Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change Status of Rural Texas Series, 2006
OFFICE OF RURAL COMMUNITY AFFAIRS Executive Committee Michael W aters, Chair
Rick Perry Governor
David Alders Nicki Harle Carol Harrell William Jeter
Charles S. (Charlie) Stone Executive Director
W allace Klussmann Lydia Rangel Saenz Ike Sugg Patrick W allace
January 1, 2007 The Honorable Rick Perry Governor, State of Texas
The Honorable Tom Craddick Speaker of the House of Representatives, State of Texas
The Honorable David Dewhurst Lieutenant Governor, State of Texas
The Honorable Members 80th Legislature
House Bill 7 (77th Legislature) created the Office of Rural Community Affairs (ORCA) and set forth the following requirement: “The office shall…compile an annual report describing and evaluating the condition of rural communities.” The following report is offered in fulfillment of the requirement and provides a snapshot of where rural Texas stands today. The report speaks to the broad spectrum of issues that affect rural communities across our state. Currently, the population of rural Texas exceeds the population of 22 individual states and is greater than the combined populations of Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming, and the District of Columbia. Each rural community contributes significantly to the people of the state of Texas and Texas’ economy. In addition to offering a vast array of tourism and recreational opportunities, rural Texas is the primary source of agricultural products, livestock, water, and mineral wealth that enhance the vitality of the Texas economy. In every sense of the word, rural communities are partners in the past, present, and future successes of Texas. Indeed, the viability of rural Texas is critical to the viability of Texas as a state. And because rural, suburban, and urban areas of Texas are inextricably linked, successes in rural Texas are successes for all Texans. It is our hope that this fifth report on the status of rural Texas will contribute to the ongoing dialogue that is shaping Texas’ future. The report highlights some of the complex and diverse issues affecting rural Texas. We will continue to monitor developments with all interested parties to maintain an objective focus on the status of life in rural communities. Thank you on behalf of the Executive Committee and the staff of the agency for the opportunity to contribute to the future of our rural communities. Respectfully submitted,
Charles S. (Charlie) Stone Executive Director
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change Table of Contents RURAL TEXAS ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Characteristics of Texas' rural population Rural Texas continues to grow (slowly) .................................................................................................. 3 Rural population as a percentage of Texas’ population decreases .......................................................... 3 Recent growth among young adults (ages 18 to 24)................................................................................ 4 Racial and ethnic makeup of rural Texas shows little change ................................................................. 5 Net migration increases in rural Texas .................................................................................................... 5 Fastest growth rural areas are adjacent to urban areas; nonadjacent rural areas show improved growth too............................................................................................................................................................ 6 Overall rural poverty decreases, urban poverty remains constant ........................................................... 6 Educational attainment in rural Texas ..................................................................................................... 7 Economy Employment and unemployment ............................................................................................................. 8 Rural per capita income up, still lags behind state average ..................................................................... 8 Median income has decreased in many rural counties ............................................................................ 8
Healthcare in rural Texas Disparities in number of healthcare providers highlight ongoing need for rural-focused recruitment and retention programs................................................................................................................................... 9 Rural Texans more likely to be uninsured ..............................................................................................10 Housing Rural Texas has a higher percentage of older housing stock ..................................................................11 Fewer rural Texans have housing with available phone service.............................................................11 Focus on rural youth While rural childhood poverty decreases, rates remain high ..................................................................12 Number and percentage of rural children receiving TANF down .........................................................13 Rural Medicaid enrollment increases .....................................................................................................13 Texas Children’s Health Insurance Program ..........................................................................................14 Juvenile violent crimes decrease in rural Texas .....................................................................................14 More rural children are living in single parent families .........................................................................14 Higher rates of rural children live in family violence shelters ...............................................................15 Number of confirmed victims of child abuse increases markedly ..........................................................15 Child deaths in rural Texas .....................................................................................................................15
Texas’ rural and urban counties
Legend
Rural
Urban
What is rural? For the purposes of this report, we use the 1993 U.S. Office of Management and Budget classification scheme for counties. If, under this classification, a county is considered to be part of a Metropolitan Statistical Area, in this report the county is “urban.” If, under the 1993 classification, a county is outside of a Metropolitan Statistical Area or Nonmetropolitan, in this report the county is “rural.” In some cases, the 2003 U.S. Office of Management and Budget classification scheme is used. In these instances, we indicate that the 2003 classification is being used.
