OCE496/CVE498:SeniorDesignProject2020-2021
May7,2021
CraigBarry
JordanBeason
ShawnChambers
CaitlinDaly
Agnella Dougal
AlbertGesualdi
MontanaLigman
IsaacParraMartinez
RebeccaMeyers
AnthonySaucier
DrewSierra
RoseShayer
DeclanTierney
JamesTraglia
Dr.ChristopherBaxter,OceanEngineering,URI
Dr.JosephGoodwill,CivilEngineering,URI
Dr.RezaHashemi,OceanEngineering,URI
Dr.StephenLicht,OceanEngineering,URI
Dr.MalcolmSpaulding,OceanEngineering,URI
Dr.MingxiZhou,OceanEngineering/GSO,URI
Dr.CraigSwanson,SwansonEnvironmental,LLC
RobinFreeland,OceanEngineering,URI
TeresaCrean,CoastalResourceCenter,URI
JanelleSkaden,M.S.Student,OceanEngineering,URI
ArtGold,Professor,NaturalResourceSciences,URI
JuliaForgue,PE,DirectorofUtilities,CityofNewport
DavidReis,SupervisingEnvironmentalScientist,RICoastal ResourcesManagementCouncil
RichardLucia,SupervisingCivilEngineer,RICoastalResources ManagementCouncil
JosephDwyer,RiskandHazardsPlanner,RIEmergency ManagementAgency
GraceClancy,AdministrativeOfficer,RIDepartmentof Health
KellyAddyLowder,ResearchAssociate,NaturalResource Sciences,URI
ProblemStatement
Background
StudyObjectives
AdvancedTopobathymetryMapping
CoastalModelingforStormSurge,Waves,andErosion
EvaluationofEmbankmentStabilityandOvertopping
AnalysisofDrinkingWaterQualityandDisinfectionByproducts
SummaryandConclusions
Google Maps, 2020
● The City of Newport’s Water Division relies on nine surface water reservoirs
Treatmentfacility
● Proximity of freshwater reservoirs to the Atlantic Ocean lie within FEMA designated Coastal High Hazard Areas
https://trailsandwalksri.wordpress.com/2017/04/12/easton-pond-newport/
Walking path follows most of the western edge and part of the northern edge of Easton pond
InthepastEastonpondhasbeen subjecttomanyhighwaterlevel stormsi.e.(Hurricaneof1938, Bob,Carol,Sandy).
● Giventheriskofsea levelrise,thepondmay becomemoresusceptible toovertoppingandsea spray.
Damage from Hurricane of 1938: (Rhode Island Collection, Providence Public Library)
● NewEnglandHurricaneof1938→windgustsreacheda category5,thestormkilledover600peopleandwastheworst stormwithinmoderntimes.
● HurricaneCarolof1954causedextremedamageinSouthernRI andatleast68peopledied.
● HurricaneBobin1991,andHurricaneSandyin2012,whose surgesandfloodingaffectedmany.
←Wreckage nearEaston’s beachafter Hurricaneof 1938 (Newport HistoricalSociety)
←EastonBeach, Newport,RIafter theGreatHurricane of1938 (ProvidencePublic Library)
11 Hurricane Sandy,2012 (NOAA,2013)
EastonPond SeaSpray/Overtoppingfromocean =PossibleHealthRisk
“BuildingaResilientNewport.” Rhode Island Sea Grant,16July2020,seagrant.gso.uri.edu/building-resilient-newport/.
OrganicCarbon+Chlorine+Bromide(ocean) ChlorinatedandBrominatedDBP’sindrinkingwater
Evan C. Ged, Treavor H. Boyer, Effects of Seawater intrusion on formation of bromine-containing trihalomethane and haloacetic acids during chlorination.
THMs-Trihalomethanes(typeofDBP)
● Chlorinated
○ Chloroform(CF)-CHCl3
● Brominated(moretoxic)
○ Bromodichloromethane(BDCM)-CHCl2Br
○ Dibromochloromethane(DBCM)-CHClBr2
○ Bromoform(BF)-CHBr3
Hua, Guanghui, and DavidA. Reckhow. “Evaluation of Bromine Substitution Factors of DBPs during Chlorination and Chloramination.” Water Research, vol. 46, no. 13, 2012, pp. 4208–16. Crossref, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.031.
https://web.uri.edu/lar/files/Building-a-Resilient-Newport.pdf
FocusareashowingEastonBeach,Memorial Boulevard(RI138A),andSouthEastonPond; totalarea:approx.190acres
Assessthevulnerabilityofthedrinking waterreservoirnorthofEastonBeachin Newport,RItotheeffectsofstormsurge andsealevelrise,andtodevelopmitigation measuresforprotectingthewatersupply.
