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VESUVIUS,CAMPI FLEGREI,AND
CAMPANIAN VOLCANISM
Editedby
BENEDETTODEVIVO
HARVEYE.BELKIN
GIUSEPPEROLANDI
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
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FrontCover:theimage “LaGrandeEruzionedelVesuviodel1767-Thegreat1767 Vesuviuseruption” isoftheartistAdrianaPignatelliMangoni
Contributors
HarveyE.Belkin
Retired,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Reston,VA,UnitedStates
RobertJ.Bodnar
FluidsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofGeosciences,VirginiaPolytechnic InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA,UnitedStates
MauroCaccavale
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
ClaudiaCannatelli
DepartmentofGeology,FCFM,UniversityofChile,Santiago,Chile;Andean GeothermalCenterofExcellence(CEGA),UniversityofChile,Santiago,Chile
MichaelR.Carroll
Universita diCamerino-ScuoladiScienzeeTecnologie,SezioneGeologia, Camerino,Italy
MartaCorradino
DipartimentodiScienzedellaTerraedelMare(DiSTeM),Universita ` diPalermo, Palermo,Italy
MariaRosariaCostanzo
DepartmentofEarthSciences,EnvironmentandResources,Universityof NaplesFedericoII,Italy
GiuseppeDeNatale
IstitutoNazionalediGeofisicaeVulcanologia,sezionediNapoli «Osservatorio Vesuviano»,Napoli,Italy
BenedettoDeVivo
PegasoOnLineUniversity,Naples,Italy;AdjunctProfessor,Deptof Geosciences,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute & StateUniversity(VirginiaTech), Blacksburg,VA,UnitedStates;NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China;Hubei PolytechnicUniversity,Huangshi,China
MassimoDiLascio
Consultant,Self-employedGeologist,Battipaglia(Salerno),Naples,Italy
RosarioEsposito
UniversityofCalifornia,DepartmentofEarth,Planet,andSpaceSciences, LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
GiuseppeEsposito
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
AlessandroFedele
INGV OsservatorioVesuviano,Naples,Italy
SarahJaneFowler
SchoolofEarthSciences,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom
TomGidwitz
SouthDartmouth,MA,UnitedStates
ChristopherR.J.Kilburn
UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
AnnamariaLima
DipartimentodiScienzedellaTerra,delleRisorseedell’Ambiente,Universita ´ di NapoliFedericoII,Naples,Italy
ChiaraMacchiavelli
GroupofDynamicsoftheLithosphere,InstituteofEarthSciencesJaume Almera,StructureandDynamicsoftheEarth,Barcelona,Spain
FabioMatano
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
AlfonsaMilia
ISMAR,CNR,Napoli,Italy
FlaviaMolisso
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
RobertoMoretti
Universite ´ deParis,InstitutdePhysiqueduGlobedeParis,CNRSUMR7154, Paris,France;ObservatoireVolcanologiqueetSismologiquedeGuadeloupe, InstitutdePhysiqueduGlobedeParis,Gourbeyre,France
ConcettinaNunziata
DepartmentofEarthSciences,EnvironmentandResources,Universityof NaplesFedericoII,Italy
GiulianoFrancescoPanza
EmeritusHonoraryprofessorChinaEarthquakeAdministration(CEA),Beijing, China;HonoraryprofessorBeijingUniversityofCivilEngineeringand Architecture(BUCEA),Beijing,China;AccademiaNazionaledeiLincei & AccademiaNazionaledeiXL,Rome,Italy
SalvatorePassaro
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
AngeloPeccerillo
RetiredfromDepartmentofEarthSciences,UniversityofPerugia,Perugia, Italy
GiuliaPenza
UniversityofCamerino,SchoolofScienceandTechnology GeologyDivision, Camerino,MC,Italy
FabrizioPepe
DipartimentodiScienzedellaTerraedelMare(DiSTeM),Universita ` diPalermo, Palermo,Italy
PietroPaoloPierantoni
