AEROSPACE JUNIOR 2

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Contents I. Aerial Navigation II. Air cargo III. Air traffic control IV. Air travel V. Aircraft VI. Aircraft spotter’s guide VII. Airline image & insignia VIII. Airports IX. Cabin X. Flight XI. Landing XII. Systems 5

Aerospace Junior2 And this is my aim: ÂŤTrust in the LORD with all your heart, And lean not on your own understanding; In all your ways acknowledge Him, And He shall direct your paths. Âť Proverbs 3:5, 6 NKJV

VII. Airline image & insignia Airline image & insignia The aircraft liveries and logos of airlines are used to provide distinctive branding for corporate and commercial reasons. They also have to combine powerful symbols of national identity while being acceptable to an international market: national flag, symbol, or elements thereof.

Airline logos are a great example of visual corporate branding and a useful inspiration resource to budding designers.

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1. Aer Lingus Irish Airlines Aer Lingus Iris Airlines flies an all-jet fleet to Europe and the USA. Each jet is named after an Irish saint.

Aer Lingus is an Irish Airline company with a logo that dates back to 1938, when the original shamrock symbol was designed by Robert Logan. Shamrock (young clover) is generally considered to be the Irish national symbol, and it’s connected to the legend of Saint Patrick who used a clover to explain the Holy Trinity to the non-Christian Irish people. The current logo of Aer Lingus was created in 1996, and because of its slanted look it’s often called “The Drunken Shamrock”, which invokes the Irish drinking stereotype.

2. Aeroamerica Aeroamerica is an American charter airline operating wide-ranging services from bases in Seattle, Cairo and Berlin.

3. Aerocondor Aerocondor is Colombia’s second largest international airline, privately owned, with services reaching the USA.

4. Aeroflot Aeroflot, founded in 1928, is the largest air carrier in the world. The USSR’s state airline, it serves all the continents.

Aeroflot is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Russian Federation. Following the dissolution of the USSR, the carrier has been transformed from a state-run enterprise into a semi-privatised company.

Aeroflot is still considered the de facto national airline of Russia.

5. Aerolineas Argentinas Aerolineas Argentinas carries the Argentinian flag across the Americas, and over the South Atlantic to Europe.

Aerolineas Argentinas logo is yet another to rely on a bird to represent the concept of flight.

Aerolineas Argentinas has had this logo since June 2010, and it was designed by Future Brand. It uses the Neo Sans typeface, and the stylized bird is actually a condor; a bird typically found in Argentina.

The blue colour is reminiscent of the Argentinian flag.

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Aeromexico Aeromexico, the Mexican flag carrier, flies Douglas jets to over 40 local towns, to the Americas and across the Atlantic.

Aero Mexico logo was created in 1994. It depicts the head of an Aztec eagle warrior, also called cuanhtli. In the Aztec society, eagles were considered symbols of the Sun, and eagle warriors were among the most respected and fearsome members of the army.

6. AeroPeru AeroPeru, the Peruvian transcontinental airline founded in 1973, is instrumental in promoting the national tourist industry.

7. Air Afrique Air Afrique, a multi-national airline founded by 11 former French colonies in 1961, serves 22 African states.

8. Air Algérie Air Algérie links remote Saharan communities with the surrounding African regions, and with East and West Europe.

9. Air Asia Air Asia’s logo is a simple but very eye-catching red badge with white letters. It was designed by Start Creative.

Air Asia made a somewhat ill-advised (albeit temporary) change to its logo in the wake of the flight disappearance in December 2014.

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Air Canada

Air Canada flies its maple leaf insignia on extensive internal trunk services, intercontinental and transatlantic flights.

Air Canada’s logo was presented in October 2004 and designed by Future Brand Worldwide. It contains an encircled maple leaf which is universally recognizable as the national symbol of Canada.

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Air Ceylon

Air Ceylon, now Sri Lanka International Airways, has an internal service and links with Asia and Europe.

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Air China

Air China’s logo contains the image of a phoenix drawn to resemble the acronym “VIP”. It was designed by Han Meilin in 198, and the current logo was made by Dougdao Design in 2007.

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The logo is full of symbolism, with the phoenix standing for luck, beauty, harmony and happiness, and the red colour symbolizing enthusiasm and passion of the airline’s workers. In 2011 the logo won the “Visual Expression Design” award at the Beijing Design Week.

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Air Djibouti Red Sea Airline

Air Djibouti Red Sea Airline provides an important link between East Africa and the Middle East.

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Air France

Air France, first Concorde, and European’s second largest airline, can trace its history back to 1919.

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Air India International

Air India International, founded in 1948 on India’s independence, flies to Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Australasia and the USA.

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Air India

Air India’s logo represents a red flying swan with the wheel of Konark sun temple painted in orange on the swan’s spread-out wing.

The colours symbolize vigour and progress, and the Konark wheel is believed to be from the chariot of the sun god. The logo was designed

by DMA Branding in 2007.

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Air Inter

Air Inter was formed in 1954 to provide a domestic service between the major cities of metropolitan France.

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Air Jamaica

Air Jamaica, an international airline formed in 1968, links Kingston with the Caribbean islands, the USA and Europe.

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Air Madagascar

Air Madagascar has built up an extensive domestic and regional service since 1962. Intercontinental services fly to Europe.

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Air Malawi

Air Malawi has a modern jet and turboprop fleet serving Central and southern Africa, the Seychelles and London.

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Air Mali

Air Mali connects the land-locked Mali Republic with the surrounding states of Central and North Africa, and Paris.

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Air Malta

Air Malta, founded in 1973 with the help of Pakistan International Airways, links Malta with Europe and North Africa.

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Air Mauritius

Air Mauritius, founded in 1967, links the islands of the Indian Ocean with major points on three continents.

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Air Nauru

Air Nauru has a three serving Pacific islands round Nauru, an eightmile-square island with a modern airport.

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Air New Zealand

Air New Zealand, with a Maori “koru” emblem, provides interisland services in Australasia, and international flights.

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Air Niugini

Air Niugini, founded in 1973, is the national airline of Papua New Guinea, flying to surrounding islands and Australasia.

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Air Pacific

Air Pacific, founded in 1951 by pioneer aviator Harold Gatty, links groups of islands in the South Pacific Ocean.

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Air Panama International

Air Panama International is the Panamanian flag carrier founded in 1967, links North, South and Central American countries.

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Air Rhodesia

Air Rhodesia, established in 1967, has concentrated on providing domestic flights and services to surrounding countries.

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Air Zaire

Air Zaire, known as Air Congo from 1961 to 1971, serves equatorial and eastern Africa, and Europe. The tail bears a leopard symbol.

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Alia

Alia – The Royal Jordanian Airline – was named “high-flying” after Hussein’s daughter. It serves the East and Europe.

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Alitalia

Alitalia, Italy’s flag carrier has expanded its operations since 1946 to encompass the whole of Italy and all continents.

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Allegheny Airlines’

Allegheny Airlines’ scheduled services cover more than 100 northeastern American cities and extend into Canada.

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All Nippon Airways

All Nippon Airways, Japan’s largest airlines, flying domestic and regional routes, has a da Vinci helicopter insignia.

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ALM Antillean Airlines

ALM Antillean Airlines operates an essential service between the Caribbean mainland and South America.

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American Airlines

American Airlines, one of the world’s largest carriers, began in 1926.

Its vast route system crosses the Pacific.

The new American Airlines logo was revealed in January 2013 and designed by Future Brand. It’s an abstraction of a flying eagle in traditional American colours-red, blue and white. The logo was dubbed the “Flight Symbol”, and it supposedly incorporates the elements from previous versions: an eagle, a star and the letter “A”.

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Ansett Airlines

Ansett Airlines of Australia, founded by a pioneer aviator in 1936, uses jets and helicopters to serve Australian’s states.

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Ariana Afghan Airlines

Ariana Afghan Airlines, the international Afghan airline since 1955, serves East and Central Asia and also Europe.

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Austrian Airlines

Austrian Airlines has grown rapidly since it was formed in 1957; its services cover East and West Europe and the Middle East.

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Aviaco (Aviacion y Comrecio)

AVIACO, founded in 1948 as an air cargo company, is now Spain’s largest domestic airline.

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Avianca (Aerovias Nacionales de Colombia)

AVIANCA can be traced back to the formation in 1919 of the first airline in the America.

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Aviogenex

Aviogenex is a Yugoslavian charter company offering passenger and charter flights to Europe and the Middle East.

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Balkan Bulgarian Airlines

Balkan Bulgarian Airlines has an all-Russian fleet flying internal routes, and to East and West Europe and North Africa.

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Bangladesh Biman

Bangladesh Biman, the national airline of former East Pakistan, flies throughout the Orient, and to London.

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Braniff International Airways

Braniff International Airways, set up in 1928 to serve the central USA, now sends its “Flying Colours” to Central and South America.

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British Airways

British Airways carries more passengers on international scheduled services, and has a larger route network, than any other airline.

British Airways still has the famous “Speedmarque” logo which was designed by Newell & Sorrell in 1997 and inspired by the old “Speedbird” symbol used by British air forces before the World War II. The logo comprises the airline company name written in blue letters and a red-and-blue-coloured ribbon shape above them.

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British Caledonian Airways

British Caledonian Airways, Britain’s second flag carrier since 1970, serves West Europe, Africa and South America.

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British Midland Airways

British Midland Airways, formed in 1939, is one of the largest domestic airlines in the UK, and serves cities in Europe.

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BWIA British West Indian Airways

BWIA (British West Indian Airways), owned by the Trinidad Government since 1967, serves the Caribbean and the Americas.

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CAAC (Civil Administration of China)

CAAC, dating from 1929, has a vast domestic, regional and international route map.

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Cameroon Airlines

Cameroon Airlines, founded in 1971, has quickly established regional and international services in equatorial Africa.

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Capitol International Airways

Capitol International Airways, with a fleet of Douglass DC-8s, is the major US transatlantic charter operator.

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Cargolux Airlines International

Cargolux Airlines International, established in Luxembourg in 1970, provides world-wide cargo charter operations.

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Cathay Pacific Airways

Cathay Pacific Airways is the largest regional carrier in the Far East.

It provides passenger and cargo services.

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China Airlines, LTD.

China Airlines, flying the flag of the Republic of China, operates transasian and transpacific routes from Taipei.

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Condor Flugdienst

Condor Flugdienst, founded by Lufthansa in 1961, provides worldwide holiday charter and international air taxi services.

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Continental Airlines

Continental Airlines, based in California, has grown since 1934 into one of the USA’s major trunk airlines.

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CP Air (Canadian Pacific)

CP Air, a Canadian Pacific rail outgrowth, flies intercontinental routes, and services across the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.

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CSA (CeskoslovenskĂŠ Aerolinie)

CSA, the state airline of Czechoslovakia, flies to Europe, the Orient and the USA.

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CUBANA

CUBANA (Empresa Consolidada Cubana de Aviacion) was once owned by Pan Am, and now flies a largely Russian fleet world-wide.

