Steel Construction News 2/24
ECCS Research
NewSkin Project 01.04.2020 – 31.03.2024
ECCS Trainings
Webinars
The ECCS Bridge Committee webinar on “temporary bridges” held on 25th March 2024 will be available as an electronic publication on the ECCS website or on demand contacting: eccs@steelconstruct.com
Visit www.steelconstruct.com for more information.
The NewSkin project benefits from an extension of 9 months until 31st December 2024.
The final event and the opening of the not for profit association, the NewSkin Aisbl, will be available via the platform: https://www.newskin-oitb.eu/
or via ECCS website on: www.steelconstruct.com
All events: https://www.newskin-oitb.eu/ events-and-webinars/
ECCS Event
International Steel Bridge Symposium 2024
The 11th International Symposium on Steel Bridges will be held from 11th to 13th September 2024 in Prague, Czech Republic and
is organised by the Czech Constructional Steelwork Association (CAOK) in coordination with European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS). The event will take place in conjuction with the ECCS Steel Bridge Awards Ceremony and ECCS Annual General Meetings.
The Symposium is going to present and discuss a wide range of topics related to a great variety of research, design and construction activities in steel bridges sector.
More information are available on the official website: www.steelbridges2024.com
Topics
–Advanced models of structures and bridges
–Bridge architecture
–Bridge maintenance
–Structural health monitoring of bridges
–Strengthening and retrofitting of structures and bridges – Case studies
Steel Construction 17 (2024) No. 2 113
ECCS NEWS
ECCS NEWS
ECCS NEWS
–Fabrication and construction
–Field testing
–Hight strength steel for bridges
– Highway, railway and pedestrian bridges
–Historical bridges
–Building information modelling for life of structures
–Advanced solutions for refurbishment and strengthening
–New and innovative materials, technologies and structural solutions
Ad Memoriam
–Structural connections
–Surface protection
–Sustainability of bridges
–Advanced structural analysis
–Cold-formed and thin-walled members and structures
–Damage repair and assessment of steel structures
–Dynamic behaviour and analysis
–Fatigue and fracture mechanics
–High strength, aluminium & stainless steel
Univ.-Prof. em. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Lindner
Univ.-Prof. em. Dr.-Ing.
Joachim Lindner
(* 29. March 1938; † 27. March 2024)
It is with great sadness that we learned the passing away of Professor Joachim Lindner. Prof. Lindner became a nationally and internationally known expert in Standardization Organizations as DIN, ISO or CEN and made a great and lasting contribution to European codification. He participated in and chaired many technical committees, amongst others: DIN 18800-2 and DIN 18800-3, DASt-Guideline 015 and DASt 016. Prof. Lindner was head of the Ger-man delegation of CEN/TC 250/ SC 3 and member of the related German mirror committee.
For more than 36 years he has been a member of ECCS TC 8 “Structural Stability”
and chaired this committee for 16 very successful years. In the USA, Prof. Lindner was active in the Structural Stability Research Council. He also gave advice as an independent expert in special scientific committees in Germany to promote the financial support of research projects, especially within the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/DFG (German Research Association) and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen/ AIF (Association of industrial research corporation). Furthermore, he successfully worked at the Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) in SVA Expert Committees (Sachverständigenausschüssen).
In 2013, the ECCS Charles Massonnet Award went to Prof. Joachim Lindner in recognition of his impressive lifetime achievement. Since 1998 ECCS honours outstanding scientists for their contribution to the advancement of scientific and technical support to constructional steelwork. Based on his 40-year academic career and his extensive experience in civil engineering amongst ECCS TCs, his expertise ranged from lateral torsional buckling through contact splices, historical grey cast iron columns, fatigue behaviour, stability design of glass-beams, scaffolding design, crane girders, plate buckling problems, to composite beams and columns, corrugated webs, connection problems and imperfection regulations. He signed around 220 publications.
