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Water,Land,and ForestSusceptibility andSustainability

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Water,Land,andForest SusceptibilityandSustainability

GeospatialApproachesandModeling

VolumeI

Editedby UdayChatterjee

AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofGeography,BhatterCollege, Dantan(AffiliatedtoVidyasagarUniversity),PaschimMidnapore, WestBengal,India

BiswajeetPradhan

DistinguishedProfessor,CentreforAdvancedModellingand GeospatialInformationSystems(CAMGIS),SchoolofCiviland EnvironmentalEngineering,FacultyofEngineeringandIT,University ofTechnologySydney,Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia

SureshKumar

GroupHead,Agriculture,Forestry&EcologyGroup,IndianInstitute ofRemoteSensing,IndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO), Dehradun,India

SouravSaha

PostdoctoralAssociate,DepartmentofEarth,Planetary, andSpaceSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA

MohammadZakwan

AssistantProfessor,SchoolofTechnology,MaulanaAzadNational UrduUniversity,Hyderabad,Telangana,India

Serieseditors:

BrianD.Fath DanFiscus

Elsevier

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TypesetbyTNQTechnologies

Contents

Contributors... ...................................................................................... xvii

Foreword.. ............................................................................................xxi

SECTIONIIntroduction:Theoreticalframeworkand approachofsustainability

CHAPTER1Theoreticalframeworkandapproachesof susceptibilityandsustainability:issues anddrivers .............................................................3 SureshKumar,UdayChatterjeeandAnuDavidRaj

1.1 Introduction... ....................................................................3

1.2 Globalperspectiveofsustainabilityandsusceptibility... ............5

1.3 Theoreticalframeworkofsustainabilityand ecosystemservices... ..........................................................6

1.3.1Water,land,andforest:integralcomponent ofecosystem.. ..........................................................7

1.3.2Sustainabilityandecosystemservices ...........................8

1.3.3Degradationofecosystemservices... ............................9

1.4 Driversandissuesofsusceptibilityandsustainabilityof ecosystems ......................................................................11

1.4.1Susceptibilityandsustainabilityofwaterresources.. ......12

1.4.2Susceptibilityandsustainabilityoflandresources ..........14

1.4.3Susceptibilityandsustainabilityofforestresources.. ......17

1.5 Approachesforsusceptibility/degradationassessmentof ecosystems ......................................................................19

1.6 Conclusions... ..................................................................20 References. ............................................................................21

SECTIONIIWaterresourcesusceptibilityand sustainability

CHAPTER2Trapefficiencyofreservoirs:concept,review, andapplication ......................................................29 QamarSultanaandM.GopalNaik

2.1 Introduction... ..................................................................29

2.1.1Reservoirsedimentation.. ..........................................29

2.1.2Reservoirstoragecapacityreduction. ...........................30

2.1.3Determinationofquantityofsedimentdepositedin reservoir. ................................................................31

2.1.4Determinationoftrapefficiency..................................32

2.2 Limitationsofthestudy. ....................................................33

2.2.1Empiricalmethods...

2.2.2Artificialneuralnetworks...

2.3 Literaturereview

2.4 Materialsandmethods.

2.4.1Empiricalmethods...

2.4.2Artificialneuralnetworks...

2.5 Resultsanddiscussions .....................................................43

2.5.1Analysisofresultsfordifferentmethods ......................43

2.5.2Discussionsoftheresultsofempiricalmethods .............50

2.6 Conclusions. ....................................................................57

3.1

MohamedAbioui,MustaphaIkirri,SaidBoutaleb, FaridFaik,AbderrahmaneWanaim,MounaId-Belqasand FatimaZahraEchogdali

3.2 Studyarea:geomorphologyandhydro-climatologyof thetaguenitwadiwatershed

3.3 Materialsandmethods.

3.3.1Floodmappingmethod..

3.3.2FactorsuseinFHI...

3.3.3Relativeweightoffactors...