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Cyprus Airways

Cyprus Airways has survived the politically turbulent years since 1974. It flies to Greece, the Middle East and Europe.

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Dan-Air Services

Dan-Air Services is a major British airline offering domestic services and inclusive tours to Europe and the USA.

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Delta Air Lines

Delta Air Lines began the world’s first crop-dusting service in 1924 and now has one of the largest US route systems.

Delta Airlines logo, also known as “the widget logo”, was designed

by Lippincott Mercer and introduced in April 2007. It’s a red triangle that evokes the Greek letter “D” (delta) and while simple, it looks three-dimensional thanks to clever positioning and shading of its elements.

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Dragonair

Dragonair is an airline company from Hong Kong. Their logo features a red dragon, the traditional Chinese symbol of nobility and power. It was inspired by a legend of the dragon which travelled from Northern China to Hong Kong and created mountains in its path. The logo was created in 19333 with the help of Hong Kong’s Polytechnic School of Design.

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Eastern Airlines

Eastern Airlines, one of the “Big Four” US trunk airlines, began the New York to Atlanta mail service in 1928.

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Ecuatoriana

Ecuatoriana, Ecuador’s national carrier flies its brightly coloured Boeings on wide-reaching regional services.

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Egypt Air

Egypt Air, known as United Arab Airlines from 1960 to 1971, flies throughout the East, and to Africa, the USA and Europe.

Egypt Air logo is inspired by the ancient Egyptian mythology, from which at draws the image of Horus, or rather his head. Usually depicted as a man’s body with a falcon’s head, Horus was known as the god of sun, or “sky god”, so it makes sense that he’s part of an airline logo. Egypt Air has been using this logo since July 2008.

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El AI Israel Airlines

EI AI Israel Airlines is the national flag-carrier, formed in 1948. It links Tel Aviv with international capitals.

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Emirates

Emirates logo was created by Negus & Negus Associates in 1985. It’s a simple red-on-white logo with intricate Arabic lettering and the company’s name written in English below it. The red color symbolizes prosperity, leadership, passion and self-confidence, while the white stands for elegance, purity, and nobility.

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Ethiopian Airlines

Ethiopian Airlines links remote regions of Ethiopia with the capital, and with Africa, Europe and Peking.

Ethiopian Airlines has had this logo since the branding campaign called “Vision 2010”, when they also introduced the new motto: “The New Spirit of Africa”. The logo contains English and Amharic text, and the colour scheme (red, green, yellow) corresponds to the colour of the Ethiopian flag.

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Federal Express

Federal Express, the USA’s fifth largest freight carrier, is famous for non-scheduled “mall package” services.

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Finnair

Finnair, one of Europe’s oldest airlines, was founded in 1924. It runs extensive domestic and international flights.

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Flying Tiger Line (USA)

The Flying Tiger Line, the world’s largest all-cargo air carrier, was the first all-cargo airline in the USA.

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Frontier Airlines

Frontier Airlines is one of the largest regional airlines in the USA, serving more than 100 cities in 18 states.

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Garuda Indonesia Airways

Garuda Indonesian Airways has expanded existing inter-island services into a regional network.

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Ghana Airways

Ghana Airways began in 1958 with a service to London and has since developed a thriving domestic and regional network.

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Gronlandsfly

Greenlandair provides a wide variety of aircraft and helicopter services to remote points on this Arctic island.

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Gulf Air

Gulf Air, owned by the governments of Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the UAE, provides a vital link between the Arabian Gulf states.

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Guyana Airways

Guyana Airways, the national airline of the small South American state, has Douglas DC-3s & DC-6s in its fleet.

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Hawaiian Airlines

Hawaiian Airlines, its fleet bearing Hawaii’s classic red hibiscus, has flown inter-island services since 1929.

Hawaiian Airlines logo is unique because it’s the only one that features a person instead of an animal or an abstract plane. Created by Lindon Leader in 2001, the logo depicts the “island girl” Pualani, also called “Flower of the Sky”. It represents Hawaiian island heritage and the strength, spirit and confidence of its people.

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Hughes Airwest

Hughes Airwest “Sundance Flagships” serve the western USA, Canada & Mexico. In 1970 the company was bought by Howard Hughes.

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Iberia

Iberia got a new logo in 2013, when Interbrand redesigned the old one and introduced a custom typeface. They used red and yellow, which are the colours of the Spanish flag, to convey the energy of the Spanish character. The new logo was promoted on social media with the hashtags – NewIberia and – NeuvalIberia.

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Icelandair

Icelandair provides valuable social services to remote communities, and links major cities in the northern hemisphere.

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Indian Airlines

Indian Airline’s vast network of services covers the entire subcontinent of India and its surrounding regions.

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Interflug

Interflug is the German Democratic Republic’s national airline, with a fleet of Russian and Czechoslovakian aircraft.

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Iran Air

Iran Air numbers pilgrimages to Mecca among its regular domestic and wide-spreading international services.

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Iraqi Airways

Iraqi Airways operates a mixed fleet of Russian, American and European aircraft on services west and east.

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JAL (Japan Air Lines)

JAL flies over the North Pole and the ancient Silk Road on its international network of routes.

Japan Airlines logo was designed in 1958 by Jerry Huff. Called “tsurumaru” (crane circle), the logo represents a Japanese crane with extended wings. The red color of logo symbolizes happiness. The idea for the logo came from Japanese tradition, which views the crane as a symbol of long life, prosperity and good health. In the myth of the crane, it is said that the bird can fly high and very long without getting tired, which makes it a perfect symbol for an airline company. It’s still in use today.

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JAT (Jugoslovensk Aerotranspor)

JAT, the Yugoslav state airline, serves over 30 international centres with scheduled air taxi services.

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Jet Airways

Jet Airways’ logo is called the “Flying Sun”, and it was designed by K.V. Sridhar in 1992. It represents an airplane’s tail leaving speed lines with the Sun in the background. The first time this logo was painted on an aircraft, a mistake was made and the logo was inverted on the tail.

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KAC (Kuwait Airways Corporation)

KAC provides scheduled services to the Middle and Far East, Africa and Europe.

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KAL (Korean Air Lines)

KAL covers all major towns in South Korea, and flies to Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong & Los Angeles.

Korean Air’s logo is purely traditional, the symbol is called Taegeuk, and it stands for the “ultimate reality from which everything is derived”. It’s also a part of the South Korean flag.

Korean Air’s logo was designed in 1984.

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Kenya Airways

Kenya Airways, formed in 1977, links Nairobi with seven European cities, and is gradually building up an African and Asian network.

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KLM (Royal Dutch Airlines)

KLM is the oldest operating airline in the world. Formed in 1919, it serves all the continents.

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LAB (Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano)

LAB is one of the world’s oldest airlines, founded in 1925, flies throughout South & Central America.

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Laker Airways

Laker Airways, a British scheduled non-IATA airline, is best-known for its London to New York walk-on Skytrain service.

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LAN-CHILE

LAN-Chile began as an air mail company in 1929 with Gypsy Moths.

It now flies South American and international routes.

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Libyan Arab Airlines

Lybian Arab Airlines, a government corporation, links the Middle Eastern capitals with Malta, London, Paris & Rome.

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Linjeflyg Swedish domestic Airline

Linjeflyg, operates aerial ambulance and other services to the northern regions.

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Loftleider Icelandic Airlines

Loftleider Icelandic Airlines, a non-scheduled operator, offers lowcost flights in the northern hemisphere.

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LOT (Polskie Linie Lotnicze)

LOT, the Polish state airline founded in 1929, links East & West Europe, the Middle East & the USA.

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LTU (Lufttransport Unternehmen)

LTU, once a scheduled West German regional airline, is now a general charter company.

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Lufthansa

Lufthansa German Airlines has evolved from the world’s first passenger service to one of Europe’s largest airlines.

The original Lufthansa logo – a flying crane in a circle –dates back 1918, when it created by Otto Fairle. It was officially adopted as the Lufthansa logo in 1954. Dark blue on a yellow background makes for a stark contrast, and the logo uses a custom typeface.

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LUXAIR

Luxair, Luxembourg’s national flag carrier links the Grand Duchy with Europe’s major cities & Mediterranean vacation centres.

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MALEV (Magyar Légikozlekedési Vallalat)

Malev, the Hungarian state airline, has an all-Russian fleet serving 24 countries.

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Martinair Holland

Martinair Holland has extended its aerial advertising and joy-riding services into worldwide charters.

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MAS (Malaysian Airline System)

MAS flies to Frankfurt and London, and operates a large domestic & Australasian service.

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Mexicana (Compania Mexicana de Aviacion)

Mexicana began with biplanes in 1924 and now serves North & South America.

Mexican logo was designed by a Danish agency called Design Success in 2008. The blue symbol represents an eagle and reflects stability and consistency. The typeface is a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, which gives the logo an eye-catching appearance.

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Middle East Airlines

Middle East Airlines Airliban connects the Lebanon with the Middle Eastern, Eastern & Western European capitals.

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NAC (New Zealand National Airways)

NAC now part of Air New Zealand, flies between and within the New Zealand islands.

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National Airlines

National Airlines, founded as an air mail company in 1934, has a “sunshine” livery known in 15 US states & Europe.

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New York’ Airways

New York Airways founded in 1949 the first ever scheduled helicopter services in the New York area of the USA.

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Nigeria Airways

Nigeria Airways has an elephant insignia advertising its international services to Africa, the Middle East & Europe.

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North Central Airlines

North Central Airlines, bearing a mallard duck insignia, links 14 US states & two Canadian provinces.

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Northwest Orient Airlines

Northwest Orient Airlines, a US air mail company in 1926, links major US cities with the Orient, and is still expanding.

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Olympic Airways

Olympic Airways, formed in 1957, links the principal Greek cities with five continents Olympic rings adorn the tail.

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Overseas National Airways

Overseas National Airways, a US trail-blazer for the transatlantic charter, now serves four continents.

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Ozark Air Lines

Ozark Air Lines, named after a central US highland area, has a dense route map covering two-thirds of the USA.

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Pakistan International Airlines

Pakistan International Airlines, Pakistan’s only air carrier, serves the Middle East & Far East, Europe & the USA. 20

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PAN AM (Pan American World Airways)

PAN AM has a huge 90 000-mile network connecting must of the world’s major cities.

121.

Philippine Airlines

Philippine Airlines provides essential inter-island links and intercontinental services between Australasia, the USA & Europe.

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Piedmont Airlines

Piedmont Airlines “Pacemakers” provide scheduled services between more than 80 communities in the eastern USA.

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PSA (Pacific Southwest Airlines)

PSA, with a reputation for fast turnaround, offers high-frequency, low-cost services within California.

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Qantas Airways

Qantas Airways, registered in 1920, has a flying kangaroo symbol.

Qantas uses a kangaroo symbol that was inspired by the Australian one-penny coin. It first appeared in January 1947. The current version of the logo, also called “The Flying Kangaroo”, was created by Hans Hulsbosch in July 2007. Its passenger and cargo routes extend to all continents.

