BIOS255 /BIOS 255 Exam 2 (Latest 2024/ 2025) Anatomy & Physiology III with Lab - Chamberlain

BIOS255 / BIOS 255 Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) : Anatomy & Physiology III with Lab Chamberlain A drop in firing rates ____ a vessel by allowing the smooth muscle to relax ANSWER: Dilates Albumin causes ANSWER: Colloid osmotic pressure Always pay attention to _____ of flow ANSWER: Direction An ____in firing rate ___ a vessel by increasing smooth muscle contraction ANSWER: Increase; constricts Arterial Pressure points ANSWER: Superficial temporal a.

Facial a.

Common carotid a.

Radial Brachial Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial a.

Dorsal a.

Arteries ANSWER: Carry blood away from the heart Arteries are usually___ ANSWER: Oxygenated As exercise progresses, muscular activity ______ venous return ANSWER: increases At the beginning of exercise______in the muscles & joints send signals to the cardiac centers ANSWER: proprioceptors Aterial pressure points trick ANSWER: Some Folks Come Running

Back For Peppered Popcorn Deals B-cells ANSWER: Mature in bone marrow; lymphocytes that differentiate into plasma cellsconnective cells that secrete antibodies Because of the thoracic pump, central venous pressure fluctuates from ____ when you inhale to ____ when you exhale ANSWER: 2mmHg; 6mmHg Blood flows ____ when you inhale ANSWER: Faster Blood pressure ANSWER: The force exerted by blood on vessel wall Blood pressure from heart causes ANSWER: Hydrostatic pressure Blood pressure is typically measured at the ____ ANSWER: Brachial arteru of the arm with a sphygomano meter Blood presureis determined by 3 variables ANSWER: Cardiac output contractility Blood volume Restistance to flow Blood vessels closest to heart ANSWER: highest BP Blood vessels further from the heart ANSWER: lowest BP Blood viscosity ANSWER: If blood is more viscous = more resistance less viscous=less resistance Blood volume ANSWER: Regulated by kidneys

Capillaries only consist of______and______ ANSWER: Basement membrane; endothelium layer Cardiac Output (CO) ANSWER: The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute Cardiac output contractility ANSWER: Regulated by nervous system Cardiac Suction ANSWER: During ventricular systole, the tendinous cords pull the AV valve cups downward, expanding the atrial space. This creates a slight suction that draws blood into the atria from the vene cavae and pulmonary veins Celiac Trunk ANSWER: Supplies the upper abdominal viscera Gives rise to the left gastric, common hepatic, splenic arteries Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle) ANSWER: Loop of arteries formed around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle) Function ANSWER: Supply brain/surrounding areas/ R&L hemispheres with blood Common iliac arteries ANSWER: Supplies blood to the lower limbs Continuous Capillaries ANSWER: Completely encricle a lumen, surrounded by a complete basement membrane Found in skin and muscle Distributio of blood in the body ANSWER: Most of the blood in the body is found in the systemic veins (55%) Edema ANSWER: Accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue Elastic arteries ANSWER: Tunica media composed of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue Largest of arteries Found closest to the heart Elastic needed to withstand blood being ejected from heart

Example of blood hydrostatic pressure ANSWER: Blood pressure high on arterial end of capillary, low on venous end Excitment and anxiety ______ vasomotor tone ANSWER: Increase Exercise makes the heart____ ANSWER: work harder which increases cardiac output External jugular vein drains the ANSWER: Rest of the head Factors that affect BP ANSWER: Heart and blood Fenestrated capillaries ANSWER: Contain fenestrations (Windows) Found in small intestines and kidneys Filteration ANSWER: Arterial end Filteration is driven by _______ ANSWER: Blood hydrostatic pressure which drives fluid out of capillary.

Follow the path of blood from the basilic vein to the superior vena cava ANSWER: Basilic v. > Axillary v. > subclavian v. > Brachiocephalic v. > superior vena cava Formula for MAP ANSWER: Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressue Formula for pulse pressure ANSWER: Systolic pressure-diastolic pressure Function of continuous capillaries ANSWER: Move small nutrients and waves through simple diffusion such as gases Function of fenestrated capillaries ANSWER: These allow more capillary exchange and slightly larger molecules to be absorbed into and filtered out of capillaries Function of Sinusoidal capillaries ANSWER: These move large substances such as the formed elements and plasma proteins

Gonadal arteries ANSWER: Provide blood to the gonads Gravity ANSWER: Gravity drains blood from your head and necl Hepatic portal sytem ANSWER: Receives blood from the abdominal digestive tract., pancreas, gallbladder, and sleen.

