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TaberscyclopedicmedicaldictionaryDonaldVenes DigitalInstantDownload Author(s):DonaldVenes;ClarenceWilburTaber
ISBN(s):9780803613034,0803613032
Edition:Ed.20,illustratedinfullcolor
FileDetails:PDF,37.31MB
Year:2005
Language:english
Editor
DonaldVenes,M.D.,M.S.J. (ForApril)
ManagingEditor
ArthurBiderman
AssociateManagingEditor
EvelynAdler
AssistantEditor/DatabaseAdministrator
BrigitteG.Fenton
ContributingEditor
AlisonD.Enright
CopyEditors
JosephPatwell
DeborahM.Posner
Ann-AdeleWight
Proofreaders
JamesEidam
JoyMatkowski
ChristopherMuldor
PronunciationEditor
RimaElkinsMcKinzey(Deceased)
Copyright1940,1942,1945,1946,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953, 1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1965,1968, 1969,1970,1973,1977,1981,1985,1989,1993,1997,and2001byF.A. Davis.
Allrightsreserved.Thispublicationisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartof itmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording, orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA Lastdigitindicatesprintnumber10987654321
NOTE:Asnewscientificinformationbecomesavailablethroughbasic andclinicalresearch,recommendedtreatmentsanddrugtherapiesundergochanges.Theauthorandpublisherhavedoneeverythingpossible tomakeTaber’saccurate,uptodate,andinaccordwithacceptedstandardsatthetimeofpublication.Theauthor,editors,andpublisherare notresponsibleforerrorsoromissionsorforconsequencesfromapplicationofthebook,andmakenowarranty,expressedorimplied,inregard tothecontentsofthebook.Thepracticesdescribedinthisbookmayor maynotmeetprofessionalstandardsofcareinthereader’scommunity; theymayormaynotapplytospecificclinicalsituationsandshouldnot berelieduponfortheirdirectapplicability;theymayhavebeenovertaken bynewerormorerecentrecommendationsorscientificevidence.The readerisalwaysadvisedtoresearchparticularclinicalquestionsfurther andtocheckproductinformation(packageinserts)forchangesandnew informationregardingdoseandcontraindicationsbeforeadministering anydrug.Cautionisespeciallyurgedwhenusingneworinfrequently ordereddrugs.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Taber’scyclopedicmedicaldictionary.—Ed.20,illustratedinfullcolor/ editor,DonaldVenes p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-8036-1207-9(index)—ISBN0-8036-1208-7(nonindex)—ISBN 0-8036-1209-5(deluxe)
1.Medicine—Dictionaries.I.Title:Cyclopedicmedicaldictionary. II.Venes,Donald,1952-III.Taber,ClarenceWilbur,1870-1968 [DNLM:1.Medicine—Dictionary—English.W13T113d2001] R121.T182001
610 .3—dc21
ISSN1065-1357
ISBN0-8036-1208-7
ISBN0-8036-1207-9(indexed)
ISBN0-8036-1209-5(deluxe)
ISBN0-8036-1303-2(CD-ROM)
00-064688
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INTRODUCTIONTO EDITION20 Theworldhaschangeddramaticallysincethelasteditionof Taber’s was published.
ShortlyaftertheterroristattacksofSeptember11,2001,sporesof anthrax were weaponized anddistributedthroughtheU.S.postalsystem, andseveralAmericansdied. Bioterrorism and biologicalwarfare,which foryearshadbeenconsideredonlyatheoreticalthreattopublichealth, becameanactualmenace.Diseasessuchas anthrax,smallpox,and tularemia leaptontonewsheadlinesandintotheforefrontofsocialawareness.Thepotentialthreatofexposureto chemicalwarfare agents,such as ricin,sarin,tabun, andtoradioactivedebris(‘dirtybombs’)suddenly becamemuchmorerealbothtosocietyatlarge,andtohealthcareprovidersintheU.S.andaroundtheglobe.
Itissafetosaythatmanyprofessionalsinthehealthandlifesciences communitieshavebothincreasedtheir preparedness andbecomemore anxiousabout incidentmanagement.Inlate2003,anewlyidentified, deadlyrespiratorycontagionspreadrapidlythroughAsiaandtheFar East.Iwasattendinganationalmedicalconferencewhenthisagentwas firstidentified;speakersattheconferenceworriedoutloudthat40or even80millionmightdieofthe emerginginfection,SARS,withinayear, fareclipsingthemortalityrateofthedeadlyinfluenzapandemicof1918. SARSdidprovebothcontagiousanddeadly,butasaresultofstricttravel restrictionsandquarantinesthatwereputintoplace,theactualnumber ofaffectedpersonshas,asIwritethisintroduction,beenlimitedtoless than9,000,andthenumberofdeaths,lessthan800.Thesenumbersare significant,butthedevastationcouldhavebeenmuchworse.
Remarkablywelearnedinthesameyearthat WestNileVirus had injustafewshortyearsspreadacrosstheentirecontinentalU.S.bythe summermigrationofinfectedcrowsandjays,andthatsoldiers,atwar inAfghanistanandIraq,hadbeeninfectedby tegumentaryleishmaniasis and Crimean-CongoHemorrhagicFever
Thisneweditionof Taber’s —the20th—reflectsmuchofwhatis knownaboutallthesemodernscourges,andmanyothers.Oureditorial staff,consultants,andcorrespondentshavecombedthemedicalliteraturefornewandupdatedinformationaboutpreviouslyunknownhealth threats,developingcures,themiraculousdiscoveriesofthe HumanGenomeProject,andmanyothernewapproachestohealthcare,itsdelivery, anditsmanagement.Wehaveexpandedandupdatedourcoverageof alternative,complementary,andintegrativemedicine;bioethics;drugs andtheiruse; evidenced-basedcare;informatics;nutrition;and patient safety.Thiseditionof Taber’s hasnearly100newentriesdevotedtonew developmentsin radiologicaltechnology;andhundredsofcolumnsofnew
materialexplainingcontemporary cancercare,childcare,neurology,palliation,psychiatry,and women’shealthcare.
Inallwehaveadded2400newtermstothiseditionof Taber’s;we haverevisedabout6000others;addeddozensofnewtablesandnew images;reviewedeachandeveryappendix,revisingmostofthem,some quiteextensively;andwrittenaboutahundrednewpatientcaresections toaccompanyourcyclopedicentries.
Thewriting,editing,andproductionofeacheditionof Taber’s isa taskthatcanonlybeperformedbyaskilled,dedicated,andpermanent teamofprofessionals,workingtogetherandinparallel.Ihavehadthe privilegeandhonorofworkingwiththeF.A.Davisstaffandwantto mentioninparticularthemembersofthe Taber’s EditorialDepartment forthisedition:ArthurBiderman,EvelynAdler,BrigitteFenton,and AlisonEnright.
Thiseditionisthefirstinthelastthirtyyearswithoutinputfrom ClaytonL.Thomas,M.D.DoctorThomasservedas Editor forEditions 12–18andas Coeditor forEdition19.Hiscontributionsto Taber’s have beenenormousandcontinuetobecarriedforwardinEdition20.
Allofuswhoworkedon Taber’s hopethatyouwilluseitasaresource onwhichtobuildyourcareersandyourknowledge.Wealsohopeitwill helpyoutocareforyourselvesandothersintheseuncertaintimes.
DonaldVenes,M.D.
CONSULTINGEDITORS ANDCONSULTANTS CONSULTINGEDITORS CarrollConnerBouman,RN,PhD
CharlesChristiansen,EdD,OTR,OTC,FAOTA
JudithE.Meissner,RN,BSN,MSN
ValerieC.Scanlon,PhD
ChadStarkey,PhD,ATC
CONSULTANTS ToniaDandryAiken,RN,BSN,JD
CindiBrassington,MS,CMA
RichardR.Carlton,MS,RT(R),FAERS
MarilynnE.Doenges,RN,BSN,MA,CS EllenDrake,BA,CMT
RobertElling,MPA,REMT-P
JacquelineFawcett,PhD,FAAN
RoseS.Fife,MD
MaxineGoldman,BSHC,RN
BruceE.Hirsch,MD,FACP
DonnaIgnatavicius,MS,RN,Cm
JeanetteG.Kernicki,RN,PhD,ANP
RuthLipman,PhD
MaryFrancesMoorhouse,RN,CRRN,CLNC
RobertF.Moran,MS,PhD,FCCM,FAIC
BettyJ.Reynard,EdD,RDH
VictorS.Sierpina,MD
SusanM.Weiner,MSN,RN,C,CNS
MaryAnnWharton,PT,MS
RobertL.Wilkins,PhD,RRT
KathleenYoung,MA,RN,C
(Materialsuppliedbytheconsultingeditorsandconsultantshasbeen reviewedandeditedbyDonaldVenes,MD,MSJ,editor,withwhomfinal responsibilityrestsfortheaccuracyofthecontent.)