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Qatar Airways

Qatar Airways logo designed in 2006 features a burgundy Oryx on a grey background. Oryx is the national animal of Qatar, and its colour in the logo matches the colour of Qatar’s flag. The name of the airline is written in English, while the Arabic letters out the word “Al Qataria.”

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Ryanair

Ryan ‘air logo dates back to 1987. After some changes over the years, today it features a yellow symbol and bold, white letters. The symbol is a combination of an angel and a harp, which is one of the tradition Irish instruments and an important part of the culture.

127.

Royal Air Maroc

Royal Air Maroc has extended its internal regional and European routes to North & South America since 1957.

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Royal Brunei Airlines

Royal Brunei Airlines, founded as the Brunei state airline in 1974, has built up a network of routes in South East Asia.

129.

Royal Iberia

Royal Iberia, the Spanish flag-carrier linking European, African & US tourist centres, evolved from a 1920s air mail company.

130.

SABENA Belgian World Airlines

SABANA Belgian World Airlines is one of Europe’s oldest carriers, founded in 1923. It serves four continents.

131.

Safair Freighters

Safair Freighters, formed in 1969, provides cargo charter and daily freight services throughout southern Africa.

132.

SAHSA (Servicio Aéreo Honduras)

SAHSA, the national airline of Honduras since 1945, has an important South American network.

133.

SAS (Scandinavian Airlines System)

SAS, founded in 1918, pioneered the first Polar routes to the USA & the Far East.

134.

SAUDIA (Saudi Arabian Air Corporation)

SAUDIA was formed in 946 and now serves the Near, Middle & Far East, & Europe.

135.

Seaboard World Airlines

Seaboard World Airlines, one of the foremost transatlantic cargo carriers, took part in the Berlin airlift in 1949.

136.

Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines, the national flag carrier since 1972, and “Airline of the Year” in 1977, links Asia, Australasia & Europe.

137.

Somali Airlines

Somali Airlines, owned by the Somali Republic and Alitalia, has an extensive domestic & Middle Eastern network.

138.

South African Airways

South African Airways, founded in 1934, has a springbok insignia.

The airline links southern Africa with Europe & the USA. 22

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Southern Airways of Atlanta

Southern Airways of Atlanta, Georgia, operates jet services in 13 American states, and to Canada and the Caribbean.

140.

Southwest Airlines

Southwest Airlines, based at Love Field, Dallas, has grown since 1967 to be the USA’s largest most successful intra-state airline.

Southwest Airline’s logo is still fresh-the rebranding was done in September 2014, and the logo was developed in cooperation with GSD&M, Lippincott, VML, Razorfish, and Camelot Communications.

It uses a custom font called “Southwest Sans”, created by Monotype.

The new logo features the traditional, heart symbol that was used in old Southwest logos. However, now it’s more colourful and modern with blue, red and bright orange stripes.

141.

Spantax

Spantax is a large Spanish charter airline formed in 1959 to serve oil companies prospecting in the Spanish Sahara.

142.

Sri Lankan Airlines

Sri Lankan Airlines’ logo features a stylized, colourful peacock and an unconventional but elegant typeface. It was revealed as a part of a finger rebranding project in 1999. According to Sri Lankan folk tales, a flying machine similar to a peacock once existed, and it was called the Dandu Monara Yanthra. It’s possible that this mythical creature inspired the airline logo. However, a more realistic explanation would be the fact that peacocks are a native species in Sri Lanka.

143.

Sterling Airways

Sterling Airways is an important Danish charter operator providing tour flights in Europe, North Africa & the USA.

144.

Sudan Airways

Sudan Airways, the Sudanese flag carrier since 1946, links main East African cities with the Middle East & Europe.

145.

Surinam Airways

Surinam Airways, the national carrier since 1975, links this South American state with the surrounding region & Amsterdam.

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146.

Swiss air – Swiss

Swissair, a pioneering airline founded in 1931, has expanded since 1945 to serve Europe, the Americas, Africa & the East.

Swiss International Air Lines, also known SWISS, has a simple logo designed by Nose Design in 2011. It features a white cross on a red background, which is exactly what the Swiss national flag looks like.

The logo uses the Universe 65 Bold font distributed by Linotype.

147.

Syrian air (Syrian Arab Airlines)

Syrianair: government-owned since 1961, links Damascus with Europe, North Africa & the Middle East.

148.

TAAG (Transportes Aéreos de Angola)

TAAG has built up an essential domestic and regional network of routes.

149.

TAP (The Airline of Portugal)

TAP, the Portuguese national airline, flies to Africa, Europe & the Americas.

150.

TAROM (Transporturile Aerienne Romane)

TAROM, the Romanian state airline, serves Europe, the Middle East, Peking, and the USA & Moscow.

151.

Thai Airways

Thai Airways logo was created by Interbrand and presented in April 2005. It features a colourful ornament, in which the pink part represents a magnolia blossom.

152.

Thai International

Thai International, Thailand’s flag carrier, operates an all-jet fleet to Europe and major oriental cities.

153.

THY Turkish Airlines (Turk Hava Yollari)

THY, the state airline, links Turkey’s principal cities with Europe and the Middle East.

Turkish Airlines introduced this logo in 2010 as a part of a great company redesign conducted by Priestmangoode. The logo is simple and effective, and it combines red, white and blue for a very professional look.

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154.

TAA Trans-Australia Airlines

Trans-Australia Airlines, with the largest network in the southern hemisphere, serves over 150 points across the country.

155.

Trans International Airlines

Trans International Airlines operates worldwide passenger, cargo & military services from California.

156.

Trans Mediterranean Airways

Trans Mediterranean Airways, one of the world’s major all-cargo carriers, began the first world-wide cargo service in 1971.

157.

Tunis Air’s

Tunis Air’s local network of routes has expanded since 1948 to embrace the North African & Gulf states, and Europe.

158.

TWA (Trans World Airlines)

TWA originated in the 1920s and is the USA’s second flag carrier, and the world’s seventh largest passenger carrier.

159.

Uganda Airlines

Uganda Airlines carries out charter work throughout the African continent and runs tours to Uganda’s game parks.

160.

United Airlines

United Airlines, with over 350 jets, is the world’s biggest private airline in terms of total number of passengers carried.

161.

US Airways

US Airways logo was designed by Luxon Carra and Deskey Associates, and in 2005 the company adopted grey as their representative colour. The logo is a monochrome interpretation of the US national flag.

162.

UTA (Union de Transport Aériens)

UTA is a French airline flying Douglases on African, Far Eastern and transpacific routes.

163.

VARIG (Varig Brazilian Airlines)

Varig Brazilian Airline, South America’s largest airline, flies all around the world serving every continent.

25

164.

VASP (Viaçao Aéreo Sao Paulo)

VASP, founded in 19333, operates a vast network of services throughout the interior of Brazil.

165.

VIASA (Venezolana International de Aviacion)

VIASA is Venezuela’s international airline serving Europe & the Americas.

166.

Wardair Canada LTD

Wardair Canada, founded in 1946 to serve Canada’s Arctic regions, now competes in the transatlantic charter market.

167.

Western Airlines

Western Airlines began as a US air mail company in 1928 and claims to be the USA’s oldest continuously operated airline.

168.

World Airways

World Airways of Oakland, California, is one of the world’s leading non-scheduled airlines flying passenger & cargo charters.

169.

Yemen Airways

Yemen Airways, the national airline formed in the 1950s, provides scheduled services around the Red Sea region.

170.

Zambia Airways Corporation

Zambia Airways Corporation, founded with Zambia in 1964, serves Central Africa, the Mediterranean & northern Europe.

171.

Drone

Drone is an aircraft without a pilot, controlled from the ground.

Drone is a technological context is an unmanned aircraft. Essentially, a drone is a flying robot.

The aircraft may be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software- controlled flight plans in their embedded systems working in conjunction with GPS (Global Positioning System).

Some Drones can be ordered ready-to-fly and require almost no effort to set up, while the more technical DIY (Do it yourself) kits require varying degrees of involvement.

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VIII. Airports Airport Airport is a place where planes land and take off and that has building for passengers to wait in?

At the airport An airport building where journeys begin and end is a terminal. You go to the check-in desk and say you have arrived (check in).

You check in the baggage that will go into the hold but you carry your hand luggage/carry-on baggage with you onto the plane. If your bags are heavier than the weight limit you have to pay excess baggage.

You wait in the departure lounge and when your flight is boarding (is ready for passengers to get on) you leave the terminal from a gate.

Airport’s anatomy The contents of Anatomy of Airport Design:  Airport Elements  Helper Elements  Navigational Elements  Scenery Elements  Terrain Elements Anatomy of Airport Security–Screening Checkpoint  The Line Up is simple. It is where passengers begin to line up to enter the security-screening point with your boarding pass.  The Barker is the security person who walks up and down the line “barking” that you should have your boarding pass and valid photo identification out and available for inspection.

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 The ID (identity) Checker is the security person at the “entrance” to the actual screening process.  The Long Table is the actual x-ray and metal detector process usually begins with a long table with plastics bins.  The Bins – Every “Long Table” has “The Bins”.  The X-Ray Scanner – At the end of the “Long Table” is the XRay Scanner and its conveyor belt.  The Metal Detector “Wand” is simple hand held metal detector used by security personnel to check passengers who have set off the metal detector multiple times.  The Bag Check – There seem to be few words dreaded more than hearing “BAG CHECK LANE7” for many passengers.  The Rollout – “Roll-Out” is the end of the X-Ray scanner where you retrieve the bags-and-bins.

Air terminal’s anatomy An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.

Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called concourses. However, the terms “terminal” and “concourse” are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport.

Airport architecture According to Formers, most airport terminals are built in a plain style, with the concrete boxes in a plain style, with the concrete boxes of the 1960s and 1970s generally gave way to glass boxes in the 1990s and 2000s, with the best terminals making a vague stab at incorporating ideas of “light” and “air”.

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Airport facilities The permanent facilities offered to passengers are usually signposted on terminal concourses in visual symbols. Various attempts have been made to design a asset of symbols that will be immediately intelligible to people from any part of the world, but a successful Esperanto of symbols has yet to be established.

Animals Airlines usually insist that pets be carried in the aircraft cargo holds, so it is advisable to search for an airline that is permissive in this respect if you want to carry a pet in the cabin. All pets should be carried in special pet carriers, available from vets and pet shops, and some animals may need to be tranquillized for the trip.

The Airport’s freight area includes air-conditioned, soundproofed animal holding rooms.

Boarding Pass Boarding pass is a document provided by an airline during check-in giving a passenger permission to board the airplane for a particular flight. As a minimum, it identifies the passenger, the flight number, and the date and scheduled time for departure.

Boarding Passes are always required to board a flight. Often time’s airlines accept paper or electronic passes (on phone or tablet).

Business facilities Most businessmen fly scheduled flights. They are usually more reliable and offer the most flexibility for changes of plan; tickets can be transferred to the next flight, to another airline, or even refunded.

Competition for the rich lode of commercial traffic runs high, so many airlines offer special “club” facilities for regular customers.

Air terminals and hotels in and around large international airports may offer conference and secretarial facilities for executive travellers.