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Summary
Rural Texas – In 2005, with 3,256,691 residents, Texas has the largest rural population in the
1
nation. Recent trends indicate modest overall population growth and decreased poverty. Texas’ population, 2005
Legend Rural Urban Texas
14% %%
86%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Healthcare providers, 2006
1
Per capita income in Texas, 2004 $31,844
100% 80%
$30,732
$23,427
60% 40% 20% 0%
PCP
Dent.
Pharm.
PA
NP
RN
Rural
10%
9%
10%
12%
9%
9%
Urban
90%
91%
90%
88%
91%
91%
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service2
Source: Texas Department of State Health Services
Educational attainment, 2000
Housing units with no telephone service available, 2000
35%
12%
30%
10%
25%
8%
20%
6%
15%
4%
10%
2%
5%
0%
Rural
Urban
Texas
Owner occupied
3.1%
1.3%
1.6%
Renter occupied
10.6%
5.3%
5.9%
0% < HS
HS Grad.
Some coll. or assoc.
Bach.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
1
Grad.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
PCP-Primary care physicians; Dent.-Dentists; Pharm.-Pharmacists; PA-Physician Assistants; NP-Nurse Practitioners; RNRegistered Nurses 2 2003 U.S. Office of Management and Budget classification scheme is used for this chart.
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Summary
Rural Texas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Currently, the population of rural Texas exceeds the population of 22 individual states and is greater than the combined populations of Alaska, North Dakota, Vermont, Wyoming, and the District of Columbia.
Uninsured population, Preliminary estimates, 2002
Poverty, 2002
40%
30%
18%
20%
10%
15%
0%
Under 19
19-64
Under 65
Rural
16%
34%
28%
Urban
14%
27%
23%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
3
Employment (total jobs)
Children in family violence shelters, Per 1,000 3.6
Rural
2003 2004
Urban
3.2
Rural 1,445,414 1,465,643
Urban 10,998,155 11,186,624
Unemployment rate 2004 2005
2.8
Rural 6.2 5.5
Urban 6.1 5.3
Texas 12,443,569 12,652,267
4
Texas 6.1 5.3
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service 2.4 2000
2001
2002
2003
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
3 4
2003 U.S. Office of Management and Budget classification scheme is used for this chart. Ibid.
2
Characteristics of Rural Texas’ Population
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Legend
Rural Texas continues to grow (slowly) In 2005, with 3,256,691 residents, Texas has the largest rural population in the nation. Between 1990 and 2005, the population of rural Texas grew by 15 percent (Texas’ overall population grew by 35 percent).
Rural
Urban
Rural population as a percentage of Texas’ population decreases From 2000 to 2005, according to Census estimates, the population of rural Texas as a portion of Texas’ overall population decreased from 17 to 14 percent as urban areas grew rapidly.
Texas, 2000
Texas, 2005
14%
17%
83%
86%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2005 Census Estimates
Between 2000 and 2005, population growth in rural Texas slowed down, according to Census estimates. From 2000 to 2005, rural Texas accounted for 7 percent of Texas’ overall population growth. From 1990 to 2000, rural Texas accounted for 9 percent of Texas’ overall population growth.
Rural
Urban
Texas
20,000
Texas' total population, all ages 2005 (est.)
3,256,691
19,603,277
22,859,968
19,500
2000
3,159,940
17,691,880
20,851,820
19,000
1990 Change 2000-2005, no. (%)
2,820,852 14,165,658 96,751 1,911,397 (3%) (11%) 435,839 5,437,619 Change 1990-2005 (15%) (38%) 339,088 3,526,222 1990-2000 (12%) (25%) Source: U.S. Census Bureau
16,986,510 2,008,148 (10%) 5,873,458 (35%) 3,865,310 (23%)
Population growth in Texas, 2000 to 2005 (in thousands) 3,280 3,260 3,240 3,220 3,200 3,180 3,160 3,140 3,120 3,100
18,500 18,000 17,500
Urban
Rural
17,000 16,500
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
3
Characteristics of Rural Texas’ Population
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Recent growth among young adults (ages 18 to 24) Between 2000 and 2005, rural Texas accounted for 24 percent of the state’s growth in young adults (those between the ages of 18 to 24). Between 1990 and 2005, the number of young adults in rural Texas grew by 30 percent, slightly outpacing overall growth among young adults in Texas (28 percent). Texas’ 18 to 24 population
Rural
Urban
Texas
2005 (est.)
