visayas.

The Methodist-Northern Tagalog p,rovinces, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambales and parts of Ilocos Sur and the Cagayan Valley.

The United Brethren-parts of Pangasinan and Ilocos Sur, La Union and the Mountain Province.

The Disciples of Christ-part of Ilocos Sur and the Cagayan Valley, IIocos Norte and Abra.

The Baptists路 Iloilo, Capiz, Negros Occidental and Romblon.

The Congregational-all of Mindanao except Zamboanga.

The Christian Missionary Alliance-Zamboanga.

The city of Manila was made a common territory for all the denominations.

This comity arrangement prevented overlapping of work and unnecessary friction and made possible the rapid expansion of evangelical work throughout the Philippine Islands. It also illustrated the essential unity of the protestant denominations and paved the way for organic union of churches. The federation of missionary organizations referred to was called "Evangelical Union of the Philippines." This federation which was essentially a missionary organization has since been supplanted by the "National Christian Council," an organization of a number of the protestant denominations in the Philippines.

Brief statements about some of the major protestant churches now at work in the Philippines have been made by spokesmen for their respective denominations as follows: 420

GENERAL INFORMATION 1. BAPTIST CHURCHES

The Baptists began missionary work in the Philippines in 1901. The first work done was the translation of the Bible into Ilongo Visayan.

At present there are some 120 Baptist churches in the Islands. They are located in the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, Antique, Romblon, Occidental N'e gros, Palawan, Manila, and in some parts of Mindanao.

There are some 10,000 recorded members and an estimated Baptist community of 25,000 people.

They have established two hospitals, at Iloilo and Capiz; one college, Central Philippine College at J aro, Iloilo; two nurses training school, at Iloilo and Capiz; one elementary boarding school, at Capiz; a large number of "barrio" schools in the interior of the islands where there are no public schools; four schools for the training of preachers, bible women and lay workers at Jaro, La Paz and Iloilo in Iloilo province and at Manila; four dormitories, one at Manila, one at La Paz, Iloilo, and two in Bacolod, Occidental Negros; one "student center" in La Paz, Iloilo.

The Baptists in the Western Visayas have a well organized "Convention of Philippine Baptist Church. es" which is carrying on several types of work on behalf of the churches. It has no control over the churches, but is rather the agent of the churches and their representative in official matters committed to the Convention. The Convention has departments of Evangelism, Young People's Work, Work for Women and Children, Religious Education and Rural Better. ment.

Baptists in the Philippines are linked to the Baptists in the United States through the Missionaries (about 25 including those on furlough expecting to return) sent by the American Baptist Convention; 421

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES and the missionaries sent by the Northern Baptist Convention; and the missionaries sent by the Association Among Baptists for Evangelization in the Orient. Through the A.B.F.M.S. first mentioned they are linked to the Baptist World Alliance, a fraternal organization representing most of the more than twelve million Baptists throughout the world.

The Baptists in the Philippines are evangelical Christians. They however strongly emphasize adult baptism by immersion, the autonomy of the local church, and the right of the individual to decide in matter of his own religion. The headquarters of the Philippine Baptist Churches is located in J aro, Iloilo.

2. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST CHURCH

The inter-est of the Disciples of Christ in America was aroused in the Philippines by two men who had served as army chaplains here. One of them, Hermon P. Williams, became one of the early missionaries. Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Hanna and Mr. and Mrs. H. P. Williams began their work in Manila in 1901. After less than a路路 year and a half, this was turned over to the Filipino Christians, and the missionaries went to Laoag to establish a center for work in Ilocos Norte and the Cagayan valley. From there their interests extended to Ilocos Sur, with another center at Vigan, and to Abra. Around Manila, churches were founded in the nearby provinces, principally Rizal and Laguna. The "Christian Mission," as it was usually called, interested itself in the establishment of hospitals and nurses' training schools in Laoag, Vigan and Manila, in schools for the training of pastors and Bible women in these three centers, in dormitories for high school and college students, in printing presses in Vigan and Manila, in cooperative work in the Union Theological Seminary, 422

GENERAL INFORMATION in special work-manned and financed largely by the Filipino churches-in Apayao and parts of Abra, and in a general evangelistic program.

An outstanding literary contribution to this group is the "Manual and Dictionary-Ilocano and English" of which the manual portion was a key to Ilocano grammar. This was originally written by H. P. Williams and was revised and enlarged by Angel Guerrero.

Although there were a comparatively large number of missionaries sent out for the mission, it was its policy to build an indigenous church as rapidly as possible, and as soon as leaders were ready, control was given over to the national Christians. Therefore when the depression in America forced the withdrawal of the missionaries and most of the funds, the national group was prepared to take over the work.

A steadily growing church is now carrying on the work.

The Disciples of Christ Church has some 25 active religious workers, 60 congregations, and a constituency of 30,000. Headquarters: P. O. Box 755, Manila.

3. IGLESIA METODISTA EVANGELICA EN LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

February 28, 1909, is a historic day of the Methodist Evangelical Church of the Philippines (Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas or "Iemelif" as it is more frequently called), because it marked the beginning of the church in Tondo, Manila, under the leadership of Rev. Nicolas Zamora, the first Filipino ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Separating from the Methodist Episcopal Church organized by Methodist missionaries, he led a new 423

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES movement and organized a new church in order "to have freedom of worship and to show the ability of the Filipinos to lead a brotherhood the primary purpose of which is to lead citizens of the country to the feet of the Savior."

Although Rev. Zamora was the recognized brains of the new movement, the success of the new church depended to a large extent upon the cooperation of other pastors, deacons, and local preachers of the mother church from which they separated. Some of these leaders were Rev. Diosdado Alvarez and Rev. Alejandro Reyes, deacons; and Messrs. Moises Buzon, Pedro Castro, Pio Banta, Ricardo Lozada, Victoriano Mariano, Hipolito Guirnalda, Francisco Gregorio and Dionisio Jorge, local preachers.

Thousands at once joined Rev. Zamora in the New Church which he founded, not only in Manila but also in nearby provinces. The principles and objectives of the free Methodist church became a magnet to all. But the founder did not see the ripe fruits of his labors for in September 14, 1914, he died after adequately preparing few men to continue the work he began.

Rev. Alejandro Reyes succeeded him as bishop in 1915 and served as such until 1920. Rev. Victoriano Mariano came next, serving until 1925. He was followed by Bishop Francisco Gregorio.

Through the leadership of its ministers, the church spread out and now has churches in some 18 provinces, like Manila, Rizal, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas, Mindoro, Davao, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Isabela, Bataan, Zambales and Camarines Sur. According 路to the latest census (April, 1936) the total membership of the church reaches to 18,719; 79 ministers, 64 churches 424

GENERAL INFORMATION and 14 parsonages. The total valuation of the church property is P300,OOO. The present head of this church is Bishop Francisco Gregorio with offices at 1231 Franco, Tondo, Manila.

4. IGLESIA EVANGELICA UNIDA DE CRISTO

The Iglesia Evangelica Unida de Cristo began its existence in 1933, composed of different independent bodies of protestant churches in the Philippines, Mr. Toribio Teodoro being the leader in its establishment.

Of its components the majority are Methodists Cristianos Filipinos and Iemelifs.

The church is ruled by an executive committee composed of general officers as follows: general superintendent, vice superintendent, secretary, treasurer, evangelist.

This Executive Committee is assisted by another group of high officers called the Board of Directors.

A general assembly of the church is held every four years at which time the general officers are elected and the executive committee and board of directors chosen.

At present the church has one hundred and fifty ministers, .ninety seven of whom are ordained. It has 80 congregations, sixty erected chapels. The total number of members is approximately 15.000. It~ Central Church office is at 200 Francisco, Tondo, Manila.

5. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Methodist Episcopal Church had its beginnings in the Philippine Islands through the activity of Bishop James E. Thoburn of India who visited the Islands in 1899. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Prautch, layworkers from India who were opening a Soldiers' In425

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES stitute, were appointed by Bishop Thoburn to supervise the work.

The Sailor's Home Chapel became the center for Filipino and Chinese congregations. A church for the latter was established in 1901 by a graduate of a Methodist college in Foochow. Among the Filipinos unusual success was had by Nicolas Zamora and his immense congregation soon had a temporary chapel on the corner of Calle Cervantes (Rizal) and Lope de Vega. The work prospered elsewhere and by 1901 there were 104 Bible classes organized in Tondo, Sampaloc, Tanduay, Ermita and Pandacan.

American and English-speaking work obtained a home in the chapel dedicated on December 22, 1901, and Dr. J. L. McLaughlin became the first pastor.

Through the Evangelical Union, formed in 1901, there was an allotment of territory to those Protestant Missions already in the Philippines. To the Methodist Mission was assigned a share of the city of Manila and its environs and a part of Luzon.

Later action added more Luzon territory to the Methodist area.

From the beginning an emphasis has been placed on broad evangelism. This program has included: preaching; personal work; establishment and promotion of dormitories for students (Hugh Wilson and Rader Halls are conspicuous examples) ; and, the establishment of the first hospital for women and children-the Mary J. Johnston Hospital.

The wisdom of this approach was soon seen in the rapid growth of the membership. With this growth came the need for training the many voluntary workers. To meet this need the Methodist Church established the following schools: Union Theological Seminary in Manila (a joint enterprise 426

GENERAL INFORMATION of several Evangelical churches) for the training of ministers; Harris Memorial Training School in Manila for the training of deaconesses and kindergarten teachers; Mary Brown Townsend Memorial Bible Training School in Lingayen for Bible women; and the Nurses Training School in Mary Johnston Hospital. To supply the need for literature the Methodist Publishing House was begun in 1901. This institution has distributed tons of free Christian literature and published hymnals, periodicals and Sunday School materials and printed thousands of Bibles.

From the beginning the Methodist Church has cooperated with other Evangelical denominationsfirst through the Evangelical Union and during recent years the National Christian Council. "The Union Theological Seminary and, of recent establishment, the Union College of Manila, are products of such united activity.

During the near forty year period from 1898 to the present there have been eight bishops who have administered this field : James Thoburn, Frank Warne, J. E. Robinson, William F. Oldham, J. W. Robinson, W. O. Eveland, Charles E. Locke, Charles B. Mitchel1, and Edwin F. Lee. The latter, Bishop Lee, has administered this field since 1928.

The Annual Report of the Methodist Episcopal Church for 1935 shows the numerical results of this work: total membership-over 80,000; churches and chapels-over 300; ordained ministers-107; women workers-225; lay workers-1,468; members of Epworth League-over 5,000; scholars in Sunday Schools -29,000.

The Resident Bishop of the Church is Edwin F. Lee, D.D. Headquarters: 422 Avenida Rizal, Manila.

427

.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES 6. THE PHILIPPINE METHODIST CHURCH

The Philippine Methodist Church is the second group to separate from the Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Philippines. This group was led by Rev. Cipriano Navarro with the aid of Rev. Samuel B. Stagg, on March 25, 1933, during the session of the annual conference of the Church in San Nicolas, Pangasinan. The Methodist Episcopal Church in the Philippines is related to the Methodist Episcopal Church of America through its General Conference which elects the bishop that presides over the affairs of the Philippine annual conference. The new movement led by Mr. Navarro was directed towards making the Methodist Episcopal Church in the Philippines independent ecclesiastically from that of the Methodist Episcopal Church of America. Rev. Cipriano Navarro submits the following st atement which he made at the session of the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church when the new movement was established as the reason for the founding of the new church: "Whereas the course of events has made it clear that connectionalism with the General Conference in America and supervision of our churches in the Philippines as provided by such Conference is no longer a source of true inspiration and wise leadership, I therefore move that we here and now declare ourselves independent from the General Conference of America." This motion was of course voted down and the group of ministers and laymen who sided with Mr. Navarro separated.

The new movement was started by 38 ministers and a number of laymen. The church now has 87 congregations located in 15 provinces and in Manila supervised by 6 district superintendents and a general superintendent. Its constituency is estimated at 428

GENERAL INFORMATION 10,000. It has two elementary schools, one kindergarten, two girls' dormitories and a well organized Student Center work among University and Normal School students. It cooperated in the founding and running of a Cooperative Hospital in Manila-Emanuel Hospital. The church has 64 pastors and 34 women church workers, most of whom are full-time workers. Besides this number of workers definitely engaged in Christian service, there are about 170 licensed lay preachers.

Six American missionaries of the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions and the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society severed their foreign Mission connections and sacrificially but most happily joined this church.

Rev. Cipriano Navarro serves as the General Superintendent. Headquarters : 615 San Marcelino, Manila.

7. THE UNITED EVANGELICAL CHURCH OF THE PHILIPPINES

The United Evangelieal Church of the Philippines was established in March, 1929, when the commissioners from the churches of the Presbyterian, United Brethren and Congregational and the local congregation of the United Church of Manila upon instruction by their respective churches voted to organize themselves into the United Evangelical Church of the Philippines. The General Assembly, highest ecclesiastical a.dministrative body of the Church, was subsequently formed with Rev. E. C. Sobrepefia, D.D., being elected General Moderator, and Rev. G. W. Wright, D.D., General Secretary of the newly formed Church.

The history of the United Evangelical Church may be traced to the beginnings of the missionary work of the Presbyterian, United Brethren and Con429

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES gregational missions. The first congregation of the United Evangelical Church was established in Manila and the sacraments celebrated on October 22 and November 5, 1899. From this small group of families, opportunities for preaching and teaching opened in many parts of the city and later in many of the towns of the adjacent Tagalog provinces. Similar beginnings were made in other centers such as Iloilo; Dumaguete; Cebu; Tagbilaran; Tacloban; Maasin; Cagayan, Oriental Mjsamis; Davao; Legaspi; Naga; San Fernando; La Union; Baguio; etc. The same results secured in Manila followed in the other centers where the missionary work was done. Among the pioneer missionaries in these centers may be named: Rodgers, Hibbard, Hall, Doltz, Wright, Kurts, Mumma, Widdoes, Black, Lauhach and Woodward.

A ministry was formed of Filipinos both old and young men who studied and prepared themselves for the service of the church. The first group of these men in the early years were men who suffered imprisonment and exile for their support of the Revolution of 1896. Others had suffered in the Islands ostracism and loss of land for having strange opinions as to the religion of Christ. Among these pioneer evangelists may be named: Estrella, Zarco, Amoranto, Abella, Ossorio y Reyes, Solarte, Emilia, Malahay, Alonzo, P. Dia, Maglaya, Ignacio, Abellera, Lorenzana, Bontuyan, Sotto, etc.

The United Evangelical Church now has 12 district conferences, including within their confines some 32 provinces. Constituting these district conferences are over 600 congregations scattered all over the Philippines, from Lubuagan, Kalinga, in the North to Davao in the South.

430

GENERAL INFORMATION Through its cooperating missions and its district conferences, The United Evangelical Church maintains educational institutions, the most noted of which are: Union Theological Seminary and Union College of Manila (enterprises with other Churches); Silliman University in Dumaguete, Manila Union High, Maasin Institute in Leyte, Kalinga Academy and Ifugao Academy in the Mountain Province, Ellinwood Bible Training School in Manila, Northern Luzon Bible Training School in San Fernando, La Union, Maranaw Folk School in Lanao, etc. Out of its work among the Maranaw, through the efforts of Dr. Frank Laubach, the Laubach system of teaching illiterates now in wide use in the Philippines and in many parts of the world came about. The United Evangelical Church has the largest single protestant local congregation in the Philippines, with an adult membership of about 3,500--the Guihulngan Church in Oriental Negros which was adjudged by the late Dr. K. Butterfield as one of the most effective community serving Church in all the world.

The Church has established hospitals in strategic centers where great and needed service to the Filipino people is being rendered. A great piece of medical service was rendered by Dr. J. Andrew Hall, a missionary in the Leyte-Samar District, in effectively curing thousands of children affected with yaws.

Among the hospitals of the Church now in active operation are: Bethany Hospital, San Fernando, La Union; Mission Hospital, Legaspi, Albay; Mission Hospital, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros; Mission Hospital, Tagbilaran. Bohol; Mission Hospital, Tacloban, Leyte; Mission Hospital, Cagayan, Oriental Misamis; Mission Hospital, Davao, Davao.

431

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES It maintains publishing and printing plants and publishes books, tracts, newspapers and magazines both in English and the vernacular. Among the magazines being published may be mentioned: The Advance, published by the General Assembly of the Church; the Naimbag a Damag, published by the Northern Luzon Conference, flaw ng Pagkakaisa, by the Manila Conference; El Mensajero, by the Bicol District Conference; etc.

The Church has 122 ordained ministers, 212 evangelists, and deaconesses and 94 foreign missionaries, making a total number of 428 definite Christian workers. This number of workers does not include the lay workers, the doctors and nurses, teachers and professors and other workers in the different institutions and establishments of the Church. Its constituency numbers over 100,000 and its church and mission property holdings amount to P1,900,000.

From the standpoint of territory occupied, numbers of its workers and constituency, the total value of its property holdings, and other considerations, the United Evangelical Church is the largest and most national in scope among the protestant churches in the Philippines. Dr. En-rique C. Sobrepefia continues to be the General Moderator of the Church with offices at the Seminary Building, Taft Avenue and Herran. P. O. Box 84, Manila.

8. IGLESIA NI KRISTO

"The Iglesia ni Kristo or Church of Christ in the Philippines was founded by virtue and power of the fulfillment of the prophecy written in Chapter 7, verses 2 and 3 of the Revelation, and the various prophecies in the Books of the Prophets in the Holy Bible." Established in 1914 by Bishop Felix Manalo, 432

UNION SEMINARY BUILDING

Headquarters of the Union College of Manila and the Union Theological Seminary (Top).

UNITED CHURCH OF MANILA

The first United Church in the Philippines (Bottom).

GENERAL INFORMATION God had also chosen other men whom He would use as his companions in the propagation of the Gospel and also for the manifestations of all that He wished to have been fulfilled. Those who were chosen are Justino Casanova, Teodoro Santiago, Santiago Lopez, Maximo Valenzuela, Bernardo Turla, Benito Sumbi110, Raymundo Mansilungan, Felix Pineda, Feliciano Gonzales, Igmidio Zabala, Julio de la Rosa, Mariano Castro, Andres Tucker, Francisco D. Abalos, Rufino Dula, Simeon Tabamo, N orberto Cruz, and Eugenio Cortes. Such helpers continually increase, and at present there are already 300 ministers and evangelists most of whom left their lucrative employments and social positions to dedicate themselves wholly to the service of God. Aside from these there are also more than 150 voluntary workers who receive no compensation, but who steadfastly toil in the field of the Lord, dedicating their time, night and day in the name of God, sacrificing their lives in the propagation of the Gospel throughout all seasons. These movements began in 1914, the date specified by the prophecy as the beginning of the rise of the Church of Christ in the Philippines. The birth of the Church of Christ took place in Punta, Sta. Ana, Manila.

Thence she spread to many other places. At present, the Church of Christ is established from big cities to the remotest towns and barrios in almost all the provinces of Luzon.

"In the Church of Christ, none but Jesus Christ through the intercession of the ever present Holy Ghost, is the recognized and respected head. Nobody in the Church is set above the other, or considered high or low. All members consider their ministers as nothing more than mere instruments of God, Who alone performs and executes all things pertaining to 433

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the Church and the faith. They consider the Ministers as their brothers and no more. This is the absolute belief of the Church of Christ.

"During the twenty-two years of its existence, the Church of Christ in the Philippines, converted thousands and thousands of people of different nationalities. Her achievements, both spiritual and temporal, are too marvelous to be considered as the work of men. The changes in the lives of her members are remarkable. Those who led vicious lives are gradually changed from unwholesomeness to cleanliness. Those who defied the law are made law-abiding citizens. Gamblers ceased to be gamblers when they embraced the Church of Christ."

The Iglesia ni Kristo counts with more than 85,000 members, having 500 churches and 350 chapels all over the provinces of Luzon, and owning P800,000 worth of church property. The present head of this Church is Bishop Felix Manalo with offices at 6 San Perfecto, San Juan, Rizal.

9. OTHER ORGANIZATIONS

The work of the following organizations are not included in this brief sketch: The Episcopalian Church, the Seventh Day Adventists, and The Christian Missionary Alliance.

434

Supplement BAGAY, NICOLAS DE LA CRUZ

Noted engraver and printer of Colegio de San Ignacio de la Sagrada Compafiia de Jesus.

A native of Tambooo and a resident of Binondo, Manila, Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay was the most famous Filipino engraver of maps and charts. His masterpiece is thB famous map of Padre Murillo of 1744. He also engraved Padre Murillo's map of 1734. He died in 1755 at the age of fifty-three. His works are well described in Father Miguel Selga's work, Los J.1Japas de Filipinas Por el P. Pedro Murillo Vela.rde, S. J., Publication of the Manila Observatory, Vol. II, No.4, Bureau of Printing, Manila, 1934.

A. Paleontologist 'and geologist , and Assistant Director of the Bureau of Science.

Born in Calamba, Laguna, on November 15, 1892, he was educated in the Islands and later in the United States of America-B.E., 1917, E.M., 1920, M.S.E.M., 1922, Ohio State University; M.A., 1922, and Ph.D., 1924, Leland Stanford University. He was Assistant, Mining Department, Ohio State University, 1917; Lecturer in Metallurgy, College of Engineering, University of the Philippines; Assistant, U. S. Geological Survey, 'Washington, D.C., 1921-1924; Official Delegate to the Fourth Pacific Science Congress, Java, 1929; Professorial lecturer in Geology, University of the Philippines, 1926-1930. Dr. Faustino was also member, Board of Examiners for Mining Engineers, 1927-1930, 1934; Acting Director, National Museum, Manila, 1930; Technical Director of Exhibits, Philippine Participation, and Special Representative of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources in the International FAUSTINO, LEOPOLDO

435

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Colonial and Overseas Exposition of Paris, 1931; Professor of Geology, University of Santo Tomas, 1932; Assayer, Assistant Geologist, Assistant Chief, Division of Geology and Mines, Chief Geologist, Bureau of Science; Chief, N ational Museum Division, Bureau of Science, Manila, 19181933; Chief, Division of Mineral Resources, Department of Agriculture and Commerce. In 1934 he became Assistant Director of Science up to 1936 when he died. He was member, . Sigma Xi, Paleontological Society of America.

American Malacological Union, Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Philippine Scientific Society, and charter member of the National Research Council of the Philippine Islands. Dr. Faustino was one of the few FilIpino men of science known abroad. He wrote many scientific articles and The Natural Resources of the Philippine Islands.

FREER, PAUL C. Scientist, founder of the Bureau of Science. His father was a man of scientific attainments and his mother a scholar. Educated in Chicago, Rush Medical College, majoring in chemistry, he graduated in 1882. In Germany he came under the influence of a great scientist, Baeyer of Munich. He obtained his doctor of philosophy, summa cum laude, in 1887. He was with the University of Michigan in 1889; then came to the Philippines in 1901, and became dean of the College of Medicine, University of the PhilIppines in 1907. He was the first director of the Bureau of Science. He wrote many articles on scientific research.

He was 55 years when he died in 1912.

GABRIEL, PROCESO

Chemist. Born in Santa Cruz, Manila, on July 3, 1877, he was educated in the Ateneo de Manila, 1895, and in the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated in 436

GENERAL INFORMATION Medicine in 1903. He became municipal physician, Bureau of Health, Manila, from 1903 to 1915, and assistant surgeon, Philippine Health Service, from 1915 to 1924. He was professor at the University of Santo Tomas, and member, Infant Mortality Committee; Chairman, Leprosy Committee; Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de Filipinas路, and associate member, National Research Council of the Philippine Islands. He died in Manila in 1935.

GARCIA Y BAZA, REGINO

Filipino botanist, born in Manila on September 7, 1840, and died on July 6, 1916. He studied surveying, agriculture, botany and painting; was chief designer, Flora de Filipinas of Father Blanco, and painted plates of Atlas de la Sinopsis de Familias y Generos de Plantas LefiOSaB de Filipinas. He was decorated by the Spanish government for his work as botanist. Mr. Garcia y Baza also wrote on local forestry, botany, and agriculture.

B. First Filipino Bishop of Cebu during the American regime. Born in Barili, Cebu, on April 26, 1862, Reverend Gorordo was ordained a priest on April 20, 1909. Bishop Gorordo retired in July, 1931, and was succeeded by Bishop Gabriel M. Reyes. His spiritual work is well known in the Bisayas. He was 72 when he died in 1934. The newspapers called him one of the great workers for the cause of God in the South.

GORORDO, JUAN

GUERRERO, LEON MA.

Botanist and Pharmacist and Doctor of Science. He was born in Ermita, Manila, on January 21, 1853. He studied in the Ateneo de Manila and in the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated in pharmacy in 1876.

This university has later conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Science. Dr. Guerrero was pharma437

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES , cist in the Military Pharmacy of Zamboanga in 1881; Hospital de la Marina en Cafiacao, Cavite, San Juan de Dios, Cavite, in 1882, and in Botica de Binondo, 1883-1896. He was professor of Plant Histology, University of Santo Tomas, 1887; Chemist, Real Audiencia de Manila, 1888, and professor and president, Liceo de Manila, 1900-1907.

During the Revolution he founded La Republica Filipina and was representative to the Malolos Congress and professor in the University of Malolos. During the American occupation he became Secretary, Board of Philippine Exposition, World Fair, St. Louis, 1904; professor, University of Santo Tomas, and president, Board of Philippine Exposition, San Francisco, Panama-Pacific Exposition, 1914; President, first Board of Philippine Pharmaceutical Examiners; Sub-Director, Philippine Census of 1918; Botanist of the Bureau of Science, 1916-1933, and Chief, Division of Botany of the Bureau of Science, 1926-1933. He was member of the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de Filipinas, Manila Medical Society, Philippine Pharmaceutical Association, Philippine Scientific Society, and charter member, National Research Council of the Philippine Islands.

Dr. Guerrero, recognized as one of the foremost botanists of the Islands, died in Manila in 1935, and was one of the first delegates from Bulacan to the first Philippine Assembly in 1907.

OICTIGAS, FRANCISCO

Lawyer and Business Executive. Born in Porac, Pampanga, on September 11, 1875, he was the son of Ignacio Ortigas and Asuncion Barcenas. He studied in San Juan de Letran College and in the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated in law in 1896. After his admission to the har he practiced law privately and became connected in an advisory capacity with the Filipinas Compafiia de Seguros, Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd., and Philippine 438

GENERAL INFORMATION Guaranty Co., Inc. He was once director of the Peoples Mortgage and Investment Co., Inc., and the San Miguel Brewery; member of the Board of Regents, University of the Philippines, and president of the Code Committee of the Philippine Government.

On his return to the Islands in 1935, he died at sea.

"If a father can make his children useful to society, then," he said, "he is surely somebody."

ROXAS, FELIPE

Painter, contemporary of Luna and Hidalgo. Born in Manila on May 1, 1840, he studied painting under A. Saez in the Philippines and later went to Paris and studied under Cognet. Ite is a landscape and portrait artist. He stayed in the Islands and painted marvelous canvases, but returned to Paris where he died on April 9, 1894. Some of his famous paintings are found in ART, Volume 4 of this Encyclopedia.

439

Errata Volume I Page ll-last paragraph, acknowledgment not acknowledgement.

Page 21-last paragraph, octo-syllabic not acto-syllabic.

Page 23-second paragraph, vernacular not vernaulcar.

Page 31-8th line, sang not sung.

Page 37-0des of Life not Odds of Life.

Page 91-third paragraph, Sima not Suma.

Page 91-last paragraph, impetuous not impetous.

Page 95-last paragraph, write not wrtie; ounce not once.

Page 100-La~-Ang, not Lam-ag; Dakanay, not Kadanay; Crisologo, not Crisology.

Page 105-bread'th not breath.

Page 114-Strike out the following line under Chrysalis: "nature and of truth and 'beauty.

Worthy of mention are" Page 135-4th line, believes not believe; 5th line, gives not give.

Page 137-2nd line, Song, not Son. Page 140-Proverb 6, dirt not dirth.

Page 159-Proverb 284, omit "do" between "not" and "give."

Page 182-Proverb 637, God not Gor. Page 184-Proverb 657, paddler not padler.

Page 225-second paragraph, 8th line, ascendancy not ascendacy.

Page 234-second paragraph, 5th line, trained not grained.

Page 241-1st line, indicted not indicated.

440

GENERAL INFORMATION Page 244-second paragraph, 9th line, of not if.

Page 269-the line next to the last, eclectic not electric.

Page 270-second paragraph, 1st word, Three not These.

Page 270-third paragraph, 6th line, deprecate not depreciate.

Page 274-second paragraph, 4th line, civic not civil.

Page 274-third paragraph, 7th line, loyalty to law and principle, devotion to truth and the eternal verities not loyalty to devotion, to truth, and to the eternal verities.

Page 275-third line, equitableness not equality.

Page 275-third paragraph, 2nd line, more efficient existence not a greater existence.

Page 286-last line, exorbitant not exhorbitant.

Page 300-last line before VI, approached not approachd.

Page 316-second quotation under Aim, last line, uncharted seas not unchartered seas.

Page 320-last quotation under Bravery, 1st line, attacking not attaching.

Page 397-under Punishment, 5th line, believe not believed.

Volume II Page 160-Balagtas was born in 1788.

Page 316-Delete all about Graciano Apacible.

Page 326-Bonifacio; Procopio, not Pio. Page 330-Gerardo Chanco was a native of Tondo, Manila; translator of Sa Gitna ng Lusak and Langit na Maulap, and author of Duwag.

Page 346-Ambrosio Flores was venerable master of Triangulo Bathala, founder of Logia Bathala and Logia Silanganan, and Grand Master of Gran Logia Regional de Filipi441

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES nas (Muza); first lieutenant of the Spanish Army, and later general of the Philippine Revolutionary Army.

Pages 358-359-Feliciano Jokson was a graduate in pharmacy. He died during the Revolutionary Government at Biak-na-Bato.

Page 364-Enrique K. Lagyo died iri Manila on July 28, 1932.

Page 380-Eliodoro Mercado was born on July 3, 1866.

Page 402-Roman Reyes was not the author of N ena at Neneng, but Valeriano Hernandez. One of his novels is B~tlaklak ng Kalumpang.

Page 402-Braulio Rivera was shot with his 10 companions on January 11, 1897.

Page 401-Bartolome Revilla was born in San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, on August 24, 1867.

He became provincial fiscal of Mindoro, Isabela, Marinduque and Rizal, and the first delegate of Rizal province in 1907.

Volume VIn Page 148-Disregard ~'Establishment of the University of the Philippines."

Volume IX Page 373-Eugenio Lopez was born in 1901.

Volume X Page 319-Guihulfigan for Gihulfigan.

Page 321-P'ozorrubio for Pozorubio.

Page 333, paragraph 3, line 7-wrote for whote.

Page 348, line 21-Juan Herrera Davila for Mac-Crohon.

Page 355, line 30-Philippines for Philippine.

Page 380-Churches for church.

442

PART

Two

GENERAL INDEX [Roman numbers represent Volumes and Arabic numbe?路s pages] A

Abaca, III, 123, 152-154; disease of, VII, 557-559, 618 Abad, Antonio M., I, 93; biography of, IX, 17 Abad, Juan, II, 308 Abad Santos, Jose, I, 332, 359, 365, 393, 407; IX, 17-19; X, 203 Abad Santos, Pedro, X, 169, 173 Abada y Jereza, E'steban Raymundo, biography of, IX, 19-20 Abalos, Francisco D., X, 433 Abarca, Juan de, II, 540 Abaya, Artemio, X, 154 Abaya, Claudio, I, 100 Abaya, Cosme, II, 308 Abaya, Evaristo, II, 308 Abaya, Gavino S., X, 308 Abaya, Isabelo, II, 308 Abdon, Bonifacio, IV, 158; biography of, IX, 20 Abdullah Piang, X, 182 Abelardo, Nicanor, life of, II, 169170; works of, 170; IV, 156, 158; X, 24 Abella, Domingo, II, 440; VIII, 282 Abella, Manuel, II, 440; VIII, 282 Abella, Manuel 1., X, 154 Abella y Casariego, Enrique, VII, 62, 64, 138, 595, 598; X, 360 Abellana, Hilario, biography of, IX, 20; X, 195, 198 Abenis, liiigo, X, 177 Abeto, Quirico, biography of, IX, 20-21 Abiertas, Josefa, II, 309 "Abode of Noble Men," X, 311 Abogado, Gregorio B., X, 186 Abordo, Gaudencio E., X, 154

Abra, history of, VIII, 211-212; geography, 212-214; municipalities, 214-215; statistics, 215; X, 217, 284, 365 Abreu, Jose C., biography of, IX, 21-22 Abrigo, Felipe J., X, 154 Abriol, Rufino, biography of, IX, 22 Abu Bakr, V, 478; reign of, 513517; VIII, 455, 456; X, 362, 373 Abueva, Teodoro, X, 177 Abuse, I, 315 A Child of S orrow, X, 352 Academy of Fine Arts, IV, 43 Acosta, Mariano, VIII, 321 Acosta-Sison, Honoria, on gynecology in the Philippines, VII, 317-318; biography of, IX, 2223 Act, No. 74, creating a department of public instruction, V, 130139; No. 1415, creating a Philippine medical school 246247, 248; No. 2706, making obligatory the inspection and recognition of private schools and colleges for the Secretary of Public Instruction, 298-303; No. 4120, enactment of, VII, 37-38 Acuesta, Gregorio, II, 309 Acuna, Pedro Bravo de, II, 487; reign of, VIII, 80-81 Acuna Villaruz, Rafael, X, 162, 165, 169, 177 Adamson School of Industrial 'Chemistry, VII, 147; X, 358 Adan, Francisco Lopez, I, 24; II, 540 Adarna, story of, I, 79-88

443

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Adduru, Marcelo, biography of, IX, 23; X, 154, 191, 198 Adiarte, Faustino, X, 173 Administration, local, VI, 407415; aim of, 409; comparative table showing number and resultS' of administrative cases, 411, 473 Admiral Anson (British), VIII, 102 Adolfo, Andres, biography of, IX, 23-24 Adonay, Marcelo, II, 169; life, 171-172; IV, 145, 159; X, 345 Adriano, Felipe T., on agricultural chemistry in the Philippines, VII, 367-380, 515, 516; on manufacturing industry, 614623; biography of, IX, 24-25 Adriano, Numeriano, II, 96, 98, 101, 441 Adriatico, Macario, I, 27; quoted, 328; II, 74; life, 173-175; works, 174; X, 160, 162, 165 Aduarte, Diego, II, 540; V, 530; quoted 531, 532 Advertising, scientific, III, 452I 454; advantages of, 453路454 Aerated water, X, 247 Aeroplane, first company, X, 355 Aeschylus, IV, 80 Aeta, Francisco, II, 309 Afable College of Medicine, VII, 146 "A Flemish Soldier," IV, 261 Africa, Candido M., biography of, IX, 25 "After the Fire," IV, 409 Agan, Vicente, biography of, IX, 25-26; X, 182, 195, 198 Aganduro Moriz, Rodrigo de, II, 540 Agcaoili, Andres, IX, 26 Agcaoili, Julio, II, 309路310 Age, Stone, VIII, 21-29, 31-32; Metal, 30-41; Pre-historic Iron, 30-36; Iron, 32; Porcelain, 32路33, 42-61; Medieval, 490-491 Aglipay, Gregorio, quoted, I, 378, 405; V, 610, 616; life, 617-

620, 625; VIII, 146, 315, 540, 541; IX, 27-28; X, 43, 151 Aglipayan Church, V, 584, 610626; aim~ and objects, 620621; creed, 621-622; duties, 622-623; main features, 624; contributions, 624-625, 641; VIII, 149, 540 Aglipayanism, X, 361 Agoncillio, Felipe, quoted, I, 353, 399; II, 266, 272; VIII, 512; IX, 29; X, 160 Agregado, Vicente, X, 173 Agricultural Chemistry, VII, 367380; food industries, 368-369; canning, 369-371; fruit treatment, 371; pickling, 371; fermentation, 372-373; freezing and refrigeration, 373; flour and starch, 373-375; insecticides, 376-377; analysis, 377378; soils and fertilizers, 378380; raw materials, 614 Agriculture, I, 316; early, III, 2334; encouragement in, 83-84; improved methods in, 93-94; Philippine, 123-268; V, 452; VI, 328, 437-438; development of, 466, 467-469, 470-471; development of scientific, 76-78; and forestry, 520565; early history of Philippine, 520-528; during preSpanish regime, 520-521; during early year.S' of Spanish regime, 521; golden era of, 522523; 19th century progress, 523-526; experimental stations, 525; under American regime, 526-528; brief history of, X, 105 Agta, Aeta, or Ita, origin of the word, VI, 22-23 Aguado, Luis II, 439 Aguas, Marcelino, X, 160 Aguas Santos Hospital, X, 358 Aguilar, Amancio T., X, 154, 169 Aguilar, Celedonio, IX, 29-30 Aguilar, Eusebio D., IX, 30-31 Aguilar, Faustino, I, 98; IX, 31; X, 203, 357

444

GENERAL INDEX Aguilar, Geronimo de, II, 541; IV, 140 Aguilar, Jose V., IX, 31-32 Aguilar, Jr., Martin, IX, 32 Aguilar, Manuel Gonzales de, II, 273; reign, 500-501; VIII, 114 Aguilar, Narciso S., VII, 126 Aguilar y Ponce de Leon, Rafael Maria de, II, IEJO; :VII, 186; reign, VIII, 111-112 .Aguilera, Gregorio, X, 151 .

Aguinaldo, Andrea dt.l Rosario de, IX, 33路34 > Aguinaldo, Baldomero, II, :n 0, 444; VIII, 512; X, 149, 152 Aguinaldo, Crispulo, II, 444 Aguinaldo, Emilio, quoted. I, 348, 350, 351, 369, 422; n, 109, 151, 152, 155, 157, 178, 195, 215, 246, 258, 313; V, 122; .VI, 475; VIII, 143, 144, 292, 332, 502, 503, 504, 510: quoted, 525; IX, 34-35; X, 24; protest of, against treaty of Paris, its importance, 147; against proclamation of Gen. Otis, its importance, 147; manifest of Jan. 8, 1899, its importance, 147; manifest of, 148, 149, 152, 352 Aguinaldo, Leopoldo R., quoted, I, 321; business philosophy of, III, 419-420; IX, 35-37 Aguinaldo, Rosalia L., I, 98 Aguirre, Andres de, II, 541 Aguirre, Roman, II, 441 Agunod, N. L., quoted, I, 336 Agusan, history of, VIII, 216-217; geography, 218-220; municipalities and municipal districts, 220-221; statistics, 221; X, 217, 284 Agustin, Basilio, II, 194, 513; reign of, VIII, 144-145, 1'03, 507 Agustin, Gregorio San, IX, 37-38 Agustin, Primitivo San, X, 182 Ahern, George P., VII, 46 Aim, I, 316 Air mail, United States, po~tal rates and conditions, X, 282

Air streams, boundaries of, VII, 217-218 Airway, first Filipino owned, X, 355 Akla.n, see Capiz or Antique Alabama, cablegram rates, 286 Alameda, cablegram rate~, X, 286 Alaminos, municipality, X, 317 Alaminos y de Vivar, Juan, II, 509; X, 349 Alamo, Father, VII, 67 Alandi, Sofio, X, 152 Alang Dios, X, 357 Alano, Juan S., IX, 38-39; X, 198 Alas, Antonio de las, quoted, I, 361; IX, 39; X, 177, 182, 186, 191, 202 Alas, Severino de las, X, 152 Alava, Ignacio Maria de, II, 464, 465, 541; VIII, 111 Alba Mobo, Leopoldo, X, 169 Albay, history of, VIII, 222-224; geography, 224-226; munici.p alities, 226; statistics, 226227; X, 217, 284, 365 Albero, Manuel A., X, 154 Albert, Alejandro, quoted, I, 396, 413; V, 268; VII, 140; IX, 3940 Albert, Jo~, VII, 389, 516; IX, 40-41; X, 151, 153 Albert, Mariano A., IX, 41-42; X, 204 ,i Albert, Socorro 0., on life of Cayetano Arellano, II, 145 Albo, Vicente, IX, 42 Albuquerque, Agustin, II, 541 ; VIII, 70 Alcala de la Torre, Francisco de Paula, II, 504; reign of, VIII, 121-122 Alcantara Monteclaro, Pedro, II, 310 Alcantara, Tomas, VII, 141 Alcarraz, Francisco, VII, 497 Alcayceria de San Jose, X, 312 Alcazar, Andres, VIII, 83 Alcazaren, Juan, X, 182, 186, 191 Alcega, Juan de, II, 541-542 Alcid, Gregorio, IX, 42-43 Alcina, Francisco Ignacio, VII, 251, 424, 426, 477

445

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Alcocer, Martin Garcia de, V, 565 Aldaba, V. C., on manufacturing industry, VII, 614-623 Aldanese, Isidoro, X, 173, 178 Aldanese, Vicente, IX, 43-44 AIde, Mariano, X, 165 Aldea, Agustin, X, 178 Aldecoa, Eladio R., IX, 44-45 Aldeguer, Jose M., X, 154 Ale measure, X, 263 Alegre, Juan B., I, 92; X, 177, 181, 190 Alejandrino, Jose, II, 266; IX. 4546; X, 151, 153, 154, 182 Alfaro, Pedro, II, 542 Alfonso XII, VIII, 138 Alfom'O XIII, V, 613; VIII, 138 Alfonso, Victor, biography, IX, 4647 Algue, Jose, II, 542; VII, 211; VIII, 507, 508 i X, 24, 215 Ali, V, 478 Aliaga, municipality, X, 317 Alindada, Raymundo, II, 96; X, 152 Alisangco, Mariano, VrI, 38, 191 Alkuino, Quiremon, X, i54, 160 Almario, Rosauro, I, 98 Almazan, Aurelio, X, 195 Almazan, Pedro, II, 310-313; VIII, 315 Almeda-Lopez, Natividad, VI, 423; IX, 47 Almeida, Fausto, X, 182 Almeida, Lucino, II, 313; VIII, 346 Almeida, Manuel Gomez, II, 313314 Alonso, Hermogenes, IX, 47-48 Almonte, Pedro de, VIII, 88, 340, 456; X, 367 Almonte, Tomas, II, 314; X, 160 Alonso, Jose, X, 173, 178 Alonso, Sandin, II, 542-543 Alonso, Teodora, II, 43, 314 Alonso, Tomas, X, 169, 186 Alonto Alauya, X, 154, 195 Alonzo, Agustin S., V, 269; IX, 48-49 Alphabet, Tagalog, I, 59-61; II, 76; Philippine, V, 79, 81; early Filipino, 465; Moro, 491

"Altar of St. Ignatius Church," IV, 465 Altavas, Enrique, IX, 49-50 Altavas, Jose, IX, 50-51; X, 151, 160, 168, 172, 182 Alunan, Rafael R., IX, 51-52; X, 165, 169, 173 Alva, II, 543 Alvarado, Alonzo de, II, 543 Alvarez, Agustin S., X, 178, 191 Alvarez de Abreu, Antonio, II, 543 Alvarez, Diosdado, X, 424 Alvarez, Franci~o, II, 314; X, 1601 Alvarez, Gabriel, II, 543 Alvarez, Jose, I, 99; II, 543 Alvarez, Ramon, VII, 141 Alvear, Juan, life, II, 176; X, 160, 351 Alvero, R. Sevilla de, quoted, I, 427 Alviola, Uldorico, I, 100 Alzate Banayos, Agaton, II, 315 Alzate, Ismael, II, 315 Alzate, Manuel A., IX, 52-55; X, 198 Alzina, Francisco Ignacio, II, 644 Alzona, Encarnacion, V, 125 Amaglucon, II, 315 Amandulu, II, 315 Amarlanhagui, Felipe, II, 315 Ambassador Gold Mining Co., X, 237 Ambition, I, 316 Ambos Camarines, X, 365 Ambrosio, Dominador B., IX, 65 America, I, 317; North, on cablegram rates, X, 286 American Bible Society, X, 419 American Expres~, X, 304 American Federation of Labor, VI, 524-525 American High School, X, 312 American, teachers, I, 230; nation, 257; freedom, 259; youth, 258; governors, II, 515-538; regime, education under, V, 122-350; ideals, triumph of, VI, 322-323; early policy towards the Philippines, 332335; Revolution, 355, 396;

446

GENERAL INDEX scientific progresS! of occupation, VII, 108; sovereignty, institutions during, 141-142; occupation, VIII, 147-154 Ames, Oakes, on Philippine orchids, VII, 461 Amigos del Pais, X, 296 Amnesty proclamation, X, 353 Amorrea, Sebastian, VIII, 100 Amorsolo, F路ernando, IV, 62, 63, 68, 322-349; IX, 55-57 Amorsolo, Pablo, paintings of, IV, 413; IX, 57-58 Amoy, cablegram rates, X, 287 Ampig, Atanasio, X, 196 Ampil, Isaac, IX, 58-59 Ampuero, Ramon, VII, 141 Ams, Charles M., VII, 370 Amsterdam, X, 334 "An American Girl, IV, 401 "An Idyl," IV, 379 "An old House," IV, 365 Anaya, Juan de, V, 532 Ancheta y Amon, Pio, VIII, 383; IX, 59; X, 154, 178, 186 "Ancient -and ever loyal city," founding of, X, 41 Ancient conception of an educated Filipino, X, 113-126 Ancient Filipino civilization, X, 71112; music, 96; languages, 98; writing 99; literature, 100; arts, 101; sciences, 102; mathematics; 103; education, 103 morals, 104; good manners and sanitation, 104; agriculture, 105; industries and culture, 105-108; foreign trade, 108; domestic trade, 109 ; weights and measures, 110; sy.~tem of reckoning time, 111; calendars, 111; conception of an educated man, 113-126 Anda y Salazar, Simon de, II, 496-497; death of, IV, 383; VIII, reign of, 107, 369; X, 25, 345 Andaya, Jose, II, 544 Anderson, George P., V, 125, 141 Anderson, H. C., IX, 59路60 Anderson, William, IX, 60-61 Anderson, William H., IX, 61-62

Andrada, Honofre, I, 93 Andrada, M. de, 116 Andre, Edoard, II, 544 Andrea or Maestre Andres, II, 544; V, 530 Andreas, H. R., IX, 62-63 Andrews, V. L., VII, 516 A ng Patnubay ng Catolico, X, 357 Angara, Jose A., IX, 63-64; X, 196, 198 Angel, Juan Rodriguez, II, 544545 Angeles, municipality, X, 317 Angeles, Juanita, portrait of, IV, 373 Angeles, Marcelino, IX, 64 Angeles David, Pablo, X, 173 Angeles, Sixto de 10&', IX, 64-66; X, 165 Angelo, Michael, quoted, IV, 165 Angers, X, 334 Anglo-Saxon civilization, I, 225, 226 Angouleme, X, 334 Angulo, Fernando, VIII, 98 Animal pests and di~eases, VII, 342-346; rinderpest, hemorrhagic septicemia and anthrax, 342-343; pork measles, 343; rabies, 343-344; tetanus, 344; surra, 344-345; foot and mouth disease, 345; hog cholera, lymphangitis and glanders, 345; tuberculosis, 345-346; avian diseases, 346; parasitic diseases, 346 Animism, V, 477, 539 Anitism, V, 466, 467, 469, 472, 481, 628 Anonas, Gregorio, IX, 66-67; X, 186, 191 Anos, V, 44 Antamok Goldfields Mining Company, brief of, X, 237 Anthropological work in the Philippines, VII, 507-513; historical review, 507-510 Anthropologist, famous American, X, 352 Antillon, Toribio, II, 316 Antipolo, shrine of, X, 313

.447

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Antipolo Hospital, VII, 73 "Antipolo Street," IV, 369 Antique, history of, VIII, 228-229; geography, 229-231; municipalities, 231; statistics, 232; density of population, X, 217; telegraph rates, 284, 366 Antiques, Philippine, IV, 171, 177-201; Bantug's collection of, 177, 181-199; Perez' collection of, 195 Anti-Tuberculosis Society, VI, 429; VII, 161 Antonio, Pablo S., IV, 541; IX, 67-68 Antonio, Sylvestre M., IX, 68 Antonio, Victoriano, II, 316 Antwerp, X, 333 Apacible, Galicano, IX, 69; manifest of, its importance, X, 148, 162, 165 Apacible, Leon, X, 151 Apacible, Sinforoso, I, 97; II, 193 Apalit, municipality, X, 317 Aparato Bibliografico, T, 106; II, . 459; VIII, 150, 178 Aparri, municipality, X, 317, 365 Apostol, Cecilio, I, 26, 27, 91, 92, 110; quoted, 347, 415; quoted, II, 66, 106, 224, 310; IX, 69 Apostol, Segundo, X, 169 Appert, Nicholas, VII, 369 April, calendar of events in, X, 302 Aquino, Alberto, IX, 69-70 Aquino, Benigno S., memorandum to U. S. Congress, VI, 512517; IX, 70-72; X, 173, 178, 182, 185, 189, 198 Aquino, Eustaquio G., on political parties, VI, 556 Aquino, Melchora, quoted, I, 399 Aragon de Quezon, Aurora, quoted, I, 428; IX, 72 Aragon, Ildefonso de, II, 545 Arambulo, Primo, IX, 72-73 Arandia Santisteban, Pedro Manuel de, II, 212, 465, 496 ; VII, 68; VIII, 104-105 Araneta, Felix, II, 178

Araneta, Gregorio, life, II, 1'18179; works, 179; VI, 18; quoted, 30, 48; X, 153 Araneta, Juan, II, 316; VIII, 401, 407 Araneta, Pablo, VIII, 327 Araneta, Salvador, IX, 73-74, X, 154 Aranguren, Jose, II, 545 Araullo High School, brief sketch of, X, 312 Arauno, Manuel, quoted, I, 376; life, II, 180-182; works, 181; VIII, 152 Araullo, Salustiano, II, 316-317 Araya, Fernando de, quoted, VII, 68 Arayat, municipality, X, 317 Area, Francisco, X, 196 Arce, Juan, II, 444 Arce, Ruperto, X, 150 Arcenas, Antonio, IX, 74; X, 154 Archaeology, VII, 513; Rizal survey, 513; recent discoveries in, VIII, 30; former investigators, 30-31; first site, 33 Archbishop, first arrival in Island~, X, 343 Archbishopric of Manila, in 1898, IV, 564-565; X, 33 Archdioceses of Cebu, X, 33 Architecture, Philippine, IV, 2734; status of, 30-31, 72-74, 503-545 Area, total, of the Philippines, X, 211 Arejola, Tomas, II, 317; X, 152, 160, 162 Arellano, Arcadio, II, 317 Arellano, Cayetano S., quoted, I, 335, 355, 416; life of, II, 136145, 249, 294; X, 25, 152, 351 Arellano, Deodato, II, 146, 317; VIII, 359 Arellano, Florentina, II, 109, 317 Arellano, Francisco S., X, 154, 186 Arellano, Galia, IV, 157.

