THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Texas Department of Rural Affairs Charles S. (Charlie) Stone, Executive Director
WWW.TDRA.TEXAS.GOV
TDRA GOVERNING BOARD
1700 N. Congress Avenue, Suite 220 Austin, Texas 78701 P: 512-936-6701/800-544-2042 F: 512-936-6776
Dr. Wallace Klussmann, Chair David Alders, Vice Chair Dr. Mackie Bobo White, Secretary Agriculture Commissioner Todd Staples Remelle Farrar Dora G. Alcalà Dr. Charles Graham Woody Anderson Bryan K. Tucker Charles N. Butts Patrick Wallace Charles S. (Charlie) Stone Executive Director
MISSION:
To enhance the quality of life for rural Texans.
GOVERNOR RICK PERRY
December 31, 2010 The Honorable Rick Perry Governor, State of Texas
The Honorable Joe Straus Speaker of the House of Representatives, State of Texas The Honorable Members 81st Legislature
The Honorable David Dewhurst Lieutenant Governor, State of Texas The Texas Department of Rural Affairs (TDRA) is required by Section 487.051, Government Code, to “compile an annual report describing and evaluating the condition of rural communities.” The following report is offered in fulfillment of this requirement. The Status of Rural Texas provides a snapshot of where rural Texas stands today and speaks to the broad spectrum of challenges and opportunities being experienced by rural communities across Texas. Rural Texas is important for many reasons, but especially because of the sheer number of Texans living and working in rural areas of the state. Texas’ rural population (which was 3,347,316 persons according to January 1, 2010 estimates) exceeds the population of 22 individual states and is greater than the combined populations of Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming, and the District of Columbia. Each rural community contributes significantly to the people of the state of Texas and Texas’ economy. In addition to offering a vast array of tourism and recreational opportunities, rural Texas is the primary source of agricultural products, livestock, water, and mineral wealth that enhance the vitality of the Texas economy. In every sense of the word, rural communities are partners in the past, present, and future successes of Texas. Indeed, the viability of rural Texas is critical to the viability of Texas as a state. And because rural, suburban, and urban areas of Texas are inextricably linked, successes in rural Texas are successes for all Texans. It is our hope that this ninth report on the status of rural Texas will contribute to the ongoing dialogue that is shaping Texas’ future. The report highlights some of the complex and diverse issues affecting rural Texas. At TDRA, we will continue to monitor developments with all interested parties to maintain an objective focus on the status of life in rural communities. Thank you on behalf of the TDRA Governing Board and the staff of the agency for the opportunity to contribute to the future of our rural communities. Respectfully submitted,
Charles S. (Charlie) Stone Executive Director
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010 This report contains statistics and data relating to rural Texas, including: Population • July 1, 2009 and January 1, 2010 estimates of rural Texas’ population • July 1, 2009 estimates of the age of Texas’ rural population • 2009 estimates for the race and ethnicity of rural Texas’ population • Population projections for rural Texas by race/ethnicity (2000‐2040) • Migration to and from rural Texas (1980‐2000) • Fast growth areas in rural Texas from 2000 to 2008 • Cities, towns, and villages that have lost population since 2000 • New cities, towns, and villages created since 2000 Healthcare • Rural and urban distribution of physicians by specialty (2009) • Rural Texans without health insurance (2008) • Physicians in rural Texas, 2008 and 2010 Economy • Updated per capita income and earnings per job (2007‐2008) • Rural employment change (2008‐2009) • Updated rural unemployment rates (2009 annual averages) • Updated poverty rate estimates for 2009 • Entrepreneurship indicators (2006) • Small businesses in rural Texas (2006 and 2008) • A focus on the farm: An in‐depth look at agriculture Housing • New Census estimates for rural housing units (2009) • Survey on the local perception of housing needs (2006) • Public housing authorities in rural Texas (2010)
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Rural and urban counties in Texas In this report, a “rural county” is a county that is outside of a Metropolitan Statistical Area (or nonmetropolitan) under the 1993 U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) classification scheme for counties. An “urban county” is a county that is part of a Metropolitan Statistical Area (or metropolitan) under the 1993 OMB classification scheme for counties.
Legend Rural (196 counties) Urban (58 counties)
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Population
July 1, 2009 and January 1, 2010 estimates of rural Texas’ population According to January 2010 estimates from the Texas State Data Center Population Estimates Program, Texas’ rural population reached 3,347,316, which was an increase of 187,376 persons since 2000. Rural and urban population estimates for July 1, 2009 and January 1, 2010 2000
July 1, 2009 (Est.)
Jan. 1, 2010 (Est.)
Change, 2000‐2009 (Est.)
Change, 2000‐2010 (Est.)
