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TaberscyclopedicmedicaldictionaryDonaldVenes

DigitalInstantDownload

Author(s):DonaldVenes;ClarenceWilburTaber

ISBN(s):9780803613034,0803613032

Edition:Ed.20,illustratedinfullcolor

FileDetails:PDF,37.31MB

Year:2005

Language:english

Editor

DonaldVenes,M.D.,M.S.J. (ForApril)

ManagingEditor

ArthurBiderman

AssociateManagingEditor

EvelynAdler

AssistantEditor/DatabaseAdministrator

BrigitteG.Fenton

ContributingEditor

AlisonD.Enright

CopyEditors

JosephPatwell

DeborahM.Posner

Ann-AdeleWight

Proofreaders

JamesEidam

JoyMatkowski

ChristopherMuldor

PronunciationEditor

RimaElkinsMcKinzey(Deceased)

Copyright1940,1942,1945,1946,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953, 1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1965,1968, 1969,1970,1973,1977,1981,1985,1989,1993,1997,and2001byF.A. Davis.

Allrightsreserved.Thispublicationisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartof itmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording, orotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.

PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA

Lastdigitindicatesprintnumber10987654321

NOTE:Asnewscientificinformationbecomesavailablethroughbasic andclinicalresearch,recommendedtreatmentsanddrugtherapiesundergochanges.Theauthorandpublisherhavedoneeverythingpossible tomakeTaber’saccurate,uptodate,andinaccordwithacceptedstandardsatthetimeofpublication.Theauthor,editors,andpublisherare notresponsibleforerrorsoromissionsorforconsequencesfromapplicationofthebook,andmakenowarranty,expressedorimplied,inregard tothecontentsofthebook.Thepracticesdescribedinthisbookmayor maynotmeetprofessionalstandardsofcareinthereader’scommunity; theymayormaynotapplytospecificclinicalsituationsandshouldnot berelieduponfortheirdirectapplicability;theymayhavebeenovertaken bynewerormorerecentrecommendationsorscientificevidence.The readerisalwaysadvisedtoresearchparticularclinicalquestionsfurther andtocheckproductinformation(packageinserts)forchangesandnew informationregardingdoseandcontraindicationsbeforeadministering anydrug.Cautionisespeciallyurgedwhenusingneworinfrequently ordereddrugs.

LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData

Taber’scyclopedicmedicaldictionary.—Ed.20,illustratedinfullcolor/ editor,DonaldVenes p.;cm.

Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.

ISBN0-8036-1207-9(index)—ISBN0-8036-1208-7(nonindex)—ISBN 0-8036-1209-5(deluxe)

1.Medicine—Dictionaries.I.Title:Cyclopedicmedicaldictionary. II.Venes,Donald,1952-III.Taber,ClarenceWilbur,1870-1968 [DNLM:1.Medicine—Dictionary—English.W13T113d2001] R121.T182001

610 .3—dc21

ISSN1065-1357

ISBN0-8036-1208-7

ISBN0-8036-1207-9(indexed)

ISBN0-8036-1209-5(deluxe)

ISBN0-8036-1303-2(CD-ROM)

00-064688

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INTRODUCTIONTO EDITION20

Theworldhaschangeddramaticallysincethelasteditionof Taber’s was published.

ShortlyaftertheterroristattacksofSeptember11,2001,sporesof anthrax were weaponized anddistributedthroughtheU.S.postalsystem, andseveralAmericansdied. Bioterrorism and biologicalwarfare,which foryearshadbeenconsideredonlyatheoreticalthreattopublichealth, becameanactualmenace.Diseasessuchas anthrax,smallpox,and tularemia leaptontonewsheadlinesandintotheforefrontofsocialawareness.Thepotentialthreatofexposureto chemicalwarfare agents,such as ricin,sarin,tabun, andtoradioactivedebris(‘dirtybombs’)suddenly becamemuchmorerealbothtosocietyatlarge,andtohealthcareprovidersintheU.S.andaroundtheglobe.

Itissafetosaythatmanyprofessionalsinthehealthandlifesciences communitieshavebothincreasedtheir preparedness andbecomemore anxiousabout incidentmanagement.Inlate2003,anewlyidentified, deadlyrespiratorycontagionspreadrapidlythroughAsiaandtheFar East.Iwasattendinganationalmedicalconferencewhenthisagentwas firstidentified;speakersattheconferenceworriedoutloudthat40or even80millionmightdieofthe emerginginfection,SARS,withinayear, fareclipsingthemortalityrateofthedeadlyinfluenzapandemicof1918. SARSdidprovebothcontagiousanddeadly,butasaresultofstricttravel restrictionsandquarantinesthatwereputintoplace,theactualnumber ofaffectedpersonshas,asIwritethisintroduction,beenlimitedtoless than9,000,andthenumberofdeaths,lessthan800.Thesenumbersare significant,butthedevastationcouldhavebeenmuchworse.

Remarkablywelearnedinthesameyearthat WestNileVirus had injustafewshortyearsspreadacrosstheentirecontinentalU.S.bythe summermigrationofinfectedcrowsandjays,andthatsoldiers,atwar inAfghanistanandIraq,hadbeeninfectedby tegumentaryleishmaniasis and Crimean-CongoHemorrhagicFever

Thisneweditionof Taber’s —the20th—reflectsmuchofwhatis knownaboutallthesemodernscourges,andmanyothers.Oureditorial staff,consultants,andcorrespondentshavecombedthemedicalliteraturefornewandupdatedinformationaboutpreviouslyunknownhealth threats,developingcures,themiraculousdiscoveriesofthe HumanGenomeProject,andmanyothernewapproachestohealthcare,itsdelivery, anditsmanagement.Wehaveexpandedandupdatedourcoverageof alternative,complementary,andintegrativemedicine;bioethics;drugs andtheiruse; evidenced-basedcare;informatics;nutrition;and patient safety.Thiseditionof Taber’s hasnearly100newentriesdevotedtonew developmentsin radiologicaltechnology;andhundredsofcolumnsofnew

materialexplainingcontemporary cancercare,childcare,neurology,palliation,psychiatry,and women’shealthcare.

Inallwehaveadded2400newtermstothiseditionof Taber’s;we haverevisedabout6000others;addeddozensofnewtablesandnew images;reviewedeachandeveryappendix,revisingmostofthem,some quiteextensively;andwrittenaboutahundrednewpatientcaresections toaccompanyourcyclopedicentries.

Thewriting,editing,andproductionofeacheditionof Taber’s isa taskthatcanonlybeperformedbyaskilled,dedicated,andpermanent teamofprofessionals,workingtogetherandinparallel.Ihavehadthe privilegeandhonorofworkingwiththeF.A.Davisstaffandwantto mentioninparticularthemembersofthe Taber’s EditorialDepartment forthisedition:ArthurBiderman,EvelynAdler,BrigitteFenton,and AlisonEnright.

Thiseditionisthefirstinthelastthirtyyearswithoutinputfrom ClaytonL.Thomas,M.D.DoctorThomasservedas Editor forEditions 12–18andas Coeditor forEdition19.Hiscontributionsto Taber’s have beenenormousandcontinuetobecarriedforwardinEdition20.

Allofuswhoworkedon Taber’s hopethatyouwilluseitasaresource onwhichtobuildyourcareersandyourknowledge.Wealsohopeitwill helpyoutocareforyourselvesandothersintheseuncertaintimes.

DonaldVenes,M.D.

CONSULTINGEDITORS ANDCONSULTANTS CONSULTINGEDITORS

CarrollConnerBouman,RN,PhD

CharlesChristiansen,EdD,OTR,OTC,FAOTA

JudithE.Meissner,RN,BSN,MSN

ValerieC.Scanlon,PhD

ChadStarkey,PhD,ATC

CONSULTANTS

ToniaDandryAiken,RN,BSN,JD

CindiBrassington,MS,CMA

RichardR.Carlton,MS,RT(R),FAERS

MarilynnE.Doenges,RN,BSN,MA,CS EllenDrake,BA,CMT

RobertElling,MPA,REMT-P

JacquelineFawcett,PhD,FAAN

RoseS.Fife,MD

MaxineGoldman,BSHC,RN

BruceE.Hirsch,MD,FACP

DonnaIgnatavicius,MS,RN,Cm

JeanetteG.Kernicki,RN,PhD,ANP

RuthLipman,PhD

MaryFrancesMoorhouse,RN,CRRN,CLNC

RobertF.Moran,MS,PhD,FCCM,FAIC

BettyJ.Reynard,EdD,RDH

VictorS.Sierpina,MD

SusanM.Weiner,MSN,RN,C,CNS

MaryAnnWharton,PT,MS

RobertL.Wilkins,PhD,RRT

KathleenYoung,MA,RN,C

(Materialsuppliedbytheconsultingeditorsandconsultantshasbeen reviewedandeditedbyDonaldVenes,MD,MSJ,editor,withwhomfinal responsibilityrestsfortheaccuracyofthecontent.)