Toapproachthisproblem,thegroupbrokedowninto smallersubgroups.
● Datacollectionandinstrumentation
● Coastalmodeling
● Geotechnical/coastalengineering
● Environmentalengineering
Data Collection & Instrumentation
Transect Lines of the Embankment
Geotechnical Engineering for Embankment
Design and Seepage Analysis
TopoBathy Data
Coastal Modeling
Characterization of Physical Environment/ Environmental Data
KEY:
Blue Text: Information is provided by data collection group
Green Text: Information is provided by coastal modeling group
Environmental Engineering: Analysis of Drinking Water Quality
Improvethequalityoftopo-bathymetricdatabyusingcustom builtorexistinginstrumentationtechnologies
JordanBeason,ShawnChambers,DeclanTierney,AlbertGesualdi
Bathymetry
Salinity
Datawascollectedfor comparisonwithexisting publisheddataandto demonstratethecapabilitiesof newcost-effectiveand autonomoustechnologies
SurveyPoints
locations
● Elevationdatawascomparedwithexisting USGSelevationmapstoverifydata
● InflatablePaddleboard withsonardevice ● LowranceSonar System ● 2-3persondeployment
SurfZoneBathymetry SystemtestingatEaston Beach
Transectlineslopes=0.05
Overthecourseofamonth 85Datapointsonmoat conductivityweretakenand 2datapointsweretakenon pondconductivity
Pondcond. 1:485and2:496μS/cm
W.Moatcond. 545-559μS/cm
S.Moatcond. 504-567μS/cm
Inletcond. 729μS/cmandover
2018-2020 SouthPondaverage406μS/cm
MoatdatashownwascollectedonApril 12thPondmeasurementsweretakenon
Assesspresenceofseasprayaerosols.
Freshwater < 1,500μS/cm
Seawater ~50,000μS/cm.
ValuesfromHRWC: Mostfreshdrinkingwater >=100μS/cm
Lakeandriverwater 50-1500μS/cm
Mostrecentbathymetric surveyofEastonPond,Apex Environmental,Fuss& O’Neill,2004
Left:PayloadmountedtoUSV LEO,courtesyDr.MingxiZhou
Top:Cornerswathdatabeing collected
Payload testing with added IMU and updated microcontroller with higher flash memory
ComparedFuss&O’Neill2004survey,elevationin feetNGVD29,conversionofunitsfromSIDand NGVD29toNAVD88showslessthan.2merror
Usenumericalmodelstoassesscoastalerosion
Provideinformationtoassistinpossiblemitigationmeasures inthestudyarea
Agnella
Dougal,MontanaLigman,andDrewSierra,
○ Databaseofprojectionsforfuture climatescenarios.
○ Includecatalogofstormsurge,wave heights,andextremalstatistics
○ provideariskmanagement framework
○ Stormsurgeinformationisprovided tofederal,state,andlocalpartnersto
○ Assistsinarangeofplanning processes,riskassessmentstudies, andoperationaldecision-making.
Domain
Largescale modelofRhode IslandSound
Resolution= 70m.
ChildDomain
Smallscale modelof Easton Beach,Newport
Resolution= 10m.
● A numericalmodelwhichallowsthe simulationofhydrodynamicand morphodynamicprocessesalongsandy coasts.
● Basedonwave-actionequation
● Utilizestheadvection-diffusion equationaswellforsedimenttransport.
● Calculatesswash,collision,overwash, andinundationregimes
XBeachgrid.Replaceschildgrid inSWAN
Inputsat
Boundary:
SetSurge:2.8m (9.19 ft)
WaveHeightat Boundary:8.38m (27.49 ft)
Period:16s
Inputs
SetSurge:2.8m (9.19 ft) WaveHeightat Boundary:8.38m (27.49 ft)
Period:16s
RedText:Erodiblelayer
BlackText:Non-erodible layerimposed
ExampleofStormtoolsFloodmap
Redx’sarethechosenrainfallevents
Showswhatthe dischargelookslike, withthetailofthedata captured.
BaileyBrookwatershedareaaccordingtoFrazaretal.,onurban watershedanalysiswasabout6.6kilometerssquared.