Urban
17,691,880
21,445,986
21,662,919
3,754,106
3,971,039
Rural
3,159,940
3,336,316
3,347,316
176,376
187,376
Texas
20,851,820
24,782,302
25,010,235
3,930,482
4,158,415
Source: Texas State Data Center Population Estimates Program
July 1, 2009 estimates of the age of Texas’ rural population According to July 1, 2009 estimates from the Texas State Data Center Population Estimates Program, rural areas of Texas have a substantially larger elderly population that urban areas of Texas—16 percent of rural Texans are elderly versus 9 percent of urban Texans. July 1, 2009 population estimates, By age group Birth to 5, No.
%
6 to 18, No.
%
19 to 45, No.
%
46 to 64, No.
%
65+, No.
%
Total
Urban
2,046,595
10
4,034,790
19
8,767,941
41
4,659,329
22
1,937,331
9
21,445,986
Rural
275,050
8
587,335
18
1,131,019
34
806,454
24
536,458
16
3,336,316
Texas
2,321,645
9
4,622,125
19
9,898,960
40
5,465,783
22
2,473,789
10
24,782,302
Source: Texas State Data Center Population Estimates Program
According to those same estimates, rural Texas also has fewer people between the ages of 19 and 45 than urban areas—34 percent of rural Texans are between the ages of 19 and 45 versus 41 percent of urban Texans. This may be due to lack of educational or job opportunities in rural areas.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
July 1, 2009 estimates of race and ethnicity for rural and urban areas According to July 1, 2009 estimates of race, ethnicity, and age from the Texas State Data Center Population Estimates Program: • Rural areas of Texas have a considerably higher proportion of both male and female Anglos compared with urban areas. • Anglo males represent 59 percent of the rural male population compared with 43 percent in urban areas. • Anglo females represent 62 percent of the rural female population compared with 44 percent in urban areas. • Hispanics represent the second largest ethnic group in rural Texas. • Rural areas of Texas have a smaller proportion of Hispanic, African American, and Other populations when compared with urban areas of Texas. July 1, 2009 Estimates of Race and Ethnicity in Rural and Urban Texas for Males and Females Males Anglo
Hispanic
African American
Other
Urban
43.1%
40.4%
11.6%
4.9%
Rural
58.9%
31.5%
8.7%
0.9%
Females Anglo
Hispanic
African American
Other
Urban
44.1%
38.3%
12.6%
5.0%
Rural
62.0%
29.5%
7.5%
1.0%
Rural & Urban Females by Race and Ethnicity
Rural & Urban Males by Race and Ethnicity
Hispanic
Hispanic
Other
Other Rural
African American
Urban Anglo 0%
Page | 6
20%
40%
Rural
African American
Urban
Anglo 0%
60%
80%
20%
40%
60%
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Rural Texas’ projected population by race/ethnicity The chart below is based on population projections 1 made by the Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer 2 . According to these projections: • The Anglo population will continue to decline as a percentage of Texas’ overall population. • The Hispanic population will increase significantly climbing from 27 percent of rural Texas’ population in 2000 to 42 percent by 2040. • As a percentage of Texas’ population, African American and Other populations will remain fairly constant.
Projected population of rural Texas, by race/ethnicity, 2000‐2040 70% 60% 50% 40%
Anglo
30%
African American
20%
Hispanic
10%
Other
0%
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
In 2000, Texas’ overall population was 53 percent Anglo. In comparison, in 2000, rural Texas’ population was 64 percent Anglo. By 2040, the percentage of Anglos in Texas will decrease to 32 percent of the state’s overall population. In rural Texas, by 2040, the percentage of Anglos will decrease to 50 percent of the rural population. Hispanics represent rural Texas’ second largest ethnic group. In 2000, rural Texas had five percent fewer Hispanics than the state overall. By 2040, rural Texas is expected to have 11 percent fewer Hispanics than the state overall, according to projections.
1
The One‐Half 1990‐2000 Migration (0.5) Scenario—This scenario has been prepared as an approximate average of the zero (0.0) and 1990‐ 2000 (1.0) scenarios. It assumes rates of net migration one‐half of those of the 1990s. The reason for including this scenario is that many counties in the State are unlikely to continue to experience the overall levels of relative extensive growth of the 1990s. A scenario which projects rates of population growth that are approximately an average of the zero and the 1990 2000 scenarios is one that suggests slower than 1990‐2000 but steady growth.