FEATURESANDTHEIRUSE Thissectiondescribesthemajorfeaturesfoundin Taber’s andprovides informationthatmayhelpyouusethedictionarymoreefficiently.The FeatureFinderonpagexiiiisagraphicrepresentationofmanyofthe featuresdescribedbelow.
1. Vocabulary: Theextensivevocabularydefinedin Taber’s hasbeen updatedtomeettheongoingneedsofhealthcarestudents,educators, andclinicians,aswellasinterestedconsumers.Themedicaleditor andthenursingandalliedhealthconsultingeditorsandconsultants haveresearchedandwrittennewentries,revisedexistingentries, anddeletedobsoleteones,reflectingthemanychangesinhealthcare technology,clinicalpractice,andpatientcare.American,ratherthan British,spellingsarepreferred.
2. Entryformat: Taber’s combinestwosystemsfortheplacementand organizationofentries:(a)mainentriesinstrictalphabeticalorder; and(b)amainentry–subentryformat.Allsingle-wordterms(e.g., cell)aremainentries,asaresomecompound,ormultipleword, terms(e.g., Alzheimer’sdisease;acid-refluxdisorder;nucleic acidtest).However,manycompoundterms,especiallythosein anatomyandphysiology,areplacedusingthemainentry–subentry format(e.g.,arteries,veins,ligaments,andtypesofrespiration).Entrieshaving30ormoresubentriesaretintedinayellowbackground foreaseinfindingthem.Thismeldingoftwosystemscombinesthe bestfeaturesofboth:compoundtermsthatshareanimportantcommonelementorclassification,e.g.,arteries,aresubentriesunderthe mainentry(orheadword).Termsthattendtobesoughtunderthe firstword,e.g.,diseases,disorders,tests,andsyndromes,appearas mainentries.Alsonamesofindividualsandorganizationsarelisted asmainentries.Anespeciallyimportantcompoundtermmaybe listedasbothamainentryandasubentry,withoneoftheterms servingasacross-referencetotheother.Allmainentriesareprinted inboldtype;subentriesareindentedunderthemainentryandare printedinbolditalictype.Allentriesarelistedanddefinedinthe singularwheneverpossible.
3. Alphabetization:
Mainentries arealphabetizedletterbyletter,regardlessof spacesorhyphensthatoccurbetweenthewords;acommamarksthe endofamainentryforalphabeticalpurposes(e.g., skin,tentingof precedes skincancer).Ineponymsthe ’s isignoredinalphabetizing (e.g., Albini’snodules precedes albinism).
Subentries arelistedinstraight-aheadorderfollowingthesame letter-by-letteralphabetizationusedformainentries;acomma markstheendofasubentryforalphabeticalpurposes.Theheadword
4. Eponyms: Includedasmainentriesarethenamesofindividuals whowerethefirsttodiscover,describe,orpopularizeaconcept,a microorganism,adisease,asyndrome,orananatomicalstructure. Abriefbiographyappearsinbracketsafterthepronunciation.Biographicalinformationincludestheperson’sprofessionaldesignation, thecountryinwhichthepersonwasbornorworked,andthedateof birthanddeathifknown.
5. Definitions: Thetextthatoccursbeforethefirstperiodinanentry constitutesthedefinitionforthatentry.Manyentriesarewrittenin encyclopedicstyle,offeringacomprehensiveunderstandingofthe disease,condition,orconceptdefined.See“Encyclopedicentries”for furtherinformation.
6. Pronunciations: Mostmainentriesarespelledphonetically.Phoneticpronunciations,whichappearinparenthesesaftertheboldface mainentry,aregivenassimplyaspossiblewithmostlongandshort vowelsmarkeddiacriticallyandsecondaryaccentsindicated. Diacritics aremarksoverorundervowels.Onlytwodiacriticsareused in Taber’s: themacron¯showingthelongsoundofvowels,asthe a inrate, e inrebirth, i inisle, o inover,and u inunite;andthebreve ˘showingtheshortsoundofvowels,asthe a inapple, e inever, i in it, o innot,and u incut. Accents aremarksusedtoindicatestress uponcertainsyllables.Asingleaccent iscalledaprimaryaccent.A doubleaccent iscalledasecondaryaccent;itindicateslessstress uponasyllablethanthatgivenbyaprimaryaccent.Thisdifference instresscanbeseenintheword an es-the si-a.Syllablesareseparatedbyeitheranaccentmarkorahyphen.Anunstressedvowel soundslikethefinal a in anesthesia,asoundknownas schwa
7. Singular/Pluralforms: Whenthespellingofanentry’ssingularor pluralformisanonstandardformation(e.g., villus pl. villi, or viscera sing. viscus),thespellingofthesingularorpluralformappearsinboldfaceafterthepronunciationforthemainentry.Nonstandardsingularandpluralformsappearasentriesthemselvesat theirnormalalphabeticalpositions.
8. Etymologies: Anetymologyindicatestheoriginandhistoricaldevelopmentofaterm.FormosthealthcaretermstheoriginisLatin orGreek.Anetymologyisgivenformostmainentriesandappears inbracketsfollowingthepronunciation.
9. Abbreviations: Standardabbreviationsforentriesareincluded withthedefinitionandalsoarelistedalphabeticallythroughoutthe text.Additionalabbreviationsusedforchartingandprescription writingarelistedintheAppendices.Alistofnonmedicalabbreviationsusedintextappearsonpagexxxv.
10. Encyclopedicentries: Detailed,comprehensiveinformationisincludedwithentriesthatrequireadditionalcoveragebecauseoftheir importanceorcomplexity.Oftenthisinformationisorganizedinto severalsubsections,eachwithitsownsubheading.Themostfre-
xvi isoftenabbreviatedinsubentries(suchas prematurel. under labor or pulmonaryi. under infarction).
quentlyusedsubheadingsarePatientCare,Symptoms,Etiology, Treatment,andDiagnosis.
11. Illustrations: Thiseditionof Taber’s includes700illustrations,119 ofwhicharenewtothisedition.Morethanthreefourthsoftheimagesarefour-colorphotographsandlinedrawings.Theimageswere carefullychosentocomplementthetextoftheentrieswithwhich theyareassociated.Eachillustrationiscross-referencedfromitsassociatedentry.Acompletelistofillustrationsbeginsonpagexix.
12. Tables: Thiseditioncontains106color-screenedtableslocatedappropriatelythroughouttheVocabularysection.Acompletelistoftablesbeginsonpagexxxi.
13. Adjectives: Theadjectivalformsofmanynounmainentriesappear attheendofthedefinitionofthenounformor,iftheentryislong, attheendofthefirstparagraph.Pronunciationsformostoftheadjectivalformsareincluded.Manycommonadjectivesappearasmain entriesthemselves.
14. Cautionstatements: Thisnotationisusedtodrawparticularattentiontoinformationthatmayaffectthehealthand/orsafetyof patientsortheprofessionalswhotreatthem.Theinformationisof morethanroutineinterestandshouldbeconsideredwhendelivering healthcare.Thesestatementsarefurtheremphasizedbycolored rulesaboveandbelowthetext.
15. Synonyms: Synonymsarelistedattheendoftheentryor,inencyclopedicentries,attheendofthefirstparagraph.Theabbreviation SYN:precedesthesynonymousterm(s).Termslistedassynonyms havetheirownentriesintheVocabulary,whichgenerallycarrya cross-referencetotheentryatwhichthedefinitionappears.
16. Cross-references: Illustrations,tables,appendices,orotherrelevantvocabularyentriesmaybegivenascross-references.Theseare indicatedbySEE:followedbythename(s)oftheappropriateelement(s)initalics.Cross-referencestotheNursingDiagnosesAppendixarehighlightedincolorattheendoftheentryasSEE: Nursing DiagnosesAppendix. Entriesatwhichanillustrationappearscarry thecolor-highlightedSEE:illus.
17. Appendices: TheAppendicescontaindetailedinformationthat couldbeorganizedorpresentedmoreeasilyinonesectionrather thaninterspersedthroughouttheVocabulary.Thiseditionfeatures severalnewappendices:HealthProfessions;RecommendedImmunizationSchedules;andLatinandGreekwithEnglishEquivalent. AmongtherevisedappendicesareNursingDiagnoses;Standardand UniversalPrecautions;MedicalAbbreviations;Prefixes,Suffixes, andCombiningForms;ConceptualModelsandTheoriesofNursing; MedicalEmergencies;IntegrativeTherapies:Complementaryand AlternativeMedicine;NormalReferenceandLaboratoryValues; Phobias;Nutrition;NursingInterventionsClassificationSystem; andNursingOutcomesClassificationSystem.AsubstantialAnatomyAppendixcanbefoundatwww.tabers20.com.