Peak most likely measurement error
Designmitigationmeasurestopreventovertoppingand/or breachingoftheembankments.
CaitlinDaly,RebeccaMeyers,RoseShayer
● Overtoppingduetoextremestormevents
● Scouronthedownstreamfaceduetostormsurgeandwaves
25yr+2’SLR
● Seepageinducedfailurefromextremeprecipitationevents
Red:Contourline
Yellow:Proposedwall location,17.6ft(5.4m) elevation
ftNAVD88for25yearw/2ftSLR 2ftaboveembankmentcrest 10.5ftNAVD88for50yearstorm 0.3ftaboveembankmentcrest 15.4ftNAVD88for50yearw/3ftSLR
5.2ftaboveembankmentcrest
HorizontalDistance(m)
Red=9.5ft(2.9m)
contourline
Blue=Dunelocation
HeightofDune:
10.5ftNAVD88for25yearw/2ftSLR 1.6ftabovewestparkinglot
3ftaboveeastparkinglot
9.5ftNAVD88for50yearstorm
0.7ftabovewestparkinglot
2ftaboveeastparkinglot
3.9ftabovewestparkinglot 5.2ftaboveeastparkinglot
Theremovalofunderwatermaterialbywavesand currents,especiallyatthebaseortoeofashore structure.(CEM)
Anycoastalstructurerestingon,driveninto,or otherwisefoundedonsoilorsandissusceptibleto scourandpossibletoefailurewhenexposedto wavesandcurrents.(CEM)
Fornormallyincidentbreakingwaves,a slopingseawallistreatedasavertical seawall.
S=equilibriumscourdepth
H0=deepwaterwaveheight
h w=waterdepthatseawall
L0=deepwaterwavelength
(2019)
● Seepswereobservedonthedownstreamfaceof thesouthembankmentaroundApril13,2021.
● Thelocationoftheseepsisconsistentwith reportsof“moistground”citedinaDam InspectionReportbythePareCorporationin 2019
12cm(6in)GravelFilterBermaddedtoslopestabilitymodel
Fiber Optic DTS
ExampleofTemperatureChanges AlongtheToeofaDam
Quinnetal.(2019)
● Monitoringofseepscanbe accomplishedusingfiber-optic cablesasaDTSinstalledalongthe toeoftheembankment
● Backscatteredlightwithinthefiberis sensitivetochangesintemperature (warmwater)
● DTSisacosteffectivemonitoring toolforunderdocumenteddams
Assesstheriskofelevatedsalinitylevelswithinthereservoir toconsumerhealthanddesignmitigationmeasures
JamesTraglia,CraigBarry,IsaacParraMartinez,AnthonySaucier
Bothtreatment facilitiesupdated in2014
Maximum Contaminant Level(MCL) changedin2002 from100to80 ug/LforTTHM
YearlysystemwideaverageofTHMspeciation,providedbytheRhodeIslandDepartmentofHealthandNewportWater
● BromideIncorporationFactoratvariouspointsinthe distributionsystem.
● BromideIncorporationFactoratvariousdistribution pointsforStation1andLawtonValley
Hua, Guanghui, and DavidA. Reckhow. “Evaluation of Bromine Substitution Factors of DBPs during Chlorination and Chloramination.” Water Research, vol. 46, no. 13, 2012, pp. 4208–16. Crossref, doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.031.
Maintenance in South Pond
Conductivitydataofthe9reservoirsforAquidneckIslandfrom2018-2020,providedby NewportWater
Moat data by Data Collection and Instrumentation group
Conductivityoftributariesandreservoirswithinthe Newportdrinkingwatersystemasafunctionofdistanceto surfzone.Sizeofdatapointindicatessizeofwatershed.
ConductivityoftributariesandreservoirswithintheNewportdrinkingwatersystemasafunctionof distancetosurfzonecomparedtotheoreticalvaluesforaerosolconcentrationsbyDeLeeuwetal.,2000
ConductivityoftributariesonAquidneckIslandand reservoirswithintheNewportdrinkingwatersystemasa functionofPercentofWatershedDevelopment (Residential/Commercial/Transportationlanduse)per RIDEMwatershedmodeling(2018).Sizeofdatapoint indicatessizeofwatershed.
Designfor Regulations Financial Considerations Health Considerations
Designformost prevalent(CHCl3)
Hotspotbasedonriskcalculation. GoogleMaps
ExampleofAerationtreatmentdeviceknownasa PackedTower.