"Arellano Home," IV, 519 Arellano, Juan M., IV, 34, 63, 74; paintings of, 415, 417, 419, 519, 521, 523, 525; IX, 74-76

448

GENERAL INDEX Arellano, Servando, II, 136 Arenas, X, 215 Arevalo, Bonifacio, II, 317-318, 444; VII, 74, 75; X, 342 Arevalo, Catalina, VII, 75; X, 342 Arevalo, Isidro, II, 318 Arevalo, .Tose, II, 318 Arevalo, Juan, II, 318; VII, 75 Arevalo, Ramon A., II, 318-319 Argao, municipality, X, 317 Argente, Baldomero, II, 140 Argentina, X, 268, 334 Argosino, Antonio, X, 196 Arguelles, Angel S., VII, on progress of science in the Philippines, 17, 562, 563; on manufacturing industry, 614; IX, 76-77 Arguelles, Juan, biography, II, 319 Arguelles, Manuel V., IX, 77-78 Arguelles, Tomas, IX, 78 Arguilla, Manuel, I, 94 Arias, Rafael Rodriguez, II, 510; quoted, V, 35; reign, VIII, 136 Arias.o, Vicente, IX, 78-79 Aristocracy, I, 318 Arizona, X, 286 Arjona, Father. V, 554 Arkam, V, 478 Arkansas, X. 286 Arnirol, Datu, X, 367 Army, revolutionary government of Biak-na-Bato, X, 14!l Arolas Tulawi, IX, 79; X, 154 Aromas, Juan, II, 319 Aron, Hans, VII, 514 Arostegui, Manuel, II, 171 Arolas y Esplugues, Juan, II, 545 Arranz, Melecio, IX, 80; X, 185, 189, 194 Arrechederra, Juan, II, 495; V, 1l58; VIII, 103 Arriaran, Amador de, II, 545 Arroyo, Felix, II, 319 Arrieta, Jose, II, 193; quoted VII, 324 Arroyo, Jose M., IX, 80; X, 169, 172, 177, 181 Arrna, Leandro, V, 558, 565 Art, I, 317; cultural value of, IV, 17-24; history of ' pla~tic-

graphic, 25-48; educational role of, 17; and school, 21; and Rizal, 23; first schools of fine, 42, 56-65; beginning of, 56; Filipino, 66-74; philosophy of, 165-167; ancient Philippine, 171-175; Philippine ancient decorative, 203-210, 211-239; Negrito, 203, Indonesian, 204205; Malayan, 205-208; Hindu, 208-209; Mohammedan, 209; Chinese, 209; Spanish, 209-210; creed, 246-247; ancient Filipino, X, 101 Artadi, Jose, IX, 80-81; X, 154, 173, 178, 186 Artacho, Isabelo, X, 149 Arteche, Pedro A., IX, 81-82; X, 154 Artieda, Diego de, VI, 19 Ar tiaga, Santiago, II, 307; VII, 33; ' IX,82 Artigas y Cuerva, Manuel, life, 183-185; works, 183-184, 264; VI, 18, 20 Artist, IV, 17, 18, 167, 172 "Artist and Model," IV, 286 Arts and trades, V, 72-73 Aruego, Jose, IX, 82-83; X, 154 A1'za, Manuel Ignacio de, VIII, 211 Arzadon, Ulpiano, X, 198 Asbel>tos, VII, 609-610 Asilo de Looban, X, 359 Asingan, municipality, X, 317 Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, II, 105, 266, 462, 472 Asaldegui, Andres de, VIII, 89 Asphalt, and related bitumens, VII, 609 Aspiration, I, 317 Asprer, Andres, X, 160 Assembly, inauguration of First Philippine, VIII, 150; second Philippine, 150; Commonwealth, X, 19; Hongkong, its importance, 146; members of first, 160-162; members of second 162-164; members of third, 165-167; first National, Commonwealth of the Philippines, members of, 198-201; Comtitutional, 549

449

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Association of the Sons of the People, duties, II, 74-75; rules of, X, 135-137 Asuncion, Antonio, II, 320 AsuIlcion, Geronima de la, V, 549 Asuncion, Hilarion, II, 320 Asuncion, Jose Ma., II, 320 ; quoted, IV, 25; painting, 363 Asuncion, Justiniano, II, 320 Asuncion, Leoncio, II, 320 Asylum, X, 359 Atayde, Juan, II, 545-546; VIII 179 Ateneo Municipal de Manila, V, 25, 57-59; studies of application, 58-59; table of degrees and titles granted by, 00; brief sketch of, X, 311, 348 Athletics, progress in the Philippines, X, 386-409; early history, 388-390; organization of units, 390-395; leag-ues and tournaments, 395-396; national championships, 396-3~8; Far Ea~tern games, 139(1; World's Olympics, 400-402; contests, 402-406; facihties, 406-407; coaching, 407; boxing, 408-409 Atienza, Francisco de, VIII, f;8 340 Atimonan, beach, X, 314; municipality, 317 Atkinson, Fred W., V, 141 Atok Gold Mining Co., X, 241 Audiencia, Royal, establishment of, VIII, 76; X, 343 Augustinian, I, 130; II, 41; warrant, V, 520-524; Fathers, 566-567; conflict with bishop, VIII, 76; X,路 36, 363 Augustinian Church, first built in the Philippines, X, 304-305, 342 Augustinus, Aurelius, life, V, 527529 Aunario, Pedro, I, 93; quoted, 324; IX, 83; X, 173, 178 Aure, Marcelino, X, 150 Auren, VIII, 102 Australia, territory and population, X, 222; value of foreign

money, 268; scene of Eucharistic Congress, 328; commerce with, 416 Austria, value foreign money, X, 268, 334 Authority, I, 318; parental, VI, 40 Autonomy Act, X, 354 Autos Acordado8, X, 348 A vanceiia, Amando, I, 99; IX, 8384; X, 160, 165 A vancefia, Anselmo, II, 323 AYanceiia, Ramon. VIII, 152; IX, 84-85; X, 203 Avelino, Jose, IX, 85-86; X, 178, 182, 186, 190, 195 Avelino, Librada, life, II, 186-187; V, 3l0; X, 358 A,'elino, Simplicio, II, 90 Avery, Henry C., IX, 86-87 A vignon, X, 333 Avila, Vicente, IX, 87-88 Aviles, Ginez Ros,', II, 546 Avilla Fuertes, Alonzo de, VIII, 95 Avoirdupois weight, X, 261 Awlija, Sharif, V, 489 Ayala, Fernando de, VIII, 81 Ayala, Trinidad, II, 304 Ayuntamiento, organization of, VIII, 139; brief sketch of, X, 308 Azanza, Benito, X, 162 Azanza, Pascual B., X, 178, 182, 199 Azcarraga, Manuel de, II, 546 ; quoted, III, 73 Azcarraga, Marcelo de, II, 646 Azcueta Menchaca, Cri~'tobal de, II, 546-548 B

Babson, R. W., quoted, III, 101 Bach, John, quoted, VII, 68, 70 Bachrach, Emanuel M., IX, 88-89 Backhouse, Thomas, 11, 548; VIII, 336, 437; X, 372 Bacolod, diocese of, X, 34; municipality, 317 Bacolor, municipality, X, 317, 371 Bacon, municipality, X, 317

450

GENERAL INDEX Bacon. Raymond F., VII, 48, 188, 390 Bacoor, municipality, X, 317 Bagatao, X, 361 8agay, Nicolas de la Cruz, X, 360, 435 Baginda, Rajah, II, 323; V, 509, 510, 511, 513, 514; VIII, 70, 455; X, 362 Bago, municipality, X, 317 Bagobos, belief, I, 43 Bagong Katipullan, X, 297 Bagongbanta, Fernando, I, 20, 24; II, 323 Baguio, history of V III, 23~-234; geography, 234-2;Âť)); statistics, 235; X, 313, 317, 351, 366 Baguio Gold Mining Co., its short history, X, 238 Bagumbayan, II, 203 Bailon, Patricio . X, 152 Baja, Emanuel A., on the Filipino national flag, X, 138 Bakani, Nicolas, quoted, I, 419; II, 323 Baker, Charles Tuller, VII, 501, 564 Baker, Newton Diehl, letter of Pres. Wilson, and his reply to the Philippine Independence Mission, VI, 538-543 Baking, brief sketch, A, 247 Bakr, Abu, see Abu Bakr Balagtas, see Baltazar, Francisco Balagtasan, I, 72; king of, X, 357 Balaguer, Victol', II, 267 Balanga, municipality X, 317 Balaoa~, municipality, X, 317 Balatamay, VIII, 91 Balatoc Mining Co., history of, X, 234-236 Balensuela, Datu, II, 323-324; X, 366 Bali, X, 222 Balili, Perfecto, IX, 89; X, 154 Balinguit, Pedro, II, 324 Balintawak, cry of, II, 68, 87; IV, 76; VIII, 142, 437 "Balintawak Girl," IV, 323 Baliuag, municipality, X, 317 Ballesteros, Gregorio, II, 324

Balmaceda, Cornelio, on made in the Philippines, III, 501-508; IX, 89-90 Balmaseda, Julian Cruz, I, 98; IX, 90-92 Balmori, Jesus, I, 91; IX, 92 Balmori, Joaquin, quoted, I, 355; IX, 92 Balmori, Joaquin, X, 162 Baltao, Eugenio T., X, 154 Baltasar, Rodolfo, biography, IX, 92-93; X, 191 Baltasar, Florencio, IX, 93; X, 165 Baltazar, Francisco, I, 73, 75, works, 97, 99, 102, 113; poemS', 309; quoted, 319, 327, 333, 336, 344, 350, 357, 363, 365, 372, 376, 401, 412, 418, 424; life, II, 160-167; children of, 164165; works, 164, 165; VIII, 119; X, 25, 352, 357 Baltazar, Juan, II, 160 Baluyut, Roman, IX, 93-94 Baluyut, Sotero, IX, 94-95; X, 189, 194 Bambang, X, ai7 Bamboo Organ, Las Piiias, brief sketch of, IV, 82, 201; X, 313 Banaag, Aquili rIO, X. ) 69 Banal, Juan, H. 324 Banana, III, 212-214 Baiiaga, Gregorio, M., X, 178 Bancao, II, 324; VIll, 350; X, 25, 369 Banco Espaiiol-Filipino (see also Bank of the Philippine Islands), X, 227, 312, 342, 348, 362 Bangoy, Francisco, X . 191 Bangued, municipality, X, 317 Bank, first estBblished, X, 18; oldest savings, 227 Bank of the Philippine Islands, X, 227, 312, 342 Bankaya, Datu, II, 324; V, 496; X,366 Banking, currency and finance, X, 227-231 Banks, in operation in the Philippines, X, 227 Banks, Charles S., VII, 49, 500 Banson, Manuel S., X, 182

451

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Banta, Pio, X, 424 Bantilan, II, 325; X, 373 Bantug, Jose P., quoted, I, 372; on Philippine anCIent arts, IV, 171-175; collection of antiques, 177, 181-191, 199; quoted, VII, 80-82, 165; on the beginning of medicine in the Philippines, 240-262; biography of, X, 95-96 Bantugun, mythological Filipino hero, V, 481 Bafiaga, Gregorio M., IX, 96; X, 154, 178, 186 "Baptism," IV, 367 "Baptism of Humabon's Daughter," IV, 337 Baptist churches, X, 421-422 Barangay, IV, 25, 36; VI, 28-29, 41; VIII, 65 Barbero, Juan, II, 548 Barbosa, Duarte ~e (or Eduardo Barbosa), II, 548; VIII, 71; X, 362 Barcelon, Emeterio, X, 340 Barcelona, Doctor, VIr; 317 Barcelona, Santiago, X, 152 Barican, Pio, X, 379 Barili, municipality, X, 317 Barlin, Jose, life, II, 188-189 Barnes, E. C., III, 449-450; IX, 96-97 Barocyclonometer, Algue, VII, 211 Barometer, Faura, VII, 211 Barrantes y Moreno, Vicente, II, 548-549 Barredo y Alonso, Fausto, IX, 97-98 Barrera, Marciano, X, 162 Barretto, Alberto, IX, 98-99; X, 151, 160, 162 Barretto y de Y caza, Enrique M., II, 325 Barrion, Antonio, IX, 99; X, 154 Barrios, Conrado, IX, 100 Barrows, David P., V, 141; quoted, 464-465; VII, 49; quoted, 52 Barsana, Vicente, X, 162, 165 Bartlett, Murray, V, 268; VII, 399 Bartolome, Candido C., IX, 100 Barugo, municipality, X, 317

Barza, Isaac, IX, 100-102 Basa, Feliciano, on the commerce of Acapulco, VIII, 489-500 Basa, Jose Ma., quoted, I, 391; life, II, 190-192, 266, 271, 444; X, 151, 153 Basa, Matias, II, 190 Basco y Vargas, Jose, II, 498; III, 83; V, 83; VII, 31, 76, 127, 139, 178; golden era under, 522-523; VIII, 109-110, 242; . X, 25, 312, 346, 360 Basey, municipality, X, 317 Basi, Geronimo, II, 325 Basi, Juan, II, 325 Bataan, history of, VIII, 236-238; geography, 238-240; municipaIi ties, 240; statistics, 240; X, 217, 284 Batanes, history of, VIII, 241-242; geography, 243-245; municipalities, 245; statistics, 245246; X, 217, 284 BatangaSl, type of culture outside Philippines, VIII. 27-28; depopulation of area at beginning of Christian era, 28-29; history, 247-249; geography, 249-252; municipalities, 252; statistics, 252-253; density of population, X, 217; telegraph rates, 284; municipality, 317; original name, 366, 371 Bath ala, I, 33, 34, 45; V, 467; VII, 241 Batlle, Evaristo, VII, 126 Battle, I, 319; of Playa Honda, VIII, 83, 479; Punta Flecha, 484; first naval, X, '343; of Manila Bay, 350 Bauan, municipality, X, 317 Bautista, Ambrosio Rianzares, II, 109, 445; VIII, 504, 505; X, 151 Bautista, Ariston, X, 151 Bautista Lin, Ariston, II, 325-326 Bautista, Basilio, X, 182 Bauthita, Felix, X, 151 Bautista, Felix B., I, 103; biography, IX, 102; X, 154 Bautista, Hermogenes, II, 445; X. 150

452

GENERAL INDEX Bautista, Marcelino, IX, 102-103 Bautista, Pedro, V, 548; VII, 131 Bautista, Severino, II, 326 Bautista, Simeon, II, 445 Bayambang, municipality, X, 317 Bayat, Miguel, V, 557 Bayaya, Cirilo, X, 187, 191 Ba;ybay, see Jolo Baybay, municipality, X, 317 Bayo, E., II, 304 Bayombong, municipality, X, 317 Bazan, Pardo, II, 459; VI, 60 Becbec, Pedro, VIII, 211 Beans, III, 185-187 Beaterio de la Compafiia, brief sketch of, X, 310 Beaterio, Santa Rosa, brief sketch of, X, 309 Beautiful Philippines, quoted, X, 300 Beauty, I, 319 Beauty spots, X, 299-316 Beck, Isaac, IX, 103-104 Beekeeping, VII, 556 Beer meas:ure, X, 263 Behr, Hans Herman, VII, 495 Beings and sorcerers, supernatural, X, 95 Bejasa, Braulio, IX, 104 Belarmino, I, 130 Belarmino, Vito, X, 149, 152 Belen, Gaspar Aquino de, II, 549 Belen, Julian B., X, 187 Belgium, X, 268, 333, 334 Bell, Alexander Graham, VII, 183 Belli, Juan, VII, 596 Bellosillo, Fabiano, II, 445 Belo y Villaruz, Antonio, X, 169, 185, 190 Beltran, Pascual M., X, 154 Benavides, Miguel de, II, 549-550; V, 30, 556, 557; legacy of, X, 305, 374 Benedicto, Teodoro, IX, 104-105 Benedictines, arrival of, V, 559, 568; X, 39, 363 Bengson, Antonio, X, 173 Bengnet, history, VIII, 387-389; X, 370 Benguet-Baguio Road, VIII, 151

Benguet Consolidated Mining Co., its history and organization, X, 232-234, 241 Benguet Exploration, Inc., its brief history, X, 239 Bengzon, Cesar, IX, 105-106; X, 204 Benitez, Conrado, I, 93, 94; on Philippine commerce of long ago, III, 17-99; V, 269; VII, 77-78, 541; IX, 106; quoted, X, 63, 154, 304 Benitez, Eulogio, X, 173 Benitez, Fernando, VII, 126 Benitez, Francisca, V, 310 Benitez, Francisco, I, 93; on an educated Filipino, 247-249; quoted, 315, 325, 336, 337, 338, 363, 387, 400, 415; V, 269; IX, 106-108 Benitez, Higino, quoted, I, 396; X, 151 Benito, Saturnino R., X, 154 Benllure, Jose, IV, 255 Bennett, James O'Donnel, quoted, X, 329, 331 Bennett, Roy Coleman, IX, 108 Benton, Guy Potter, V, 268 Benton, Lawrence, IX, 108-109 Berenguer de Marquina, Felix, II, 498-500; VIII, 110; X, 346 Bergafio, Diego, II, 550; X, 343 Bergh, Rudolf, VII, 398 Berkeley, X, 286 Bermeho, Julian. VIII, 114 Bermudez Gonzales de Castro, Carlos, II, 550 Bernabe, Jose, IX, 109 Bernabe, Manuel, I, 91, 92, 98; IX, 109; X. 187 Bernad, Anselmo, X, 178 Bernal', Rosa, II, 14(1 Bethany Hospital, X, 431 Bewley, Luther B., V, 142; quoted, VI, 392; IX, 109-110 Beyer, H. Otley, I, 74; quoted, V, 464; on Philippine tektites, VII, 232-239, 508, 510, 513; quoted, 592-593; on prehistoric Philippines, VIII, 21-61; IX, 110-113; X, 54; quoted, 63, 304, 352, 370

453

/

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Biak-na-bato, pact of, II, 152, 245, 256, 258, 310; provisional constitution of, V, 122; VIII, 144, 267; provisions of treaty, 502503; constitution of, its importance, X, 146; revolutionary government of, 149-150 Bianang, II, 163 Bible, on Evangelical Christianity, V, 582-584; proofs from, X, 324-325 Bibliographers, I, 119; X, 352 Bicol, works on, I, 74; martyrs, II, 440; execution of, VIII, 143; first Christian, X, 363 Biden, see Zalnut-Abidin Bidiones, Ubaldo, II, 445 Big Wedge Mining Co., brief history of, X, 241 Rill of Rights, American, VI, 319 Billiet, Joseph, X, 3,,5, 339 Bilog, Gregorio M., IX, 113 Binag, Miguel G., IX, 114; X, 155, 173 Binalonan, municipality, X, 317 Binmaley, municipality, X, 317 Biography, first critical, X, 357 Biological products, manufactured by government, VII, 320-322; prepared by Bureau of Science, 322 Riological sciences, VII, 397-519 Birdseye, Clarence, \i 1I, 373 Bi~ayan belief, I, 43, 44; works on, 74, 75, 99-100 Risayas, see Visayas Bhlhop, A. H., IX, 114 Bishoprics, in ] 898 of Cebu, J aro, Nueva Cacel'es and Nueva Segovia, V, 564-566 Biteng, Lupo, X, 178, 182 Blah Sinsuat y Pifiagtayon, X, 155, 191, 195 Rlair and Robertson, I, 120, 121; V, 469, 473, 474, 613; quoted, VII, 179, 541 Blancas de San Jose, Francisco, I, 20, 24, 62, 97, 115; II, 29, 550 Blanco, Antonio Maria, II, 504; VIII, 123

Blanco, Manuel, I, 97; life of, II, 478-480; works of, 480; VII, 59, 60, 140, 181; quoted, 254, 256, 424, 428, 480, 483, 529; VIII, 119; X, 25, 353 Blanco, Ramon, II, 512; reign, VIII, 141-142, 340; X, 369 BIas, Angel de, IX, 114-115 Blessed Sacrament, Presence of Christ in, X, 324; veneration of, 332 "Blind Singer," IV, 349 "Blood Compact," II, 131; IV, 268; VIII, 73; X, 362 Blumentritt, Ferdinand, quoted, I, 124; quoted, II, 43, 63; life, 461-463; works of, 462; quoted, V, 51-52, 82, 467, 546; X, 25, 360 Blunt, Arthur Powlett, IX, 115 Bluntschli, Weslon, II, 106 Boac, municipality, X, 317 Bocallan, Agustin, VIII, 308; X, 368 Bocar Juan L., IX, 115; X, 155, 199 Bocobo, Jorge, I, 93; on life's high tide, 278-281; quoted, 318, 325, 328, 337, 338, 341, 361. 368, 393, 403, 409, 411, 426; V, 268; on spiritual emergency, 644646; IX, 115-117 Bodin, Filiberto, II, 550 Bohol, history of, VIII, 254-255; geography, 255-258; municipalities, 258; sta tistics, 258259; X, 211, 212, 217, 284 Boie and Schadenberg, brief history of, X, 306 Bojeador, cape, X, 313 Bojol, see Bohol Boletin Oficial de Filipinas, X, 356 Bolingui, II, 326 Bolivia, X, 268 Bolivar, Juan, II, 551 Bonafe, Rafael de, II, 551 Boncan, Marcelo, T., IX, 117-118; X, 187, 191 Bonifacio, Andres I, 23, 97; quoted, 327, 328, 336, 350, 355, 35~ 369, 387, 398, 426; IL 54; life of, 68-79; poems of,

454

GENERAL INDEX 72-73; 238, 445; monument of, IV, 495; VIII, 359; founding of Katipunan by, X, 18, 25, 343 Bonifacio, Arsenio, IX, 118; X, 187, 191, 199 Bonifacio, Pio, II, 326-327 Bonifacio, Santiago, II, 68 Bonifacio, Vicente, II, 327 Bonson, Agapito, X, 150 Bontife, Nava di, V, 616 Bonto, Jose, IX, 118; X, 155, 199 Bonus, Ladislao, II, 327; IV, 159; X, 355 Book, measure, X, 265; first Tagalog, 342; first published about Philippines, 343; first guide, 347; first printed in Ilocano, 355; first printed known, 356; first medical, 359 Books, ten best Philippine, I, 113114; early printed, 115-118; Tabacalera collection, 120 ; earliest printed, 125, 130; list of hundred best, 136-139; Pinpin's, II, 30; Philippine, 290; VIII, 180-191, 199; X, 356 Borbon, Julio, X, 155, 165 Borbon, Pablo, X, 169 Borbon, WenceE,'laoa, II, 295 Bordner, Harvey Albert, IX, 118119 Borja, Francisco de, VII, 67; VIII, 97; X, 360 Borja, Candelario, X, 160, 162, 165 Borneo, X, 222 Borongan, municipality, X, 318 Borromeo, Fortunato, IX, 119 Borromeo, Gregorio, IX, 119-120; X,169 Borromeo, Leon, IX, 120; X, 162, 165, 199 Borromeo, Mercedes de la Rama, IX, 120 Botanical Garden, VII, 489; brief sketch of, X, 308 Botanist, first Filipino world renown, X, 343; one of greatest Spanish, 360

Botany, medicinal, pre-European.

VII, 57-59; works on in Philippines, 60; pharmaceutical, 386-387; historical sketch of Philippine, 476-492; names of persons with botanical collection, 489-490 Botica noie, brief sketch of, X, 306, 360 Boubee, Rev. Joseph, on origin and history of Eucharistic Congress, X, 332-333 Bowers, Clarell.!e H., IX, 121-122 Bowring, Lewin, II, 482 Boy, I, 319 "Boy on the Mule," IV, 437 Boyles, Eutiquio, X, 160, 162 Boynton, W. T., VII, 343 Bracken, Josephine, II, 54; IV, 473 Braganza, Ciriio, X, 162 Braganza, Enrique C., X, 155, 182 Brahminism, V, 472, 473 Bravery, I, 320 Bravo, Felipe, I, 58; VII, 256 Brazil, X, 268 Brennan, Mary, II, 537 Brent, Charles Henry, II, 551; quoted, V, 591; X, 342 Brias, Antonio, IX, 122 Bridges, III, 3115-391 Briefs, of gold mining companies, X, 237-241 Brill, H. C., VII, 390, 515 Brillantes, Adolfo. X, 178 Brillantes, Sixto, X, 122-123; X, 199 Brimbuela, Silvino, X, 162 Briones, Manuel C., I, 92; IX, 123124; X, 155, 173, 178, 182,187, 190, 195 Briones, Tomas, II, 441 British, survey work, VII, 229230; attack on Zamboanga, VIII, 112; occupation of Manila, 358; evacuation of Manila, X, 345 British Columbia, cablegram rates, X, 287 British East Indies, commerce with, X, 416 British Honduras, X, 268

455

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Brown, Arthur J., V, 585 Brown, Robert E., VII, 500 Brown, Roy Howard, IX, 124 Brown William H., VII, 257, 461, 563 Brunet, Jacques Charles, I, 119, 120 Brussels, X, 334 Bryan, Elmer B., V, 141 Bryan, William Jennings, quoted, II, 57-58 Bryce, James, quoted, VI, 367 Bucher, Karl, quoted, IV, 56 Buck, Hammond H., X, 63 Bueneamino, Victor, on promotion of science by the Philippine government, VII, 108-113; IX, 127 Budget system, VI, 355-360 Buddhism, V, 472, 473 Buenafe, Bernardo~., IX, 124-125; X, 199 Buenaflor, Tomas, IX, 125; X, 187, 191, 199 Buenaventura, Antonio F., IX, 125-126 Buenaventura, Teodoro, paintings of, IV, 387, 389, 391 Buencamino, Felipe, quoted, I, 411; life, II, 193-195; VIII, 504; quoted, 506; X, 151, 153 Buencamino, Jr., Felipe, IX, 126127; X, 191, 199 Buenconsejo, Agapito. X, 173, 178 Buendia, Andres, X, 182 Buendia, Nicolas B., IX, 127-128; X, 155, 199 Bueno, Maximino G., IX, 128; X, 155 Buenos Aires, X, 323, 334 Bugallon, Jose Torres, quoted, I, 319; II, 155; life, 196-197, 445 Buglas, see Negros Building, and loan association, numbers in operation, X, 229; first concrete, 355 Buildings, facts and figures on, III, 398; government, IV, 543; historic, X, 299-316 Bukaneg, Pedro, I, 101, 132; life, II, 40-42; X, 25, 345

Bukidnon, history of, VIII, 260261; geography,.

261-263; municipalities and municipal districts, 263; statistics, 263264; density of population, X, 217, 284; origin of, 366 Bukidnons, X, 370 Bulacan, history of, VIII, 265-267; geography, 267-269; municipalities, 269; statistics, 269; density of population, X, 217, 284; scenes, 316; municipality, 318, 364, 366, 371 Bulan, municipality, X, 318 Bulayufigan, Rafael, X, 169, 174,

In

'

Bulgaria, X, 268 Bunuan, V. E., ' I, 93 Bunyan, John, V, 598 Burauen, municipality, X, 318 Burbidge, F. W .â&#x20AC;˘ VII, 487 Bureau of Agriculture. VII, 50, 154; X, 350, 359 Bureau of Animal Industry, VII, 155 Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey, VII, 155; X, 359 Bureau of Education, V, 140-154; history ana aims, 140-144; origin and development, 140142; present organization, 144-150; director, 144-145; assistant director, 145; general office force, 145-146; division superintendents, 146-148; division supervisors, 148; supervising teachers, 148-149; secondary principals, 149; elementary principals, 149-150; classroom teachers, 150 ; municipal school boards, 150; means of communication within, 150-153; relations with other government branches, 153-154; financial, 153-154; administrative, 154; courses of study, 202; plans and policies in the special provinces, 226-229; Director of, quoted, 377-378; X, 308, 355

456

GENERAL INDEX Bureau of Forestry, VII, 154; X, 359 Bureau of Health, VII, 19, 46, 109, 152-153; VIII, 149; X, 216, 359 Bureau of Labor, VI, 415, 416, 421 Bureau of Mines, VII, 117, 119, 154, 257, 388; VIII, 157 Bureau of Non-ChriS'tian Tribes, VII, 49; VIII, 151 Bureau of Posts, VII, 210 Bureau of Public Welfare, VI, 155 Bureau of Public Works, IV, 527 Bureau of Science, VII, 117, 152, VIII, 151; X, 359, 360 Burgos, Jose A., I, 23, 71; quoted, 331, 335, 338; II, 43, 45, 55; life, 198-204, 219, 301, 302, 435; V, 578, 6,13; VIII, 133; X, 18, 25, 351 Burgos, Manuel XereS'J II, 308; X, 151 Burlingame, X, 286 Burnham, D. H., IV, 33; VIII, 234; X, 366 Business, I, 320; principles of, III, 472-494; scientific methods in, 473-475; organizations, 475; financing, 475-478; capital in, 478-480; management, 481484; model office, 484-486; administration, 486-489; marketing, 489-490; salesmanship, 490-494 Burritt, C. H., VII, 48 Buslon, Teofilo B., X, 155 Bustamante y Rueda, Fernando Manuel de Bustillo, II, 465, 494; V, 538; reign of, VIII, 99; X,345 Bustamante, J use E., quoted, I, 355; IX, 128-129 Bustos, Asturian, II, 552; VIII, 107 Butte, George C., IX, 129-130 Butterfield, K., X, 380, 431 Buttons, manufacturing of, X, 247; factories, 248 Buyser, Fernando. I, 100 Buyzon-Lampa, Mariano, IX, 130

Buzeta, Manuel, I, 58; II, 552 ; X,215 Buzon, Moises, X, 424Bwisan, V, 491 By-laws, of the Katipnnan, its importance, X, 145 Byrns, Joseph W., VIII, 155; X, 353 Byron, Proceso Pabalan, I, 103 C Cabahug, Sotero, VII, 285; IX, 130-131; X, 187, 191 Caballa, Marciana, II, 286 Cabanatuan, X, 371 Cabanela, Dencio, X, 408, 409 Cabarroguis, Leon, IX, 131; X, 155 Cabatuan, municipality, X, 318 Cabbage, III, 188-190 Cabezas, Eugenio, II, 349 Cabezas de Herrera, Jose, II, 552 Cabezas, Patricio, II, 327 Cabili, Tomas L., IX, 132; X, 155, 199 Cabinet crish.1, VIII, 153; X, 354 Cable, opening of line, X, 349 Cablegram rates, X, 286-288 Cablenews-A merican, quoted, II, 297 Cabral, Jose, II, 327 Cabuco, Feliciano, II, 439 Cacao, III, 123, 161-163 Cachile, Paquian, VIII, 90 Cacho, Jesus, IX, 132 Cacho, Mariano M., IX, 132-133 Cadiz, municipality, X, 318 Cadiz Constitution, II, 273 Cagayan, history of, VIII, 270272; geography, 272-274; municipalities and municipal distries, 274; statistics, 274-275; diocese of, X, 34, 217, 284, 364, 370 Caido, Florencio, X, 163 Cames, Juan, IX, 133; X, 182, 187 Caingin, III, 30 Cal Hor Mining Co., its brief history, X, 241 Calalang, Casiano, quoted, I, 346 Calalang, I., I, 94 Calamba, X, 369

457

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Calarrvianes, see Palawan Calamity, I, 321; Philippine, VII, 53-55; earthquakes, 53; eruptions, 53; typhoons and storms, 55; cholera, 55 Calantiao, see Kalantiaw Calao, Luis, II, 328 Calapan, municipality, X, 318 Calasiao, municipality, X, 318 Calbayog, diocese of, X, 34; rounicipality, 318 Calcano, II, 123 Calderon, Evaristo, I, 107 Calderon, Felipe G., I, 7, 110; quoted, 327; life of, II, 205207; works of, 206; VI, 18, 23, 38; quoted, 39; VIII, 30, 147; X, 26, 151, 352, 356 Calderon, Fernando, V 268; VII, 317; IX, 133-135 Calderon de Sotomayor, Melchor, II, 552 Calendars, ancient Filipino, X, 111 Calivo, municipality, X, 318 Calle Victoria, site, brief sketch of, X, 305 Calleja, Ambl'o~'io A., X, 155 Calleja, Marcial, II, 328; X, 151, 163 .

Callery, VII, 485 Caloocan, municipality, X, 318 Calumpit, municipality, X, 318.

366 Caluya, Claro, I, 100; II, 328 Calvert, W ..J.. VII, 109 Calvin, Jobn, V, 5G8 Camacho, Diego, V, 556 Camacho y A vila, Diego, II, 552553 Camacho, Juan, II, 553 Camacho, Raymundo 0., X, 174, 178 Camacho, Teodoro, IX, 135-136; X, 187, 196, 199 Camacho controvery, beginning of, VIII, 96 Camarines Norte, history of, VIII, 276-278; geography, 278-279; municipalities, 279; statistics, 279; X, 217, 284, 365 Camarines Sur, history of, VIII, 280-282; geography, 282-284;

municipalities, 285; statistics.

285; X, 217, 284, 365 Camarino, Casimiro, II, 435 Camba, Andres Garcia, II, 503 ; reign of, VIII, 119; X, 347 Camel, George Joseph, VII, 251, 424, 426 Camerino, Eduardo, II, 328; VIII, 292 Camerino, Lucas, II, 455; X, 150, 379 Cameron, H. F., VII, 597 Camiling, municipality, X, 318 Oamog, II, 328 Campa, Father, VII, 67 Campo, Arsenio del, V, 566 Campo, Juan del, II, 553 Campomanes, Jose Heria, V, 566 Campo~', Alberto, IX, 136 Campos Rueda, Antonio, IX, 138 Campos, Pedro J., IX, 136-138 Campos, Roman, X, 178 Camus, Jose S., IX, 138-139; X, 203 Camus, Manuel, IX, 139-141; X, 186 Canada, X, 268, 334 Canal Zone, postage rates and conditions, X, 277 Candaba, municipality, X, 318 Candle making, industry, X, 248 Candolle, A. P. de, VII, 479 Candon, municipality, X, 318 Candy making, industry, X, 247 Canlas, II, 155 Canning, VII, 369-370; industry, X, 251 Cano. Juan Sebastian del, II, 553; VII, 183; VIII, 71, 72; X, 26 (see Elcano) Canon, Fernando, X, 151 Canonoy, Mateo M., IX, 141; X, 155 Canseco, Jr., Jose, II, 328-329; IV, 15G-160 Canson, John, IX, 141-142 Cantera, Fernando de la, IX, 142143 Cantilan, municipality, X, 318 Caiiacao Hospital, X, 313 Caoili, II, 329 Capacity, measures of, X, 266

458

GENERAL INDEX Capuli, Mariano, II, 163 Capistrano, Nicolas', IX, 143; X. 163, 165, 168 Capital, III, 89, 99 Capiz, history of, VIII, 286-2?7.; geography, 287-289; mumcIpalities, 290; statistics, 290; density of population, X, 217; telegraph rates, 284; chul'ch of, 315; municipality, 318; origin of word 365; first :Vlalay settlement, 366, 367 Capolo, Dionisio, II, 329 Capuchins, arrival of, V, 559, 568; X, 38-39, 363 Carabaos, III, 269, 272-273, 284285 Caradag, Doroteo, X, 196 Carag, Nicanor, X, 196 Caraga, X, 373 Caram, Fermin, IX, 14~ 144; X, 155 Carballo, Juan Lopez, II, 553 路1)54 Carceller, D., X, 340 Careful, I, 321 Carigara, municipality, X, 318, 369 Cal'in, Casiano S., X, 155 Caringal, Marcelo, X, 165 Cariiio, Jose 0., IX, 144; X, If>5 Cariiio, Juan, X, 169, 174, 178 Carlos II, see Charles.' II Carlos, Melecio, X, 149 Carluen, Gavino, IV, 160 Carmelo, Alfredo, paintingS' of, IV, 397; IX, 146-147 Carmelo de Lakandola, Eulalio, II, 329 Carman, Philip D., IX, 144-146 Carmona, Vicente, IX, 147-148 Caro, Ramon, IX, 148-149 Carolina, North, cablegram rates, X, 287 Carolina, South, cablegram rates, X, 287 Cal'pena y Evangelista, Maria, II, 329-330 Carpenter, Frank W., VI, 475 Carranceja, Rafael, X, 182 Carreon, Manuel L., I, 104; quoted 337, 368, 424, 429; on edu-

cation under the Commonwealth, V, 435-438; IX, 149150 Carreon, Marciano, VII, 291 Carriage manufacturing, X, 248 Carriedo, Francisco, II, 554 Carriedo water system, X, 360 Carrion, Antonio, II, 554 Carrion, Juan Pablo de, II, 554; VIII, 75, 270; X, 365 Carro, Andres, I, 135; II, 41, 554 Carruth, William Herbert, quoted, V, 627 Carson, A. R, II, 554 Cartagena, Lorenzo de, VIII, 75 Carthage, X, 334 Cartographers, VII, 68-70; famous, X, 360 Carvajal, II, 122 Carvajal, Ciriaco Gonzalez, II, 556 Carvajal, Jose, II, 330 Carving, IV, 70 Casa Real, X, 377 Casaan, Apolonio, X, 150 Casanova, Justino, X, 433 Casarriega, Enrique Abela y, II, 566 Cassava, III, 123, 167-169; VII, 617 Casefias Orbeta, Filomeno, X, 169, 174, 191 Cas.'ibang, Sabas, X, 191 Casiguran, X, 372 Casino, X, 347 Castaneda, Juan, VIII, 532 Castaner, Eduardo, VII, 141 Castels, V, 583 Castillejo, Lino, IX, 150 Castillejos, Claudio, X, 174, 178 Castillejos, Juan, L., IX, 150; X, 155, 169 Castillo, Lorenzo, II, 556 Castillo, Francisco, II, 435 Castillo, Modesto, IX, 151-152 Castillo, Rafael S., X, 155 Castor bean, III, 245-247 Castro, Alonso de, II, 556-557 Cas.'\;ro, BIas Cavado de, II, 330 Castro, Catalina de, II, 68 Castro, Francisco de, VIII, 216, 463; X, 373

459

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Castro, Jose, I, 101 Castro, Mariano, X, 433 Castro, Modesto de, I, 97, 99, 113: life, II, 208: VIII, 135: X, 26, 356 Castro, Pedro, X, 424 Castro, Remigio Mat., I, 98 Castro, Sebastian de, X, 152 Castro, Servando, 'IX, 152; X, 155 Catt, Carrie Chapman, VI, 422 Catbalogan, municipality, X, 318 Catequesis, V, 620-624 Cathedral of Manila, brief sketch, X, 307 Catholicism, V, 543-574; propagation of, 543-560; extension by /religious prders, 547-556; pres ent state in the Philippines, 560-574: its serious obstacles, 572-574; X, 33-40 Catholics, increa~ in the Philippines, V, 560-564, 631 Catigbac, Gregorio, X, 160 Catindig, Jose, quoted, I, 365 Cattle, III, 269, 274-275, 286-287 Cauchela, Andres, II, 557 Cause, I, 322 Causing, Casiano, X, 160 Causing, Eulalio E., X, 163, 165 Caustic soda, production, X, 248 Cavan illes, A. J., VII, 481 Cavender, Howard M., IX, 152153 Cavendish, Thomas, II, 557 Cavero, Geronimo, II, 40 Cavite, VIII, 133: thirteen martyrs, 143; history of, 291-293: geography of, 293-295; municipalities of, 295; statistics of, 295; X, 18, 217, 284, 313: municipality, 318, 367, 371 Cavite revolt, II, 301, 302; V, 578, 613 Cea, Severo, IX, 153; X, 155, 191 Cea, Sulpicio V., X, 169, 178, 196 Cebu, uprising in, VIII, 144; history of, 296-298; geography, 298-299; municipalities, 299300; statistic~, 300; archdiocese of, X, 33; area, 211, 212, 217, 284; capital, 314, 318, 362, 367 J

Cebu Hospital, VII, 73 Cecilio y Velarde, Aurelio, IX, 153-154; X, 187 Cecilio, Silverio, X, 165, 174 Cedula Personal, X, 349 Celebes, X, 222 Celebrado, Francisco, IX, 154; X, 199 Cement, VII, 611-612; manufacturing, X, 248-249 Cemetery, North, IV, 539 Census, quoted, X, 210-211; 353 Centeno y Garcia, Jose, II, 557; VII, 62, 63, 138; X, 360 Central government, personnel of, Philippine Republic, X, 152 Centro Escolar Univercity, II, 186; VII, 145; X, 358 Ceramics, its possibilitie~, VII, 584-590, 617 Cervantes, municipiality, X, 318 Cesare Karoli, see Surigao Cespedes, Luis, X, 308 Cevano~, Ordonez de, VI, 19; quoted, 55 Chacon, Lorenzo, II, 557 Chamberlain, (J.) Austen, quoted, I, 224 Chamisso, A. von, VII, 482 "Champion of the average man," X, 351 Chanco, Gerardo, I, 98; II, 330 Chandia, Antonio de, VII, 68 Changco, Jose Ma., II, 330 Chao-Ju-Kua, II, 574; VIII, 70; X, 17, 26, 372 Chapelle, P. L., V, 618: VIII, 540, 542, 543 Character, Filipino, I, 228, 249, 272; and youth, 275, 322, 403 Charity, and public welfare, VI, 472-473 Charles I, II, 558 Charles TI, VII, 125 Charles III, quoted, V, 24; quoted, 25, 33; VII, 178; VIII, 108 Charles IV, VII, 80; X, 360 Charles V, II, 558: V, 598; VIII, 70: X, 373 Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, X, 227

460

GENERAL INDEX Chavannes, Puves de, IV, 20 Chaves, Juan de, II, 558; VIII, 90, 484 Chaves, Pedro, II, 558; VIII, 276, 280; X, 310, 315, 365 Chavez, Pedro, IX, 154-155; X, 160 Chavez, Restituto, IX, 155 Chemistry, pre-American regime, VII, 348-351; general and physical, 353-357; agricultural, 367-380; pharmaceutical, 385-390 Chengcheng, VII, 75 Chesterton, G. K., quoted, X, 330 Chicago, Eucharistic Congress in, X, 329-330, 334 Chico, III, 215-217 Chicote, Alfredo, IX, 155-156 Children, I, 324; legitimate and illegitimate, VI, 39; adoption of, 40; parental authority over, 40 Chile, X, 269 China, cultural legacies of, X, 73; density of population, 221, 269; cablegram rates, 287 ; commel'ce with, 416 China Banking Corporation, X, 227 Chinese, wares, VIII, 42-52; trade, 50, 51; uprising, 87, 335, 357; weights and meas'Ures, X, 267 Chinese General Hospital, VII, 73, 150; X, 359 Chioco, Florentino, IX, 156-157; X,155 Chirino, Pedro, I, 20, 24, 57; quoted, 58, 121; life, II, 471; quoted, IV, 242-245; V, 20, 78, 552; VII, 66, 240, 250 ; VIII, 84, 180; X, 26; quoted, -98, 117, 363 Chiyuto, Sulpicio, VII, 292, 295 Choice, I, 324 Cholera, VII, 83-84; epidemic, VIII, 153 "Christ before Pilate," IV, 18 "Christian Martyrs," IV, 272 "Christian Mission," X, 422 Christian Missionary Alliance, X, 419, 434

Christianity, I, 324; V, 476; in the Far East, X, 41-50 Christie, Emerson B., VII, 49, 508 Christmas, X, 65-67 Chrome ore, deposits, where found, X, 245 Chromite, X, 361 Chromium, VII, 604-605; development of, X; 244-246 Chu-fan-chih, II, 574; X, 17, 26.