343,432
2,073,193
2,416,625
2000
292,225
1,906,656
2,198,881
1990
263,392
1,627,452
1,890,844
80,040 445,741 (30%) (27%) 51,207 166,537 (18%) (9%) 28,833 279,204 (11%) (17%) Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Change 1990-2005, no. (%) 2000-2005 1990-2000
525,781 (28%) 217,744 (10%) 308,037 (16%)
This trend accelerated between 2000 and 2005—from 1990 to 2000, the percentage of young adults in rural Texas grew by 11 percent; from 2000 to 2005, the percentage of young adults in rural Texas grew by 18 percent. The reasons for this trend are not immediately clear.
4
Characteristics of Rural Texas’ Population
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Racial and ethnic makeup of rural Texas shows little change From 1990 to 2000, the changes in the racial and ethnic makeup of rural Texas’ population showed no significant differences from Texas overall. Following statewide trends, the Anglo population, as a percentage of the overall population decreased slightly, while the Hispanic population increased. Proportion of the Population in each Race/Ethnicity Group in 1990 and 2000 for the State of Texas and by Rural/Urban Status
Race/Ethnicity, Percent change, 1990 to 2000 8
Percent of Population Anglo Area Name State of Texas Urban Central City Urban Suburban Rural Adjacent Rural Nonadjacent
African American
Hispanic
4
Other
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
1990
2000
61
53
12
12
26
32
2
3
55
46
13
13
29
37
3
4
78
73
8
8
12
16
2
4
0 -4 -8
67
63
9
9
23
27
1
1
70
65
7
7
23
27
1
1
Anglo
Between 1990 and 2000, rural areas of Texas (both adjacent and nonadjacent to urban areas) saw an increase in net migration5. Between 1990 and 2000, rural areas adjacent to urban areas saw the largest influx and achieved a net migration rate of 10 percent. During the 1980s, migration to rural areas adjacent to urban areas had been negligible.
Between 1990 and 2000, nonadjacent rural areas reversed the population loss experienced during the 1980s. Still, net migration rates were lower in nonadjacent rural areas when compared to adjacent rural areas—the net migration rate for nonadjacent rural areas was half that of adjacent rural areas during the 1990s. The higher net migration rates of rural areas adjacent to urban areas reflect the ongoing suburbanization and exurbanization1 of Texas.
Hispanic
Other
State of Texas
-7.5
0.0
6.4
1.1
Rural Adjacent
-3.7
-0.2
3.8
0.1
Rural Nonadjacent
-4.8
0.3
4.3
0.2
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
Net migration increases in rural Texas
African American
Urban Central City. Each urban area begins with an urbanized area. To be part of the urban central city, 50 percent or more of the county or tract population must be within the urbanized area (e.g., Harris County). Urban Suburban. Once the urban central city is established, nearby counties or tracts are examined to determine whether a “high degree of economic and social integration” exists with the core. Commuting flows to and from the urban central city (the number commuting in either direction as a percentage of resident workers) are used to measure integration (e.g., Waller County). Rural adjacent. These are nonmetropolitan counties that are physically adjacent to urban areas (e.g., Burnet County). Rural nonadjacent. These counties are not physically adjacent to urban areas. These counties can be considered “deeply rural” (e.g., Loving County).
Net Migration, Net Migration Rates, and Annualized Net Migration Rates 1980-1990 and 19902000, and the Percent of Population Change Due to Migration for Urban and Rural Areas in Texas, 1990-2000 Percent Annualized Change Net Migration Net Migration Net Migration Due to Rate (Percent) Rate (Percent) Net Migration 1980199019801990198019901990Area 1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 2000 Urban Central City
460,477
835,380
5
7
0.5
0.7
35
Urban Suburban
511,956
879,913
28
35
2.8
3.5
77
Rural Adjacent
4,466
190,692
0
10
0.0
1.0
70
Rural Nonadjacent
-35,250
40,044
-4
5
-0.4
0.5
59
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
5
Net migration is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time. A positive value indicates that more people are entering an area than leaving it.