2
Source: http://txsdc.utsa.edu/tpepp/2008projections/ Page | 7
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Rural Texas has an increase in net migration Between 1990 and 2000, rural areas of Texas (both adjacent and nonadjacent to urban areas) saw an increase in net migration 3 . Between 1990 and 2000, rural areas adjacent to urban areas saw the largest influx and achieved a net migration rate of 10 percent. During the 1980s, migration to rural areas adjacent to urban areas had been negligible. Net migration, net migration rates, and annualized net migration rates 1980‐1990 and 1990‐2000, and the percent of population change due to migration for urban and rural areas in Texas, 1990‐2000
Net migration rate (Percent)
Annualized net migration rate (Percent)
Percent change due to net migration
1980‐ 1990
1990‐ 2000
1980‐ 1990
1990‐ 2000
1990‐2000
Net migration 1980‐ 1990
1990‐ 2000
Urban central city
460,477
835,380
5
7
0.5
0.7
35
Urban suburban
511,956
879,913
28
35
2.8
3.5
77
4,466
190,692
0
10
0.0
1.0
70
‐35,250
40,044
‐4
5
‐0.4
0.5
59
Area
Rural adjacent Rural nonadjacent
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
In the 1990s, nonadjacent rural areas reversed the population loss experienced during the 1980s. Net migration rates were lower in nonadjacent rural areas compared to adjacent rural areas. The net migration rate for nonadjacent rural areas was half that of adjacent rural areas during the 1990s. The higher net migration rates of rural areas adjacent to urban areas reflect ongoing suburbanization and exurbanization 4 in Texas.
Fastest growth rural areas are adjacent to urban areas In the 1980s, rural areas adjacent to urban areas grew more than three times faster than nonadjacent rural areas. In the 1990s, rural areas adjacent to urban areas grew by 14 percent. In the 1990s, nonadjacent rural areas showed increased vitality, gaining population at a rate four times higher than the 1980s. Population and population change for urban and rural areas in Texas, 1980‐1990 and 1990‐2000
Population
Numerical change
Percent change
1980
1990
2000
1980‐1990
1990‐2000
1980‐ 1990
Urban central city
9,731,481
11,615,291
13,993,705
1,883,810
2,378,414
19
20
Urban suburban
1,811,073
2,550,367
3,698,175
739,294
1,147,808
41
45
Rural adjacent
1,841,723
1,962,353
2,234,027
120,630
271,674
7
14
844,914
858,499
925,913
13,585
67,414
2
8
Area
Rural nonadjacent
1990‐ 2000
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
3
The net migration rate is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time. A positive value indicates that more people are entering an area than leaving it. Exurbanization describes the growth of a ring of rural communities beyond suburban areas that become dormitory communities for urban areas. 4
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
A focus on fast growth rural counties Between 2000 and 2008, 81 of 196 rural counties gained population, while 115 counties lost population. In Texas, Burnet County had the highest numerical growth, increasing in population by 10,341 between 2000 and 2008. Compared with rural counties across the nation, Burnet County ranked 55th among US counties in numerical growth.
Top 10 fastest growing rural counties, 2000‐2008, number County name
2000
2008 (Est.)
Change, No. 2000‐2008
Change, % 2000‐2008
Burnet
34,147
44,488
10,341
30.3%
Wise
48,793
58,506
9,713
19.9%
Kendall
23,743
32,886
9,143
38.5%
Starr
53,597
62,249
8,652
16.1%
Wood
36,752
42,461
5,709
15.5%
Atascosa
38,628
43,877
5,249
13.6%
Polk
41,133
46,144
5,011
12.2%
Maverick
47,297
52,279
4,982
10.5%
Medina
39,304
44,275
4,971
12.6%
Kerr
43,653
48,269
4,616
10.6%
Burnet County was the fastest growth rural county in terms of numerical population increase between 2000 and 2008.
Kendall County had the highest percentage growth, increasing its population by 38.5 percent. Kendall County ranked 69th in numerical growth among US counties between 2000 and 2008.
Top 10 fastest growing rural counties, 2000‐2008, percent
Kendall County was the fastest growth rural county in terms of percentage population increase between 2000 and 2008.
County name
2000
2008 (Est.)
Change, No. 2000‐2008
Change, % 2000‐2008
Kendall
23,743
32,886
9,143
38.5%
Burnet
34,147
44,488
10,341
30.3%
Rains
9,139
11,204
2,065
22.6%
Wise
48,793
58,506
9,713
19.9%
Lampasas
17,762
21,197
3,435
19.3%
Somervell
6,809
7,942
1,133
16.6%
Franklin
9,458
11,001
1,543
16.3%
Starr
53,597
62,249
8,652
16.1%
Wood
36,752
42,461
5,709
15.5%
Bandera
17,645
20,303
2,658
15.1%
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Trends in population among Texas’ places between 2000 and 2009 Texas’ population grew from 20,851,820 persons (in 2000) to 24,782,302 (in 2009), according to estimates from the Texas State Data Center, resulting in an increase of 3,930,482 persons. This growth was not evenly distributed among places (cities, towns, and villages) in Texas. The table below looks exclusively at places in Texas that lost population between 2000 and 2009. We grouped places (cities, towns, and villages) by size. Places that ranged in size from 501‐1,000 persons and from 1,001 to 2,500 persons lost the largest percentage of their population between 2000 and 2009 (‐8 percent). Total population change for places that lost population between 2000 to 2009, by size of place* Size of place Year Percent change in population (city, town, or village) 2000 2009 for places in this range <500 24,772 23,041 ‐7% 501‐1,000 40,002 36,894 ‐8% 1,001‐2,500 164,875 151,896 ‐8% 2,501‐5,000 201,377 186,396 ‐7% 5,001‐10,000 236,874 223,920 ‐5% 10,000+ 755,890 729,401 ‐4% * This table focuses only on places that lost population. We examined all places in Texas that lost population between 2000 and 2009 and grouped those places by size of place, e.g., less than 500. We combined the total populations of all places within each range for the years 2000 and 2009. We then found the difference between those two years and expressed that difference as a percentage. Source: US Census Bureau, 2009 Estimates of Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions.