70 Chuidian, Telesforo, X, 152 Church, Franci~'Can, brief sketch of, X, 310 Church holtdays, X, 414-415 Church of Christ, X, 432-434 Church of Nuestra Senora de Guia, short sketch of, X, 307 Church of San Vicente de Paul, brief sketch of, X, 306-307 Church of Santo Domingo, brief sketch of, X, 307-308 Church of the Disciples of Christ, X,419 Church of the Recoletos, brief sketch of, X, 308-309 Church of the Third Order of Franciscans, brief sketch of, X, 310 Church of the United Brethren in Christ, X, 419 Cid, Pedro, II, 558 Cienfuegos, VIII, 101 Ciera, Diego, IV, 82 Cinco, Atilano R., X, 155 Cinco, Eladio, X, 163 Ciocon, Salvador, I, 99; II, 330333 Circular motion, measure of, X, 264 Circulo Hispano-Filipino, II, 121 Cities, X, 19, 317-322 Citizen, I, 325; definition of, V, 380; pledge of, 398 Citizenship, V, 380; education and, 395-399 City, "ancient and ever loyal," X, 41 City of Manila, X, 308 "City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus," X, 367

461

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Civic, defined, V, 380 Civics, definition of, V, 380 Civil government, inauguration of, X,18 Civil procedure, of early Filipinos, VI, 48-49 Civil service, under American occupation, VI, 362-364; VIII, 149; revolutionary ffovernment of Biak-na-bato, X, 150, 353 Civilization, Anglo-Saxon, I, 225; Latin, 225, 325; and culture of early Filipinos, V, 465-466; factors that enhanced rapid spread of western, VII, 187188; Philippine, X, 20-21; ancient Philippine, 71-112; definitions of, 71; rise of preSpanish, 75; origin of Philippine, 364 Clain, Pablo, see Klain, Paul Clapp, Hilary, X, 191 Clara, Maria, I, 246 Clara vall, Eliseo, X, 16'3, 165 Clarin, Jose A., X, 155, 160, 163, 165, 168, 173, 177, 182, 186, 190, 195 Clarin, Olegario B., IX, 157-158; X, 182, 199 Clarke, Metcalfe A., II, 559; X, 232 Classes, Filipino social, X, 83-84 Classification, of public revenue~, X,230 Clavano, Fortunato U., X, 174 Claveria, X, 366 Claveria y Zaldua, Narciso, II, 504; reign of, VIII, 122-123, 309; surnames given to Filipinos, X, 18, 26, 347 Clay products, VII, 584-588, 612 Clayton, Henry D., VI, 368 Clement VIII, brief of, V, 557; X, 33, 34 Clement XII, Pope, VII, 125 Clemente, Amando, on general and physical chemistry in the Philippines, VII, 353-361 Clemente, Juan, II, 559; VII, 129 Clemente, Manuel, II, 559

Clemente, Tomas S., IX, 158; X, 199 Clifford, Hugh, quoted, II, 57 Climate, I, 326; Philippine, VII, 214-219; X, 23-24 Cline, Charles V., IX, 158 Clonard, Count, II, 106 Cloribel, Gaudencio F., X, 155 Cloth measure, X, 263 Clothes, Filipino, X, 77-78 Club Filipino, X, 33 Club Internacional, VII, 33-34 Clusius, C., VII, 476 Coal, VII, 595-596, 605-609; X, 361 Coalition Party, VIII, 155 Coast and Geodetic Service office, establishment of, VII, 230231 Coco Grove, Inc., X, 237; its brief hi~'tory, X, 241 Coconut, III, 124, 143-148; leaf miner, VII, 550-553, 619-620 C. O. D. Service, postal rates Bnd conditions, X, 282-283 Codamon, Joaquin, X, 182 Code, Kalantiao, II, 25; VI, 45, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64-67; mercantile, VI, 47; of commerce, 47; administrative, quoted, 372; introduction of Spanish Penal, VIII, 138 Coffee, III, 124, 164-166; X, 366 Cofradia de San Jose, II, 209-211 Cogsen, VII, 130 Coins, X, 353 Oojuangco, Jose, IX, 159; X, 196, 199 Cojuangco, Melecio, X, 160 Colectivista party, see N acionalista-Colectivista Colegio de San Felipe de Austria, X, 305 Colegio de San Jose, X, 305 Colegio Farmaceutical de Filipinas, VII, 140-141; X, 358 Colegio Filipino, X, 358 Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de Filipinas, VII, 35, 160; X, 359 Colin, Francisco, I, 34; 559-560; V, 80, 539; quoted, 540; VI,

462

GENERAL INDEX 19, 30, 38, 48, 57, 59; VII, 86, 244, 283; quoted, X, 77, 79 Collado, E. G., VII, 514 Collantes, Domingo, II, 560 Collantes, Florentino, I, 98 Colla5', Juan, I, 93; quoted, 350; IX, 159 College for Girls, Santa Rosa, brief sketch of, X, 309; Concordia, brief sketch of, 310 College of Oral and Dental Surgery, VII, 147 College-Seminary of San Felipe, V, 69-70 Cologne, X, 334 Coloma, Francisco, VIII, 94 Colombia, X, 269 Colon, oldest street in the Philippines, X, 342 Colonies, agricultural, table showing activities in food production, VI, 459 Colonization, directions of Spanish and Portuguese VIII, 492493 Colorado, cablegram rates, X, 286 Colum, Mary M., quoted, X, 56 Colum, Padraic, quoted, X, 59 Columbia, District of, cablegram rates, X, 287 Combes, Francisco Juan, II, 560; V, 492, 495; VII, 66 Combs, negrito, IV, 211; manobo, 219 Commerce, I, 326; Philippine, III, 103; VI, 329; possibilitie!l of, 440-442; promotion of, 466, 468, 472; of Acapulco, VIII, 489-500; Philippine, X, 21-22; tables of foreign, 416-417 Comision Agronomica de Filipinas, X,358 Comision de la Flora de Filipinas, X, 358 Comision Especial de Estudios Geologicos y Geograficos, X, 358 Commission, Taft, quoted, V, 580; Schurman, 580; hydrographic, 'V II, 228 Commi5'sion of Independence, instructions to Philippine Par-

liamentary Mission, VI, 235239, 309-311 ; communication to Sen. Hiram Bingham, 494495; resolution, 527-534; approval of Quezon trip to U. S., 535-537 Commissioners, first resident, X, 354 Committee, on infant mortality, VII, 155-156; on typhoid fever, 156; on leprosy, 157; on malaria control, 157; on beriberi investigation, 157-158; on cholera vaccine, 158; on mental hygiene, 158-159; nutrition, 159 Connnon sense, I, 326 Commonwealth of the Philippines, elections, VIII, 154; inauguration of, 154, 155; X, 19; government, 202-204, 354, 364 Communication, fact!;' and figures on, III, 381-418; foreign shipping, 381-383; domestic shipping, 383-384; roads and bridges, 385-391; motor vehicles, 391-397; radio registration, 400 Companies, gold mining, briefs of, X, 237-241; new mining, briefs of, 241 Composers, Filipino, IV, 147, 148, 155, 156, 157, 158-164 Comradeship, I, 327 Comyn, Tomas de, II, 560; V, 541; quoted, 561, 562 Conant, Charles A., X, 228, 353 Concepcion, X, 362 Concepcion, Hermogene!l, IX, 159; X, 178, 187, 194 Concepcion, Isabelo, quoted, I, 396397; on development of nutrition work in the Philippines, VII, 514-519 Concepcion, Juan de la, II, 560-561 Concepcion, M. de Gracia, quoted, I, 75, 305, 343, 364; IX, 159160 Concepcion Nava, Miguel, X, 169, 174 Concepcion, municipality, X, 318

463

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Concepcion, Pedro, IX, 160.161; X, 204, 378 Concepcion, Venancio, X, 16::1 Conception, of an educated man, ancient Filipino, X, 113-126; Immaculate, 310 Concha, Jose de la, on decree establishing plan of Primary instruction, V, 90-95; on regulations on Primary instructions, 97-104 Conchology, first to make study of Philippine, ~, 360 Conchu, Agapito, II, 439 Concon, Jos'e, X, 187, 191 Concordia College, II, 280; brief sketch of, X, 310 Conde, Jose, II, 561 Conditions and rates, schedule of postal, X, 274-283 Conejero, Jose D., X, 155 Confectionery, brief sketch, X, 247 Conference, Washington, VI, 321322; Leonard W oo~ Memorial, VII, 284-285 Confesor, Tomas; quoted, I, 408, 413; IX, 161-162; X, 155, 178, 182, 187, 199 Confucius, V, 572, 573; X, 48 Congregacion de Religiosas de la Virgen Maria, X, 310 Congregation of St. Vincent de Paul, arrival of, V, 558-559 CongresS', Revolutionary, VIII, '147, 517 Congressional visit, X, 353 Connecticut, cablegram rates, X, 287 Conol, Paulino A., X, 155 Conscience, I, 327; definition of, V, 381; essentials in civic, 385 Consecration, I, 327 Conservatory of Music, IV, 150, 151 Consing, Timoteo, IX, 163 Consolidated Mines Inc., chrome ore properties of, X, 245 Constabulary band, IV, 149 Constitution, I, 327

Constitution of Biak-na-bato, its importance, X, 146 Constitution of the National Christian Council of the Philippines, V, 600-609 Constitution of the Philippines, on education, V, 360-369, 363; on moral character, 370-374; on citizenship, 381-382; full text, VI, 190-220; VIII, 154; X, 19, 206 Constitutional Assembly, Philippine Republic, members, X, 151-153 Constitutional Convention, V, 352; election of delegates, VIII, 154; delegates, X, 154-159, 354 Constitutional program, ih' importance, X, 146 Constitutional provisions, on the Filipino flag, X, 142-143 Contents, of Filipino laws, X, 88 Contracts, obligations and, VI, 4447; kinds of, 45-46 Oontreras, Fulgencio, X, 163 Coolidge, Calvin, II, 532; VI, 519, 523; reply to Speaker Roxas, 549-555 Cooper-Cole, Fay, quoted, VII, 244 Coordination, I, 328 Copeland, E. B., on pioneers in Philippine science, VII, 45-51, 188, 489, 490 Copernicus (or Koppernigk), Nicolas, V, 422 Copper, VII, 597-598, 602-603 Corcuera, Sebastian Hurtado de, II, 路189-490; V, 69, 491, 497, 537; VII, 497; reign, 87-88, 340, 456, 457; X, 305, 344, 373 Cordage industry, X, 249 Cordero, N., VII, 515 Cordero, Graciano, X, 151 Corinthians, X, 327 Corn, III, 124-125, 149-151 Cornish, Samuel, VIII, 358; X, 26 Corominas, B., II, 193 Coronel, F., I, 116 Coronel, Jose, X, 150, 151 Corporations, facts and figures on, III, 375-379; establishment of religious, X, 36-40

464

GENERAL INDEX Corpus, Pio V., IX, 163; X, 187, 191, 199 Corpus, Rafael, III, 430-431; IX, 163-165; X, 165 Corral at, V, 491, 495, 496; VIn, 89, 90, 340, 374; X, 369, 370 Corrales, Carlos, X, 160 Corrales, Manuel, X, 160 "Corridos," IV, 80 Cortes, Doroteo, II, 333 Cortes, Eugenio, X, ~33 Cortes, F'ilipino representation in, V, 576; VIII, 114; lost of Filipino representation in, 119; beginning of Filipino representation in, X, 17 Cortes, Inocencio, X, 165 Cortes, Tomas, X, 308 Cosio y Ocampo, Toribio .Jose, II, 494; reign ot VIII, 100-101 Ooda, Sixto de la, IX. 165 Costa Rica, X, 269 Costas y Rojas, Dalmacio, X, 165, 169 Cotabato, history of, VIII, 301303; geography, 303-306; municipality and municipal districts, 306; statistics, 307 ; density of population, X, 217, 284; meaning of, 367, 368 Cotterman, Charles Mason, biography, IX, 165-166 Cotterman, Leo K., biography, IX, 166-167 Cotion, III, 125, 248-250; VII, 524 Council of the Indies, V, 22 Council of Trent, V, 632 Council of State, VI, 352-355; creation, VIII, 151; resignation of members, 153; revival, 153; abolishment, X, 354 Council of State, Revolutionary government of Biak-na-Bato.

X,149 Count of Manila, X, 347 Count of Mindanao, X, 349 Country, I, 328; Filipino creed to, X, 144 "Country Life," IV, 389 Court of Appeals, first case decided by, X, 361

Courts of first instance, VI, 364; table showing cases disposed by, 366 Courtesy, I, 330 Couto, J o&'e Manuel, II, 273 Cowles, R. P., VII, 399 Cox, A. J., VII, 48, 562, 563 Craig, Austin, quoted, I, 59, 63; II, 47; quoted, 66; VI, 20, 56; VII, 541; IX, 167-168; X, 352 Cramer, Juan, II, 502; reign, VIII, 118 Creed, to flag and country, X, 144 Crespillo, Alberto P., X, 155 Crespo y Cebrian, Manuel, II, 505; reign, VIII, 1.25 Crime, I, 330; prehistoric, VI, 5159; against persons, 5455; against chastity, 55-57; against honor, 57; against property, 58-59 Criminal procedure, VI, 59-62 Crisologo, Marcelino, II, 334 Crisologo, Mena, X, 151 Crisostomo, Gregorio, II, 334 Crisostomo, Marciano, X, 152 Cris8ot, see Soto, Juan Crisostomo Cristobal, Antonia, II, 284 Cristobal, Gaspar, II, 334 Cristobal, Geronimo, II, 441 Cristobal, Valentin, I, 100 Criticism, I, 330 Crone, Frank L., V, 142 Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas, editor and collaborators, VII, 141 Crowell, B. C., VII, 516 "Crucifixion," IV, 461 Crusade, VII, 17 Cruz, Aleja de la, II, 335 Cruz, Andres Ciria, II, 335 Cruz, Apolinario de la, I, 71; life, II, 209-211, 435; VIII, 121, 336, 474; X, 18, 374 Cruz, Canuto, II, 335 Cruz, Castor P., IX, 168; X, 155 Cruz, Domingo de la, II, 441 Cruz, Florentino, biography, IX, 168 Cruz, Gabriel de la, II, 561

465

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Cruz, Hermenegildo, quoted, I, 334, 339, 428; II, 163; V, 615; biography, IX, 168-169 Cruz, Jose, I, 96; II, 335 Cruz, Jose Esperanza, biography, IX, 169-170 Cruz, Juan de la, V, 554 Cruz Palaris, Juan de la, II, 336; VIII, 431, 469; X, 372, 373 Cruz, Juana de la, II, 160 Cruz, Norberto, X, 433 Cruz, Roman Ao, biography, IX, 170; X, 155 Cruz, Rufo, X, 165, 187 Cruz, Servillano de la, biography, IX, 170-171; X, 182 Cruz, Sinforoso de la, X, 150 Cruz, Teodoro Giner, X, 150 Cruz, Vicente de la, biography, IX, 171; X, 203 Cruzat y Gongora, Fausto, II, 493; VII, 497; reign, VIII, 96, 410; X, 371 Crystal Arcade, II, 133; IV, 517 Cuaderno, Miguel, biography, IX, 171-173; X, 155 Cuartero, Mariano, II, 561; VII, 59 Cuba, X, 269 Cubberly, Ellwood, Po, quoted, V, 177-178 Cubero, Alejandro, II, 561 Cubic measure, X, 263 Cudilla, Venancio, X, 183, 187, 191, 196 Cuenco, Jose Maria, I, 100 Cuenco, Mariano Jesus, I, 92; biography, IX, 173; X, 165, 169, 174, 178, 183, 191 Cuenco, Miguel, biography, IX, 173; X, 155, 196, 199 Cuento Cruz, Anastacio, II, 336 Cuesta, Francisco de la, II, 494; V, 70; reign, VIII, 99-100; X, 307 Cueva, Rodrigo de la, II, 336 Cuevas, Jose Fernandez, V, 57 Cuevas, Pedro, painting, IV, 437 Cui, Pedro, II, 336 Culion Leper Colony, VII, 288; VIII, 153; X, 360

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Cullen, Thomas So, quoted, VII, 326-327 Cultural legacies, of India, X, 72; of China, X, 73; of Arabia, X,74 Culture, Filipino, IV, 66-85; origin, X, 364 Cuming, Hugh, VII, 397, 484, 494 Curato, Apolonio Do, biography, IX, 174; X, 155, 199 Curie, Marie, VII, 191 Curran, Hugh Mo, VII, 489, 532 Currency, finance, and banking, X, 227-231, 353 Curry, Jo Jo, VII, 109, 344 Curtero, Mariano, I, 99 Curva, Julio, biography, IX, 174 CuS'tardapple, III, 218-220 Customs, marriage, X, 81; mourning, 92 Cuyapo, municipality, X, 318 Cuyo, municipality, X, 318 Czechoslovakia, X, 269 D

Dacanay, Leoncio, X, 183 Dacanay, Mariano, II, 337 Dadivas, Simeon, X, 165 Daet, municipality, X, 318 Dagami, municipality, X, 318 Dagohoy, Francisco, II, 337; VIII, 102; X, 26, 366 Daguio, Ao, I, 93 Dagupan, municipality, 318 Daifusama, Emperor, VIII, 81) Daily, first Manila, X, 347; best edited under Spanish rule, 356; oldest Spanish owned, 356 "Daily Toil," IV, 551 Dakota, North, cablegram rates, 286 Dakota, South, cablegram rates, X,286 Dalaguete, municipality, X, 318 Dalida, Valeriano, II, 441 Dalisay, II, 24 D'Almonte y Muriel, Enrique, VII, 138 Damaso, Jimeno, I, 100 "Dance," IV, 327

466

GENERAL INDEX Dancel, Andres, II, 337-338 Dances, Filipino primitive, IV, 137-139; war, 137; duel, 137; torture, 137; lovers', 137-138; camote, 138; bee, 138; head, 138; funeral, 138; macasla.

138; tadee, 138; kinnotan, 139; kinnallogon, 139; eomintang, 139; s'ubli, 139; balitao, 143; euracha, 143; fandango, 144; pagtanim ng palay, 144; lula,y-lulay, 144; cariiiosa, 144; surtido, 144 Dandan, Pedro, II, 33~ Danger, I, 331 Dangers of peaceful penetration, X, 226 Dankwerth, George C., biography, IX, 175-176 Dans, Jm.'e P., biography, IX, 176177 Dapitan, X, 315, 356, 374 "Dapitan Woman," IV, 471 Dar Juan, T., VII, 588 Dario, Ruben, I, 252 Dasmarinas, Gomez Perez, II, 485486; reign, VIII, 77-78; X, 306; X, 26 Dasmariiias, Luis Perez, II, 486; portrait, IV, 279; V, 537; VI, 61; reign, VIII, 78, 270 Data, territory and population, various countries, X, 222 Dato, Luis, quoted, I, 377 Datu, origin, VI, 23-24 Datu Arnirol, X, 154 Datu Benito, X, 169 Datu Dumangsil, X, 366 Datu Ibra Gundarangin, X, 191 Datu Ombra, X, 196 Datu Paiburong, X, 368 Datu Piang, X, 169, 174 Datu Sinsuat, X, 191, 195 Datu Tampugaw, X, 174, 178 Daulat, II, 338 Davao, history, VIII, 308-310; geography, 310-31~; municipalities and municipal districts, 312; statistics, 312-313; X, 217, 284, 316, 318, 368

David, Amado Gutierrez, I, 103 David, Jose Gutierrez, I, 103 David, Manuel H., I, 104; quoted 374 David, Pablo Angeles, biography, IX, 177 David, Romulo M., biography. IX, 177-178 David, Saturnino, biography, IX, 178-179 David, Toribio, biography, IX, 179 David Zablan, Felix, II, 338 Davila, Juan, VIII, 97 Davila, Juan Herrera, II, 506; reign, VIII, 127; X, 348 Davis, Dwight Finley, II, 533-535; VIII, 154; X, 311 Day, I, 331 Daza, Eugenio D., X, 160 Dazai, S., biography, IX, 179-180 Death, I, 331 "Death of Simon de Anda y Salazar," IV, 383 Deaver, John B., VII, 333 Decalogue, Mabini's, I, 267-268; Ang Bagong Katipunan, III, 495-497; Philippine National Economic, 497 De Can dolle, quoted, VII, 182 December, calendar of events, X, 303 Decision, I, 332 Declaration of war against the United States, its importance, X, 147 Decree, of Philip II, VII, 126, 127; establishing plan of Primary instruction in the Philippines, V, 90-95; notes, 96; X, 309, 311, 312, 358 Dee C. Chuan, biography, IX, 180 Dee Hong Lee, biography, IX, 180181 Deeds, I, 332 Defense, I, 333; law, X, 19 Delbeke, Dame Edmunde, VII, 242 Delegates, to the Constitutional Convention, July, 14, 1934, X, 154-159 Deleware, cablegram rates, X, 287 Delgado, Claro, II, 441

467

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Delgado, Francisco, quoted, I, 370; biography, IX, 181-183; X, 191, 196, 204 Delgado, Jorge B., X, 187, 196 Delgado, Jose M., biography, IX, 183; X, 155 Delgado, Juan Jose, quoted, I, 5859; brief sketch of life, II, 561; V, 546, 556; quoted, 661; VI, 19, 57; VII, 66, 253, 424, 427, 477; X, 118 Delgado, Martin, II, 446; VIII, 327 Del Superior Gobierno, X, 355 Demarcation, line of, VIII, 70, 493494 Demeterio, Salvador K., X, 160 Democracy, principle, I, 270, 333 Democrata, I, 263, 266 Demonstration Gold Mines, Ltd., brief of, X, 238 Denby, Charles, II, 661; on testimony of Father Rector Santiago Paya, V, 112-117 Denieba, Domingo, I, 115, 117 Denmark, X, 269 Dennison, Winfred T., VII, 508 Density of population. Philippines, X, 217-218; Japan proper, 221; China, 221 Dentist, first Filipino, X, 342; first lady, 342 Dentistry, VII, 74-76 Department, meteorological, VII, 211-212; a~tronomical, 212; -s eismological, 212-213; magnetic, 213 Department of Mindanao and Sulu, abolition, VIII, 151 Department of Public Instruction, V, 130-139; VI, 467, 470 Departments, executive, reorganization of, VI, 345-352; Commonwealth of the Philippines, X, 202; legislative, 203; judicial, 203 Deposits, iron ore, X, 241-242; chrome ore, 245; first European discoverer of gold, 360 Deppermann, Charles E., on climate of the Philippines, VII, 214-219

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468

Derbyshire, Charles, quoted, II, 65-66 Dern, George H., VIII, 155 Derris, VII, 616-617; manufacturing, X, 249 Desolation I, 333 Despotism, I, 333 Despujol, Eulogio, II, 52, 512; reign, VIII, 141; X, 350 Destiny I, 334 Devins, quoted, V, 589 Dewey, George, II, 561-562; V, 584; VII, 188; VIII, 502, 510; X, 26, 364 Dewey, John, quoted, V, 372, 441 Dhra, II, 106 Diagnosis, checking up on, VII, 280-281; findings. 281-282 Diamond weight, measure, X, 261 Diario de Manila, X, 347, 356 Diarong Tagalog, II, 83 Diary, of Dr. Villa, its importance, X,148 Diaz, Anacleto, biography, IX, 183184; X, 163, 203 Diaz, Casimiro, VIII, 181 Diaz, Domingo, X, 165, 169 Diaz, Emilio Araneta, biography, IX, 186 Diaz, Felipe, C" X, 174 Diaz, Felix, X, 196 Diaz Moreu de Elizalde, Carmen, biography, IX, 184-185 Diaz, Porfirio, II, 520 Diaz, Severino, II, 440 Diaz, Valentin, VIII, 359 Dick, R. McCulloch, I, 111, biography, IX, 186-187 Dictionary, Philippine quotations, I, 315-430 Diez, Clementino V., X, 156, 178 Diez, Hilarion, II, 562 Dignity, I, 334 Dikit, Domingo T., X, 156 Dilag, Juan, II, 338-339 Dimaano, Eusebio G., biography, IX, 187-188 Dimaano, Gregorio, biography, IX, 188 Dimasalang, X, 377 Dimayuga, Jose D., X, 187, 191

GENERAL INDEX Dingras, municipality, X, 318, 368 Diiio, Teodosio, biography, IX, 188-189 Dioceses, foundation of different, V, 557-558; of Nueva Segovia, X, 33; of Nueva Caceres, 34; of J aro, 34; of Bacolod, 34; of Cagayan, 34; of Calbayog, 34; of Lingayen, 35; Qf Lipa, 35; of Tuguegarao, 35; of Zamboanga, 35 Diokno, Ramon, VII, 38; biography, IX, 189; X, 169, 196 Dios, Riego de, VIII, 442 Disciples of Christ Church, X, 422423 Diseases, table showing deaths caused by preventable, VI. 403; commuI).icable, 404-407; treatment of, VII, 117; epidemiology and control of communicable, 266-268; control of plant pest and, 546-560 Disillusion I, 334 Distillery, III, 47; X, 249 "Distinguished and Ever Loyal City," X, 369 Distribution of population, Philippines, X; 219; China, 221; Japan, 221; Manchukuo, 222; in the Orient, 223 Divinagracia, Tranquilino V., X, 156 Division of Fish and Game Administration, VII, 25 Division superintendent of schools, first Filipino, X, 355 Diwa, Ladislaw, II, 3il9; VIII, 359 Diwatas, X, 369 Dizon, Amado, quoted, VII, 74-76 Dizon, Jose A., II, 441-442 Dizon, Josefa, II, 238 Dizon, Paciano. biography, IX, 189-190 Dizon, Tomas, biography, IX, 190191; X, 178, 183, 199 Doct7路ina Cristiana Tagala-Espanola, X, 356 Documents, on the Philippine Revolution, X, 145路148 Dogherty, Cardinal Dennis, X, 334, 363

Doltz, X, 430 Domestic C. O. D. service, postal rates and conditions, X, 282283 Domestic telegrams, schedule, X, 284-285 Domestic trade, ancient Filipino, X, 109 Dominance, I, 334 Domingo, Damian, II, 339; IV, 42, 43 Domingo, Jose G., X, 187, 191 Domingo, Silvestre, X, 150 Dominguez, C. Villabos, quoted, X, 55 Dominguez, Juan, biography, IX, 191-192 Dominican College, X, 346 Dominican Republic, X, 269 Dominican Tertiary, Paula de la Santisima Trinidad, X, 309 Dominicans, II, 44; arrival of first expedition, VIII, 77; X, 36-37, 363 Donblon, see Romblon Donsol, municipality, X, 318 Dorado, Jose A., biography, IX, 192: X, 187, 191, 196, 199 Dorillo, Regino, X, 160 Dorsey, Clarence W., VII, 561 Dosdos, Tereso, X, 196 Doucette, Bernard F., on the Manila Observatory, VII, 209 Douville, H., VII, 504 Dramatist, famous Bisayan, X, 352: first Pampango, 357 Draper (British Brigadier General) , VIII, 106, 358 Draper, Salvador, VII, 349 Drugs, VII, 418-419, 422 Dry measure, X, 260 Dublin, X, 334 Ducos, Jose, II, 562; VIII, 104 Ducusin, Donato, biography, IX, 192-193 Duguiang, Max B., X, 156 Duke of Alencon, quoted, V, 540541 Dula, Rufino, X, 433 Dulag, municipality, X, 318 Dulay, Pedro D., biography, IX, 193-194

469

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE- PHILIPPINES Dumaguete, municipality, X, 319, 370 Dumangsil, see Datu Dumangsil Dumanjug, municipality, X, 319 Dumas, Jacques, VI, 46 Du Mez, A. G., VII, 389 Dumlao, Santiago, biography, IX, 194-195 Duque, Jose, II, 562 Duran, Fernando B., X, 192, 196 Duran de Monforte, Pedro, VIII, 382 Dutch, attack, VIII, 88, 9,0 Duties of a lady teacher, X, 12112ti Dutton, S. T., on Administ?"a~ion of P~tblication in the Umted States, quoted, V, 178 Duty, I, 335 Dwyer, Bessie A., biography, IX, 195-197 Dy Buncio, Guillermo, biography, IX, 197-198

E Ealdama, Eugenio, X, 183 Earnshaw, Tomas, biography, IX, 198-199 Earthquakes, VII, 53-54; Saa Andres, 53; Philippine 220-225; vibrations of, 221-223; records of shocks felt on ships, 223; value of knowledge of centers, 223-224; VIII, 89, 91, 116, 358; X, 355 Ease, I, 336 Ecclesia!'ltical hierarchy, establishment, V, 556-557; organization, X, 338-339 Echague y Bermingham, Rafael de, II, 508; VII, 84; reign of, VIII, 128-129 Eek, John, V, 597 Eclecticism, Filipino, X, 63-65 Economia Politica, II, 149 Economic internationalism, theory, X,289 Economic nationalism, I, 381, 395; III, 419-510; ideals, 495-497; patriotism, 501-508; progress, VI, 274-276; conditions, 437470

442; VII, 18; theory, X, 289298; founder, 290; its counterpart, 291; objective~, 292293; meaning 293-295 "Economic Problems of the Philippines," X, 295 Economic protectionism, see economic nationalism Economic Society of Friends of the Country, III, 84; V, 6263; VII, 31-33, 77, 128, 139140, 348, 522; reestablishment, VIII. 115 Economist, first Filipino, X, 357 Ecuador, X, 269 Edades, Victorio C., paintings, IV, 451, 453, 455 Edict of Worms, V, 598 Edison, Thomas Alva, VII, 183 Education, an'd Filipino soul, I, 218; product, 220; Anglo-Saxon, 223, 224, 233; aim of old system., 236; aim of new system, 237~ 245; philosophy, 238 tragedy, 255-261; purpose, 256, 270; definition, 277; internationaliRm in, 270; nationalism in, 270 ; democracy in, 270, .'l36; under Spanish regime, V, 19-121; superior, 19-46; secondary, 47-77; primary, 7888; studies, 87-88; under American regime, 122-350 ; fighting and learning, 122128; secondary curriculum, 123; primary curriculum, 124; implantation of .&'Ystem, 129154; Act No. 74, 130-139; elementary, 155-170; aim of elementary, 155; tables showing elementary curricula, prima路 ry, 163-164; intermediate rreneral, 165-166; industrial, 171176; reasons for industrial, 172-173; elementary curricula, 174-175; intermediate trade, 174; intermediate agriculture, 175; secondary, 191-207; secQndary curricula, 194-198; legislative committee, 20&, 251; its suggestions, 203-207; teacher-training, 208-218; Ju-

GENERAL INDEX nior College curriculum, 209214; vocational, 219-237; table on agricultural subjects with their corresponding units, 220; table of commercial subjects and their corre!!.'Ponding units, 231; university, 238-269; Legislature's policy, 265-267; private, 270350; school course, 211, 273297; under the New Order, 351-446; and the New Order, 351-359; Constitution and, 360-369; and moral character, . 370-374; training for personal discipline, 375-379; fundamentals in the citizen's training for personal discipline, 378-379; developing civic conscience, 380-386; for vocational efficiency, 387-394; different vocations, 389; and citizenship, 395-399; democratizing, 400-407; internationalizing, 408-417; intellectual pioneering, 418-420; for the positive life, 421-427; fundamental points necessary to live to positive life; 423-427; for the realization of life's goal, 428434; and the individual, 433434; under the Commonwealth, 435-438; VI, 267-271; Philippine, 327-328, 384-396; progress, 384-385; progress of public schools, 385-392; table showing expenditures for, 388; institutions, VII, 141-148 Edwards, H. T., VII, 188 Egan, Fred, VIII, 26 Egan, Martin, II, 562 Eggplant, III, 191-193 Egypt, X, 269 Eighth Philippine Legislature, members, X, 185-189 El Comercio, X, 356 El Deseado, X, 347 El Diario de Filipinas, II, 174 El Eco de Vigan, X, 356 El Faro Juridico, X, 356

El Filibusterismo, II, 44, 47, 51, 52, 55, 68, 149, 198; quoted, V, 44, 578; VIII, 140 El He1'aldo de Iloilo, X, 357 El Ilocano, X, 356 El La.tigo Nacional, II, 125 El Mercantil, X, 356 El N oticioso Fil.ipino, X, 356 EI Parian, brief sketch, X, 305, 311-312 El Porvenir Filipino, X, 356 El Renacimiento, II, 225, 266 El Spoliarium, IV, 50, 60, 61, 68, 253-255; V, 63 El T eatro, quoted, II, 217-218 Elcano, see Sebastian del Cano Elections, VI, 450-454; Commonwealth, 571-574 ; VIII, 154; X,19 Electric light, X, 249, 350 Elera, Casto de, II, 564; VII, 59, 182, 496 Elicaiio, Victoriano, VIII, 588; biography, IX, 199-200 Elizalde, Angel, biography, IX, 200-201 Elizalde, Joaquin, M., III, 441-442; biography, IX, 201-202 Elizalde, Manuel, biography, IX, 202 Ellinwood Bible Training School, X, 431 Elmer, A. D. E., VII, 50, 489 Elser, Edwin E., biography, ~X, 202-203 Emanuel Hospital, X, 429 Embrey, H., VII, 516 Embroideries, X, 250-251 Emeryville, cablegram rates, X, '286 Employee, I, 339 Enage, Francisco, biography, IX, 203-204; X, 165, 173, 174, 177 Encarnacion, Demetrio B., X, 156 Encarnacion, Juan Felix de la, I, 99; II, 564 Encarnacion, Nicolas, biography, IX, 204 Encarnacion, Pedro, biography, IX, 205 Encinas, Justino, X, 187 Encomienda, III, 31, 32

471

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Encyclopedia, first attempt, X, 356; second attempt, 356 Endencia, Pastor M., biography, IX, 205 Enemy, I, 339 Enfermeria de Naga, X, 358 Engineering, industrial research and, VII, 567-627 England, X, 334 English, literature, I, 92, 340; language, VI, 283-284; in the Philippines, X, 53-56 Engraver, famous, X, 360 Enrile y Alcedo, Pascual, II, 502; reign, VIII, 117-118, 242; X, 347 Enriquez, Anacleto, II, 150 Enriquez de Lozada, Juan, VIII. 93 Enriquez, l.\{iguel, biography, IX, 205-206 Enriquez, Rafael, II, 339; painting, IV, 383; portrait, 391 Enriquez, Ramon, painting, IV, 385 Enriquez, Romualdo A., X, 156 Enriquez, Vicente, II, 150 Entomology, historical resume of Philippine, VII, 493-503 Entrala, Francisco de, II, 664 Epic, famous Pampango, X, 357 Episcopal See, founding, X, 33 Episcopalian Church, X, 434 Equality, I, 340 EraS'll1US, Desiderius, V, 598 Erquiaga, B. de, biography, IX, 206 Errata, X, 440-442 Escalante, municipality, X, 319 Escalante, Gonzalo S., X, 1'69 Escaler, Jose, II, 339-340; V, 268 Escamilla, Antonio G., X, 183 Escafio, Fernando, II, 340 Escareal, Agripino, P., X, 156 Escoda, Josefa Llanes, biography, IX, 206-207 Escudero, Manuel, X, 169 Escuela de Nautica, VI, 127-128, 147 Escuela Municipal, X, 312 Escuela Normal, X, 348 Escuela Pia, X, 311 Escueta, Mariano, X, 169 472

Esguerra, Father, V, 78, 80 ES'1iza, Leoncio R., X, 156 Espada, Vicente, X, 150 Espanol, Raymundo, VIII, 111 Espeleta, Miguel Lino de, I, 318; life, II, 212-213; 496; VIII, 105; X, 26, 342 Espellargos, X, 372 Espino, Alejandro, II, 340 Espinosa, Emilio, X, 196 Espinosa, Jose, X, 165 Espinosa, Nicasio, quoted, I, 380 Espiritu, Bartolome, I, 100; II, 340 Espiritu, Jose A., V, 268; biography, IX, 207 Espiritu, Manuel, II, 343 E~iritu, Pedro F., X, 178 Espiritu, Santiago, biography, IX, 208 Espiritu Santo, Francisca, II, 340343 Espiritu Santo, Ignacia del, X, 310 Esquivel, Juan, VIII, 81 Esteban, Pedro, VIII, 115 Esteban, Pedro, X, 150 Estella, Felipe, X, 196 Estella, Jose A., IV, 160-161; biography, IX, 208-209 Estonia, X, 270 Estrada, Rafael, II, 343 Eucharistic Congress, Thirty-third, X, 323-333; purposes, 323-324; Chicago, 329-330; Dublin, 330331; International, 331-332; history and origin, 332-333 ; program, 334-338; invitation, 339-340; hymn, 340-341 Eucharistic Congresf;'es, X, 333-334 Europe, cablegram rates, X, 287 Evangelical Christianity in the Philippines, quoted, V, 582593; denominations under, 631 Evangelical churches in the Philippines, X, 418-434 "Evangelical Union of the Philippines, X, 420 Evangelista, Daniel, X, 174 Evangelista, Edilberto, II, 155; life, 214-216, 446; VIII, 143; X,26 Evangelista, Jose, X, 174, 178

GENERAL INDEX Evangelista, Juan, I, 21, 97, 99; II, 343 Evans,!' H. N., VIII, 35 Eveland, A. J., VII, 49 Eveland, W.O., X, 427 Events, calendar, X, 301-303 Ever Victorious Army, X, 364 Evil, I, 340 Evolution, I, 341 Exchange, e~ablishment of houses of, X, 348 Executive department, Commonwealth of the Philippines, X, 202-203 Expedition, scientific, VII, 70 ; Malaspina, 70; first Spanish survey, 227; Challenger, 398; Albat7'o88, 399; Romanzoff, 482; Wilkes U. S. Exploring, 483; first against Moros, X, 344; against Igorots, 347 Expenditures, table of government, X, 230; chart, 231; purposes, 231 ; biggest estimated and biggest actual, 231 Experience, X, 115-116 Exploitation, I, 341; of mines, VII, 135 Exports, Philippine, III, 352-365, 367-372; and imports, VI, 438; table showing values of, 439 Expositions, national and international, VIII, 56; international 87-91 Extravagance, I, 341 Ezpeleta, Mariano B., X, 156 F

Fabella, Gabriel F., biography, IX, 209; X, 199 Fabella, Jose, biography, IX, 209211 Fabella, Vicente, biography, IX, 211 Fabian, Agustin C., biography, IX, 211-212 Fabie, Severino C., paintings, IV, 421, 423; SCUlptural works, 497, 499, 501 Facsimili of Rizal's Ultimo Adios, X, 69-70

Factories, cement, establishment of, VII, 21 Factors for emigration, X, 224 Facts, on the Philippines, X, 342380 Faculties, I, 341 Failure, I, 341 Fairchild, George, H:, biography, IX, 212-213 Faith, I, 342; expression, X, 328 Fajardo y Tenza, Alonzo, II, 42, 488-489; reign, VIII, 8 路~,; X, 345 Fajardo, Anselmo, II, 343 Fajardo, Diego, II, 490; reign, VIII, 89-90; X, 305, 311, 344 Fajardo, D. Enrique, II, 118 Fajardo, Jacobo, on leprosy work in the Philippines, VII, 283314; biography, IX, 213-214; X, 163 Fajardo, Pedro, I, 102; X, 357 Flakafigan, Jose C., X, 156 Falcon, Macario, X, 196 Fla~l, I, 342 Fallera, Rufino, X, 150 Fallibility, I, 342 Fame, I, 343 Family and family relations, X, 80 Fancy, I, 343 Fansler, Dean S., quoted, I, 76 "Far away land," X, 362 Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine, VII, 161 Far Eastern University, VII, 146; X,358 Faraday, Michael, VII, 191 Farewell, I, 343 Farinas, E. C., VII, 346 Farming, I, 344 Farol, Meynardo M., VII, 37; X, 192 Farola, X, 361 Farrales, B~rnardo, biography, IX, 215 Fate, I, 344 Father, I, 344 Father Captain, V, 554, 555 Father Guerrico, II, 570-572; IV, 473 Father of canning, VII, 369 Fatherland, I, . 345

473

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Fatima, Princes.<s, II, 344 Faura, Federico, II, 564-565; V, 64; VII, 64, 210, 211; X, 27, 342 Faustino, Fernando Canon, X, 153 Faustino, Leopoldo A., on general geology and geologic history of the Philippines, VII, 194196, 401; on Philippine paleontology, 504-506; on mines and minerals, 600-613; brief sketch of life, X, 435-436 Fausto, Jose P., biography, IX, 215; X, 196, 199 Faypon, Perfecto, biography, IX, 215-216 Febras, Vicente, VII, 130; VIII, 114 February, calendar of events, X, 301 Feced, Pablo, II, 565 Federal Party, VI, 354-355; VIII, 150, 544 Fees, postal registration, X, 282; special delivery, 282; United States air mail, 282; telegraphic transfers, 282; money orders, 282; domestic C.O.D. service, 282-283; indemnity system, 283 Feliciano, Antonio, X, 151 Feliciano, Jose M., VII, on thermal spring~ in the Philippines, 197-208; IX, 216-217 Feliciano, Ramon T., VII, 389 Felipe, Julian, biography, IX, 217; X, 27, 352 Felix, Alfonso, biography, IX, 217218 Felix, Jose, biography, IX, 218219 Felix y Paguia, Mauricio, II, 344 Fenoy, Lorenzo, II, 344; X, 160 Fermentation, VII, 372-373 Fernandez, Andres Garcia, VIII, 100 Fernandez, Angelo, II, 441 Fernandez, Dionisio, II, 344, 435 Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo, II, 565-566 Fernandez, Jose, X, 151 474

Fernandez, Jose M. M., VII, 293 Fernandez, Leandro H., quoted, I, 382, 386, 408; biography, IX, 219 Fernandez, Manuel B., X, 156 Fernandez Yanson, Manuel, X, 163 Fernandez, Patricio, X, 178, 183, 187 Fernandez de Quiroz, Pedro, II, 566 Fernandez. Praxedes Julia, life, II, 217-218 Fernandez, Ramon J., biography, IX, 220; X, 176 Fernandez, Santiago, II, 345 Fernandez, Tranquilino, II, 345 Fernandez, Vicente T., biography, IX, 221-222; X, 170 Fernandez-Villal, Celestino, VII, 181, 486, 488, 529 Fernandina, X, 368 Fernando, Maria Altesa, VII, 596 Fernando, Rajah Muda, I, 383; II, 345 Ferrando-Fonseca, VIII, 181 Ferrer, Fernando, II, 345 Ferrero, Mauricio, V, 565 Ferriols, Vicente, on early history of veterinary science in the Philippine~, VII, 335-341 Fertilizers, VII, 378-~80 Festin, Leonardo, biography, IX, 222-223; X, 171.), 174, 178, 183, 187, 192, 196 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, X, 289 Field, Cyrus W., VII, 183 Fierro, Vicente L. del, quoted, I, 379 Fifth Philippin~ Legislature, members, X, 171-176 Fight, I, 345 Figueras, .Jose, Liography, IX, 223 Figueroa, Esteban Rodriguez de, V, 21, 22; VII, 71, 127; VIII, 77, 79, 308, 456; X, 367, 368 Figueroa, Melecio, II, 346; X, 152, 228, 353 Filipinas, X, 361, 362 Filipiniana, X, 361; collection, 378-379 Filipinism, I, 273, 345

GENERAL INDEX Filipino, ancient characteristics, I, 32; first tll'inter, 128; sayings and proverbs, 140-216; soul, 217; mentality, 228; character, 228; teachers, 230; educated, 247; spirit, 273; girl, 347; flag, 347 ; martyrs and heroes, II, 435-451; art, IV, 56-65; culture, 66-85; typical house, 73; wearing apparel, 75-79; theaters, 80-81; soul, 84-85; musical instruments, 86-118, musical airs, 119-128; 130-133; folk songs, 133-136; primitive dances, 137-139; aborigines, VIII, 63; people, 63-64; early government, 65; early life, customs and culture, 65-69; eclecticism, X, 63-65; civilization, sources, 72; dwellings, 76; clothings, 77; ornaments and tattooes, 78; foods and drink~, 79; family and family relations, 80; marriage customs, 81; divorces, 82; social classes, 83; woman in society, 84; laws, 87; laws, contents, 88; religion, 90; ancient arts, 101; conception of an educated man in ancient times, 113; national flag, 138-144; constitutional provisions, 142; flag, international recognition, 143; creed to flag and country, 144 "Filipino Girl Students," IV, 317 Filipino Independent Church, see Philippine Independent Church "Filipino Woman," IV, 1129 Filipinologists, ten eminent foreign, II, 455-483; greatest, X, 352 Filipinos, ancient II, 21-42; ten greatest, 4':-167; noted, 169434; conviction and determination, V, 400; ancient religion, 451-474; character of early, 461-163; types of early, 463-465; early culture and civilization, 465-466; gods of early, 467-468; early beliefs, 467-468, 470; religion, 469-

471; early worship, 469, 539; classification of early, based on religion, 475; early alphabet, 465; superstitions and barbarous customs, 543-547; program of reforms, 517; social and political status in prehistoric times, VI, 20-30; contracts and obligations among ancient, 44-47; appeal for freedom, 312-477: cooperation during war, 335-336; ;;eacherEl salaries, 390-391; mortality and natality of, 402; table showing movements of laborers to and from Hawaii, 421; as legislators, 462-476; agencies that caused changes in mental attitude, VII, 190 Finance, facts and figures, III, 401, 469, 473; banking, currency and, X, 227-231 Finland, X, 270 Finn, D. J., VIII, 26 Finnemann, William, biography, IX, 223; X , 33, 339 Fire, first in Manila, X, 343 "First Mass," IV, 357 First National Assembly, Commonwealth of the Philippines, members, X. 198-201 First Philippine Assembly, members, X, 16U-162 Fischer, Arthur F., V, 269; biography, IX, 224-226 Fischer, Leo, biography, IX, 226228; on masonry in the Philippines, X, 127 Fish and Game Administration, Division of, VII, 25 Fish canning, VII, 618; X, 251 "Fishers," IV, 3!l9 Fishes, kinds, VH, 25 "Fishing," IV, 555 Fishing, III, 42; VII, 25, 26; X, 251 Flag, Filipino national, X, 138144; constitutional provisions, 142; international recognition, 143; Filipino's creed, 144; first planting of Spanish, 363

475

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Flame, I, 350 Flapper, I, 350 Flexner, Simon. VII, 109, 188 Flood, Raymond Paul, biography, IX, 228 Flor, Melchor, X, 170 Flora and fauna, VII, 59-62; classes, 61 Flora de Filipinas, VIII, 136; X, 353 Florannie Mining Co., X, 245 Florante at Laura, I, 75, 90; II, 160, 163; X, 352 Florentino, Jose R., quoted, I, 367; II, 346, 436 Florentino, Leona, I, 100; II, 346; X, 357 Flores, AmbroslO, II, 346-347 Flores, Augusto, biography, IX, 228 Flores, HermeneglIdo, I, 97 Flores, Jose A., II, 80, 347 Flores, Lorenzo, II, 347 Flores, Sofronio M., X, 156 Flores y de la Rosa, l=3imeon, II, 347 Florida, cablegram rates, X, 287 Flower, I, 350 Folgueras, Mariano Fernandez de, I, 107; II, 500; reign, VIII, 112-113, 115-116 Folklore, I, 40-45; VI, 25 Fonacier, Leoncio, X, 163 Fonacier, Santiago A., I, 100; quoted, 132; V, 611; biography, IX, 228-229; X, 165, 172, 176 Fontanilla y Meneses, Valerio, X, 170 Foochow, cablegram rates, X, 287 Foods, nutrition and drug control, VII, 271-272; foodstuffs, general composItion ('f, 515; preparation and preservation, 516-517; drinks and, X, 80 Forage grass, III, 251-253 Forbes, William Cameron, life, II, 524-525; quoted, VI, 251, 365; VIII, 151; X, 351 Foreign moneys, values of, X, 268273

"Foreign Research Organization," VII, 35 Foreign trade, of ancient Filipinos, X, 108; tables, 416-417 Foreigners, in Philippine history, II, 455-614; VI, 31 Foresight, I, 351 Forest, tables showing types, VII, 412, 413, 531; raw materials, 615 Forestry, III, 303-307; VII, 23; products, 23-25; and agriculture, 520-566; development in the Philippines, 529-540 Formento, Miguel Jose, X, 311 F{)rmosa, cablegram rates, X, 288 Formoso, Vicente, biography, IX, 2~9-230; X, 183, 187 Fort, construction of first stone, X, 343 Fort Pilar, X, 315, 374 Fort Santiago, construction, VIII, 77; brief history, X, 306, 375 "Fort Santiago Gate," IV, 505 Fortich, Manuel, biography, IX, 230; X, 196, 199 F,0 ssils, Philippine, VII, 504-505 Fot, Baltazar, VII, 125 Founder of economic nationalism, X,290 Foundries, iron, X, 252 Fourth Philippine Legislature, members, X, 167-171 Fox, George, V, 598 Foxworthy, F. W., VII, 50, 489, 490 Foz, Vicente, X, 152 France, X, 333, 334; value of foreign money, 270; commerce 'With, 416 Franchise, VI, 475 Franciscans, X, 38; church of Third Order, 310, 363, 372 Francisco, Alejandro, II, 347 Francisco, Anastacio, X, 150 Francisco, Eleuterio, X, 150 Francisco, Guillermo. biography, IX, 230-231 Francisco, Juan, V, 80 Francisco, Luis, X, 196 Francisco, Vicente J .â&#x20AC;˘ biography, IX, 231; X, 156

476

GENERAL INDEX Franco, C., VII, 317 Franco, Domingo, II, 101, 442 Frederick the Wise, V, 596 Freedom, I, 351; of religion, advis'ability, V, 571-574 Freeman, VI, 31, 32 Freer, Paul C., VII, 47, 109, 110; quoted, 354-355; VIII, 151; X, 355, 436 French East Indies, commerce with, X, 416 French Indo-China, data on territory and population, X, 222 Fresnido, Alfonso, biography of, IX, 231 Friar lands, investigation, VIII, 151; purchase, X, 350 Fribourg, X, 333 Frieder, Alex, biography, IX, 231232 Friedrich Eschscholtz, Johann, VII, 493 Friendship, I, 352 "From the MarkE't," IV, 335 Frugality, I, 353 Fruit preserving, ' X, 251 Fuente, Manuel de la, biography, IX, 232 Fuentebella, Jose, biography, IX, 232; X, 163, 165, 185, 190 Fuentebella, Manuel, X, 183, 187 Fuentes, Fernando S., biography, IX, 233 Fuentes, Jovita, IV, 157; biography, IX, 233-23,1.