18. NursingDiagnosesAppendix: Thisappendixhasbeenupdated throughthe2003–2004ConferenceofNANDA(NorthAmerican
xvii
NursingDiagnosisAssociation).Itisdividedintoseveralsections, includingtwolistsofNANDA’snursingdiagnosesorganizedinto DoengesandMoorhouse’sDiagnosticDivisionsandGordon’sFunctionalHealthPatterns;anat-a-glancelookatthemostrecentdiagnosesapprovedbyNANDA;nursingdiagnosescommonlyassociated withalmost300diseases/disorders(cross-referencedfromthebody ofthedictionary);andacompletedescriptionofallNANDA-approved diagnosesthroughthe2003–2004conferenceinalphabeticalorder. Includedarethediagnosticdivision,definition,relatedfactors,and definingcharacteristicsforeachnursingdiagnosis.Seethe Quick ViewofContents onpage2656forfurtherexplanation.
LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS Illustrationsarelistedaccordingtothemainentryorsubentrytheyaccompany.Informationinparenthesesindicatesthesourceoftheillustration;alistofsourcesappearsattheendofthelist.
Abdominalquadrants (Scanlon),3
Abdominalregions(Scanlon),4
Abduction/adductionoflimb,4
Abruptioplacentae,8
Intra-abdominalabscess(Harvey Hatch,M.D.),9
Acuteabscess,9
Abscissa,12
Acanthocytes*(Harmening),16
Visualaccommodation,19
Acetabulumofrighthipbone (female)(Scanlon),20
Ribonucleicacid(Scanlon),26
Cysticacne(Goldsmith),30
Acnepapulosa(Reeves),30
Adenovirus(Sacher),45
Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal airway,64
Alopeciaareata(Goldsmith),78
Alopeciacapitistotalis (Reeves),79
Alternariainculture(Kern),80
Alveolusoflungs,81
Examplesofaminoacids,89
Amniocentesis,92
Aplasticanemia (Harmening),106
Sicklecellanemia(effecton erythrocytes)(Scanlon),109
Epiduralanesthesia,112
Aorticaneurysms,114
Anginapectoris,116
Arterialballoonangioplasty,121
Anthrax(Goldsmith),130
Antibody(Scanlon),133
Sideeffectsof anticoagulation,134
Branchesofaorta,146
Reflexarcforpatellartendon reflex,158
Nomogramfortheassessmentof bodysurfacearea(CibaGeigy),160
Musclesofthearm(Scanlon),164
Bonesofthearmandshoulder girdle(Scanlon),165
Ventriculararrhythmia (Brown),166
Systemicarteries(Scanlon),169
Structureofanartery (Scanlon),170
Brachialartery,171
Coronaryarteries,172
Rheumatoidarthritis,175
Arthrocentesis,177
Ascarislumbricoides (Leventhal),181
Aspergillosisoflung(Kern),182
Aspergillusniger inculture (Kern),183
Audiogram,199
Auerbody(Sacher),200
Autonomicnervoussystem (Scanlon),205
Bacillus(Bartelt),212
Howtostayonyourfeetwithout tiringyourback,212
Bacteria(shapesandstructures) (Sacher),215
Bacteria(Scanlon),216
Bag-valve-maskresuscitator,217 Balantidiumcoli (Leventhal),218
Malepatternbaldness (Goldsmith),219
Typesofbandages,222
Triangularbandages,225
Biconcavelens/biconvexlens,242
Bileducts,244
Bilirubincrystals (Strasinger),244
Punchbiopsy(Goldsmith),249
Urinarybladder(Scanlon),255
Blastomycesdermatitidis in culture(Kern),257
Bloodcomposition(Scanlon),264
Typesofbloodcells(Harmening), (Sacher),265
ABObloodtypes(Scanlon),267
Systemicbloodpressure (Scanlon),268
Bloodtransfusion(Scanlon),271
Bonetissue(Scanlon),275
Bonystructuresofthethorax, abdomen,andpelvis,276
Hyoidbone,277
Boutonnie`redeformity(Donald Venes,M.D.),281
Brain(Scanlon),284
Vascularanatomyofbrain,285
Brainstem(Manterand Gatz),286
Breast(Scanlon),287
Breastself-examination,288
Breastcancer(AFIP),289
Breastcancer,290
Tracheaandbronchi,300
Buffycoat(Sacher),303
Bullaeofimpetigo (Goldsmith),305
Burns(Scanlon),307
Coronaryarterybypass,311
Cabot’sring(Harmening),313
Calcitonin(Scanlon),316
Calciumoxalate(Strasinger), 317
Analcanal,321
Cancer(Strasinger),324
Candida (Sacher),329
Candidaalbicans (Harmening),329
Candidiasis(Goldsmith),329
Basalcellcarcinoma (Goldsmith),339
Squamouscellcarcinoma (Goldsmith),340
Cardiomyopathies,342
Dentalcaries,347
Casts,352
Urinarycasts(Strasinger),353–354
(Epithelialcast/fattycast/ hyalinecast/redbloodcellcast/ waxycast/whitebloodcellcast)
Cataract,356
Typesofcatheters,357
Centralvenouscatheter,358
Catheterizationofurinary bladder,361
Cavitiesofthebody(Scanlon),363
Generalizedhumancelland organelles(Scanlon),366
Burrcells(Sacher),367
Cluecell(Sacher),368
L.E.cell(Strasinger),369
Targetcells(Sacher),372
Cellulitis(Kozol),373
Cerebellum(Gilman),379
Cerebrum(lefthemisphere) (Scanlon),381
Typicalchancreofprimary syphilis(Reeves),385
Chancroid(Goldsmith),386
Basalbodytemperature chart,388
Graphofrespiratorymovements inCheyne-Stokes breathing,396
Chilomastixmesnili (Leventhal),397
Chloasmagravidarum (Reeves),399
Cholesterolcrystals (Strasinger),406
Actionofcilia,419
Circulationofbloodthroughheart andmajorvessels,421
Fetalcirculation(Scanlon),422
Hepaticportalcirculation (Scanlon),423
Portalcirculationof hypothalamus-pituitary (Scanlon),424
Cladosporium inculture (Kern),427
Clonorchissinensis (Leventhal),433
Clubbing,434
Cmax,435
Coagulationcascade (Harmening),437
Coccidioidesimmitisspherules (Kern),439
Cochlea,440
Collimatorbelowx-raytube (Wallace),448
Colonandrectum,450
Colorblindness(Scanlon),451
Colostomysites,452
Spinalcolumn,455
Comedones(Goldsmith),457
Condyloma(perianalwarts) (Kozol),466
Normalanddiseasedcoronary arteries,487
OrganofCorti(Scanlon),491
Craniometricpoints,499
Crown-rump(DonaldVenes, M.D.),506
Cryptococcusneoformans (Strasinger),510
Cryptosporidium (Sacher),511
Cardiaccycle(Scanlon),520
Cyst,522
Flowcytometry(Harmening),530
Darier’ssign(Goldsmith),534
Dendrites,555
Densitometer(Wallace),556
Dentition,560
Depolarization(Scanlon),562
Atopicdermatitis (Goldsmith),567
Contactdermatitis (Goldsmith),567
Stasisdermatitis (Goldsmith),569
Dermatofibroma(Goldsmith),569
Dermatome,571
Dermatomyositis (Goldsmith),572
Dermatographism (Goldsmith),572
Contraceptivediaphragm,588
Movementofribcageand diaphragmduring respiration,589
Diascopy(Goldsmith),591
Diffusion,600
Diphyllobothriumlatum (Leventhal),606
Disseminatedintravascular coagulation(Harmening),620
Multiplediverticulaofthe colon,624
Do¨hlebodies(Sacher),625
Uniformdonorcard,627
Dracunculusmedinensis (Leventhal),633
Universaldressing,635
Drownproofingtechnique,637
Dupuytren’scontracture (Kozol),646
Structureoftheear (Scanlon),657
Ecchymosisoftheleg (Harmening),659
Echinaceapurpurea (Leonard Perry,Ph.D.),659
Echinococcusgranulosus (Leventhal),659
Nummulareczema (Goldsmith),664
Pittingedema(Kloth),666
Pericardialeffusion(Donald Venes,M.D.),668
Elbowjoint,672
QRSTcomplexof electrocardiogram/ECG leads,674
Normalandabnormal electroencephalogramwave patterns(Merck),677
Electrolyteconcentrationsinbody fluids(Scanlon),678
Embolism,683
Pulmonaryembolism(Kozol),684