3.4

3.5

3.6

4.2 Methodology .................................................................91

4.2.1Datacollectionandanalysis... ..................................92

4.2.2ANNmodeling ......................................................93

4.2.3Networkarchitecture... ............................................94

4.2.4Rangeofvariousparametersintheprocureddata ........94

4.2.5DatausedfortrainingandtestingofANN..................95

4.2.6Developmentofsecondaryparameters .......................95

4.3 Resultanddiscussions.. ...................................................96

4.4 Modelsusedforcomparison ...........................................102

4.4.1Comparisonofmodels ..........................................103

4.5 Conclusion.. ................................................................104

4.6 Appendix1.. ................................................................105

4.7 Appendix2.. ................................................................105

4.8 Appendix3.. ................................................................105

4.9 Appendix4.. ................................................................108

4.10 Appendix5.. ................................................................108

4.11 Appendix6.. ................................................................109 References. ..........................................................................116

CHAPTER5Predictingnitrateconcentrationinriverusing

advancedartificialintelligencetechniques: extremelearningmachinesversusdeep learning...............................................................121

SalimHeddam,SungwonKim,AhmedElbeltagi, AnuragMalik,MohammadZounemat-Kermaniand OzgurKisi

5.1 Introduction... ................................................................121

5.2 Materialsandmethods... .................................................123

5.2.1Studysite. .............................................................123

5.2.2Performanceassessmentofthemodels... ....................127

5.3 Methodology. ................................................................127

5.3.1Deeplearninglongshort-termmemory(LSTM). .........127

5.3.2Extremelearningmachine(ELM) .............................129

5.3.3Supportvectorregression(SVR). ..............................130

5.3.4Gaussianprocessregression(GPR)... .........................130

5.4 Resultsanddiscussion.... .................................................131

5.4.1Dailytimescaleandscenario01forUSGS 14211720. .............................................................131

5.4.2Dailytimescaleandscenario02forUSGS 14211720. .............................................................132

5.4.3Hourlytimescaleandscenario01forUSGS 14211720 ..............................................................134

5.4.4Hourlytimescaleandscenario02forUSGS 14211720 ..............................................................138

5.4.5Discussion.............................................................138

5.5 Summaryandconclusions.. ..............................................146 Acknowledgments.................................................................149 References.... .......................................................................149

CHAPTER6Pollutedwaterbodiesremediationbyusing GISandremotesensingapproach:adeeper insight .................................................................155

DevendraSingh,SuhagaDohare,GauravYadav, HimanshuPandeyandVirendraSingh

6.1 Introduction. ..................................................................155

6.1.1Importanceofremotesensinginwaterquality managementandmonitoring ....................................157

6.1.2ImportanceofGISinwaterqualitymanagementand monitoring... .........................................................157

6.2 Roleoftheseadvancedtechniquesinmonitoring waterquality .................................................................158

6.3 Remediationofsurfacewater usingremotesensing andGIS........................................................................160

6.4 Futureoftheseadvancedtechniquesinmonitoring thequalityofwater. ........................................................163

6.5 Benefitsofsensinginmonitoringthequalityofwater ..........163

6.6 Conclusions. ..................................................................164 References.... .......................................................................165

CHAPTER7GIS-basedspatialdistributionanalysisof waterqualityassessmentusingwaterpollution indexofYamunariveratDelhi..............................171

AnishAhmed,ChitralekhaDas,SaumyaSrivastavaand SunainaSingh

7.1 Introduction. ..................................................................171

7.2 Studyarea... ..................................................................173

7.3 Materialsanddataset... ...................................................174

7.4 Methodology .................................................................174

7.4.1Grounddata. .........................................................174

7.4.2Remote-sensingdata ...............................................178

7.5 Results .........................................................................190

7.5.1BackscatteringSARdatavalues.. ..............................190

7.5.2ChlorophyllIndex ..................................................195

7.5.3Landsurfacetemperature. ........................................196

7.5.4NormalizedCoastalAerosolIndex... .........................197

7.5.5Waterpollutionindex. .............................................199

7.6 Validation .....................................................................203

7.7 Discussion.....................................................................204

7.8 Conclusion ....................................................................205 Acknowledgments. ................................................................206 References. ..........................................................................206