FEATURESANDTHEIRUSE

Thissectiondescribesthemajorfeaturesfoundin Taber’s andprovides informationthatmayhelpyouusethedictionarymoreefficiently.The FeatureFinderonpagexiiiisagraphicrepresentationofmanyofthe featuresdescribedbelow.

1. Vocabulary: Theextensivevocabularydefinedin Taber’s hasbeen updatedtomeettheongoingneedsofhealthcarestudents,educators, andclinicians,aswellasinterestedconsumers.Themedicaleditor andthenursingandalliedhealthconsultingeditorsandconsultants haveresearchedandwrittennewentries,revisedexistingentries, anddeletedobsoleteones,reflectingthemanychangesinhealthcare technology,clinicalpractice,andpatientcare.American,ratherthan British,spellingsarepreferred.

2. Entryformat: Taber’s combinestwosystemsfortheplacementand organizationofentries:(a)mainentriesinstrictalphabeticalorder; and(b)amainentry–subentryformat.Allsingle-wordterms(e.g., cell)aremainentries,asaresomecompound,ormultipleword, terms(e.g., Alzheimer’sdisease;acid-refluxdisorder;nucleic acidtest).However,manycompoundterms,especiallythosein anatomyandphysiology,areplacedusingthemainentry–subentry format(e.g.,arteries,veins,ligaments,andtypesofrespiration).Entrieshaving30ormoresubentriesaretintedinayellowbackground foreaseinfindingthem.Thismeldingoftwosystemscombinesthe bestfeaturesofboth:compoundtermsthatshareanimportantcommonelementorclassification,e.g.,arteries,aresubentriesunderthe mainentry(orheadword).Termsthattendtobesoughtunderthe firstword,e.g.,diseases,disorders,tests,andsyndromes,appearas mainentries.Alsonamesofindividualsandorganizationsarelisted asmainentries.Anespeciallyimportantcompoundtermmaybe listedasbothamainentryandasubentry,withoneoftheterms servingasacross-referencetotheother.Allmainentriesareprinted inboldtype;subentriesareindentedunderthemainentryandare printedinbolditalictype.Allentriesarelistedanddefinedinthe singularwheneverpossible.

3. Alphabetization:

Mainentries arealphabetizedletterbyletter,regardlessof spacesorhyphensthatoccurbetweenthewords;acommamarksthe endofamainentryforalphabeticalpurposes(e.g., skin,tentingof precedes skincancer).Ineponymsthe ’s isignoredinalphabetizing (e.g., Albini’snodules precedes albinism).

Subentries arelistedinstraight-aheadorderfollowingthesame letter-by-letteralphabetizationusedformainentries;acomma markstheendofasubentryforalphabeticalpurposes.Theheadword

4. Eponyms: Includedasmainentriesarethenamesofindividuals whowerethefirsttodiscover,describe,orpopularizeaconcept,a microorganism,adisease,asyndrome,orananatomicalstructure. Abriefbiographyappearsinbracketsafterthepronunciation.Biographicalinformationincludestheperson’sprofessionaldesignation, thecountryinwhichthepersonwasbornorworked,andthedateof birthanddeathifknown.

5. Definitions: Thetextthatoccursbeforethefirstperiodinanentry constitutesthedefinitionforthatentry.Manyentriesarewrittenin encyclopedicstyle,offeringacomprehensiveunderstandingofthe disease,condition,orconceptdefined.See“Encyclopedicentries”for furtherinformation.

6. Pronunciations: Mostmainentriesarespelledphonetically.Phoneticpronunciations,whichappearinparenthesesaftertheboldface mainentry,aregivenassimplyaspossiblewithmostlongandshort vowelsmarkeddiacriticallyandsecondaryaccentsindicated. Diacritics aremarksoverorundervowels.Onlytwodiacriticsareused in Taber’s: themacron¯showingthelongsoundofvowels,asthe a inrate, e inrebirth, i inisle, o inover,and u inunite;andthebreve ˘showingtheshortsoundofvowels,asthe a inapple, e inever, i in it, o innot,and u incut. Accents aremarksusedtoindicatestress uponcertainsyllables.Asingleaccent iscalledaprimaryaccent.A doubleaccent iscalledasecondaryaccent;itindicateslessstress uponasyllablethanthatgivenbyaprimaryaccent.Thisdifference instresscanbeseenintheword an es-the si-a.Syllablesareseparatedbyeitheranaccentmarkorahyphen.Anunstressedvowel soundslikethefinal a in anesthesia,asoundknownas schwa

7. Singular/Pluralforms: Whenthespellingofanentry’ssingularor pluralformisanonstandardformation(e.g., villus pl. villi, or viscera sing. viscus),thespellingofthesingularorpluralformappearsinboldfaceafterthepronunciationforthemainentry.Nonstandardsingularandpluralformsappearasentriesthemselvesat theirnormalalphabeticalpositions.

8. Etymologies: Anetymologyindicatestheoriginandhistoricaldevelopmentofaterm.FormosthealthcaretermstheoriginisLatin orGreek.Anetymologyisgivenformostmainentriesandappears inbracketsfollowingthepronunciation.

9. Abbreviations: Standardabbreviationsforentriesareincluded withthedefinitionandalsoarelistedalphabeticallythroughoutthe text.Additionalabbreviationsusedforchartingandprescription writingarelistedintheAppendices.Alistofnonmedicalabbreviationsusedintextappearsonpagexxxv.

10. Encyclopedicentries: Detailed,comprehensiveinformationisincludedwithentriesthatrequireadditionalcoveragebecauseoftheir importanceorcomplexity.Oftenthisinformationisorganizedinto severalsubsections,eachwithitsownsubheading.Themostfre-

xvi isoftenabbreviatedinsubentries(suchas prematurel. under labor or pulmonaryi. under infarction).

quentlyusedsubheadingsarePatientCare,Symptoms,Etiology, Treatment,andDiagnosis.

11. Illustrations: Thiseditionof Taber’s includes700illustrations,119 ofwhicharenewtothisedition.Morethanthreefourthsoftheimagesarefour-colorphotographsandlinedrawings.Theimageswere carefullychosentocomplementthetextoftheentrieswithwhich theyareassociated.Eachillustrationiscross-referencedfromitsassociatedentry.Acompletelistofillustrationsbeginsonpagexix.

12. Tables: Thiseditioncontains106color-screenedtableslocatedappropriatelythroughouttheVocabularysection.Acompletelistoftablesbeginsonpagexxxi.

13. Adjectives: Theadjectivalformsofmanynounmainentriesappear attheendofthedefinitionofthenounformor,iftheentryislong, attheendofthefirstparagraph.Pronunciationsformostoftheadjectivalformsareincluded.Manycommonadjectivesappearasmain entriesthemselves.

14. Cautionstatements: Thisnotationisusedtodrawparticularattentiontoinformationthatmayaffectthehealthand/orsafetyof patientsortheprofessionalswhotreatthem.Theinformationisof morethanroutineinterestandshouldbeconsideredwhendelivering healthcare.Thesestatementsarefurtheremphasizedbycolored rulesaboveandbelowthetext.

15. Synonyms: Synonymsarelistedattheendoftheentryor,inencyclopedicentries,attheendofthefirstparagraph.Theabbreviation SYN:precedesthesynonymousterm(s).Termslistedassynonyms havetheirownentriesintheVocabulary,whichgenerallycarrya cross-referencetotheentryatwhichthedefinitionappears.

16. Cross-references: Illustrations,tables,appendices,orotherrelevantvocabularyentriesmaybegivenascross-references.Theseare indicatedbySEE:followedbythename(s)oftheappropriateelement(s)initalics.Cross-referencestotheNursingDiagnosesAppendixarehighlightedincolorattheendoftheentryasSEE: Nursing DiagnosesAppendix. Entriesatwhichanillustrationappearscarry thecolor-highlightedSEE:illus.

17. Appendices: TheAppendicescontaindetailedinformationthat couldbeorganizedorpresentedmoreeasilyinonesectionrather thaninterspersedthroughouttheVocabulary.Thiseditionfeatures severalnewappendices:HealthProfessions;RecommendedImmunizationSchedules;andLatinandGreekwithEnglishEquivalent. AmongtherevisedappendicesareNursingDiagnoses;Standardand UniversalPrecautions;MedicalAbbreviations;Prefixes,Suffixes, andCombiningForms;ConceptualModelsandTheoriesofNursing; MedicalEmergencies;IntegrativeTherapies:Complementaryand AlternativeMedicine;NormalReferenceandLaboratoryValues; Phobias;Nutrition;NursingInterventionsClassificationSystem; andNursingOutcomesClassificationSystem.AsubstantialAnatomyAppendixcanbefoundatwww.tabers20.com.