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Check-in Getting there (Airport).

The check-in process at airports enables passengers to confirm they will be on the respective flight, obtain a boarding pass, possibly select their seat (if hasn’t happened already or allowed by airline), and check in luggage onto a plane if desired.

Checking Checking in for a flight is the process whereby a person announces their arrival at the airport.

Checklist The most important things to do and to pack before travelling:  Apps - to download offline maps, travel apps or travel guide onto your mobile.  Booking - to book accommodation.  Driving - appropriate license.  Emergency - a list of emergency contacts.  Entry requirements - a valid visa.  Getting around - to pre-book any tickets.  Medical - any regular medication, in original packaging with prescriptions.  Money - cards and cash.  Passport - up to date.  Phone - Have you switched off data roaming and voice mail?

If you are planning to use a local or travel SIM, is your phone unlocked?  Safety  Transport - to get from airport to accommodation.  Travel insurance - copy of travel insurance details.  Vaccinations - all routine vaccinations up to date.  Voltage - to check compatibility charges and power adapter (a transformer if necessary).

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Duty-free goods Outlets that are exempt from the payment of certain local or national taxes and duties, on the requirement that the goods sold will be sold to travellers who will take them out of the country. Which products can be sold duty-free vary by jurisdiction, as well as how they can be sold, and the process of calculating the duty or refunding the duty component. However, some countries impose duty on goods brought into the country, though they had been bought duty-free in another country, or when the value or quantity of such goods exceed an allowed limit.

Duty-free shops (or stores) are retail.

Duty-free shops are often found in the international zone of international airports, sea-ports, and train stations but goods can also be bought duty-free on board airplanes and passenger ships.

Chapels Many large international airports have chapels, usually interdenominational, with regular services, for the use of both passengers and the airport staff.

Children Many airports are equipped with mother’s rooms where babies can be changed and fed.

Enplaning Before boarding an international flight passengers must have passed through Customs, passport control and sometimes security checks; there may be a last-minute security check deck at the boarding gate.

There are restriction on the amount of currency traveller can take out of some countries, notably some Eastern bloc countries. Convert any excess before leaving for the airport; if there are no exchanges facilities on the airport, any currency you have may be confiscated before you leave the country. Receipts for traveller’s cheques cashed may be demanded. Not all airports conduct security check and the check vary considerably in nature and thoroughness.

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Departing The Departures list provides information about all departing flights on the previous 1 hour and for the next 26 hours.

For information outside this timeframe please consult our online timetable.

Deplaning Deplane is used to describe the opposite of boarding an aircraft. “Disembark� is the most elegant one, and it’s rather clumsy.

Transit passengers changing planes between stages of an international journey do not always pass through a baggage claim, Customs or passport control, but they may be subjected to a security check before boarding the next flight.

If your bags are damaged or lost in transit, act immediately. Get a property irregularity report (PIR) from the airline that handled the latest stage of your journey, fill it in, return it to them and keep a copy for yourself. The PIR is not claim. You must make a claim for damage within seven days, and for loss written 21 days. The airline must provide you with the necessary claim forms; of thy fail to do so, write them a detailed letter, specifying the contents of your baggage.

Immigration control may demand evidence that your visit is really for its declared purpose (business, holiday or study), and that you have the financial means to support yourself during your stay. Relieve air bookings, hotel reservations and invitations to stay with friends arrivals to many countries are collated with the records of departing passengers, so there is a record of those who overstay.

Customs officials have the right to search your baggage, and to require you to unpack and repack your bags. Goods on which duty must be paid are impounded until they are paid for. If you are returning to your home country, you should here receipts available for anything you have bought abroad, as well as any valuables you took with you, to prove they more not purchased abroad. Before you lean the air Council, reconfirm any relieve or award belong.

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Fitness to travel Few people are so badly disabled, or enfeebled by age, that they cannot travel by air. Scores of thousands of handicapped passengers are transported routinely by every major airline each year.

A traveller with restricted mobility, or other health problem, such as a heart complaint, should find out from the travel agent or airline whether a medical certificate of fitness to fly is required. It is the passengers’ responsibility to obtain it from a doctor.

Pregnant women should ask for a certificate stating the number of weeks they have been pregnant, and confirming their fitness to travel.

Airlines will not usually permit women to fly in the later stages of pregnancy-usually after the 35th.

Flight Announcements     

Pre-boarding Announcement Final Boarding Announcement Pre-flight Announcement Captain’s Announcement Safety Briefing

Health effects Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the third most common vascular disease next to stroke and heart attack. It is estimated that DVT affects one in 5.000 travellers on log flights. Risk increases with exposure to more flights within a short time frame and with increasing duration of flights.

During flight, the aircraft cabin pressure is usually maintained at the equivalent of 6.000-8.000 ft (1.829-2.438 m) above sea level. Most healthy travellers with cardiopulmonary diseases (especially those who normally require supplemental oxygen), cerebrovascular disease, and anaemia, or sickle cell disease, conditions on an aircraft can exacerbate underlying medical conditions.

Aircraft cabin air is typically dry, usually 10%-20% humidity, which can cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and airways.

33

Health hints Travellers should remember to take into account the health requirements of the country to which they are returning.

The port health authorities may demand certificates of vaccination against diseases prevalent not only in countries visited, but also stopovers have been made.

Air travel today is more comfortable and more streamlined than ever before. But even the most experience traveller can fall prey to various disorders. These ranges from air sickness or fatigue to the now unbowed exertive bugbear know as jet-lag.

In flight Occurring or provided during an aircraft flight.

Made, carried out, or provided for use or enjoyment while on flight.

The amount of baggage passengers may carry aboard another is limited, not because it may weigh too much but because excessive anoint of baggage in the cabin could make it uncomfortable and possibly dangerous in an emergency.

In-flight entertainment Newspapers and magazines, including the airline’s flight magazine, stationery, toys and children’s books are likely to be available on request. If you want to write letters, be choosy about the kind of pen you use, function pens can beech at high altitudes.

Some airlines give basic lessons in the language of the destination country.

Children Many airports are equipped with mother’s rooms where babies can be changed and fed, and others have staffed nurseries where older children can be left for short periods, or entertained during long delays. Baby-care equipment up to about 26 pounds can be carried in addition to the normal baggage allowance.

34

Caring for the disabled wheeled Wheelchairs are usually carried free of charge, and are stowed in the hold. The airliners provide wheelchairs for deplaning as they do for enplaning; disabled passengers enplane first but deplane last.

Catering and service Special diets (which can include salt-free diabetic and dietetic ulcer as well as vegetarian, Moslem, kosher, kedassia, Hindu and shinning meals should be ordered, when booking or at 24 before departure.

Overnight Blankets and pillows are available for passengers who which to sleep and the seats can be titled back for enough for tolerably comfortable sleep. If the aircraft is flying into the dawn, blinds can be drawn down.

Medical The largest airports have medical centres as fully equipped as small hospitals. Many charge for their services.

Meeting & Greeting Newly arrived passengers can usually be met at the exit from which they appear when they have claimed their baggage, and perhaps passed through customs, the arrivals section.

All airports have lounges, often with bars serving drinks or snacks, but some airports now have rest rooms where passengers can sleep during short stopovers, or during delays. A usual charge may be levied.

Vaccinations Some countries demand valid international certificates of vaccination before admitting foreigners and many international airports offer emergency immunization and vaccination services for passengers and staff.

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Welfare Some very large airports have aid centres for receiving passengers who are destitute on arrival, who are emotionally disturbed, unable to contact relatives or friends, or who are lost.

Airport fire services The provision of Rescue and Firefighting Services (RFFS) at all airports and aerodromes in the United Kingdom is a requirement under British Law and International agreements set out by the International Civil Aviation Organization.

In the UK Airport Fire Services, are usually referred to as “Rescue and Firefighting Services” in contrast to the term “Fire and Rescue Service” (FRS) used by local Authority Fire Services.

Airport medical services (Cabin position air) Flight medic is a specialized paramedic employed on air ambulance aircraft or flights.

Airport passengers flow Passenger flow technology is a boost for every airport operator. From the moment a passenger arrives at the airport their progress, speed and dwell-time can all be used to smooth the flow of people through the terminal.

Passenger flow management tools are creating powerful opportunities for airports to enhance the movement of passengers through the airport. But be mindful of best practices cautions a new paper.

36

Airport personnel (the cabin crew) Aircrew, also called flight crew, is personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. The composition of a flight’s crew depends on the type of aircraft, plus the duration and purpose of the flight.

Airline cabin crew is responsible for the comfort, safety and welfare of passengers travelling on aircraft during flights to and from the UK and international destinations.

Flight attendants or cabin crew (also known as stewards/stewardesses, air hosts, hostesses, cabin attendants) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines, primarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights, on select business jet aircraft, and on some military aircraft.

Airport security Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in protecting passengers, staff and planes which use the airports from accidental/malicious harm, crime and other threats.

Airport security attempts to prevent any threats or potentially dangerous from arising or entering the country.

Airport vehicles: This category has the following 29 subcategories, out of 29 totals.

A

Air traffic control vehicles (1C, 19F) Aircraft de-icing vehicles (1C, 21F) Aircraft tugs (10C, 42F) Airfield starter units (4C, 4F) Airport vehicles of airlines (6C, 5F) Airport baggage vehicles (2C, 54F) 37

Airport buses (9C, 33F) Airport catering trucks (1C, 8F) Airport snowplows (1C, 52F) Airport tank trucks (2C, 97F) Ambulift (3F) Aviogei (2F) F

Airport firefighting vehicles (2C, 18F) Follow-me cars (2C, 35F)

G

Ground Power Units (5C, 24F)

L

Lavatory service vehicles (6F) Lepos (15F)

M

MJ-1 lifts truck (11F) Mobile closed gangways (aircraft) (2C, 72F) Mobile lounges (2C, 11F) Mobile open gangways (aircraft) (10C, 256F)

S

Service vehicles of Prague DuzymĂŠ Airport (1C, 11F) SideBull (4F)

T

TREPEL Airport Equipment (46F)

U

Unimog vehicles (16F) Unit load devices (2C, 40F)

W

Windus (air spots) (58F) 38

Airports’ world The world is divided into 24 time zones, within each of which all clocks should be set to the same time. In general each zone is one hour ahead of next zone to the west (except at the International Date Line in the Pacific, where a westbound traveller will go forward by 24 hours.)

The zones are based on 15-degree divisions of longitude, but have been modified for political convenience. Certain countries introduce daylight saving time; during the summer they put clocks one or two hours ahead of the appropriate settings for their time zone.

1. How many airports are there in the world today?

There are well over 49.000. And if you include airports use by business and private aircraft, there are around 14.858 in the USA also

2. How many international airports are there in the world?

There are 836 international airports (of all sizes), counted using “internet� as search.