Texas places (cities, towns, and villages) that lost population between 2000‐2009, by place size 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
85
56
155
132
Less than 500
Page | 10
501 ‐ 1000
58
34
191
103
83
1,001 ‐ 2,500
2,501 ‐ 5,000
98
31
156
Lost population Did not lose population
5,001 ‐ 10,000 10,000 or more
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010 Interestingly, from 2000 to 2009 one‐third of Texas cities with a population under 10,000 lost population (not shown in the table below). 36 percent of cities (ranging in size from 2,501 to 5000 persons) lost population (see table below). Texas places (cities, towns, and villages) that lost population between 2000‐2009, by place size Less than 501 ‐ 1,001 ‐ 2,501 ‐ 500 1000 2,500 5,000 Places in this range 240 188 289 161 Lost population 85 56 98 58 Did not lose population 155 132 191 103 Percent of cities in this range 35% losing population from 2000 to 30% 34% 36% 2009 Source: US Census Bureau, 2009 Estimates of Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions.
5,001 ‐ 10,000 117 34 83
10,000 or more 187 31 156
29%
17%
New places in Texas since 2000 Texas has added 27 new places (four villages, three towns, and 20 cities) since the 2000 Census. These new places range in size from Brazos Bend with a population of 76 to Meadows Place with a population of 6,377. The city of Brazos Bend is more populous than Loving County, which had a population of 67 persons in 2000 and had a population of 45 in 2009, according to available estimates.
New places in Texas since 2000 2009 Population Brazos Bend city 76 Union Valley city 194 Taylor Landing city 211 DISH town 218 Kurten town 233 Brazos Country city 302 Cashion Community city 328 Volente village 402 Iola city 430 Bedias city 442 Webberville village 454 Point Venture village 506 Scurry town 705 Cresson city 856 Weston Lakes city 1,297 Von Ormy city 1,442 Escobares city 1,459 Jarrell city 1,470 Salado village 2,042 East Bernard city 2,220 Horseshoe Bay city 2,502 Wimberley city 2,846 Hideaway city 3,001 Westworth Village city 3,050 deCordova city 3,365 Spring Valley Village city 3,959 Meadows Place city 6,377 Source: US Census Bureau, 2009 Estimates of Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions. Place
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Healthcare Rural and urban distribution of physicians, by specialty, 2009 The chart below is based on August 24, 2009 data from the Texas Medical Board. The chart shows the rural and urban distribution of primary care physicians by specialty.
• • • •
In 2009, 13.5 percent of Texans lived in rural areas. In 2009, among primary care physicians, only two specialties (Family Practice and General Practice) had more than 13 percent of their practitioners in rural areas. In 2009, 8 percent of primary care physicians with a specialization in geriatrics were in rural areas. In 2009, 22 percent of Texas’ elderly lived in rural areas—Rural Texans accounted for 536,458 of Texas’ 2,473,789 elderly.
Rural and Urban Distribution of Primary Care Physicians, by Specialty, 2009 Geriatrics 8%
Obstetrics & Gynecology
6%
Obstetrics Gynecology
4%
Internal Medicine
3%
Pediatrics
7%
General Practice Family Practice Family Medicine
5%
Urban Rural
18% 16%
0%
11%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Source: Texas Medical Board ‐ August 24, 2009
Rural Texans without health insurance, 2008 estimates According to 2008 Census American Community Survey one year estimates, the percent of uninsured persons in rural Texas ranges from 14.9 percent to 35 percent. In rural Texas, the 18 to 64 years age group is least likely to have insurance with uninsured rates ranging from 21.4 percent to 47 percent.