CHAPTER8Groundwatersustainability:roleofmonitoring, modeling,andmanagement ..................................209 SurajJenaandSoumyaranjanSahoo

8.1 Introduction... ................................................................209

8.2 Limitationsofstudy.. ......................................................211

8.3 Methodology. ................................................................212

8.3.1Studybasin ...........................................................212

8.3.2Datamonitoringandfieldcampaigns .........................213

8.4 Methods... .....................................................................216

8.4.1Groundwaterflowsimulationmodeling.. ....................216

8.4.2Decisionsupportsystem.. ........................................222

8.5 Results .........................................................................223

8.5.1Groundwaterrecharge .............................................223

8.5.2Pumpingwellboundarycondition .............................224

8.5.3Riverboundaryconditions .......................................226

8.5.4Groundwaterflowsimulation. ...................................226

8.5.5Decisionsupportsystem.. ........................................228

8.6 Conclusion ....................................................................230 References. ..........................................................................230 Furtherreading. ....................................................................234

SECTIONIIILandresourcessusceptibilityand

sustainability

CHAPTER9Landslidesusceptibilitymodelingusinga generalizedlinearmodelinatropicalriver basinoftheSouthernWesternGhats,India...........237 C.K.Prajisha,A.L.AchuandSabuJoseph

9.1 Introduction... ................................................................237

9.2 Studyarea... ..................................................................239

9.3 Materialsandmethods. ...................................................240

9.3.1Landslideinventoryandspatialdatabase..

9.3.2Lithology... .........................................................241

9.3.3Soiltexture. .........................................................241

9.3.4Landuse/landcover ..............................................242

9.3.5Slopeangle. .........................................................242

9.3.6Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex

9.3.7Slopeaspect

9.3.8Distancefromroad ...............................................243

9.3.9DistancefromLineaments.

9.3.10Topographicwetnessindex. ....................................243

9.3.11Terrainroughnessindex .........................................244

9.3.12Distancefromstream.. ..........................................244

9.3.13Streampowerindex ..............................................244

9.3.14Profilecurvature

9.3.15Planformcurvature

9.3.16Selectionofconditioningfactors..

9.3.17Multicollinearityanalysis.. .....................................246

9.3.18Generalizedlinearmodeling...

9.3.19Modelvalidation...

9.4.1Multicollinearityandvariableimportance...

9.4.2Landslidesusceptibilitymodeling..

9.4.3Modelvalidation

9.4.4Landslidesusceptibilitymap(LSM)

10.1.3Landuseandlandcoverchangeidentification usingremotesensingandgeographicalinformation Systems.. ..........................................................272

10.2 Literaturereview ..........................................................274

10.3 Materialsandmethods.. .................................................277

10.3.1Studyarea .........................................................277

10.3.2Methodologyapplied. ..........................................280

10.4 Resultsanddiscussions. .................................................281

10.4.1Identificationofchangesinlanduseandland coverofthesub-basin .........................................282

10.4.2Slopemapsoftheriverbasin. ...............................285

10.4.3Drainagestructureofthesub-basin.. ......................285

10.4.4WaterspreadareaforSriRamSagarreservoir project ..............................................................288

10.5 Conclusions. ................................................................290 References. ..........................................................................291

CHAPTER11Mappingandmonitoringlanddynamics

usinggeospatialtechniquesonPathar PratimaBlock,South24Parganas,India ............299 BijayHalder

11.1 Introduction. ................................................................299

11.2 Studyarea... ................................................................301

11.3 Materialsandmethod... .................................................303

11.3.1Datasource... ....................................................303

11.3.2Imageprocessingphase.. .....................................303

11.3.3LULCclassificationandaccuracyassessment ..........303

11.3.4Landsurfacetemperatecalculation.. ......................306

11.3.5Differentspectralindicator... ................................308

11.4 Resultanddiscussion... .................................................309

11.4.1Landtransformation.. ..........................................310

11.4.2VariationofLST. ...............................................312

11.4.3Differentgeospatialindicators...............................313

11.4.4Correlationanalysisofthisstudy. ..........................318

11.5 Challengesandsolutions................................................320

11.6 Recommendations.. ......................................................320

11.7 Conclusion.. ................................................................321 Acknowledgments. ................................................................321 References. ..........................................................................322

CHAPTER12Geospatialtechnologiestoinvestigatethe wetlandsusceptibilitytoenvironmental challengesandidentifysustainabilityoptions

RohitSambareandShwetaYadav

12.3.2Methods.