Fugate, James R., biography, IX, 234 Fule, Eustaquio, biography, IX, 234-235 Fullaway, D. T .. VII, 555 Fullon, Leandra, II, 446 Funston, Frederick, II, 246, 566 Furniture making industry, X, 251 Future, I, 353 G

Gabaldon, Isauro, quoted, I, 412; Act, VIII, 150; biography, IX, 235-236; X, 160, 163, 167, 196 Gabe, III, 170-172 Gabriel, Perfecto, X, 152

Gabriel, Proceso, X, 436-437 Gaches, Samuel F., III, 442-443; biography, IX, 236-238 Gaerlan, Juan, biography, IX, 238; X, 192, 195 Gaerlan, Sixto, biography, IX, 238239; X, 156 Gainza, Francisco, II, 566; VII, 65, 130; X, 360 Gala, Emiliano A., X, 160 Galaisiere, Le Gentile G. de la, II, 566-567; VII, 181 Galang, Alejandro A., X, 156 Galang, Ricardo, on anthropological work in the Philippines, VII, 507-513 Galang, Zoilo M., I, 7, 8; Preface, 9-11, 95, 104; quoted, 315, 316, 322, 323, 324, 331, 334, 336, 353, 357, 358, 360, 373, 383, 386, 391, 394, 396, 405, 406, 410, 412, 413, 415, 416, 430; Preface, II, 3-5; III, 7-8; IV, 5-6; V, 7-8; VI, 7-8; VII. 7-9; VIII, 7-8; IX, 1-2; X, 7-8, 352 Galezowsky, II, 47 Galicano, Troadio, X, 160, 163, 182, 186 Galilee, X, 324 Galileo, Galilei, V, 422 Gallares, Celestino, I, 100; X, 170, 174 Gallego, Manuel, VII, 36, 37; biography. IX, 239-240; X, 192 Galleons, X, 361 Gallinato, VIII, 80, 456 Galura, Felix, I, 103; II, 348 Galvey, Guillermo, II, 567; VIII, 233, 282, 415; X, 366, 370 Galvez, Jos'e, biography, IX, 240 Gama, Vasco de, VIII, 70, 492, 495 Gamboa, Jose, biography, IX, 240 Gana, Vicente, biography, IX, 240241 Gandara, municipality, X, 319 Gandara y Navarro, Jose de la, II, 509; reign, VIII, 131; X, 349 Ganzon, Jose C., X, 156 Gapan, municipality, X, 319 Garcia Perez de Tagle, Adolfo, biography, IX, 241-242

477

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Garcia, Adriano, II, 348 Garcia, Antonio, II, 348-349; IV, 146, 161 Garcia. Arturo, on scientific research in Universities, VII, 114-122 Garcia, Bernardo, I, 93; quoted, 418, 420, 425 Garcia, Carlos, biography, IX, 242; X, 183, 187 Garcia, Ceferino, X, 409 Garcia, Celestino, VII, 59 Garcia, Diego, V, 20; VII, 126 Garcia, Eulalio, biography, IX, 242-243 Garcia, Faustino, quoted, VII, 254255, 258, 389 Garcia, Felipe, II, 149 Garcia, Florencia, II, 198 Garcia y Ageo, Gabriel, VII, 140 Garcia Yanez, Geronima, II, 567568 Garcia, Mariano, II, 193, 349 Garcia del Rey, Mariano, VII, 141 Garcia, Martin, X, 151 Garcia Serrano, Miguel, II, 567 Garcia, Pantaleon, II, 154; VIII, 25; X, 149 Garcia, Ponciano, X, 150 Garcia y Ageo, Rafael, VII, 126 tXarcia y Baza, Regino, VII, 128, 1:-17; X, 437 Garcia, Rose~do, VII, 126 Garcia Roxas, Simeon, biography, IX, 243-244 Garcia, Tirso, IX, 244-245 Garcia, Vicente, II, 349-350, 436 Garde, Rufino, X, 192 Garden, botanical, brief sketch, X, 308 Gardiner, Feliciano, X, 196 Garduque, A., X, 199 Garner, John N., VIII, 155; X, 353 Garrido, Antonio, biography, IX, 245 Garrido, Joaquin, VII, 141, 350 Gas plants, X, 251 Gaston, Emilio, biography, IX, 245 Gaston, Segundo, X, 183, 196 Gaston de Segur, Louis, X, 333

Gatan, Piton, II, 350 "Gathering Mangoes," IV, 331 Gatmaitan, Carlo~', I, 98 Gatmaitan, Pedro, I, 98 Gaudichaud-Beaupre, C., VII, 482 Gavieres, Manuel G., X, 163 Gay, Manuela, biography, IX, 245246 Gaye, Caroline, quoted, X, 328 Gaztambide, Pedro, VIII, 105 Gearhart, Frank C., biography, IX, 246 Gella, Ariston, X, 151 Genato, Francis.'Co, biography, IX, 246 Genato, Manuel, VIII, 249 Genato, Ramon B., II, 350 Generoso, Jose G., X, 170, 174, 185, 190 Generoso, Sebastian T., biography, IX, 246-247 Genius, I, 353; IV, 49 Geography, Philippine, X, 19 Geology, VII, 62-64; general and geologic history of the Philippines, 194-196; first to make study of Philippine, X, 360 George, Wallace, II, 568; IV, 151 Georgia, cablegram rates, X, 287 Germany, value of foreign coins, X, 270, 334; commerce with, 416 Gerona, municipality, X, 319 Gerona, Adolfo, X, 192, 196 Geronimo, Lucerio, II, 447 Geronimo, Tomas, biography, IX, 246-247 Ge~'mundo, Roman, X, 187 Giddings, Franklin Henry, quoted, lIT, 18-19 Gil, Jose, biography, IX, 248-249 Gil, Mariano, VIII, 142, 359; X, 369 Gil, Pedro, quoted, I, 349; biography, IX, 249; X, 187, 199 Gilbert, Newton Whitney, life, II, 526 Gilmore, Eugene A., II, 533; VIII, 153; quoted, X, 55 Gilmore, Roy K., biography, IX, 249-250 Girl, I, 354

478

GENERAL INDEX Gironiere, Paul, P. de la, II, 568 Giron-Tupas, Anastacia, biography, IX, 250 "Give Us this Day Our Daily Bread," IV, 453 Giver, Jose Fernandez, II, 568 Glass, VII, 588-589; manufacturing,路X, 251 Glory, I, 354 Glunz, C. A., V, 583 Goats, III, 269-270, 280-281, 292293 God, idea of, I, 238, 239, 267, 354; ancient Filipino, V, 467-468 Goddard, Leonard S., biography, IX, 250-251 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, quoted, IV, 165 Goiti, Martin de, II, 35, 37, 283, 568-569; VIII, 74, 247, 368, 424, 429; X, 363, 366, 371, 372 Gold, discovery, VII, 65, 591-595; statement of annual output, 600; first European discoverer, X; 360 Gold Creek Mining Corporation, X, 237; brief histoty, 239 Goldenberg, Michael, biography, IX, 251-252 Goldenweiser, A., quoted, X, 71 Goldsborough, Washington, II, 181 Goles, Isidro, II, 350 Gomez, A. K., VII, 346 Gomez, Dominador, I, 98;' quoted, 348; II, 350-351; X, 163 Gomez, Feliciano, X, 170, 192 Gomez Enriquez, Francisco, II, 569 Gomez de Espinosa, Gonzalo, II, {)69 Gomez, Guillermo, I, 92; biography, IX, 252-253; X, 203 Gomez, Isaac, I, 104 Gomez, Liborio, biography, IX, 253 Gomez, Luis, V, 20 Gomez, Mariano, I, 23, 71; quoted, 355; II, 45, 55, 198; life, 219220, 302, 436; V, 578, 613; VIII, 133; X, 18, 351 Gomez, Teodoro, X, 170

Gomez, Tomas, X, 165, 177 Gonzaga, Vicente E., X, 192 Gonzales, Feliciano, X, 433 Gonzales, Isidoro, X, 170 Gonzales de Mendoza, Juan, II, 569 Gonzales, Leon G., on Philippine horticulture, VII, 541-545 Gonzales, Leon Ma., on Philippine progress, III, 498-500; biography, IX, 253-254 Gonzales, Lucio, X, 165 Gonzales Lloret, Ricardo, biography, IX, 254-255; X, 170 Gonzales de Segueira, Ruy, VIII, 82 Gonzales, Severino D., biography, IX, 255-256 Gonzalez, Antonio, biography, IX, 256-257 Gonzalez, Bienvenido Maria, V, 268; biography, IX, 257 Gonzalez, Ceferino, VII, 64 Gonzalez, Cipriano, II, 569 Gonzalez, J.oaquin, X, 151 Gonzalez Tunon, Jose Ma., VII, 59 Gonzalez, Juan del Pulgar, VIII, 102 Gonzalez, Matias, X, 160, 167 Gonzalez, Nicolas (Filipino Revolutionary General), II, 447 Gonzalez, Nicolas (Spanh.'h commander), VIII, 87 Gonzalez, Ricardo, X, 174, 178 Gonzalez, Teodoro, X, 152 Gonzalez, Zeferino, II, 569; VII, 59 Gonzalo de Cordoba, I, 102; X, 357 Good manners', ancient Filipino conception, X, 104 Goodman, Maurice, VII, 49 Gordon, K., IV, 57 Gorordo, Juan B., X, 379, 437 Got, Adrian, biography, IX, 257258 Gota de Leche, II, 221; VI, 428, 429; VII, 160-161; X, 359 Gotzens, Gines Geiss, VII, 337; quoted, 338, 342, 343 Government, form, I, 219, 356; Malolos Revolutionary, II, 246; V, 122; requisites for

479

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES stable, VI, 285-291; definition of stable, 317, 476; present Philippi.ne, 326-327; reforms 326, 341-360; judiciary, 327; financial status, 442-450; tables on financial statement of insular, 443; tables on budget for 1922, 444; Philippine debt, 444-447; in business, 447-448; civil, 456; Commonwealth, VII, 17; laboratories, bureau of, 18; foreign and educational relations, 108-193; promotion of s'Cience by the Philippine, 108-113; bureaus, offices and organizations, 151-163; biological products manufactured, 320-334; creation of civil, for Manila, VIII, 127; Revolutionary, 140; civil institution, 148; organization of municipal, 532; civil, X, 18; form, 22; and politics; 84; af Biak-na-Bato, 149-150; central, personnel, Philippine Republic, 152; Commolfwealth of the Philippines, 202-204; table of expenditures, 230; first po-litico-military, 348 Governors, Spanish, II, 484-513; American, 515-538 Gozun, Pascual, I, 103 Grafilo, Adolfo G., X, 156 Grageda, Exequiel S., X, 156 Graham., G. A., VII, 562 Grajo, Leoncio, X, 163, 166, 174 Granada, Battle of, V, 485 Granados, Estanislao, X, 163, 166 Grant, Ulysses S., quoted, VI, 285286, 339 Gratitude, I, 357 Graves, ancient, VIII, 34-35 Gray, A., VII, 483 Great Britain, value of foreign coins.', X, 270; commerce with, X,416 Great Plebeian, II, 78 Greatness, I, 357 Greece, value of foreign coins, X, 270 Gregorio, Francisco, X, 424, 425 Gregorio, Macario, X, 150

Gregorio, Maximo, II, 439 Gregorio XIII, see Gregory XIII Gregorius, Nicanor, X, 170 Gregory XIII, II, 570; V, 548, 556; X, 33 Griffin, Laurence C., VII, 49, 399 Grijalva, Juan de, II, 570; quoted, V, 473; VIII, 181 Gruet, Pedro, II, 570 Guadalupe, ruins, X, 312 Guagua, municipality, X, 319 Guam, poS'tal rates, X, 277, 278 Guanco, Esperidion, X, 163, 168, 172, 177 Guano and phospate rock, VII, 610-611 Guardia Civil Veterana, II, 68; X, 359 Guardia, Francisco Ferrer, V, 614 Guarifia, Mario G., X, 156, 168, 183 Guatemala, value of foreign coins, X, 270 Gu,azon, Potenciano Carrillo, II, 353; VII, 317 Gubat, municipality, X, 319 Guerrero, Alfredo L., paintings, IV, 393, 395 Guerrero, Angel, X, 423 Guerrero, Cesar Maria, biography, IX, 258; X, 35, 339 Guerrero, Fernando, Ma., I, 26, 27, 91, 111, 114; on literary training, 250-254; quoted, 348, 380, 387, 406; II, 78, 79, 106, 174; life, 223-232, 458; VIII, 152; X, 27, 161 Guerrero, Hernando, II, 570; VIII, 87 Guerrero, Juan Geronimo, V, 52, 53; school, X, 305 Guerrero, Leon Ma., quoted, I, 419, 429; II, 109; VII, 60, 73, 126, 141, 188, 252, 253, 256, 257, 350, 386,路 387; on Philippine medicinal plants, 412460; X, 161, 437-438 Guerrero, Lorenzo, II, 131, 223; 353; IV, 44, 45, 68; paintings, 359, 361 Guerrero, Lui~, II, 109; quoted, VII, 84-86, 87

480

GENERAL INDEX Guerrero, Manuel, II, 109; life, 221-222; VII, 188, 389; X, 27, 352 Guerrero, M. S., VII, 516 Guerrico, see Father Guerrico Guevara, Antonio, II, 354 Guevara, Guillermo B., biography, IX, 258-259 Guevara, Jose M., II, 354 â&#x20AC;˘ Guevara, Pedro, biography IX, 259; X, 156, 163, 166, 168, 172 Guevara, R., VII, 258 Guia de Forasteros, X, 347 Guiab, II, 354 Guian, municipality, X, 319 Guihuliigan, municipality, X, 319; Church, 380, 431, 442 Guing'ona, Teopisto, biography of, IX, 259-261; X, 163, 166, 173, 177 Guinobatan, municipality, X, 319 Guinto, Leon G., biography, IX, 261-262; X, 183, 203 Guirnalda, Hipolito, X, 424 Gullas, Paulino A., biography, IX, 261-262; X, 183, 203 Gulpide, Andres Alcorobarratia, V,23 Gumangan, Miguel C., X, 156 Gumapo~', Pedro, II, 354; VIII, 321 Gumban, Delfin, biography, IX, 262-263; X, 156 Gumban, Eriberto, I, 99; II, 354 Gumpal, Silvino, X, 196 Gunnell, David G., biography, IX, 263 Gurandin, Dattina, II, 354 Gustilo, Ernesto, X, 166 Gutierrez, Amado, II, 287 Gutierrez, Dionisio, biography, IX, 263-264 Gutierrez David, Eduardo, biography, IX, 264; X, 166, 170 Gutierrez David, Jose, biography, IX, 264-265; X, 156 Gutierrez, Simeon, biography, IX 265 Guysayko, Crisanto M., X, 170 Guzman, Alejandro F. de, X, 156, 170, 174 Guzman, Ambrosio, I, 98

Guzman, Antonio, biography, IX, 266; X, 156, 183 Guzman, Bernabe F. de, biography, 266; X, 156, 170, 172, 176 Guzman, Dimas, X, 161 Guzman, Esteban de, biography, IX, 266-267 Guzman, Francisco Tello de, II, 487; VIII, 79-80 Guzman, Gonzalo, biography, IX, 267-269 Guzman, Jose L. de, X, 156 Guzman, Luis Enriquez de, VIII, 222, 366; X, 365, 370 Guzman, Pablo, X, 161 Gynecology in the Philippines, VII, 317-319 Gyp~'Um, VII, 610 H

Habana, Antonic, X, 174 Hacbang, Sofronio, biography, IX, 269; X, 34, 338 Hadji Butu, biography, IX, 269270; X, 169, 177, 182, 186 Haenke, Thaddeus, VII, 481 H;agedorn, F. C., biography, IX, 270 Hagonoy, municipality, X, 319 Haite, value of foreign money, X, 270 Hakluyt Society, I, 120, 123; VII, 493 Halcon, J. M., VII, 228 Halima, V, 476 Hall, J. Andrew. X, 418, 430, 431 Hall, Theo. L., biography, IX, 270 Halsema, Eusebius Julius, biography, IX, 270-272 Hamilton, Charles R., biography, IX, 272-273 Hamme, William Rockford, biography, IX, 273 Hanna, W. H., X, 422 Hannon, Rev. A. N., on the 33rd Eucharistic Congress in Manila, X, 323 Hansen, Harald, biography, IX, 274 Hantik, see Antique

481

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Happines, I, 357; IV. 501 Harden, Fred M., biography, IX, 274 Harding, Warren G., II, 520, 525, 531; quoted, VI, 482, 519; reply to the Philippine Parliamentary Mission, 544-548 Hare Bill, VI, 523 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, VI, 535, 537; controversy, VIII, 154; rejection by Philippine Legislature, X, 18 Harnack, Adolf, quoted, V, 598 Harness industry, X, 252 Harraza, Josefa Dia7. de, II, 464 Harris Memorial Training School, X,427 Harrison, Francis Burton, life, II, 526-528; VI, 252, 365; quoted, 289, 338, 365; VIII, 151-152; IX, 275; X, 351, 354 Harrison, F. B., Mrs., VI, 423 Harrisse, Henri, I, 119 Hartendorp, Abram van Heyningen, I, 111; biography, IX, 275-276 Harvey, William, VII, 192 Hasan, Sharif, V, 489 Hat industry, X, 252 Haussermann, John William, III, 437-438; biography, IX, 276279 Hausman, Louis M., biography, IX, 276 Hawaii, postal rates and conditions, X, 277, 278; cablegram rates, 287 .

Hawthorne, S. R., biography, IX, 279-280 Hayden, Joseph Ralston, II, 538; IX, 280 Hayes, James T. G., biography, IX, 280-281; X, 339 Haynes, Albert, biography, IX, 281 Hazafias, Baldomero de, II, 268 Headington, John L., biography, IX, 281-282 Health, I, 396; protection of public, VII, 19-20; food, 20; education and public health training, 270-271; board, 339

Hearts, I, 357 Heaven, I, 357 Hechanova, Manuel V., biography, IX, 282 Heffington, John J., biography, IX, 282-283 Hegira, V, 478 Heilbronn, Joseph P., biography, IX, 283-284 Heiser, Victor G., VII, 47, 48, 188 Help, I, 358 Heras, Dolores, IV, 157 Heritage, I, 358 Hermoso, Vicente biography, IX, 284-285 Hernaez, Jose, X, 170 Hernaez, Pedro C., biography, IX, 285; X, 156, 199 Hernandez, Adriano, II, 447 Hernandez, Adriano, X, 161 Hernandez, Antonio, VII, 597; VIII, 383 Hernandez, Gabriel, X, 174, 196 Hernandez, Gabriel K., biography, IX, 285 Hernandez, Jaime, biography, IX, 286-287 Hernandez, Juan S. de, IV, 161162; biography, IX, 287 Hernandez, Maximo C., biography, IX, 288 Hernandez, Rufino Baltazar, I, 97, 99; II, 355 Hernandez, Valeriano, I, 98; quoted, 366; II, 355; X, 352 Hernando, Severo, X, 183, 187 Hero, I, 358 Herrer, Joaquin, painting, IX, 375; portrait, 423 Herrera, Antonio, IV, 27; X, 374 Herrera, Arsenio Cruz, X, 151, 153, 166 Herrera, Diego de, II, 572 Herrera, Jeronimo, II, 355 Herrera, Manuel, VII, 349 Herrera, Pilar P., VII, 390 Herrera, P. de, I, 117 Hertz, Heinrich, VII, 191 Hervas, IV, 29 Hibbard, David S., biography, IX, 288-289; X, 418, 430

482

GENERAL INDEX "Hidalgo and His Grandfather," IV, 353 Hidalgo, Felix Resurreccion, quoted, I, 317; II, 123; life, 233237; works, 234-235, 236; IV, 45-46; greatnes.'s, 49-53; significance of painting, 54-55, 61, 68; paintings, 271-297; VIII, 137; X, 27, 352 Hidalgo, Gonzalez, II, 572; VII, 64; X, 360 Hidalgo, Rodolfo, X, 196 Hidalgo-Lim, Pilar, â&#x201A;Ź!uoted, I, 425: biography, IX, 290 Hidrosollo, Ludovico, quoted, I, 391: X, 191 Hierarchy, ecclesiastical X, 338339 Higdon, Elmer Kelso, biography, IX, 290-291 Higgins, Horace L., II, 572 Higgins, J. E., VII, 543 Hilado, Cornelio, I, 99; II, 355 Hilado, Serafin P., quoted, I, 393; biography, IX, 291-292: X, 179, 183 Hilario, Ceferino, biography, IX, 292; X, 183 Hilario, Jose M., biography, IX, 292 Hilario, Juan, I, 94; quoted, 356 Hilario, Zoilo, I, 103; biography, IX, 293: X, 192 Hilongos, municipality, X, 319 Hind, Robert Renton, biography, IX, 293-295 Hinigaran, municipality, X, 319 Hipolito, Doroteo, II, 447 Histm"ia de Filipinas, II, 464 HiBtoria de Pirateria, X, 348 History, I, 19, 358; Filipinos, II, 21-42; foreigners, 455-614; economic interpretation, lIt, 18: of Mindanao, V, 486-503; outline of Philippine, VIII, 63155: first, 180-181: civic-religious, 181; secular rlergy, 181; regular clergy, 181-184; general, 184-185; compendia, 185: regional, 185-186; special, 186-188; on uprisings, 188-190; documents, 190; biog-

raphies, 190-191; geography, 191; archeology, 191; literature, 191-192; to "Trite, 192195; lamp, 553-562 Hizon, Maximino, II, 355, 447 Hizon, Primo, VII, 386, 389; biography, IX, 291'-296 Hizon, Santiago, VII, 596 Hecson y Valenzuela, Felix, VII, 515; biography, IX, 296-297 Hogs, III, 278-279, 290-291 Holbrook, Lucius R., X, 204 Holidays, X, 414-415; legal, 414: Church, 414-415 Holy Child of Cebu, X, 315, 361 Holy Cross, X, 314 Holy Eucnarist, Sacrament of, X, 324 Holy Ghost, X, 324 Holy Ghost Hospital, VII, 73 Holy Mercy Hospital, VII, 72 Holy See, X, 310 Home, I, 358 "Hpme Going," IV, 557 Homesteads, VI, 373-375; table on application, 374 Honduras, value of foreign money, X, 270 Honesty, I, 359 Hongkong, value of foreign money, X, 269; cablegram rates, 287; commerce with, 416 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, X, 227 Honolulu, cablegram rates, X, 287 Honor, I, 359 Hontiveros, Jose, biography IX, 297-298; X, 156, ]77, 181, 204 Hoover, Herbert, II, 535; VI, 519 Hope, I, 359 Horrilleno, Antonio, biography, IX, 298-299; X, 204 Horses, III, 270, 276-277, 288-289 Horticulture, past and present, Philippine, VII, 541-545; history of, 541, 542 Hospicio de San Jose, VII, 73; X, 358 Hospital de San Jose, VII, 73, 129 Hospital de Santiago, VII, 150; X, 359

483

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES llo's pitality, I, 360; first sign of FilipinQ, X, 369 Hospitals, center of medical science, VII, 72-73; in the Philippines, 148-151; list, 167-177; for lepers, VIII, 115 Household measures, X, 260 Houtman, Cornelius, expedition, VIII, 78 Hoyer, Arthur, biography, IX, 299 Huertas, Felix, II, 572; VII, 349 Hugh Wilson Hall, X, 426 Hull, John A., biography, IX, 299-301 Humabon (or Humabad) Rajah, quoted, I, 429; II, 21, 356; VIII, 296; X, 27, 344 Humanity, I, 360 Humility, I, 360 H umonhon, X, 362 Hungary, value of foreign money, X,27Q

Hurley, Patrick J., suggestions, VI, 508-510; personal visit, VIII, 154 Hurtado, Juan de Vargas, II, 492; V, 538; reign, VIII, 94-95; X, 345 Hurtado, Melchor, II, 572 Huss, John, V, 598 Hyde, Edward R., V, 268; biography, IX, 301; X, 304 Hygiene, development in the Philippines, VII, 265-276; child and maternal, 272-273 I

Iba, municipality, X, 319 lbabao, see Samar Than, Benito, II, 441 Iban, Candido, II, 441 Ibanag, literary works, I, 74 Ibanez, Fidel, X, 187 Ibarra, Andres de, VIII, 366 Ibarra, Leandro, X, 152 Ibarra, Vicente, VIII, 415 Icasanias, Vicente Bernardo, II, 356 Icasiano, Santiago, X, 152 Idaho, cablegram rates, X, 286

Ide, Henry Clay, life, II, 522-523; VIII, 150; X, 350 Ideal, I, 360 "Ideal Theatre," IV, 541 "Idilio Campestre," IV, 385 Idionale, I, 46 "Iemelif," see Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas !fugao Academy, X, 431 Ifugaos, rice terraces, X, 313, 370 Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas ("Iemelif"), see M~thodist Evangelical Church of the Philippines Iglesia ni Kristo se'e Church of Christ Iglesias, Maria, painting, IV, 429 Ignacio, Agapito, X, 174 Ignacio, J., VII, 294 Ignacio, Jese, X, 149 Ignacio, M., VII, 515 Ignacio, Rosendo, I, 98 Ignorance, I, 360 "11 Rimorso," IV, 489 "11 Tramonto," IV, 307 Ilagan, Mauricio, X, 163 Ilagan, municipality, X, 319, 369 Ilagan, Hugo, X, 151 . !law ng Pagkakaisa, X, 432 Illinois, cablegram rates, X, 286 Ilocano, belief, 43, 44; works, 74; literature, 100, 101; doctrina cristiana, 130; religious poetry, 132; vocabulario, II, 41 Ilocos Manganes'e Mining Co., history and organization, X, 244 Ilocos Norte, history, VIII, 314316; geography, 316-318; municipalities and municipal districts, 318; statistics, 319; X, 217, 284 Ilocos Sur, history, VIII, 320-322; geography, 322-324; municipalities and municipal districts, 324; statistics, 324325; X, 217, 284 Iloilo, history, VIII, 326-327; geography, 327-329; municipalities, 329-330; statistics, 330; X, 217, 284, 315, 319; first bombardment, 343, 369

484

GENERAL INDEX Iloilo-N egros Air Express Company (Inaec), X, 314, 355 Ilustre, Vicente, X, 168 Imitation, I, 361 Immaculate Conception, X, 310 Immoral, I, 361 Imperial, Carlos A., biography, IX, 301-303; X, 161, 203 Imperial, Domingo, biography, IX, 303; X, 194, 204 Imperial, Jose F. Samson, biography, IX, 303-304 Imperial, Leoncio, X, 168, 172 Imports', Philippine, III, 338-351, 367 -372; and exports, VI, 438; table showing, 439 'Imus, municipality, X, 319 "In Doubt," IV, 449 "In the Fields," IV, 283 Inauguration, Commonwealth of the Philippines, X, 19 Indang, municipality, X, 319 Indemnity system, X, 283 Indepen4ence, I, 361; law, V, 351; aspirations, VI, 330-332; missions to Washington, X, 18; proclamation in Kawit, itS'importance, 147; ratification of Aug. 18, 1898, its importance, 147; Sept. 29, its importance, 147; memorial of July, 1900, its importance, 148 India, cultural legacies, X, 72; value of foreign money, 270 Indiana, cablegram rates, X, 286 Indians, see FilipinoS' Indigo, III, 125; X, 360 Indo-China, value of foreign money, X, 270 Industrial and engineering research, VII, 567-627 Industrialization, X, 295-296 Industries, early, III, 35-57; IV, 497; VI, 439; promotion, 466, 468, 472; basis for development, VII, 26; advantages for development, 27-28; food, 368369; manufacturing, 614-623; new, 615; home, 620-621; basic chemical, 621; development, VIII, 149; ancient, X, 105,

107; minor, brief sketches, 247-258 "Industry," IV, 497 Infanta, municipality, X, 319 Infantado, Segundo, quoted, I, 368 Infante, Jose R., X, 151 Information, sources, historical, VIII, 178-192; printed sources, 179-180; manuscript sources, 192 Ingersoll, Frank Bassett, biography, IX, 304-305 Innocent X, V, 31; quoted, 31; VII, 125; X, 305 Inocencio, Simon, II, 441 Insecticides, VII, 376-377 Insects, different species of, VII, 494-500; works on beneficial, 554 Inspeccion General de Minas, X, 358 Institutions and organizations, during the Spanish regime, VII, 125-132; during American sovereignty, 141-142; educational, 142-148 Instituto de Manila, X, 358 Instruction I, 362 Insurance, facts and figures, III, 412-415 Insurrection, first Chinese, X, 343; first Japanese, 355 Integrity, I, 363 Intendencia building, brief sketch, X, 308 International Eucharistic Congress, X, 323 International recognition on Filipino flag, X, 143 Internationalism, I, 270; economic theory, X, 289 Inting, Bernardino, biography, IX, 305; X, 156 Intramuros, see Manila "Intrinsic value," X, 228 Invasion, first Moro, X, 343 Iowa, cablegram rates, X, 286 Ipo Gold Mines, Inc., brief history, X, 240-241 Iran, value of foreign money, X, 271 Ireland, X, 323, 334

485

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Iriarte, Manuel de, II, 356 Iriberri, Ignacio, II, 573 Iriga, municipality, X, 319 Irish Free State, value of foreign money, X, 271 Irish potatoes, III, 173-175 Iron, VII, 596-597, 603-604; prehistory Age, VIII, 30-36; Age, 32; early and late Age, 33-34; culture, 37; early Age, 38-39; middle Age, 39; late Age, 4041; ore deposits, X, 241-242; foundrie~', 252 Irong-Irong, X, 315, 365 Irrigation, early, III, 30 Irureta Goyena, Tirso de, II, 357 Irving, Clement F., biography, IX, 305; X, 156, 187 Isabel, II, 544; V, 529 Isabel II, X, 312 Isabela, history, VIII, 331-332; geography, 332-333; municipalities and municipal districts 334; statistics, 334; municipality, X, 217, 284, 319, 369 Islamism, V, 481; introduction of, 509-513; introduction in Sulu and Mindanao, X, 17 Islands, total number, of the Philippines, X, 211; number of, adjacent to principal islands, 212 Italy, X, 271, 334 Itogon MiRing Co., history and organization, X, 236-237 IXL Mining Co., Inc., brief history, X, 240 Izquierdo y Gutierrez, Rafael de, II, 509; reign, VlII, 132-133

J Jacinto, Alfredo Victoriano, biography, IX, 306 Jacinto, Emilio, I, 91, 97; quoted, 359, 360, 365, 367, 374, 388, 389, 396, 397, 427, 428; II, 7576; life, 238-240, 447; X, 27; on the Kartilla of the Katipunan, 134-137, 345 Jacinto, Mariano, II, 238 486

Jacinto, Nicanor, biography, IX, 306-307 Jackson, F. A., V, 583 Jackson, Frank E., quoted, II, 142, 293 Jacob, Camilo, II, 440 Jacobe, Cayetano, IV, 162; biography, IX, 307 Jacobo Jaena, Maria, II, 117 phy, IX, 307 Jaen y Castillo, Alonzo, II, 573 Jagor, Feodor, I, 113; life, II, 467468; works, 467; VII, 32, 33; quoted, 180-181, 184, 188, 397, 399, 485; VIII, 127, 133; X, 348, 364 Jakosalem, Dionisio, II, 357 J alandoni, Esteban, II, 357 J alandoni, Magdalena, I, 100; X, 357 Jalandoni, Marta, I, 100 Jalandoni, Nicolas, X, 161 Jamalul Kiram, X, 191 Jamalul Kiram, X, 191 James, Clark, biography, IX, 307308 James, Marcian, on Catholic view of education, V, 647-653; biography, IX, 308-309 Jameson, John, II, 528 Jarnora, Celso B., biography, IX, 309-310 J amora, Gorgonia, II, 248 Janiuay, municipality, X, 319 January, calendar of events in, X, 301 Japan, I, 363; density of population, X, 221; value of foreign money, 270; cablegram rates, 288; commerce with, 416 Japanese Mandated Islands, cablegram rates, X, 288 Japanese soul, I, 227 Japanese weights and measures, X,266 Jara-Martinez, Josefa, quoted, I, , 354; biography, IX, 310-311 Jaranilla, Delfin, biography, IX, 312-313 J araveitia, Jose Gardoglli, II, 501; reign of, VIII, 114-115; X, 346

GENERAL INDEX J aro, diocese of, X, 34, 315; cathedral of, 315; municipality, 319; bi~.'hopric of, 348 Jaudens, Fermin, II, 513; VIII, 145 J ava, territory and population, X, 222 Javelona, Peregrino, I, 100 Javier, Abdon, biography, IX, 313 Javier, Irineo, X, 161, 163 Jayroe, Antonio, X, 161 Jeanette, Sarah, II, 528 Jenks, Albert Ernest, VII, 49; X, 507 Jenner, Edward, VII, 261 Jernegan, Prescott F., quoted, V, 125-128 Jerusalem, X, 333 Jesuit Church of San Ignacio, brief history of, II, 278; X, 305-306 Jesui.ts, II, 44; V, 19,554; VII, 64, 70; arrival, VIII, 75; return to the Philippines, 126; X, 348, 363 J e!'us Christ, short account of life, V, 593-594; His Presence in the Sacrament of the Holy Eucharist, X, 323; quotations, 325 "J esus Christ Is Taken from the Cross," IV, 463 "Jesu~' Christ Meets Veronica," IV, 4.59 Jesus, Gregoria de, II, 68, 357-358 Jesus, Gregorio Miguel de, II, 436 Jesus, Ignacio de, II, 573 Jesus, Jose Corazon de (H useng Batute), I, 98; II, 358; X, 357 Jesus, Pablo de, II, 573 Jesus, Roman de, X, 174 Jesus, T. Romualdo de, I, 317; II, 358 Jesus, Vicente de, II, 358 Jhocson, Mariano F., II, 358-359 Jimamailan, municipality, X, 319 Jimenez, Alonso, X, 307 Jimenez, Diego, II, 573-574 Jimenez, F'ederico D., X, 179 Jimenez, Ildefonso D., biography, IX, 313-314

Jimenez, Isidoro. II, 441 Jimenez, Jose E., VII, 389 Jimenez, Pedro, VIII, 331 Jimenez, Pedro, VII, 66 Jimenez, Pedro V., X, 161 Jimenez Yanson, Vicente, X, 179, 187 Jobling, VII, 343 Johanna, II, 359 Jojas, Justo Claudio, lI, 359 Jokson, Feliciano, II, 359-360 J 010, conquest, VIII, 134; X, 315, 319, 348, 362, 373 Jones, James Weldon, biography, IX, 314-315; X, 204 Jones, William Atkinson, II, 574; VI, 475 "Jones Bridge," IV, 521 Jone~ Law, VI, 146-170, 245, 326, 333-335, 339, 352-353, 357, 358, 428-429, 462, 487, 492; VIII, 151; X, 18 Jordana, Ramon, VIl, 495 Jorge, Dionisio, X, 424 Jose, Felipe E., biography, IX, 315316; X, 156, 199 Jose, Filemon, biography, IX, 316 Jose, Manuel, X, 150 J osol, Bernardo, X, 196 Journal of American Law, quoted, II, 297 Journalism, I, 106; progress, 107 Journals, I, 107; various, 107-112; scientific, VII, 532; on horticulture, 545; first professional, X, 356 Jovellar y Soler, Joaquin, II, 511; VII, 138, 353; reign, VIII, 137 Joven, Delfin H., X, 156 Joy, I, 363 Joya, Florentino, X, 166 J oya, Mariano H. de, quoted, I, 359; biography, IX, 317-319 Juan Totoo, X, 378 Juarez, Gallinato Juan, II, 574 Judicial department, Commonwealth of the Philippines, X, 203 Judicial system, X, 89 Judiciary, Philippine, VI, 327; organization. 533

487

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Jugo, Fernando, biography, IX, 319-32il Jugo, Jose Ma.. life. II, 241-242; 436; VII, 83; X, 27 Ju-Kua, Chao, II, 574; III, 58; IV, 172; V, 472, 473; VI, 17, 21; quoted, 44; VIII, 70, 429 July, calendar of events, X, 302 Jumawan, Sergio, biography, IX, 320; X, 15G June, calendar of events, X, 302 Junta de Autoridades, X, 312 J ureideni, Anis N assoor r biography, IX, 320-321 Jurgens', Constant, biography, IX, 321; X, 35, 339 Jurisdiction, territorial, constitutional definition, X, 206 Justice, I, 364; administration, VI, 364-372; factors preventing prompt, 36\1-371 K

Kabankalan, municipality, X, 319 Kabigting, Balbino, biography, IX, 321-322 Kabigting Maximo, X, 150 Kabling, Pablo, X, 15(' Kabung,S'\lwan, II, 360; V, 486, 489, 490, 493, 495; VIII, 70 Kahn, Leopoldo, III, 439-441; biography, IX, 322-323 Kakaron, II, 150 Kaknio, Jose, II, 360 Kalantiaw, Bendahara, I, 64; quoted, 367; life, II, 25-26; VI, 21, 45; code of, 64-67; VIII, 66, 70; X, 17, 27 Kalaw, Maximo M., I, 93, 94, 95; quoted, 332, 407, 421; V, 269; biography, IX, 323-325; X, 199 Kalaw, Pur ita, portrait of, IV, 305; VI, 423 Kalaw, Teodoro M., I, 7-8, 91, 92, 111, 114; on value of travels, 282-283 ; quoted, 326, 333, 389; II, 80, 474; on Calderon's memories of the Philippine Revolution, VIII, 501-546; biography, IX, 325-328; on thir-

ty most important documents on the Philippine Revolution, X, 145-148, 163 Kalayaan, its importance, X, 145, 357 Kalilaya, see Unisan Kalinga Academy, X, 431 Kalipulako, X, 378 Kamantigue, J. M., quoted, I, 325 Kamel, George, VII, 60, 477 Kamora, Henry A., X, 183, 192 Kangleon, Ciriaco K., X, 174 Kanigae, Saitaro, biography, IX, 328 Kansas, cablegram rates, X, 286 Kapis, see Capiz Kapok, III, 125-126, 254-256 Kapunan, Rupert@, biography, IX, 328-329; X, 157, 17.0, 174, 183, 192, 199 Kare, Exequiel, X, 196 Karrer, Felix, VII, 504 Kartilla of the Katipunan, X, 134137; importance, 145 Kasampo, Marcelo, X, 150 Kasikis, X, 372 Kasilag y Mendoza, Marcial, biography, IX, 329-330 Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang Katipunan, X, 138 Katipunan, II, 54, 55, 72; code, 75, 86, 215; V, 578; VIII, 140, 142, 359; X, 18; Kartilla, 134137, 343, 369 Kaufmann, Julius, biography, IX, 330 Keats, John, quoted, IV, 165 Kentucky, cablegram rates, X, 286 Khadijah, V, 477 Kibad Sahriyal, V, 499 Kijano, Juan R., I, 100 King Solomon Mining Co., X, 237 Kintanar, Agustin Y., biography, IX, 330; X, 197, 199 Kintanar, Cesar A., biography, IX, 330; X, 157 Kinyoun, J. J., VII, 344 Kipit River Mining Association, X, 237 Kiram, T., quoted, I, 405 Klar, J. L., biography, IX, 331

488

GENERAL INDEX Klein, Paul, VII, 59, 60; quoted, 86-87, 251, 252, 424, 427, 477; X, 359 Knaves, I, 364 Kneedler, Harold M., biography, IX, 331 Kneedler, Harry D., biography, IX, 331-332 Kneedler building, X, 355 Knowledge, I, 365; dissemination, VII, 517-518 Knox, John, V, 598 Koenigswald, Ralph von, VII, 234 Kolambu, Rajah, II, 360 Kong Li Po, X, 356 Korea, cablegram rates, X, 288 Koseng, see Kue-sing Kraut, M., biography, IX, 332 Kroeber, A. L., quoted, X, 72 Kropotkin, Peter Alexeievitch, Prince, quoted) X, 290 Kuda, V, 498 Kudapay, Felipe, II, 360 Kuder, Edward M., biography, IX, 332-333 K'udrat, quoted, I, 371; II, 360; X, 27 Kue-sing, II, 575; VIII, 91 Kukenthal, W., VII, 400 Kundiman, IV, 141, 142, 151, 155, 309; X, 316 Kurts, Sanford D., X, 419, 430 Kuta [ndang, V, 499 Kutam, see Mohammed Kwansi Provinces, cablegram rates, X, 287 Kwantung, cablegram rates, X, 287 L

"La Barca de Aqueronte," IV, 297 Labaton, Federico, II, 511; VIII, 139; X, 349 Labor, I, 365; III, 98, 99; facts and figures, 324-335; VI, 415422; table showing important activities, 417; table showing conflict between masters and servants, 418; table showing accidents, 419; table showing number of home seekers and

contracted laborers, 420, 469470, 474 Labor Evangelica, I, 121; VI, 19, 57; VII, 86, 283 Laboratory, creation of municipal, VII, 79-80, 109; serum, 320; government, 410; X, 358 Labra, Rafael Maria de, II, 575 Labrador, Alejo, biography, IX, 333; X, 157, 179, 183 Labrador, Juan, biography, IX, 333 Lacalle, Jose de, VII, 66, 138 Lacapati, I, 46 La Carlota, municipality, X, 319 Lachambre, Jose de, II, 512; portrait, IV, 371; VIII, 143 Lacorte, Felipe de, I, 107 Lacroix, A., VII, 234 Lacs'On, Isaac, biography, IX, 334; X, 183, 195 Lacson, Ricardo C., biography, IX, 334-335 Lacson, Simeon, II, 363 Ladia, Pedro, II, 436, 575; VIII, 265 Lady teacher, duties of a, X, 121 La Esperanza, X, 347 La Estacada, X, 311 La Fraternidad, II, 225 Lagdameo, Salvador, biography, IX, 335-337 La Gironiere, Paul P. de, II, 568; quoted, V, 468 Lagman, Eligio, biography, IX, 337; X, 197, 199 Lagman, Rogerio, biography, IX, 337-339 Lagrosa, M., VII, 2Y4 Laguda, Salvador, II, 363; X, 161 Laguio, Perfecto E., quoted, I, 414, 423; biography, IX, 339340 Laguna, history, 335-337; geography, 337-338; municipalities, 339; statistics, 339; X, 217, 284, 313, 371 La Hermandad de Misericordia, VII, 128 Laico, Ananias, X, 183

489

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES La lndependencia, II, 106, 176, 224, 284, 307; V, 123, 124; X, 68, 357 "Lakambini and the Peacock," IV, 447 Lakandola, life, II, 37-38; IV, 395; VIII, 74, 356, 424, 430; X, 344, 369 Laksamana, Franci~'Co, I, 98 Laktan, Jose Serrano, X, 343 Lala, Ramon Reyes, II, 363 La Liga Filipina, II, 52, 55; aims, III, 495; VIII, 141; X, 350 Lallana, Jose, II, 439 Lal-Io, X, 365 Lamadrid, II, 364; VIII, 292; X, 367 Lam-ang, I, 75 La Masone7'ia Filipina, II, 474 Lamont, R. P., quoted, III, 101 Lampa, Jose, II, "364 Lanao, history, VIII, 340-341; geography, 341~343; municipalitie~! and municipal districts, 343; statistics, 344 ; density of population, X, 218; telegram rates, 284 Land of Promise, X, 316 Lands, agricultural area, III, 108111; homesteads, 112, 113114; sales of public, 115-117; free patents, 118-120; leases, 121-122 "Landscape," IV, 375, 415 Langcauon, Prudencio, biography, IX, 340-341 Languages, ancient Filipino, X, 98 Lanza, Esteban, I, 92 Lanzones, III, 221-223; IV, 441 Laoag, municipality, X, 319, 368 La Oceania Espanola, II, 118, 263, 267, 455 La Opinion, II, 455; X, 356 Lapak, Baldomero M., X, 157 La Patria, II, 225 Laperal, Roberto, biography, IX, 341-342 Laperal, Victorina G. de, III, 434435; biography, IX, 342-343 Lapid, Esteban G., biography, IX, 343-344

Lapidario, Severino, II, 439 Lapu-Iapu, I, 66; quoted, 320; life, II, 21-22, 436; IV, 393; VIII, 296; X, 27, 344 Lara, Hilario, on development of hygiene and preventive medicine in the Philippines, VII, 265-276; biography, IX, 344346 Lara e Irigoyen, Juan de, II, 508; reign, VIII, 129-130 Lara, Sor Eustaquia, X, 309 Lara, Sabiniano Manrique de, II, 38; life, 490; reign, VIII, 9092; suppressed rebellion, 425; X, 307, 344 Lardizabal, Luis, II, 503; reign, VIII, 119-120, 414; X, 371 La Revolucion Filipina, II, 100 Larkin, William Wiley, biography, IX, 346-347 Lasam, Gabriel, X, 161 Laserna, Manuel, I, 100; X, 183 La Sociedad Economica de las Islas Filipinas, X, 296 La Solidaridad, II, 55, 68, 84, 86, 105, 124, 265, 266, 462, 474; VIII, 139; X, 356 Las Pilias Church, X, 313 Latin civilization, I, 225, 226 Latonero, Ciriaco L., biography, IX, 347-348 Latorena, Paz, I, 94 Latvia, value of foreign money, X, 271 Laubach, Frank Charles, quoted, V, 461-463, 481-482, 536, 583, 591, 618, 619-620; biography, IX, 348-349; X, 378, 430, 431 La Union, history, VIII, 345-346; geography, 346-348; municipalities and municipal districts, 348; statistics, 349; density of population, X, 218; telegram rate~, 284, 348, 369 Laurel, I., II, 266 Laurel, Jose P., quoted, I, 386, 403, 417, 424; biography, IX, 349-350; X, 157, 181, 185, 203 Laurel, Sotero, X, 152 Lavadia, Catalino, II, 364

490

GENERAL INDEX "Lavanderas," IV, 313 La Vanguu1'dia, II, 225 La Verdad, II, 220 Lavezaris, Guido de, II, 38, 484; reign, VIII, 74-75, 270; X, 305, 364 Lavides, Francisco, biography, IX, 350; X, 199 Laws, I, 367; of civil rights, VI, 30-41 ; making, promulgation and publication in pre-historic times, 31; early penal, 4950; Organic, 101-145; eiectoral, 452; classification, 463; table, showing numbers passed in 1907-1921, 464; private, 473-474; teachers pension, VIII, 153; currency, 153; corporation, 153; X, 87; contents, 88 Lawton, H. W., II, 575; VIII, 146, 531, 536, 537, 538, 539 Lawwer, I, 367 Laya, Ubaldo D., biography, IX, 350-351 Laygo, Enrique, I, 91; II, 364 Laynes, Marcos, VII, 349 Layug, Agapito, II, 286 "Layug na Caboloan," see Pangasinan Lazarino de Palencia Hospital, X, 358 Lazaro, Leonardo, II, 364-365 Lazo, Melanio, I, 100 Lazo, Vicente, T., VII, 285; biography, IX, 351; X, 192, 197, 199 .