Rural Non‐Institutional Civilian Population Without Health Insurance in Texas Age group
Range, %
Total Population
14.9 percent
Birth to 17 Years
6.4 percent
18 to 64 Years
21.4 percent
65 Years or Over
(Anderson) (Anderson) (Austin)
0 percent (Coke, Calhoun, Jackson, Cherokee, Panola, Rusk, and Cass)
to
35 percent (Brooks, Jim Hogg, Kenedy, Kleberg, Starr, Willacy, and Zapata)
to
30.1 percent
to
47 percent
to
(Coke) (Brooks, Jim Hogg, Kenedy, Kleberg, Starr, Willacy, and Zapata)
6.7 percent (Fannin)
Source: American Community Survey, one year estimates, 2008 Data are estimates from a sample and are estimated with sampling error. Counties with fewer than 65,000 persons are grouped into PUMAs (Public‐use microdata areas) for estimation, and are assigned the same rate.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Physicians in rural Texas, 2008 and 2010 According to September 2008 Texas Medical Board data, 24 Texas counties lacked even one physician. • Between 2008 and 2010, Duval and Cochran counties each lost the one physician that lived or worked in the county. • Presidio County, which lacked a physician in 2008, gained one physician by 2010. • In 2010, 25 Texas counties (all rural) had no physician living or working in that county. • In both 2008 and 2010, all counties without a physician were rural. Year
Loss or Gain of Physicians, 2008‐2010
Number of counties that lost physicians, 2008‐2010
2008
2010
Urban
43,574
46,061
+2,487
13
Rural
2,902
2,836
‐66
62
Texas
46,476
48,897
2,421
75
• • • •
75 Texas counties (almost 30 percent) lost at least one physician between 2008 and 2010. In both 2008 and 2010, seventeen rural counties had only one physician. In 2008, 20 rural counties had two physicians; in 2010, 19 had two physicians. Between 2008 and 2010, rural counties lost 66 physicians overall (a decrease of 2.3 percent).
Percentage of male and female primary care physicians in rural and urban areas, 2010
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
71%
Male Female
29% Urban
80%
20% Rural
In 2010, 71 percent of urban physicians were male. In 2010, 80 percent of rural physicians in Texas were male (a decrease of one percent since 2008).
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Increase in active physicians not in practice In 2008, 156 of Texas’ 46,476 active physicians were not in practice (0.3 percent were not in practice). In 2010, 1,359 of Texas’ 48,897 active physicians were not in practice (2.8 percent were not in practice).
Active physicians not in practice, 2008 and 2010
1,400 1,200 1,000 800
Female
600
Male
400 200 ‐ 2008
2010
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Economy In Texas, rural unemployment has closely mirrored urban unemployment since August 2009.
Unemployment in rural & urban areas of Texas, Aug. 2009‐Sep. 2010 9.0% 8.8% 8.6% 8.4% 8.2% 8.0% 7.8% 7.6% 7.4% 7.2% 7.0%
Urban Rural
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
From August 2009 to March 2010, rural unemployment was slightly higher than urban unemployment in Texas. Since May 2010, rural unemployment has been slightly lower than urban unemployment.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Employment change in rural Texas In 2008, rural Texas’ annual average unemployment rate was 4.9 percent, up from 4.5 percent in 2007. In 2009, rural Texas’ annual average unemployment rate was 7.8 percent. From 2008 to 2009, employment increased by 0.3 percent in rural Texas.
Employment 5
Rural
Urban
Total
2007
1,527,993
12,490,860
14,018,853
2008
1,571,714
12,898,186
14,469,900
2006‐2007
0.9
1.6
1.5
2007‐2008
1.4
1.2
1.3
2008‐2009
0.3
‐0.4
‐0.4
2008
4.9
5
4.9
2009
7.8
7.6
7.6
Total number of jobs
Percent employment change
Unemployment rate (percent)
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Per capita income According to the Economic Research Service at the United States Department of Agriculture, per capita income in rural Texas remained flat between 2007 and 2008. During the same time period, urban per capita income decreased by 1.3 percent. However, rural per capita income continued to trail urban per capita income significantly—by $9,078—in 2008.
Per‐capita income (2008 dollars) Rural
Urban
Total
2007
29,849
39,447
38,252
2008
29,843
38,921
37,809
Percent change 0 ‐1.3 ‐1.2 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Earnings per job Between 2007 and 2008, earnings per job in rural areas of Texas decreased from $33,707 to $32,790 (a decrease of 2.7 percent). In 2008, rural earnings per job trailed urban earnings per job significantly (by $20,134).