Stagesofdevelopmentofhuman embryoincludingmature fetus,686
Embryonicdevelopment (Scanlon),687
Embryoscopy,688
Emmetropia,myopia, hyperopia,692
Possiblesitesofoccurrenceof endometriosis,704
Cuffedendotrachealtube (Williams),709
Bariumenema(HarveyHatch, M.D.),710
Entamoebahistolytica (Leventhal),712
Enterobiusvermicularis (Leventhal),714
Epididymis,723
Epiglottis,724
Epithelialtissues(Scanlon),730
Erysipelas(Goldsmith),735
Erythemamultiforme (Goldsmith),736
Normalerythrocytes (Strasinger),738
xxi
Erythrocytedevelopment † (Harmening),738
Eschar(Kloth),740
Esophagus,744
Foreignbody(esophagus),744
Isometricexercise(Kisner),755
Range-of-motionexercises,756
Extraoculareyemuscles (movementsproducedand cranialnervesupply),764
Extraoculareyemuscles(lateral view)(Scanlon),765
Anatomyoftheeye (Scanlon),766
Techniqueforexaminationof conjunctiva,767
Musclesoffaceandscalp,771
Fasciolahepatica (Leventhal),779
Fasciolopsisbuski (Leventhal),779
Rightfemur,786
Ovulation,fertilization,andearly embryonicdevelopment (Scanlon),788
Ventricularfibrillation (Williams),794
Fingerprints,802
Flatfoot(pesplanus) (Starkey),806
Flea(Scanlon),807
Flexion(Kisner),808
Cerebrospinalfluid(formation, circulation,andreabsorption) (Scanlon),811
Cerebrospinalfluid(specimens) (Strasinger),812
Pleuralfluid(Strasinger),813
Fontanelsofinfantskull (Scanlon),819
FoodGuidePyramid,820
Bonesoffootandankle (Scanlon),821
Athlete’sfoot(Reeves),821
Typesoffracturesand terminology,830
Frostbite(Kozol),836
Fungi(Scanlon),841
Gallstones(seenendoscopically) (LeoEickhoff,M.D.),847
Gallstones(plainfilm),847
Gaucher’scell(Harmening),862
Inheritanceofeyecolor (Scanlon),865
Femalegenitalorgans (Scanlon),868
Malegenitalorgans (Scanlon),869
Genurecurvatum(Starkey),870
Giardiaduodenalis (Leventhal),874
Adrenalglands,877
Endocrinesystem,879
Eccrineandapocrinesweat glands,882
Glaucoma,885
Glottisandvocalcords (Scanlon),890
Massivegoiter(Williams),896
Goniometer(Starkey),898
Gout(Strasinger),900
Gramstain(Sacher),904
Granulocytopoiesis † (Harmening),906
Growthchartgirls,913
Growthchartboys,914
Cerebralgyri,919
Hairandadjacentstructuresof cross-sectionofskin,923
Bonesoftherighthandand wrist,926
Musclesoftheheadandneck (Scanlon),932
Arteriesandveinsofthehead (Scanlon),933
Woundhealing,935
Theheart(Scanlon),939
Projectionofheartandgreat vessels/valvesonchest wall,941
Conductionsystemoftheheart (Scanlon),943
Completeheartblock (Brown),944
Heart-lungmachine,946
Heimlichmaneuver,951
Helmetcell(Harmening),952
Representativehelminths (Scanlon),952
Hemangiomasinaneonate (Morton),954
Hemochromatosis (Harmening),961
Hemocytoblast(stemcell)and bloodcells(Scanlon),963
HemoglobinCdisease (Harmening),966
Subconjunctivalhemorrhage (Starkey),973
Hemorrhoids,975
Prolapsedhemorrhoids (Kozol),975
Henoch-Schonleinpurpura (Harmening),977
Hiatalhernia,984
Normalandherniatedspinal disks(Scanlon),986
Genitalherpes(Goldsmith),988
Herpeslabialis(Reeves),989
Herpessimplex(Goldsmith),989
Herpeszoster(Goldsmith),990
Herpeszosterophthalmicus (Reeves),991
Totalhipreplacement (McKinnis),998
Histoplasmacapsulatum in culture(Kern),1002
Adulthookworm (Leventhal),1008
Anteriorviewofright humerus,1015
Hydatidcyst(Leventhal),1018
Hydronephrosis,1022
Hymenolepisnana (Leventhal),1027
Hyperplasiaofadermalmole (Reeves),1037
Hysterectomy,1059
Kneeimmobilization (Colyar),1069
Cell-mediatedimmunity (Scanlon),1072
Humoralimmunity (Scanlon),1073
Bullousimpetigo(Reeves),1080
Impetigocontagiosainaxilla (Reeves),1080
Endosseousdentalimplant,1081
Bodymassindex(ShapeUp America),1091
Inflammation(HomeroSepulveda, Ph.D.),1100
Intravenousinfusion technique,1105
Inguinalcanal/spermaticcord contents,1106
Complementaryfunctionsof insulinandglucagon (Scanlon),1118
Internationalsymbolof access,1125
Largeintestine,1129
Smallintestine(Homero Sepulveda,Ph.D.),1130
Irrigationoftheearcanal (Colyar),1142
IUD(Lippincott,Williams& Wilkins),1150
Ixodes tick(Scanlon),1151
Jaw,1154
Synovialjoint(Scanlon),1158
Myoneuraljunction (Scanlon),1161
Kaposi’ssarcoma(Kozol),1163
Karyotypeofpairsofhuman chromosomesofmaleand female,1165
Keloids(Kozol),1167
Keratoacanthoma,1169
Kerion(Goldsmith),1172
Kidney(Scanlon),1173
Nephronandbloodvessels (Scanlon),1174
Formationofurine (Scanlon),1175
Kidneytubules(Homero Sepulveda,Ph.D.),1176
Anatomyofthesupporting structuresoftheknee,1180
Knots,1181
Koilonychia(Harmening),1182
Krebscycle,1184
Sequenceoflaborand childbirth,1188
Labyrinthsofinnerear (Scanlon),1193
Lacrimalapparatus (Scanlon),1194
Slitlampexamination(Donald Venes,M.D.),1200
Langer’slines,1202
Larynx(Scanlon),1207
Musclesoftheleg(Scanlon),1218
Bonesofthelegandfoot (Scanlon),1219
Mucocutaneousleishmaniasis (Leventhal),1221
Lentigoofsun-exposedskin (Goldsmith),1223
Leopold’smaneuvers (Mosby),1223
Acutelymphocyticleukemia (Harmening),1228
Chroniclymphocyticleukemia (Harmening),(Sacher),1229
Lymphocytesinhairycell leukemia ‡ (Harmening),1230
Oralhairyleukoplakia (Kozol),1233
Lichenplanus(Goldsmith),1236
Lichensimplexchronicus (Goldsmith),1236
Deltoidligaments(Starkey),1241
Thelimbicsystemofthe brain,1246
Liver(Scanlon),1259
Loaloa inblood(Leventhal),1262
Louse,1266
Lumbarpuncture,1268
Lumbarpuncture (photograph),1269
Lungs(Scanlon),1270
Lymedisease(Stevens),1275
Lymphnode(Scanlon),1277
Lymphaticcapillaries (Scanlon),1280
Thelymphaticsystem (Scanlon),1281
Normallymphocytes (Sacher),1282
Non-Hodgkinslymphoma (Strasinger),1284
Macrophage(Strasinger),1289
Magneticresonanceimaging (Mazziotta),1292
Malaria-causingorganisms (Leventhal),1295
Mammographyshowingbreast cancer(Kozol),1300
Mandible—leftlateralview,1301
Normalredbonemarrow (Sacher),1305
Mastcells(Harmening),1308
MedicAlertsymbol,1319
Medicinewheel,1323
Megakaryocyte(Harmening),1326
Megaloblasts(Hillman),1326
Meiosis,1328
Melanoma(Goldsmith),1329
Alveolocapillarymembrane (Scanlon),1331
Cellmembrane(Scanlon),1332
Meninges(Scanlon),1336
Meningitis(Sacher),1336
Meningococcemia(DonaldVenes, M.D.),1338
Menstrualcycle(Scanlon),1341
Metastases(HarveyHatch, M.D.),1351
Metatarsusvarus,1352
Miliaria(Goldsmith),1365
Mitosis,1371
Moles(Goldsmith),1376
Molluscumcontagiosum (Goldsmith),1377
Monocytes(Harmening),1380
Mononucleosis(Sacher),1381
Montgomerystraps,1384
Morton’stoe(Starkey),1388
Mouth,tongue,andpharynx,1390
Musclesofthetrunk (Scanlon),1402
Muscletissues(Scanlon),1403
Skeletalmuscle(Scanlon),1404
Morphologicalformsof muscle,1405
Mycobacteriumtuberculosis (Sacher),1411
Systemicmycosis(Kern),1412
Myelofibrosis(Hillman),1414
Multiplemyeloma(Sacher),1414