3. Who are the cities of the world that have international airports?

Largest airport or some call in the busiest airport, here are the list:

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1. Afghanistan http://www.hamidkarzaiairport.com  KABUL: 10 miles (20 min) to Babul Airport (KBL)

2. Albania http://www.tirana-airport.com

 TIRANA: 18 miles to Rinas International Airport (TIA)

3. Algeria http://www.algiersairport.free.fr

 ALGIERS: 12 miles (30min) to Der-el-Beida Airport (ALG)

4. Angola http://www.angolaairport.net

 LUANDA: 2.5 miles to Belas Airport (LAD)

5. Argentina http://www.airportbuenosaires.com

 BUENOS AIRES: 2 miles (20 min) to Aerospace Airport (AEP)  BUENOS AIRES: 31 miles (60 min) to Ezeiza Airport (EZE)

6. Australia http://www.adelaideairport.com.au

 ALDELAIDE: 5 miles (10 min) to Adelaide Airport (ADL)  BRISBANE: 4 miles (15 min) to Brisbane Airport (BNE)  MELBOURNE: 13.5 miles (20 min) to Melbourne International Airport (MEL)  PERTH: 12 miles (20 min) to Perth International Airport (PER)  SYDNEY: 9 miles (20 min) to Kingsford Smith International Airport (SYD)  TASMANIA/HOBART: 13.5 miles (25 min) to Hobart Airport (HBA)

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7. Austria http://www.viennaairport.com

 VIENNA: 11 miles (20 min) to Schwechat Airport (VIE)

8. Bahamas, The http://www.bahamas.com

 FREEPORT: 3 miles (5 min) to Freeport International Airport (FPO)  NASSAN: 8.5 miles (20 min) to Nassan International Airport (NAS)

9. Bahrain http://www.bahrainairport.com

 BAHRAIN: 4 miles to Muharraq Airport (BAH)

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Bangladesh http://www.hsia.gov.bd

 DACCA: 5 miles (15 min) to Tezgaon Airport (DAG)

Barbados http://www.barbados.org/airport

 BRIDGETOWN: 11 miles (20 min) to Grantley Adams International Airport (BGI)

Belgium http://www.brusselsairport.be

 BRUSSELS: 10 miles (25 min) to Brussels National Airport (BRU)

Bermuda http://www.bermudaiairport.com

 HAMILTON: 12 miles to Kindley Field (US Naval Air Station (BDA)

Bolivia http://www.airportia.com

 LA PAZ: 5 miles (30 min) to Kennedy International Airport (LPB)

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15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Brazil http://www.aeroportogaleo.net/en/

 BRAZILIA: 8 miles (20 min) to Brasilia International Airport (BSB)  RIO DE JANEIRO: 12.5 miles (30 min) to Rio de Janeiro International Airport (RIO)  SAO PAOLO: 6 miles (15 min) to Congonhas Airport (SAO)

Bulgaria http://www.bourgas-airport.com

 SOFIA: 6 miles (15 min) to Vrajdebna Airport (SOF)

Burma http://www.mandalayairport.com

 RAN GOON: 12 miles to Mingaladon Airport (RGN)

Cameroon http://www.ccaa.aero

 DOUALA: 3 miles to Douala Airport (DLA)

Canada http://www.torontopearson.com

 MONTREAL: 12 miles (20 min) to Dorval International Airport (YUL)  MONTREAL: 23 miles (40 min) to Mirabel Airport (YMX)  QUEBEC: 12 miles (30 min) to Ste Foy Airport (YQB)  TORONTO: 18 miles (30 min) to Toronto International Airport (YYZ)  VANCOUVER: 9 miles (15 min) to Vancouver International Airport (YVR)  WINNIPEG: 5 miles (15 min) to Winnipeg International Airport (KBL)

Chile http://www.nuevopudahuel.cl

 SANTIAGO: 11 miles (20 min) to Pudahuel Airport (SCL) 42

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

China http://www.airchina.ch

 PEKING: 16 miles to Peking Airport (PEK)

Colombia http://www.vivacolombia.co

 BOGOTA: 7.5 miles (20 min) to EI Dorado Airport (BOG)

Cuba http://www.havanaair.com/flights

 HAVANA: 11 miles to Jose Marti Airport (HAV)

Cyprus http://www.cyprusairlines.com

 LARNCA: Larna Airport (LCA)

Czechoslovakia http://www.czech-airlines.com

 PRAGUE: 11 miles (30 min) to Ruzyne Airport (PRG)

Denmark http://www.norwegian.com/en/

 COPENHAGEN: 6 miles (15 min) to Kastrup Airport (CPH)

27.

Dominican Republic http://www.pawadominica.com

 SANRO DOMINGO: 18.5 miles (35 min) to Las Americas Airport (SDQ)

28.

29.

Ecuador http://www.tame.com.ec

 TORONTO: 18 miles (30 min) to Toronto International Airport (YYZ)

Egypt http://www.egyptair.com/el-salvador

 CAIRO: 14 miles (30 min) to Caire Airport (CAI)

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30.

ElSalvador http://www.world-airport-codes.com

 ADDIS ABABA: 5 miles to Ilopango Airport (ADD)

31.

32.

Ethiopia http://www.ethiopianairlines.com

 ADDIS ABABA: 5 miles to Bole Airport (ADD)

Fiji http://www.fijiairways.com  NANDI: 6 miles (10 min) to Nandi International Airport (NAN)

33.

34.

Finland http://www.finnair.com

 HELSINKI: 10.5 miles (20 min) to Vandoa International Airport (HEL)

France http://www.airfrance.com

 BORDEAUX: 9.5 miles (20 min) to Merignac Airport (BOD)  LYON: 15 miles (30 min) to Satolas Airport (LYS)  MARSEILLE: 15 miles (30 min) to Merignane Airport (MRS)  MULHOUSE: 15.5 miles (25 min) to Mulhouse Airport (NAN)  NICE: 4 miles (12 min) to Côte d’Azur Airport (NCE)  PARIS: 14.5 miles (30 min) to Charles de Gaule Airport (CDG)  PARIS: 12 miles (40 min) to Orly Airport (ORY)  TOULOUSE: 6 miles (20 min) to Blagnac Airport (TLS)

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35.

Gabon http://www.alternativeairlines.com/gabon-airlines  LIBREVILLE: 4 miles to Libreville Airport (LBV)

36.

37.

38.

German http://www.flygermania.com/en/

 BERLIN EAST: 12 miles to Schonefeld Airport (SXF) DRESDEN: 6.5 miles to Klotzsche Airport (DRS)  LEIPZIG: 7.5 miles (20 min) to Leipzig Airport (LEJ)  BERLIN WEST: 5 miles (15 min) to Tegel Airport (TXL)  COLOGNE: 17.5 miles (40 min) to Cologne-Bonn (Wahn) Airport (CGN)  DUSSELDORF: 5 miles (12 min) to Lohausen Airport (NAN)  FRANKFURT: 7.5 miles (20 min) to Frankfort Airport (FRA)  HAMBURG: 7.5 miles (30 min) to Fuhlsbuttel Airport (HAM)  HANNOVER: 7 miles (20 min) to Langenhagen Airport (HAS)  MUNICH: 6 miles (10 min) to Riem Airport (MUC)  NUREMBERG : 4 miles (15 min) to Nuremberg Airport (NUE)  STUTTGART: 9 miles (0 min) to Echterdingen Airport (STR)

Ghana http://www.airghana.com

 GIBRALTAR: 0.5 miles (5 min) to Gibraltar Airport (GIB)

Greece http://www.en.aegeanair.com

 ATHENS: 6 miles (30 min) to Athens Airport (ATH)  CORFU/KERKYRA: 2 miles (10 min) to Kerkya Airport (CFU) 45

 HERAKLION: 3 miles (10 min) to Haraklion Airport (HER)  RHODES/RHODES: 10 miles (15 min) to Maritsa Airport (RHO)  THESSALONIKI: 8 miles (20 min) to Micra Airport (SKG)

39.

40.

41.

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43.

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Guatemala http://www.tag.com.gt/en/

 GUATEMALA CITY: 4 miles to La Aurora Airport (GUA)

Haiti http://www.pap.oan-haiti.com

 PORT AU PRINCE: 8 miles to Duvalier International Airport (PAP)

Hong Kong http://www.hongkongairlines.com

 HONG KONG: 4 miles (15 min) to Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)

Hungary http://www.edestinos.com.pe

 Budapest: 10 miles (30 min) to Ferihegy Airport (BUD)

Iceland http://www.icelandair.ca

 REYKJAVIK: 28 miles International Airport (KEF)

(40

India http://www.airindia.in

min)

to

Keflavik

 BOMBAY: 18 miles (30 min) to Santa Cruz Airport (BOM)  CALCUTTA: 12 miles (40 min) to Dum Dum Airport (CCU)  DELHI: 9 miles (15 min) to Delhi Airport (DEL)  MADRAS: 10 miles (20 min) to Meenambakkan Airport (MAA) 46

45.

46.

Indonesia http://www.garuda-indonesia.com

 BALI: 7 miles to Halim International Airport (DPS)  JAKARTA: 7 miles to Halim International Airport (HLP)  SOEKARNO-HALTA: 10 miles (25 min) to Nairobi International Airport (CGK)

Iran http://www.iranair.com

 ABADAN: 7.5 miles (20 min) to Adadan Airport (ABD)  TEHERAN: 12 miles (30 min) to Mehrabad Airport (THR)

47.

48.

49.

50.

Iraq http://www.iraqiairways.com.iq/

 BAGHDAD: 10.5 miles (20 International Airport (BGW)

min)

to

Baghdad

Irish http://www.aerlingus.com

 DUBLIN: 5 miles (20 min) to Dublin Airport (DUB)  LIMERICK: 16 miles (20 min) to Shannon Airport (SNM)

Israel http://www.telaviv-airport.com

 TELAVIV: 12 miles (30 min) to Ben Gurion International Airport (TLV)    

Italy http://www.rome-airport.info MILAN: 6 miles (25 min) to Linate Airport (LIN) MILAN: 29 miles (60 min) to Malpensa Airport (MXP) ROME: 7.5 miles (30 min) to Ciampino Airport (CIA) ROME: 20 miles (40 min) to Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumiàno) Airport (FCO) 47

 SICILY/CATANIA: 4.5 miles (20 min) to Fontanarossa Airport (CTA)  TURIN: 10 miles (25 min) to Casselle Airport (TRN)  VENICE: 8 miles (30 min) to Tessera Airport (VCE)

51.

52.

Ivory Coast http://www.airecotedivoire.com

 ABIDJAN: 10 miles to Port-Bouet Airport (ABJ)

Jamaica http://www.mbjairport.com

 KINGSTON: 12 miles (20 min) to Norman Manley Airport (KIN)  MONTEGO BAY: 3 miles (10 min) to Sangster International Airport (MBJ)

53.

54.

55.

56.

Japan http://www.narita-airport.jp/

 KAGOSHIMA: 21 miles (50 min) to Kagoshima Airport (KOJ)  OSAKA: 12 miles (30 min) to Osaka International Airport (OSA)  TOKYO: 40 miles (90 min) to Narita Airport (NRJ)  TOKYO: 12 miles (45 min) to Tokyo International Airport (TYO)

Jordan http://www.amman-airport.com

 AMMAN: 5 miles (20 min) to Amman Airport (ANM)

Kenya http://www.kaa.go.ke

 NAIROBI: 10 miles (25 min) to Nairobi International Airport (NBO)

Korea http://www.seoul-airport.com

 SEOUL: 16 miles to Kimpo International Airport (SEL) 48

57.

