Economic interactions Economic disparity
push
FACTORS commuting GDP housing flexibility
pull
regional cross-border functions local cohesion of functions along cross-border axis costs travel time
closeness origin of centre direction of urban expansion historical spatial integration
historical social integration demographical distribution national cultural identity local cultural identity language
Vienna Bratislava
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Helsingør- Helsingborg
100
100
100
100
Eurode (Kerkrade - Herzoge.)
100
100
100
Aachen Liege Maastricht
100
100
Malmo - Copenhagen (Øresund)
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
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cross-border related functios
physical connections
spatial indicators
cultural indicators
Fig. 17 Measured push & pull factors based on analysis and assumptions (by author)