12.4.1Variationinvegetationandwaterarea..

12.4.4HydrologicalassessmentoftheHGMunits

12.4.5GeomorphologicalassessmentoftheHGMunits.....346

12.4.6VegetationassessmentoftheHGMUnits..

12.4.7Estimatedwetlandhealthscore

CHAPTER13Evaluationofspatialandtemporal

SachinDeoreJ.andShrutiPethkarS.

13.8.1Yearwiserainfallvariability... .............................367

13.8.2Seasonalvariabilityinrainfallerosivity... .............368

13.8.3Event-basedrainfallvariability............................373

13.9 Recommendations. ......................................................374

13.10 Conclusions ...............................................................375 References. ..........................................................................376

CHAPTER14Soilerosionmodelingunderfutureclimate change:acasestudyonMarinduqueIsland, Philippines ........................................................381 ArnoldR.Salvacion

14.1 Introduction. ................................................................381

14.1.1Soilerosion... ....................................................381

14.1.2Climatechange... ...............................................382

14.1.3Soilerosioninachangingclimate... ......................382

14.1.4RUSLE... ..........................................................383

14.1.5Objectiveofthestudy .........................................385

14.1.6Limitationofthestudy... .....................................385

14.2 Materialsandmethods.. .................................................385

14.2.1Studysite ..........................................................385

14.2.2Data.. ...............................................................386

14.2.3Modelingsoilerosion ..........................................387

14.3 Resultsanddiscussion.. .................................................388

14.3.1Baselineandprojectedincreaseinrainfall... ...........388

14.3.2Changesinsoilerosionrates ................................389

14.4 Potentialsolution.... ......................................................392

14.5 Conclusion.. ................................................................392 References. ..........................................................................392

SECTIONIVForestresourcesusceptibilityand sustainability

CHAPTER15Forestfiresusceptibilitymappingandrisk assessmentusingintegratedAHPand DEMATELmethodforPuruliaDistrict, WestBengal(India) ...........................................401 SanuDolui

15.1 Introduction. ................................................................401

15.2 Aboutstudyarea ..........................................................403

15.3 Materialsandmethods.. .................................................404

15.3.1Forestfirelocationpoints... ..................................404

15.3.2Methodology .....................................................405

15.3.3Dataused ..........................................................406

15.3.4Forestfireinfluencingfactors... .............................409

15.3.5IntegratedmethodscombinedDEMATEL andAHP...........................................................418

15.3.6Theanalyticalhierarchyprocessmethod.................422

15.3.7DEMATELmethod. ............................................426

15.3.8Forestfiresusceptibilitymap(FFSM)..

15.4 Resultsanddiscussion ...................................................429

15.4.1Results... ...........................................................429

15.4.2Discussion... ......................................................441

15.4.3Validationoftheforestfireriskzone... ..................443 15.5 Conclusion ..................................................................446

CHAPTER16DeclineinvegetationcoveroverKolkata city:anenvironmentalconcernfrom remote-sensingperspective................................453 SushobhanMajumdar,UdayChatterjee, AnuDavidRajandSureshKumar

16.1 Introduction .................................................................453

16.2 Studyarea. ..................................................................456

16.3 Materialsandmethods...................................................456

16.3.1Imageprocessingandanalysis. .............................457

16.3.2Supervisedclassification ......................................457

16.3.3Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex estimation..........................................................458

16.3.4Landsurfacetemperatureestimation ......................460

16.4 Resultsanddiscussion ...................................................460

16.4.1Changeinlanduse/landcoveranalysis. ..................461

16.4.2Changeinnormalizeddifferenceinvegetation indexanalysis... .................................................461