Hepatic Portal Vein ANSWER: Collects from the other veins,drains into liver Increased capillary filtration ANSWER: Kidney failure Histamine Old age Poor venous return Increased hematocrit will increase ANSWER: Blood viscosity which will increase blood pressure Increased MAP = ANSWER: Increased BP Inferior mesenteric artery ANSWER: Provides blood for the large intestines Inferior mesenteric vein ANSWER: Receives from colon and rectum and empties into splenic vein Inferior phrenic arteries ANSWER: Provides blood for the diaphragm and adrenal glands Internal jugular vein drains the ANSWER: Brain Left AV valve also called ANSWER: biscupid valve or mitral valve Left AV valve has____ ANSWER: two cusps (BIcuspid)

Like venous return, lymphatic flow can be produced by ANSWER: Skeletal muscle pumps and due to how close they are to arteries can help lymph circulation Low levels of albumin would reduce cop, which would reduce______ ANSWER: Reabsorption leading to edema Low venous pressure drives blood ____the heart ANSWER: Toward and is around 12-18mmHg Lumbar arteries ANSWER: Supply posterior abdominal wall and the spinal cord Lymph ANSWER: Refers to the 15% of interstitial fluid that has been absorbed by the lymphatic vesseld Lymph can also contain ANSWER: Macrophages Hormones Bacteria Viruses Cellular debris Cancer cells Lymph comes from blood that is ANSWER: Forced out of capillaries and is not reabsorbed Lymph leaving a lymph node contains ANSWER: A large # of lymphocytes - the main supply of lymphocytes to the bloodstream Lymphatic duct ANSWER: Recieves lymph drainage from the right arm and right side of thorac and head, empties into R subclavian veins Lymphatic duct recieves ANSWER: Little Mean arterial pressure ANSWER: Refers to the average pressure within a patients arteries during a single cardiac cycle

Median sacral artery ANSWER: Supplies the sacrum and coccyx Middle supernal arteries ANSWER: Provides blood to the adrenal glands Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) ANSWER: Diffuse lymphatic tissue ; lymphocytes are scattered rather than clustered. common in body passages open to the exterior Muscular Arteries ANSWER: Tunica media composed of smooth muscle Second largest artery Found far from heart Smooth muscle needed for vasoconstriction and vasodilation Obstructed lymphatic drainage ANSWER: Surgicalremoval of lymph nodes Damaged lymph vessels Paired abdominal aortic branches ANSWER: Inferior phrenic aa.

Middle suprarenal aa.

Renal aa.

Gonadal aa.

Lumbar aa.

Common iliac aa.

Physcial activity increases ANSWER: Venous return Plasma protein albumin causes ANSWER: Colloid osmotic pressure Plasma protien albumin and erythrocytes causes_____ ANSWER: Blood viscosity Pressure gradient ANSWER: Most important force in venous flow Pressure where the venue cavae enter the heart is about ANSWER: 4.6mmHg

Primary lymphatic organs ANSWER: Red bone marrow Thymus Pulmonary arteries carry blood ___ from the heart but are _____ ANSWER: Away; deoxygenated Pulse pressure ANSWER: Refers to the pressure generated during a single cardiac cycle Reabsorption ANSWER: Venous end Reabsorption is driven by _______ ANSWER: Blood colloid osmotic pressure, which draws fluid into capillary.

COP stays constant Reduced capillary reabsorption ANSWER: Hypoproteinemia Liver disease Dietary protien deficiency Regions drained by inferior vena cava ANSWER: Abdominal, legs Regions of body drained by Superior Vena Cava ANSWER: Arms, head, neck, chest Remember: Portal system has ____ capillary beds ANSWER: 2 Renal Arteries ANSWER: Supplies blood to the kidneys to eventually be filtered Resistance to flow ANSWER: Blood viscosity Blood vessel length Diameter of vessels Right AV valve also called ANSWER: Tricuspid valve

Right AV valve has____ ANSWER: three cusps (TRIcuspid valve) Secondary lymphatic organs ANSWER: Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Sinusoidal Capillaries ANSWER: Endothelial cells that do not completely encircle a lumen with the basement membrane being incomplete or absent Found in Liver, spleen, red bone marrow and some endocrine glands Skeletal muscle pump ANSWER: Contracting muscles squeeze the blood out the compressed part of a vein and valves prevent back flow Smallest artery is an ANSWER: Arteriole Smallest vein is a ANSWER: Venule Splenic vein ANSWER: Drains spleen Superior mesenteric artery ANSWER: Provides blood for the duodenum + transverse colon + intestines Superior mesenteric vein ANSWER: Receives from small intestines, colon and stomach Sustained exercise causes ANSWER: hypertrophy Sympathetic output from the cardiac centers then _____ cardiac output ANSWER: increases T-cells ANSWER: Mature in thymus Thymus dependent