18. NursingDiagnosesAppendix: Thisappendixhasbeenupdated throughthe2003–2004ConferenceofNANDA(NorthAmerican

xvii

NursingDiagnosisAssociation).Itisdividedintoseveralsections, includingtwolistsofNANDA’snursingdiagnosesorganizedinto DoengesandMoorhouse’sDiagnosticDivisionsandGordon’sFunctionalHealthPatterns;anat-a-glancelookatthemostrecentdiagnosesapprovedbyNANDA;nursingdiagnosescommonlyassociated withalmost300diseases/disorders(cross-referencedfromthebody ofthedictionary);andacompletedescriptionofallNANDA-approved diagnosesthroughthe2003–2004conferenceinalphabeticalorder. Includedarethediagnosticdivision,definition,relatedfactors,and definingcharacteristicsforeachnursingdiagnosis.Seethe Quick ViewofContents onpage2656forfurtherexplanation.

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS

Illustrationsarelistedaccordingtothemainentryorsubentrytheyaccompany.Informationinparenthesesindicatesthesourceoftheillustration;alistofsourcesappearsattheendofthelist.

Abdominalquadrants (Scanlon),3

Abdominalregions(Scanlon),4

Abduction/adductionoflimb,4

Abruptioplacentae,8

Intra-abdominalabscess(Harvey Hatch,M.D.),9

Acuteabscess,9

Abscissa,12

Acanthocytes*(Harmening),16

Visualaccommodation,19

Acetabulumofrighthipbone (female)(Scanlon),20

Ribonucleicacid(Scanlon),26

Cysticacne(Goldsmith),30

Acnepapulosa(Reeves),30

Adenovirus(Sacher),45

Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal airway,64

Alopeciaareata(Goldsmith),78

Alopeciacapitistotalis (Reeves),79

Alternariainculture(Kern),80

Alveolusoflungs,81

Examplesofaminoacids,89

Amniocentesis,92

Aplasticanemia (Harmening),106

Sicklecellanemia(effecton erythrocytes)(Scanlon),109

Epiduralanesthesia,112

Aorticaneurysms,114

Anginapectoris,116

Arterialballoonangioplasty,121

Anthrax(Goldsmith),130

Antibody(Scanlon),133

Sideeffectsof anticoagulation,134

Branchesofaorta,146

Reflexarcforpatellartendon reflex,158

Nomogramfortheassessmentof bodysurfacearea(CibaGeigy),160

Musclesofthearm(Scanlon),164

Bonesofthearmandshoulder girdle(Scanlon),165

Ventriculararrhythmia (Brown),166

Systemicarteries(Scanlon),169

Structureofanartery (Scanlon),170

Brachialartery,171

Coronaryarteries,172

Rheumatoidarthritis,175

Arthrocentesis,177

Ascarislumbricoides (Leventhal),181

Aspergillosisoflung(Kern),182

Aspergillusniger inculture (Kern),183

Audiogram,199

Auerbody(Sacher),200

Autonomicnervoussystem (Scanlon),205

Bacillus(Bartelt),212

Howtostayonyourfeetwithout tiringyourback,212

Bacteria(shapesandstructures) (Sacher),215

Bacteria(Scanlon),216

Bag-valve-maskresuscitator,217 Balantidiumcoli (Leventhal),218

Malepatternbaldness (Goldsmith),219

Typesofbandages,222

Triangularbandages,225

Biconcavelens/biconvexlens,242

Bileducts,244

Bilirubincrystals (Strasinger),244

Punchbiopsy(Goldsmith),249

Urinarybladder(Scanlon),255

Blastomycesdermatitidis in culture(Kern),257

Bloodcomposition(Scanlon),264

Typesofbloodcells(Harmening), (Sacher),265

ABObloodtypes(Scanlon),267

Systemicbloodpressure (Scanlon),268

Bloodtransfusion(Scanlon),271

Bonetissue(Scanlon),275

Bonystructuresofthethorax, abdomen,andpelvis,276

Hyoidbone,277

Boutonnie`redeformity(Donald Venes,M.D.),281

Brain(Scanlon),284

Vascularanatomyofbrain,285

Brainstem(Manterand Gatz),286

Breast(Scanlon),287

Breastself-examination,288

Breastcancer(AFIP),289

Breastcancer,290

Tracheaandbronchi,300

Buffycoat(Sacher),303

Bullaeofimpetigo (Goldsmith),305

Burns(Scanlon),307

Coronaryarterybypass,311

Cabot’sring(Harmening),313

Calcitonin(Scanlon),316

Calciumoxalate(Strasinger), 317

Analcanal,321

Cancer(Strasinger),324

Candida (Sacher),329

Candidaalbicans (Harmening),329

Candidiasis(Goldsmith),329

Basalcellcarcinoma (Goldsmith),339

Squamouscellcarcinoma (Goldsmith),340

Cardiomyopathies,342

Dentalcaries,347

Casts,352

Urinarycasts(Strasinger),353–354

(Epithelialcast/fattycast/ hyalinecast/redbloodcellcast/ waxycast/whitebloodcellcast)