5
Characteristics of Rural Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Population
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
While the fastest growth rural areas are adjacent to urban areas, nonadjacent rural areas show improved growth too Between 1980 and 1990, rural areas adjacent to urban areas grew more than three times faster than nonadjacent rural areas. Between 1990 and 2000, this trend continued with rural areas adjacent to urban areas growing by 14 percent. From 1990 to 2000, nonadjacent rural areas showed increased strength by gaining population at a rate four times higher than in the previous decade. Population and Population Change for Urban and Rural Areas in Texas, 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 Population Area
Numerical Change
1980
1990
2000
Urban Central City
9,731,481
11,615,291
13,993,705
1,883,810
2,378,414
19
20
Urban Suburban
1,811,073
2,550,367
3,698,175
739,294
1,147,808
41
45
Rural Adjacent
1,841,723
1,962,353
2,234,027
120,630
271,674
7
14
844,914
858,499
925,913
13,585
67,414
2
8
Rural Nonadjacent
1980-1990
Percent Change 198019901990 2000
1990-2000
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
Overall rural poverty decreases, urban poverty remains constant Rural Texas continues to have higher poverty rates when compared to both urban Texas and Texas as a whole. Between 1998 and 2002, poverty in rural Texas decreased by 1.5 percent. During that same time, urban poverty remained constant. In 2002, rural Texans accounted for 17 percent of Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; population living in poverty. Percentage of rural Texans living in poverty, 1998-2002 Total poverty Percent of Year population Total population population Rural
Urban
Texas
1998
587,445
3,076,638
19.1%
2002
565,344
3,210,609
17.6%
1998
2,515,125
16,682,976
15.1%
2002
2,775,901
18,569,284
14.9%
1998
3,102,570
19,759,614
15.7%
2002
3,341,245
21,779,893
15.3%
Source: Texas State Data Center and the Office of the State Demographer
6
Characteristics of Rural Texas’ Population
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Educational attainment in rural Texas
Educational attainment in Texas, 2000 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < HS
HS Grad.
Some coll. or assoc.
Rural
30%
32%
Urban
23%
24%
Bach.
Grad.
24%
9%
4%
28%
17%
8%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
Compared to urban areas, rural Texas has a higher percentage of individuals without a high school education and fewer individuals that obtain bachelor’s or graduate degrees. These percentages may be skewed due to rural Texas’ older population, but also reflect differences in access to institutions of higher education.
Educational attainment in Texas (2000) 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% < 9th
9th to 12th HS graduate
Some college
Associate degree
Bachelor's degree
Graduate degree
Rural
14%
17%
32%
20%
4%
9%
4%
Urban
11%
12%
24%
23%
5%
17%
8%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
7
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Economy
Employment and unemployment From 2004 to 2005, the unemployment rate in rural Texas dropped from 6.2 percent to 5.5 percent. In 2004, 12 percent of Texas jobs were located in rural areas. Employment
120
Rural* 700 600
100
500
80
400
60
20
Urban
Rural
1,445,414
10,998,155
12,443,569
2004
1,465,643
11,186,624
12,652,267
Unemployment rate (percent)
200
2004
6.2
6.1
6.1
100
2005
5.5
5.3
5.3
Source: USDA Economic Research Service * For this table, urban and rural (metropolitan and nonmetropolitan) definitions are based on the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 2003 classification.