Lead and zinc, VII, 603 Leader, I, 367 Leadership, I, 368 Leano, Fernando, I, 94 Learning, I, 368 Lecaros, Juan Francis'Co, II, 365 Ledesma, Carlos, II, 365; X, 163 Ledesma, Jose B., X, 185 Ledesma, Juan, quoted, I, 374; biography, IX, 351-352; X, 157 Ledesma, Pascual, II, 365-366; X, 152 Lee, H. A., VII, 557

Legal holidays, X, 414 Legarda, Benito, II, 366; VI, 354; X, 151, 152, 354 Legarda, Vicente L., biography, IX, 352-355 Legaspi, Agustin de, II, 366, 436; VIII, 77 Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de, I, 34, 121; II, 31, 484; V, 486, 519, 524, 525, 529, 540; VII, 178; quoted, 243, 283; reign, VIII, 73-74; 296, 350, 356, 357, 368, 424; founding of the Spanish city, X, 17, 28, 41; monument, 304; ashes, 305, 315; first governor, 342, 362, 366, 367, 369, 374 Legaspi, municipality, X, 319 Legaspi, Silvestre, X, 152 Legaspi, Teodoro, X, 150 Legend, I, 40; on Mir-i-nisa, 292 "Legend of Mount Makiling," IV, 311 Le Gentil de la Galaisiere, Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean Baptiste, VII, 179, 181 Legislative, procedure, X, 89; department, Commonwealth of the Philippines, 203 Legislature, members of fourth, X, 167-171; members of fifth, 171-176; memben! of sixth, 176-180; members of seventh, 180-184; members of eighth, 185-189; members of ninth, 189-193; members of tenth, 194-198 Leico, Lucas, II, 366 "LeIlo," IV, 493 Lemmon, W. N., X, 359 Lemos, Manuel Lorenzo de, II, 575 Length measure, X, 265 Leo X, Pope, V, 596 Leo XIII, Pope, V, 583; quoted, 632; creation of pontifical university, X, 305 Leon, Apolinario S. de, biography, IX, 355-356 Leon, Bonifacio R. de, biography, IX, 356-357

491

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Leon, Ceferino de, II, 366-367; X, 151, 166, 172 Leon, Crescencia Ramos de, bioggraphy, IX, 357-358 Leon, Dionisio de, biography, IX, 358 Leon, Fortunato de, X, 192 Leon, Ignacio POllce de, II, 367 Leon, Jr., Jose de, X, 192 Leon, Jose L. de, III, 428-429; IX, 358-360 Leon, Juan de, X, 170 Leon, Juan Fernandez de, VIII, 78 Leon, Luis N. de, biography, rx;, 360; X, 197, 200 Leon, P. O. de, quoted, I, 370 Leon, Rosario de, X, 357 Leon, Tiburcio de, X, 150 Leonard Wood Memorial Conference, VII, 284-285, 290, 296; VIII, 152-153 Leonardo, Braulio V., X, 157 Lepers, children, VII, 291-293 ; follow up work and eontrol of ex-lepers, 295 Leprosy, VII, 84-87; work in the Philippines, 283-307; extension of work, 290; treatment, 293-296; accepted view on transmission, susceptibility and pathogenesis, 300-307 Lerma, Florencio, II, 440 Lerma, Jose M., X, 161 Le Roy, James A., I, 114; quoted, 124; II, 159; life, 475-477; works, 476; VIII, 152 Lerroux, Alejandro, II, 264 Lesaca, Juan G., biography, IX, '360 Lesaca, Potenciano, biography, IX, 360-361; X, 157, 200 Les Miserables, II, 68 Lete, Eduardo, I, 109 Leuterio, Raul, X, 197 Leuterio y Resurreccion, Mariano P., X, 170, 174, 183 Lewis, Gilbert N., VII, 48, 188 Leyte, history, VIII, '350-351; geography, 351-353; municipalities, 354; statistics, 354-355; popu-

lation, X, 211; islands adjacent to, 212; density of population, 218; telegram rateS', 284 Liberia, value of foreign money, X, 271 Liberty, I, 369; struggle for, VI, 223-537 Libmanan, municipality, X, 319 Libornio, Jose S., II, 367 LiborG, Agustin, biography, IX, 361-362 Liboro, Cipriano, biography, IX, 362; X, 157 Libraries, and periodicals, VI, 433437; public, 433-435; and museum, 434; semi-public, 435437; table showing number of ~emi-public, 436 .

Library, scientific, VII, 29-30; first military, X, 347 Libro a N a路isuratan, X, 355 Lichauco, Marcial P., biography, IX, 363 Liebig, Justus, Baron von, VII, 362 Liege, X, 333 Life and education, I, 273; high tide, 278, 371, 397 Ligao, municipality, X, 320 Light, I, 372 Light, J. W., biography, IX, 363 Light, S. F., VII, 188 Lighthouse, oldest, X, 361 "Like a nose," X, 315 Li-J(ing-Tung, see Lingayen LiIle, X, 333 Lilly, W. S., IV, 166 Lim, Alejandro, T., biography, IX, 363-364 Lim, Manuel, biography, IX, 364365; X, 157 Lim, Vicente, biography, IX, 365 Limahong, II, 37, 576; attack, VIII, 74, 320, 357, 430; X, 872 Limasawa, first mass, V, 525-526, 575; X, 315, 363 Lime, VII, 612-613 Limits, territorial, of the Philippines, X, 213 Limjap-Osmefia, Esperanza, biography, IX, 365 Limsiaco, Eliseo, X, 179

492

GENERAL INDEX Linares, Augusto G. de, VII, 399 Lincoln, Abraham, portrait, IV, 477 Lingayen, diocese, X, 35; municipality, 319, 372 Linnaeus, Carolus, VII, 476, 478, 479 Lin Tiaw Ping, IX, 365-366 Liongson, Francisco, II, 367; X, 167 Lipa, diocese, X, 35; municipality, 320, 366, 372 Lippay, Alexander, IV, 151; biography, IX, 366-367 Liquete, Leoncio Gonzales, biography, IX, 367 Liquid measure, X, 260 Lisboa, Marcos de, II, 576; X, 343 Li Seng Giap, biography, IX, 367368 List, Friedrich, X, 289; quoted, 290 List of approved textbooks by curricula, elementary schools, V, 317-322; secondary schools, 322-324; general curriculum, 324-327; commercial, 327-329; home economics curriculum, 329-331; nonnal curriculum, 332-334; agricultural, 334335; trade, 336-340; Philippine Nonnal School curricula, 340-349; Philippine School of Arts and Trades, 349-350 Lister, Joseph, Baron, VII, 324 Literacy, percentage, X, 361 Literature, history, I, 19-28; Tagalog, 19, 20; manifestations of in native characteristics, 19; in verse, 19; development of by Rodriguez, 29-89; Filipino, 90-105; Spanish, 90; English, 92; Tagalog, 96 ; Vi sayan, 99; llocano, 100; Pampango, 102; pre-Spanh,'h, 31; legend, 40; folklore, 40; influences on, 63; Spanish era, 63; stage, 69; Christian, 70, 74; American era, 72; works, 74; Mohammedan, 74; pagan, 74; prospect, 88; future, 98; Sulu, 102; works,

74, 99, 103; prose and poetry, 217; training, 250; zoological, VII, 411; national, X, 56-60; ancient Filipino, X, 100 Lithuania, value of foreign money, X, 271 Livelihood, I, 372 Livestock, III, 269-302; population, 271; market price, 296302 Lizardo, Mariano A., X, 157, 187, 1!l2 Lizares, Simplicio, biography, IX, 368; X, 157 Lizarraga, Tirso, biography, IX, 368 Lladoc, Casimiro, biography, IX, 368-369; X, 34, 339 Llamas, Antonio G., X, 179 Llana, Pedro de la, I, 94; quoted, 384, 390; X, 183 Llanel'a, Eduardo, X, 150 Llanera, Mariano, X, 149 Llanes, Vicente, X, 170, 174 Llanos, Antonio, II, 576; VII, 59, 60, 181, 480, 483, 486 Llanos, Lope de, VIII, 77 Loag, Domingo, I, 128 Loaisa, Juan Garcia Jofre de, II, 576; V, 519; VIII, 71, 72, 496; X, 367 Loan and building as~ociations, numbers of, in operation, X, 229 Loarca, Miguel de, VI, 19, 20, 28, 29, 38, 43; quoted, .15-46, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61; VII, 243, 245, 250; VIII, 441; X, 86, 89, 372 Lobingier, Charles S., VI, 18, 33, 35 Locke, Charles E., X, 427 Lockwbod, Lot Dean, biography, IX, 369-370 Locsin, Arsenio, biography, IX, 371 Locsin, Diego, biography, IX, 371 Locsin, Jose C., biography, IX, 371-372; X, 157, 187 Locsin, Jose E., X, 174 Locsin, Julian M., X, 192

493

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Locsin, Mariano A., biography, IX, 372; X, 166 Locsin, Vicente, X, 161 Locusts, extermination campaign, VII, 548-549; Acts, 549-550 Lodge, Oliver, quoted, I, 279 Logal'ta, Miguel, II, 368 Loher, A., VII, 486, 490 Lombok, territory and population, X, 222 London, X, 334, 347 Long measure, X, 262 Lontoc, Vicente, X, 174 Lonzon, Grisfora, II, 136 Looban College, brief sketch, X, 309 Lopez, Alejandro, biography, IX, 372 Lopez, Alejandro, VIII, 89, 90 Lopez del Castillo, Epifanio, II, 368 Lopez, Estanislao, biography, IX, 373 Lopez, Eugenio, biography, IX, 373 Lopez, Eusebio, biography, IX, 373-374; X, 157 Lopez, Franch'co, I, 101, 130, 134; II, 41; VIII, 86 Lopez J aena, Graciano, I, 109; quoted, 340, 352, 389; II, 84, 106; life, 117-126; works, 124, 191, 255, 265, 448, 462, 463; on the paintings of Luna and Hidalgo, IV, 54-55; VIII, 142; X, 28, 351, 356 Lopez, J nan, II, 576-577 Lopez-Rizal, Leoncio, on scientific and technical organizations in the Philippines, VII, 123-177; biography, IX, 374 Lopez, Manuel, II, 368 Lopez, Manuel, X, 168 Lopez, Maria, biography, IX, 374375 Lopez, Mariano, X, 151 Lopez, Natalio, biography, IX, 375; X, 200 Lopez, Pantaleon, I, 98 Lopez, Placido, II, 117 Lopez, Ramon, X, 163 Lopez, Santiago, X, 433

Lopez, Sixto, II, 272; biography, IX, 375 Lopez, Vicente, biography, IX, 375-376; X, 157 Lopez, Villanueva ,lose, X, 163 Lopez, Vito Jose, X, 163 Lorenzana, Jose M., X, 157 Lorenzo, Diosdado M., paintings, IV, 431, 433, 435 Lorenzo, J., quoted, I, 331 Lorenzo, Jacinto, biography, IX, 376 Lorenzo, Pablo, biography, IX, 376; X, 157, 170, 174, 179 Lorquin, Pierre Joseph Michael, VII, 495 Los Banos, X, 313, 320 Los Banos Biological C1ub, VII, 161 Los Banos Hospital, VII, 73 Lottery, X, 347 Louisiana, cablegram rates, X, 286 Lourdes, X, 334 Love, I, 372 Loving, W. H., II, 577; IV, 149 Loyalty, I, 373 Loyola, San Ignacio de, V, 64 Loyzaga, Joaquin de, II, 577 Loyzaga y Ageo, Jose de, II, 368 Lozada, Jose, VII, 126 Lozada, Ricardo, X, 424 Lozada, Vicente, X, 163, 166 Lozano, Crescenciano, X, 170, 174, 179 Lubang, municipality, X, 320 Lubao, X, 371 Lubluban, II, 368; VIII, 65 Lucas, Pablo, quoted, I, 412; biography, IX, 376-377 Lucban, municipality, X, 320 Luce, Robert, F., on hydrographic survey work in the Philippines, VII, 226-231 Lucena, municipality, X, 320 Lucena, Pedro, VIII, 101 Lucente, Iluminado, I, 100 Lucero, Juan T., X, 170, 174 Lucero, Santiago, X, 176 Lucero, Simplicio, II, 448 Luciano Andres, X, 166

494

GENERAL INDEX Luciano, Victoriano, II, 369, 439; VII, 386 Lugay Raquel, Jose, X, 170, 174 Lugo, Cristobal de, VIII, 86, 456 Lukban, Agustin, X, 188 Lukban, Cayetano, biography, IX, 377; X, 161, 200 Lukban, Justo, II, 369; X, 151, 161 Lukban y Martinez, Miguel, VII, 34; biography, IX, 377-378; X, 192 Lukban, Vicente, II, 369, 448; VIII, 351, 447, 511 Lumain, Macario, X, 170, 175 Lumbang, III, 257-259 Lumber, classification of Philippine, VII, 534-540 Luna de San Pedro, Andres, II, 133; IV, 509, 511, 513, 515, 517; biography, IX, 378-380 Luna y Novicio, Antonio, I, 109, 110; quoted, 345, 361, 362, 379; II, 84, 85; life, 105-116; works, 109-116, 155, 156, 157, 197, 224, 265, 284, 463, 747; portrait, IV, 315; VII, 351, 354; X, 28, 151, 152, 357, 371 Luna, Benedicto, II, 369-370 Luna, Carmen de, V, 310; biography, IX, 380 Luna, Joaquin, II, 138 Luna, Joaquin D., I, 419; II, 109; IV, 150; biography, IX, 380381; X, 151, 163, 166, 169 Luna, Jose Lino, X, 151, 163 Luna y Novicio, Juan, II, 123; life, 128-135, 223, 235, 463; IV, 45-46; greatness, 路19-53 ; significance of paintings, 5455, 58, 60, 68; paintings, 257269; V, 62, 63; VIII, 137; X, 28, 352 Luna, Juan L., biography, IX, 381-382; X, 179, 188, 192, 200 Luna y Novicio, Manuel, II, 370 Luna-Orosa, S., quoted, I, 409 Luna, Tomas, X, 170 Lutaw, see Sarnal Lutero, Tiburcio, biography, IX, 382; X, 157, 170 Luther, Martin, life, V, 595-598

Luz, Arsenio N., quoted, I, 92, 93, 111, quoted, 340; III, 426-428; biography, IX, 382-384 Luz, Simeon, II, 370 Luzon, population, X, 211; islands adjacent, 212; what to see in '303-314; railroad plan on, 309, 362 Luzon Consolidated Mining Co. Inc., chrome ore properties, X, 245 Lu-zung, meaning of, X, 362 Luzuriaga, Eusebio, II, 373 Luzuriaga, Jose, II, 373; VI, 354 Lydia, X, 357 Lyons, E. S., biography, IX, 384 M

Ma-angat, Ca.talino II, 441 Ma-ang-at, Lamberto, II, 441 Maasin Institute, X, 431 Maasin, municipality, X, 320 Mabanag, Alejo, biography, IX, 384-385; X, 176, 180, 189, 194 Mabini, Apolinario, I, 91, 97; decalogue, 267-268, 362; quoted, 318, 322, 328, 329, 335, 357, 361, 369, 379, 381, 387, 391, 399, 403, 411; life, II, 89-104; works, 101, 102, 103, 109, 239, '244, 313, 448; V, 433; VI, 492; VIII, 144, 249, 518; X, 28, 345 Mabini, Inocencio, II, 89 Mabuhay, X, 316 Macabebe, municipality, X, 320 Macao, cablegram rates, X, 288 Macapagal, II, 37 Macardo, Tomas, II, 286, 449; X, 149 MacArthur, Arthur, II, 517-518; V, 112; quoted, 126; VIII, 148; X, 350 MacArthur, Douglas, biography, IX, 385-387 Macasiag, Jacinto, II, 373; VIII, 321, 346 Macauayan, Vicente, II, 379 McCall, James E., biography, IX, 404-405 McCaskey, H. D., VII, 48

495

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES McCloskey, James P., biography, IX, 405; X, 34, 338 McCormick, J. Scott, biography, IX, 405 Mac-Crohon y Blake, Jose, II, 577 Mac-Crohon. Manuel, II, 509 ; reign, VIII, 133 Maceda, Antonio A., biography, IX, 387 Macias, Juan, II, 373; IV, 27 Mackie, D. B., VII, 546, 547 McKinley, William, II. 144, 519; V, 368; quoted, 579-580, 681; instructions to the second Philippine Commission, VI, 90-100; quoted, 245-247, 386, 316, 363, 518, 519; VIII, 525, 526; X, 306 McKinnon, W. D., V, 125, 141 McLaughlin, J. L., X, 426 McMicking, Jose, biography, IX, 405 Mactan, X, 344, 362 Macutay, Silvestre B., X, 192 "Madaling Araw," IV, 155 Maddela, Domingo, X, 192 Madiaas, see Antique Madjapahit, empire, V, 474, 475; founding, VIII, 70 "Madonna and Child," IV, 479 Madre de Dios, BIas de la, VII, 59, 60, 251, 425, 476 Madriaga, Facundo, II, 373 Madrid, X, 3ÂŁ4 Madrigal, Vicente, III, 423-424; biography, IX, 387-388 Madura, territory and population, X, 222 Maestrado, Silvino, X, 188 Magahum, Angel, I, 100; II, 373374 Magalat, II, 374; X, 28 Magalingdaan, see Buencamino, Felipe Magalona, Enrique B., biography, IX, 388-389; X, 192, 197, 200 Magarula, Jacinto, II, 29 Magat Salamat, X, 28 Magazine, powder, X, 306; first religious, 347 496

Magbalon, Domingo M., biography, IX, 389 Magbanua, Elias, II, 448 Magdapio, X, 355 Magellan, Ferdinand. I, 119; II, 21, 31, 578; V, 475, 518, 525, 575; VI, 475; VII, 226; VIII, 70, 71, 296, 350, 446, 494, 495, 497, 498-499; X, 17, 19,28,41, 315, 342, 344, 361, 362 Maghicon, II, 374 Magic and superstitions, X, 94 Magindanao, see Mindanao Maglanoc, Enrique N., X, 157 Magna Carta, VI, 355 Magsalin, Hipolito, X, 151 Magsalin, Pedro, biography, IX, 389-390; X, 192, 197, 200 Magsanop, II, 374 Maguey, III, 126, ] 55-157; VII 618-619 Makaalang, V, 491, 495, 496 Mahagum y Merle, Angel, X, 352 Maharlika, origin, VI, 25 Mail, United States air, postal rates and conditions, X, 282; between Manila and Hongkong, 348 Maimon, Ben, quoted, VII, 255 Maine, cablegram rates, X, 287 Makabulos, Francisco, II, 448 Makandala, Princess, I, 65; quoted, 324; II, 375 Makapagal, Lazaro, X, 150 Makdum, V, 509, 510; VIII, 455; X,362 Makiling, Mount, see Mariang Makiling Makonbon, Alonzo, quoted, I, 395; II, 375 Malabanan, Valerio, II, 90, 94; life, 243-244; X, 352 Malabon, municipality, X, 320 Malacafiang Palace, II, 131, 535; brief sketch, X, 311 Malacafiang, Posesion de, X, 311; origin, 311 Malacologist, VII, 64 Malandog, X, 365 Malantic, Antonio, II, 375; IV, 60; painting, 353

GENERAL INDEX Malaspina, Alejandro, II, 578; VII, 179; X, 28, 360 Malay nations, X, 62-63 Malaya, territory and population, X, 222 Malaybalay, X, 316 Malays, V, 508 Malcampo y Monje, Jose, II, 510, 578-580; VIII, 127, 128, 134, 458; X, 349 Malcolm, George Ao, quoted, II, 249; VI, 18; biography, IX, 390-391 Maldonado, Bernardino del Castillo, X, 308 Maldonado, Manuel, II, 509; VIII, reign, 131 Malinog, V, 498; VIII, 101 Malitbog, X, 320, 366 Mallat, Jo, II, 580 Malolos Constitution, II, 205; V, 124, 579, 581; VI, 68-89; VIII, 145; importance, X, 147; author, 352 MaloloS!, municipality, X, 320 Malong, Andres, II, 375; VIII, 270, 345, 346, 425, 430; rebellion, X, 17, 28; 361, 368, 372 Malong, Carlos II, 376 Malta, X, 334 Malumbres, Julian, II, 580; VII, 67 Malvar, Miguel, quoted, I, 329, 342, 356; II, 244; life, 245247, 449; VIII, 149, 249, 475; X, 149 Malvar, Potenciano, biography, IX, 391-392; X, 163 Mamagtal, Rajah, quoted I, 333; II, 376 Mamalu, V, 489, 493 Mambajao, municipality, X, 320 Man, ancient Filipino conception of an educated, X, 113 Managuit, see Dumaguete Manalang, Angela, Co, I, 307; biography, IX, 392 Manalang, Co, VII, 291, 294, 296 Manalo, Esteban, II, 376 Manalo, Felix Isagun, biography, IX, 392-394; X, 432, 434

Manalo, Silvino, II, 376 Manaoag, municipality, X, 320 Manapat, Vicente Eo, X, 179 Manchukuo, density of population, X, 221; cablegram rates, 288 Mandanas, Ao, VII, 317 Mandarin, III, 203-205 Mandarins, first arrival in Islands, X,343 Manday, Juan, X, 15l Mandurriao, what it is famous for, X,315 Maneja, Cecilio L" biography, IX, 394; X, 200 Mangahas, Federico, I, 95 Mangaldan, municipality, X, 320 Manganese, VII, 604; deposits, X, 243; history of its exploitation, 243-244 Mangatarem, municipality, X, 320 Mangigin, V, 503 Manglapus, Valentin, X, 170 Mango, III, 224-226 Maniago, Francisco, II, 376-377; VIII, 425; X, 371 Manifest-program of reformist, Filipino colony of Madrid, its importance, X, 146 Manifest of Apacible, its importance, X, 148 Manifests of Aguinaldo, their importance, X, 145, 146, 147, 148 Manikan, Braulio Co, X, 164 Manikis, N orberto Co, X, 179 Manila, distributing center, III, 64; occupation, 89; opening oof port, 91; early commerCIal houses, 98; IV, 241; paper, VII, 617; VIII, 74, 118; history, 356-360; geography, 360363; statistics, 363; X, 18, 33, 44; density of population, 218, 307, 308, 320; scene of 33rd Eucharistic Congress, 334; date of foundation, 342, 369, 371 Manila Aquarium VII, 25 Manila Bay, battle, IV, 584; VII, 188; VIII, 144 Manila College of Pharmacy, VII, 146

497

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Manila-Dagupan line, X, 309 Manila Daily Bulletin, X, 356 Manila Electric Company, II, 276; X, 355 Manila Grammar School, X, 312 Manila High School, X, 312 Manila Medical Society, VII, 110, 160; X, 359 Manila Normal School, V, 67; X, 312 Manila Observatory, VII, 64, 185, 209-213; X, 342, 349 Manila Railroad Company, VI, 448, 449; brief sketch, X, 309 Manila South High School, X, 312 Manila Woman's Club, VI, 422.

423 Maninang, Lucas Gonzalez, X, 151 Manio, Manuel Roxas, II, 377 Maniwantiwan, II, 377 Manlapas, Ignacio, I, 95; on Filipino art, IV, 56-65 Manna, X, 325 Mansilungan, Raymundo, X, 433 Mansueto, Antol1io A., X, 157 "Manual and Dictionary, Ilocano and English," X, 423 Manuel, Canuto G., on activities along zoological science in the Philippines, VII. 409-411 Manufacturing, early form, 308, 314; VII, 614-623; aerated water, X, 247; carriage, 248; cement, 248; glass, 251; match, 253; paint, 253; salt, 255; soap, 257; tile and brick, 258; vegetable fats, 258 Maiialac. Eustacio, II, 442 Maiialac, Gabriel R., biography, IX, 394-395; X. 203 Map, first Phihppine, VII, 226 Mapa, Cirilo, X, 166 Mapa, Dionisio, X, 161 Mapa, Emilio, biography, IX, 395 Mapa, Placido L., biography, IX, 395-396 Mapa, Victorino, II, 143, 181; life, 248-250; VIII, 152 Mapua Institute of Technology, VII, 147; X, 358

498

Mapua y Bautista, Tomas, IV, 529; residence, 529; biography, IX, 396-397 Marabut, Serafin, biography, IX, 397-399; X, 157, J88, 192, 197 Maraja, Sharif, V, 489 Maramag, Fernando M., I, 93, 94; quoted, 426; biography, IX, 399-400 Maramara, Juanito T., biography, IX, 400; X, 157 Maramba, Daniel, biography, IX, 400-401; X, 197. 200 Maranan, Dionisia, II, 89 Maranaw Folk School, X, 431 Maraiion, Joaquin, VII, 258; on phytochemical research in the Philippines, 362-R66, 389, 390, 516; biography, IX, 401 Marasigan, Eleuterio, II, 449 Marbella, Mariano 0 .â&#x20AC;˘ X, 175 March, calendar of events, X. 301 March, Peyton Conway, II, 580 Marchadesch, Abdon, X, 164 Marcilla, Cipriano, I, 130; II, 580 Marco, Jose E., I, 100; VI. 21 Marcos, Mariano. X, 183, 188 Marekudo (01' Marikudo) Datu, quoted, I, 420; II, 378 Maria, Agustin, VII, 256 Maria Cristina, V, 613 Maria Cristina falls, X, 315 Maria, the Mangyan "Samaritana," II, 377-378 Mariang Makiling, legend, I, 284291; 11,51; IV, 311; VII, 131; X,313 Mariano, Antonio, II, 378 Mariano, Patricio, I, 97, 98; II, 378 Mariano, Victoriano, X, 424 Marin y Morales, Valentin, II, 581 Marinduque, history, VIII, 364; geography, 364; municipalities, 364; statistics, 365; density of population, X. 218; telegraph rates, 284 Marine, Philippine invertebrata, VII, 397-408; contribution to the Challenger reports, 401404; list of works, 405-408

GENERAL INDEX Mariveles, legend, VIII, 236-237 j X, 366 Marmol, Torrida del, V, 614 Market price, agricultural products, III, 265-268 j livestock, 296-302; important articles of food, 380 Marquardt, Walter W., V, 142 Marquez, Bernardino, II, 581 Marquez, Natividad, I, 93 j poem, 310-311 j quoted, 351, 364, 410; biography, IX, 401-402 Marquez-Benitez. Paz, I, 94 j biography, IX, 402 Marriage, VI, 33-36; gift or dowry, 34-35; forms 36; preliminary steps, 36; ceremony, 3637; obligation and right of husband and wife, 38; customs, X, 81 Marsman, J. H., biography, IX, 402-403; X, 23'6 Martin, Karl, VII, 504, 505 Martinez, Felix, II, 378 Martinez, Felix, biog,!'aphy, IX, 403 Martinez, Fermin, X, 179 Martinez, Jose, painting, IV, 371 Martinez, Juan Antonio, II, 501; reign, VIII, 116 Martinez, Manuel C" X, 157 Martinez, Manuel Gomez, II, 378379; X, 151 Martinez Jimeno, Pedro, X, 175, 179 Martinez, Rafael, biography, IX, 403; X, 157 Martir ng Galgota, II, 343 Martyrs, Filipino, II, 435-451; Bicol, 440; Cavite, 439 j Capiz, 441 j Fuerte Victoria, 440 Mary Brown Townsend Memorial Bible Training School, X, 427 Mary Chiles Hospital, VII, 151 j X, 359 Mary Johnston's Hospital, VII, 150-151 j X, 359, 426, 427 Maryland, cablegram rates, X, 287 Marzan, Cosme, X, 197 Masbate, history, VIII, 366-367 j statistics, 367 j area, X, 211;

islands adjacent, 212; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284; municipality, 320, 370 Masbate Consolidated Mining Company, Inc., brief history, X, 239-240 Mascardo, Tomas, II, 286, 449; X, 149 Maseras, A. A., VII, 343 Masigan, Crescencio V., X, 166 Masinda, Valeriano, II, 441 Mason, first Filipino, X, 342; first Filipino woman, 342; Spanish governor, 349 Mason, T., II, 271 Masonic Temple, V, 34 Masonry, 578; VIII, 522; in the Philippines, X, 127-133; definition, 128; what it is not, 127; introduction, 349; first head, 361 Mass, first in the Philippines, V, 525-526, 575; X, 315 Massachusetts, cablegram rates, X, 287 Mas, Sinibaldo de, V, 78 Mastrelli, Marcelo, II, 581-582 Mata, Manuel, II, 379 Matan" X, 362 Matanda, Rajah, life, II, 33-34, 37, 283; VI, 21; VIII, 265; X, 28, 306, 344 Matapang, Juan Cruz, I, 98 Match manufacturing industry, X, 253 Mate, Juan de, VII, 130 Mateo, Pedro, VIII, 315 "Maternity," IV, 431 Mathematics, ancient Filipino, X, 103 Matias, Mercedes, IV, 157 Mationg, Maximo, II, 441 Mauban, municipality, X, 320 Maura, Antonio, II, 257; reforms, VIII, 141 Mauricio, Balbino, II, 379 Mausoleum, Bautista, IV, 535; of . the Filipino veterans of the Revolution, 537 Mawlana, V, 500 499

.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Maxey, Milburn A., IX, 403-404 May, calendar of events, X, 302 "May I die," X, 90 May, Walter,' VII, 399 Maynilad, meaning of, X, 362 Mayo, Emilio, X, 197 Mayon Volcano, eruption, VII, 54; VIII, 115, 124, 223; X, 314, 354, 361 Maza, Ramon, biography, IX, 404; X, 157, 170, 175 Mearns, Edgar A., VII, 49, 489 Measure, dry, X, 259, 264; liquid, 259; equivalents of common Philippine crops, weight and, 260; long, 262; square, 262; surveyors, 260; solid, 263; cubic, 263; cloth, 263; wine, 263; ale, 263; beer, 263; apothecaries, 261; circular motion, 264; paper and books, 265; number, 265; weights, 265; capacity, 266 Measures, ancient Filipino weights and, X, 110; comm\m Philippine weights and, 259; local, 259; household, 260; Spanish weights and, 266; Japanese weights and, 266; Chinese weights and, 267 Meat packing, VII, 618 Mecca, V, 476-477, 478, 484 Mecina, Francisco de, VIII, 93 Medals, IV, 229-339 Medical relief, VI, 398-400; school, VII, 111 Medicinal, Philippine plants, VII, 412-460; list of most commonly used by the Filipinos, 429460 Medicinas Caseras, X, 359 Medicine, study, VII, 71; beginnings in the Philippines, 240262; mythical period, 241246; superstitious period, 246250; with special reference to diagnosis, 277-282 Medina, Emilio L., X, 192 Medina, Francisco, X, 150 Medina, Gaudencio, X, 175

Medina, Jose Toribio, I, 119, 120, 130; life, II, 469-470 Medina, II, Juan, II, 582; quoted, V, 483, 529 Mejia, Antonio C., X, 192 Mejica, Rosendo, I, 100 Melanchthon, Philipp, V, 598 Melantic, II, 233 Melbourne, X, 328 Melencio, Jose P., quoted, I, 363; biography, IX, 406-407; X, 183, 188, 203 Melendez, Pedro, biography, IX, .

407; X, 157 Melendres, Mariano C., biography, IX, 408; X, 157, 175, 179 Melgarejo, Mariano, II, 440 Melian, Antonio, biography, IX, 408-409 Meliton, Ignacio, X, 197 Meliton Martinez de Sta. Cruz, Gregorio, II, 582 Melliza, Cornelio, II, 379-380 Melliza, Raymundo, biography, IX, 409 Members of first Philippine assembly, X, 160-162; second, 162-164; t h i r d , 165-167; fourth Philippine legislature, 167-171; fifth, 171-176; sixth, 176-180; seventh, 180-184; eighth, 185-189; ninth, 189193; tenth, 194-198 Members of national assembly of Philippine Republic, X, 151153; of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, 198-201 Memorandum, submitted by Senator Aquino to the United States Congre~s, VI, 512-517 Memorial, presented by Manuel Roxas, Gabaldon and Guevara to American Congress, Vi, 478-484; to United States Congress by Osmeiia and Guevara, 485-489; by Philippine Legislature to Carmi Thompson 490-493; of the Philippin~ Independence Oommission to Committee on Resolution of the Republican National Con-

500

GENERAL INDEX vention, 518-526; sensational, of Isabelo de los Reyes, April 25, 1897, X, 145; of Independence, July, 1900, its importance, 148 Memory, I, 375 Menandang Piang, biography, 'IJ?; 409-410; X, 157 Mencarini, Joaquin D., biography, IX, 410-411 Mendana de Niera, Alvaro, VIII, 79 Mendez, Mauro, I, 93, 307; biography, IX, 411-412 ' Mendez, Nunez Casto, II, 582-583; VIII, 128 Mendinueto, S. R., on manufacturing industries, VII, 614-623 Mendiola, Enrique, II, 380 Mendiola, Pedro, X, 170, 175 Mendoza, Agustin de, II, 260, 437 Mendoza, Alejandro R., X, 175 Mendoza, Alfonso E., X, 179, 183, 197 Mendoza, Higinio, biography, IX, 412 Mendoza-Guazon, Maria Paz, quoted, I, 351, 423; VII, 317; biography, IX, 412-415 Mendoza, Pelagia, II, 380 Mentality, I, 376 Mentrida, Alonzo de, I. 99; II. 583; X, 356 Mercado, Cornelio, II, 440 Mercado, Eliodoro, II, 380; VII, 188, 262 Mercado, Emiliano, II, 383 Mercado, Ignacio de, II, 383: VII, 60, 73, 181, 256; quoted, 256257, 362, 424, 427, 477, 486; X, 353, 359 Mercado, Julian, II, 383 Mercado, Monico R., I, 104; biography, IX, 415; X, 161, 164, 188 Mercaida, Eduardo, X. 183 Mercedes, Aniceto, I, 99; II, 383 Merchant, first successful, X, 352 Mercy, I, 376 Merenguel, Aniceto, VII, 126 Meriam, Junius L., quoted, V, 179

Merino, Gonzalo, on plant pest and disease control in the Philippines, VII, 546-559 Merrill, Elmer D., VII, 50, 7,0, 181; quoted, 182, 184, 188, 386, 419; on historical sketch of Philippine botany, 476-492; pre-Linnaean period, 476-478; postLinnaean period, 478-479; period from 1753 to 1870. 479485; period from 1870 to 1898, 485-488; period from 1898-1923, 488-492, 532 Merritt, Wesley, life, II, 515-516; VIII, 144, 147; X, 29 Merry, I, 377 Mesa, Juan de, VIII, 100 Metal Age, VIII, 30-41 Methodist Episcopal Church, X, 418, 423, 425-427 Methodist Evangelical Church of the Philippines, X, 423-425 Methodist Mission, V, 585 Methodist Publishing House, X, 427 Methology. Jr. 9~ Metric system, introduction, VIII, 150; X, 353 Metropolitan Theater, ~V, 523; X, 314 Mexico, value of foreign money, X, 271; municipality (Philippines), 320 Meycauayan, X, 366 Meyen, F. J. F., VII, 482 Meyer, Paul A., III, 450-451; biography, IX, 415-416 Mga, Kababayan, II, 191 Miagao, X, 368 Michigan, cablegram rates, X, 286 Miciano, Juan, VII, 317, 329 Military Academv, V, 73-74 Militia, Philippine, VI, 474-475 Millan, Jose, V, 558 "Millan, Juan G., X, 188, 192 Millar, Fabian R., biography, IX, 416-417; X, 157, 175, 188, 192 Miller, Merton L., VII, 49, 507 Miller, Verne E., biography, IX, 417-418

501

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Mills, Vicente, photography by, IV, 549; on mines and minerals, VI, 600-613; biography, IX, 418-419; on territory and population of the Philippines, X. 205-226 Mina de Oro, see Mindoro Mina. Maximino, II, 383-384; X, 161 Mind, I, 377 Mindanao, history, V, 486-503 ; area, X, 211; islands adjacent, 212; what to see, 315316 Mindanao Mining Co., Inc., X, 237 Mindoro, history, VIII, 368-370; geography, 370-372; municipalities, 372; statistics, 372373; area, X, 211; islands adjacent, 212; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284. 370 Minerals, exploration, VII, 22; and mines, 600-613; waters, 610; ores, 615 Mines, general inspection, VII, 135-136; and minerals, 600: 613 Mining, facts and figures, III, 43-46, 315-323; VII, 23; history in the Philippines, 591599; industry, 618; X, 232246 Minnesota, cablegram rates, X, 286 Minor industries, brief sketches, X, 247-258 Mint, brief sketch, X, 308 Minutes of the Katipunan, its importance, X, 145 Minutes of the proceedings of Tejeros Assembly, its importance, X, 145 Miracle, I, 377 Miranda, Irineo L., paintings, IV, 401, 403, 405, 407; biography, IX, 419 Miranda, Ricardo, I, 104 Mirasol, Dionh,;o, I, 99; II, 384 Misa, Eriberto B., biography, IX, 419

502

Misamis, municipality, X, 320 Misamis Occidental, history, VIII, 374-376; geography, 376-377; municipalities, 377-378; statistics, 378; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284 Misamis Oriental, history, VIII, 379; geography, 379-380; municipalities and municipal districts, 381; statistics, 381 ; den1.'ity of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 370 Misfortunes, I, 377 Mission, I, 378; difficulties encountered by, V, 587-588; territories covered by, 588-589; service to America and Americans, 589-591; first Philippine, VI, 314-315; WoodForbes, 317; first Independence to U. S., VIII, 152; second Parliamentary, 152; Philippine Independence, X, 18; survey, 357 Mission Hospital, X, 431 Mississippi, cablegram rateS', X, 286 Missouri, cablegram rates, X, 286 Mistake, I, 378 Mitchell, Charles B., X, 427 Mobo, Simeon, X, 161 Mohammed, life, V, 476-479, 572 Mohammedanism, V, 472, 475-517, 487; introduction, VIII, 70 ; X, 362 Mojica, Ambrosio, X, 150 Moldero, Saturnino, biography, IX, 419-420; X, 157, 188, 200 Molina, Antonio, IV, 156, 162-163; biography, IX, 420 Molina, Felipe, II, 189, 384; V, 557; X, 310 Molins, Emilio, II, 511; reign, VIII, 137 Molo, municipality, X, 320 Moluccas, VIII, 496; X, 41 Moluoois InsuU,s, X, 343 Moncada, municipality, X, 320 Moncado y Camino, Hilario, biography, IX, 420-421; X, 157

GENERAL INDEX Moneys, values of foreign, X, 268273 Mongcay, Cachil, II, 384 Mongo, III, 194-196 Monnier, Bishop, X, 333 M'Onopoly, tobacco, X, 346 Monroe Survey Board, quoted, V, 155-156, 192-193 Monserrat, Enrique, biography, IX, 421-422 Monsoon, northeast, VII, 215 ; ÂŁ''Outhwest, 216-217 Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, VII, 260 Montana, cablegram rates, X, 286 Montano, Justiniano S., biography, IX, 422; X, 200 Montano, Small, X, 408 Montano, T., quoted, VII, 66 Montanez y Arcillo, Martinez, IV, 38 Montano, Jose G., X, 157 Monte de Piedad, X, 227, 362, 380 Monteclaro, Pedro Alcantara, I, 100; II, 384 Montejo, Filomeno, X, 179, 183 Montemayor, Marceliano R., biography, IX, 422 Montenegro, Antonio, X, 149, 170 Montero, Claudio, VII, 228, 229 Montero de Espinosa, Fernando, II, 583 Montero y Vidal, Jose, II, 583-584; V, 70; VII, 398; X, 348 Montero y Blandino, Ran:.on, II, 505; reign, VIII, 124, 125; X. 348 Montesa Antonio, biography, IX, 422-423; X, 157 Montesquieu de Charles de Secondat, Baron la Brede et de, I, 219 Montez, Alfonso, II, 584 Montez, Geronimo, II, 584 Montez, Jose, VII, 188 Montez, Ramon, II, 584 Montiel, Juan de, VIII, 90 Montilla, Agustin, X, 161 Montilla, Emilio, X, 188 Montilla, Enrique C., biography, IX, 423; X, 157

Montilla, Gil M., first speaker of National Assembly, VIII, 155; biography, IX, 423-424; X, 166, 170, 190, 195, 198, 200, 355 Montilla, Luis, on earliest books, I, 125-135; biography, IX, 424 Montinola, Ruperto, biography IX, 424-425; X, 154, 190, 195, 200 Montreal, X, 334 Monuments, historic, X, 299-316 Moore, T. Ingles, quoted, I, 94 Moore, Leonard Chapin, biography, IX, 425 Moraga, Hernando, see Morga, Fernando de Morales, Angel, I, 104 Morales, Bibiano, II, 384-385 Morales, Juan de, V, 553, 554 Morales, Luis, biography, IX, 425426; X, 157, 166, 170, 175, 181 Morales, Luis de, II, 584 Morales, Ponciano, X, 170, 175 Morality, I, 241, 244, 249 Morals, I, 378; ancient Filipino, X, 104, 122 Moran, Manuel V., I, 352; biography, IX, 426; X, 204 Morayta, Miguel, life, II, 472-474; works, 474; X, 29 Morelos, Rafael M., biography, IX, 427 Moret decrees, V, 54; VII, 71 Morga, Antonio de, I, 122, 123, 113; II, 45, 48, 584-585; III, 35, 65; V, 19, 468; quoted, 469-471, 472, 539; VI, 19, 21, 23, 38, 48, 53, 59; VII, 127, 185, 186; reign, VIII, 79, 180, 237; X, 29 Morga, Fernando de, II, 584; X, 41 Moro, alphabet, V, 490; piracy, VIII, 86, 100, 101, 111, 123, 137, 441; vinta. X, 315 Morokuma, Y., biography, IX, 427428 Morong, see Rizal Morrero, Gerardo, X, 183, 192, 197