Earnings per job (2008 dollars) Rural
Urban
Total
2007
33,707
54,183
51,951
2008
32,790
52,924
50,737
Percent change ‐2.7 ‐2.3 ‐2.3 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
5
For data provided by the USDA Economic Research Service, urban and rural (metro and nonmetro) definitions are based on the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 2003 classification. See Measuring Rurality: New Definitions in 2003 for more information.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Poverty rate In 2009, the poverty rate in rural Texas was 19.5 percent (more than 3 percent higher than the poverty rate in urban areas of Texas). In the United States, rural poverty rose from 2008 to 2009, reaching 16.6 percent, which is the highest rate since 1992 when it was 16.9 percent. Poverty rate (percent) Rural Urban 1979 19.1 13.7 1989 23.5 17.1 1999 18.7 14.8 2009 (latest model‐based estimates) 19.5 16.8 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Total 14.7 18.1 15.4 17.1
In 2005: • the US poverty rate was 13.3 percent; • Texas’ rate was 17.5 percent; and • Rural Texas’ rate was 19.7 percent. In 2007: • the US poverty rate was 13 percent; • Texas’ rate was 16.3 percent; and • Rural Texas’ rate was 18.4 percent. In 2009: • the US poverty rate was 14.3 percent; • Texas’ rate was 17.1 percent; and • Rural Texas’ rate was 19.5 percent.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Entrepreneurship indicators Employment In 2006, US non‐farm proprietor employment accounted for almost 19 percent of total nonfarm employment. That same year, the figure for Texas was 20.1 percent. In rural Texas, non‐farm proprietor employment accounted for 26.1 percent of total nonfarm employment.
In 2006, Texas’ average income per non‐farm proprietor was $47,214, exceeding the United States average of $29,950.
Income In 2006, at the national level, non‐farm proprietors’ income accounted for 9 percent of total personal income. In Texas, non‐farm proprietors accounted for 15.2 percent of total personal income. In rural Texas counties, the percentage ranged from 1.7 percent to 26.5 percent. In 2006, the average income per non‐farm proprietor in the United States was $29,950. In Texas, the figure stood at $47,214. The average income per non‐farm proprietor in Texas counties ranged from just over $5,000 to $112,631. For rural Texas counties, the highest income average was $42,765.
Small businesses in rural Texas The Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) indicates that 70,350 business reporting units were operating in rural Texas in the first quarter of 2006 with an average of 14.35 workers per unit. The Texas average during that time period was 23.12 workers per unit. By the first quarter of 2008, 72,549 business reporting units were operating in rural Texas. That marked an increase of 2,199 business reporting units from 2006‐2008. In 2008, the average number of workers remained fairly constant with rural business reporting units, which reported an average of 14.17 workers and Texas business reporting units reported an overall average of 22.86 workers per unit.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
A focus on the farm: An in-depth look at agriculture
Farm characteristics The table below shows data for the last three censuses of agriculture (the most recent was conducted in 2007). Farm characteristics (1997, 2002 and 2007 Census of Agriculture) Approximate total land area (acres) Total farmland (acres) Percent of total land area
1997 167,625,165 133,956,359 79.9
2002 167,550,149 129,877,666 77.5
2007 167,145,209 130,398,753 78
Cropland (acres) Percent of total farmland Percent in pasture Percent irrigated
39,051,211 29.2 31.3 13.9
38,657,710 29.8 33.5 11.8
33,667,177 25.8 23.3 13.7
Harvested Cropland (acres)
20,357,767
17,750,938
19,174,301
Woodland (acres) Percent of total farmland Percent in pasture
5,471,015 4.1 72.4
5,651,181 4.4 74.4
7,099,790 5.4 74.4
Pastureland (acres) Percent of total farmland
86,947,714 64.9
83,402,865 64.2
87,217,416 66.9
Land in house lots, ponds, 2,165,910 2,486,419 roads, wasteland, etc. (acres) Percent of total farmland 1.9 1.7 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
2,414,370 1.9
Farms by size In 2007, the majority of Texas farms were between 1 and 99 acres in size. Farms by size (percent) 1997 2002 1 to 99 acres 46.6 48.3 100 to 499 acres 34.8 33.7 500 to 999 acres 8.6 8.1 1000 to 1,999 acres 5.4 5.3 2,000 or more acres 4.6 4.6 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
2007 52.5 31.2 7.2 4.6 4.5
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Farms by sales The vast majority of Texas’ farms (71 percent in 2007) have less than $10,000 in sales. Farms by sales (percent) 1997 2002 Less than $9,999 70.2 71.5 $10,000 to $49,999 18.4 18.3 $50,000 to $99,999 3.8 3.8 $100,000 to $499,999 5.9 4.9 More than $500,000 1.7 1.5 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
2007 71 18.3 3.5 4.7 2.4
Tenure of farmers In 2007, nearly 72 percent of farms were owned by a full owner. Tenure of farmers Full owner (farms) Percent of total
1997 143,245 62.8
2002 155,053 67.7
2007 177,147 71.6
Part owner (farms) Percent of total
60,336 26.4
55,703 24.3
54,773 22.1
Tenant owner (farms) 24,592 18,170 Percent of total 10.8 7.9 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
15,517 6.3
Farm organization In terms of the number of farms in Texas, individuals/family or sole proprietorship is the most common form of farm organization (88.2 percent in 2007). Farm organization Individuals/family, sole proprietorship (farms) Percent of total Family‐held corporations (farms) Percent of total Partnerships (farms) Percent of total Non‐family corporations (farms) Percent of total
1997
2002
2007
201,896
210,409
218,126
88.5
91.9
88.2
5,057
3,842
4,956
2.2
1.7
2
18,658 8.2
12,720 5.6
20,657 8.3
688 0.3
456 0.2
750 0.3
Others ‐ cooperative, estate or 1,499 1,874 trust, institutional, etc. (farms) Percent of total 0.8 0.7 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
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2,948 1.2
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Characteristics of principal farm operators The average age of a principal farm operator in Texas is increasing—up from 56 years of age in 1997 to nearly 59 years of age in 2007. Between 1997 and 2007, the number of female farm operators increased by more than 36 percent.