0
19 90 19 9 19 1 9 19 2 93 19 9 19 4 9 19 5 96 19 9 19 7 9 19 8 99 20 0 20 0 0 20 1 02 20 0 20 3 04
0
Total
2003
300
40
Urban*
Total number of jobs
Thousands
Thousands
Unemployment in Texas 1990-2004
Source: Texas Workforce Commission
Rural per capita income up, still lags behind state average From 2003 to 2004, per capita income in rural Texas increased slightly and by a slightly greater rate than per capita income in Texas overall. Income Rural*
Per capita income in Texas, 2004 Urban*
Total
Per-capita income (2004 dollars)
Rural
$31,844
Urban
2003
22,999
31,352
30,236
2004 Percent change
23,427 1.9
31,844 1.6
30,732 1.6
$30,732
$23,427
Texas
Earnings per job (2004 dollars) 2003
27,919
46,409
44,261
2004 Percent change
28,366 1.6
47,377 2.1
45,175 2.1
Source: USDA Economic Research Service * For this table, urban and rural (metropolitan and nonmetropolitan) definitions are based on the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) June 2003 classification
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service6
Median income has decreased in many rural counties Between 2000 and 2002, median income decreased in 80.6 percent (158 of 196 counties) of rural counties in Texas, compared with a decrease in 70.7 percent (41 of 58 counties) of urban counties 7. This is a marked change from the period between 1997 and 1999, when only two urban counties and 25 rural counties experienced a decrease in median income. Using the most recent data available, it is clear that from 2002 to 2003 the median income in many Texas counties showed improvement and increased above the 2000 median income level; however, in 2003, 89 rural counties (45.4 percent) still had median incomes below the 2000 level and so did 20 urban counties (34.5 percent). These data indicate that economic conditions are improving across Texas, but that rural counties still lag behind urban counties in regaining income. 6 7
2003 U.S. Office of Management and Budget classification scheme is used for this chart. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program (SAIPE).
8
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Healthcare in Rural Texas
Disparities in number of healthcare providers highlight ongoing need for rural-focused recruitment and retention programs Number of Texas healthcare providers (2006) 150,000
This chart shows the number and distribution of healthcare providers8 in rural and urban areas of Texas in 2006.
100,000 50,000 0
PCP
Dent.
Pharm.
PA
NP
RN
Rural
1,580
764
1,719
436
417
13,679
Urban
13,718
7,689
16,057
3,194
4,055
136,269
Source: Texas Department of State Health Services
Distribution of Texas healthcare providers (2006)
In 2006, rural Texans accounted for 14 percent of the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total population. The percentage of healthcare professionals is lower than the overall population in six key categories: primary care physicians, dentists, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and registered nurses.
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
PCP
Dent.
Pharm.
PA
NP
RN
Rural
10%
9%
10%
12%
9%
9%
Urban
90%
91%
90%
88%
91%
91%
Source: Texas Department of State Health Services
Texas healthcare providers per 100,000 (2006) 800
When looking at healthcare providers per 100,000 persons, rural Texas is below the state average in six key categories: primary care physicians, dentists, pharmacists, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and registered nurses.
700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
PCP
Dent.
Pharm.
PA
NP
RN
Rural
47
23
51
13
12
406
Urban
68
38
80
16
20
678
Texas
65
36
76
15
19
639
Rural Texas comes closest to matching state and urban levels for physician assistants. Source: Texas Department of State Health Services
8
PCP-Primary care physicians; Dent.-Dentists; Pharm.-Pharmacists; PA-Physician Assistants; NP-Nurse Practitioners; RNRegistered Nurses
9
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Healthcare in Rural Texas
Rural Texans are more likely to be uninsured In Texas, according to preliminary estimates from 2002, Texas had the following rates of uninsured: Under 19 years, 14 percent; 19 to 64 years, 28 percent; and Under 65, 24 percent. Uninsured Texans, 2002 preliminary estimates 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
Age 19
19 - 64
Under Age 65
Rural
16%
34%
28%
Urban
14%
27%
23%
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
In 2002, in all ages groups, rural Texans were more likely to be uninsured when compared to urban Texans and Texans overall.
10
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Housing
Rural Texas has a higher percentage of older housing stock Rural Texas contains 15 percent of Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; occupied housing stock. Compared with urban areas of Texas, rural areas have a higher percentage of occupied housing stock built prior to 1950 for both renter- and owner-occupied housing (Renter-occupied: rural, 18 percent rural; urban, 9 percent. Owner-occupied: rural, 17 percent; urban, 10 percent).
Owner occupied housing, by period of construction
Renter occupied housing, by period of construction 60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30% 20%
20%
10%
10% 0%
0%
Pre 1950
1950-1979
1980 to present
Pre 1950
1950-1979
1980 to present
Rural
18%
52%
30%
Rural
17%
44%
39%
Urban
9%
48%
43%
Urban
10%
44%
46%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
Fewer rural Texans have housing with available phone service Homeowners, in rural and urban areas, are more likely than renters to occupy housing with available telephone service. Two percent of homeowners in Texas live in housing that lacks available telephone service compared with 6 percent of renters.