603

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Moriones y Murillo, Domingo, I, 71; II, 51.0; reign, VIII, 134135; X, 349 Morrow, Loui~ Leravoire, biography, IX, 428; X, 33 Morse, Samuel B., VII, 183 Mortality, and natality, VI, 4.02; infant, 4.03-4.04 Moscoso, Segundo, X, 184, 188, 192 Moser, J., VII, 4.0.0 Moses, Bernard, II, 585 Mosher, Gouverneur Frank, biography, IX, 428 Mother, I, 379; II, 99, 1.0.0 Motion, measure of circular, X, 264 Mount Apo, X, 316 Mount Arayat, X, 313 Mountain Province, history, VIII, 382-384; geography, 384-397; municipal districts, 398; statistics, 398; Apostolic prefecture, X, 35; density of population, 218; telegFaph rates, 284, 37.0 Mourning customs, X, 92 Movement of population, effects, X,225 Mudin, Ali, II, 385; VIII, 1.03, 457; X, 29, 373 Muezo, Jose, II, 385 Muir, Ramsay, quoted, III, 1.01 Mullen, Nicholas Edward, biography, IX, 429 Mumar, Anastacio A., X, 158 Mundo, Bernardo del, X, 166 Mundo, S. del, on ceramics in the Philippines and its possibilities, VII, 584-589 Mundos, quoted, II, 217 Municipal Atheneum of Manila, see Ateneo Municipal de Manila Municipalities, X, 317-322 Munkacsy, Michael, IV, 18 Mufiez, Francisco, VIII, 1.01, 128 Munoz e Infante, Fernando, II, 585 Munoz, Francisco R., X, 158 Murase, S., biography, IX, 429

504

Murfin, O. G., X, 2.04 Murphy, Frank, life, II, 537-538; and the National Research Council of the Philippine Islands, VII, 37, 286; appointment as' first High Commissioner of the United States, VIII, 154; biography, IX, 43.0432; X, 29, 2.04, 3.04, 351 Murphy, John II, 537 Murphy-Teahan, Margaret, biography, IX, 432-433 Murray, Gilbert, quoted, IV, 165 Murray, John, V, 598 Muse, I, 381 Museo-Biblioteca, VII, 14.0; X, 358 Museum, Philippine, VII, 5.07; functions, 5.09 Musgrave, W. E., VII, 47, 1.09 Music, origin of notes, IV, 82 ; Filipino, 82-83, 88; primitive, 87; writers on Philippine, 87, 88; development in the Philippines, 129-154; pre-historic period of Philippine, 13.0-139; Spanish period of Philippine, 14.0-146; American period of Philippine, 147152; band organization, 14915.0; conservatory of, 15.0; recorded, 151-152; schools, 152; Filipino nationalism in, 153; popular Filipino, 155; classical Filipino, 155-156, 485; meaning, X, 5.0-53; and other arts, 5.0-51; early expresS'ion and communication, 51; the wordless language of the emotions, 51; not expression of precise trivialities of spoken words, 52; the language of the race and life, 52; ancient Filipino, 96 Musical airs, Ayegkha, IV, 119; toddanan, 119; pagpag, 12.0; ayoweng, 12.0, 121; kundiman, 121; balitaw, 121; tud-ob, 121, 122; tagungo, 122; annaoy, 123; kalooye, 123; kadumang, 124; panilan, 124; diwdiw-as, 124, 125, 132-136; tagumpay, 133; sambotani, 133; lagui,

GENERAL INDEX 134; oyapi, 134; salampate, 134; comintang, 134; awit, 135, 136; dallot, 136 Musical instruments, agong, IV, 86; kalutang, 90; percussion instruments, 90-101; bunkaka, 91; sulibaw, 92; t~~go, 93; agong bowa, 93; ludag, 93; neguet, 94; guimbal, 94; tambul, 95; ganza, 95, 131; kulintagnan, . 97; gab bang , 98; subing, 99, 131; bansik, 102, 131; wind instruments, 102109; palawta, 103; tulali, 103; balinging, 103; lantoy, 104; sahunay, 105; pasiyak, 105; pasyok, 106; diwdiw-as, 106, 107; pasing, 11.0; pantig, 110; stringed instruments, 110-118; buktot, 111; kutib e.ng, 112; butting, 112; g-wrimbaw, 113; kudyapi, 114, 131; litguit, 115, 130-133, 86-118; airs, 119-128 Musical organizations, IV, 114, 145; outstanding compositions, 156 Musicians, IV, 155, 156, 157, 158164 "My Boy," IV, 421 My Last Farewell, II, 56 My Retrea,t, II, 54 Myth origin, I, 47, 48, 49, 51, 78 Mythology, I, 47 N

N abua, municipality, X, 320 N acionalista-Colectivista Party, I, 262, 265 Nacionalista Consolidado Party, VIII, 152 Nadres, Ceferino, II, 386 Naga, municipality, X, 320 N agrao, Lorenzo, II, 585; X, 306, 360 Naic, municipality, X, 320 Naimbag a Damag, X, 432 Nakpil, Juan,'II, 68; IV, 533, 535; biography, IX, 433-434 Nalundasan, Julio, X, 197 Napoleon, Bonaparte, II, 106 Nasaan ka, hog, II, 169; IV, 155

Nathorst, Carl Edward, biography, IX, 434-436 National Assembly, first, Commonwealth of the Philippines, members, X, 198-201 National Christian Council, X, 420 National City Bank of New York, X,227 National Coal Company, VI, 448, 449; VIII, 151 National Defense Law, VIII, 155; X, 19, 355 National Economic Protectionism Association, creation, VIII, 155; X, 289-298; plans and purposes, 296-297; activities, 297-298; creed, 298 National Eucharistic Congress X, 323 National Federation of Women's Club, VI, 424; program of work, 425 National flag, Filipino, X, 138-144 Na,tional Hymn, X, 345, 352 National Ideals, VI, 475-476 National literature, X, 56-60 National Research Council of the Philippine Island~', VII, 31-44; historical background, 31, 32, 35-36, 36; and Manuel Quezon, 36-37; and Murphy, 37; creation, 37; aims, 38; organization, 39; charter members, 39-41; associate members, 4144, 113; purposes, 113, 116, 124, 159, 411, 532; creation, VIII, 154 National symbols, X, 32 National University, I, 255, 269; V, 310-315; VII, 144-145, colleges, 144-145; X, 358 Nationalism., principles, I, 271, 283, 381; economic, III, 419510; in Filipino music, IV, 153 Nationality and education, I, 269 Nations, Malay, X, 62-63 "Native Architecture," IV, 549 Native land, I, .382 Native tongue, I, 383 Natividad, Benito, biography, IX, 436

505

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Natividad, Mamerto, quoted, I, 331, 352, 371; II, 190, 449 Nature, I, 383; poetry, IV, 50 Nautical Academy, V, 60-63 Nautical School, VI, 127-128, 147; X, 353, 358 Nava, JOtle M., I, 100; V, 537 Naval, Macario, biography, IX, 437 Navarrete, Amando Osorio, I, 100 Navarrete, Fernandez, I, 120; II, 565 Navarro, Cipriano, X, 428, 429 Navarro, Eduardo Lopez, X, 307, 308, 309 Navarro, Juan, biography, IX, 437; X, 158 Navarro, Mauro, X, 179 Navarro, Pedro, IV, 150; biography, IX, 437-438 Navarro, Regino, biography, IX, 438-439 Navarro, Ricardo, X, 197 Navarro, Sergio, I, 104 Navas, Ramon, I, 93 Naves, Andres, VII, 59, 181, 428, 486, 488 Navigation charts in 1898, VII, 230 Navotas, mtlnicipality, X, 320 Nazario, Maximo, II, 386 N. E. Placer Mining Syndicate, X, 237 Nebrida, Venancio, biography, IX, 439 Nee, Luis, VII, 481 Negrao, Lorenz@, see Nagrao, Lorenzo N egros, area, X, 211; islands adjacent, 212, 362, 370 Negrm! Occidental, history, VIII, 399-401; geography, 401-403; municipalities, 403; statistics, 403-404; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284 Negro~ Oriental, history, VIII, 405-407; geography, 407-409; municipalities and municipal district, 409; statistics, 409; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284 Nemur, X, 334 Nena at Neneng, X, 352

506

Neolithic, early people, VIII, 23; late people, 23, 24, age, 31 Nepa, X, 289-298 Nepomuceno, G., sculptural works, IV, 475, 477, 479, 481, 483 Nepomuceno, Jose, biography, IX, 439-440 Nepomuceno, Juan, X, 151 Nepomuceno, Juan D., biography, IX, 440; X, 158 Nepomuceno, Jr., Perfecto, II, 276 Nepomuceno, Ricardo, biography, IX, 440-441: X, 158, 179, 184, 188 Nepomuceno, Vicente, II, 386; biography, IX, 441; X, 158 Nera, Venancio, biography, IX, 441-442 Neri, Ramon B., X, 170 Neri, V., I, 104 Nestle, Mark, biography, IX, 442 Netherlands, value of foreign money, X, 271 Nevada, cablegram rates, X, 286 New Creed, I, 383 Newfoundland, value of foreign money, X, 271 New Hampshire, cablegram rates, iX, 287 New Jersey, cablegram rates, X, 287 New Mexico, cablegram rates, X, 286 New mining companies, brief historieS', X, 241 Newspapers, I, 107-112, 384; first in Manila, X, 18; first weekly, 347; on current prices, 347; first modern, 347; first in the Philippines, 355; oldest Spanish, 356; oldest American, 356; first American printed, 356 ; first Chinese, 356; first morning and afternoon, 356; first provincial, 356; first all-Tagalog, 357; first provincial to support Revolution, 357; most influential, 357; firtlt American official, 357; first Pampango, 357 New Testament, X, 324

GENERAL INDEX New York, cablegram rates, X, 287 New Zealand, territory and population, X, 222; value of foreign money, 271 Ney y Gonzales, Jose Lemery e Ibarrola, II, 506; reign, VIII, 127; X, 348 Nicaragua, value of foreign money, X, 271 Nicasio, Emilia, II, 386 Nichelson, William, VII, 227 Niere, Dionisio V., X, 158 Nieremberg, J. E., VII, 476 Nieto, Manuel, X, 184, 188 Nieva, Gregorio, I, 7; biography, IX, 442-443; X, 164, 171, 356 Night, I, 384 Nihag-a, Benedicto, II, 442 Ninth Philippine Legislature, members, X, 189-193 "Nipa House under the Mango Tree," IV, 363 "Nipa Shack," IV, 475 Noble, Vicente, biography, IX, 443 Nocon, Santos, X, 150 Noel, Maximino, X, 188, 192 Noel, Pastor B., X, 184 Nolasco, J. 0., VII, 294 Nolasco, Juan, biography, IX, 44344-4; X, 175, 190, 194 Noli Me Tangetl'e, II, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 68, 85, 146, 263; IV, 142; V, 578; VIII, 138 Non-Christian People, see nonChristian Tribes North Carolina, cablegram ratet', X,287 North Dakota, cablegram rates, X, 286 North Mindanao Venture, X, 237 Northern Luzon Bible Training School, X, 431 Norway, value of foreign money, X, 271 N orzagaray y Escudero, Fernando, II, 505-506; V, 57; reign, VIII, 125-126; X, 308, 348 Notario, Emilio, biography, IX, 444 Notre Pere, X, 332 Novales, Andres, II, 387, 437

Novel, first Filipino, X, 352 N oveleta, I, 23 N{)velist, first Tagalog, X, 352 ; first English, 352; oldest Tagalog, 357; first woman, 357; first Pampango, 357; first Filipina English, 379; first Filipino Spanish, 380 November, calendar of events, X, 303 Novenario, Leon, X, 150 Novicio, Laureana, II, 128 N ozaleda, Bernardino, II, 585; V, 564, 618 Nuestra Senora de la Paz y Buen Viaje, shrine, X, 313, 363 Nuestra Senora del Rosario, hnage, X, 308 Nueva Caceres, diocese, X, 34; bishop, 310; its foundation, 343, 365 Nueva Caceres Hospital, VII, 73 Nueva Ecija, history, VIII, .nO411; geography, 411-412; municipalities, 412-413; statistic~, 413; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 371 Nueva Guipozcoa, see Davao Nueva Segovia, dioceÂŁ!e, X, 33, 365 Nueva Vizcaya, history, VIII, 414415; geography, 416-417; municipalities and municipal districts, 417; statistics, 417; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 371 Number measure, X, 265 Nun, I, 384 Nunez, SOl' Josefa, X, 309 Nutrition work, development in the Philippines, VII, 514-518; general survey, 514-515 Nuyda, Justino, IX, 444-445; X, 197, 200

o Oahu, cablegram rates, X, 287 Oakland, cablegram rates, X, 286 Obal, II, 387 Obando y Solis, Jose Francisco de, II, 495; reign, VIII, 103 Oben, Crispin, X, 161

507

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Obias, Honesto P., X, 175 Obieta, Vicente M., X, 164 Object, I, 384 Objectives of economic protectionism, X, 292-293 Oblivion, I, 385 Obras Pias, III, 77 Ocampo, Alfonso de, II, 439 Ocampo, Buenaventura, biography, IX, 445 Ocampo, Candida, X, 378 Ocampo, Elias, X, 158 Ocampo, Feliciano, biography, IX, 445 Ocampo, Felicidad V., biography, IX, 445-446; X, 379 Ocampo, Fernando, IV, 531; biography, IX, 446-447 Ocampo, Jose, biography, IX, 447 Ocampo, Julian, II, 449 Ocampo, Julian, X, 166 Ocampo, Macario P., X, 188 Ocampo, Martin, I, 111 Ocampo, Pablo, quoted, I, 403; II, 225, 387, 437; VI, 331; X, 152, 164, 354 Ocampo, Vicente, X, 175 Occena, Mateo F., quoted, I, 339 Occupation of Manila, British, X, 305, 307; by Americans, 350 Ochando, Federico, II, 512; VIII, 141 October, calendar of events, X, 303 Oculist, first Filipino, X, 343 O'Doherty, Michael J., biography, IX, 447-448; X, 33, 307, 338 Odom, William James. biography, IX, 448-449 Odoric, II, 586 Officers, Revolutionary Government of Biak-no-Bato, X, 150 Official Gazette, X, 357 Official Guide, population of the Philippines, X, 215 Ohio, cablegram rates, X, 286 Ohnick, Benjamin S., biography, IX, 449 Obta, 1., II, 586 Oil industries, VII, 24-25 Oirola, Mariano, VII, 141 Oklahoma, cablegram rates, X, 286 508

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Olaza, Lorenzo de, VIII, 86 Oldham, William F., X, 427 Oliver, Luciano, X, 307 Oliveros, Jose F., X, 151 Oliveros, L., VII, 389 Olongapo, municipality, X, 320 Olympia, X, 356 Ombra Amilbangsa, biography, IX, 449; X, 200 Omocon, II, 586 z Ongpin, Roman, II, 387 Onrubia, Honorato y Herrera, II, 437 Onrubia, Lorenzo, VII, 34 Opera, first Filipim., X, 355 Operas, IV, 148 Opisso, Antonio M., biography, IX, 450 Opon, X, 367 Oppus, Tomas, biography, IX, 450; X, 179, 184, 188, 192, 197, 200 Oraa Lecumherri, Marcelino de, II, 503; reign, VIII, 121 Orange, III, 206-208 Oranguren, Jose, VIII, 122; X, 368 Oras, Marcelino de, II, 210 Oras, municipality, X, 320 Orbigo y Gallego, Antonio de, II, 586 Orchids, Philippine, VII, 461-475; different species, 462-475; X, 361 Ordeals, trial by, X, 90 Ordenanza, Mariano, II, 440 Ordinances for good government, II, 212; X, 344 Ordinances of the Revolution, importance, X, 146 Ordonez de Caballos. Pedro, II, 586-588 Ore deposits, iron, X, 241-242 Oregon, cablegram rates, X, 286 Orellana, Francisco Pizaro de, II, 388 Orendain, Santiago, quoted, I, 370; II, 212; VIII, 105 Orense, Eusebio, biography, IX, 451-452; X, 158, 161, 200 Organ, of las Pinas, IV, 82, 201 Organic laws, VI, 101-145

GENERAL INDEX Organization, scientific and technical, VII, 123-177; preliminary remarks, 123-124; during Spanish regime, 125-132; directly concerned with scientific studie!>, 132路140; Inspeccion General de Beneficencia y Sanidad, 132-11$3; private, 140-141, 151-159; government, 151-163 Orient, I, 386 "Oriental Sunset," IV, 553 Oriol marble works, IV, 539 Ormoc, municipality, X, 320 Ornaments and tattoes, Filipino, X,80 Oroquieta, municipality, X, 320 Orosa, Maria V., VII, 517; biography, IX, 452 Ortega, Francisco, X, 197 Ortega, Geronimo de, II, 588 Ortega, Joaquin, II, 210 Ortega, Juan, IX, 453-454; X, 158 Orteza', Jose C., biogr;lphy, IX, 453-454 Ortigas, Francisco, quoted, I, 420; II, 140; X, 438-439 Ortiz, Luciano J., X, 158 Ortiz, Mauro, X, 179 Ortiz, Montano A., biography, IX, 454; X, 15l:S, 184, 188 Ortiz, Sancho, Il, 588 Ortiz, Sixto B., biography, IX, 454 Oses, Felix, VII, 351 Osias, Camilo, 1, 93, 94; on nationality and education, 269277; quoted, 315, 316, 322, 325, 330, 337, ::;39, 341, 344, 346, 348, 349, 351, 356, 357, 358, 360, 369, 386, 388, 395, 397, 407, 408, 409, 416, 423, 428, 430; on a propo~!ed art creed, IV, 246-247; V, 310; quoted, 354; on general provision regarding public education, 402; quoted, 416; on for a spiritual monarchy, 654659; on science for human needs, VII, 624-627; on lamp of history, VIII, 553-562; bi-

ography, IX, 454-456; X, 7, 158, 180, 185, 200, 355, 358 Osmeiia, Sergio, I, 110; quoted, 318, 333, 3~6, 348, 351, 35~, 362, 366, 391, 409, 412; II, 307; quoted, VI, 260-262, 293294, 331, 353; biography, IX, 456-457; X, 29, 160, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 181, 186, 190, 195, 202, 353, 354 Osorio, Antonio, II 5.08; reign, VIII, 130 Osorio, Francisco, 11, 388, 439 Otis, Elwell S., II, 155; life, 516517; V, 125, 127; VIII, 145, 147; X, 353 Oton, X, 369 Otorga, Francisco de, V, 557 Otterbein, Philip William, V, 598 Our Lady, shrine, X, 307 Overbeck, Hans, VII. 232 Oviedo, Fernand.ez de, VIII, 180 Oyanguren, Jose, see Oranguren, Jose Ozamis, Jose, VII, 38; biography, IX, 458; X, 158, 192, 197, 200 Ozcaris, Mariano de, II, 588; VIII, 122, 415; X, 371 p

Pabalan Biron, Cornelio, II, 388 Pabalan Biron, Mariano Proceso, II, 388-389; X, 357 Pablo, Alfonso A., X, 192 Pablo, Guillermo F., biography, IX, 458; X, 171, 175 Pacadua, Francisco, II, 389 Pacheco, Colonel, II, 306, 307 Pacheco, Saturnino, II, 389 Pacific Ocean, naming by Magellan, VIII, 71 Paeis, Vicente Albano, I, 93, 111; quoted, 326, 414, 417; biography, IX, 458-459 Pact of Biak-na-Bato, its importance, X, 146 Pact-of-Blood, II, 76 Padilla, Engracio, X, 188 Padilla, Gervasio, X, 166

509

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Padilla, Jose, I, 98; biography, IX, 459; X, 1'75, 179, 184 Padilla, Leonardo C., biography, IX, 459-460 Padilla, Mariano, X, 164 Padilla, Nicanor, VII, 126; X, 161 Padilla, Ramon, II, 442 Padilla, Sabino, biography, IX, 460 Paete, IV, 70 Paez y Naval, Jose, III, 431-432; biography IX, 460-462 Paez, Timoteo, II, 125 Pagan, early I.'ettlement, V, 494495; faith of a leper, VII, 283284 Pagsanjan falls, X, 313 Paguirigan, Pascual, X, 188 Pagulayan, Vicente Guzman, X, 152 Pahlow, Edwin W., quoted, V, 479, 599 Paint manufacturing industry, X, 253 Painters, famous Spani~h, IV, 42, 43; Domingo, 42, 43; Rocha 43; foremost Filipino, 44-45, 60, 61, 62; de la Rosa, 61, 62; Amorsolo, 62, 63; Arellano, 63; Edades, 65; Ruiz, 65 Painting and drawing, academy, V, 60-63 Paintings, IV, 41-48; portraits, 60; !Contrast of Luna and Hidalgo, 61; contrast of Amorsolo and de la Rosa, 61-63; Arellano, 63, 68-69, 249-455, 487 Pajarillo, Leocadio, X, 164 Pakaru-d-Din, V, 500 Pakir Mawlana, V, 498, 499 Pakiusap, IV, 155 Palace, Malacaiiang, brief sketch, X, 311 Palacin y Ararca, Mariano Ricafort, II, 501-502; VIII, 116117; X, 346 Palacios, Genaro, X, 306 Palanca, Carlos, II, 588-589; X, 359 Palanca, Carlos, biography, IX, 462-463 Palanan, X, 369 Palan-yu, see Palawan

Palaot, Guillermo, II, 389 Palapac, X, 372 Palarca, Sisenando, X, 184 Palawan, history, VIII, 418-420; geography, 420-422; municipalities and municipal districts, 422; statistics, 422-423; prefecture-apostolic X, 35, area, 211; adjacent islands, 212; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284 Palay, III, 140-142 Palencia, Pablo C., biography, IX, 463 Palidan Mining Association, X, 237 Palileo, Aurelio, X, 179 Palileo, Lorenzo, biography, IX, 463-464 Palma Gil, Teodoro, X, 171, 175, 179 Palma, Jose, I, 26, 27, 103, 110; II, 109, life, 251-253; works, 252; X, 345 Palma, Rafael, I, 91, 92; quoted, 110, 112; on revolt of youth, 234-245; quoted, 322, 323, 325, 378, 379, 380, 393, 413, .122, 425, 426; II, 106-109, 186, 224, 251; answer to Legislative Committee on Education, V, 251-264, 268; VI, 346; quoted, 347-348; biography, IX, 464466; X, 56, 158, 168, 377 Palo, municipality, X, 320 Palomo, Jose, II, 389 Pamintuan, Mariano, II, 389 Pampang, see Pampanga Pampanga, history, VIII, 424-426; geography, 426-427; municipalities, 428; statistics, 428; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 371, 372 Pampanga Sugar Development Co., Inc. (Pasudeco), X, 355 Pampango literature, I, 91; works on, 74, 75, 103; poet, 102; poet, II, 286 Pan, Felipe del, I, 107, 110; II, 589; V, 562 Pan, Rafael del, quoted, I, 367; II, 181, 390

510

GENERAL INDEX Panama, value of foreign money, X, 271 Panama Pacific Expm.ition, VII, 508 Panay, area, X, 211; adjacent islands, 212; oldest watchtower, 315; municipality, 320; origin of word, 365, 367 Panday Pira, life, II, 39, 267, 268; IV, 172; X, 29, 345 Panga, Martin, II, 390, 437 Panganiban, C., I, 98 Panganiban, Evaristo, X, 175, 179 Panganiban, Jose Ma., life, II, 254-255; works, 255 Pangasinan, belief, I, 44; works on, 74; history of, VIII, 429431; geography, 432-434; municipalities, 434-435; statistics, 435; density of population, X, 218; telegraph 'rates, 284, 371, B72 Pangilinan, Benito, biography, IX, 466 Pan hay, see Panay Panilougon, see N egros Pan is, Bibiano, I, 98 Panis, Justo, VII, 126 Panlasigui, Isidoro, quoted, I, 341, 415 Pantheon, IV, 19 Paombong, attack of, II, 151 Papa, Ramon R., II, 390 Papaya, III, 227-229 Paper, industry, X, 253; table of measure, 265 Paraguay, value of foreign money, X, 271 Para iso, Enrique, II, 393 Paramisuli, V, 489 Parang, Luis', II, 393 Paras, Loreto, I, 94 Paras, Ricardo, X, 152 Paras, Ricardo, biography, IX, 466-467; X, 175, 204 Parasab, V, 496 Parasites, to control plant pest, VII, 554-556 Paray-Ie-Monial, X, 334 Pardo, Felipe, II, 589; V, 538; VIII, 95

Paredes, Geronimo, biography, IX, 467-468 Paredes, Isidro, X, 151 Paredes, J,esus, biography, IX, 468; X, 158 Paredes, Jose Ma., biography, IX, 4.68 Paredes, Lucas, X, 164 Paredes, Quintin, VII, 37; biography, IX, 468-471; X, 184, 188, 193, 195, 197, 202, 377 Parents I, 386 Parham Archer B., biography, IX, 471 Parian Gate, brief history, X, 312 Paris, J. W., VII, 192 Paris, Luther B., I, 103; X, 343 Paris, Treaty of, VIII, 145, 547552; X, 18, 333 Parker, Luther B., I, 103; X, 343 Parish, Rebecca, X, 359 Party, N acionalista-Colectivista, I, 262; Colectivista, 263; Democrata, 263, 266; Republican, VI, 338, 339; and the Jones law, 338-340; Democratic, 338, 339; Union Nacionalista, VIII, 150; Progressive, 150 Pascual, Andres, X, 179 Pascual, Felix Ferrer, X, 151 Pasig, municipality, X, 321 Pasong-Tamo, II, 72 Passion, I, 77, 352; II, 163, 262, 549; X, 95 Passmore, Fred J., biography, IX, 471-472 Pastells, Pablo, I, 121; II, 590 Pasteur, Louis, VII, 324; im1itute of Paris, 378 Pastrana, Gregorio, X, 175 "Patadyong," IV, 75, 76, 77 Patajo, Domingo, X, 164 Patay, II, 42 Pater, Walter, quoted, IV, 165 Paterno, Dolores, IV, 143 Paterno, Feliciano P., biography, IX, 472-473 Paterno, Maximo Molo, II, 393 Paterho, Pedro A., quoted, I, 369, 388; II, 195; life, 256-259; works, 259; IV, 131, 148;

511

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES VIII, 506, 507, 517, 518; X, 29, 152, 161, 352, 355, 380 Patero, Santiago M., X, 161 Patience, I, 386 Patinio, Teodoro, X, 345 Patriot, I, 386 Patriotism, I, 267, 270, 282, 386 Paul V, V, 31 Paula de la Santisima Trinidad, X, 309 Paulists, X, 363 Pavia y Lay, Manuel, II, 505; reign, VIII, 124-125 Pavon, Jos<e Maria y Aranguru, VI, 21; quoted, VII, 247 Payawal, Pablo, X, 197 Payne Tariff Act, VIII, 151 Payol, Joseph, quoted, IV, 241 Paz, D. de la VII, 258, 390 Paz, Emilio de la, biography, IX, 473; X, 200 Paz, Fabian de la, X\ 188, 193 Peace, I, 388; protocol of Spain and U. S., VIII, 147; Treaty of Spain and U. SI, 147 Peaceful penetration, dangers, X, 226 Peanut, III, 126, 239-241 Pearl industry, X, 253 "Pearl of the Orient," IV, 489; X, 24, 314 Pearse, A. S., VII, 188 Pecson, Geronima T., biography, IX, 474 Pecson, Jose T., X, 164 Pecson, Potenciano, X, 188, 193, 197 Pedrosa, Cipriano, II, 393 Peguero, Juan, II, 590; VII, 65; X, 360 Pelaez, Leon F., IX, 474 Pelaez, Pedro, quoted, I, 372; life, II, 260-261; works, 261, 437; VII, 54, 65; VIII, 358; X, 29 Pelayo, Pantaleon A., X, 158 Penal law, of pre-hhtoric Filipinos, VI, 49-50 Penalty, I, 388 Pendleton, Robert L., on soil surveys, classification and mapping, VII, 561-565

Penn, William L., biography, IX, 474-475 Pennsylvania, cablegram rates, X, 287 Pentecost, George F., V, 585, 586 Pefia Bonifaz, Juan Manuel de la, II, 492; VIII, 93 Pena, Emilio, biography, IX, 475 Pena, Francisco B., X, 184 Penalosa, Ronquillo de, II, 485 Pefiaranda, Carlos, II, 290 Pefiaranda, Florentino, X, 161 Pefiaranda, Jose Maria, II, 590; VIII, 242; X, 29 People, I, 388; VIII, 36, 63-64; early life, customs and culture, 65-69; aboriginal, X, 20 Peoples Bank and Trust Company, X, 227 Peralta, Mateo, II, 590 Peralta, Ramon, II, 440 Pereira, Gonzalo de, II, 590-591; VIII, 73 Pereira, Jose V., paintings, V, 425, 427 Pereyra, Lorenzo, II, 53 Perez, Asuncion A., quoted, I, 358; biography, IX, 475-477 Perez, Baldomero, biography, IX, 477-478 Perez, Cirilo B., biography, IX, 478 Perez, Eugenio, biography, IX, 479; X, 188, 193, 197, 200 Perez, F. E., quoted, I, 395 Perez, Federico, biography, IX, 479 Perez, Filemon, biography, IX, 479-481; X, 164, 166 Perez, Gilbert S., collection of antiques, IV, 195; collection of medals, 229-239; biography,

IX, 481 Perez, Jeronimo, II, 591 Perez, Jesus G., biography, IX, 481-482; X, 158 Perez, Jose S., biography, IX, 482 Perez, Jugo, II, 439 Perez, Matias, biography, IX, 482483 Perez, Rodrigo D., X, 166

512

GENERAL INDEX Perez Samanillo, Luis, Building, IV, 515 Perez, Toribio P., X, 158 Perfecto, Francisco A., X, 184 Perfecto, Gregorio, biography, IX, 483-484; X, 158, 179, 184, 200, 379 Perfecto, Mariano, I, 90; II, 394 Perfumerics, X, 254 Periodicals and libraries, VI, 431437; table showing distribution, 432, 433 Peris Associates Syndicate, X, 237 Perkins A. G., VII, 390 Perkins, Eugene A., biography, IX, 484 Perona, Tomas Torres, VII, 126, 140, 349, 350 Perouse, Jean Francois de Galaup de la, II, 591 Perrottet, S., VII, 482 PerÂŁ:hing, John J., V, 591; VII, 188 Persia, value of foreign money, X, 271 Personal experience, ancient Filipino, X, 115 Personnel of central government of Philippine Republic, X, 152 Peru, value of foreign money, X, 272 Peternino, Father, VIII, 93-94 Petit barracks, X, 315 Petiver, James, VII, 477, 478 Petroleum, VII, 598-599, 608-609 Peyton, quoted, V, 571 Pharmaceutical research in the Philippine Island~', VII, 385390 Pharmacognosy, VII, 387-388 Pharmacy, VII, 388-390; list of work in Philippines, 390-396 Philip II, II, 591-592; V, 519; VII, 126; VIII, 73, 76, 77 Philip IV, V, 22; quoted, 30, 31, 69; VII, 125; X, 305 Philip V, VII, 125, 127; VIII, 97 Philippine Air Taxi Company (Patco), X, 355 Philippine Amateur Athletic Federation, its role, X, 407-408

Philippine-American Drug Company, brief history, X, 306 Philippine a~.'semblies and legislatures, X, 160-201 Philippine As~mbly, resolution in 1909, VI, 294-295; in 1911, 296; in 1912, 296; in 1913, 297-300; in 1916, 303-304; in 1917, 304, 384; first, 451 ; inauguration, X, 18; members of first, 160-162; members of second, 162-164; members of third, 165-167, 351 Philippine Autonomy Act, VII, 146-170; X, 18 Philippine commerce, X, 20; civilization, ancient, 71-112 Philippine Commission, V, 29, 129; instructions to second, VI, 90100, 341-345; VII, 46; VIII, 148; second, 363; first, 452; X, 353 Philippine Constabulary, VI, 361 Philippine Dental College, VII, 147 Philippine Economic Association, X, 295 Philippine editorials, selections, X, 41-67 Philippine flora and fauna, VII, 59-62, 136, 137, 182, 478; VIII, 136 Philippine General Hospital, its beginning, VII, 111, 148-149; X, 359 Philippine Government under the Jones Law, VI, 326-329 Philippine Health Service, VI, 397; table showing appropriation, 401; progress made by, 461-462 Philippine Historical and Research Committee, members, X, 304 Philippine Independence Act, VII, 171-189 Philippine Independent Church, VIII, 146; X, 353 Philippine Iron Mines, Inc., history, X, 242-243 Philippine iron ore, deposits, X, 241-242

513

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Islands or Philippines, X, ~0-61 Philippine Journal of Science, VII, 18, 21 Philippine Legislature, declaration of purposes, VI, 223-234, 336338; quoted, 305-306, 462 ; accomplishment of first period, 465-467; second, .167-470; third, 470-476; resolution of September 24, 1921, 521-522; VII, 26, 178; fir~, VIII, 152; fourth, members, X, 167-171; fifth, members, X, 171-176; sixth, members, 176-180; seventh, members, X, 180-184; eighth members, X, 185-189; ninth, members, X, 189-193; tenth, members, X, 194-198 Philippine Leprosy Commission, VII, 295; quoted, 296-300 Philippine Magazine, X, 58 Philippine Methodist Church, X, 428-429 Philippine Militia, VI, 474 Philippine National Bank, VI, 447, 448-449; when created, X, 227, 229, 362 Philippine National Guard, X, 354 Philippine Parliamentary Mission, instructions from Commimion of Independence, VI, 235-239, 309-311; members, 312-313; quoted, 313-324; on the time for independence, 323-324; instructions from Commission of Independence, 235-239; memorial to Congress, 243-308; reply to by President Harding, 544-548; X, 18, 354 Philippine Postal Savings Bank, VIII, 150; X, 227, 353 Philippine Pure Food and Drugs Act, VII, 19 Philippine Republic, VI, 330; parties, 556; establishment X, 18, 350, 352, 361 Philippine Research Institute, VII, 34-35 Philippine Revolution, I, 389; thirty most important documents, X, 145-148

Philippine Scientific Journal, list, VII, 163-165 Philippine Scientific Society, VII, 161; X, 359 Philippine 'J.'ourist Association, quoted, X, 299-300; on calendar events in the Philippines, 301-303, 304 Philippine Tru~!t Company, X, 227 Philippine, Women's College, see Philippine Women's University Philippine Women's University, X, 358 Philippines, I earliest books, 119; discovery, 119; earliest books printed, 125; philology, 127; sayings and proverbs, 140-216; quotations, 315-430; independence, II, 155; Leonidas of, 159; national hymn, 252; foreigners in history, 455-614; Spanish governon', 484-513; American governors, 515-538; commerce of long ago, III, 17-19; strategic geographical position, 19; agriculture and landholding at time of discovery and conquest, 23-34 ; industries at time of discovery and conquest, 35-57; trade at time of discovery and conquest, 58-69; economic development, 83-99; ~!tatistical information, 101-122; geography, 101-102; population, 102; climate, 102; agricultural land area, 108-111; homesteads, 112, 113-114; rainfall, 263-264; economic vision, 509-510; and Art, IV, 47-48; ancient arts, 171-175; ancient artistic, 241245; V, 122; Catholicism, 543574; wonderful transformation, 559-560; religious population, 563; religious spirit, 569-671; survey of pre-historic legislation, VI, 17-63; autonomy Act, 146-170; independence Act, 171-189; constitution, 190-220; table showing progress in financial status, 278-

514

GENERAL INDEX 279; area, 324; actual condition~, 324; general progress, 324-329; climate, 325; population, 325; literacy, 326; social welfare, 328; agriculture, 328; commerce, 329; historical background, 329-341; early American policy, 332-335, 437; debt, 445-447; general conclusions on present conditions, 476-477; romance of research, VII, 17-107; list of scientific societies, 161-165; in the world of science, 178-192, 190; in seismic belt, 221; hydrographic survey work, 226-236; phytochemical research, 362366; Spanish period, 362-363; American period, 363-366; paleontology, 504-505; lumber classification, 534-540; prehistoric, VIII, 21-61; outline of history, 63-155; aboriginal inhabitant~', 63-64; before the coming of Magellan, 70; discovery of other expeditions, 71-72; representative in Amsterdam, 136; bill, 149; census, 149; second census, 151; National Guard, 151, 156-157, 173; islands, 156-162; ports, 163-169; economic-social survey, 170-173; historiography, 174-208; period of occupation and discovery, 174; of annexation, conquest, and colonization, 174-175; of decadence, 175; awakening of political spirit, 175-176; political period, 176; reaction and legitimate aspirations, 177; secret political activitieS4, 177; period of revolution against Spanish regime, 177; revolt against America, 177-178; colonization, 490, 494-500; Calderon's memoirs of the revolution, 501-552; discovery, X, 17; geography, 19; division, 19 ; mineral resources, 19; approximate area, 19; civilization, 20; climate, 23; or Philippine

Islands, 60-61; density of population, 222; value of foreign 'money, 272; what to see, 303316; scene of Eucharistic Congress, 334 Philology, Philippine, I, 127 "Philosopher Tasio," IV, 481 Philosophy, educational, I, 269 Photography, IV, 547-559 Physical education, X, 381-385; aims, 381; requirements. 381382 ; program of activities, 382; equipment, 382-383; test and measurement, 383; supervision and direction, 384; finance, 384-385; training directors and coaches, 385; research, 385 Phytochemical research in the Philippines, VII, 362-366; Spanish period, 362-363; American period, 363-366 Piang Abdul a, quoted, I, 355 Pi ani , William, biography, IX, 484-485; X, 33, 338 Piatt, Columbus Edmond, biography, IX, 485-486 Pica, Ramon Valdez, biography, IX, 486 Picazo, Eugenio, X, 161 Pichay, Leon C., I, 101; biography, IX, 486-487 Pickett, John T., biography, IX, 487 Pickling, VII, 371 Piedad, Federico, biography, IX, 487-488 Piedmont, cablegram rates, X, 286 Pier 7, II, 531; construction, VIII, 152; X, 351 Piety, I, 390 Pigafetta, Antonio de, I, 113; II, 592; IV, 130; quoted, V, 474, 482; VII, 243, 493; VIII, 112, 179, 499; X, 29, 356 Pilapil, Mariano, I, 99; quoted, 360, 388, 394; II, 163; life, 262; X, 357 Pilar, Alejo del, I, 97, 99; II. 394 Pilar, Fernando del, II. 146 Pilar, Gregorio H. del, quoted, I, 331, 378; life, II, 146-159, 251;

515

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES VIII, 146; X, 29, 150, 345, 370 Pilar, Juan del, VII, 67 Pilar, Julian H. del, II, 80 Pilar, Marcelo H. del, I, 97, 109; quoted, 319, 331, 340, 363, 368, 370, 371, 374, 377, 380, 384, 420, 427; life, II, 80-88; works, 84, 191, 255, 265, 446, 462, 463, 474; V, 613: VIII, 266; X, 30, 361, 364, 378 Pilar, Marciana H. del, II, 83 Pilar, Pio del, II, 446; X, 149, 152 Pili nut, III, 242-244 Pimentel, Juan, II, 592 Pimentel, Narciso, biography, IX, 488-489 Pineapple, III, 230-232 Pineda, Antonio, II, 592-593; death, VIII,110 Pineda, Aurelio, X, 161 Pineda, Felix, X, 433 Pineda, Jorge, painting, IV, 409411 Pineda, Perfecto, II, 593, Pines City, X, 313 Pinpin, Tomas, book, I, 20, 24, 115, 126, 128; life, II, 29-30; VIII, 82; X, 30, 342, 343 Pinon, Salvador, II, 394 Pio, Miguel, biography, IX, 489; X, 158 Pioneer, I, 390; gold mining company, X, 232 Piracy, troubles of, VII, 228-229; VIII, 86, 100, 101, 111, 123, 137, 441 Pirates, Sulu, VIII, 101 Pity, I, 391 Piu~t IX, establishment of diocese of J aro, X, 34 Place, I, 391 Plan, I, 391 Plantas M edicinales de Filipinas, X,359 "Planting Rice," IV, 319, 333 Plants, imported, III, 25; medicinal, VII, 258, 412-460; list commonly used by Filipinos, 429-460 ; pest and diseases, control, 546-559; highlights, 556-557, 559, 546-559; quaran-

tine Act, 547; derris, 616-617; electric light and power, X, 249; gas, 251 Plaridel, II, 84; X, 378 Plasencia, Juan de, I, 19, 96; II, 593; VI, 19, 30, 32, 34, 38, 39; quoted, 41-42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 53, 59; VIII, 77; establi~'h足 ment of elementary schools, X, 17, 30, 84 Plata, Teodoro, II, 394 Platform, I, 391 Plato, quoted, IV, 165-166 PIa ton, Servillano, biography, IX, 489; X, 166 Playa Honda, X, 343 Plaza McKinley, brief history, X, 306 Plebiscite, VIII, 155 Plinin~, VI, 41 Poblador, Filemon, biography, IX, 489-490 Poblete, Miguel de, II, 593-594; V, 556; VIII, 92; X, 307 Poblete, Pascual H., I, 97, 108, 110; life, II, 263-264; IV, 148; V, 616; VIII, 179 Pobre, Baldomero, X, 161 Pobres Frailes, II, 53; X, 356 Poet, early style, I, 22, 34; noted Tagalog, X, 352; famous Pampango, 352; prince of Tagalog, X, 357; best Pampango, 357 Poetess, first, X, 357 Poetry, Filipino, I, 20; revolutionary epoch, 27, 34; Tagalog, 61, 103; Pampango, 103; Ilocano, 132, 217, 302-314 Polanco, Juan, II, 594 Poland, value of foreign money, X, 272 Polavieja, Camilo, II, 306, 512; VIII, 142-143 Policarpio, P. T., on life of Antonio Luna, II, 105-116; on life of Mariano Ponce, 265-269 Policarpio-Mendez, Paz, biography, IX, 490-491 Politics, I, 391; government and, X,84 Polley, Mary E., biography, IX, 491

516

GENERAL INDEX Pollok, X, 367 Polo, Marco, voyage, VIII, 497 Polompon, municipality, X, 320 Ponce Enrile, Alfonso, X, 179 Ponce, Juan, II, 438 Ponce, Mariano, I, 97; II, 84, 118, 126; quoted, 185; life, 26521J9; works, 268, 269, 449, 474; VIII, 266; X, 164, 352, 364 Ponce, Miguel, II, 594; V, 552 Pond, Horace B., III, .138-439; biography, IX, 491-492 Pontifical university, when created, X,305 Pope Alexander VI, V, 518; VIII, 70 .

Pope Clement XII, VII, 125 Pope Inocencio X, VII, 125 Pope Leo XIII, quoted, X, 333 Pope Pius IX, V, 558; X, 348 Pope Pius X, X, 3-33 Pope PiuS' XI, X, 334, 340 Population, territory and, X, 205226; density, 217-218; distribution in the Orient, 223; effects 6f movement, 225 Porcelain Age, VIII, 32-33, 42-61 Porciuncula, Narciso, X, 150 Porte, VII, 485 Porto Rico, postal rates and conditions, X, 277, 278 "Portrait: Juanita Angeles," IV, 373 Ports, opening, III, 91; improvements, VIII, 149; principal, X, 19 Portugal, value of foreign money, X, 272 Posadas, Juan, quoted, I, 328; biography, IX, 492-493 Postage rates and conditions, schedule, X, 274-283 Posterity, I, 392 Potenciano, Com路ado, biography, IX, 494 Pototan, municipality, X, 321 Potter, Charles Francis, quoted, V, 479, 480-481, 526-527 Pottery, VII, 584-585; Chinese, 592; Iron Age, VIII, 37-41; miscellaneou拢' Chinese and

stoneware, 50-52; indu~ry, X, 254 Poultry, III, 270 Powder magazine, brief history, X, 306, 375 Power plants, X, 249 Pozorubio, municipality, X, 321 Prado, Vicente del, X, 152 Prautch, Arthur, V, 584; X, 418, 425 Prayer, I, 392 Precios Corrientes de Manila, X, 347 Prefecture Apostolic of Palawan, X,35 "Pre-Hispanic Beauty," IV, 325 Pre-historic Iron Age, VIII, 30-36 Prejudice, I, 393 Preparation, I, 393 Presbitero, Andres, X, 150 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, X, 361, 418 Presbyterian Church, X, 418 Presbyterian Missionary Society, quoted, V, 585-586 Presence of J es'!us Christ, X, 323 Preservation, I, 393 Pre-Spanish civilization, rise, X, 75 Prieto, Gabriel, II, 440 Prieto, Gabriel P., biography, IX, 494; X, 158 Prieto, Juan P., VII, 66; VIII, 115; X, 360 Prieto, Tomas, II, 440 Primicias, Cipriano, X, 197 Principle, I, 394 Printer, first Filipino, X, 343 Printing establishments, X, 254 Procedure, legislative, X, 89 Proceedings of Tejeros Assembly, minutes, its importance, X, 145 Proclamation of Andres Bonifacio, its importance, X, 145 Proclamation of Independence in Kawit, importance, X, 147 Production, I, 394 Products, agricultural, III, 123128; marine, 106; prices of agricultural, 265-268; import, 338-351; export, 352-365

517

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Program, com'titutional, importance, X, 146 Progress, I, 394; social, VI, 422437 Prohibition, I, 395 Property of pre-historic Filipinos, VI, 41-44; ownership, 41-42; ways of acquiring, 42-43; real, 329 Proportion, I, 395 Prose, Filipino, I, 217; prince of writers of, X, 356 Protectionism, I, 395; economic, III, 501-508; objectives', X, 292-293; meaning, 293-295; other uses, 295 Protest, I, 395; of Aguinaldo against Treaty of Paris, its importance, X, 147; of Aguinaldo against proclamation of General Otis, importance, 147 Protestant Church, V, 575-599; X, 418-434 Protestantism, V, 584-587; spread, 591-599; reforma\ion, 598--636 Proverbs, I, 51, 140-216 Providence, I, 396 Provinces, area of non-Christian, VI, 454; Moro, 454-455; of the Philippines, VIII, 211-488 Provisions on Filipino flag, constitutional, X, 142 Prudence, I, 396 "Psyche," IV, 483 Public, I, 396 Public debt of the Philippines, limitations, X, 230 Public health, I, 396 (see Philippine Health Service) ; VI, 466, 472; VII, 117; definition, 265; education and training, 270271; laboratories and hopitals, 272; organization and administration, 273-274 Public lands, admini~'tration, VI, 373-384; titles, 373, 375; sales, 375-377; table, 376; leases, 377-379; table on applications, 378; free patents, 379; table on application, 380; table on registration cases, 382 Public opinion, I, 397

Public order, VI, 360-362 Public revenues, classification, X, 230 Public schools, progress of, VI, 385-392; table showing number, 386; X, 350 Public welfare work, VI, 427-431; office of commissioner, aims, 430-431 Public works!, and improvements, VI, 276-279; table showing roads in 1908-1918, 277, 474; in the Philippines, VII, 567583; under American sover路 eignty, 574-583 Publications, Jist, I, 107-112; VIII, 200-208 Puerto Galera, II, 173 Puertollano, Andres de, X, 310 Puli, SI3I3 Cruz, Apolinario de la Puloan, see Palawan Pummelo, III, 209-211 Punishable acts, VI, 51-54 Purisima, Ceferino, biography, IX, 494-495 Purmassuri, II, 394-395 Purpose, I, 397 Purugganan, Eustaquio, X, 171, 175 Purugganan, Honorio, II, 395 Purugganan, Severino, X, 197 Puti, Datu, quoted, I, 390; II, 395 Putnam, G. R., VII 230 Putog, IV, 79 Putong, Cecilia, biography, IX, .195 Puyat, Gonzalo, quoted, I, 321; III, 420-422; business philosophy, 420; biography, IX, 496-497 Q

Quadrat, Sultan, see Corralat Ql1aritch, I, 119, 120 Quartero, Mariano, V, 558 Querubin, Tomas, II, 395-396 Quesada, Manuel de, II, 594 Quezon, Aurora Aragon de, see Aragon-Quezon, Aurora Quezon, Manuel L., I, 98; on people and party interests, 262266; quoteri, 329, 338, 342, 356, 367-368, 373, 383, 390, 391,

518

GENERAL INDEX 397, 415; II, 307, 474; presentation of Philippine question, VI, 240-242; quoted, 295, 332; inaugural address, 575-580 ; quoted. VII, 36; VIII, 152, 155; biography, IX, 497-500; X, 19, 30, 161, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176, 180, 181, 185, 189, 190, 194, 202, 354 Quiaoit, Teogenes, X, 166 Quimpo, Romualdo C., biography, IX, 500; X, 200 Quincey, Thomas de, X, 41 Quintos, Joaquin, II, 396; VII, 389 Quintos, Juan, X, 166 Quinones, Diego, VIII, 83 Quiotang, Fausto, painting, IV, 351 Quirino, Demetrio, biography, IX. 500; X, 15~ Quirino, Eliseo, I, 93, 94 Quirino, Elpidio, b'i,ography, IX, 500-501; X, 158, 175, 180, 185, 189, 194, 202 Quirolgico, Alejandro, biography, IX, 501-502 Quisumbing, Eduardo, on Philippine orchids, VII, 461-475; biography, IX, 502-503 Quisumbing, Francisco, biography.