Characteristics of principal farm operators 1997 2002 2007 Average operator age (years) 56 56.9 58.9 Percent with farming as their 53.6 39.9 40.4 primary occupation Men 202,463 201,734 212,426 Women 25,710 27,192 35,011 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Farm financial indicators Between 2007 and 2008, the number of farms in Texas remained constant, according to USDA data. Final agricultural sector output decreased by 4.5 percent—services and forestry grew by 15.3 percent; final crop output fell by 17.8 percent; and final animal output fell slightly by $45 million or 0.4 percent.
Farm financial indicators Farm income and value added data 2007 2008 Number of farms 247,500 247,500 Thousand $ Final crop output 8,590,838 7,061,726 + Final animal output 11,077,615 11,032,630 + Services and forestry 3,456,628 3,985,894 = Final agricultural sector output 23,125,082 22,080,250 ‐ Intermediate consumption outlays + Net government transactions = Gross value added
14,232,975 562,432 9,454,538
14,324,074 273,698 8,029,875
‐ Capital consumption
2,093,945
2,232,644
= Net value added
7,360,593
5,797,231
‐ Factor payments Employee compensation (total hired labor) Net rent received by nonoperator landlords Real estate and nonreal estate interest
2,608,301 1,286,684 317,084 1,004,533
2,579,941 1,407,685 205,442 966,814
= Net farm income 4,752,292 3,217,290 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Manufactured inputs From 2007 to 2008, manufactured inputs increased from roughly $2.9 billion to approximately $3.4 billion.
Manufactured inputs in Texas, 2007 and 2008
2007 2008 ($, thousands) ($, thousands) Manufactured inputs (total) 2,859,169 3,401,261 Fertilizers and lime 920,000 1,080,000 Pesticides 470,000 510,000 Petroleum fuel and oils 1,102,839 1,336,069 Electricity 366,330 475,192 Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Organic agriculture Between 2006 and 2008, organic agriculture increased in Texas. The number of certified operations increased by 21 percent and total acreage increased by 36 percent.
Organic agriculture Number of certified operations Crops (acres) Pasture & rangeland (acres) Total acres
2006 230 104,474 227,323 331,798
2007 227 130,603 288,050 418,652
2008 279 155,957 294,749 450,706
Change 2006‐2008 21% 49% 30% 36%
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Conservation practices Between 1997 and 2007, the number of acres of farmland in conservation or wetlands reserve programs increased by 12.8 percent in Texas.
Conservation practices Farmland in conservation or wetlands reserve programs (acres) Average farm size (acres)
1997
2002
2007
3,695,646
3,302,766
4,170,044
587
567
527
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Top commodities, exports, and counties The table below highlights Texas’ top five agricultural commodities in 2009. Texas produced more than a third of US cotton and nearly 16 percent of cattle and calves by value.
Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2009 1. Cattle and calves 2. Broilers 3. Greenhouse/nursery 4. Cotton 5. Dairy products All commodities
Value of receipts (Thousand $) 6,938,721 1,650,227 1,284,269 1,188,629 1,172,129 16,573,054
Percent of state total farm receipts 41.9 10 7.7 7.2 7.1
Percent of US value 15.9 7.6 8.1 34.1 4.8 5.8
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
In 2009, Texas was first in exports for cotton and linters and third for live animals and meat.
Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2009 1. Cotton and linters 2. Live animals and meat 3. Other 4. Feed grains and products 5. Poultry and products Overall rank
Rank among states 1 3 6 10 6 5
Value (million $) 1,389.80 709.5 441.2 378.8 289.4 4,541.60
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
In 2007, Deaf Smith County was highest in agricultural sales, accounting for 5.5 percent of Texas’ total receipts.
Top 5 counties in agricultural sales 2007 1. Deaf Smith County 2. Castro County 3. Parmer County 4. Hartley County 5. Hansford County State total
Percent of state total receipts 5.5 4.6 4.5 3.4 2.8
Prepared by Economic Research Service, USDA, Washington, DC.