Cataract,356

Typesofcatheters,357

Centralvenouscatheter,358

Catheterizationofurinary bladder,361

Cavitiesofthebody(Scanlon),363

Generalizedhumancelland organelles(Scanlon),366

Burrcells(Sacher),367

Cluecell(Sacher),368

L.E.cell(Strasinger),369

Targetcells(Sacher),372

Cellulitis(Kozol),373

Cerebellum(Gilman),379

Cerebrum(lefthemisphere) (Scanlon),381

Typicalchancreofprimary syphilis(Reeves),385

Chancroid(Goldsmith),386

Basalbodytemperature chart,388

Graphofrespiratorymovements inCheyne-Stokes breathing,396

Chilomastixmesnili (Leventhal),397

Chloasmagravidarum (Reeves),399

Cholesterolcrystals (Strasinger),406

Actionofcilia,419

Circulationofbloodthroughheart andmajorvessels,421

Fetalcirculation(Scanlon),422

Hepaticportalcirculation (Scanlon),423

Portalcirculationof hypothalamus-pituitary (Scanlon),424

Cladosporium inculture (Kern),427

Clonorchissinensis (Leventhal),433

Clubbing,434

Cmax,435

Coagulationcascade (Harmening),437

Coccidioidesimmitisspherules (Kern),439

Cochlea,440

Collimatorbelowx-raytube (Wallace),448

Colonandrectum,450

Colorblindness(Scanlon),451

Colostomysites,452

Spinalcolumn,455

Comedones(Goldsmith),457

Condyloma(perianalwarts) (Kozol),466

Normalanddiseasedcoronary arteries,487

OrganofCorti(Scanlon),491

Craniometricpoints,499

Crown-rump(DonaldVenes, M.D.),506

Cryptococcusneoformans (Strasinger),510

Cryptosporidium (Sacher),511

Cardiaccycle(Scanlon),520

Cyst,522

Flowcytometry(Harmening),530

Darier’ssign(Goldsmith),534

Dendrites,555

Densitometer(Wallace),556

Dentition,560

Depolarization(Scanlon),562

Atopicdermatitis (Goldsmith),567

Contactdermatitis (Goldsmith),567

Stasisdermatitis (Goldsmith),569

Dermatofibroma(Goldsmith),569

Dermatome,571

Dermatomyositis (Goldsmith),572

Dermatographism (Goldsmith),572

Contraceptivediaphragm,588

Movementofribcageand diaphragmduring respiration,589

Diascopy(Goldsmith),591

Diffusion,600

Diphyllobothriumlatum (Leventhal),606

Disseminatedintravascular coagulation(Harmening),620

Multiplediverticulaofthe colon,624

Do¨hlebodies(Sacher),625

Uniformdonorcard,627

Dracunculusmedinensis (Leventhal),633

Universaldressing,635

Drownproofingtechnique,637

Dupuytren’scontracture (Kozol),646

Structureoftheear (Scanlon),657

Ecchymosisoftheleg (Harmening),659

Echinaceapurpurea (Leonard Perry,Ph.D.),659

Echinococcusgranulosus (Leventhal),659

Nummulareczema (Goldsmith),664

Pittingedema(Kloth),666

Pericardialeffusion(Donald Venes,M.D.),668

Elbowjoint,672

QRSTcomplexof electrocardiogram/ECG leads,674

Normalandabnormal electroencephalogramwave patterns(Merck),677

Electrolyteconcentrationsinbody fluids(Scanlon),678

Embolism,683

Pulmonaryembolism(Kozol),684

Stagesofdevelopmentofhuman embryoincludingmature fetus,686

Embryonicdevelopment (Scanlon),687

Embryoscopy,688

Emmetropia,myopia, hyperopia,692

Possiblesitesofoccurrenceof endometriosis,704

Cuffedendotrachealtube (Williams),709

Bariumenema(HarveyHatch, M.D.),710

Entamoebahistolytica (Leventhal),712

Enterobiusvermicularis (Leventhal),714

Epididymis,723

Epiglottis,724

Epithelialtissues(Scanlon),730

Erysipelas(Goldsmith),735

Erythemamultiforme (Goldsmith),736

Normalerythrocytes (Strasinger),738

xxi

Erythrocytedevelopment † (Harmening),738

Eschar(Kloth),740

Esophagus,744

Foreignbody(esophagus),744

Isometricexercise(Kisner),755

Range-of-motionexercises,756

Extraoculareyemuscles (movementsproducedand cranialnervesupply),764

Extraoculareyemuscles(lateral view)(Scanlon),765

Anatomyoftheeye (Scanlon),766

Techniqueforexaminationof conjunctiva,767

Musclesoffaceandscalp,771

Fasciolahepatica (Leventhal),779

Fasciolopsisbuski (Leventhal),779

Rightfemur,786

Ovulation,fertilization,andearly embryonicdevelopment (Scanlon),788

Ventricularfibrillation (Williams),794

Fingerprints,802

Flatfoot(pesplanus) (Starkey),806

Flea(Scanlon),807

Flexion(Kisner),808

Cerebrospinalfluid(formation, circulation,andreabsorption) (Scanlon),811

Cerebrospinalfluid(specimens) (Strasinger),812

Pleuralfluid(Strasinger),813

Fontanelsofinfantskull (Scanlon),819

FoodGuidePyramid,820

Bonesoffootandankle (Scanlon),821

Athlete’sfoot(Reeves),821

Typesoffracturesand terminology,830

Frostbite(Kozol),836

Fungi(Scanlon),841

Gallstones(seenendoscopically) (LeoEickhoff,M.D.),847

Gallstones(plainfilm),847

Gaucher’scell(Harmening),862

Inheritanceofeyecolor (Scanlon),865

Femalegenitalorgans (Scanlon),868

Malegenitalorgans (Scanlon),869

Genurecurvatum(Starkey),870

Giardiaduodenalis (Leventhal),874

Adrenalglands,877

Endocrinesystem,879

Eccrineandapocrinesweat glands,882

Glaucoma,885

Glottisandvocalcords (Scanlon),890

Massivegoiter(Williams),896

Goniometer(Starkey),898

Gout(Strasinger),900

Gramstain(Sacher),904

Granulocytopoiesis † (Harmening),906

Growthchartgirls,913

Growthchartboys,914

Cerebralgyri,919

Hairandadjacentstructuresof cross-sectionofskin,923

Bonesoftherighthandand wrist,926

Musclesoftheheadandneck (Scanlon),932

Arteriesandveinsofthehead (Scanlon),933

Woundhealing,935

Theheart(Scanlon),939

Projectionofheartandgreat vessels/valvesonchest wall,941

Conductionsystemoftheheart (Scanlon),943

Completeheartblock (Brown),944

Heart-lungmachine,946

Heimlichmaneuver,951

Helmetcell(Harmening),952

Representativehelminths (Scanlon),952

Hemangiomasinaneonate (Morton),954

Hemochromatosis (Harmening),961

Hemocytoblast(stemcell)and bloodcells(Scanlon),963

HemoglobinCdisease (Harmening),966

Subconjunctivalhemorrhage (Starkey),973

Hemorrhoids,975

Prolapsedhemorrhoids (Kozol),975

Henoch-Schonleinpurpura (Harmening),977

Hiatalhernia,984

Normalandherniatedspinal disks(Scanlon),986

Genitalherpes(Goldsmith),988

Herpeslabialis(Reeves),989

Herpessimplex(Goldsmith),989

Herpeszoster(Goldsmith),990

Herpeszosterophthalmicus (Reeves),991

Totalhipreplacement (McKinnis),998

Histoplasmacapsulatum in culture(Kern),1002

Adulthookworm (Leventhal),1008

Anteriorviewofright humerus,1015

Hydatidcyst(Leventhal),1018

Hydronephrosis,1022

Hymenolepisnana (Leventhal),1027

Hyperplasiaofadermalmole (Reeves),1037

Hysterectomy,1059

Kneeimmobilization (Colyar),1069

Cell-mediatedimmunity (Scanlon),1072

Humoralimmunity (Scanlon),1073

Bullousimpetigo(Reeves),1080

Impetigocontagiosainaxilla (Reeves),1080

Endosseousdentalimplant,1081

Bodymassindex(ShapeUp America),1091

Inflammation(HomeroSepulveda, Ph.D.),1100

Intravenousinfusion technique,1105

Inguinalcanal/spermaticcord contents,1106

Complementaryfunctionsof insulinandglucagon (Scanlon),1118

Internationalsymbolof access,1125

Largeintestine,1129

Smallintestine(Homero Sepulveda,Ph.D.),1130

Irrigationoftheearcanal (Colyar),1142

IUD(Lippincott,Williams& Wilkins),1150

Ixodes tick(Scanlon),1151

Jaw,1154

Synovialjoint(Scanlon),1158

Myoneuraljunction (Scanlon),1161

Kaposi’ssarcoma(Kozol),1163

Karyotypeofpairsofhuman chromosomesofmaleand female,1165

Keloids(Kozol),1167

Keratoacanthoma,1169

Kerion(Goldsmith),1172

Kidney(Scanlon),1173

Nephronandbloodvessels (Scanlon),1174

Formationofurine (Scanlon),1175

Kidneytubules(Homero Sepulveda,Ph.D.),1176

Anatomyofthesupporting structuresoftheknee,1180

Knots,1181

Koilonychia(Harmening),1182

Krebscycle,1184

Sequenceoflaborand childbirth,1188

Labyrinthsofinnerear (Scanlon),1193

Lacrimalapparatus (Scanlon),1194

Slitlampexamination(Donald Venes,M.D.),1200

Langer’slines,1202

Larynx(Scanlon),1207

Musclesoftheleg(Scanlon),1218

Bonesofthelegandfoot (Scanlon),1219

Mucocutaneousleishmaniasis (Leventhal),1221

Lentigoofsun-exposedskin (Goldsmith),1223

Leopold’smaneuvers (Mosby),1223