IX, 503 Quotations, dictionary, I, 315-430

R Rabelo, Esteban, X, 150 Rada, Martin de, II, 594; V. 529; quoted, X, 86 Rader Hall. X, 426 Radio, regil'>路tration in the Philippines, III, 400 Radish, III. 197-199 Raffinan, Miguel, X, 171, 175, 193 Rafo]s, Nicolas, biography, IX, 503; X, 158, 179, 188, 197, 200 Ragam, Sultan-Emperor Nakoda, quoted, I, 406; II, 386 Raha, origin, VI, 24 Rama, Esteban de la, biography, IX, 504; X, 151, 152 Rama, Isidro de la, II, 396

Rama, Jose de la, biography, IX, 504 Rama, Maria Maning de la, II, 396-397 Rama, Vicente, biography, IX, 504; X, 179, 184, 197, 200 Ramirez, Clemencia, II, 223 Ramirez, Florentino, I, 99; II, 397 Ramirez, Gaspar, II, 596 Ramirez, Marcelo S., VII, 285; X, 188, 193 Ramirez, Simon, II, 397 Ramirez, Vicente, II, 397 Ramos, Agustin, X, 197 Ramos, Anacleto B., biography, IX, 505; X, 158, 200 Ramos, Antonio, biography, IX, 505-506 Ramos, Benigno, I, 98 Ramos, Jose A., II, 398 Ramos, Melanio, VIII, 485 Ramos, Narciso, biography, IX, 506; X, 197, 200 Ramos, Rafael 0., II, 398; X, 164 Ramos, Simeon, biography, IX, 506-507; X, 184 Ramoso, Feliciano, X, 184 Randall, C. B., V, 583 Ranjo Irineo, biography, IX, 507508; X, 158, 179 Raon, Jose, II, 497; V, 24, 25; VIII, 108; X, 346 Rates, cablegram, X, 286-288 Rates and conditions, postage schedule, X, 274-283 Rates on domestic telegrams, schedule, X, 284-286 Rattan industry, X, 255 Ravago, Manuel, I, 92 Raval, Ciriaco B., biography, IX, 508 Rawson, Ralph French, biography, IX, 508-509 Raymundo, Hilarion, II, 398 Rayo, Francisco, II, 398 Razon, Benito, biography, IX, 509-510; on the Nepa, X, 289 Razon, Jose, biography, IX, 511 Readers, I, 397 Real cedula, VII, 130, 139 Real Colegio de San Felipe de Austria, X, 305

519

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES "Real Compania de Filipinas," III, 85; decline, 87-88 Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, see Economic Society of Friends of the Country Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Ignacio, X, 305 Realization, I, 398 Reas'on, I, 398 Reckoning time, ancient Filipino system, X, 111 Recognition on Filipino flag, international, X, 143 Recollects, arrival, VIII, 81, 374, 441; X, 37; church, 308-309, 348, 363 Reconstruction, I, 399 Records, legislative, VI, 476 Recto, Alfonso M., X, 171 Recto, Claro M., I, 91; poem, 308; quoted, 319, 327, 352, 364, 381; on Cayetano Arellano, II, 141142; VII, 38; VIII, 154; biography, IX, 511-512; X, 154, 175, 179, 184, 190, 194, 203, 377 Red Cross, VI, 423 Redemption, I, 399 Redwood City, cablegram rates, X, 286 Reese, Julius S., III, 445-446; biography, IX, 512-513 Reeves, Albert N., biography, IX, 513 Reforms, Filipino program, V, 577; governmental, VI, 32&, 341360; judicial, 474 Regala, Roberto, I, 104; biography, IX, 513-514 Regalado, Iiiigo Ed., I, 98; II, 398401; biography, IX, 515 Regidor, Antonio M., quoted, I, 343, 356; II, 190; life, 270272; works, 449 Registration fees, postal rates and conditions, X, 282 Regulations for &'chools and teachers of Primary Instruction~, V, 97-104; notes, 105-111 Reims, X, 333 Reinking, Otto A., VII, 188 520

Relacion, II, 471; VI, 20 Religion, beliefs, I, 44, 241, 276, 399; ancient, 45; and economics, III, 20-21; and sculpture, IV, 37; and painting, 41; in the Philippines, V, 451-659; of ancient Filipinos, 451-474; anitism, 466; of early Filipinos, 469-471; table on classes of Filipinos based on, 475; establishment of occlesiastical hierarchy, 556-557; present state of Catholic, 560-574; Protestantism, 575-599; out.look, 627-643; Aglipayan, 610626; ancient Filipino, X, 90 Religiosas de la Virgin Maria, Congregacion de, X, 310 Religious corporations, establishment, X, 36-40 Remedy, I, 400 Remigio, Prudencio A., X, 193 Remigio, Tomas, I, 98 Reminiscence, I, 401 Remo, Emiliano, biography, IX, 515 Renaissance, I, 221; VIII, 路190 Rennolds, William R., biography, IX, 515-516 Repetti, W. C., on Philippine earthquakes, VII, 220-225 Republic, establishment of Philippine, X, 18 Reputation, I, 401 Research workers in early drug stores in the Philippines, VII, 385-386 Residence, IV, 507 Resignation, I, 402 Responsibility, I, 402 Resurreccion, Narciso Hidalgo, X, 152 Resurreccion, Vicente Posadas, IX, 516 Retana, Wenceslao E., quoted, I, 91, 114, 115, 119, 120, 124; II, 46, 47; life, 455-460; works, 455, 476; on Filipino E.'(mgs, IV, 135, 136; VIII, 150, 174208; X, 30, 352 Retizos', Isidro L., I, 94 Retribution, I, 402

GENERAL INDEX Revenues, facts and figures, III, 401-418; municipal and provincial, sources, VI, 412-415; public, classification, X, 230 Revilla, Bartolome, II, 401; X, 161 Revilla, Eulogio, biography, IX, 516-517 Revilles, Margarito, biography, IX, 517; X, 197, 200 Revista, II, 121 Revolt, Pampanga, VIII, 89, 91; Pangasinan, 91; Cavite, X, 18 Revolution, Philippine, VIII, 501524; thirty most important documents on the Philippines, X, 145-148 Revolutionary Assembly in Hongkong, importance, X, 146 Revolutionary Congress, II, 155; inauguration, VIII, 145 Revolutionary government of Biakna-Bato, X, 149-150 Rey, Fernando, I, 134 Rey, Manuel, X, 161, 171 Rey, R. Moreno, VII, 344 Reyes, Alberto, X, 171 Reyes, Alejandro, X, 424 Reye~!, Alexander, biography, IX, 517-518 Reyes, Bentura de los, life, II, 273274; X, 30 Reyes Catigbac, Benito, X, 171 Reyes, Carmelo D., VII, 317; on development of surgery in the Philippines, 323-333 Reyes, Deogracias, X, 162 Reyes, Dionisio de los, II, 438 Reyes, Estanislao, II, 401 Reyes, Fidel A., quoted, I, 329 ; biography, IX, 519; X, 166 eyes, Francisco S. biography, IX, 519-520; X, 34, 339 eyes, Gabriel M., biography, IX, 520; X, 33, 338 eyes, Geronimo de los, biography, IX, 5204521 :Reyes, Godofredo R., X, 158 eyes, Hermogenes, biography, IX, 521; X, 164 eye!'l, Isabelo de los, I, 101, 109; II, 263, 267; on tadec, IV, 138139; V, 79, 472; quoted, 473, ~21

611, 614, 615, 616, 617; VIII, 144, 149, 179, 542; biography, IX, 521-523; X, 176, 180, 353, 356 Reyes, Joaquin, biography, IX, 523 Reyes Jose S., quoted, V, 269; biography, IX, 524; X, 158 Reyes, Jose de los, biography, IX, 524-525 Reyes, Juan, X, 184 Reyes, Juan Ladislao, II, 401 Reyes, Maximino de los, I, 98; X, 171, 175 Reyes y Rivera, Modesto, II, 307, 401-402 Reyes, Narciso, on photography, IV, 553, 555, 557 Reyes, Nicanor, V, 310; biography, IX, 526 Reyes, Roman, II, 402 Reyes, Salustiano, on transportation and communication, III, 455-471 ReyeS', Severino, I, 98; IV, 148; biography, IX, 526 Reyes, Simplicio, II, 441 Reyna, Lamberto Siguion, biography, IX, 526-527; X, 180 "Rhada Darshan," IV, 443 Rhode Island, cablegram rates, X, 287 Rhodes scholarship, VII, 112 Ribera, Gabriel de, II, 596 Ribo, lVIamerto C., X, 158 Ricarte, Artemio, II, 239, 313; VIII, 525; X, 149 Rice, III, 126-127 Richards, Crosby, biography, IX, 527 Richardson, Quince E., biography, IX, 527-528 Richmond, cablegram rates, X, 286 Richmond, George F., VII, 48 Richtohofen, Ferdinand von, VII, 504 Ricoherm,oso, Timoteo P., biography, IX, 528; X, 158 Riddles, I, 56 Riego de Dios, Emiliano, X, 149 Riego de Dios, Mariano, II, 402; X, 149

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINgg Riera, Francisco, X, 305 Riggs, Arthur S., quoted, I, 40 Right, I, 403 Rights, civil, of Filipinos in prehistoric times', VI, 30-41 Rigodon de honor, X, 351 Rijal, Joaquin, VII, 66 Rimando, Enrique, X, 197 Rincon, Manuel M., I, 92 Rio, Tomas del, biography, IX, 528-529 Rios, Coronel, VIII, 180 Rios, Hernando de los, II, 596 Rios, Isaac Fernando, II, 402 Rios, Riego de los, II, 513; VIII, 145-146; X, 342 Rise of pre-Spanish civilization, X, 75 "Rifling Philippines," IV, 451 Riva, Antonio de la, biography, IX, 530-5~1

Rivera, Braulio, II, .102, 442 Rivera, Cayetano, X, 171 Rivera, Felismeno V., biography, IX, 531; X, 158 Rivera, Fernando Primo de, II, 194, 258, 510; VII, 54; reign, VIII, 136, 143, 503; X, 349 Rivera, Gabriel de, V, 548 Rivera, Godofredo, I, 93, 95; quoted, 319; biography, IX, 531532 Rivera, Hipolito, II, 403; IV, 163 Rivera, Jose Maria, I, 98 Rivera, Juan A., biography, IX, 532 Rivera, Leonor, II, 54, 403 Rivera, Maria Asuncion, II, 163 Rivera, Pablo S., biography, IX, 532-533 Rivera, Santiago, II, 450 Rivera y Mir, Vicente, painting, IV, 399 Riviera of the Orient, X, 314 Rizal, systematic survey, VIII, 31; history, 436-438; geography, 438-439; municipalities, 440; ~tatistics, 440; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 371, 372 Rizal, Francisco Mercado, II, 43, 314

Rizal, Jose, I, 23; novelist, 91, 97, 109, 114; Morga's annotation, 123; on Maria Clara, 246; on Mariang Makiling, 284-291; poems, 302-303, 312-314; quoted, 315, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 391, 392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 419, 420, 422, 423, 425, 426, 427, 430; life, II, 4366; poems, 48-51; works, 51; in history, 57-66, 80, 84, 125; quoted, 128, 132; on .Juan Luna, 135; quoted, 160, 191, 198, 214, 255, 265, 271, 276, 303, 314, 462, 467, 474; on Philippine economics, III, 7; quoted, 51, 52, 53; on a vh.'ion of the Philippines, 509-510; and Art, IV, 23, 167; on Luna and Hidalgo, 49-53; as sculptor, 61; portrait, 265; sculptural works, 467, 469, 471, 473; quoted, V, 44, 469, 578; VI, 21; VII, 180, 188, 248, 252, 256; VIII, 30, 138; execution, X, 18; last farewell, 68; monument, 304, 311; place of banishment, 315; first Filipino oculist, 343, 350, 356, 372 "Rizal Memorial Stadium," IV, 527 Rizal, Paciano, II, 450 Rizal, Trinidad, II, 56 Rizalist, famous, X, 352; American, 352 Rizzo, Francisco, II, 513; VIII, 145 Roads, III, 385-389; present, VI, 328 ; table showing public roads in non-Christian provinces, 460

52rr

GENERAL INDEX Robb, Walter J., quoted, VII, 8283; biography, IX, 533; X. 304 Robertson, James A., I, 119, 121; quoted, 123, 124; V, 469, 473, 474, 613; VI, 19, 21 Robinson, C. B., VII, 489 Robinson, J. E., X, 427 Rlobinson, J. W., X, 427 Robledo, Pedro, quoted, VII, 87, 126 Robles, Jr., Jose, X, 197 Roces, Alejandro, biography, IX, 533-534 Roces, Jr., Alejandro, biography, IX, 534 Roces, Ramon, biography, IX, 534535 Rocha, Antonio H., X, 179 Rocha, Antonio Leon, II, 404 Rocha, Lorenzo, II, 404; IV, 43, 60; painting, 373 Rocha, Luis, II, 404; X, 311 Rockefeller Foundation, VII, 48 Rockwell, James C., biography, IX, 535-536 Roco, Angel, X, 162 Rodas, Sotero, biography, IX, 536 Rodgers, James B., V, 586; X, 418, 430 Rodier, E. A., VII, 346 Rodin, Auguste, quoted, IV, 64 Rodoreda, Francisco, X, 306 Rodriguez, Buenaventura, quoted, I, 383; biography, IX, 536; X, 193, 197, 200 Rodriguez, Celestino, biography, 'IX, 536-537; X, 162, 164, 168, 173, 177, 200 Rodrigouez de Figueroa, Esteban, II, 486, 596-597; VII, 71, 127 Rodrig'uez, Eulogio B., on Philippine literature, I, 29-89; on Filipino martyrs and heroes, II, 435-451; on observations of science before American occupation, VII, 52-107; biography, IX, 537-539; on an educated man, X, 113-126 Rodriguez, Eulogio M., VII, 38; biography, IX, 539-541; X, 184, 193-, 197, 202

Rodriguez, Francisco, II, 404 Rodriguez, Jose, II, 146 Rodriguez, Juan Angel, II, 597; V, 556; VIII, 102 Rodriguez, Julian, X, 198 Rodriguez, Maximo, biography, IX, 541 Rodriguez, Pedro, X, 162, 181, 186 Rodriguez, Vlpiano, VII, 141, 350, 389 Rogers, Dr. & Mrs., V, 586 Rogers, F. Theo., biography, IX, 541 Rojas, Pedro de, II, 486; reign, VIII, 78 Rojo del Rio y Vieyra, Manuel Antonio, II, 212, 213, 496, 597; VII, 130; VIII, 105 Roldan, Arsenio, biography, IX, 542 Rolfe, R. A., VII, 486 Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila, brief sketch, X, 307 Roman Catholic Church, V, 518538; Apostolic delegate, X, 33; composition, 44; teachings, 324 "Roman Fascist," IV, 435 Roman, Francisco, II, 404, 450 Roman, Victoriano, X, 35, 339 Rlomblon, hi ",tory, VIII, 441-442; geography, 443-444; municipalities, 444; statistics, 444445; adjacent islands, X, 212; density of population, 218; telI egraph rates, 284; municipality, 321, 372 Rome, X, 334 Romero Diaz, Francisco, VII, 68 Romero, Jose E., biography, IX, 542-543; X, 158, 193, 198, 200 Romero, Lorenzo, II, 404-405 Romualdez, Miguel, biography, IX, 54.3; X, 166 Romualdez, Norberto, I, 100, quoted, 367, 400; on Filipino culhIre, IV, 66-85; on Filipino musical instruments and airs of long ago, 86-128; quoted, 133; on survey of pre-historic legislation in the Philippines,

523

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES VI, 17-63; biography, IX, 543544; X, 158, 200 Romulo, Carlos P., I, 93, 94, 111; on education, 255-261; quoted, 317, 329, 336, 356, 403, 429; biography, IX, 544-545 Ronquillo, C., I, quoted, 358 Ronquillo, Carlos, X, 150 Ronquillo, Diego, II, 485; reign, VIII, 76; X, 369 Ronquillo del Castillo, Juan, II, 597; VIII, 79 Roof, typical Filipino, IV, 74 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, II, 538; quoted, V, 400; VIII, 155; biography, IX, 545-546; X, 19, 30 Roosevelt, Nicolas, quoted, X, 43 Roosevelt, Theodore, II, 142, 519, 529; V, 422; quoted, VI, 248, 249, 254, 333, 519, 520-521; X, 353 Roosevelt, Jr., Theodore, II, life, 535-537; works, 536; VIII, 154; X, 351 Root, Elihu, on stable gover:nment, VI, 317, 339 Roque, Eusebio, II, 450 Roque, Norberto A., biography, IX, 546; X, 200 Roque, Pablo Tecson, X, 152 Rosa, Fabian de la, on cultural value of art, IV, 17-24; on plastic-graphic arts in the Philippines, 21>-48, 61, 62, 68; paintings, 299-321; V, 269; biography, IX, 546-548 Rosa, Jose de la, II, 405 Rosa, Julio de la, X, 433 Rosa, Luciano de la, X, 166 Rosa, Mariano de la, biography, IX, 548-549 Rosa, Pablo de la, X, 175, 179 Ros'ales, municipality, X, 321 Rosales, Honorio, X, 162 Rosales, Jose A., biography, IX, 549 Rosario, VIII, 97 Rosario, Amado del, quoted, I, 318, 323; biography, IX, 549-550 Rosario, Anacleto del, )jfe, II, 275277; VII, 73, 79, 138, 140, 187, 524

344, 350, 353, 386, 389, 515; X, 30, 345 Rosario, Arcadio del, I, 353; II, 405; X, 151 Rosario, Bernabe del, II, 405 Rosario, Deogracias del, I, 98 Rosario, Enrique del, II, 405 Rosario, Jose del, II, 277 Rosario, Lorenzo del, X, 151 Rosario, Luis del, biography, IX, 550; X, 35, 339 Rosario, Mariano Vivencio del, II, 106; V, 269; on chemh;'I;ry in the pre-American regime, VII, 348-352, 386; biography, IX, 550-551; X, 151 Rosario, Mateo del, X, 151 Rosario, Nieves Baens del, I, 98 Rosario, Salvador V. del, II, 224, 405-406; X, 152 Rosario, Simplicio del, X, 152 Rosario, Tomas G. del, I, 421; II, 206, 406; V, 47; quoted, 5051; VIII, 523; X, 152, 164 Rosary, The, IV, 387 Rosauro, Mariano, biography, IX, 551 Rosenstock, Christian William, biography, IX, 551-552 Rost, Reinhold, II, 597-598 Roth, F. G., VIII, 24 Rovira, Leopoldo, biography, IX, 552; X, 162 Roxano, Francisco, VII, 67 Roxas, Baldomero, mansion, IV, 509; VII, 317; biography, IX, 553-555 Roxas, Bonifacio, I, 71 Roxas, Domingo, II, 280 Roxas, Felipe, life, II, 406-409; paintings, IV, 365, 367, 369; X,439 Roxas, Felix, life, II, 278-279; IV, 28, 507; X, 305, 375 Roxas, Francisco, II, 442 Roxas Gargollo, Antonio, biography, IX, 552 Roxas, Gines de, II, 598 Roxas, Hilario A., on Philippine invertebrata, VII, 397-408; on

GENERAL INDEX mines and mineral, 600-613; biography, IX, 555 Roxas, Mamerto, biography, IX, 556 Roxas, Manuel A., answer to by Pres. Coolidge, VI, 549-555; biography, IX, 556-557; X, 158, 177, 179, 182, 186, 188, 191, 193, 198, 200 Roxas, Manuel L., VII, 514; on manufacturing industries, 614623; biography, IX, 557-558 Roxas de Ayala, Margarita, life, II, 280-282; X, 30, 342 Roxas, Pedro P., II, 409 Royal Cedula, VII, 125, 127; VIII, 115 Royal decree, VII, 127, 335, 353 Royal Palace, IV, 29 Royal University, when created, X, 305 Rubber, III, 260-262 Rubin, Antonio, biography, IX, 558 Rufino, Ernesto D., biography, IX, 558-559 Rufino, Vicente, A., biography, IX, 559-560 Ruins of Palmyra, II, 68 Ruiz, Alejandro, X, 162, 164, 166,

171 Ruiz, Bernardo, expedition, VIII, 126 Ruiz, Enrique, paintings, IV, 439, 441, 443, 445, 447, 449 Ruiz, Jose Maria, II, 598 Ruiz, Juan, biography, IX, 560 Ruiz, L. T., quoted, I, 337 Rules of the Association of the Sons of the People, X, 135137 Rumania, value of foreign money X,272 ' Rupisan, N. T., biography, IX, 560561; X, 200 Russell and R(ldriguez, quoted, II, 63-65 Rustia, Manuel S., on scientific advertising, III, 452-454; biography, IX, 561

s Saavedra, Alvaro de, II, 598; Y, 519; VIII, 72, 499 Sabarre, Jose, X, 166 Sabbun, Claro, X, 188 Sabido, Pedro; I, 92; biography, IX, 561-562; X, 179, 184, 188, 1~3, 201 Sacrament of Holy Eucharist X 324 ' , Sacrifice, I, 404 Saez, Agustin, II, 131, 234, 598' IV,43 ' Saez, Francisco D., VII, 138 Saguin, Fiorentino A., biography IX, 562; X, 159 ' Saguinsin, Jose, II, 409 Sagyan, Franci:,ca, TI, 409 Sailor's Home Chapel, X, 426 Sailors Rendezvous, X, 313 Saint Dominic, order, V, 567 Sa int Francis, order, V, 567 St. John, X, 324 "St. Peter Claver," IV, 381 Saintliness, I, 404 Salacot Mining Co., Inc., brief hiS'to];y, X, 241 Salalilla, Felipe, II, 409, 438 ~alamanca, Ignacio, II, 410 8alamanca, Jose, X, 151 Salamanca, Juan Cerezo de, II, 489; VIII, 86-87 Salamat, Magat, life, II, 283, 438 Salamat at Maouhay ka, X, 316 Salas, Jose Maria Romero, II, 598 Salas Perfecto, X, 166 Salas, Romero G., I, 93, 111 Salaveria, Fermin de, VIII, 97 Salaveria, Vicente Serrano, X, 307 Salazar, Angel, biography, IX, 502-563; X, 159, 164, 166, 180 Salazar, Antonio, II, 442 Salazar Castillo y Varona, PedT'} Antonio, II, 502; reign, VIII, 118-119 Salazar, Doming-c. de, II, 598-599; V, 20, 182, 550, 553, 556; VIII, 75, 77; X, 30, 377 Salazar, Geronimo Itta, VIII, 103 Salazar, Hugo, II, 410; VII, 350

525

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Salazar, Juan F., poem, I, 306; quoted, 316, 380, 425; II, 410 Salazar, Ludovico, II, 410 Salazar y Dacutan, Pastor, X, 171, 175, 181 Salazar, Vicente. V, 56 Salazar, Victorino S .. X, 159 Salcedo, Diego de, II, 490; V, 537; VIII, 92, 382; X, 344 Salcedo, Juan de, VIII, 73, 74, 75, 247, 270, 276, 280, 345, 368, 429,436,474,479; X, 305, 343, 364, 365, 366, 368, 372, 374 Salcedo, Victorino M., biography, IX, 563; X, 175, 201 Saleeby, Najeeb M., V, 482; VII, 49 Sales, Esteban, n, 411 Salet, H. N., biography, IX, 563 Salinas, Raymundo, biography, IX, 563 SaIita, P., quoted, I, 36!), 428 Salmon, C. S., biography, IX, 564 Salonga, Felipe, II, 411 Salt, VII, 611: industry, X, 255 Salumbides, Vicente A., X, 159 Salvador, value of foreign money, X, 272 Salvador, Celedonio, biography, IX, 564-565 Salvador, Javier Gonzalez, X, 151 Salvador Natividad, Jose, X, 149 Salvador, Moise:;, II, 101, 124, 125, 411, 442 SalvatiE:'rra, Crbtobal de, II, 599600 Samals, V, 492, 506 Samanillo Building, V, 34, 515 Samar, history, VIII, 446-447; geography, 447-449; municipalities and municipal districts, 449-450; statistics, 450; area, X, 211; islands adjacent, 212; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 362, 372 Samoa, postal rates and conditions, X, 277, 278 Sampaloc, church, X, 310 Samson, Domingo, II, 411; X, 151 Samson, Felix, X, 164 Samulay, II, 411

San Agustin, Antonio, II, 439 San Agustin church, brief history, X, 304-305, 374 San Agustin, Francisco, V, 80; quoted, 561 San Agustin, Gaspar de, II, 600; VIII, 181 San Agustin, Gregorio, V, 268 (see Agustin, Gregorio San) San Agustin, Hipolito, VIII, 102 San Agustin, Pedro, V, 554; VIII, 88, 345 San Agustin, Primitivo, see Agustin, Primitivo San San Andres, earthquake, X, 307 San Antonio, Francisco, II, 600; VI, 19; quoted, 28, 30, 38, 40, 48, 56, 57, 59; VII, 592 San Bernardino Str~it, X, 314, 373 San Buenaventura, Pedro de, I, 126, 129; VIII, 82 San Carlos, municipality, X, 321 San Fabian, municipality, X, 321 San Felipe de Austria College, X, 305 San Fernando, municipality, X, 321 San Gabriel Hospital, VII, 73 San Gabriel, Mariano, II, 450 San Geronimo, Juan de, V, 554 San GregoriQ, Antonio de, V, 549 San Ignacio Church, brief history, X, 305-306, 375 San Jose, Andres Tcrrero, V, 558 San Jose, BE:'nito de, VIII, 100 San Jose College, V, 19-29; VII, 126-127; X, 305 San Jose Hospital, X, 357 San Joseph, Franci,'co, I, 115, 125; books, 126, 128; VIII, 82 San Juan de Dios Hospital, VII, 149; X, 357 San Juan, Esteban, X, 150 San Juan de Letran College, II, 90, 94; V, 25, 52-57; curriculum, 54-55: VIIl, 88, 131; brief history, X, 305, 375 San Luis, municipality, X, 321 San Mateo, North America, cable路 gram rates. X, 286; municipality (Philippines), 321

526

GENERAL INDEX San Mauricio Mining Co., X, 237; brief history, 241 San Miguel, municipality, X, 321 San Miguel, Luciano, II, 450 San Miguel, Rodrigo de, II, 600601; VII, 61 San Narciso, municipality, X, 321 San Pablo, municipality, X, 321 San Pedro, Agustin, II, 601 San Pedro Macati, municipality, X, 321 San Ramon Penal Colony, X, 315 San Sebastian Church, brief history, X, 306, 375 San Vicente de Paul Church, brief sketch, X, 306-307 Sanchez, Alonso, II, 601; V, 550; VIII, 75, 76 Sanchez, A. M., VII, 561 Sanchez, Conrado V., biography, IX, 565; X, 159 Sanchez y Sanchez, Domingo, VII, 496 Sanchez, Evaristo P., X, 184 Sanchez, Francisco, II, 601; VII, 496 Sanchez Jose, I, 104 Sanchez, Jose, VII, 498 Sanchez, Juan, II, 601-602 Sanchez, Mateo, I, 99; II, 602 Sanchez, Miguel, I, 107 Sancho, Manuel, II, 209 Sancho, Santiago C., biography, IX, 565; X, 34, 338 Sancho, Silvestre, biography, IX, 565-566 Sanciangco y Goson, Gregorio, II, 411-412; X, 357 Sande, Francisco de, II, 484-485; quoted, III, 48; V, 484; VII, 73; reign, VIII, 75, 456; X, 365 Sandiko, Teodoro, II, 266; biography, IX, 566-567; X, 152, 154, 172, 176, 181, 185 Sandoval, Claudio, biography, IX, 567; X, 193, 198, 201 Sandoval, Domingo J., biography, IX, 568 Sandoval, Evaristo R., X, 159

Sandoval y Manlave, Manuel, X, 164, 166, 171 Sanger, G. P., VIII, 149 Sanidad, Prospero, X, 198 Sanitation, VI, 271-274, 396-407; organization, 397-398; medical review, 398-400; legislation, 401-402; VII, 18, 28, 268-270; ancient Filipino, X, 104-105 San Javier , VIII, 97 San Jose, VIII, 96 San Lazaro Hospital, II, 550; VII, 73, 129-131 San Miguel, Rodrigo de, I, 46 Sansano, Hugo, X, 166 Santa Ana Cabaret, X, 314 Santa Barbara, municipality, X, 321 Santa Catalina, Francisco de, X, 310 Santa Clara Convent, its founding, X, 343 Santa Cruz, municipality, X, 321 "Santa Filomena," IV, 359 Santa Isabel College, V, 67; establishment in Nueva Caceres, VIII, 131 Santa Justa y Sancho de Rufina, Basilio, II, 602; V, 25 Santa Maria, Diego de, V, 53; VII, 131; X, 305, 375 Santa Maria Fernando de, VII, 59, 253, 424, 427, 477; X, 359 Santa Maria, Jr., Francisco, biography, IX, 568-569 Santa Maria, Jose de, X, 310, 376 Santa Maria, Juan de, II, 602 Santamaria, Manuel, II, 412 Santana, Mariano, II, 412 Santa Rosa Beaterio, brief sketch, X,309 Santiago, Simeona, VII, 390 Santiago, Basilio S., biography, IX, 569-570 Santiago, Francisco, quoted, II, 169; on development of music in the Philippines, IV, 129-154, 155, 163-164; V, 269; biography, IX, 570-571 Santiago, Jose, X, 151

527

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Santiago, Jose Mossesgeld (Sana~os, Escolastico de los, II, 284, '" 412 tiago-Font), IV, 157; biography, IX, 571-572 • ntos, Eugenio X, 171 Santos, Exequiel M., biography, Santiago, Luis, X, 188 IX, 575; X, 159 Santiago, Teodoro, X, 433 Santibaii.es, Ignacio, II, 604; V, Santos, F. 0., VII, 515, 516 Santos, Francisco R., biography, 556 IX, 575-577 Santisima Trinidad Martinez de Santos, Irene de, VII, 390 Arrizala, Pedro de, II, 604 Isidoro de, X, 167 Santisima Trinidad, Paula de la, Santos, Santos, Jose K., VII, 258, 389 X, 309 Santos, Jesus J., biography, IX, Santo Tomas University and col577-578 lege, V, 25-26; subj ects, col- Santos, Lope K., I, 98; biography, lege of medicine and pharmaIX, 578; X, 173, 357 cy, 26-27, 29-45; table of ma- Santos, Luis, biography, IX, 579triculation and graduation in 580 the faculties, 34; table of gra- Santos, Mariano V. de los, V, 310; duation, 35; medical studies biography, IX, 580-581 after reorganization, 36; sub- Santos Ocampo, Delfin, biography, jects, department of jurispruIX, 585-586 dence, 37; courses of theology Santos, Pablo B., biography, IX, and courses after pre-work, 581-582 38; pre-notary course, 38-39; Santos, Paulino, biography, IX, practitioner's course in medi583-584 cine, 39-40; practioner's course Santos, Pedro, II, 153 in pharmacy, 40; plan of stu- Santos, R. Lopez de, quoted, I, 405 dies for midwifery, 40-43; Santos, Ricardo, C., biography, IX, foundation, VIII. 82; brief 584-585 Sanvictores, Jose E., biography, history, X, 305, 374 IX, 586-587; X, 159, 188, 193 Santo Tomas, Enrique C., biograSanz, Gregorio, VII, 64 phy, IX, 572-574 Sanz y Pos~'e • .Jose Laureano de, Santos, Alfonso, biography, IX, II, 508; VIII, 130 574 Sapan Palapar, X, 372 Santo~', Alfredo C., VII, 258, 389, Sarabanun, V, 495 390 Santos, Apolinario G. de los, quot- Saragossa Treaty, VIII, 72 "Sarasvati," IV, 439 ed, I, 323; X, 358 Saravia, municipality, X, 321 Santos, Arcadio, X, 171 Saravia, Emilio, VIII, 400 Santos, Cirilo B., biography, IX, Sariaya, municipality, X, 321 574-575; X, 175, 188 Sarigumba, Cornelio, X, 180 Santos, Domingo de los, II, 604 Sarmiento, Modesto, II, ·140 Santos, Epifanb de los, on history Sarong Bayani, II, 152; X, 364 of Philippine literature, I, 1928; quoted, 61, 72, 91, 110, Sarrat, Domingo of, quoted, I, 385; II, 413, 435 323, 429; on life of Bonifacio, II, 68-79, 106; quoted, 160, Sarrio, Pedro, II, 498; VIII, 109, 110; X, 346 165, 174, 224; life, 284-285; works, 285; IV, 58, 143; on Sartorius, Pablo, VII, 385 Retana's Philippine historio- Sasbron, Manuel, VIII, 146 graphy, VIII, 174-208; X, 352 Sash, Bagobo, IV, 213 528

GENERAL INDEX Satttrday Review of Literature, X, 59 Savonarola, Girolamo, V, 598 Savings, I, 404; bank, oldest, X, 227 Sawyer, Frederic H., quoted, V, 541 Sayings, Philippine, I, 140-216 Scenic wonders, X, 299-316 Schadenberg, Alexander, VII, 496 Schaick, Louis, J. van, biography, IX, 587-588 Schedule of postage l'ates and conditions, X, 274-2S3 Schedule of telegraph zone rates on domestic telegrams, X, 284285 Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, VII, 362 Scheerer, Adolfo Asuncion, biography, IX, 5&8-591 Schneider, Amalia, II, .161 Schneider, Andres, II, 461 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel, V, 598 Scheerer, Otto, VII, 49 Schobl, Otto, on summary of serologic studies in experimental yaws, VII, 315-3] 6 Schofield, Robert L., IV, 151 School for Deaf and Blind, curricula, V, 180-190 School of Agriculture, VII, 148, 154 School of Arts and Trade, V, 72; X, 350 School of Commercial Accounting, V, 60-63 School of the French and English Languages, V, 60-63 Schools, and progress, I, 217; system, 231; aim of old system, 236; new system, 237; public, system, 247; curriculum, 275, 405; Normal, V, 63-67; plans of instructions, 64-66; for women, 67; other schools, 6768; school of agriculture, 7072; ÂŁ'Ystem of public, 167; main objectiv.es, 167-170; intermediate objectives, 170; vocational farms and agricultu529

ral, 223-225; public pl'ogress, VI, 385-392; table showing number of public, 386; amount of money spent, 387, 389-390; permanent buildings, 390; table showing progress made in Mindanao and Sulu, 458; establishment of primary system, X, 18 Schradieck, E., biography, IX, 591 Schuck, Julius, X, 175 Schurman, Jacob Gould, quoted, II, 143; commission, V, 580 ; quoted, VI, 332; VIII, 146; members, 148, 530; X, 353 Science, I, 252, 405; IV, 499; progress in the Philippines, VII, 17 -30; first decade of progress, 19-20; second decade, 2022; uses and application, 2829; pioneers, 45-51; brief observation in pre-American era, 52-107; factors that caused ~.'low development, 56; famous contributions, 65-68; medical.

240-347; early history of veterinar~r, 335-341; chemical and pharmaceutical, 348-396; biological, 397-51!l; for human needs, 624-627; X, 102 Scientific expedition, VII, 70; Malaspina, 70; medical, 72; pharmaceutical, 73-75; veterinary, 76; agricultural, 76-78; elementary, 78-79; bibliography on Philippine scientific subjects, 94-107; promotion by Philippine government, 108113; physical and mathematical, 194-239 Scientific research in universities, general conditions, VII, 114115, 114-122; in the University of the Philippines, 115120; factors encouraging, 115; difficulties, 115-116; private universities, 120; conclusions, 120-121; recommendations, 121-122; activities along zoological in the PhilippineSl, 409411 Scorn, I, 405

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Scribner's, X, 56 Serapio, Jose, X, 184 Sculpture, IV, 35-40; early works, Serapio, Mariano, I, 97, 99; II, 413 35, 64, 70-71 Sermon, I, 407 .

Seale, Alvin J., VII, 49, 400, 401 Serna, Esteban de la, II, 605 Seaman, I, 405 Serrano, Francisco, II, 605 Search, I, 406 Serrano, Luis, I, 93 Serrano, M., Garcia, I, 116 "Seashore," IV, 361 Sebastian, Proceso, biography, IX, Serrano y Ariarte, Nicolas, II, 413 Servant, I, 407 591; X, 180 Second Philippine Assembly, mem- Service, I, 407; Civil, revolutionary government of Biak-na-Babers, X. 162-164 to, X, 150; domestic C. O. D., Seculares, II, 301, 302 282 Sedeno. Antonio, II, 604-605; V, Seventh Day Adventish', X, 419, 550: X, 30, 344 434 "Sedes Sapientiae," IV, 351 See, Episcopal, founding, X, 33, Seventh Philippine Legislature, members, X, 180-184 310 Severance, C. A., quoted, VI, 367Seed, I, 406 368 Segovia, Canuto, II, 441 Severino, Lope P., X, 171, 175 Segui, Jose. II, 605 Segundo, Fidel V., biography, IX, Severino, Melecio, X, 167 Sevilla, C., quoted, I, 404 591-593 Sevilla de Alvero, Rosa L., quoted, Seilami, see Jolo Seismology, VII, 64-65 I, 413, 426; II, 109; biography, IX, 595-597 "Selecting Mangoes." IV, 411 Sevilla, Fortunato, X, 198 Selenka, Emil, VII, 398 Sevilla, Manuel, X, 159 Self-control, I, 406 Self-denial, I, 406 Sevilla, Mariano, quoted, I, 325, Self-esteem, I. 407 338, 354, 357, 429; II, 路114 Self-respect, I, 407 Sevilla, Victor, biography, IX, 597Selga, Miguel, VIT, 221; biogra598 phy, IX, 593-595: X, :i04 Sex education, I, 408 Selph, Ewald E., biography, IX, Shanghai, cablegram rates, X, 287 . 595 Shaw, William James, biography, Selys'-Longchamps, Edmond, VII, IX, 598-599 495 Sheep, III, 269-270, 282-283, 294Seminaries, conciliar, V. 47-52 295 Seminario Filipino, X, 347 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, quoted, II, Seminary of San Jose, its found160 ing, X, 343 Sherman. P. L., VII, 563 Shields, IV, 213 Sempan, Ramon, V, 614 Shipbuilding, III, 35, 36, 37; X, Semper, C., VII. 398, 494 256 Semper, Georg, VII, 494 Sempio, Felipa, II, 146 Shipping, foreign, III, 381-383; Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, VI, 41 domestic, 383-384 j foreign, Seneca, Manuel, X, 150 VI, 439-440; interisland, 44(' Sensational memorial of Isabelo de Shoe indu~try, X, 256 los Reyes of April 25, 1897, Shriver, A. K., VII, 370 its importance, X, 145 Siagu, II, 414 Senson, Francisco, X, 150 Siam, territory and population, X, September, calendar of events, X, 222; value of foreign money, 303 272 530

GENERAL INDEX Sian, J., VII, 165 Siapno, Isidoro, X, 184 Siayngco, Julio, X, 175 Sicam, Vicente, biography, IX, 599 Signals, typhoon, X, 410-413 Sikatuna, II, 414; VIII, 254; X, 362, 366 Silang, Diego, II, 273, 438; VIII, 211; rebellion, X, 17, 31, 368 Silay, municipality, X, 321 Silayan, Hilarion S., biography, IX, 599-600 Silence, I, 409 Silk industry, X, 255 Silliman, Horace B., X, 361 Silliman Institute, see Silliman University Silliman University, X, 361, 431 Silonga, II, 414 Silos, Jose, II, 417 Silos, Rosalio, II, 442 Silva, Fernando de, II, 489 Silva, Geronimo de, VIII, 84 Silva, Juan de, II, 488; reign, VIII, 81-83 Silver, VII, 602 Silverio, Tito, X, 175 Silvestre, Eugenio, II, 440 Silvestre, Sisenando, biography, IX, 600-601 Sima, Queen, I, 63; quoted, 359; II, 417 Sims, Edwin W., quoted, VI, 369 Simpao, Felino, I, 104 Sinamay, X, 367 Singian, Gregorio, VII, 317; biography, IX, 601-602 Singla, Ignacio B., V, 614 Singson Encarnacion, Vicente, III, 432-433; VII, 38; biography, IX, 602-603; X, 159, 162, 164, 167, 172 Sing:.'on, Pablo, II, 417-418 Singson, Pablo Vicente, X, 180 Singson Reyes, Pedro, X, 193, 198 Singzon, Esteban, X, 168, 173 Sinko, Luciano, X, 162 Sinsuat Balabaran, biography, IX, 603路604; X, 201 "Sinulog," IV, 80 Sioco, II, 605

Siochi, Pedro, biography, IX, 604605 Sionjue, Luis Perez, X, 308 Sipad, Rajah, V, 505, 512 Siquijor, municipality, X, 321 Siruela, Count de, V, 31 Sisiw, Joseng, X, 357 Sison, Agerico B. M., on medicine in the Philippines with special reference to diagnosis, VII, 277-282 Sison, Antonio G., on medicine in the Philippines with special reference to diagno~'is, VII, 277-282; biography, IX, 605 Sison, Eusebio V., X, 159, 180, 184, 188, 193 Sison, .Juan, II, 418 Sh.'on, Modesto, X, 171 Sison, Pedro Maria, biography, IX, 605; X, 167, 172 Sison, Teofilo, biography, IX, 606; X, 185, 189, 194, 204 Sisters of Charity, X, 39-40, 307, 309, 312, 363 Site, corner of General Luna and Calle Victoria, X, 305 Sixth Philippine Legislature, members, X, 176-180 Sixto, V., II, 605-606 "Skycraper," IV, 34 Slaves, classes, VI, 25-28, 31-32, 33 Smith, James Francis, life, II, 523524; quoted, VI, 250; VIII, 150; X, 351 Smith, Warren D., VII, 49; quoted, 62-63; on history of mining in the Philippines, 591599 Snedden, David, V, 178; quoted, 383-384 Soap manufacturing, X, 257 Sebral, Carlos, biography, IX, 607 Sobrepeiia, Enrique C., biography, IX, 607-608; X, 159, 429, 432 Social progress, VI, 422-437; women's activities, 422-427 Social Cancer, I, 410 Sociedad Economica de AmigoS! del Pais, X, 346 Society, Filipino women in, X, 84

531

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Society of Jesus, V, 20, 530, 549; VII, 71, 126, 136, 209, 283; X,39 Socorro, Juan, II, 150 Sogbu or Sugbu, see Cebu Soil, I, 410; and fertilizer, VII, 378-380; classification, mapping and survey, 561-565 Solano y Llanderal, Ramon Maria, II, 506; VIII, 127 Solar, X, 362 Solar Ibanez, Joaquin del, II, 508; VIII, 129, 130-131 Soldiers' Institute, X, 418, 425 Soler, Agustin, V, 21 Solid measure, X, 263 Solidum, Procopio, quoted, I, 373, 428 Soliman, Rajah, quoted, I, 388; life, II, 35-36, 283, 438; VIII, 74, 356; X, n, 344, 369 Soliman Francisco, X, 149 Solis, Simplicio, II, 418; IV, 164 Solis, Vicente, X, 167 Soliven, Benito, biog\aphy, IX, 608; X, 188, 201 Somakuel, Datu, X, 365 "Some Ruins," IV, 417 Somoza, Vicente, X, 152 Songs, I, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 69; Filipino folk, IV, 133-136; passion, 140-141; palimos, 141; kundiman, 141, 142; bayuhan, 143 Sonnerat, Pierre, II, 606; VII, 480 Sons of San Ignacio de Loyola, V, 64 Sons of the People, rules of the as'sociation, X, 135-137 Sora, Tandang, II, 418-419 Sorcerers, supernatural beings and. X, 95 Soria, V, 30 Soriano, Andres, III, 443-445; biography, IX, 608-609 Soriano, Antero, X, 172, 176, 184 Soriano, Francisco, X, 162, 173, 177 Soriano, Paz, II; 178 Sorrow, I, 410 Sorsogon, history, VIII, 451-452; geography, 452-453; lnunici532

palities, 454 ; statistics, 454 ; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284; municipality, 321, 361 Soto, ,Juan Crisostomo ( Crissot) , I, 102; X, 352, 357 Sotomayor y Mansilla, Franci:lco, VIII, 94 Sotto, Filemon, biography, IX, 609610; X, 159, 162, 164, 167, 168, 173 Sotto, Vicente, I, 100, 110; biography, IX, 610-611; X, 159, 180 Soul, I, 411; immortality, X, 92 Soursop, HI, 233-235 Sousa, John Philip, IV, 149 South Carolina, cablegram rates, X, 287 South Dakota, cablegram rates, X, 286 South Manchuria, cablegram i'ates, X, 287 Spain, value of foreign money, X, 272, 334; commerce with, 416 "Spain and the Philippines," IV, 259 Spallanzani, VII, 369 Spanish-American Postal Union, postal rates and conditions, X, 279-281 Spanish-American War, declaration, VIII, 144 Spanish Constitution, X, 346 Spanish Cortes, beginning of Filipino representation, X, 17, 347 Spanislh education, V, 19-121 Spanish-Filipino Association, VIII. 139 Spanish Literature, I, 90, 411; governors, II, 484-513 Spanish Penal Code, X, 18 Spanish, pre-Philippine~, VI, 329; specimens, list of scientific, VII, 88-92; regime, organizations and institutions during, 125-132; hydrographic commissions of 1834, 228; navy, VIII, 111; constitution of 1812, 114 Spanish rule, purpose, V, 575-576

GENERAL INDEX Spanish weights and measures, X, 266 Special delivery, postal rates and conditions, X, 282 Spielbergen, (or Spielberg), Admiral, VIII, 83, 479, 480; X, 343 Spooner amendment, Vlll, 149 Sports, X, 381-409 Spots, beauty, X, 299-316 Spring, I, 412 Springer, Roy Stanley, biography, IX, 611-612 Springs, thermal in the Philippines, VII, 197-208; distribution, 198; table showing thermal, 199-201; table showing hot springs in the Philippinel'l whose temperature are decreasing, 203 Square measure, X, 262 St. Clair, George, I~ 73; quoted, II, 165 St. Luke's Hospital, VII, 150; X, 359 St. Mark, X, 324 St. Matthew, quoted, X, 324, 326, 327 St. Patrick, X, 330 St. Paul, quoted, X, 324; testimony, 327 St. Paul's Bay, X, 314 St. Paul's Hospital, VII, 149; X, 359 Stagg Samuel W., biography, IX, 612; X, 428 Stal, Carl, VII, 494 Staudinger, Otto, VII, 495 Stanley, Henry E. J., I, 123; II, 606 Stanton, William A., VII, 192, 500 Starch industry, X, 257 State, Council of, revolutionary government of Biak-na-Bato, X,149 Statesmanship, I, 412 Statistics, importance, III, 101 ; on Philippine, 101-102; on sugar, 129-130, 138-139; on sugar centrals, 131-133; on ;.'Ugar cane, 134-137; on palay, 140-142; on coconut, 143148; on corn, 149-151; on aba-

ca, 152-154; on maguey, 155157; on tobacco, 158-160; on cacao, 161-163; on coffee, 164166; cassava, 167-169; gabi, 170-172; Irish potatoes, 173175; sweet potatoes, 176-178' tugui, 179-181; ubi, 182-184; beans, 185-187; cabbage, 188190; eggplant, 191-193; mongo, 194-196; radliish, 197-199; tomatoes, 200-202; mandarin, 203-205; orange, 206-208; pummelo, 209-211 ; banana 212-214; chico, 215-217; cus~ tardapple, 218-220; lanzones, 221-223; mango, 224-226; papaya, 227-229; pineapple, 230-232; soursop, 233-235 ; sugarapple, 236-238; peanut, 239-241; pili nut, 242-244; castor bean, 245-247; cotton, 248-250; forage grass, 251253; kapok, 254-256; lumbang, 257-259; rubber, 260-262; rainfall, 263-264; prices, 265-268; livestock population, 271; carabaos, 272-273, 284-285; cattle, 274-275, 286-287; horseS', 276-277, 288-289; hogs, 278, 290-291; goats, 280-281, 292293; sheep, 282-283, 294-295; on forestry, 303-307; manufacturing, 308-314; mining, 315-323; vital, VII, 270 Steamer, first arrivals in Manila, X, 17 "Steamship 'Buenaventura,'" IV, 355 Steamship, establishment of lines, X, 349 Steck, Friederick, VII, 385 :Steele, James, biography, IX, 612614; X, 355 Steere, J. B., VII, .187 Steiger, G. Nye, X, 63 Stephenson, George, VII, 183 Stevenot, J. E. H., III, 447-449; IX, 614-617 Stimson, Henry L., life, II, 531533; quoted, VI, 251; VII, 188; VIII, 153; X, 357 Stone Age, VIII, 21-29, 31-32 533

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Stone, building and ornamental, VII, 613 Stotsenburg, John M., II, 606 Straits Settlements, value of foreign money, X, 272 Stranger, I, 412 Street, oldest in the Philippines, X, 315, 342 Street, Thomas, II, 181 Strong, RictJ.ard P., VII, 47, 108, 109, 110, 188, 399, 516 Struggle, I, 412 Students, I, 412 Stuntz, H. C., quoted, V, 584, 587, 590 Style, I, 413 Suazo, Arsenio, X, 184 Subic, municipality, X, 321 "Sublime Paralytic," II, 98, 244 Subterranean river, X, 314 "Suburban Scene/' IV, 321 Success, I, 413 Sucgang, T., painting, IV, 355, 357 Suess, Franz, VII, 232.