Myocardialinfarction(Donald Venes,M.D.),1417
Nail(Scanlon),1425
Twoviewsofnasalcavity,1429
Nasogastrictube(Colyar),1430
Nebulizer(Colyar),1434
Necator (Leventhal),1434
Lateralaspectoftheneck,1434
Necrosis(Kloth),1435
Neisseriagonorrhoeae (Sacher),1437
Acousticnerve,1444
Cranialnervesandtheir distribution(Scanlon),1445
Superficialbranchesoffacialnerve (7thcranial),1446
Glossopharyngealnerve,1446
Spinalnerves(Scanlon),1448
Neurodermatitisonneck (Reeves),1454
Neurofibromatosis,1455
Acousticneuroma(Kozol),1457
Neuronstructure(Scanlon),1458
Neutrophils(Strasinger),1465
Junctionnevi(Goldsmith),1466
Spidernevus(Reeves),1467
Nocardiaasteroides inculture (Kern),1473
Nocardiosis(Kern),1473
Techniqueforcontrolof hemorrhagefromposteriornasal cavity,1481
Nucleicacid(Scanlon),1484
Nursingassessmenttool (Doenges),1492–1498
Rightolfactorynerve(1st cranial),1516
Relationshipofgreateromentumto abdominalorgans,1518
Onchocercavolvulus (Leventhal),1519
Onchocerciasis(Leventhal),1519
Onychomycosis(Goldsmith),1521
Oogenesis(Scanlon),1522
Opisthotonos,1526
Orthotonos,1536
Osmosis,1539
Endochondralossification (Scanlon),1540
Osteoarthritisoftheknee (Blessing),1542
Osteoclast(Harmening),1543
Osteoporosis,1546
Humanovum,1556
Transtrachealoxygen therapy,1559
Oxyhemoglobindissociation curve,1560
Pancreasanditsrelationshiptothe duodenum,1577
Toolsforpaptest(Colyar),1582
Papules(Goldsmith),1585
Paragonimuswestermani (Leventhal),1587
Paronychia(Goldsmith),1600
Applyingpatchtests (Goldsmith),1604
Pediculosiscapitis (Goldsmith),1611
Pelvis,1616
Penicillium inculture(Kern), 1619
Penis,includingtesticlesand scrotum,1620
Pericardiocentesis,1626
Pericardiumandlayersoftheheart wall(Scanlon),1627
Perineum,1631
Peritonealandpleuralfluid,1638
Peritoneum(DonaldVenes, M.D.),1638
ThepHscale(Scanlon),1648
Phagocytosis,1650
Whitepiedraonhair(Kern),1669
Pinocytosis/exocytosis,1672
Pituitaryglandandhypothalamus (Scanlon),1674
Pituitarygland(Scanlon),1675
Placenta(Scanlon),1677
Bodyplanesandsections (Scanlon),1681
Plasmodiumfalciparum (Leventhal),1684
Plateletplugformationandclotting (Scanlon),1686
Pneumocystiscarinii (Leventhal),1693
Lobarpneumonia(HarveyHatch, M.D.),1697
Pneumocystiscarinii pneumonia (Leventhal),1697
Openpneumothorax,1699
Poikilocytes(Sacher),1701
Poisonivy/poisonoak/poison sumac,1704
Poisonivydermatitis (Goldsmith),1705
Digitalispoisoning,1713
Polycythemiavera (Harmening),1724
Nasalpolyps,1729
Nasalpolyps(photograph) (Morton),1729
Pompholyx(Goldsmith),1732
Positions,1736
Posturaldrainageoflungs,1743
Hyperlordoticposture (Starkey),1745
Ectopicpregnancy,1757
Presentationsoffetus,1767
Pressuresore(Goldsmith),1771
Promyelocyte(Harmening),1785
Prostatecancer(AFIP),1788
Protozoa,1798
Pseudofolliculitisbarbae (Goldsmith),1802
Psoriasis(Goldsmith),1806
Guttatepsoriasis(Reeves),1806
Ptosis(Morton),1813
Pulmonaryfunctiontest (Scanlon),1817
Purpura(Harmening),1823
Idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura(Harmening),1824
Universalradiationsymbol,1841
Diaperrash(Reeves),1851
Raynaud’sphenomenon (Goldsmith),1855
Reed-Sternbergcell (Harmening),1863
Respiratorysystem,1888
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation,1893–1895
Reticulocyte(Hillman),1897
Retinaofrighteye,1898
Retina(Scanlon),1899
Retinaldetachment,1900
Rheumaticfever(Goldsmith),1909
Rhinophymaandrosacea (Reeves),1911
Ribcage(Scanlon),1914
Ringworm(Reeves),1919
Rockymountainspottedfever (Goldsmith),1922
Rosacea(Goldsmith),1925
Steroidrosacea(Reeves),1925
Rosetteofredbloodcells (Harmening),1926
Rouleauxformation (Hillman),1927
Rugae,1930
Rugose(Kern),1930
Ruleofnines,1931
Sacrumandcoccyx,1934
SaintJohn’swort(LeonardPerry, Ph.D.),1936
Salivaryglands(Scanlon),1937
Salladisease,1938
Sarcoidosis(Goldsmith),1943
Sarcoptesscabiei (Goldsmith),1944
Scabies(Goldsmith),1945
Scaleforinfants,1946
Scalpels,1947
Scapula,1949
Schistocytes(Sacher),1952
Schistosoma (Leventhal),1952
Scleredema(Goldsmith),1956
Scleroderma(Goldsmith),1957
Scoliosis(Morton),1959
Scrapingablister (Goldsmith),1961
Scurvy(Goldsmith),1962
Antimicrobialsensitivitytest (Sacher),1972
Se´zarycells ‡ (Harmening),1984
Shingles(Reeves),1987
Shoulderdislocation(Colyar),1993
Simianandnormalpalmar creases,2000
Paranasalsinuses(Scanlon),2002
Skeleton,2007
Skinsection(Scanlon),2009
Skull,rightlateralandanterior views(Scanlon),2011
Inferiorviewofskullwithmandible removed(Scanlon),2012
Superiorviewofskullwithtopof craniumremoved (Scanlon),2012
Snakes,2019
Nasalspeculum(Colyar),2035
Normalandabnormalsperm,2037
Spermatogenesis(Scanlon),2038
Spermatozoon(Scanlon),2039
Spherocytes(Harmening),2041
Spinalcord(Scanlon),2044
Vacuumsplint(Starkey),2052
Mongolianspots(Morton),2056
Spurcells(Harmening),2058
Staroflife,2065
Renalarterystenosis(Arnold Klein,M.D.),2069–2070
Sternum,2074
Steroidhormonenucleus,2074
Stevens-Johnsonsyndrome (Reeves),2075
Stomach(Scanlon),2080
Stomatitis(Kozol),2081
Hemorrhagicstroke(HarveyHatch, M.D.),2089
Strykerframe,2093
Relationshipofdental surfaces,2112
Synapse(Scanlon),2125
Syphilis(Goldsmith),2131
Thedigestivesystem (Goldsmith),2134
Ventriculartachycardia (Williams),2138
Taeniasaginata (Leventhal),2139
Taeniasolium (Leventhal),2139
Skintags(Goldsmith),2140
Pericardialtamponade,2143
Deciduous/permanentteeth,2151
Telangiectasia(Goldsmith),2152
Temperatureregulation (Scanlon),2155
Testis(Scanlon),2162
Tourniquettest(Harmening),2208
Thymus(Scanlon),2185
Thyroidglandandrelated structures,2187
Woodtick(Scanlon),2189
Tineacapitis(Goldsmith),2191
Tineacorporis(Reeves),2192
Tineacrurisoninnerthigh (Reeves),2192
Tineaversicoloronback § (Kern),2192
Connectivetissues(Scanlon),2194
PETscanofbrain (Mazziotta),2199
Positronemissiontomography (DonaldVenes,M.D.),2199
Surfaceoftongue,2200
Tonometry(Williams),2201
Inflamedtonsils(Morton),2202
Toothstructure(Scanlon),2203
Torsadedepointes(Brown),2206
Tracheostomytube (Williams),2213
Biliarytractinrelationtoliver, pancreas,andduodenum,2215
Trichinellaspiralis (Leventhal),2235
Trichomonasvaginalis (Leventhal),2236
Trichuristrichiura (Leventhal),2238
Triggerfinger(Kozol),2239
Trypanosoma (Leventhal),2244
Tuberculosis(Strasinger),2247
Braintumor(Kozol),2247
Tuberculosis(reportedcases),2248
Possiblerelationsoffetal membranesintwin pregnancies,2250
Venousstasisulcer,2260
Dopplerultrasonography (Colyar),2261
Umbilicalcord,2263
Unna’sboot,2266
Uricacidcrystals (Strasinger),2271
Urinaryretention(DonaldVenes, M.D.),2273
Urinarysystem(Scanlon),2274
Urine(Strasinger),2278
Urticaria(Goldsmith),2279
Uterus,2281