Page | 22
Thousand $ 1,148,359 973,352 937,664 724,508 589,799 21,001,074
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Housing Census housing unit estimates, 2009 Between 2000 and 2009, the number of housing units in rural Texas increased by more than six percent (from 1,381,471 to 1,466,445 units), according to 2009 Census estimates. During the same period, Texas’ urban housing stock grew by nearly 22 percent. Rural and urban housing units: 2000, 2008, and 2009 2000
2008
2009
Change, 2008‐2009 Number
%
Change, 2000‐2009 Number
%
Urban
6,776,104
8,145,598
8,257,775
112,177
1.4%
1,481,671
21.9%
Rural
1,381,471
1,462,445
1,466,445
4,000
0.3%
84,974
6.2%
Texas
8,157,575
9,608,043
9,724,220
116,177
1.2%
1,566,645
19.2%
Between 2008 and 2009, according to Census estimates, 4,000 homes were added in rural Texas and 112,177 homes were added in urban areas. Overall, Texas added 116,177 homes between 2008 and 2009.
Housing Units: 2000, 2008, and 2009 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
1,381,471
1,466,445
Rural Urban
2000
1,462,445
2008
2009
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THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Survey on the local perception of housing needs
From March to May 2006, the Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs (TDHCA) conducted a survey of the housing and community development needs, as well as issues and problems at the state, regional, and local levels. The survey was distributed to state representatives, state senators, mayors, county judges, city managers, housing/planning departments, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) local offices, public housing authorities, councils of government, community action agencies, and Housing Opportunities for Persons with AIDS (HOPWA) agencies for total of 2,529 individuals and entities. The survey had a 17.2 percent response rate.
To assess top housing needs for rural Texas, TDRA reviewed TDHCA’s survey and identified responses from rural communities and from entities representing rural Texas. Approximately 85 percent of the survey respondents were rural communities or represented rural communities. According to rural survey respondents, housing assistance, development of rental units, and energy assistance were top needs. Survey respondents gave lowest priority to assistance for homeless persons.
Survey on the local perception of housing needs Answer Choice Housing Assistance Energy Assistance Development of Rental Units Capacity Building Assistance for Homeless Persons
Number of responses per need rank (1 highest, 5 lowest), and percent of total responses within each activity 1 2 3 4 5 No Opinion Total Responses 114 62 49 22 1 14 262 43.5% 23.7% 18.7% 8.4% 0.4% 5.3% 66 98 72 37 9 9 291 22.7% 33.7% 24.7% 12.7% 3.1% 3.1% 58 51 72 34 32 23 270 21.5% 18.9% 26.7% 12.6% 11.9% 8.5% 49 35 57 90 70 41 342 14.3% 10.2% 16.7% 26.3% 20.5% 12.0% 14 22 34 61 127 51 309 4.5% 7.1% 11.0% 19.7% 41.1% 16.5%
Items ranked by highest need Housing Assistance Over half of respondents identified home repair assistance as the highest need for housing assistance. Almost a quarter of respondents identified assistance to purchase a home as the highest need for housing assistance.
Energy Assistance Both utility payment assistance and weatherization/minor home repairs were identified as the top activities with the greatest need for energy assistance activities.
Development of Rental Units For the development of rental units, over a third of the respondents identified construction of new rental units as the greatest needed activity. Also, a third of respondents responded that the need for both new construction and rehabilitation of rental units is the same as the need for the development of rental units.
Capacity Building Assistance Over a quarter of the respondents identified assistance with operating costs as the greatest need activity for capacity building assistance. Nineteen percent of respondents indicated that training and technical assistance was the greatest need activity.
Assistance for Homeless Persons Over half of the respondents said that there is minimal need for assistance for homeless persons, and 18 percent had no opinion on the issue. Ten percent identified homeless prevention services as the greatest need activity for assistance for homeless persons.
Page | 24
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Public Housing Authorities, 2010 According to the 2011 State Low Income Housing Plan, beginning in the 1930s, local public housing authorities (PHAs) built and managed properties for low‐income residents. This was achieved primarily through funding provided by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). According to the plan, most public housing developments were completed during the 1970s. Public housing authority (PHA) units in rural and urban Texas, 2010
Rural 36,740 57.9%
Urban 26,676 42.1%
Texas 63,416
In 2010, according to HUD, Texas had 63,416 PHA units. Nearly 60 percent of those units were located in rural areas (see table above). The chart below shows the distribution of rural and urban PHAs by uniform state service region (see a map of the regions on the next page).
Rural & Urban Public Housing Authority Units, By Region 13 12 11 10 9 8 Urban
7
Rural
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Page | 25
THE STATUS OF RURAL TEXAS, 2010
Page | 26
Credits and acknowledgements This report is written and researched by Eric Beverly and Kim White from the Texas Department of Rural Affairs, with the exception of “Survey on the local perception of housing needs,” written by Alexandra Gamble in consultation with Brenda Hull (of the Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs). Map by: Eric Beverly Layout and design by: Eric Beverly Special thanks to: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer SOCRATES, Texas Workforce Commission