The cephalic veins drain ANSWER: The right and left arms The hepatic system gives which organ the first claim to nutrients? ANSWER: The liver so it has time to cleanse the blood of bacteria and toxins picked up by the intestines The least amount of blood is found in_____ ANSWER: The systemic capillaries The preload increases on the right ventricle and then the left ventricle as more blood flows through the _______ ANSWER: Pulmonary circuit and reaches the left heart There is a venous pressure gradient of about ____ favoring the flow of blood towards the heart ANSWER: 7-13mmHg Thoracic (respiratory) pump ANSWER: Inhalation increases pressure in abdominal cavity pressuring on the inferior vena cava which squeezes blood toward the heart Thoracic Duct ANSWER: Receives lymph drainage fro rest of body Left side of head, L side of neck, L side of thorax, all the body below diaphragm Thoracic duct receives ANSWER: Tons Trace the path of lymph from the right hand to the right lymphatic duct. What structures does it pass through? ANSWER: Right hand-right subclavian trunk-right lymphatic duct Trace the path of lymph from the right thigh to the thoracic duct. What structures does the lymph pass through? ANSWER: Right leg-right lumbar trunk-cisterna chyli-thoracic duct-left subclavian vein Tunica Externa (Adventitia) ANSWER: Outermost; consists of areolar connective tissue with elastice and collagen fibers Tunica Interna (Tunica) ANSWER: Innermost; consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium.

Bound to a supendothelial layer of areolar connective tissue

Tunica Media ANSWER: Middle; consists primarily of smooth muscle with a framework of elastic connective tissue and contains collagen.

Thickest layer Tunica media will be thicker in arteries than veins because ANSWER: They will need to supply more pressure to the blood Umbilical artiers carry blood ____ from the heart but are deoxygenated ANSWER: Away Unpaired abdominal aortic branches ANSWER: Celiac Trunk a.

Superior mesenteric a.

Inferior mesenteric a.

Median sacral a.

Valves ensure______ ANSWER: One-way flow of blood through the heart Vascular resistance is determined by 3 factors ANSWER: Blood viscosity Vessel length Vessel radius Vasomotor Tone ANSWER: The sympathetic fibers to a blood vessel have a baseline sympathetic tone, which keeps the vessels in partial state of constriction, called vasomotor tone Vasomotor tone is controlled by the ANSWER: Sympathetic nrvous system Vasomotor tone leads to ANSWER: Vasoconstriction of blood vessels which leads to increases BP Veins ANSWER: Carry blood to the heart Veins and venules are the only blood vessels that contain ANSWER: Valves to prevent back flow Veins drained by inferior Vena Cava ANSWER: Renal, Lumbar, common iliac

Veins drained by the Superior Vena Cava ANSWER: Intercostals, Azygos, Hemiazygos, Subclavian, Brachiocephalic, Internal jugular Veins usually are _____ ANSWER: Deoxygenated Venous Reservoir ANSWER: When more blood is required by the body during activity, the veins can undergo vasoconstriction to force more veonous blood to return to the heart Vessel length ANSWER: The farther blood has to travel the more cumulative friction it encounters. Larger vessels=more resistance. sjorter vessels = less resistance Vessel radius ANSWER: Vasodilation = less resistance Vasoconstriction = more resistance What contains a cardiovascular center which is a group of neurons that regulate heart rate, contractility and blood vessel diameter ANSWER: Medulla Oblongata What do lymphatic vessles lack? ANSWER: A pump such as the heart and rely on the stretching of the vessels, due to an increase in lymph, to open valves that allow one directional flow for the lymph What is the appearance of the lymph draining from the small intestine ANSWER: A milky appearance b/c of its lipid content What is vascular resistance? ANSWER: The resistance of blood flow due to the friction between blood and the blood vessel walls What percentage of people have complete cerebral arterial circle ANSWER: 20% Where is MALT found? ANSWER: Respiratory tract

Digestive tract Urinary tract Reproductive tracts Why do veins have a greater capacity than arteries? ANSWER: Veins are thinned wall and can expand easily