Acutelymphocyticleukemia (Harmening),1228

Chroniclymphocyticleukemia (Harmening),(Sacher),1229

Lymphocytesinhairycell leukemia ‡ (Harmening),1230

Oralhairyleukoplakia (Kozol),1233

Lichenplanus(Goldsmith),1236

Lichensimplexchronicus (Goldsmith),1236

Deltoidligaments(Starkey),1241

Thelimbicsystemofthe brain,1246

Liver(Scanlon),1259

Loaloa inblood(Leventhal),1262

Louse,1266

Lumbarpuncture,1268

Lumbarpuncture (photograph),1269

Lungs(Scanlon),1270

Lymedisease(Stevens),1275

Lymphnode(Scanlon),1277

Lymphaticcapillaries (Scanlon),1280

Thelymphaticsystem (Scanlon),1281

Normallymphocytes (Sacher),1282

Non-Hodgkinslymphoma (Strasinger),1284

Macrophage(Strasinger),1289

Magneticresonanceimaging (Mazziotta),1292

Malaria-causingorganisms (Leventhal),1295

Mammographyshowingbreast cancer(Kozol),1300

Mandible—leftlateralview,1301

Normalredbonemarrow (Sacher),1305

Mastcells(Harmening),1308

MedicAlertsymbol,1319

Medicinewheel,1323

Megakaryocyte(Harmening),1326

Megaloblasts(Hillman),1326

Meiosis,1328

Melanoma(Goldsmith),1329

Alveolocapillarymembrane (Scanlon),1331

Cellmembrane(Scanlon),1332

Meninges(Scanlon),1336

Meningitis(Sacher),1336

Meningococcemia(DonaldVenes, M.D.),1338

Menstrualcycle(Scanlon),1341

Metastases(HarveyHatch, M.D.),1351

Metatarsusvarus,1352

Miliaria(Goldsmith),1365

Mitosis,1371

Moles(Goldsmith),1376

Molluscumcontagiosum (Goldsmith),1377

Monocytes(Harmening),1380

Mononucleosis(Sacher),1381

Montgomerystraps,1384

Morton’stoe(Starkey),1388

Mouth,tongue,andpharynx,1390

Musclesofthetrunk (Scanlon),1402

Muscletissues(Scanlon),1403

Skeletalmuscle(Scanlon),1404

Morphologicalformsof muscle,1405

Mycobacteriumtuberculosis (Sacher),1411

Systemicmycosis(Kern),1412

Myelofibrosis(Hillman),1414

Multiplemyeloma(Sacher),1414

Myocardialinfarction(Donald Venes,M.D.),1417

Nail(Scanlon),1425

Twoviewsofnasalcavity,1429

Nasogastrictube(Colyar),1430

Nebulizer(Colyar),1434

Necator (Leventhal),1434

Lateralaspectoftheneck,1434

Necrosis(Kloth),1435

Neisseriagonorrhoeae (Sacher),1437

Acousticnerve,1444

Cranialnervesandtheir distribution(Scanlon),1445

Superficialbranchesoffacialnerve (7thcranial),1446

Glossopharyngealnerve,1446

Spinalnerves(Scanlon),1448

Neurodermatitisonneck (Reeves),1454

Neurofibromatosis,1455

Acousticneuroma(Kozol),1457

Neuronstructure(Scanlon),1458

Neutrophils(Strasinger),1465

Junctionnevi(Goldsmith),1466

Spidernevus(Reeves),1467

Nocardiaasteroides inculture (Kern),1473

Nocardiosis(Kern),1473

Techniqueforcontrolof hemorrhagefromposteriornasal cavity,1481

Nucleicacid(Scanlon),1484

Nursingassessmenttool (Doenges),1492–1498

Rightolfactorynerve(1st cranial),1516

Relationshipofgreateromentumto abdominalorgans,1518

Onchocercavolvulus (Leventhal),1519

Onchocerciasis(Leventhal),1519

Onychomycosis(Goldsmith),1521

Oogenesis(Scanlon),1522

Opisthotonos,1526

Orthotonos,1536

Osmosis,1539

Endochondralossification (Scanlon),1540

Osteoarthritisoftheknee (Blessing),1542

Osteoclast(Harmening),1543

Osteoporosis,1546

Humanovum,1556

Transtrachealoxygen therapy,1559

Oxyhemoglobindissociation curve,1560

Pancreasanditsrelationshiptothe duodenum,1577

Toolsforpaptest(Colyar),1582

Papules(Goldsmith),1585

Paragonimuswestermani (Leventhal),1587

Paronychia(Goldsmith),1600

Applyingpatchtests (Goldsmith),1604

Pediculosiscapitis (Goldsmith),1611

Pelvis,1616

Penicillium inculture(Kern), 1619

Penis,includingtesticlesand scrotum,1620

Pericardiocentesis,1626

Pericardiumandlayersoftheheart wall(Scanlon),1627

Perineum,1631

Peritonealandpleuralfluid,1638

Peritoneum(DonaldVenes, M.D.),1638

ThepHscale(Scanlon),1648

Phagocytosis,1650

Whitepiedraonhair(Kern),1669

Pinocytosis/exocytosis,1672

Pituitaryglandandhypothalamus (Scanlon),1674

Pituitarygland(Scanlon),1675

Placenta(Scanlon),1677

Bodyplanesandsections (Scanlon),1681

Plasmodiumfalciparum (Leventhal),1684

Plateletplugformationandclotting (Scanlon),1686

Pneumocystiscarinii (Leventhal),1693

Lobarpneumonia(HarveyHatch, M.D.),1697

Pneumocystiscarinii pneumonia (Leventhal),1697

Openpneumothorax,1699

Poikilocytes(Sacher),1701

Poisonivy/poisonoak/poison sumac,1704

Poisonivydermatitis (Goldsmith),1705

Digitalispoisoning,1713

Polycythemiavera (Harmening),1724

Nasalpolyps,1729

Nasalpolyps(photograph) (Morton),1729

Pompholyx(Goldsmith),1732

Positions,1736

Posturaldrainageoflungs,1743

Hyperlordoticposture (Starkey),1745

Ectopicpregnancy,1757

Presentationsoffetus,1767

Pressuresore(Goldsmith),1771

Promyelocyte(Harmening),1785

Prostatecancer(AFIP),1788

Protozoa,1798

Pseudofolliculitisbarbae (Goldsmith),1802

Psoriasis(Goldsmith),1806

Guttatepsoriasis(Reeves),1806

Ptosis(Morton),1813

Pulmonaryfunctiontest (Scanlon),1817

Purpura(Harmening),1823

Idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura(Harmening),1824

Universalradiationsymbol,1841

Diaperrash(Reeves),1851

Raynaud’sphenomenon (Goldsmith),1855

Reed-Sternbergcell (Harmening),1863

Respiratorysystem,1888

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation,1893–1895

Reticulocyte(Hillman),1897

Retinaofrighteye,1898

Retina(Scanlon),1899

Retinaldetachment,1900

Rheumaticfever(Goldsmith),1909

Rhinophymaandrosacea (Reeves),1911

Ribcage(Scanlon),1914

Ringworm(Reeves),1919

Rockymountainspottedfever (Goldsmith),1922

Rosacea(Goldsmith),1925

Steroidrosacea(Reeves),1925

Rosetteofredbloodcells (Harmening),1926

Rouleauxformation (Hillman),1927

Rugae,1930

Rugose(Kern),1930

Ruleofnines,1931

Sacrumandcoccyx,1934

SaintJohn’swort(LeonardPerry, Ph.D.),1936

Salivaryglands(Scanlon),1937

Salladisease,1938

Sarcoidosis(Goldsmith),1943

Sarcoptesscabiei (Goldsmith),1944

Scabies(Goldsmith),1945

Scaleforinfants,1946

Scalpels,1947

Scapula,1949

Schistocytes(Sacher),1952

Schistosoma (Leventhal),1952

Scleredema(Goldsmith),1956

Scleroderma(Goldsmith),1957

Scoliosis(Morton),1959

Scrapingablister (Goldsmith),1961

Scurvy(Goldsmith),1962

Antimicrobialsensitivitytest (Sacher),1972

Se´zarycells ‡ (Harmening),1984

Shingles(Reeves),1987

Shoulderdislocation(Colyar),1993

Simianandnormalpalmar creases,2000

Paranasalsinuses(Scanlon),2002

Skeleton,2007

Skinsection(Scanlon),2009

Skull,rightlateralandanterior views(Scanlon),2011

Inferiorviewofskullwithmandible removed(Scanlon),2012

Superiorviewofskullwithtopof craniumremoved (Scanlon),2012

Snakes,2019

Nasalspeculum(Colyar),2035

Normalandabnormalsperm,2037

Spermatogenesis(Scanlon),2038

Spermatozoon(Scanlon),2039

Spherocytes(Harmening),2041

Spinalcord(Scanlon),2044

Vacuumsplint(Starkey),2052

Mongolianspots(Morton),2056

Spurcells(Harmening),2058

Staroflife,2065

Renalarterystenosis(Arnold Klein,M.D.),2069–2070

Sternum,2074

Steroidhormonenucleus,2074

Stevens-Johnsonsyndrome (Reeves),2075

Stomach(Scanlon),2080

Stomatitis(Kozol),2081

Hemorrhagicstroke(HarveyHatch, M.D.),2089

Strykerframe,2093

Relationshipofdental surfaces,2112

Synapse(Scanlon),2125

Syphilis(Goldsmith),2131

Thedigestivesystem (Goldsmith),2134

Ventriculartachycardia (Williams),2138

Taeniasaginata (Leventhal),2139

Taeniasolium (Leventhal),2139

Skintags(Goldsmith),2140

Pericardialtamponade,2143

Deciduous/permanentteeth,2151

Telangiectasia(Goldsmith),2152

Temperatureregulation (Scanlon),2155

Testis(Scanlon),2162

Tourniquettest(Harmening),2208

Thymus(Scanlon),2185

Thyroidglandandrelated structures,2187

Woodtick(Scanlon),2189

Tineacapitis(Goldsmith),2191

Tineacorporis(Reeves),2192

Tineacrurisoninnerthigh (Reeves),2192

Tineaversicoloronback § (Kern),2192

Connectivetissues(Scanlon),2194

PETscanofbrain (Mazziotta),2199