16.4.3Changeinlandsurfacetemperatureanalysis... ........465

16.4.4NDVIandLST.. .................................................465

16.4.5Recommendations... ............................................467

16.5 Conclusion ..................................................................469

CHAPTER17Understandingtheforestcoverdynamics anditshealthstatususingGIS-based analyticalhierarchyprocess:astudyfrom Alipurduardistrict,WestBengal,India ...............475 DebanjanBasak,ArghadeepBose, SubhamRoyandIndrajitRoyChowdhury

17.1 Introduction. ................................................................475

17.2 Studyarea... ................................................................478

17.3 Databaseandmethodology. ............................................479

17.3.1Normalizeddifferencevegetationindex.. ................482

17.3.2Greennessindex.. ...............................................483

17.3.3Normalizeddifferencemoistureindex ....................483

17.3.4Perpendicularvegetationindex... ...........................484

17.3.5Transformedvegetationindex ...............................484

17.3.6Soil-adjustedvegetationindex...............................484

17.3.7Normalizeddifferencebuilt-upindex .....................484

17.3.8Normalizeddifferencebarenessindex ....................485

17.3.9Multicriteriadecisionanalysis...............................485

17.4 Results... .....................................................................487

17.4.1NDVI ...............................................................487

17.4.2Greennessindex.. ...............................................487

17.4.3Normalizeddifferencemoistureindex ....................490

17.4.4PVI... ...............................................................490

17.4.5Transformedvegetationindex ...............................490

17.4.6Soil-adjustedvegetationindex...............................493

17.4.7Normalizeddifferencebuilt-upindex .....................493

17.4.8Normalizeddifferencebarenessindex ....................493

17.5 Discussion... ................................................................493

17.6 Conclusion.. ................................................................500 Acknowledgments. ................................................................501 References. ..........................................................................501

CHAPTER18Detectionofforestfragmentedareasof Sonitpur,Lakhimpur,andPapumReserve ForestusingtheFCDmodel ................................509 KaushikKharghoriaandKarishmaDutta

18.1 Introduction. ................................................................509

18.2 Limitationsofthestudy .................................................512

18.3 Materialsandmethods.. .................................................512

18.3.1Studyarea. ......................................................512

18.3.2Dataset. ...........................................................514

18.3.3Imagepreprocessing... .......................................514

18.3.4Advancedvegetationindex .................................515

18.3.5Soilbarenessindex............................................515

18.3.6Canopyshadowindex. .......................................516

18.3.7Vegetationdensityindex.. ..................................516

18.3.8Scaledshadowindex.. .......................................516

18.3.9Calculationofforestcanopydensity... ..................517

18.3.10Acquisitionofchangedetectiontool.. ..................517

18.4 Resultsanddiscussions..................................................517

18.4.1Assessmentofadvancevegetationindex .................517

18.4.2Evaluationofbaresoilindex... .............................521

18.4.3Evaluationofvegetationdensityindex. ..................525

18.4.4EvaluationofScaledShadowIndex .......................525

18.4.5Analysisofforestcanopydensity(1991 2020) .......528

18.4.6Examinationofvariouschangeswithchange detectiontool .....................................................532

18.4.7Comparativeanalysisofhighlydeforested areaamongthePapumReserveForest, LakhimpurandSonitpur ......................................536

18.5 Challengesandsolutions.. ..............................................537 18.6 Recommendations ........................................................540 18.7 Conclusions .................................................................540

Contributors

MohamedAbioui

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

A.L.Achu

DepartmentofRemoteSensingandGIS,KeralaUniversityofFisheriesand OceanStudies(KUFOS),Kochi,Kerala,India

AnishAhmed

HaryanaSpaceApplicationCentre,CRIDDepartment,Hisar,Haryana,India

NavedAhsan

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,JamiaMilliaIslamiaUniversity,NewDelhi,India

ZeenatAra

MaulanaAzadNationalUrduUniversity,Hyderabad,Telangana,India

DebanjanBasak

DepartmentofGeographyandAppliedGeography,UniversityofNorthBengal, Siliguri,WestBengal,India