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60.

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Kuwait http://www.dgca.gov.kw/

 KUWAIT: 10 miles to Kuwait Airport (KWJ)

Laos http://www.vientianeairport.com/

 VIENTIANE: 2.5 miles (20 min) to Vientiane Airport (VTE)

Lebanon http://www.beirutairport.com.lb/

 BEIRUT: 10 miles to Beirut International Airport (BEY)

Liberia http://www.caymanairports.com/

 MONROVIA: 38 miles to Roberts International Airport (ROB)

Libya http://www.en.libyanairlines.aero

 BENGHAZI: 18 miles to Benina International Airport (BEN)  TRIPOLI: 21 miles (45 min) to Tripoli International Airport (TIP)

Luxembourg http://www.lux-airport.lu/

 LUXEMBOURG: 3 miles (15 min) to Luxembourg Airport (LUX)

Madagascar http://www.airmadagascar.com

 ANTANANARIVO: 11 miles to Ivato International Airport (TNR)  TOAMASINA: 1 mile to Tamatave International Airport (TMM)

Malawi http://www.malawian-airlines.com

 BLANTYRE: 11 miles (20 min) to Choleka Airport (BLZ) 49

65.

66.

Malaysia http://www.malaysiaairports.my.com

 KUALA LUMPUR: 14 miles (30 min) to Kuala Lumper International Airport (NBO)  PENANG: 11 miles to Bayan Lepas Airport (KUL)

Malta http://www.maltaairport.com

 VALETTA: 3 miles (25 min) to Luga Airport (MLA)

67.

Mariana Islands http://www.starmarianasair.com

 GUAM: 2 miles (3 min) to Agana Field International Air Terminal

68.

69.

70.

71.

Mauritius http://www.airmauritius.com

 PORT LOUIS: 18 miles to Plaisance Airport (MRU)

Mexico http://www.aicm.com.mx

 ACAPULCO: 12 miles to Acapulco Airport (ACA)  GUADALAJARA: 11 miles (25 min) to Miguel Hidalgo Airport (GDL) MEXICO CITY: 3 miles (10 min) to Mexico City International Airport (MEX)  MONTERREY: 13.5 miles (30 min) to Monterrey Airport (MTY)

Morocco http://www.royalairmaroc.com

 CASABLANCA: 19 miles (60 min) to Nouasseur Airport (CMN)  TANGIER: 9 miles (20 min) to Boukhalef Airport (TNG)

Mozambique http://www.azworldairports.com

 MAPUTO: 5 miles to Malvalane Airport (LUM) 50

72.

73.

Nepal http://www.tiairport.com.np

 KATHMANDU: 4 miles to Tribhuyan Airport (KTM)

Netherlands, The http://www.schiphol.nl/

 AMSTERDAM: 9.5 miles (25 min) to Schiphol Airport (AMS)  ROTTERDAM: 6 miles (5 min) to Rotterdam Airport (RTM)

74.

Netherlands Antilles http://www.curacao-airpot.com

 ARUBA/ORANJESTAD: 2.5 miles (5 min) to Prinses Beatrix Airport (AUA)  CURACAO/WILLEMSTAD: 7 miles (20 min) to Dr. A. Plesman Airport (CUR)  ST. MAARTEN/PHILIPSBURG: 9.5 miles (20 min) to Prinses Juliana Airport (NBO)

75.

76.

77.

New Zealand http://www.airnewzealand.com

 AUCKLAND: 13.5 miles (30 min) to Auckland International Airport (AKL)  CHRISTCHURCH: 7 miles (15 min) to Christchurch International Airport (CHC)  WELLINGTON: 5 miles (30 min) to Wellington International Airport (WLG)

Nicaragua http://www.caai.com.ni/

 MANAGUA: 5.5 miles (15 min) to Las Mercedes Airport (MGA)

Nigeria http://www.faannigeria.org/

 KANO: 5 miles (30 min) to Kano Airport (KAN) 51

 LAGOS: 13.6 miles (60 min) to Murtala Muhammad Airport (LOS)

78.

79.

80.

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82.

83.

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Norway http://www.visitoslo.com/en/

 BERGEN: 11 miles (25 min) to Flesland Airport (BGO)  OSLO: 6 miles (25 min) to Fornebu Airport (OSL)  STAVANGER: 8 miles (20 min) to Sola Airport (SVG)

Oman http://www.omanairports.co.om/

 MUSCAT: 22 miles (30 min) to Seeb International Airport (MCT)

Pakistan http://www.piac.com.pk/

 ISLAMABAD: 1.5 miles (3 min) to Chaklala Airport (RWP)  KARACHI: 10 miles (15 min) to Karachi International Airport (KHI)  LAHORE: 8 miles (10 min) to Lahore Airport (LHE)

Panama http://www.tocumenpanama.aero

 PANAMA CITY: 17 miles to Tocumen Airport (PTY)

Papua New Guinea http://www.nac.com.pg

 PORT MORESBY: 10 miles (15 min) to Jackson Field Airport (POM)

Paraguay http://www.asuncionairport.com

 ASUNCION: 9.5 miles to Press. Gen. Stroessner Airport (ASU)

Peru http://www.lima-airport.com/

 LIMA: 4 miles (10 min) to Jorge Chavan International Airport (LIM) 52

85.

Philippines, The http://www.manila-airport.com

 MANILA: 7.5 miles to Manila International Airport (MNL)

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

Poland http://www.warsaw-airport.com

 WARSAW: 4 miles (25 min) to Okecie Airport (WAW)

Portugal http://www.porto-airport.com

 FARO: 4.5 miles (15 min) to Faro Airport (FAO)  LISBON: 5 miles (15 min) to Lisbon Airport (LIS)  MADEIRA/FUNCHAL: 10 miles (35 min) to Funchal Airport (FNC)  OPORTO: 10.5 miles (20 min) to Oporto Airport (OPO)

Puerto Rico http://www.sam-juan-airport.com/

 SAN JUAN: 9 miles to Isla Verde International Airport (SJU)

Qatar http://www.qatar-airport.com

 DOHA: 5 miles to Doha International Airport (DOH)

Rhodesia http://www.caaz.co.zw/index.php.

 SALISBURY: 7 miles (15 min) to Salisbury Airport (SAY)

Romania http://www.bucharestairports.ro/

 BUCHAREST: 12 miles (15 min) to Otopeni Airport (BUH)

Saudi Arabia http://www.riyadh-airport.com

 JEDDAH: 1.5 miles (10 min) to Jeddah International Airport (JED) 53

 RIYADH: 15 miles (25 min) to Riyadh Airport (RUH)

93.

94.

95.

96.

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98.

Senegal http://www.aeroport-dakar.com/

 DAKAR: 10.5 miles (25 min) to Yoff Airport (DKR)

Seychelles http://www.seychellesairports.travel

 NAIROBI: 10 miles (25 min) to Nairobi International Airport (NBO)

Sierra Leone http://www.slaa.sl/

 FREE TOWN: 18 miles to Lungi Airport (FNA)

Singapore http://www.changiairport.com/

 SINGAPORE: 7 miles International Airport (SIN)

(20

min)

to

Singapore

South Africa http://www.airports.co.za

 CAPETOWN: 9 miles (20 min) to D. F. Malan Airport (CPT)  DURBAN: 10 miles (20 min) to Louis Botha Airport (DUR)  JOHANNESBURG: 12 miles (25 min) to Jan Smuts Airport (JNB)

Spain http://www.airport-malaga.com

 ALICANTE: 8 miles (15 min) to Alicante Airport (ALC)  BARCELONA: 6 miles (10 min) to Barcelona Airport (BCN)  BILBAO: 6 miles (15-30 min) to Bilbao Airport (BIO)  CANARY ISLANDS/LAS PALMAS: 12.5 miles (25 min) to Las Palmas Airport (LPA)  CANARY ISLANDS/TENERIFE: 8 miles (30 min) to Tenerife Airport (TCI) 54

 IBIZA: 5 miles (10 min) to Ibiza Airport (IBZ)  MADRID: 8 miles (30 min) to Barajas Airport (MAD)  MAJORCA/PALMA: 6 miles (10 min) to Palma Airport (PMA)  MALAGA: 5 miles (10-20 min) to Malaga Airport (AGP)  VALENCIA: 7.5 miles (20 min) to Valencia Airport (VLC)

99.

100.

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102.

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Sri Lanka http://www.airport.lk/

 COLOMBO: 20 miles to Bandaranaike Airport (CMB)

Sudan http://www.azworldairports.com

 KHARTOUM: 2.5 miles to Khartoum Civil Airport (KRT)

Sweden http://www.swedania.com

 GOTHENBERG: (30 min) to Landvetter Airport (GOT)  MALMO: 20 miles (40 min) to Sturup Airport (MMA)  STOCKHOLM: 27 miles (40 min) to Arlanda Airport (ARN)

Switzerland http://www.gva.ch

 BASEL/MULHOUSE: 7 miles to Basel/Mulhouse Airport (BSL)  GENEVA: 2.5 miles to Cointrin International Airport (GVA)  ZURICH: 7 miles (25 min) to Zurich Airport (ZRH)

Syria http://www.abudhabiairport.ae

 DAMASCUS: 18 miles (40 International Airport (DAM) 55

min)

to

Damascus

104.

105.

Taiwan http://www.taipei-airport.com/

 TAIPEI: 3 miles (10 min) to Sung Shan Airport (TPE)

Tanzania http://www.tax.go.tz/

 DAR-ES-SALAM: 8 miles (60 min) to Dar-Es-Salam International Airport (NBO)  Thailand

http://www.survarnabhumiairport.com/

 BANGKOK: 15 miles (60 min) to Bangkok International Airport (BKK)

106.

107.

Togo http://www.aeroportdilome.com/

 LOME: 2.5 miles to Lome Airport (LFW)

Tonga Islands http://www.tongaairports.com

 TONGATAPU/NUKUALOFA: 13 miles to Fua’amotu International Airport (TBU)

108.

Trinidad & Tobago http://www.piarcoairport.com

 PORT OF SPAIN: 16 miles to Piarco Airport (POS)

109.

110.

Tunisia http://www.tunis-airport.com

 DJERBA: 3.5 miles (15 min) to Melita Airport (DJE)  MONASTIR: 5 miles (15 min) to Skanes Airport (MIR)  TUNIS: 5 miles (10 min) to Carthage Airport (TUN)

Turkey http://www.ataturkairport.com

 ANKARA: 22 miles (25 min) to Esenboga Airport (ESB)  ISTANBUL: 15 miles (20 min) to Yesilkoy Airport (ISI)

56

111.

Uganda http://www.caa.co.ug/

 ENTEBRE: 2 miles to Entebre Airport (EBB)

112.