–Innovative structural designs and applications
–Lightweight fibre reinforced plastic composite structures
–Large span and high-rise structures
–Plate, shell and space structures
–Robustness
–Seismic-resistant structures and blast loading
–Steel-concrete composite members and structures
–Trusses, towers and masts
In 1993 Prof Lindner took over the chairmanship of ECCS TC 8 Structural Stability until 2009. Close cooperation was established with the committee responsible for drafting Eurocode 3 on steel structures (EN1993), namely committee CEN/ TC250/ SC3. Technical input was provided for prEN1993 and later EN1993. Work continued on all kind of stability problems that occur in practice. Interaction formulae were developed for assessing the stability of beam-columns. Two teams had worked on these interaction formulae independently: the Austrian/German and the French/ Belgian team resulting in the two sets of interaction factors currently present in EN1993- 1-1. It was TC 8 that established the common general interaction formulae of clause 6.3.3 of EN1993 to accommodate the two sets. This work was documented in “Rules for member stability in EN1993-1-1 – Background documentation and design guidelines” (ECCS publication no. 119, 2006). TC 8 also defined the field of application of the General Method (clause 6.3.4 of EN1993-1-1) and initiated work on ECCS recommendations under the working title “Design by FEM of slender structures”. ECCS colleagues are thankful to Professor Lindner for his considerable contribution to these works.
The ECCS community convey their sincere condolences to Professor Lindner’s friends and family.
Steel Construction News 114 Steel Construction 17 (2024) No. 2
ECCS
NEWS
Ram Puthli turns 80
Professor Dr.-Ing. Ramgopal Puthli (known as Ram) celebrated his 80th birthday on April 4th 2023 in excellent health. At the age of 20 he graduated with a first class honours bachelor’s degree at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur in 1964 and has subsequently enjoyed an eventful 60 year career working in four countries.
Ram initially joined the engineering firm Killick, Nixon & Co. in Mumbai (formerly Bombay) where he stayed for two years. He worked on prestressed concrete structures, including the first prestressed concrete flyover bridge to be built in Mumbai.
In 1966, he travelled to the UK to study at the University of Manchester, where he completed a one-year master’s degree. He learnt how to program the Altas computer for the non-linear calculation of frame structures and stability theory.
After two more years of practical work in London, during which he designed chemical plants for the petrochemical industry in UK, Australia and Canada, he joined the South Eastern Road Construction Unit of the County of Surrey in 1969. At that time, the main focus of this construction unit was on the expansion of roads and motorways in Surrey, south-east England. State-of-theart engineering solutions, such as reinforced concrete or steel box girder girders, were employed for the numerous bridges, motorway junctions and overpasses. These solutions were designed and finely tuned by specially prepared finite element (FE) programs. Overseeing the site management of the M3–M23 Thorpe and M23–M25 Merstham motorway junctions was a personal and professional highlight for Ram, which led to his decision not to return to India and remain in the UK where he became a British citizen, chartered engineer, and member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.
In 1973, Ram was delegated to the Transport and Road Research Laboratory in Crowthorne, Berkshire where he carried out research on box girder bridges with a view to developing a new bridge design standard (BS 5400 – with limit state design). There had been a number of spectacular failures of slender steel box girder bridges worldwide, which prompted a change in design practice to include extended stability checks. From 1973 to 1976, he developed one of the first finite element programs for the geometrically and materially non-linear analysis of eccentrically stiffened 3D plate structures in order to simulate the interaction between diaphragms, webs and flanges. His PhD thesis in 1977 at the University of Surrey on the collapse analysis of stiffened steel box girder bridges was based on this research. He subsequently became a Research Fellow at the University of Surrey.
In search of new challenges, Ram emigrated to the Netherlands in 1978, where he initially spent two years working on sophisticated designs for offshore pipelines, risers and other offshore installations in the North Sea and the Persian Gulf. Subsequently, he had the opportunity to join the civil engineering division of TNO-Bouw (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research) where he specialised in steel construction. In his role as senior research engineer, he undertook pioneering research into the numerical calculation of the static strength, load-bearing capacity and fatigue strength of tubular steel structures and hollow section joints. This has made a significant contribution to the Delta Project which protects the Dutch coast from flooding and includes the construction of the large storm surge barriers Oosterschelde and Nieuwe Waterweg.
From 1987 onwards, he also devoted half of his working time to Delft University of Technology, where he coordinated joint research projects for the EU, public authorities and industry. This led to a very successful collaboration with Professor Dr. Jaap Wardenier and the mentorship of seven PhD students. Ram also became a Dutch citizen and subsequently gained the Eur.-Ing. title of the Federation of European National Associations of Engineers (FEANI), which has been known as Engineers Europe since 2023.