Positronemissiontomography (DonaldVenes,M.D.),2199

Surfaceoftongue,2200

Tonometry(Williams),2201

Inflamedtonsils(Morton),2202

Toothstructure(Scanlon),2203

Torsadedepointes(Brown),2206

Tracheostomytube (Williams),2213

Biliarytractinrelationtoliver, pancreas,andduodenum,2215

Trichinellaspiralis (Leventhal),2235

Trichomonasvaginalis (Leventhal),2236

Trichuristrichiura (Leventhal),2238

Triggerfinger(Kozol),2239

Trypanosoma (Leventhal),2244

Tuberculosis(Strasinger),2247

Braintumor(Kozol),2247

Tuberculosis(reportedcases),2248

Possiblerelationsoffetal membranesintwin pregnancies,2250

Venousstasisulcer,2260

Dopplerultrasonography (Colyar),2261

Umbilicalcord,2263

Unna’sboot,2266

Uricacidcrystals (Strasinger),2271

Urinaryretention(DonaldVenes, M.D.),2273

Urinarysystem(Scanlon),2274

Urine(Strasinger),2278

Urticaria(Goldsmith),2279

Uterus,2281

SmallpoxVaccine,2286

Vaginaandotherfemale organs,2288

Vagusnerve(10thcranial),2292

Valgus(Starkey),2292

Cardiacvalves(Scanlon),2293

Varicella(chickenpox) (Goldsmith),2295

Varicoseveins(Reeves),2297

Varus(Starkey),2298

Vasdeferensandothermale organs,2299

Vasculitis(Goldsmith),2300

Vasectomyanditsreversal,2300

Systemicveins(Scanlon),2305

Structureofaveinandvenule (Scanlon),2306

Venouscutdown,2308

Ventriclesofthebrain (Scanlon),2311

Vermiformappendix,2313

Verrucavulgaris(Kozol),2314

Vesicles(Goldsmith),2317

Villiofthesmallintestine (Scanlon),2321

Viruses(Scanlon),2324

WestNileVirus,2326

Visualfieldabnormalities (Williams),2329

Vitiligo(Goldsmith),2332

Vocalcords,2334

Vulva(Scanlon),2338

Commonwarts(Goldsmith),2341

Genitalwartsonpenis (Reeves),2341

Plantarwart(Reeves),2342

Componentsofwaves,2344

CircleofWillis(Scanlon),2352

Openwound(Kloth),2358

Compressionwrap(Starkey),2358

Wuchereriabancrofti (Leventhal),2359

Xanthelasma(Morton),2360

Xerocytes(Harmening),2362

Xerosis(Goldsmith),2362

Buddingyeast(Strasinger),2364

Yin-yang,2365

Z-plastymethodofcorrectinga deformingscar,2371

*WBSaundersCompany,Philadelphia,PA;withpermission.

† ReproductionofMorphologyofHumanBloodCellshasbeengranted withapprovalofAbbottLaboratoriesInc.,allrightsreserved.

‡ FromHyun,BK:MorphologyofBloodandBoneMarrow,AmericanSocietyofClinicalPathologists,Workshop5121,September1983,with permission.

§ FromBeneke:HumanMycoses,Pharmacia&Upjohn,1979,withpermission.

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LISTOFTABLES

Activitiesofdailylivingandfactorsaffectingthem,37

ClinicalconditionsandopportunisticinfectionsindicatingAIDS,60

CommonAllergiesandAllergens,75

StagesofAlzheimer’sdisease,82

Stagesofanginapectoris,116

Apgarscore,148

Somesevereillnessesthatmaymimicappendicitis,153

Commonbacterialinfections,214

Controlofarterialbleeding,258

SelectedRiskfactorsforbreastcancer,289

Featuresofbronchodilatordrugs,298

EstimatedNewCancerCasesandDeathsbySex,U.S.,2003,324

Controversiesincancerscreeninginthegeneralpopulation,325 Classificationofimportantcarbohydrates,336

Digestionofcarbohydrates,336

EffectsofCarboxyhemoglobin,338

ImportantConsiderationsintheAdministrationofChemotherapy,395

Lipidlevelmanagementforcholesterollevelreduction,407

Contraceptiveusebywomen,15to44yearsold:1995,476

ContraindicationstotheTopicalApplicationofColdtoMusculoskeletal Injuries,509

TenleadingcausesofdeathintheU.S.(2001),537

Signsandsymptomsandrecommendedemergencymanagementof odontogenicproblems,557

PreventingOralDiseases/MaintainingOralHealth,559

Comparisonofdiabeticketoacidosisandhypoglycemia,581 Comparisonoftype1insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitusandtype2 non–insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus,583

TopDiagnosis-RelatedGroups(DRGs)intheU.S.,585

Diseasesinwhichdietplaysanimportantrole,594

TheDASHDiet(EatingPlan),595

DietaryguidelinesforAmericans,598

Actionofdigestiveenzymesonfood,601

Methodoftransmissionofsomecommunicablediseases,611

InheritedDiseasesandConditions:ABriefList,613 FungalDiseases,616

UltravioletTreatmentDosages,630

Comparisonoftoxicandallergicdrugreactions,641

Electromagneticspectrum,679

Exercise:energyrequired,754

Comparisonofheatstrokeandheatexhaustion,758

FahrenheitandCelsiusscales,774

Foodsourcesofsaturatedfats,781

Developmentoffetaltissue,790

TheAmericanCollegeofRheumatology1990criteriaforclassification offibromyalgia,798

Principalendocrineglands,880

Gramconversionintoounces(avoirdupois),904

Eliminationofbodyheat,947

Routineprecautionsforthecareofallhemodialysispatients,964

HemodynamicParametersFrequentlyMeasuredinCriticalCare,965

Comparisonofhemoptysisandhematemesis,971

Commonsitesofbleeding,971

ClassificationofBPforadultsage18andolder,1040

Oralagentsthatlowerbloodglucose,1051

Bloodtypecompatibility,1086

Incubationandisolationperiodsincommoninfections,1089

ColorsofindicatorsofpH,1092

Fungalinfections,1099

Mediatingfactorsininflammation,1102

InformationTechnologiesUsedinHealthCare,1103

TraumaticInjuries,1110

Durationofeffectofvariousinsulinswhengivenbysubcutaneous injection,1119

DesirableLevelsofAnticoagulationinTermsofINR,1125 Karnofskyindex,1164

Someclassesofdrugsthatinhibitlibido,1235

Expectationoflifeinyears,byrace,sex,andage:1996,1238

Expectationoflifeatbirth,1970to1997,andprojections,1995to 2010,1238

Physicalsignsofmalnutrition,1298

Monoclonalantibodiesandtheiruses,1379

Comparisonofpropertiesofthreetypesofmuscle,1403

CommonNeuropathies,1460

Typicalnoiselevelsindecibelsandtheireffect,1476

DiagnosticTestsforOccultBleeding,1509

Representativeoccupationalillness,1510

CriteriaforDiabetesMellitusinPregnancyUsingthe3-hr OGTT,1528

Size,weight,andcapacityofvariousorgansandpartsoftheadult body,1531

Riskfactorsforosteoporosis,1547

Usualadultdosesandintervalsofdrugsforreliefofpain,1567

ImportantConsiderationsinPalliativeCare,1573

APatient’sPerceptionofQualityHealthCare,1608

SymptomsandSignsofPeriodontitis,1634

pHofsomefluids,1648

ToxicityofCarbonMonoxide,1710

Positionsoffetusinutero,1735

Pregnancytableforexpecteddateofdelivery,1759

TheNortonscale,1771

TestsforPrematureRuptureofMembranes,1785

Tableofpathogenicprotozoa,1799

Psychomotorandphysicaldevelopment:birthto1year,1810

Majorpublichealthachievementsofthe20thcentury,1815

Purinesinfood,1822

Causesofacuterenalfailure,1876

Rateofrespiration,1884

ProminentIssuesinHospitalRiskManagement,1920

Causativeagentsofsexuallytransmitteddiseases,1983

InternationalSystemofUnits(SIunits),2005

Prefixesandtheirsymbolsusedtodesignatedecimalmultiplesand submultiplesinSIunits,2005

Bonesofthehumanskeleton,2008

U.S.FDAcategoriesfordrugsbyteratogenicorfetotoxic potential,2161

Comparativethermometricscale,2173

Thermometricequivalents(CelsiusandFahrenheit),2174

SomeCulturallySpecific(Folk)Illnesses,2219

Revisedtraumascore,2229

Significanceofchangesinurine,2276

Commondisordersofurination,2277

Commonviralcharacteristics,2324

Causesofvomiting,2336

1983Metropolitanheightandweighttablesformenandwomen accordingtoframe,ages25to59,2347

ABBREVIATIONSUSEDIN

TEXT*

ABBRabbreviation AmerindAmericanIndian approx.approximately ASAnglo-Saxon at.no.atomicnumber at.wt.atomicweight Brit.British Ccentigrade;Celsius D.Dutch e.g.exempligratia(for example) esp.especially FFahrenheit Fr.French fr.from Ger.German Gr.Greek

i.e.idest(thatis) illus.illustration L.Latin LL.LateLatin MD.MiddleDutch ME.MiddleEnglish Med.L.MedievalLatin NLNewLatin O.Fr.OldFrench pert.pertaining pl.plural rel.related;relating sing.singular Sp.Spanish sp.gr.specificgravity SYMBsymbol SYNsynonym

*AdditionalabbreviationsarelistedintheUnitsofMeasurementAppendixandtheMedical AbbreviationsAppendix.