Housing units with no telephone service available, 2000 12% 10% 8% 6%
Renters in rural areas are least likely to live in housing units with available phone service (more than twice as likely as renters in urban areas). Eleven percent of renters in rural counties, and 5 percent of renters in urban counties, occupy housing that lacks available telephone service.
4% 2% 0%
Rural
Urban
Texas
Owner occupied
3.1%
1.3%
1.6%
Renter occupied
10.6%
5.3%
5.9%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census
11
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Focus on rural youth
While rural childhood poverty decreases, rates remain high From 1998 to 2002, child9 poverty in rural Texas decreased from 29 percent to 25 percent. Texas children living in poverty, 1998-2002 Child Total poverty childhood Percent of Year population population population Rural
Urban
Texas
1998
234,145
805,701
29.1%
2002
206,384
835,123
24.7%
1998
1,064,348
4,886,521
21.8%
2002
1,119,225
5,216,810
21.5%
1998
1,298,493
5,692,222
22.8%
2002
1,325,609
6,051,933
21.9%
U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program
In 1998, rural Texas children in poverty accounted for 40 percent of the rural Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; total poverty population. By 2002, rural children made up 37 percent of rural Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; total poverty population. Percentage of rural Texans living in poverty, 1998-2002 Total poverty Percent of Year population Total population population Rural
Urban
Texas
1998
587,445
3,076,638
19.1%
2002
565,344
3,210,609
17.6%
1998
2,515,125
16,682,976
15.1%
2002
2,775,901
18,569,284
14.9%
1998
3,102,570
19,759,614
15.7%
2002
3,341,245
21,779,893
15.3%
U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates Program
9
Those individuals between the ages of 0 and 17. 12
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Focus on rural youth
Number and percentage of rural children receiving TANF down Percentage of children receiving TANF 12% 10%
As part of a statewide trend, the number and percentage of rural children receiving Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) 10 has decreased between 1993 and 2003.
8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
Urban
Rural
Texas children receiving TANF
Between 2001 and 2003, both the number and percentage of rural children receiving TANF decreased while the number and percentage of urban children increased. This may be due to decreased access to services or, conversely, tied to decreased childhood poverty.
Urban
Rural
7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1%
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
0% 1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Rural Medicaid enrollment increases From 2000 to 2004, the number of rural children enrolled in Medicaid increased from 191,554 to 293,462â&#x20AC;&#x201D;a 53 percent increase over five years. However, Texas enrollment increased by 79 percent during the same time periodâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;from 994,238 to 1,778,467. In 2000, 19.3 percent of Texas children enrolled in Medicaid lived in rural areas; by 2004, rural children represented 16.5 percent of Texas enrollees.
Children enrolled in Medicaid, percent change from previous year
Texas children (0-18) enrolled in Medicaid 350,000
1,600,000
40%
300,000
1,400,000
30%
250,000
1,200,000
20%
1,000,000
200,000
10%
800,000
150,000 100,000 Rural
50,000
Urban
0
600,000
0%
400,000
-10%
200,000
Rural
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1.0% -3.6% -9.0% 2.3% -0.2% 5.7% 22.7% 6.1% 11.4%
Urban -2.7% -6.7% -9.8% -1.4% 2.4% 8.6% 31.2% 20.7% 7.6%
Source for both charts: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
10
This chart includes data for TANF and its predecessor, the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program (prior to 1997).
13
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Focus on rural youth
Texas Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Health Insurance Program Texas children enrolled in CHIP
From 2002 to 2003, the number of rural children enrolled in the Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Health Insurance Program decreased.
100,000 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0
Urban
Rural 2000
2001
2002
450,000 400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0
2003
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
Juvenile violent crimes decrease in rural Texas Number of juvenile violent crimes 620
In rural Texas, between 2001 and 2003, the number of arrests of children ages 10 to 17 for violent offenses decreased by seven percent.
4,650
610
4,600
600 590
4,550
580 4,500
570 560
4,450
Urban
Rural
550 540
4,400 2001
2002
2003
Source: Texas Department of Public Safety
More rural children are living in single parent families Percentage of Texas children living in single parent families
In 1990, 16 percent of rural children (0-17 years) lived in families headed by a parent without a spouse present in the home. Between 1990 and 2000, the percentage of such children grew to 20 percent.