SmallpoxVaccine,2286
Vaginaandotherfemale organs,2288
Vagusnerve(10thcranial),2292
Valgus(Starkey),2292
Cardiacvalves(Scanlon),2293
Varicella(chickenpox) (Goldsmith),2295
Varicoseveins(Reeves),2297
Varus(Starkey),2298
Vasdeferensandothermale organs,2299
Vasculitis(Goldsmith),2300
Vasectomyanditsreversal,2300
Systemicveins(Scanlon),2305
Structureofaveinandvenule (Scanlon),2306
Venouscutdown,2308
Ventriclesofthebrain (Scanlon),2311
Vermiformappendix,2313
Verrucavulgaris(Kozol),2314
Vesicles(Goldsmith),2317
Villiofthesmallintestine (Scanlon),2321
Viruses(Scanlon),2324
WestNileVirus,2326
Visualfieldabnormalities (Williams),2329
Vitiligo(Goldsmith),2332
Vocalcords,2334
Vulva(Scanlon),2338
Commonwarts(Goldsmith),2341
Genitalwartsonpenis (Reeves),2341
Plantarwart(Reeves),2342
Componentsofwaves,2344
CircleofWillis(Scanlon),2352
Openwound(Kloth),2358
Compressionwrap(Starkey),2358
Wuchereriabancrofti (Leventhal),2359
Xanthelasma(Morton),2360
Xerocytes(Harmening),2362
Xerosis(Goldsmith),2362
Buddingyeast(Strasinger),2364
Yin-yang,2365
Z-plastymethodofcorrectinga deformingscar,2371
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‡ FromHyun,BK:MorphologyofBloodandBoneMarrow,AmericanSocietyofClinicalPathologists,Workshop5121,September1983,with permission.
§ FromBeneke:HumanMycoses,Pharmacia&Upjohn,1979,withpermission.
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LISTOFTABLES Activitiesofdailylivingandfactorsaffectingthem,37
ClinicalconditionsandopportunisticinfectionsindicatingAIDS,60
CommonAllergiesandAllergens,75
StagesofAlzheimer’sdisease,82
Stagesofanginapectoris,116
Apgarscore,148
Somesevereillnessesthatmaymimicappendicitis,153
Commonbacterialinfections,214
Controlofarterialbleeding,258
SelectedRiskfactorsforbreastcancer,289
Featuresofbronchodilatordrugs,298
EstimatedNewCancerCasesandDeathsbySex,U.S.,2003,324
Controversiesincancerscreeninginthegeneralpopulation,325 Classificationofimportantcarbohydrates,336
Digestionofcarbohydrates,336
EffectsofCarboxyhemoglobin,338
ImportantConsiderationsintheAdministrationofChemotherapy,395
Lipidlevelmanagementforcholesterollevelreduction,407
Contraceptiveusebywomen,15to44yearsold:1995,476
ContraindicationstotheTopicalApplicationofColdtoMusculoskeletal Injuries,509
TenleadingcausesofdeathintheU.S.(2001),537
Signsandsymptomsandrecommendedemergencymanagementof odontogenicproblems,557
PreventingOralDiseases/MaintainingOralHealth,559
Comparisonofdiabeticketoacidosisandhypoglycemia,581 Comparisonoftype1insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitusandtype2 non–insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus,583
TopDiagnosis-RelatedGroups(DRGs)intheU.S.,585
Diseasesinwhichdietplaysanimportantrole,594
TheDASHDiet(EatingPlan),595
DietaryguidelinesforAmericans,598
Actionofdigestiveenzymesonfood,601
Methodoftransmissionofsomecommunicablediseases,611
InheritedDiseasesandConditions:ABriefList,613 FungalDiseases,616
UltravioletTreatmentDosages,630
Comparisonoftoxicandallergicdrugreactions,641
Electromagneticspectrum,679
Exercise:energyrequired,754
Comparisonofheatstrokeandheatexhaustion,758
FahrenheitandCelsiusscales,774
Foodsourcesofsaturatedfats,781
Developmentoffetaltissue,790
TheAmericanCollegeofRheumatology1990criteriaforclassification offibromyalgia,798
Principalendocrineglands,880
Gramconversionintoounces(avoirdupois),904
Eliminationofbodyheat,947
Routineprecautionsforthecareofallhemodialysispatients,964
HemodynamicParametersFrequentlyMeasuredinCriticalCare,965
Comparisonofhemoptysisandhematemesis,971
Commonsitesofbleeding,971
ClassificationofBPforadultsage18andolder,1040
Oralagentsthatlowerbloodglucose,1051
Bloodtypecompatibility,1086
Incubationandisolationperiodsincommoninfections,1089
ColorsofindicatorsofpH,1092
Fungalinfections,1099
Mediatingfactorsininflammation,1102
InformationTechnologiesUsedinHealthCare,1103
TraumaticInjuries,1110
Durationofeffectofvariousinsulinswhengivenbysubcutaneous injection,1119
DesirableLevelsofAnticoagulationinTermsofINR,1125 Karnofskyindex,1164
Someclassesofdrugsthatinhibitlibido,1235
Expectationoflifeinyears,byrace,sex,andage:1996,1238
Expectationoflifeatbirth,1970to1997,andprojections,1995to 2010,1238
Physicalsignsofmalnutrition,1298
Monoclonalantibodiesandtheiruses,1379
Comparisonofpropertiesofthreetypesofmuscle,1403
CommonNeuropathies,1460
Typicalnoiselevelsindecibelsandtheireffect,1476
DiagnosticTestsforOccultBleeding,1509
Representativeoccupationalillness,1510
CriteriaforDiabetesMellitusinPregnancyUsingthe3-hr OGTT,1528
Size,weight,andcapacityofvariousorgansandpartsoftheadult body,1531
Riskfactorsforosteoporosis,1547
Usualadultdosesandintervalsofdrugsforreliefofpain,1567
ImportantConsiderationsinPalliativeCare,1573
APatient’sPerceptionofQualityHealthCare,1608
SymptomsandSignsofPeriodontitis,1634
pHofsomefluids,1648
ToxicityofCarbonMonoxide,1710
Positionsoffetusinutero,1735
Pregnancytableforexpecteddateofdelivery,1759
TheNortonscale,1771
TestsforPrematureRuptureofMembranes,1785
Tableofpathogenicprotozoa,1799
Psychomotorandphysicaldevelopment:birthto1year,1810
Majorpublichealthachievementsofthe20thcentury,1815
Purinesinfood,1822
Causesofacuterenalfailure,1876
Rateofrespiration,1884
ProminentIssuesinHospitalRiskManagement,1920
Causativeagentsofsexuallytransmitteddiseases,1983
InternationalSystemofUnits(SIunits),2005
Prefixesandtheirsymbolsusedtodesignatedecimalmultiplesand submultiplesinSIunits,2005
Bonesofthehumanskeleton,2008
U.S.FDAcategoriesfordrugsbyteratogenicorfetotoxic potential,2161
Comparativethermometricscale,2173
Thermometricequivalents(CelsiusandFahrenheit),2174
SomeCulturallySpecific(Folk)Illnesses,2219
Revisedtraumascore,2229
Significanceofchangesinurine,2276
Commondisordersofurination,2277
Commonviralcharacteristics,2324
Causesofvomiting,2336
1983Metropolitanheightandweighttablesformenandwomen accordingtoframe,ages25to59,2347
ABBREVIATIONSUSEDIN TEXT* ABBRabbreviation AmerindAmericanIndian approx.approximately ASAnglo-Saxon at.no.atomicnumber at.wt.atomicweight Brit.British Ccentigrade;Celsius D.Dutch e.g.exempligratia(for example) esp.especially FFahrenheit Fr.French fr.from Ger.German Gr.Greek
i.e.idest(thatis) illus.illustration L.Latin LL.LateLatin MD.MiddleDutch ME.MiddleEnglish Med.L.MedievalLatin NLNewLatin O.Fr.OldFrench pert.pertaining pl.plural rel.related;relating sing.singular Sp.Spanish sp.gr.specificgravity SYMBsymbol SYNsynonym
*AdditionalabbreviationsarelistedintheUnitsofMeasurementAppendixandtheMedical AbbreviationsAppendix.