Suez Canal, opening, V, 576; VII, 187, 348; VIII, 132 Suffragan bishops, first arrival, X, 343 Suffrage, I, 413 Sugar, III, 92; cane, 127; produc路路 tion, 129; exports, 130; apple, 236-238; industry, VII, 22, 620 Sugar cenh'al, first successful, X, 355 Sugbu or Sogbu, see Cebu Sukgang, Gabino, II, 441 Suleiman, Mahomet Ben, quoted, I, 357; II, 419 Sulit, Pedro, II, 163 Sulphur, VII, 611 Sultan of Sulu, his royal seat, X, 315 Sulu, rise and prosperity, V, 603517; before I Eilam, 503-509; rise of Mohammedan dynasty, 509-513; establishment of Mohammedan church, 513-517; history, VIII, 456-458; geography, 458-461; municipalities and municipal districts, 461;

statistics, 461-462; islands adjacent, X, 212; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284; royal seat of Sultan, 315, 362 "Sulu's Tribute to Minda Mora," IV, 445 SumbilIo, Benito, X, 433 Sumoroy, rebellion, VIII, 90, 351, 446; X, 17, 31 Sumulong, Juan, quoted, I, 325, 364, 372, 400; II, 238; X, 181, 185, 194 Sundulin, Geronimo, II, 419 Sunico, Hilario, X, 305 Suntay, Angel, biography, IX, 619; X, 188 Sufier, Teodulfo, biography, IX, 619; X, 159, 189 Sufiga, Genaro, I, 104 Superstitions, I, 414; and magic, X, 94; beliefs, 95 Supplement, X, 435-439 Sqpreme Court, organization, VIII, 533; first chief justice, X, 351; first case filed, 361 "Sur UHerbe," IV, 433 Surban, Jesus B., X, 159 Surface measures, X, 265 Surgery, development in the Philippines, VII, 323-333; old era, 323-329; Filipino or Revolutionary era, 329; new era, 329331; anesthesia, 324; antisepsis and asepsis, 324-326; hizarre concepts and practices, 326-327; improvis<ed operatic rooms, 328; further development, 332-333 Surigao, history, VIII, 463-465; geography, .465-467; rnUTIlClpalities and municipal districts, 467; statistics, 468; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284; municipality, 321, 373 Surtida, Jose, X, 198 Suruzealegui y Arriola, Gabriel de, II, 492-493; reign, VIII, 95 Survey, Spanish, VII, 227; British, 229-230 Surveyor's measures, X, 262

534

GENERAL INDEX Suyoc Consolidated Mining Co., X, 237; brief, 238 Suzara, Venancia, II, 419-420 Sweden, value of foreign money, X, 272 Swedenborg, V, 598 Sweet potatoes, III, 127-128, 176178 Swine, III, 271 Switzerland, value of foreign money, X, 272 Sy Cip, Albino Z., III, 446-447; biography, IX, 619-620 Sy Cip, Alfonso Z., biography, IX, 620-621 Sydney, X, 334 Sykes, Edmund, X, 309 Sylvester, A. T., on public wOJ:ks in Philippines, VII, 567-583 Symbolizing, the jsland of Luzon, IV, 341; Visayan Islands, 343; Mindanao, 345 Sympathy, I, 414 Symphony, I, 415 System, judicial, X, 89; indemnity, 283; monetary, 349 T Taal, X, 321, 366 Taal Lake, X, 313 Taal Volcano, eruption, VIII, 151, 248 Tabaco, municipality, X, 321 Tabamo, Simeon, X, 433 Tabao, Pedro, X, 363 Tabora, J nan Nifio de, II, 489 ; VIII, 85-86 Tabunaway, V, 489, 493 Tabufiar, Gabino, biography, IX, 621-623 Tacloban, municipality, X, 321, 369 Taes, Esteban, II, 420, 438 Taft, Alphonse, II, 518 Taft, William Howard, II, 290; life, 518-521; works, 520; quoted, V, 542; Commission, quoted, 580; VI, 247, 248, 250, 251, 332-333, 354, 368-369, 519; VII, 188; VIII, 148-149; visit, 149; X, 18, 31, 350, 353

Tagal, II, 420; VIII, 87; X, 374 Taga-llog, X, 378 Tagalog, language, I, 58; literacy, 58; origin, 72-73; works on, '74-99; alphabet, 76 Tagawa, M., II, 606; VII, 587 Tagle, Pedro Perez de, II, 213 Taifio, Severino, II, 450; X, 150 Tait, George K., biography, IX, 623; X, 201 Tait, Steward, biography, IX, 623624 Talaghay, Diego, I, 128; II, 29 Talavera, Florencio, VII, 401 Talavera, Gregorio, X, 167 Talib, Abu, V, 476 "Talim Island," IV, 403 Talisay, municipality, X, 321 Tamayo, Serapio, quoted, I, 400; V, 310; on Philippine religion, 539; biography, IX, 624-625 Tamblot, Babaylan, I, 67; quoted, 402; II, 439; VIII, 254; rebellion, X, 31, 366 Tambuatco, Domingo, biography, IX, 625-626 Tamesis, Florencio, quoted, I, 418 ; on development of forel,!try in the Philippines, VII, 529-540; on mine~ and minerals, 600.613; biography, IX, 626-627 Tamisier, Mlle. Emilie, X, 332, 333 Tampingco, Isabelo, II, 278, 420; sculptural works, IV, 459, 461, 463, 465; X, 306 Tan, Antolin, biography, IX, 627628; X, 198, 201 Tan, Carlos S., X, 180, 193, 198 Tan, Dominador, biography, IX, 628; X, 198, 201 Tan, Vidal A., I, 104; quoted, 340; biography, IX, 628 Tanauan, municipality, X, 321 Tancinco, Tiburcio, X, 189, 193 Tanco, Arturo V., biography, IX, 628-629 Tanda de Valse, II, 171 Tandang Sora, X, 31 (see Aquino, Melchora) Tandaya, X, 361 Tanjay, municipality, X, 321 Tanning industry, X, 257

535

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Tanopo, Numeriano M., X, 159 Tapales, Isang, IV, 157 Tapales, Ramon, IV, 157 "Tapis," IV, 77 Tarlac, history, VIII, 469-470; geography, 471-472; m.unicipalities, 472; statistics, 472473; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284; municipality, 322, 372, 373 Tam, Esteban, II, 421 Taufer, II, 54 Taupan, Tabujur, X, 189 Tavera, Joaquin Pardo-de, II, 421 Tavera, Paz Pardo de, II, 132 Tavera, Trinidad H. Pardo de, I, 91, 110, 119; quoted, 124, 130; on Filipino prose and poetry, 217-233; quoted, 323, 327, 329, 332, 337, 340, 841, 345, 353, 376, 378, 387, 394, 398, 399, 402, 404, 405, 414; II, 52, 84, 109, 248, 284; life, 289-291, 310; III, 88; quoted, IV, 25, 31; V, 78-79, 81, 465, 466; VI, 354, VI, 46, 60, 63-64, 182, 187, 253, 256, 257, 387, 424; VIII, 30; X, 31, 152, 343, 352, 359 ' Tax, creation of provincial, X, 349 Taxation, VI, 469; reformed system, VIII, 138 Tayabas, history, VIII, 474-475; geography, .175路477; :municipalities, 477; statistics, 路177478; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 373 Tayko, Felipe, X, 171 Taytay, municipality, X, 322, 363, 371 Ta-yuan, Wang, quoted, VI, 17 Tayug, municipality, X, 322 Tayzon, Antonio, VII, 33, 34 Teacher, ancient Filipino concep路 tion, X, 121; duties, 121 Teachers, I, 230, 415; table showing number, VI, 387; table showing salaries of Filipino, 390-391; attainments of Filipino, 391; Pension Law, VIII, ,1 53 536

Teaching, I, 415; efficiency, VI, 391-392 TecS'On, Juan, VII, 33 Tecson, Pablo, II, 451; X, 167 Tecson, T., quoted, I, 362 Tee Han Kee, biography, IX, 62S631 Tejengko, Esteban, II, 451 Tejeros Assembly, minutes on proceedings, its importance, X, 145 Tektites, Philippine, VII, 232-239; and their origin, 232-233; Indo-China, 234; Java, 234; Rizalites, 234; other finds, 234, 235; relation to earthly geology, 236-237; folklore, 237239 Telegrams, schedule of domestic, X, 284-285 Telegraph, opening of lines, X, 349 Telegraph zone rates, schedule, X, 284-285 Telegraphic transfer, fees, X, 282 Telephone S'ystem, X, 350 Teller Resolution, VI, 487 Tellez, Cristobal, VIII, 81 Tello, Francisco, V, 20; VII, 53, 127; VIII, 79 Temperament, Filipino, IV, 84, 85 Tennessee, cablegram rates, X, 286 Tenteng, II, 421 Tenth Philippine Legislature, members, X, 194-198 Teodoro, A. R., quoted, I, 323 Teodoro, Basilio, X, 151 Teodoro, Donato, II, 155 Teodoro, Jose, quoted, I, 416 Teodoro, N. G., quoted, I, 316 Teodoro, Toribio M., quoted, I, 321; III, 424-426; biography, IX, 631-633; X, 425 Teotico, J. R., quoted, I, 410 Terencio, Manuel, X, 180 Terentius Afer, Plubius (or Terenee), XI, 41 Terraces, Ifugao rice, X, 313 Terrero y Perinat, Emilio, II, 511; VIII, 137-138

GENERAL INDEX Territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines, constitutionally defined, X, 206 Territorial limits of the Philippines, X, 213 Territory and population of the Philippines, X, 205-226 Teves, Pedro, X, 175 Texas, cablegram rates, X, 286 Textiles, VII, 615-616; factories, X, 258 "That which is inundated," X, 362 The Advance, X, 432 "The Ancient of Days," X, 115 "The Barangay," X, 115 The Bounding Billow, X, 356 The Corne?'stone of Philippine Independence, X, 351 The Restless Pacific, X, 43 "The Violinist," IV, 275 Theaters, IV, 80-81: "There are Noblemen there," X, 311 Thinking, I, 416 Third Order of Franciscans Church, X,310 Third Philippine Assembly, members, X, 165-167 Thirty most important documents on the Philippine Revolution, X, 145-148 Thirty-third International Eucharh.tic Congress, X,' 323-333, 363 Thoburn, James M., quoted, V, 584-585; X, 518, 425, 426, 427 Thoma, Frank de, VII, 63 Thrift, I, 416 "Through Peace and Liberty," IV, 277 Tiambeng, Juana, II, 164 Tidal waves, VII, 224-225 Tidulay, Dundong, V, 497 "Tiffin Out in the Country," IV, 281 Tiki-tiki, X, 352 Tila Pass, II, 154, 158; VIII, 146, 148; battle, 383; X, 345, 353, 370 Tile and brick manufacturing, X, 258 Timawa, origin, VI, 24

Time, ancient Filipino system of reckoning, X, 111; measure, 264 Tinguian, belief, I, 42-43 Tinio, Manuel, II, 421, 451; VIII, 346; X, 150 Tionko, Eusebio, X, 171, 176 Tirad, see Tila Pass Tirador, Federico R., X, 180, 198 Tirol, Jose, X, 167 Tirona-Benitez, Francisca, biography, IX, 634; X, 358 Tirona, Candido, II, 451 Tirona, Daniel, II, 422; VIII, 271; X, 365 Tirona, Emiliano T., I, 98; quoted, 407; biography, IX, 633-634; X, 164, 171, 176, 181, 193 Tirona, R. S., quoted, I, 394, 422, 426 Titles, land adjudication, VI, 381, .

382; table of decrees issued, 383; decrees issued, 384 "To Si~ter Rosario," IV, 289 Topacco monopoly, III, 84, 128, 158-160; VII, 78, 522, 619; VIII, 136; X, 368 Tuguegarao, diocese, X, 35; municipality, 322 Toil, I, 417 Tolentino, Aurelio, I, 97, 103; II, 422; X, 357 Tolentino, Mariano, VII, 317 Tolentino, Fulgencio, quoted, I, 347; II, 422 Tolentino, Guillermo E., quoted, I, 317, 383; IV, 485, 487, 489, 491, 493, 495; biography, IX, 634-636 Tolentino, Zoilo, biography, IX, 636 Tolerance, I, 417 Tomato, III, 200-202 Tongco, .luan, X, 153 Tonnage measure, X, 264 Tonsino, Pedro, VIII, 86 Todd, Albel"t, quoted, V, 126, 141 Topacio, Eugenio, X, 150 Topacio, Licerio, X, 150 Topacio, Teodulo, on animal pests and diseases in the Philippines, VII, 342-346

537

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Torralba, Fermin, X, 180, 184 Torralba, Jose, VIII, 98; X, 345 Torralba, Juan S., biography, IX, 636-637; X, 190, 195, 201 Torre, Bernardo de la, X, 373 Torre, Carlos Ma. de la, II, 271, 509; V, 576-577; VIII, 132; X, 349 Torre, Francisco Javier de la, II, 497; VIII, 107; X, 345 Torre, Gaspar de la, II, 495; V, 558; reign, VIII, 102, 415; X" 310 Torre, Joseph de la, quoted, VII, 252-203 Torrens, VI, 367 Torres, Antonio, biography, IX, 637 Torres, Bernardo, X, 189 Torres, Florentino, II, 249; life, 293-294 Torres, Gabriel de, II, 194; VIII, 118 Torres, hidro, VIII, 2G7; X, 150, 151 Torres, Jose, II, 606; VII, 65; X, 360 Torres, Luis P., quoted, I, 364; biography, IX, 637-638 Torres, Ramon, I, 92, 93; biography, IX, 638; X, 184, 193, 198, 202 Torres Torralba, Felipe, II, 425 Total area of the Philippines, X, 211 Toulouse, X, 333 Tournay, X, 334 Townsend, F., X, 364 Trade, at time of discovery and conquest, III, 58-69; barter, 59; with China, 65-66; with Borneo, 67; restriction, 70-82; rivalry, 70, 73, 74, 75; prohi路. bition decrees, 72; ManilaAcapulco, 78-81; facts and figures, 336-380; oversea, 336337; imports, 338-351, 367372; export~, 352-365, 367-372; galleon suppression, VIII, 115; ancient Filipino foreign, X, 108; ancient Filipino domestic, 109

Training, I, 417 Traits, I, 418 Tramway, first line, X, 355; first electric, 355 Transfer, telegraphic, fees charged for, X, 282 Transportation. facts and figures on, Ill, 381-400; foreign shipping, 381-383; domestic shipping, 383-384; roads and bridges, 385-391; motor vehicles, 391-397, 455-470; periods, 455462; kinds, 462-470 Transylvanus (or Transylvano), l\faximilianus, I, 121 ; VIII, 180, 499; X, 499 Trasera, Domingo, II, 243 Travel, value, I, 282-283; ancient Filipino conception, X, 116; in the Philippines, X, 299-316 Treason, I, 418 Treaty, November 7, 1900, quoted, X, 207; between United States and Great Britain, January 2, 1930, 207-210; of Paris, 210, 350 Treaty of Paris, signing, X, 18; article X, 44; article III, quoted, 206, 210 Treaty of Tordesil1a~, VIII, 70, 494 Trees, I, 418 Trelease, Sam F., VII, 188 Trent, Council of, V, 632 Trefias, Potenciano, X, 195 Trepp, Adreas, biography, IX, 638639 Trial by ordeals, X, 90 Trias, Mariano, II, 246, 425, 451; X, 149, 152 Tribes, non-Christian, VI, 280-283, 454-462; table showing progress, 457; help, 467 Tribunal of Commerce, X, 347 "Triclinium," IV, 258 Trinidad, Pio, II, 425 Trinidad, Venancio, biography, IX, 639 Trinidad, Wenceslao, VII, 38, 564; biography, IX, 640 Troy weight, X, 261 Truth, I, 418

538

GENERALIN;DEX Tuam, Ulay, II, 425-426 Tuambacan, Gabriel, II, 426 Tuano, Roque, II, 607 Tuason, Ciriaco, quoted, I, 321; III, 435-437; biography, IX, 641-642 Tuason, J., I, 99; II, 426 Tuason, Jose, X, 151 Tua~'On, Juan, X, 151 Tuason, Pedl'o, biography, IX, 643 Tubangui, Marcos, on biological products manufactured by the government, VII, 320-322 Tucker, Andres, X, 433 Tugui, III, 179-181 Tumaneng, Tiburcio, biography, IX, 643 Tumbokon, Rafael, biography, IX, 643-644; X, 198, 201 Tupas, quoted, I, 333; life, II, 3132, 439; V, 529; X, 31, 344, 363 Tupas, Isabelo, biography, IX, 644 Tupas, Jose, X, 164 Turczaninow, N., VII, 485 Turkey, value of foreign money, X, 272 Turla, Bernardo, X, 433 Turner, Everett Stanton, biography, IX, 644-645 Tutuban, X, 309 Tutuila, postal rates and conditions, X, 277, 278 Twa, Raja, V, 500 Tydings-McDuffie Law, VI, 171189; VIII, 154, 155; X, 19, 354 Tylor, Edward B., quoted, X, 71 Typhoon, origin of majority of Philippine, VII, 218-219; Ceo bu, VIII, 151; signals, X, 410413

u Ubal, Datu, quoted, I, 423; II, 426 Ubaldo, Mateo Gutierrez, X, 151 Ubi, III, 182-184 Ugalde, Lorenzo de Orella, II, 607 Ugalingan Piang, X, 180 Ugarte, Lorenzo de, VIII, 89 539

Uichanco, Leopoldo B., on the Philippines in the world of science, VII, 178-192; on a historical resume of Philippine entomology, 493-502; biography, IX, 645 Uichanco, Ursula B., biography, IX, 645-646 Uichanco, Virginia B., VII, 390 Ultimo Adios, X, 68; where written, 304. 378 Unamuno, Miguel de, quoted, II, 58-60 Unconquered, I, 419 "Undersetanding unto the obedience of Christ," X, 324 Union, I, 419 Union College of Manila, X, 427, 431 Union Obrera Democratica, V, 615616 Union of South Africa, value of foreign money, X, 273 Union of Soviet Republics, value of foreign money, X, 273 Union Theological Seminary, V, 637; catalog, quoted, 637; courses leading to Bachelor of Theology, 638-639; X, 422, 426, 427, 431 Unisan, X, 373 United Evangelical Church of the Philippines, X, 418, 429-432 United Kingdom, see Great Britain United Paracale Mining Co., X, 237; its brief history, 240 United States, representation in the Philippines, X, 204; Arm.v, Philippine department, 204; Navy, Philippine department, 204; air mail, postal rates and conditions, 282; arsenal, 313; scene of Eucharistic Congress, 334; commerce with, 416 Unity, I, 420 Universidad de San Ignacio, X, 305 University, and students, I, 235; training, 257; medical science, VII, 71-73, 78, 125; scientific research in, 115-120, 142-146; colleges, 142-148; rea~'Ons for

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES the slow progress in the department of chemistry, 356; contributions to the progress of chemistry in the Philippines from the department of chemistry, 357-361; table on enrollment, VI, 385, 392; attendance, 392-393; table showing degrees granted, 394-395; table showing faculty, 396, 470; charter, V, 238-245 UniverS'ity of Manila, VII, 145146; X, 358 University of Santo Tomas, II, 44; IV, 531; brief history, X, 305 University of the Philippines, I, 316; V. 268; establishment, VIII, 148; creation, 150; X, 351, 354 Un son, Miguel, biography, IX, 646 Untivero, Mariano, X, 198 Uprising, Chinese, X, 310, 311 Urbiztondo y Equia, Antonio de, II, 504-505; VIII, 123-124, 457 Urdaneta, municipality, X, 322 U rdaneta, Andres de, II, 607; \,..

VIII, 73, 399; X, 41; monument, 304, 367 Urduja, X, 31, 344 Urgello, Vicente, X, 171, 176 Urquico, Jose V., biography, IX, 646-647 Urquico, Manuel, biography, IX, 647-648 Urquiola, Jose A., X, 176 Uruguay, value of foreign money, X, 273 Urzua y Arismendi, Martin de, II, 493-494; VIII, 98; X, 345 Uses of protectionism, X, 295 Utah, cablegram rates, X, 286 Uy, Jot'e A., biography, IX, 648649; X, 193, 198

v Vaccination, introduction of smallpox, VII, 80-83; X, 360 Valderra;ma, Manuel Blanco, II, 510; VIII, 134 Valderrasa Nicasio, biography, IX, 649

Valdes, Basilio J., biography, IX, 649-650 Valdes, Cornelio N., II, 427 Valdes, Emiliano J., biography, IX, 650 Valdes y Tamon, Fernando, II, 495; reign, VIII, 101-102; X, 306, 375 Valdes, Julian, VII, 501 Valdes Liong'Son, Pedro, biography, IX, 651; X, 180, 184 Valdes, Miguel Gomez, VIII, 104 Valdes, Ramon, II, 427 Valdes, Salvador, II, 506; reign, VIII, 128 Valdes-Ventura, Maria, II, 427 Valdivia, Francisco de Campos, VIII, 95 Valencia, Domingo de, II, 189, 427-428 Valencia, Jose de, VII, 59, 61, 251, 426, 476 Valenciano, Jose S., X, 193 Valenzuela, Cipriano, II, 428 Valenzuela, Fernando de, VIII, 9495 Valenzuela, J. Z., I, 112 Valenzuela, Maximo, X, 433 Valenzuela, Patrocinio, on National Research Council of the Philippine Island~, VII, 3144; on pharmaceutical research in the Philippines, 385-390; biography, IX, 651652 Valenzuela, Pio, II, 54, 428; VII, 258 Valenzuela, Sancho, II, 440 Valera, Juan, I, 97 Valera, Leocadio, VIII, 212 Valera, Wenceslao, X, 171 Vales, Jose, X, 153 V alladar, Francisco de P., quoted, IV, 66-67 Valladolid, municipality, X, 322 Valle, Hubert del, biography, IX, 652 Valle, Jose Ma. del, X, 164 Vallejo, Ernesto, IV, 157; biography, IX, 652-653 Val monte, Engracio, I, 98

540

GENERAL INDEX Values of foreign moneys, X, 268273 Vamenta, Isidro, X, 189, 193 Vancouver, cablegram rates, X, 287 Van Noort, Oliver, II, 608; quoted, IV, 241; VIII, 80, 237 Vargas, Jorge B., VII, 38; biography, IX, 653-655; X, 203; on athletics in the Philippines, 386 Vargas, Tomas, X, 180 Varona, Francisco, I, 93, 98; biography, IX, 655-656; X, 189, 193, 198 Vase, Moro brass, IV, 221 Vasquez Prada, Enrique, biography, IX, 656-658 Vasquez, Jose M., biography, IX, 656 Vater Unse1', X, 332 Vazques de Aldana, Antonio, II, 608 Vazques de Mercado, Diego, II, 608 Vazquez, Miguel, VIII, 67; X, 360 Vedder, Edward B., VII, 188 Vega, Francisco de, VII, 67 Vega, Juan de, VIII, 463 Vegetable fat manufacturing, X, 258 Velarde, Aguedo, X, 151, 162, 167 Velarde, Pedro Murillo, II, 291, 609; quoted, IV, 242; VIl, 69'7 0; X, 360 Velasco, F., VII, 291, 292 Velasco, Jose G., X, 159 Velazques, Alonso, II, 609 Velazques, Raymundo, II, 609 Velez, Teogenes, X, 184 Veloso, Jose Ma., biography, IX, 658; X, 168, 180, 181, 186, 190, 195, 201 Veloso, Juan, X, 184 Veloso, Manuel, X, 171 Venegas, VIII, 89 Venezuela, value of foreign money, X,273 Ventanilla, Juan, biography, IX, 658路659; X, 159 Ventura, Francisco R, biography, IX, 659-660; X, 159

Ventura, Honorio, biography, IX, 660-661 Ventura, M., quoted, I, 387; II, 429 Ventura, Sor Asuncion, II, 428; X, 309, 359 Venturrillo, Manuel H., VI, 37, 56 Ver, Anastacio Q., biography, IX, 661-663 Vera, Alejo, II, 132 Vera, Honorato de, II, 429 Vera y Gomez, Jose de, VII, 138 Vera, JO>"e 0., biography, IX, 663; X, 171, 181, 185, 194 Vera, Juan de, I, 125; II, 29 Vera, Melchor de, II, 429, 609; VIII, 87, 425 Vera, Pedro, quoted, I, 371; biography, IX, 664-665; X, 7, 189, 193, 201 Vera, Pedro de, I, 115 Vera, Santiago de, II, 485; V, 20; reign, VIII, 76-77; X, 343 Vera, Vicente de, biography, IX, 665; X, 162, 172, 177 Verastegui, Pedro de Almonte, II, 609 Verbeek, VII, 232 Vergara, X, 368 Vergara, Jose de, quoted, I, 318; II, 429 Vergara, Nicolas S., biography, IX, 665-666 Verge, Bishop de la, X, 333 Veridiano, Regino, biography, IX, 666; X, 201 Vermont, cablegram rates, X, 287 Vernacular, works, I, 74, 75, 96, 100 Verzosa, Alfredo, quoted, I, 325; biography, IX, 666-667; X, 35, 338 Verzosa, Mauro, biography, IX, 667; X, 171, 201 Verzosa, Tolentino, X, 180 Veterans, I, 422; of the Revolution, IV, 537 Veterinarians, courses studied, VII, 336 VeYl'a, Fortunato de, biogr~iphy, IX, 667-668

541

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Veyra, Jaime C. de, I, 27, 92, 110; quoted, II, 268; biography, IX, 668-669; X, 162, 164, 304 Veyra, Sofia R., biography, IX, 669-670 Vicente-Cosin, J. B., biography, IX, 670-671 Vicentians, X, 306 Vickers, James C., biography, IX, 671 Victoria, VIII, 71 Victoria, cablegram rates, X, 287 Victoria, municipality, X, 322 Victoria Night School, X, 312 Victorino, Leodegario, biography, IX, 671-672 Vidal y Soler, Domingo, II, 610 Vidal, Montero Jose, VII, 398 Vidal y Soler, Sebastian, U, 610; VII, 60, 61, 128, 479, 484, 485, 487, 529; X, 36,0 Vienna, X, 334 Vigan, municipality, X, 332; foundation, 343, 368 Vigil, Martinez, VII, 59 Vigil, Roman Rodriguez, II, 123 Vilar, Rafael R., X, 180 Villa, Ines, quoted, I, 348, 395; biography, IX, 672 Villa, Jose Garcia, I, 93, 94; on Mir-i-Nisa, 292-301; biography, IX, 672 Villa, Pancho, X, 342 Villa, Silvestre, X, 193 Villaceran, Maria Francisco de, quoted, I, 358; II, 429 Villafranca, Faustino, II, 429-430 Villafuerte, Mariano E., X, 189, 193 Villagonzalo, Juan, I, 100; II, 430 Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de, II, 610; V, 519; VIII, 72, 216, 463, 496-500; X, 41, 362, 373 Villamin, Vicente, biography, IX, 673 Villamor, BIas, VIII, 212; biography, IX, 673; X, 159 Villamor, Cayetano M., I, 100 Villam.or, Flcrrencio, II, 295 Villamor Hall, front, IV, 525 Villamor, Ignacio, I, 92, 100; quoted, 316, 330, 406, 413, 421; II,

179, 205; life, 295-297; works, 295; X, 151 Villamor, Juan, biography, IX, 673-674; X, 162, 164 Villanueva, Enrique C., X, 184, 189 Villanueva, Esteba,n, II, 430 Villanueva, Fidel, X, 189, 193 Villanueva, Francisco, X, 164, 167, 168 Villanueva, Guillermo Z., biography, IX, 674-675; X, 180, 184, 189, 193, 198, 201 Villanueva, Hermenegildo, biography, IX, 675; X, 159, 164, 167, 172, '177, 181, 186 Villanueva, Mariano, X, 189 Villanueva, Pura, quoted, I, 336, 372, 386 Villanueva, Rafael, X, 180 Villar, Celestino Fernandez, VII, 428, 477 Villarama, Antonio, biography, IX, 675; X, 159, 201 Villa-Real, Antonio, biography, IX, 676-677; X, 203 Villareal, Ceferino M., biography, IX, 676; X, 167 Villareal, Cornelio T., X, 159 Villareal, Luis, II, 444 Villareal, Pedro Zacarias, VIII, 105 Villaruel, Faustino, II, 444 Villaruel, Rosario, biography, IX, 677; X, 342 Villarruz, Rufino, II, 196 Villasis, municipality, X, 322 Villegas, Juan, quoted, V, 534-535 Villegas, Restituto, X, 171, 176 Villorente, Francisco, II, 441 Viniegra, Wencesllao, X, 149 Vinzons, Wenceslao Q., X, 159 Vina, Jose M. de la, X, 151 Viola, Escolastico, X, 149 Viola, Lino, X, 149 Viola, Maximo, II, 47, 462 Virac, municipality, X, 322 Virata, Emilio P., X, 176 Virchow, Rudolf, II, 610, 612; V, 467 Virgen de Antipolo, see Nuestra Senora de la Paz y Buen Viaje

542

GENERAL INDEX Virgin Islands, postal rates and Wares, Chinese, VIII, 42-52; -early conditions, X, 277, 278 monochromes, 43-46; late monVirginia, cablegram rates, X, 287 ochromes, 46-47; early Ming Virrey, Melchor, II, 93, 94, 244 blue and white, 47; middle Viney, Sebastian, II, 94 Ming blue and white, 47; late Virtudes, Juan, X, 167 16th century blue and white, Virtue, I, 422; ancient Filipino 47-49; early polychrome, 49; meaning, X, 125 â&#x20AC;˘ later polychrome, -19-50; GaVisayan, see Bisayan wankhalok Indo-China, 52-59; Visayas, what to see, 'X, 314-315; monochrome group, 55-57; unorigin of word, 365 derglazed decorated, 57-59; Vi;.'caira, Casimiro, X, 150 polychrome decoration 59; inVision, I, 422 termediate, of uncertain oriVitamins, relation to beriberi, VII, gin, 60-61 516; and mineral contents of Warne, Frank, X, 427 common Philippine foodstuffs, Warren, J., II, 271 516 "Washing Clothes," IV, 329 Viterbo, A., quoted, I, 366 Washington, cablegram rates, X, Vito, Jose Lopez, biography, IX, 286 677 Washington Conference, VI, 321Vivero, Juan de, II, 612 322 Vivero, Rodrigo de, II, 487-488; Watch-tower, oldest, X, 315 VIII, 81 Watchword, I, 424 Vocabulary, first Pampango, X, Water classification of thermal, 343' first Pampango-English, viI, 204-205; radioactivity of 343: best Tagalog-Spanish, Philippine thermal, 206; ra343; first Bicol, 343; first Bidioactivity of Philippine nonsayan, 356 thermal, 207; power developVow, I, 423 ment, 621-622; aerated, X, Voyage A?'ound the Wo7'ld, X, 356 247; potable, 360 Vrau, Mlle. Thilibert, X, 333 Watering Place of Good Signs, X, 362 W Waterworks, construction, X, 349 Wade, Windsor H., biography, IX, Waves, tidal, VII, 224-225 Weakness, I, 4.24 677-678 Wealth, I, 424 Waldstein, quoted, IV, 165 Wearing apparel, Filipino, IV, 75Waling-waling, X, 316, 361 79; foreign influence, 75 Walker, Herbert S., VII, 48, 562 Weather Bureau, VII, 136, 152, Walled City, X, 304, 312 185 209, 210; introduction of Wans y Merino, Manuel, II, 612; map, 210-211; difficult task of IV, kundiman, 142; VIII, 179 forecaster, 219 Walton, William, V, 562 Weaving, III, 47-48; IV, 171 Wan Li, VIII, 47, 49 Webb, Alexander, S., quoted, VII, Wandering Jew, II, 68 32-33 War, I, 423; outbreak of Filipino- Weber, Carl Julius, II, 255; VII, American, VIII, 147; declara490 tion against United States, its Webster, Daniel, quoted, VI, 62-63 importance, X, 147; fir,.'t steam W-ecker, II, 47 vessel, 347 Wedding, I, 425 Waraka, V, 477 Wedding March, II, 169 Warburg, 0., VII, 487 Weekly, oldest, X, 356 543

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Weeks, John M., VI, 523 Weights and measures, VIII, 150; ancient Filipino, X, 110; common Philippine, 259; local, 259; equivalents, 260; avoirdupois, 261; troy, 261; apothecaries, 261 ; diamond, 261 ; weights, 265; Spanish, 266, Japanese, 266; Chinese, 267 Welfare, I, 425 Wells, H. G., quoted, V, 479-480 Wesley, V, 598 W e~t, VII, 390 West, Augustus P., VII, 390; biography, IX, 678 West Virginia, cablegram rates, X, 287 Wester, P. J., VII, 543 Westerhouse, Madam, VI, 423 Weyler, Valeriano, II, 511-512; VIII, 139-140, 340; X, 349 Wheat, VII, 616 Wheaton, Lloyd, II, 612-613 White, Frank R., V, 142 Whitehead, John, VII, 487 Whitford, H. N., VII, 50, 489 Whitney, Courtney, biography, IX, 678-679 Wickham, quoted, IV, 242 Widdoes, X, 430 Widjaya, Raden, VIII, 70 Wilkes, Charles, quoted, V, 474 Willard, J., II, 249, 613 Williams, Alpheus Daniel, biography, IX, 679-680 Williams, Hermon B., X, 419, 422 Williams, Roger, V, 598; VII, 489 Willoquet, Gaston, biography, IX, 680 Wills, I, 425; VI, 44 Wilson, Woodrow, II, 520, 529; quoted, VI, 252-254; his recommendation to Congre.!s on Philippine Independence, quoted, 315-316; message to Filipino people, 333, 338, 519; reply to Secretary Baker, 538543 "Winding River," IV, 413 Winds, trade, VII, 214-215 Windship, David S., biography, IX, 680

Wine, measure, X, 263; monopoly, 368 Winograd sky, VII, 378 Wisconsin, cablegram rates, X, 286 Wisdom, I, 426 Wish, I, 426 Wittert, F., II, 613; VIII, 81, 82, 237 Wittman, Arthur C., biography, IX, 680-681 Woe, I, 426 Wohler, VII, 362 Wolff, Thomas J., biography, IX, 681~682

Wolfson, Julian A., biography, IX, 682-683 Wolley, P. G., VII, 343 Woman, I, 426 Woman's Club of Manila, VI, 423 Women in society, Filipino, X, 84 Wonders, scenic, X, 299-316 Wood, Leonard, life, II, 529-531; V, 591; VI, 286, 339; X, 351, 354 Wood-Forbes Mission, quoted, VI, 317, 318, 319, 364, 442 Woodward, X, 430 Worcester, Dean C., II, 475, 613; V, 112-121; VII, 45, 46, 49, 67, 109; VIII, 528 W ord~', I, 427 Work, I, 427 World War, Filipino cooperation, vr, 335-336 Worship, I, 429 Worth, I, 429 Wrentmore, Madam, VI, 423 Wright, George William, biography, rx, 683; X, 429, 430 Wright, Luke Eo, life, II, 521; VIII, 149; X, 353 Writer, first woman, X, 357; popular Pasion, 357 Writing, ancient Filipino, X, 99 Wycliffe, V, 598 Wyoming, cablegram rates, X, 286 X Xaxier, St. Francis, portrait, IV, 377; VIII, 496; X, 41 Xylographic, I, 429

544

GENERAL INDEX Y

Yabe, H., VII, 504 Yamson, Victoriano, quoted, I, 331 Yangco, Flaviano, II, 451 Yangco, Luis R., life, II, 299-300; X, 31, 352 Yangco, Teodoro R., quoted, I, 324, 333, 347, a48, 378, 399, 413; II, 299; III, 422-423; biography, IX, 683-684 Yaranon, Agaton R., biography, IX, 684-685; X, 201 Yatco, Alfredo L., biography, IX, 685 Ybanez, Antonio B., X, 159 Ybanez, Pacifico P., X, 193 Ybanez, Paulino, VII, 285; X, 184, J89, 193 Ybiernas, Vicente R., X, 184, 193, 198 Yeater, Charles Emmet, life, II, 528-529; quoted, VI, 289-290 Yeats, William Butter, quoted, X,

59

"Yes," X, 328 Yeyeng see Fernandez, Praxedes Julia Ylagan, Pedro Y., quoted, I, 378; biography, IX, 685-687 Ylanan, Regino R., quoted, I, 403; on health and physical education, X, 381 Yokohama Specie Bank, X, 227 Young Men's Christian Association, X, 419 Youth, revolt, I, 234-245; morality, 241, 244, 257; American, 258; and character, 275, 429; Filipino, II, 44 Yriarte, Manuel, VII, 509 Ymp, Bonifacio Z., X, 159 Yugoslavia, value of foreign money, X, 273 Yulo, Emilio, X, 193 Y:ulo, Jose, biography, IX, 688-689; X,202 Yulo, Mariano, X, 181, 186 Yunsal, Gabino" II, 441 Yusay, Matias, biography, IX, 689; X, 159

Yuvienco, Eusebio A., biography, 689-690

Z Zabala, Igmidio, X, 433 Zabalburu de Echevarri, Domingo II, 493; reign, VIII, 96, 97 ' Zaide, Gregorio F., biography, IX, 690-691; on ancient Philippine civilization, X, 71 Zainul Abidin, first sultan of S~ lu, V, 489, 490; (see Abidin) Zaldivar, Calixto 0., biography, IX, 691; X, 198, 201 Zamal, see Samar Zambales, history, VIII, 479-480; geography, 480-482; statistics, 482-483; density of population, X, 218; telegraph rates, 284, 374 Zamboanga, foundation of fort, VIII, 87; insurrection, 133; municipality, 483; history, VIII, 484-486; geography, 486-488; municipalities and municipal districts, 488; statistics, 488; diocese, X, 35; density of population, 218; telegraph rates, 284; city, 315, 363 Zamboanga Hospital, VII, 73 Zamora, Alfredo, biography, IX, 691-692 Zamora, Crispulo, II, 430 Zamora, Felipe, VII, 126 Zamora, Jacinto, I, 23, 71; quoted, 386; II, 45, 55, 198; life, 301302, 439; V, 578, 613; X, 18, 351 Zamora, 'Jose F., biography, IX, 692-693 Zamora, Manuel, II, 430, 433; VII, 317, 386, 388 Zamora, Nicolas, X, 423 Zandueta, Francisco, biography, IX, 693; X, 162 Zapanta, Diego, quoted, IV, 241 Zapote, battle, II, 216; VIII, 148, 292; X, 353 Zaragm.'a, Flavio, I, 100 Zaragosa, Jose D., II, 613; VIII, 179

545

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THE PHILIPPINES Zaragosa, Justo, I, 123 Zaragosa, Miguel, II, 433; paintings, IV, 377, 379, 381; X, 152 Zarzuela, IV, 81; Walang Sugat, 147; Minda Mora, 148; Mabuhay ang Filipinas, 148; Tanikalang Guinto, 148; Pagibig sa Lupang Tinubuan, 148 Zavalla, Domingo T., biography, IX, 693; X, 159 Zeid, V, 478 Zenarosa, Jose D., X, 180 Zialcita, Francisco, biography, IX, 694; X, 159, 164 Zigzag, I, 430 Zinc and lead, VII, 603 Zita, Juan, II, 433 Zobel, Alfonso, biography, IX, 694 Zobel de Ayala, Enrique, I, 92; VII, 587; biography, IX, 694,695 Zobel y Zangronis, Jacobo, quoted, I, 341; life, 304-305, 439; residence, IV, 413; X, 342 Zones rates on domesti~ telegrams, schedule, X, 284-285

Zoology, VII, 409-411; activities during the Spanish epoch, 409410; activities during the American regime, 410-411 Zorilla, Ananias, I, 97; II, 613 Zorilla, Ruiz, II, 118, 271 Zorilla Theater, II, 259; X, 355 Zubieta, Father, VII, 67 Zuellig, F. E., biography, IX, 695696 Zula, II, 433 Zulaibar, Juan Antonio, II, 614 Zulueta, Clemente J., I, 26, 27; quoted, II, 77, 106; life, 306307 Zulueta, Francireo, biography, IX, 696; X, 190 Zulueta, J., I, 109 Zulu eta, Jose C., biography, IX, 696; X, 189, 193, 198, 201 Zuiiiga, Joaquin Martinez de, I, 113; II, 464-466; V, 80, 530; VI, 19, 21 Zurbito, Jose, biography, IX, 696697; X, 159, 164, 167 Zwingli, Ulrich, V, 598

546