ArghadeepBose

DepartmentofGeographyandAppliedGeography,UniversityofNorthBengal, Siliguri,WestBengal,India

SaidBoutaleb

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

UdayChatterjee

DepartmentofGeography,BhatterCollege,Dantan(VidyasagarUniversity), PaschimMidnapore,WestBengal,India

IndrajitRoyChowdhury

DepartmentofGeographyandAppliedGeography,UniversityofNorthBengal, Siliguri,WestBengal,India

ChitralekhaDas

NorthEasternSpaceApplicationCentre,DepartmentofSpace,Governmentof India,Meghalaya,India

AnuDavidRaj

AgricultureandSoilsDepartment,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing(IIRS), IndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO),Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India

SachinDeoreJ.

SNDTWomen’sUniversity,DepartmentofGeography,Pune,Maharashtra,India

SuhagaDohare

JiwajiUniversity,Gwalior,MadhyaPradesh,India

SanuDolui

DepartmentofGeography,TheUniversityofBurdwan,Burdwan,WestBengal, India

KarishmaDutta

DepartmentofGeography,SchoolofHumanandEnvironmentalSciences,North EasternHillUniversity,Shillong,Meghalaya,India

FatimaZahraEchogdali

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

AhmedElbeltagi

AgriculturalEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofAgriculture,Mansoura University,Mansoura,Egypt

FaridFaik

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

BijayHalder

DepartmentofRemoteSensingandGIS,VidyanagarUniversity,Midnapore,West Bengal,India

SalimHeddam

FacultyofScience,AgronomyDepartment,HydraulicsDivision,Laboratoryof ResearchinBiodiversityInteractionEcosystemandBiotechnology,University20 Aou ˆ t1955,Skikda,Algeria

MounaId-Belqas

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

MustaphaIkirri

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

SurajJena

SchoolofInfrastructure,IndianInstituteofTechnologyBhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India

SabuJoseph

DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofKerala, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India

KaushikKharghoria

DepartmentofGeography,SchoolofHumanandEnvironmentalSciences,North EasternHillUniversity,Shillong,Meghalaya,India

SabaKhurshid

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Patna,Bihar, India

SungwonKim

DepartmentofRailroadConstructionandSafetyEngineering,Dongyang University,Yeongju,RepublicofKorea

OzgurKisi

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofLubeck,Lubeck, Germany;CivilEngineeringDepartment,IliaStateUniversity,Tbilisi,Georgia

SureshKumar

Agriculture,Forestry&EcologyGroup,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing(IIRS), IndianSpaceResearchOrganization(ISRO),Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India

SushobhanMajumdar

JadavpurUniversity,DepartmentofGeography,Kolkata,WestBengal,India

AnuragMalik

PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,RegionalResearchStation,Bathinda,Punjab, India

M.GopalNaik

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollegeofEngineeringOsmania UniversityHyderabad,Telangana,India

HimanshuPandey

Dr.YSPUHFNauni,Solan,HimachalPradesh,India

ShrutiPethkarS.

KarmaveerBhauraoPatilCollege,DepartmentofGeography,Vashi, Maharashtra,India

C.K.Prajisha

DepartmentofEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofKerala, Thiruvananthapuram,Kerala,India

SubhamRoy

DepartmentofGeographyandAppliedGeography,UniversityofNorthBengal, Siliguri,WestBengal,India

SoumyaranjanSahoo

SchoolofWaterResources,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,Kharagpur, WestBengal,India

ArnoldR.Salvacion

DepartmentofCommunityandEnvironmentalResourcePlanning,Universityof thePhilippinesLosBan ˜ os,CollegeofHumanEcology,LosBan ˜ os,Philippines

RohitSambare

MasterofTechnology,NationalInstituteofHydrology,ResearchManagement andOutreachDivision,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,India

DevendraSingh

B.N.CollegeofEngineeringandTechnology,Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India