Russia http://www.airgorilla.com/airports/eurose/russia

 KIEV: 24 miles (45 min) to Borispol Airport (KDP)  LENINGRAD: 10.5 miles (25 min) to Pulkovo Airport (LED)  MOSCOW: 19 miles (45 min) to Sheremetievo Airport (SVO)

113.

United Arab Emirates http://www.emirates.com

 ABU DHABI: 12 miles to Abu Dhabi International Airport (AUH)  DUBAI: 2.5 miles to Dubai Airport (DXB)  RAS AL KHAYMAH: Ras al Khaymah Airport (RKT)  SHARJAH: 6 miles to Sharjah Airport (SHJ)

114.

United Kingdom http://www.birminghamairport.co.ukm

 ABERDEEN: 5.5 miles (15 min) to Aberden (ABZ)  BIRMINGHAM: 6.5 miles (30 min) to International Airport (NBO)  NAIROBI: 10 miles (25 min) to Birmingham (BHX)  EDINBURGH: 6 miles (20 min) to Turnhouse (EDI)  GLASGOW: 9 miles (20 min) to Abbotsinch (GLA)  GLASGOW: 32 miles (60 min) to Prestwick (PIK) 57

Airport Nairobi Airport Airport Airport Airport

 LONDON: 28 miles (60 min) to Gatwick Airport (LGW)  LONDON: 15 miles (45 min) to Heathrow Airport (LHR)  LONDON: 30 miles (60 min) to Luton Airport (LTN)  MANCHESTER: 10 miles (30 min) to Manchester International Airport (MAN)  NEWCASTLE ON TYNE: 5 miles (20 min) to Newcastle Airport (NCL)

Channel Islands http://www.jerseyairport.com

 GUERNSEY/ST-PETER PORT: 3 miles (20 min) to La Villiaze Airport (GCI)  JERSEY/ST. HELIER: 5 miles (15 min) to Jersey Airport (JER)

Northern Ireland http://www.belfastcityairport.com

 BELFAST: 3miles (30 min) to Aldergrove Airport (BFS)

115.

United States of America http://www.officialusa.com Alabama http://www.flybirmingham.com

 BIRMINGHAM: 5 miles (12 min) to Birmingham Municipal Airport (BHM)  HUNTSVILLE: 11 miles (15 min) to Madison Airport (HSV)  MOBILE: 14 miles (30 min) to Mobile Municipal Airport (MOB)  MONTGOMERRY: 7 miles to Montgomery Airport (MGM)

58

Alaska http://www.alaskaair.com

 ANCHORAGE: 5 miles (15 min) to Anchorage International Airport (ANC)  FAIRBANKS: 5 miles to Fairbanks International Airport (FAJ)  JUNEAU: 7.5 miles to Juneau Municipal Airport (JNU)

Arizona http://www.skyharbor.com

 PHOENIK: 3 miles (10 min) to Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX)  TUCSON: 12 miles (20 min) to Tucson International Airport (TUS)

Arkansas http://www.flyxna.com

 LITTLE ROCK: 3 miles to Adams Field Airport (LIT)

California http://www.ooklandairport.com

 BAKERSFIELD: 4 miles (15 min) to Meadowfield Airport (NBO)  BURBANK: 4 miles (10 min) to Hollywood-Burbank Airport (BUR)  FRESNO: 5 miles (15 min) to Fresno Air Terminal (FAT)  LOS ANGELES: 10 miles (25 min) to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX)  MONTEREY: 3 miles (10 min) to Monterey Airport (MRY)  OAKLAND: 10 miles (20 min) to Oakland International Airport (AAK)  ONTARIO: 3 miles (10 min) to Ontario International Airport (ONI)  PALM SPRINGS: 2 miles (8 min) to Palm Springs Municipal Airport (PSP) 59

 SACRAMENTO: 12 miles (15 min) to Sacramento Metropolitan Airport (SMF)  SAN DIEGO: 3 miles (10 min) to San Diego International Airport (SAN)  SAN FRANCISCO: 16 miles (30 min) to San Francisco International Airport (SFO)  SAN JOSE: 2 miles (5 min) to San Jose International Airport (SBA)  SANTA BARBARA: 10.5 miles (14 min) to Santa Barbara International Airport (SBA)

Colorado http://www.flydenver.com

 COLORADO SPRINGS: 6 miles (20 min) to Colorado Springs Airport (COS)  DENVER: 5 miles (18 min) to Staptelon International Airport (DEN)  GRAND JUNCTION: 4 miles to Walker Field Airport (GJT)

Connecticut http://www.bradleyairport.com

 WINDSOR LOCKS: 13 miles (20 min) to Bradley International Airport (BDL)

District of Columbia http://www.flydulles.com

 WASHINGTON: 3.5 miles (15 min) to Washington National Airport (DCA)  WASHINGTON: 26 miles (45 min) to Dulles International Airport (IAD)

Florida http://www.flylcpa.com

 BEACH: 3 miles to Daytona Beach Regional Airport  ort (DAB)  FORT LAUDER DALE-HOLLYWOOD: 4 miles to Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Airport (FLL) 60

 PORT MYERS: 4 miles (15 min) to Page Field Airport (FMY)  GAINESVILLE: 6 miles (10 min) to Gainesville Regional Airport (GNV)  JACKSON VILLE: 12 miles (15 min) to Jacksonville International Airport (JAX)  MIAMI: 6 miles to Miami International Airport (MIA)  ORLANDO: 10 miles (20 min) to Orlando International Airport (NBO)  PENSACOLA: 3 miles (10 min) to Pensacola Regional Airport (PNS)  SARASOTA: 4 miles to Bradenton Airport (SRQ)  TALLAHASSEE: 5 miles (15 min) to Tallahassee Municipal Airport (TLH)  TAMPA: 4 miles (15 min) to Tampa International Airport (TPA)  WEST PALM BEACH: 3 miles (10 min) to West Palm Beach International Airport (PBI)

Georgia http://www.atl.com

 ATLANTA: 8 miles to Bush Field Airport (AGS)  AUGUSTA: 7 miles (25 min) to Nairobi International Airport (NBO)  COLOMBUS: 3 miles (5 min) to Colombus Metropolitan Airport (CSG)  SAVANNAH: 8 miles (15 min) to Savannah Municipal Airport (SAV)

Hawaii http://www.hawaii.gov/hnl

 HILO: 2 miles (5 min) to Lyman Field Airport (ITO)  HONOLULU: 4 miles (9 min) to Honolulu International Airport (HNL)  KAHULUI: 3 miles to Kahului Airport (OGG)  KAILUA: 9 miles to Ke-Ahole Airport (KOA) 61

 LIHUE: 2 miles to Lihue Airport (LIH)

Idaho http://www.idahocounty;org/tmp/airport/

 BOISE: 2 miles (10 min) to Gowen Field Airport (BOI)

Illinois http://www.flychicago.com

 ALTON: 5 miles to Civic Memorial Airport (ALN)  CHAMPAIGN: 6 miles to University of Illinois Airport (CMI)  CHICAGO: 10 miles to Chicago Midway Airport (MDW)  CHICAGO: 16 miles to O’Hare Airport (ORD)  CHICAGO: 1.5 miles to Merrill C. Meigs Field Airport (CGX)  MOLINE: 4 miles to Quad-Cities Airport (MLI)  PEORIA: 9 miles (15 min) to Greater Peoria Airport (PIA)  SPRINGFIELD: 3 miles to Springfield Capital Airport (SPI)

Indiana http://www.indianapolisairpor.com

 EVANSVILLE: 4 miles to Evansville Dress Regional Airport (EVV)  FORT WAYNE: 7.5 miles (25 min) to Fort Wayne Municipal Airport (FWA) INDIANAPOLIS: 7 miles (15 min) to Indianapolis International Airport (IND)  SOUTH BEND: 4 miles (10 min) to Michiana Regional Airport (SBN)

Iowa http://www.eiairport.org/

 CEDAR RAPIDS: 8 miles (10 min) to Cedar Rapids Municipal Airport (CID) 62

 DES MOINES: 3 miles (20 min) to Des Moines Municipal Airport (DSM)  WATERLOO: 6 miles (10 min) to Waterloo Municipal Airport (ALO)

Kansas http://www.flykci.com

 WICHITA: 6 miles (15 min) to Mid-Continent Airport (ICT)

Kentucky http://www.cvgairport.com

 LEXINGTON: 4 miles (15 min) to Blue Grass Field Airport (LEX)  LOUISVILLE: 4 miles (1min) to Stanford Field Airport (SDF)

Louisiana http://www.flyshreveport.com

 BATON ROUGE: 5 miles (10 min) to Ryan Airport (BTR)  NEW ORLEANS: 14 miles (30 min) to New Orleans International Airport (MSY)  SHREVEPORT: 5 miles (10-15 min) to Shreveport Regional Airport (SHV)

Maine http://www.flybangor.com

 BANGOR: 1.5 miles (7 min) to Bangor International Airport (BGR)  PORTLAND: 2 miles (15 min) to International Jetport (PWN)

Maryland http://www.bwiairport.com

 BALTIMORE: 10 miles (15 min) to Washington International Airport (BAL)

63

Massachusetts http://www.massport.com

 BEDFORD: 3 miles (10 min) to Hanscom Field Airport (BCD)  BOSTON: 2 miles (10 min) to Logan International Airport (BOS)

Michigan http://www.wichigan.org/property/comlumn-ayoung international-airport/  BATTLE CREEK: 3 miles (15 min) to W. K. Kellogg Regional Airport (BTL)  DETROIT: 6 miles (15 min) to Detroit City Airport (DET)  DETROIT: 17 miles to Detroit Metropolitan Airport (DTW)  FLINT: 4 miles to Bishop Airport (FNT)  GRAND RAPIDS: 7 miles to Kent Country Airport (GRR)  KALAMAZOO: 4 miles (10 min) to Kalamazoo Municipal Airport (AZO)  LANSING: 4 miles to Capital City Airport (LAN)  OAKLAND: 5 miles (10 min) to Oakland-Pontiac Airport (PTK)  SAGINAW: 10 miles (15 min) to Tri-City Airport (MBS)

Minnesota https://www.msairport.com

 DULUTH: 7.5 miles Duluth International Airport (DLH)  MINNEAPOLIS: 10 miles to St. Paul Airport (MSP)  ROCHESTER: 8 miles to Rochester Municipal Airport (RST)  ST. PAUL: 1 mile to St. Paul Downtown Airport (STP)

64

Mississippi http://www.iflyjackson.com

 JACKSON: 10 miles (20 min) to Jackson Municipal Airport (JAN)

Missouri http://www.flystl.com

 KANSASCITY: 17 miles to Kansas City International Airport (MCI)  ST. LOUIS: 11 miles to Lambert St. Louis International Airport (STL)  SPRINGFIELD: 7 miles (15 min) to Springfield Airport (SGF)

Montana http://www.flybillings.com

 BILLINGS: 1 mile to Logan Field Airport (BIL)  GREATAFALLS: 5 miles (10 min) to Great Falls International Airport (GTF)