AAlpha,thefirstletteroftheGreekalphabet.
A ˚ angstromunit.
A2 aorticsecondsound.
a [L.] ante, before.
a accommodation;ampere;anode;anterior;aqua;area;artery.
a-,an- [Gr.,not]Prefixmeaning without, awayfrom,not (a-isusuallyusedbefore aconsonant;an-isusuallyusedbefore avowel).
AA,aa achievementage;AlcoholicsAnonymous;aminoacid;arteriae.
[Gr. ana, ofeach]Prescriptionnota- aa tionmeaning thestatedamountofeach ofthesubstancesistobeusedincompoundingtheprescription.
AAA AmericanAmbulanceAssociation.
A.A.A. AmericanAcademyofAllergists; AmericanAssociationofAnatomists.
A.A.A.S. AmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScience.
AABB AmericanAssociationofBlood Banks.
AACC AmericanAssociationforClinical Chemistry.
A.A.C.N. AmericanAssociationofCritical-CareNurses;AmericanAssociation ofCollegesofNursing.
A.A.F.P. AmericanAcademyofFamily Physicians.
AAHN AmericanAssociationfortheHistoryofNursing.
AAL anterioraxillaryline.
A.A.M.A. AmericanAssociationofMedicalAssistants.
A.A.M.I. AssociationfortheAdvancement ofMedicalInstrumentation.
AAMS AssociationofAirMedicalServices.
AAMT AmericanAssociationforMedical Transcription.
A.A.N. AmericanAcademyofNursing.
A.A.N.A. AmericanAssociationofNurse Anesthetists.
A.A.N.N. AmericanAssociationofNeuroscienceNurses.
A.A.O.H.N. AmericanAssociationofOccupationalHealthNurses.
A.A.O.S. AmericanAcademyofOrthopedicSurgeons.
A.A.P. AmericanAcademyofPediatrics; AmericanAssociationofPathologists.
A.A.P.A. AmericanAcademyofPhysician Assistants.
AAPMR AmericanAcademyofPhysical MedicineandRehabilitation.
A.A.R.C. AmericanAssociationforRespiratoryCare.
AARP AmericanAssociationofRetired Persons.
AAS atomicabsorptionspectroscopy.
AASECT AmericanAssociationofSexEducators,Counselors,andTherapists. Ab antibody.
ab- [L. ab, from]Prefixmeaning from, awayfrom,negative,absent.
abacavir (a˘-ba˘k a˘-ve¯r)Anucleosideanaloguereversetranscriptaseinhibitor usedinthetreatmentofHIV-1.
Abadie’ssign (a˘-ba˘-de¯z )[CharlesA. Abadie,Fr.ophthalmologist,1842–1932]Inexophthalmicgoiter,spasmof thelevatorpalpebraesuperioris.
Abadie’ssign (a˘-ba˘-de¯z )[JeanAbadie, Fr.neurologist,1873–1946]Intabes dorsalis,insensibilitytopressureover theAchillestendon.
abandonment Aprematuretermination oftheprofessionaltreatmentrelationshipbythehealthcareproviderwithout adequatenoticeorthepatient’sconsent. abarognosis (a˘b a˘r-o˘g-no sı˘s)[Gr. a-, not, baros, weight, gnosis, knowledge]Araredisordermarkedby lossoftheabilitytogaugetheweightof objectsheldinthehand.SEE: baragnosis
abarticulation (a˘b a˘r-tı˘k-u¯-la shu˘n) 1. Ambiguoustermmeaningdislocation ofajoint. 2. Diarthrosis.
abasia (a˘-ba ze¯-a˘)[Gr. a-, not, basis, step] 1. Motorincoordinationinwalking. 2. Inabilitytowalkduetoimpairmentofcoordination. abasic,abatic, adj. a.-astasia Lackofmotorcoordination withinabilitytostandorwalk.SYN: astasia-abasia paralytica. Abasiainwhichtheleg musclesareparalyzed. paroxysmaltrepidanta. Abasia causedbytremblingandsuddenstiffeningoflegsonstanding,makingwalkingimpossible.Itmayberelatedtohysteria.
abate (a˘-ba¯t )[L. ab, from, battere, tobeat] 1. Tolessenordecrease. 2. To ceaseorcausetocease.
abatement (a˘-ba¯t me˘nt)Decreaseinseverityofpainorsymptoms.
abaxial,abaxile (a˘b-a˘k se¯-al, sı˘l)[L. ab, from, axis, axis] 1. Notwithinthe axisofabodyorpart. 2. Attheopposite endoftheaxisofapart.
Abbe-Wharton-McIndoeoperation,McIndoeoperation (a ˘ be¯-wha˘r to˘n-ma¯kı ˘n-do¯)Asurgicalprocedureperformed tocreateavaginainpatientswhodonot haveone.Thisisachievedbycreating adequatespacebetweentherectumand bladder;theinlayingofasplit-thickness graft;andmostimportantly,continuous andprolongeddilatationduringthe
healingstagewhentissuesaremost likelytocontract.
PATIENT CARE: Thehealthcare teamsupportsthepatientmedically andpsychologicallybyhelpingthepatientlearnaboutherconditionandthe procedure,byansweringquestions,and byalleviatinganxiety.
Abbott’smethod (a˘b u˘tz)[EdvilleG. Abbott,U.S.orthopedicsurgeon,1871–1938]Atreatmentforscoliosisthatis nolongerused,inwhichaseriesofplasterjacketswereappliedtostraighten thespine.
ABC antigen-bindingcapacity;airway, breathing,circulation (mnemonicforassessingstatusofemergencypatients).
ABCD Amnemonictoaidhealthcareprovidersintherecognitionofmalignant melanoma.Thelettersrepresent“asymmetry,”“border,”“color,”and“diameter.”Pigmentedlesionsontheskinwith irregularitiesofgrowthandcolorand diametersgreaterthan0.7mmhavea considerablelikelihoodofbeingmelanomasandshouldbeprofessionallyexamined.Additionalcharacteristicsof melanomasincludethesuddenchange ofanexistingmoleorsuddenappearanceofpigmentedmoles.Insomecases anexistingmolethatwasflatelevates abovetheskin.SEE: melanoma.
abciximab (a˘b-sı˘x ı ˘-ma˘b)Amonoclonal antibodythatinhibitsplateletaggregationandpreventsbloodclotsfrom forming.Itisusedesp.totreatandpreventclotsinthecoronaryarteries,for example,inacutemyocardialinfarction,andafterstentplacements.
abdiction (a˘b-dı˘k shı˘n)Theintolerance oravoidanceofdrugsorchemicals. abdomen (a˘b-do me˘n,a˘b do¯-me˘n)[L., belly]Theportionofthetrunklyingbetweenthethoraxandthepelvis.Itcontainsthestomach,lowerpartofthe esophagus,smallandlargeintestines, liver,gallbladder,andspleen.Theparietalperitoneumlinestheabdominal cavity.Theorganswithinthiscavityare envelopedbythevisceralperitoneum. Thekidneys,adrenalglands,ureters, prostate,seminalvesicles,andgreater vascularstructuresarelocatedbehind theperitoneum(retroperitonealorextraperitoneal).SEE: abdominalquadrants forillus.
INSPECTION:Visualexaminationof theabdomenisbestdonewhilethepatientissupinewiththekneesslightly bent.Inahealthypersontheabdomen isovalshaped,withelevationsanddepressionscorrespondingtoabdominal muscles,umbilicus,andtosomedegree theformsofunderlyingviscera.Relativetochestsize,itislargerinchildren thaninadults;itismorerotundand broaderinferiorlyinmalesthaninfemales.
Diseasecanaltertheshapeoftheab-
domen.Ageneral,symmetricalenlargementmayresultfromascites;apartial andirregularenlargementmayresult fromtumors,hypertrophyoforgans suchastheliverorspleen,orintestinal distentioncausedbygas.Retractionof theabdomenmayoccurinextreme emaciationandinseveralformsofcerebraldisease,esp.tubercularmeningitisofchildren.
