Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Section I: Atmosphere
Chapter One. Chemical components and distributions in precipitation in the Third Pole
Abstract
1.1 Background
1.2 Precipitation inorganic chemistry in the Third Pole
1.3 Mercury (Hg) in precipitation over the Third Pole
1.4 Carbonaceous matters
1.5 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Two. Chemical components and distributions of aerosols in the Third Pole
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Carbonaceous species and aerosol composition over Third Pole
2.3 Secondary organic aerosol formation, aging, and watersoluble organic carbon/organic carbon ratio
2.4 Major ions in aerosols
2.5 Mercury and other elements in aerosols over Third Pole
2.6 Source and transport mechanism of aerosols to Third Pole
2.7 Summary and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
Section II: Glaciers
Chapter Three. Chemical components and distributions in glaciers of the Third Pole
Abstract
3.1 Background
3.2 Major ions
3.3 Trace elements
3.4 Persistent organic pollutants
3.5 Carbonaceous matter
3.6 Mineral dust and its influence on glacier melt
3.7 Summary Acknowledgment
References
Section III: Rivers and Springs
Chapter Four. Inorganic components in river waters in the Third Pole
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 River catchments
4.3 Water ionic chemistry in rivers on the Third Pole
4.4 Characterization of major ions in rivers of the Third Pole
4.5 Dissolved trace elements and water quality assessment in rivers of the Third Pole
4.6 Summary and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Five. Nutrients and organic carbons in river waters of the Third Pole
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 River catchments
5 3 Export of carbon and nitrogen in major rivers of the Tibetan Plateau
5.4 Concentrations and spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants in the water of the Koshi River
5.5 Total suspended insoluble particles in rivers of the Third Pole
5.6 Summary and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Six. Geochemical constituents in hot spring waters in the Third Pole
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sampling locations and data sources
6.3 Geological setup of the area
6.4 Results and discussion
6.5 Stable carbon isotope (δ13CDIC) in alkalinity
Acknowledgments
References
Section IV: Lakes
Chapter Seven. Inorganic components in lake waters in the Third Pole
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The composition of major ions in the lakes of the Third Pole region
7.3 Mercury and other elements
7.4 Summary Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eight. Nutrients and organic carbons in lake waters of the Third Pole
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Nutrients
8.3 Persistent organic pollutants
8.4 Carbonaceous matter
8.5 Summary Acknowledgments
References
Executive summary
A.1 Atmosphere
A.2 Glaciers
A.3 Rivers
A.4 Lakes
Author Index
Subject Index
Copyright
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List of contributors
Rita Bha a, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Hemraj Bha arai, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment
Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Pengfei Chen, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Zhiyuan Cong
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Zhiwen Dong
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Prakriti Sharma Ghimire
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
Smriti Gurung, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Rajendra Joshi, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
Shichang Kang
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Chaoliu Li
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Ramesh Raj Pant, Central Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
Rukumesh Paudyal
Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Faizan Ur Rehman Qaiser, Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbo abad Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
Bin Qu, Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing,
P.R. China
Santosh K. Rai, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, U arakhand, India
Kirpa Ram
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Bakhat Rawat, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Dikshya Regmi, Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Chhatra Mani Sharma
Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Shiwei Sun, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Lekhendra Tripathee
Himalayan Environment Research Institute (HERI), Kathmandu, Nepal
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Chuanfei Wang, CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Xiaoping Wang
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Qianggong Zhang
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
Yulan Zhang
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
About the editors
Chhatra Mani Sharma
Prof. Chhatra Mani Sharma completed his PhD from the Norwegian University of Life Sciences in 2008 and was ranked in the “Top 20 Researchers” at the university based on his contributions to science. Currently, Prof. Sharma’s research work has focused on
aquatic pollution in Europe and Asia (particularly in the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau). He has published more than 50 peerreviewed papers in domestic and international journals, such as Environmental Science & Technology, Environmental Pollution, Science of the Total Environment, Environmental Earth Sciences, Water Air & Soil Pollution, Environmental Chemistry & Toxicology, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, Atmospheric Environment, and Limnology. Having an i10-index of 20 and h-index of 15, his publications have been cited more than 600 times. Prof. Sharma has received some awards for conducting high-standard scientific research, for example, the “Young International Scientist” award from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2009. He worked in collaboration with Prof. Shichang Kang at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in the area of aquatic pollution across the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. He was also rewarded as a Postdoc Researcher at Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, through the Finnish Academy of Sciences in 2013 and worked with Prof. Mika Sillanpää. He has collaborated with researchers from six countries globally. Recently, he was a Visiting Scientist at the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as the President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) and undertook an editorial role for this book.