Year
Rural
Urban
Texas
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
Number
Percent
2000
166,673
20%
1,060,519
21%
1,227,192
21%
1990
125,355
16%
759,865
19%
885,220
18%
Change
41,318
4%
300,654
2%
341,972
3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
14
Rural Texas: Wrangling with Change
Focus on rural youth
Higher rates of rural children live in family violence shelters Children in family violence shelters, per 1,000 Rural
3.6
Urban
From 2000 to 2003, the rate of rural children living in family violence shelters increased from 2.9 children per 1,000 to 3.5 children per 1,000.
3.2
2.8
2.4 2000
2001
2002
2003
Source: Texas Health and Human Services Commission
Number of confirmed victims of child abuse increases markedly Confirmed victims of child abuse (0-17) 12,000
60,000
10,000
50,000
8,000
40,000
6,000
30,000
4,000
20,000
2,000
Rural
From 2001 to 2004, the number of confirmed victims of child abuse in rural Texas grew by 25 percent (nearly 1,800 children). The numerical increase was from 7,281 in 2001 to 9,068 in 2004.
10,000
Urban
0
19 90 19 91 19 92 19 9 19 3 94 19 95 19 96 19 9 19 7 98 19 99 20 0 20 0 01 20 02 20 03 20 04
0
Source: Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
Child deaths in rural Texas Child deaths, Ages 1 to 14, 1990 to 2003 300
1,200
250
1,000
200
800
150
600
100
400
50
Rural
Urban
200 0
19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03
0
The number of child deaths in rural Texas fluctuates annually, but has shown an overall decrease since 1990. In 2003, 19 percent of child deaths in Texas took place in rural areas. In 2003, rural children represented 13 percent of Texasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; overall child population (824,217 of 6,108,755).
Source: Texas Department of State Health Services
15
About this report This report was prepared by Kim White and Eric Beverly, Governmental Relations, Research, and Policy Specialists with the Office of Rural Community Affairs Map prepared by Dave Darnell, Rural Health Specialist, with the Office of Rural Community Affairs
Other reports on the Status of Rural Texas Series The Status of Rural Texas, 2002 The Status of Rural Texas, 2003 The Status of Rural Texas, 2004 Small Town Texas, 2005
16
1700 N. Congress, Suite 220, Austin, Texas 78701 P.O. Box 12877, Austin, Texas 78711 Phone: 512-936-6701 Toll Free: 800-544-2042 Fax: 512-936-6776 Email: orca@orca.state.tx.us Web: www.orca.state.tx.us
Field Offices Alice Field Office (Jim Wells County) Jim Wells County Courthouse 200 N. Almond Alice, TX 78332 Phone: 361-661-1665 Fax: 361-661-1675
Levelland Field Office (Hockley County) 1611 FM 300 Levelland, TX 79336 Phone: 806-897-1113 Fax: 806-897-1114
Bedias Field Office (Grimes County) 3512 E. Main Street Bedias, TX 77831 Phone: 936-395-2456 Fax: 936-395-2457
Nacogdoches Field Office (Nacogdoches County) 202 East Pilar, Room 303 Nacogdoches, TX 75961 Phone: 936-560-4188 Fax: 936-560-9182
Carrizo Springs Field Office (Dimmit County)* 307 W. Nopal Street Carrizo Springs, TX 78834 Phone: TBA Fax: TBA * To open early 2007.
Sweetwater Field Office (Nolan County) 201 Elm Street Sweetwater, TX 79556 Phone: 325-236-9672 Fax: 325-236-9722
Kountze Field Office (Hardin County) Hardin County Courthouse Annex 440 Monroe (Highway 326) Kountze, TX 77625 Phone: 512-914-3723 Fax: TBA
Vernon Field Office (Wilbarger County) Vernon College 4400 College Drive Vernon, TX 76384 Phone: 940-553-3556 Fax: 940-553-3560
LaGrange Field Office (Fayette County) 254 North Jefferson Street, Room 100 LaGrange, TX 78945 Phone: 979-968-6764 Fax: 979-968-8714
Hard copies of this report are printed on 30% recycled paper. To obtain copies of this report, contact us or access the report online at www.orca.state.tx.us