Therespiratorymovementsoftheabdominalwallsarerelatedtomovements ofthethoraxandareoftenincreased whenthelatterarearrestedandvice versa;thus,abdominalmovementsare increasedinpleurisy,pneumonia,and pericarditis,butaredecreasedorwholly suspendedinperitonitisanddiseasecausedabdominalpain.
Thesuperficialabdominalveinsare sometimesvisiblyenlarged,indicating anobstructionofbloodflowineitherthe portalsystem(asincirrhosis)ortheinferiorvenacava.
AUSCULTATION:Listeningtosounds producedinabdominalorgansprovides usefuldiagnosticinformation.Absentor diminishedbowelsoundsmayindicate paralyticileusorperitonitis.Highpitchedtinklingsoundsareassociated withintestinalobstruction.Bruitsmay indicateatherosclerosisoranabdominalaorticaneurysm.Duringpregnancy, auscultationenablesidentificationand evaluationofthefetalheartrateand vascularsoundsfromtheplacenta.
PERCUSSION:Forthepractitionerto obtainthegreatestamountofinformation,thepatientshouldbesupinewith theheadslightlyraisedandknees slightlyflexed.Percussionshouldbe carriedoutinasystematicfashionover theanteriorsurfaceoftheabdomen.A combinationofaudibleortactilesensationwillbeperceivedbytheexaminer accordingtounderlyingstructures(e.g., gaseousdistendedorgansversussolid organs).Alargeabdominalaneurysm givesdullnessorflatnessoveritunless adistendedintestineliesaboveit.
PALPATION:Theabdomenmaybe palpatedwithfingertips,thewhole hand,orbothhands;pressuremaybe slightorforceful,continuousorintermittent.Theheadissupportedtorelax theabdominalwall.Onoccasion,thepatientmaybeexaminedinastandingposition(e.g.,palpationofgroinhernias thatmightnotbepalpableinthesupine position).
Palpationishelpfulindetectingthe size,consistency,andpositionofviscera,theexistenceoftumorsandswellings,andwhetherthetumorschange positionwithrespirationoraremovable.Itisnecessarytoascertain whethertendernessexistsinanyportionoftheabdominalcavity,whether painisincreasedorrelievedbyfirm
UPPER QUADRANT
ABDOMINALQUADRANTS pressure,andwhetherpainisaccentuatedbysuddenreleaseoffirmpressure (i.e.,reboundtenderness).
Anarterialimpulse,ifoneexists,is systolicandexpansive.Athrillaccompanyingabruitmayoccasionallybepalpated.Atumor’ssurfaceisusuallyfirm andsmoothbutmaybenodular.Inflammatorymassesaretypicallyfirmand reproduciblytender.Effusionofblood intotissues(e.g.,hematoma)mayproduceapalpablemass.
acutea. Anabnormalconditionof theabdomeninwhichthereisasudden, abruptonsetofseverepain.Itrequires urgentevaluationanddiagnosis,asit mayindicateaneedforimmediatesurgicalintervention.SYN: surgicalabdomen. pendulousa. Aconditioninwhich theexcessivelyrelaxedanteriorabdominalwallhangsdownoverthepubis. scaphoida. Aconditioninwhichthe anteriorwallishollowed,presentinga sunkenappearanceasinemaciation. surgicala. Acuteabdomen. abdomin- SEE: abdomino-. abdominal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-na˘l)Pert.tothe abdomen.
abdominalmuscles SEE:under muscle
abdominalquadrants Fourpartsordivisionsoftheabdomendeterminedby drawingimaginaryverticalandhorizontallinesthroughtheumbilicus.The quadrantsandtheircontentsare: Rightupperquadrant(RUQ): right lobeofliver,gallbladder,partoftransversecolon,partofpylorus,hepaticflexure,rightkidney,andduodenum; Right lowerq.(RLQ): cecum,ascendingcolon, smallintestine,appendix,bladderifdistended,rightureter,rightspermatic ductinthemale;rightovaryandright
tube,anduterusifenlarged,inthefemale; Leftupperq.(LUQ): leftlobeof liver,stomach,smallintestine,transversecolon,splenicflexure,pancreas, leftkidney,andspleen; Leftlowerq. (LLQ): smallintestine,leftureter,sigmoidflexure,descendingcolon,bladder ifdistended,leftspermaticductinthe male;leftovaryandlefttube,anduterus ifenlarged,inthefemale. SEE:illus. abdominalreflexes Contractionofthe musclesoftheabdominalwallonstimulationoftheoverlyingskin.Absenceof thesereflexesindicatesdamagetothe pyramidaltract.
abdominalregions Theabdomenandits externalsurface,dividedintonine regionsbyfourimaginaryplanes:two horizontal,oneattheleveloftheninth costalcartilage(orthelowestpointof thecostalarch)andtheotheratthe levelofthehighestpointoftheiliac crest;twovertical,throughthecenters oftheinguinalligaments(orthrough thenipplesorthroughthecentersofthe clavicles)orcurvedandcoincidingwith thelateralbordersofthetwoabdominal rectusmuscles. SEE:illus. abdominalrescue SEE:under rescue. abdominalrings Theaperturesintheabdominalwall. Externalinguinal or superficial:Anintervalintheaponeurosis oftheexternalobliquemuscle,just aboveandtotheoutersideofthecrest ofthepubicbone. abdomino-,abdomin- (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯) Combiningformsmeaning abdomen. abdominocentesis (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-se˘nte sı˘s)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. kentesis, puncture]Punctureoftheabdomenwithaninstrumentforwithdrawal offluidfromtheabdominalcavity.SYN: abdominalparacentesis
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION LEFT
HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION EPIGASTRIC REGION
RIGHT LUMBAR REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION UMBILICAL REGION
RIGHT ILIAC REGION LEFT ILIAC REGION HYPOGASTRIC REGION
UMBILICAL REGION
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
RIGHT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION
ABDOMINALREGIONS abdominocyesis (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘n-o¯-sı¯-e¯s ı ˘s)
Abdominalpregnancy. abdominocystic (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-sı˘s tı˘k) [ Gr. kystis, bladder]Pert.tothe abdomenandbladder.
abdominogenital (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-je˘n ı ˘-ta˘l) Pert.totheabdomenandgenitalorgans.
abdominohysterectomy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯hı˘s-te˘r-e˘k to¯-me¯)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. hystera, womb, ektome, excision]Abdominalhysterectomy.
abdominohysterotomy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯hı˘s-te˘r-o˘t o¯-me¯)[ tome, incision]Abdominalhysterotomy.
abdominoperineal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-pe˘r ı ˘ne a˘l)Pert.totheabdomenandperinealarea.
abdominoplasty (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-pla˘s te¯, a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no ˘ pla˘s-te¯)Plasticsurgeryon theabdomen.
abdominoscopy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no˘s ko¯-pe¯) [L. abdomen, belly, Gr. skopein, to examine]Anoutdatedtermforlaparoscopy.
abdominoscrotal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-skro ta˘l) [ scrotum, bag]Pert.totheabdomenandscrotum.
abdominothoracic (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-tho¯ra ˘ sı˘k)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. thorax, chest]Pert.totheabdomenand thorax.
abdominovaginal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-va˘j ı ˘-na˘l) [ vagina, sheath]Pert.totheabdomenandvagina.
abdominovesical (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-ve˘s ı ˘-ka˘l) [ vesica, bladder]Pert.totheabdomenandurinarybladder. abducens (a˘b-du se˘nz)[L.,drawing away]Pert.todrawingawayfromthe midlineofthebody. a.oculi Musculusrectuslateralis bulbi.
abducensnerve SEE:under nerve
EPIGASTRIC REGION
LEFT LUMBAR REGION LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
HYPOGASTRIC REGION (PUBIC) LEFT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION
abducent (a˘b-du se˘nt)[L. abducens, drawingaway] 1. Abducting;leading away. 2. Abducens.
abduct (a˘b-du˘kt )[L. abductus, led away]Todrawawayfromthemedian planeofthebodyoroneofitsparts.
abduction (a˘b-du˘k shu˘n) 1. Lateral movementofthelimbsawayfromthe medianplaneofthebody,orlateral bendingoftheheadortrunk. SEE:illus. 2. Movementofthedigitsawayfromthe axiallineofalimb. 3. Outwardrotation oftheeyes.
ABDUCTION OF LIMB
ADDUCTION OF LIMB ABDUCTIONANDADDUCTIONOFLIMBS