In 1989, he became a founding member of the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE) and a member of several international committees such as the IIW Commission XV-E for steel hollow
section joints, ECCS TC 8, ECCS TC 10 and the committee on the technical design and fatigue of structures of the International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress. He served as a member of the editorial boards of the international Journal of Constructional Steel Research (JCSR), the international Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineers (IJOPE) and the journal Structures and Buildings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London.
In 1994, Ram was appointed professor for steel structures at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) where his expertise secured research projects with European, national and international partners. These included investigative studies into static strength, fatigue and/or fracture mechanics problems in steel bridges, offshore wind turbines, mobile and fixed crane structures, lock gates and sluices, cast steel joints, and repair methods for offshore tubular structures, (ultra-)high-strength steels and hollow section joints.
From 2001 to 2012 he worked in the field in Germany for the Baden-Württemberg state building authorities, as a checking engineer for steel structures, and occasionally as a checking expert in other federal states.
Since retiring as a university professor in 2007, he has worked as a consulting engineer and runs his own engineering firm. Another focus of his current work is on publications: he has a wealth of experience to draw on and has been able to create background documents tracing developments in standardization back to the beginnings (forensic research), e.g. for Eurocode 3: “Design of steel structures – Part 1–8: Design of connections”.
Since 2005, Ram has been a member of the German Mirror Committee for Greenhouses in Horticulture and also chairman since 2011. Part 1: Commercial production greenhouses of the Euronorm EN 13031 Greenhouses was published in 2019, and Part 2: Greenhouses open to the public will follow. He is responsible for these publications as “convenor” (which is Euro parlance for “chairman”). The background documents are regularly published and updated on a publicly accessible website.
Ram’s friends and colleagues warmly congratulate him on his 80th birthday and wish him all the best for the future.
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thomas Ummenhofer
Steel Construction News Steel Construction 17 (2024) No. 2 115
PEOPLE
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ram Puthli
On the 200th birthday of Georg Rebhann (1824–1892)
(Photo: University Archives of the Vienna University of Technology)
Beam theory and stress analysis
Rebhann’s Theorie der Holz- und EisenConstruktionen (theory of timber and iron structures) (Fig. 2) allowed the formation of structural analysis theories to free itself from authorities such as Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785–1836) and Ferdinand Redtenbacher (1809–1863). In his book, Rebhann was able to generalise the bending stresses analysis for singly symmetric cross-sections (Fig. 3a):
Fig. 3 Bending stress analysis for a) singly symmetric and b) doubly symmetric cross-sections
Georg Rebhann (Fig. 1) was born in Vienna on 7 April 1824, the son of a shoemaker. After leaving secondary school, Rebhann studied at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna (Today: Vienna University of Technology), where he was a student of Johannes Philipp Neumann (1774–1849), Simon Stampfer (1790–1864), Adam Burg (1797–1882) and Joseph Stummer (1808–1891). He also studied astronomy at the University of Vienna. His work for the Austrian State Building Authority between 1843 and 1868 was certainly successful and took him from the Imperial-Royal provincial building department in Lviv to the Building Council at the Interior Ministry in Vienna. Rebhann became interested in theory of structures at an early stage. For example, he published a short article on the graphical determination of earth pressure in Ludwig Förster’s “Allgemeine Bauzeitung” in 1850 [Rebhann, 1850]; one year later, he reviewed Navier’s “Mechanik der Baukunst” [Navier, 1833/1851] in the “Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Ingenieur- und Architekten-Vereins” [Rebhann, 1851].
Gießen University awarded him a doctorate in September 1855 for parts of his monograph on the theory of timber and iron structures (1856) – and that was after he had already written a habilitation thesis for structural mechanics at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna in 1852 and had been giving lectures there on the theory of structures in particular since that year: He introduced structural mechanics as scientific discipline in Austria.
