1. multzoa: Dinamika ekogeografikoak
Aurkibidea
1. Ingurune naturaleko elementuak: erliebea 1. Erliebea zehazten duten faktoreak ..........................................................................................................................................................12 1. Faktore tektonikoak ........................................................................................................................................................................13 2. Faktore litologikoak ..........................................................................................................................................................................15 3. Higadura-faktoreak ........................................................................................................................................................................ 16 2. Iberiar penintsulako eta uharteetako erliebea ........................................................................................................................................19 1. Iberiar penintsularen historia geomorfologikoa ................................................................................................................................19 2. Penintsulako litologia eta paisaiak ....................................................................................................................................................20 3. Erliebe-unitateak ............................................................................................................................................................................21 3. Euskal Herriko erliebea ..........................................................................................................................................................................24 1. Historia geomorfologikoa, litologia eta erliebearen formak ..............................................................................................................25 2. Erliebe-unitateak ............................................................................................................................................................................32
2. Ingurune naturaleko elementuak: klima 1. Klima zehazten duten faktoreak ..............................................................................................................................................................42 1. Faktore astronomikoak ....................................................................................................................................................................42 2. Faktore termodinamikoak: zirkulazio atmosferikoa alde epelean ......................................................................................................43 3. Faktore lokalak: erliebea eta ozeanoaren eragina ............................................................................................................................47 2. Klimaren elementuak ..............................................................................................................................................................................48 1. Eguzkialdia ......................................................................................................................................................................................48 2. Tenperatura ....................................................................................................................................................................................48 3. Hezetasuna ......................................................................................................................................................................................49 4. Prezipitazioak ..................................................................................................................................................................................49 5. Presio atmosferikoa ........................................................................................................................................................................50 3. Iberiar penintsulako eta uharteetako klimak ............................................................................................................................................52 1. Klima ozeanikoa ..............................................................................................................................................................................53 2. Klima mediterraneoa ........................................................................................................................................................................54 3. Klima erdi-elkorra ............................................................................................................................................................................55 4. Kanarietako klima ............................................................................................................................................................................55 5. Mendiko klima ................................................................................................................................................................................56 4. Euskal Herriko klimak ............................................................................................................................................................................56 1. Klimaren faktoreak ..........................................................................................................................................................................56 2. Euskal Herriko klima motak ............................................................................................................................................................57 5. Klima eta giza jarduerak ..........................................................................................................................................................................60 1. Lehortea eta giza jarduerak ............................................................................................................................................................60
3. Ingurune naturaleko elementuak: landaretza eta lurzorua 1. Iberiar penintsulako eta uharteetako landaretza ......................................................................................................................................63 1. Lokalizazio-faktoreak ......................................................................................................................................................................63 2. Eskualde biogeografikoak ................................................................................................................................................................65 2. Euskal Herriko berezko landaretza ..........................................................................................................................................................68 1. Eremu bioklimatiko ozeanikoa ........................................................................................................................................................69 2. Mendiko eremu bioklimatikoa ..........................................................................................................................................................70 3. Trantsiziozko eremu bioklimatikoa ..................................................................................................................................................72 4. Eremu bioklimatiko mediterraneo- kontinentala ..............................................................................................................................72 3. Lurzorua ................................................................................................................................................................................................74
4. Ingurune naturaleko elementuak: ur kontinentalak 1. Ibaiak ......................................................................................................................................................................................................78 1. Euri-erregimeneko elementuak ........................................................................................................................................................78 2. Ibai-erregimenaren faktoreak ..........................................................................................................................................................81 3. Ibai-erregimenen motak ..................................................................................................................................................................82 4. Iberiar penintsulako arro hidrografikoak .......................................................................................................................................... 83 5. Euskal Herriko ibaiak ......................................................................................................................................................................86 2. Aintzirak eta bustiguneak ........................................................................................................................................................................88 1. Aintzirak eta urmaelak ....................................................................................................................................................................88 2. Kostaldeko bustiguneak: albuferak eta padurak ..............................................................................................................................89 3. Lurpeko urak ..........................................................................................................................................................................................90 4. Giza jarduerek uretan duten inpaktua ......................................................................................................................................................90 1. Urtegiak eta isurialdatzeak ..............................................................................................................................................................91 2. Uren kalitatea ..................................................................................................................................................................................91 3. Ur-baliabideak eta giza jarduerak......................................................................................................................................................92