SunainaSingh

HaryanaSpaceApplicationCentre,CRIDDepartment,Hisar,Haryana,India

VirendraSingh

MaulanaAzadMedicalCollege,NewDelhi,India

SaumyaSrivastava

KumaunUniversity,SSJCampus,Almora,Uttarakhand,India

AsmaSultana

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MuffakhamJahCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Hyderabad,Telangana,India

QamarSultana

DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MuffakhamJahCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Hyderabad,Telangana,India

AbderrahmaneWanaim

DepartmentofEarthSciences,FacultyofSciences,IbnZohrUniversity,Agadir, Morocco

GauravYadav

InstituteofLiverandBiliarySciences,NewDelhi,India

ShwetaYadav

NationalInstituteofHydrology,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,India

MohammadZounemat-Kermani

DepartmentofWaterEngineering,ShahidBahonarUniversityofKerman, Kerman,Iran

Foreword

Soil,water,andforestarethemostvaluableand essentialnaturalresourcesforexistenceandsurvival ofhumanbeingsaswellasanimals.Theyserveas keyelementsingoverningthebasicprocesses,functioning,andecosystemservicesoflandontheearth. Landprovidestheprincipalbasisforhumanlivelihoodsandtheirwell-beingincludingthesupplyof food,fresh-water,habitat,andotherseveral ecosystemservicesaswellasbiodiversity.The bookentitled“Water,LandandForestSusceptibility andSustainability:GeospatialApproaches& Modeling”editedbyUdayChatterjee,Biswajeet Pradhan,SureshKumar,SouravSaha,andMohammadZakwanprovidesacomprehensiveinformation onapproachesofsustainabilityaddressingthewater,land,andforestresources. Today,geospatialmodelingapproachesincludingspatialanalysishaveemerged asthemostpowerfultoolandtechniquestointerpretandanalyzethesusceptibility andsustainabilityofthesenaturalresourcesatpresentandinfutureclimatechange scenarios.Emergenceofadvancedstatisticalmodelsandmachinelearningtechniquesinrecenttimeshaveofferednewopportunitiestoanalyzetheminsynergetic waytodevelopsustainablelandmanagementtoaccelerateimprovementinresource useefficiencyforsustainabledevelopment.

Thereisunprecedentedpressureonwater,land,andforestresources.Hundreds ofmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworlddependdirectlyonforestsfortheirlivelihood andfoodsecurity.FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO) estimatedaneedof50%morefoodby2050tomeetthedemandofrapidlygrowing populationsinmanycountriesoftheworld.Thus,thereistremendouspressureon agriculturallandtomeetthechallenge.Itrequireshighattentiononsoilsandwater resourcesfortheirsustainability.Theseresourcesarevulnerabletoongoingclimate change.Sustainablelandmanagementcancontributetoreducingthenegative impactsofmultiplestresses,includingclimatechangeonecosystemservicesand livelihoodofthepeople.Human-inducedacceleratedlanddegradation,waterscarcity,andclimatechangemaycontributetowardhighriskofincreasingagricultural productionanddeteriorationofecosystemservicesinthecomingyears.

Landdegradationanddesertificationhavebeentriggeredlargelyduetounsustainablelanduseaswellasdeforestationandhaveemergedasmostpressing problemsfacedbytheworldtoday.Nearly29%globallandisexperiencing human-inducedlanddegradation,thusaffectingmorethan2.6billionpeople.Soil erosioninducedbywateristhemajorcauseoflanddegradationintheworld.

Itreducesproductionpotential,accesstonutritiousfood,biodiversity,andenvironmentalservices.Landdegradationisalsoconsideredadriverofclimatechange throughemissionofgreenhousegases(GHGs)andreducingcarbonsinkcapacity. Increasinglandandwaterproductivityiscrucialforachievingfoodsecurity,sustainableproduction,andsustainabledevelopmentgoals(SDGs).Climatechangecan exacerbatelanddegradationprocessesthroughincreasesinrainfallintensity,flooding,increaseintemperature,droughtfrequency,aswellasseverity,dryspells,and sea-levelrise.Landdegradationandclimatechangemayhaveseriousimplications forsustainabilityofnaturalresourceandlivelihoodofthepeople.