● Packingmaterialwithhighsurfacearea.
● Waterflowthroughthepackingmaterialwith induceddraftupwardairflow.
● Liquid-Gasequilibrium.
● MassTransferofTHMsbasedonHenry’s Law.
● NotallTHM’shavethesametoxicity
● Air-to-WaterRatio RemovalRate
Resultsofbench-scalediffusedaerationof TTHMsasafunctionofair-to-waterratio.
Assumptions:
- 9MGDNewportwaterflow.
- Henry’sConstant=5.35x10-4
- MassTransferCoefficient(KLa)=0.39
ResultingDesign:
- ResultingVolume= 600,000Gallons(75,000ft3) - Polypropyleneaspackingmaterial(4ftdepth) - Totalcostestimate=3.2milliondollars.
Costestimatesassociatedwithvariousaerationtankvolumes.
Costcurvefrom1979adjustedto2021dollar(inflation) “EstimatingWaterTreatmentCosts”,Volume 2 Curve Applicable to 1-200 mgd treatment plant” page452-467
- FourStepprocess
- DataCollectionandEvaluation
- ToxicityAssessment
- ExposureAssessment
- RiskCharacterization
- ToxicityAssessment-Defines relationshipbetweenexposureand effects(bothoccurrenceandseverity)
- Animalstudiesareused
- Highdosesadministeredtoanimals
- Humanlowdoseresponseextrapolatedbasedonconservativeassumptionoflinear correlationbetweendoseandlifetimecancer probability Slope Factor
Waddell,WilliamJ.“Dose-responsecurvesinchemical carcinogenesis.” Nonlinearity in biology, toxicology, medicine vol.2,1 (2004):11-20.doi:10.1080/15401420490426954
Acceptableriskof6in 60,000(EPA Risk Assessment)
RiskEstimatesbyyearfromTHMdata: Imageshowstheestimatedadditional incrementalcancerrisktoindividualsingestingdrinkingwaterfromtheNewport Drinkingwatersystem.EstimatesfromsystemwideaveragesobtainedfromDOHdata.
● ObtainthevaluesfromEPA recommendedvaluesfor estimatingintake.
● CDI=(CW)(IR)(EF)(ED)/(BW)( AT)
● RISK=CDI*SF
CW:Chemicalconcentrationinwater (mg/L)
IR:Ingestionrate(L/day)
EF:Exposurefrequency(day/year)
ED:Exposureduration(years)
BW:Bodyweight(Kg)
AT:Averagingtime(days)
CDI:ChronicDailyIntake
SF:Slopefactor
Acceptableriskof6in 60,000(EPA Risk Assessment) EastonPond“Worst-Case”
Estimatedincrementalcancerriskfromingestingdrinkingwater. Estimatesbasedonassumedlinearextrapolationofstudieson laboratoryrodents.Note:ForfutureriskcalculationsBIFincreased from2019-20levelsof0.3to0.7.PopulationofNewporttaken takenas60,000(2019U.S.CensusBureau).2019-20THM
speciationfromNewportWaterData.
https://web.uri.edu/lar/files/Building-a-Resilient-Newport.pdf
● TherearenosetdesignstandardsfortheEaston Pondreservoirduetoitsagedespiteitsproximity totheocean
● Advancedmodeltoolswereusedtoassessthe vulnerabilityofthereservoirtovariousstorm eventswithandwithoutsealevelrise.
● Itisestimatedthatanystormgreaterthanreturn periodof25yearsand2ftofsealevelrisewill resultinovertoppingofthereservoirembankment.
● Severaldifferentmitigationstrategieswere evaluatedtopreventovertopping,includingalarge hurricanebarrier,I-wallsonthecrestofthe embankment,andacontinuousdunealongthe beach
● Cost-effectiveandautonomoustoolsformeasuring bathymetryweredevelopedandtestedto demonstratetheirfeasibilityforcoastalresilience projects.
● Saltsprayandsubsequentrunoffintoreservoirs wasidentifiedasapotentiallysignificant contributortodisinfectionby-products
● Waterconductivitywasusedasanindicatorof BrominatedTrihalomethanes(BTHMs)throughout AquidneckIsland
● Aconceptualaerationtreatmentdevice(Packed Tower)wasdesignedtomitigatepotentialfuture increasesinBTHMsduetoincreasedsealevelrise andstormactivity