Affiliations
Central Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
Expertise
Aquatic ecology, environmental pollution
Shichang Kang
Prof. Shichang Kang is the director at the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research focuses on the cryospheric environment, climate, and cryospheric changes, as well as water and atmospheric pollution in the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas. He has had more than 580 peer-reviewed papers published in scientific journals, such as Nature Communication, PNAS, National Science Review, Climate Dynamics, The Cryosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Le ers, Environmental Science and Technology, Environmental Research Le ers, Atmospheric Environment, Global and Planetary Change, Atmospheric Research, Environmental Pollution, and Journal of Glaciology. He has an h-index of 60, and his publications have been cited over 14,000 times (in Google Scholar). He is one of the associate editors of Atmospheric Research and has engaged in over 50 projects. Prof. Kang has received numerous awards for research and innovation. For example, he was
awarded the “Special Allowance of the State Council of China,” “National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation,” and “Excellent Youth Scientist on Tibetan Plateau Research.” He has collaborated with researchers from over 15 countries globally and is a council member of the International Glaciological Society (IGS), a member of the scientific steering group of the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC). He is also one of the lead authors in IPCC AR6 Special Report on Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate.
Affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P.R. China
CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
University of CAS, Beijing, P.R. China
Expertise
Cryospheric science, atmospheric environment, climate change, water quality
Lekhendra Tripathee
Dr. Lekhendra Tripathee is currently a research associate professor at the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research work focuses on atmospheric aerosol and precipitation chemistry. He has widespread experience on water resources including precipitation, cryosphere, lakes, rivers, and sediments. He had worked as a younger researcher at the Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, during 2013–14. He has published over 45 scientific articles in international peer-reviewed journals including Environmental Science and Technology, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Science of the Total Environment, Environmental Pollution, Atmospheric Environment, Chemosphere, Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, Atmospheric Research, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, and Environmental Earth Sciences. He has an i10-index of 23 and an h-index of 15, and his publications have been cited more than 500 times. He has been awarded the President’s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) award from the Chinese Academy of Sciences as Postdoc Researcher and currently as a Young Staff.
Affiliations
State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P.R. China
Himalayan Environment Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
Expertise
Environmental science, atmospheric environment, water quality
Preface
The importance of environmental issues related to pollutants released to the atmosphere by major anthropogenic sources over the urbanized areas of South Asia has gained growing a ention. The long-range transport and deposition of these pollutants to the cleaner areas with less human interference, such as the Himalayas
and Tibetan Plateau, collectively known as the Third Pole (TP), has been evident recently from various studies. Thus the cryosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environment in this pristine region are at risk of environmental pollution, information of which needs dissemination to the local people and policymakers to formulate new policies to combat pollution. More than 1.3 billion people in the region rely on freshwater originating from the TP. Therefore the roles of climate change and anthropogenic influences on the water bodies in the region should be taken as major concerns for their effects on human and aquatic ecosystems. Further, transboundary pollution is the major issue in the region affecting the water resources, which receive various pollutants from the industrial and urbanized areas of fast-growing economy nations in South Asia. In the recent decades, global warming has accelerated glacier melting. The accelerated melting of glaciers can release nutrients and pollutants into glacier-fed rivers and contaminate downstream environments, impacting the overall ecosystems.
Considering these recent environmental issues in this pristine area, this book, entitled Water Quality in the Third Pole: The Roles of Climate Change and Human Activities, will pave the way to understanding water quality and the major driving factors for water quality in the region. The book consists of updated information on different water environments (such as glaciers, rivers, lakes, and precipitation) and their chemical constituents in the TP. Furthermore, the book aims to identify key issues and harms, focusing on water quality in the crucial TP region under the changing climate and human activities. Therefore I believe that this book will be an essential reference for academics and policymakers interested in the quality of natural water bodies.
The preparation of this book has been made possible by the contributions of authors from different organizations in China, India, and Nepal. More than 25 scientists from leading universities and research institutions, recognized as worldwide experts on different aspects related to environmental science, monitoring of freshwater in different environmental compartments, have made this book possible.
I congratulate the three editors and all the authors/co-authors who have provided valuable contributions to this book.
Qin Dahe, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