Waterresourcemanagementwillbethemostchallengingtaskforfuturegenerationsastheyaredepletingwithhighpaceandreporteddrasticreductioninpercapitaavailability.Ithasbeenintensivelyexploitedinmostofthecountriesintheworld. Increasingpopulationandindustrialdevelopmenthavefurthercausedwaterpollutionanddeteriorationofwaterquality.Forestsastheessentialcomponentofthenaturalenvironmentarehometomorethan 3/4 oftheworld’slifeonland.Theyplaya criticalroleinmitigatingclimatechangeastheyactasacarbonsink.Itessentially contributestoregulatewatercycle,carbonsequestration,andbiodiversityconservation.Deforestationandforestfirescausesignificantdamagetoenvironmentand biodiversity.Theyalsoprotectvitalwatershedsandreduceriskofthenatural disasters,includingfloodsandlandslides.

Thebookdiscussesonwater,land,andforestsustainabilityissuesindetailwith respecttogeospatialcontext.Thechaptersarewrittenbyvariousexpertsfrom prestigiousinstitutions.Ingeneral,thisbookwillbeveryusefulforresearchers, academicians,policymakers,andunder-graduateandpost-graduatestudentsof soilscience,environmentalscience,forestry,ecology,andclimatesciencetounderstandthesenaturalresourcesinintegratedmannerespeciallywithrespecttosusceptibilityandsustainabilityoftheseresources.Iwouldliketoappreciateand congratulatetheeditorsforhighlightingthesemostemergingissuesinavery comprehensivemanner.

Dehradun April5,2022

Dr.M.Madhu Director

Introduction: Theoretical frameworkand approachof sustainability I

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Theoreticalframeworkand approachesof susceptibilityand sustainability:issuesand drivers 1

SureshKumar1,UdayChatterjee2,AnuDavidRaj3

1Agriculture,Forestry & EcologyGroup,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing(IIRS),IndianSpace ResearchOrganization(ISRO),Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India; 2DepartmentofGeography, BhatterCollege,Dantan(VidyasagarUniversity),PaschimMidnapore,WestBengal,India; 3AgricultureandSoilsDepartment,IndianInstituteofRemoteSensing(IIRS),IndianSpace ResearchOrganization(ISRO),Dehradun,Uttarakhand,India

1.1 Introduction

Fromasystemsapproach,thenotionsofsustainabilityandsustainabledevelopment areusuallyexamined.Inthebroadestsense,everysystem’ssustainabilitycanberepresentedbyanonreducingvaluationfunctionofthesystem’soutputsofinterest. Integrationofeconomic,social,cultural,political,andecologicalvariablesis requiredforsustainabilityandsustainabledevelopment(“UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED),”1992).Theinterconnectivity ofthreesectors:economic,social,andenvironmentactasthreepillars(Fig.1.1) ofsustainabledevelopmentthatmightmaintainanacceptabledegreeofbalance toaccomplishsustainabledevelopment(Barton,2000; Plessis,2000).Theenvironmentprovidesallthegoodsandservicesneededforthedevelopment;thesocial aspectutilizestheresourcesusingtheaidoftheeconomicsegment.Finally,itgives well-beingtohumansandconservingtheenvironmentthroughjudicialusageofresources.Sustainabilityisacharacteristicofasystemthatinteractswithitssurroundings.Itisnotastaticconditionorconsistentbutratherdynamicretentionofthe system’sprimaryidentityinconstantchange.Althoughsustainabilitydoesnot havealengthyhistory,theconceptofsustainabilitydoeshavealonghistoryofreligiousorsocio-culturalbeliefsaboutsafeguardingnaturalenvironmentsandadapting tonaturalwaysofliving.Therefore,theonlylong-standingchoiceistopursuethe long-termsustainabilityoftheentiresocialandecologicalsystem.Thepresenceof significantinterlinkagesamongsocietyandnatureisthebasisforconsideringthe wholesystem.Thislinkagedemandstheconsiderableupanddownofthethreepillarsmentionedabove.

Water,Land,andForestSusceptibilityandSustainability. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91880-0.00027-1 Copyright © 2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.