AAlpha,thefirstletteroftheGreekalphabet.

A ˚ angstromunit.

A2 aorticsecondsound.

a [L.] ante, before.

a accommodation;ampere;anode;anterior;aqua;area;artery.

a-,an- [Gr.,not]Prefixmeaning without, awayfrom,not (a-isusuallyusedbefore aconsonant;an-isusuallyusedbefore avowel).

AA,aa achievementage;AlcoholicsAnonymous;aminoacid;arteriae.

[Gr. ana, ofeach]Prescriptionnota- aa tionmeaning thestatedamountofeach ofthesubstancesistobeusedincompoundingtheprescription.

AAA AmericanAmbulanceAssociation.

A.A.A. AmericanAcademyofAllergists; AmericanAssociationofAnatomists.

A.A.A.S. AmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScience.

AABB AmericanAssociationofBlood Banks.

AACC AmericanAssociationforClinical Chemistry.

A.A.C.N. AmericanAssociationofCritical-CareNurses;AmericanAssociation ofCollegesofNursing.

A.A.F.P. AmericanAcademyofFamily Physicians.

AAHN AmericanAssociationfortheHistoryofNursing.

AAL anterioraxillaryline.

A.A.M.A. AmericanAssociationofMedicalAssistants.

A.A.M.I. AssociationfortheAdvancement ofMedicalInstrumentation.

AAMS AssociationofAirMedicalServices.

AAMT AmericanAssociationforMedical Transcription.

A.A.N. AmericanAcademyofNursing.

A.A.N.A. AmericanAssociationofNurse Anesthetists.

A.A.N.N. AmericanAssociationofNeuroscienceNurses.

A.A.O.H.N. AmericanAssociationofOccupationalHealthNurses.

A.A.O.S. AmericanAcademyofOrthopedicSurgeons.

A.A.P. AmericanAcademyofPediatrics; AmericanAssociationofPathologists.

A.A.P.A. AmericanAcademyofPhysician Assistants.

AAPMR AmericanAcademyofPhysical MedicineandRehabilitation.

A.A.R.C. AmericanAssociationforRespiratoryCare.

AARP AmericanAssociationofRetired Persons.

AAS atomicabsorptionspectroscopy.

AASECT AmericanAssociationofSexEducators,Counselors,andTherapists. Ab antibody.

ab- [L. ab, from]Prefixmeaning from, awayfrom,negative,absent.

abacavir (a˘-ba˘k a˘-ve¯r)Anucleosideanaloguereversetranscriptaseinhibitor usedinthetreatmentofHIV-1.

Abadie’ssign (a˘-ba˘-de¯z )[CharlesA. Abadie,Fr.ophthalmologist,1842–1932]Inexophthalmicgoiter,spasmof thelevatorpalpebraesuperioris.

Abadie’ssign (a˘-ba˘-de¯z )[JeanAbadie, Fr.neurologist,1873–1946]Intabes dorsalis,insensibilitytopressureover theAchillestendon.

abandonment Aprematuretermination oftheprofessionaltreatmentrelationshipbythehealthcareproviderwithout adequatenoticeorthepatient’sconsent. abarognosis (a˘b a˘r-o˘g-no sı˘s)[Gr. a-, not, baros, weight, gnosis, knowledge]Araredisordermarkedby lossoftheabilitytogaugetheweightof objectsheldinthehand.SEE: baragnosis

abarticulation (a˘b a˘r-tı˘k-u¯-la shu˘n) 1. Ambiguoustermmeaningdislocation ofajoint. 2. Diarthrosis.

abasia (a˘-ba ze¯-a˘)[Gr. a-, not, basis, step] 1. Motorincoordinationinwalking. 2. Inabilitytowalkduetoimpairmentofcoordination. abasic,abatic, adj. a.-astasia Lackofmotorcoordination withinabilitytostandorwalk.SYN: astasia-abasia paralytica. Abasiainwhichtheleg musclesareparalyzed. paroxysmaltrepidanta. Abasia causedbytremblingandsuddenstiffeningoflegsonstanding,makingwalkingimpossible.Itmayberelatedtohysteria.

abate (a˘-ba¯t )[L. ab, from, battere, tobeat] 1. Tolessenordecrease. 2. To ceaseorcausetocease.

abatement (a˘-ba¯t me˘nt)Decreaseinseverityofpainorsymptoms.

abaxial,abaxile (a˘b-a˘k se¯-al, sı˘l)[L. ab, from, axis, axis] 1. Notwithinthe axisofabodyorpart. 2. Attheopposite endoftheaxisofapart.

Abbe-Wharton-McIndoeoperation,McIndoeoperation (a ˘ be¯-wha˘r to˘n-ma¯kı ˘n-do¯)Asurgicalprocedureperformed tocreateavaginainpatientswhodonot haveone.Thisisachievedbycreating adequatespacebetweentherectumand bladder;theinlayingofasplit-thickness graft;andmostimportantly,continuous andprolongeddilatationduringthe

healingstagewhentissuesaremost likelytocontract.

PATIENT CARE: Thehealthcare teamsupportsthepatientmedically andpsychologicallybyhelpingthepatientlearnaboutherconditionandthe procedure,byansweringquestions,and byalleviatinganxiety.

Abbott’smethod (a˘b u˘tz)[EdvilleG. Abbott,U.S.orthopedicsurgeon,1871–1938]Atreatmentforscoliosisthatis nolongerused,inwhichaseriesofplasterjacketswereappliedtostraighten thespine.

ABC antigen-bindingcapacity;airway, breathing,circulation (mnemonicforassessingstatusofemergencypatients).

ABCD Amnemonictoaidhealthcareprovidersintherecognitionofmalignant melanoma.Thelettersrepresent“asymmetry,”“border,”“color,”and“diameter.”Pigmentedlesionsontheskinwith irregularitiesofgrowthandcolorand diametersgreaterthan0.7mmhavea considerablelikelihoodofbeingmelanomasandshouldbeprofessionallyexamined.Additionalcharacteristicsof melanomasincludethesuddenchange ofanexistingmoleorsuddenappearanceofpigmentedmoles.Insomecases anexistingmolethatwasflatelevates abovetheskin.SEE: melanoma.

abciximab (a˘b-sı˘x ı ˘-ma˘b)Amonoclonal antibodythatinhibitsplateletaggregationandpreventsbloodclotsfrom forming.Itisusedesp.totreatandpreventclotsinthecoronaryarteries,for example,inacutemyocardialinfarction,andafterstentplacements.

abdiction (a˘b-dı˘k shı˘n)Theintolerance oravoidanceofdrugsorchemicals. abdomen (a˘b-do me˘n,a˘b do¯-me˘n)[L., belly]Theportionofthetrunklyingbetweenthethoraxandthepelvis.Itcontainsthestomach,lowerpartofthe esophagus,smallandlargeintestines, liver,gallbladder,andspleen.Theparietalperitoneumlinestheabdominal cavity.Theorganswithinthiscavityare envelopedbythevisceralperitoneum. Thekidneys,adrenalglands,ureters, prostate,seminalvesicles,andgreater vascularstructuresarelocatedbehind theperitoneum(retroperitonealorextraperitoneal).SEE: abdominalquadrants forillus.

INSPECTION:Visualexaminationof theabdomenisbestdonewhilethepatientissupinewiththekneesslightly bent.Inahealthypersontheabdomen isovalshaped,withelevationsanddepressionscorrespondingtoabdominal muscles,umbilicus,andtosomedegree theformsofunderlyingviscera.Relativetochestsize,itislargerinchildren thaninadults;itismorerotundand broaderinferiorlyinmalesthaninfemales.

Diseasecanaltertheshapeoftheab-

domen.Ageneral,symmetricalenlargementmayresultfromascites;apartial andirregularenlargementmayresult fromtumors,hypertrophyoforgans suchastheliverorspleen,orintestinal distentioncausedbygas.Retractionof theabdomenmayoccurinextreme emaciationandinseveralformsofcerebraldisease,esp.tubercularmeningitisofchildren.