Nebrasaka http://www.lincolnairport.com

 LINCOLN: 6 miles (10 min) to Lincoln Municipal Airport (LNK)  OMAHA: 4 miles (10 min) to Eppley Field Airport (OMN)

Nevada http://www.renoairport.com

 LAS VEGAS: 7 miles (10 min) to Mc Curran International Airport (LAS)  RENO: 3 miles (20 min) to Reno International Airport (RNO)

New Jersey http://www.jerseyairport.com

 NEWARK: 3 miles (15 min) to Newark International Airport (EWR) 65

New Mexico https://www.cabq.gov/airport

 ALBUQUERQUE: 5 miles (15 min) Albuquerque International Airport (ABQ)

New York http://www.airport-jfk.com

 ALBANY: 5 miles (30 min) to Albany County Airport (ALB)  BUFFALO: 9 miles to Greater Buffalo International Airport (BUF)  NEW YORK: 15 miles (30 min) to John F. International Airport (JFK)  NEW YORK: 8 miles (25 min) to La Guardia Airport (LGA)  ROCHESTER: 5 miles (15 min) to Monroe Airport (ROC)  SYRACUSE: 7 miles (20 min) to Hancock International Airport (SYR)

North Carolina http://www.airport-charlotte.com

 ASHEVILLE: 14 miles (25 min) to Asheville Municipal Airport (CAK)  CINCINNATI: 12.5 miles to Greater Cincinnati Airport (CVG)  CLEVELAND: 13 miles (20 min) to Hopkins International Airport (CLE)  CLEVELAND: 12 miles to Lakefront Airport (BKL)  COLUMBUS: 9 miles (20 min) to Port Columbus International Airport (CMH)  DAYTON: 12 miles (20 min) to James Cox Airport (DAY)  TOLEDO: 17 miles (25 min) to Toledo Express Airport (TOL)  YOUNGSTOWN: 10 miles to Youngston Municipal Airport (YNG) 66

Oklahoma http://www.flyokc.com

 OKLAHOMA CITY: 9 miles (20 min) to Will Rogers Airport (OKC)  TULSA: 7 miles (15 min) to Tulsa International Airport (TUL)

Oregon http://www.flypdx.com

 PORTLAND: 10 miles International Airport (PDX)

(30

min)

to

Portland

Pennsylvania https://www.phl.org

 ALLENTOWN: 3 miles (15 min) to Bethlehem-Eastern Airport (ABE)  ERIE: 6 miles (20 min) to Erie International Airport (ERI)  HARRISBURG: 1 mile to Olmstead State Airport (MDT)  PHILADELPHIA: 7 miles (30 min) to Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)  PITTSBURGH: 16 miles (25 min) to Greater Pittsburg Airport (PIT)  WILKES-BARRE: 12 miles to Scranton Airport (AVP)

Puerto Rico http://www.san-juan-airport.com

 SAN JUAN: 7 miles (10 min) to Puerto Rico International Airport (SJV)

Rhode Island http://www.pvdairport.com

 PROVIDENCE: 8 miles (14 min) to T. F. Green State Airport (PVD)

South Carolina http://www.chs-airport.com

 CHARLESTON: 11.5 miles to Charleston International Airport (CHS) 67

 COLUMBIA: 6 miles (20 Metropolitan Airport (GSP)

min)

to

Columbia

South Dakota http://www.sfairport.com

 RAPID CITY: 7.5 miles (15 min) to Rapid City Regional Airport (RAP)  SIOUX FALLS: 3 miles to Joe Foss Field Airport (FSD)

Tennessee https://www.flynashville.com

 BRISTOL: 16 miles to Bristol Tri-City Airport (TRI)  CHATTANOOGA: 10 miles (20 min) to Lovell Field Airport (CHA)  KNOXVILLE: 13 miles (30 min) to Knoxville Municipal Airport (TYS)  MEMPHIS: 10 miles (20 min) to Memphis International Airport (MEM)  NASHVILLE: 6.5 miles (15 min) to Nashville Metropolitan Airport (BNA)

Texas http://www.dfvairport.com

 AMARILLO: 9 miles (10 min) to Amarillo International Airport (AMA)  AUSTIN: 5 miles (10 min) to Austin Municipal Airport (AUS)  CORPUS CHRIST: 10 miles to Corpus Christi International Airport (CRD)  DALLAS: 17 miles (35 min) to Dallas Fort Worth Airport (DFW)  DALLAS: 6 miles (20 min) to Love Field Airport (DAL)  EL PASO: 7 miles (25 min) to EI Paso International Airport (ELP)  HOUSTON: 20 miles (30 min) to Houston International Airport (IAH) 68

 HOUSTON: 10 miles (20 min) to William P. Hobby Airport (HOU)  LUBBOCK: 12 miles (15 min) to Lubbock Regional Airport (LBB)  MIDLAND: 9 miles (15 min) to Midland Regional Airport (MAF)  SAN ANTONIO: 8 miles (15 min) to San Antonio International Airport (SAT)

Utah http://www.slcairport.com

 SALT LAKE CITY: 7 miles (15 min) to Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC)

Vermont http://www.btv.aero

 BURLINGTON: 3 miles to Burlington International Airport (BTV)

Virginia http://www.flyrichmond.com

 NEWPORT NEWS: 10 miles (15 min) to Patrick Henry International Airport (PHF)  NORFOLK: 8 miles (30 min) Norfolk International Airport (ORF)  RICHMOND: 5 miles (10 min) to Richard Evelyn Byrd Airport (RIC)  ROANOKE: 4 miles (10 min) to Roanoke Municipal Airport (ROA)

Washington http://www.flydulles.com

 SEATTLE: 5 miles (10 min) to Boeing Field International Airport (BFI)  SEATTLE: 12 miles (20 min) to Tacoma Airport (SEA)  SPOKANE: 6 miles (15 min) to Spokane International Airport (GEG) 69

West Virginia http://www.flyckb.com

 CHARLESTON: 3 miles (5-10 min) to Kanawha Airport (CRW)  HUNTINGDON: 9 miles (0min) to Tri-State Airport (HTS)

Wisconsin http://www.fly-cwa.org

 GREEN BAY: 5 miles (10 min) to Austin Straubel Airport (GRB)  MADISON: 5 miles (10 min) to Dane County Airport (MSN)  MILWAUKEE: 6 miles (10 min) to General Mitchell Field Airport (MKE)

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Upper Volta http://www.kuit.co.th/airport.php

 OUAGADOUGOU: 5 miles (10 min) to Ouagadougou Airport (OUA)

Uruguay http://www.prokerala.com

 MONTEVIDEO: 12 miles (25 min) to Carrasco Airport (MVD)

Venezuela http://www.margaritaairport.com/

 CARACAS: 13 miles (25 min) to Maiquetia Airport (CCS)  MARACAIBO: 2 miles (5 min) to La Chinita Airport (MAR)

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Viet-Nam http://www.hochiminhcityairport.com/

 HO CHI MINH CITY: 4.5 miles (25 min) to El-Rahaba Airport (SGN) 70

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Yemen Arab Republic http://www.tickets.kz/en

 SANA’A: 2 miles (5 min) to El-Rahaba Airport (SAH)

Yugoslavia http://www.airserbia.com/fr

 BELGRADE: 15 miles (15 min) to Succin Airport (BEG)  DUBROVNIK: 13.5 miles (30 min) to Dubrovnik Airport (DBV)  ZAGREB: 10 miles (20 min) to Pleso Airport (ZAG)

Zaire http://www.airportsbase.org/Zaire/info

 KINSHASA: 15 miles (30 min) to N’djili Airport (NBO)

Zambia http://www.nacl.co.zm/

 LUSAKA: 13 miles (15 min) to Lusaka International Airport (LUN)

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The control tower The control tower is the nerve centre of an airport. To prevent collisions, ATC (Air Traffic Control) enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around it at all times. Many aircraft also have collision avoidance systems, which provide additional safety by warning pilots when other aircraft get too close.

In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating within its airspace.

Depending on the type of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may at their discretion, disregard.

The pilot in command is the final authority for the safe operation of the aircraft and may in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of their aircraft.

Rotate Rotate is to move or turn around a central fixed point; to make something to do this.

The flight crew will be at the airport an hour before takeoff – earlier if the route is unfamiliar. Each member has to sign in, undertaking that he has read the flying regulations. Licences, vaccinations and passports must be up-to-date and all crew members must be “dry�: no alcohol within eight hours of a flight, sometimes more, depending on airline rules or state laws.

Neither captains nor airlines like to deliver their customers late, so crews vie in the Flight Dispatch Office for the most favourable altitude on the shortest route. The dispatcher recommends a route; the captain may disagree. An unfavourable route may add half an hour of flying time.

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Runways Runway is a long narrow strip of ground with a hard surface that an aircraft takes off from and lands on.

Runway is constructed of asphalt concrete, concrete, gravel or grass.

A subsidiary runway may be built at an angle for use by small aircraft.

Although modern jet airliners are less affected by crosswinds than propeller airliners used to be, planning a new airport still includes a climate-graphical survey of a large area around the site. A wind rose, often drawn up by a computer, ensures that the runways are oriented to take advantage of prevailing winds.

Formerly, runways were laid out in a triangular pattern, like those at London’s Heathrow Airport, so that one was always pointing roughly into the wind. Seen from the air it looks like the pattern made by a snowflake on black velvet.

Intersecting runways enable planes to take off from one and land on the other, but only alternately. Sets of parallel runways, the usual configuration at new airports, can be used simultaneously, even at busy times.

The hotter the climate and the higher the airfield above sea level, the longer the runways have to be.

Air density decreases with altitude and heat, so aircraft need longer distances to generate thrust and lift for takeoff.

Models fitted with turbofan engines were considerably quieter than the early turbojet-powered versions and by the early 1960s, runways at major airports had been extended to accommodate the new generation of jets. « Let us lift up our heart with our hands unto God in the heavens. » Lamentations 3: 41 KJV «Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles’ wings, and brought you unto myself. » Exodus 19:4 KJV 73

«Behold, he shall come up and fly as the eagle, and spread his wings over Bozrah: and at that day shall the heart of the mighty men of Edom be as the heart of a woman in her pangs. » Jeremiah 49: 22 KJV « Doth the eagle mount up at thy command, and make her nest on high?

She dwelleth and abideth on the rock, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place.

From thence she seeketh the prey, and her eyes behold afar off.

Her young one also suck up blood: and where the slain are, there is she. » Job 39: 27-30 KJV «And before the throne there was a sea of glass like unto crystal: and in the midst of the throne, and round about the throne, were four beasts full of eyes before and behind.

And the first beast was like a lion, and the second beast like a calf, and the third beast had a face as a man, and the fourth beast was like a flying eagle.

And the four beasts had each of them six wings about him; and they were full of eyes within: and they rest not day and night, saying, Holy, holy, holy, LORD God Almighty, which was, and is, and is to come. » Revelation 4: 6-8 KJV

Sources The Bible KJV & NKJV The Flier’s Handbook: Marshall Editions Ltd London The Media 74

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