Rebhann calls Mpermiss the “capacity moment” [Rebhann, 1856, p. 119], the calculation of which includes the compressive or tensile stresses at the elastic limit state σo = σD,elast or σu = σZ,elast. Rebhann, too, points out that the simple bending stress equation M = σ · [Iy/(h/2)] for doubly symmetric cross-sections with z1 = z2 = h/2 (Fig. 3b) is only correct as a stress analysis for the special case of σ = σo = σD,elast = σu = σZ,elast [Rebhann, 1856, p. IV].
2 Title page of Rebhann’s „Theorie der Holz- und Eisen-Constructionen“ (Theory of timber and iron structures)
Rebhann criticises further that “similar inaccuracies appear in many other cases, and these combine with the circumstance that for the purpose of comparing theory with practice, merely the behaviour of the beam at the moment of failure attracts the utmost
care” [Rebhann, 1856, p. V]. Therefore, when designing beam structures, Rebhann consistently avoids considering the failure state: “In this book … the investigations never consider the failure of the beam, instead always consider the conditions for its safe existence – based on the simple, yet sufficient fact that this and not the destruction of the material is the intention in practice, regardless of the fact that the results of the theoretical investigations are linked with such principles that can only be regarded as true within safety limits and may not be applied at all to the failure” [Rebhann, 1856, p. VIII]. According to Rebhann, the load-carrying capacity of a beam structure is reached when the elastic limit according to Eq. (1) or (2) is reached at one crosssection. Rebhann calls the cross-section at which the elastic limit state is reached the “critical cross-section” [Rebhann, 1856, p. V].
The differential equation for bending was used by Rebhann – almost at the same time as Julius Weisbach (1806–1871) – to obtain the graphical representation of the bending moments for the first time, and he used the M diagram systematically to assess the location of the critical cross-section in the beam structure [Rebhann, 1856, pp. 229–233]. Rebhann’s honing of Navier’s beam theory would have been impossible without the rise of iron construction with its multitude of different rolled sections in the course of building the railways (Fig. 4).
It is also important here that in the bending stress analysis according to Eq. (1) or (2) (see Fig. 3a), the second moment of area Iy can only be determined with Steiner’s theorem (or parallel axis theorem) for the case of singly symmetric cross-sections. This important principle in strength of materials and dynamics was derived by the mathematician Jakob Steiner (1796–1863) as a universal geometric principle in 1840. Consequently, Rebhann eliminates the consideration of the failure state in the stress
Steel Construction News 116 Steel Construction 17 (2024) No. 2 PEOPLE
Fig. 1 Georg Rebhann Ritter von Aspernbruck (1824–1892)
Fig.
analysis of beam structures and replaces it with elastic theory in the form of the elastic limit state. So that completed the paradigm change from ultimate load theory to elastic theory in the design of timber and iron beams in bending.
Founder of the Vienna School of bridge building
In 1868 Rebhann was invited to take up a post of professor for bridges and bridge theory at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna (Vienna TH after 1872); and 1868 was also the year in which Emil Winkler (1835–1888) became professor for railways and structural parts of bridges. Just a few years later, Rebhann published his second monograph on theory of structures [Rebhann, 1870/1871]. Rebhann’s two monographs, which now fell under the heading
Events
Place and date
Luleå, Sweden 26 to 28 June 2024
Salerno, Italy 8 to 10 July 2024
Coimbra, Portugal 19 to 21 June 2024
Prague, Czech Republic 11 to 13 September 2024
Stuttgart, Germany 24 to 26 September 2024
Essen, Germany 15 to 19 September 2025
of ‘higher engineering sciences’, turned him into a leading engineering figure during the establishment phase of theory of structures (1850–1875) – also beyond the borders of the German Empire. This becomes clear when we consider that Rebhann introduced structural mechanics as a subject at his Alma Mater – and the way those lectures were adapted creatively by Emil Winkler for theory of structures lectures at Berlin TH after 1877 – and carried out strength tests on Portland cements and loadbearing structure models in the early 1860s. After Winkler’s departure, Rebhann took charge of the subject of bridgebuilding in 1877 and published a book on normal clearance profiles, load tables and iron sections for use in design tasks for building bridges in 1880. Rebhann served as rector of Vienna TH in 1882/1883. He was awarded many honours, including a peerage (1879) and the title of Privy Counsellor (1888).