Therespiratorymovementsoftheabdominalwallsarerelatedtomovements ofthethoraxandareoftenincreased whenthelatterarearrestedandvice versa;thus,abdominalmovementsare increasedinpleurisy,pneumonia,and pericarditis,butaredecreasedorwholly suspendedinperitonitisanddiseasecausedabdominalpain.

Thesuperficialabdominalveinsare sometimesvisiblyenlarged,indicating anobstructionofbloodflowineitherthe portalsystem(asincirrhosis)ortheinferiorvenacava.

AUSCULTATION:Listeningtosounds producedinabdominalorgansprovides usefuldiagnosticinformation.Absentor diminishedbowelsoundsmayindicate paralyticileusorperitonitis.Highpitchedtinklingsoundsareassociated withintestinalobstruction.Bruitsmay indicateatherosclerosisoranabdominalaorticaneurysm.Duringpregnancy, auscultationenablesidentificationand evaluationofthefetalheartrateand vascularsoundsfromtheplacenta.

PERCUSSION:Forthepractitionerto obtainthegreatestamountofinformation,thepatientshouldbesupinewith theheadslightlyraisedandknees slightlyflexed.Percussionshouldbe carriedoutinasystematicfashionover theanteriorsurfaceoftheabdomen.A combinationofaudibleortactilesensationwillbeperceivedbytheexaminer accordingtounderlyingstructures(e.g., gaseousdistendedorgansversussolid organs).Alargeabdominalaneurysm givesdullnessorflatnessoveritunless adistendedintestineliesaboveit.

PALPATION:Theabdomenmaybe palpatedwithfingertips,thewhole hand,orbothhands;pressuremaybe slightorforceful,continuousorintermittent.Theheadissupportedtorelax theabdominalwall.Onoccasion,thepatientmaybeexaminedinastandingposition(e.g.,palpationofgroinhernias thatmightnotbepalpableinthesupine position).

Palpationishelpfulindetectingthe size,consistency,andpositionofviscera,theexistenceoftumorsandswellings,andwhetherthetumorschange positionwithrespirationoraremovable.Itisnecessarytoascertain whethertendernessexistsinanyportionoftheabdominalcavity,whether painisincreasedorrelievedbyfirm

UPPER QUADRANT

ABDOMINALQUADRANTS

pressure,andwhetherpainisaccentuatedbysuddenreleaseoffirmpressure (i.e.,reboundtenderness).

Anarterialimpulse,ifoneexists,is systolicandexpansive.Athrillaccompanyingabruitmayoccasionallybepalpated.Atumor’ssurfaceisusuallyfirm andsmoothbutmaybenodular.Inflammatorymassesaretypicallyfirmand reproduciblytender.Effusionofblood intotissues(e.g.,hematoma)mayproduceapalpablemass.

acutea. Anabnormalconditionof theabdomeninwhichthereisasudden, abruptonsetofseverepain.Itrequires urgentevaluationanddiagnosis,asit mayindicateaneedforimmediatesurgicalintervention.SYN: surgicalabdomen. pendulousa. Aconditioninwhich theexcessivelyrelaxedanteriorabdominalwallhangsdownoverthepubis. scaphoida. Aconditioninwhichthe anteriorwallishollowed,presentinga sunkenappearanceasinemaciation. surgicala. Acuteabdomen. abdomin- SEE: abdomino-. abdominal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-na˘l)Pert.tothe abdomen.

abdominalmuscles SEE:under muscle

abdominalquadrants Fourpartsordivisionsoftheabdomendeterminedby drawingimaginaryverticalandhorizontallinesthroughtheumbilicus.The quadrantsandtheircontentsare: Rightupperquadrant(RUQ): right lobeofliver,gallbladder,partoftransversecolon,partofpylorus,hepaticflexure,rightkidney,andduodenum; Right lowerq.(RLQ): cecum,ascendingcolon, smallintestine,appendix,bladderifdistended,rightureter,rightspermatic ductinthemale;rightovaryandright

tube,anduterusifenlarged,inthefemale; Leftupperq.(LUQ): leftlobeof liver,stomach,smallintestine,transversecolon,splenicflexure,pancreas, leftkidney,andspleen; Leftlowerq. (LLQ): smallintestine,leftureter,sigmoidflexure,descendingcolon,bladder ifdistended,leftspermaticductinthe male;leftovaryandlefttube,anduterus ifenlarged,inthefemale. SEE:illus. abdominalreflexes Contractionofthe musclesoftheabdominalwallonstimulationoftheoverlyingskin.Absenceof thesereflexesindicatesdamagetothe pyramidaltract.

abdominalregions Theabdomenandits externalsurface,dividedintonine regionsbyfourimaginaryplanes:two horizontal,oneattheleveloftheninth costalcartilage(orthelowestpointof thecostalarch)andtheotheratthe levelofthehighestpointoftheiliac crest;twovertical,throughthecenters oftheinguinalligaments(orthrough thenipplesorthroughthecentersofthe clavicles)orcurvedandcoincidingwith thelateralbordersofthetwoabdominal rectusmuscles. SEE:illus. abdominalrescue SEE:under rescue. abdominalrings Theaperturesintheabdominalwall. Externalinguinal or superficial:Anintervalintheaponeurosis oftheexternalobliquemuscle,just aboveandtotheoutersideofthecrest ofthepubicbone. abdomino-,abdomin- (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯) Combiningformsmeaning abdomen. abdominocentesis (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-se˘nte sı˘s)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. kentesis, puncture]Punctureoftheabdomenwithaninstrumentforwithdrawal offluidfromtheabdominalcavity.SYN: abdominalparacentesis

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION LEFT

HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION EPIGASTRIC REGION

RIGHT LUMBAR REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION UMBILICAL REGION

RIGHT ILIAC REGION LEFT ILIAC REGION HYPOGASTRIC REGION

UMBILICAL REGION

RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

RIGHT LUMBAR REGION

RIGHT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION

ABDOMINALREGIONS

abdominocyesis (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘n-o¯-sı¯-e¯s ı ˘s)

Abdominalpregnancy. abdominocystic (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-sı˘s tı˘k) [ Gr. kystis, bladder]Pert.tothe abdomenandbladder.

abdominogenital (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-je˘n ı ˘-ta˘l) Pert.totheabdomenandgenitalorgans.

abdominohysterectomy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯hı˘s-te˘r-e˘k to¯-me¯)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. hystera, womb, ektome, excision]Abdominalhysterectomy.

abdominohysterotomy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯hı˘s-te˘r-o˘t o¯-me¯)[ tome, incision]Abdominalhysterotomy.

abdominoperineal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-pe˘r ı ˘ne a˘l)Pert.totheabdomenandperinealarea.

abdominoplasty (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-pla˘s te¯, a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no ˘ pla˘s-te¯)Plasticsurgeryon theabdomen.

abdominoscopy (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no˘s ko¯-pe¯) [L. abdomen, belly, Gr. skopein, to examine]Anoutdatedtermforlaparoscopy.

abdominoscrotal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-skro ta˘l) [ scrotum, bag]Pert.totheabdomenandscrotum.

abdominothoracic (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-tho¯ra ˘ sı˘k)[L. abdomen, belly, Gr. thorax, chest]Pert.totheabdomenand thorax.

abdominovaginal (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-va˘j ı ˘-na˘l) [ vagina, sheath]Pert.totheabdomenandvagina.

abdominovesical (a˘b-do˘m ı ˘-no¯-ve˘s ı ˘-ka˘l) [ vesica, bladder]Pert.totheabdomenandurinarybladder. abducens (a˘b-du se˘nz)[L.,drawing away]Pert.todrawingawayfromthe midlineofthebody. a.oculi Musculusrectuslateralis bulbi.

abducensnerve SEE:under nerve

EPIGASTRIC REGION

LEFT LUMBAR REGION LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION

HYPOGASTRIC REGION (PUBIC) LEFT INGUINAL (ILIAC) REGION

abducent (a˘b-du se˘nt)[L. abducens, drawingaway] 1. Abducting;leading away. 2. Abducens.

abduct (a˘b-du˘kt )[L. abductus, led away]Todrawawayfromthemedian planeofthebodyoroneofitsparts.

abduction (a˘b-du˘k shu˘n) 1. Lateral movementofthelimbsawayfromthe medianplaneofthebody,orlateral bendingoftheheadortrunk. SEE:illus. 2. Movementofthedigitsawayfromthe axiallineofalimb. 3. Outwardrotation oftheeyes.

ABDUCTION OF LIMB

ADDUCTION OF LIMB ABDUCTIONANDADDUCTIONOFLIMBS

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