Georg Rebhann Ritter von Aspernbuck died on 29 August 1892 in Altaussee, Styria.
His contributions to civil engineering
Georg Rebhann published on almost all areas of civil engineering. Several of his publications had a profound influence on civil engineering in general and structural engineering and steel construction in particular – only the three most important works are mentioned here:
–
Graphische Bestimmung des Erddrucks an Futtermauern und deren Widerstandsfähigkeit [1850]
– Theorie der Holz- und Eisen-Constructionen, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Bauwesen [1856]
– Theorie des Erddruckes und der Futtermauern, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf das Bauwesen [1870/1871]
Rebhann’s greatest scientific achievements consist firstly in the correct formulation of the beam theory for singly symmetrical cross-sections, secondly in the introduction of the stress analysis and thirdly in the graphical representation of the bending moment behaviour of beam structures: He thus laid the foundations for the structural analysis of beam structures – especially beam bridges made of iron.
Literature
Navier, C. L. M. H. (1833/1851) Mechanik der Baukunst (Ingenieur-Mechanik) oder Anwendung der Mechanik auf das Gleichgewicht von BauConstructionen. Trans. of French 2nd ed. (1833, Vol. 1) by G. Westphal, with an appendix by G. Westphal, 1st ed. Hanover: Helwing’sche Verlags-Buchhandlung.
Rebhann, G. (1850) Graphische Bestimmung des Erddrucks an Futtermauern und deren Widerstandsfähigkeit. Allgemeine Bauzeitung 15, pp. 193–199.
Rebhann, G. (1851) Besprechung von [Navier, 1833/1851]. Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Ingenieur- und Architekten-Vereines 3, pp. 22–23, 29–30, 38–40, 46–47 & 61–63.
Paul, M. (1892) † Hofrath Prof. Georg Ritter Rebhann von Aspernbruck. Zeitschrift des Österreichischen Ingenieur- und ArchitektenVereines 44, pp. 483–484.
Lechner, A. (1984) Rebhann, von Aspermbruck Georg. Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950, Bd. 9 (Lfg. 41), pp. 2–3. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Lechner, A. (2003) Rebhann von Aspernbruck, Georg. Neue Deutsche Biographie 21, pp. 223–224 [Online-Version]. https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd139892311.html#ndbcontent
Kurrer, K.-E. (2018) The History of the Theory of Structures. Searching for Equilibrium. Berlin: Ernst & Sohn. https://www.ernst-und-sohn.de/ the-history-of-the-theory-of-structures
Karl-Eugen Kurrer
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15th Nordic Steel Construction Conference nordicsteel2024.se
11th International Conference on the Behaviour of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas
13th International Conference on Structures in Fire
11th International Symposium on Steel Bridges
parts2clean
Schweissen & Schneiden Joining – Cutting – Surfacing
stessa2024.it
http://sif2024.org
steelbridges2024.com
parts2clean.de
schweissen-schneiden.com/joiningcutting-surfacing
Steel Construction News Steel Construction 17 (2024) No. 2 117
Fig. 4 Section properties of rails [Rebhann 1856, p. 224]
ECCS – European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (Ed.) Fatigue
Design of Steel and Composite
Structures
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures. Part 1-9 Fatigue. Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures.
- presents the knowledge needed for fatigue design according to Eurocode, written by the foremost european experts
- the ECCS as editor of the book represents the state of the art knowledge in steel construction
This book explains all issues related to the subject of fatigue: basis of fatigue design, reliability and various verification formats, determination of stresses and stress ranges, fatigue strength, application range and limitations. Detailed examples illustrate the concepts.
2018 · 323 pages · 105 figures · 4 8 tables Softcover ISBN 978-3-433-03220-6 € 59* * All book prices inclusive VAT. ORDER +49 (0)30 470 31–236 marketing@ernst-und-sohn.de www.ernst-und-sohn.de/en/3220
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Steel Construction 17 (2024), No. 2
There are many examples of steel structures subjected to severe environmental conditions with bolted connections directly exposed to climatic agents such as steel bridges, mining transfer towers, wind towers etc. In this experimental research, non-slip joints with M16 and M20 bolts have been studied (paper: FuenteGarcía, A. et al.).
Jan Stark