UniversityofCamerino,SchoolofScienceandTechnology GeologyDivision, Camerino,MC,Italy
GiuseppeRolandi
Retired,UniversityNapoliFedericoII,Napoli,Italy
RobertoRolandi
DipartimentoScienzedellaTerra,AmbienteeRisorse,Universita ` diNapoliFedericoII,Naples,Italy
DanielaRuberti
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCampania“L.Vanvitelli”,Aversa (Caserta),Italy
MarcoSacchi
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
AntonioSchettino
UniversityofCamerino,SchoolofScienceandTechnology GeologyDivision, Camerino,MC,Italy
RenatoSomma
INGV OsservatorioVesuviano,Naples,Italy
FrankJ.Spera
DepartmentofEarthScienceandEarthResearchInstitute,Universityof California,SantaBarbara,CA,UnitedStates
VolkhardSpiess
FacultyofGeosciences,UniversityofBremen,Bremen,Germany
PaolaStabile
Universita ` diCamerino-ScuoladiScienzeeTecnologie,SezioneGeologia, Camerino,Italy
LenaSteinmann
FacultyofGeosciences,UniversityofBremen,Bremen,Germany
StellaTamburrino
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
MaurizioM.Torrente
DST,Universita delSannio,Benevento,Italy
ClaudiaTroise
IstitutoNazionalediGeofisicaeVulcanologia,sezionediNapoli «Osservatorio Vesuviano»,Napoli,Italy
EugenioTurco
UniversityofCamerino,SchoolofScienceandTechnology GeologyDivision, Camerino,MC,Italy
MattiaVallefuoco
IstitutodiScienzeMarine(ISMAR),ConsiglioNazionaledelleRicerche(CNR), SezionediNapoli,Napoli,Italy
GuidoVentura
IstitutoNazionalediGeofisicaeVulcanologia,INGV,Roma,Italy
MarcoVigliotti
DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCampania“L.Vanvitelli”,Aversa (Caserta),Italy
Acknowledgments
WeacknowledgethesupportofElsevierB.V.throughtheprocessofplanning,writing, reviewing,andtheproductionof Vesuvius,CampiFlegrei,andCampanianVolcanism. BehindtheElsevierbannerisastaffofextremelycompetent,hardworkingpeople,without whomtheproductionofthisvolumewouldhavebeenfarmoredifficultandoflesserquality. OmerMuktharMoosa,MarkRogers,SheelaBernardineB.Josy,andAmyShapiroare gratefullythanked.WeespeciallythankHilaryCarr,whoseexcellenteditorshiphasledand instructedustothesuccessfulcompletionofthisvolume.WealsothankAdrianaPignatelli Mangoni,Naples,Italy,fortheuseofhergouache LaGrandeEruzionedelVesuvionel1767 thatappearsonthevolume’scover.Lastly,wethankallthechapterauthorsfortheircontributionsandthemanypeerreviewersfortheirsuggestionsandcorrections.
BenedettoDeVivo
HarveyE.Belkin
GiuseppeRolandi
IntroductiontoVesuvius,Campi Flegrei,andCampanian
Volcanism
BenedettoDeVivo,1, 2, 3, 4 HarveyE.Belkin,5 GiuseppeRolandi6
1PegasoOnLineUniversity,Naples,Italy; 2AdjunctProfessor,Deptof Geosciences,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute & StateUniversity(VirginiaTech), Blacksburg,VA,UnitedStates; 3NanjingUniversity,Nanjing,China; 4Hubei PolytechnicUniversity,Huangshi,China; 5Retired,U.S.GeologicalSurvey, Reston,VA,UnitedStates; 6Retired,UniversityNapoliFedericoII,Napoli,Italy
InAugustofCE79,Vesuviuswaserupting(although,recent archeologicalresearchsuggeststhemonthwasOctober).In twoletterstotheRomanhistorianTacitus,PlinytheYounger describestheevents.The firstletterdescribesthejourneyofhis uncle,PlinytheElder,duringwhichheperished.PlinytheElder hadreceivedaletterfromRectina,thewifeofTascus,askingto berescued,butduetotheongoingeruption,therescueboatcould notreachtheshorenearherhomeandinsteadPlinytheElder sailedtoStabiaetomeetPomponianuswheretheybothdied. ThesecondletterbyPlinytheYoungerdescribeshisobservations oftheeruptionfromMisenum,atowninthePozzuoliGulf,across theBayofNaples.Theselettersareprobablythevery firstdetailed descriptionofavolcaniceruption.Itisinterestingalsotonotethat PlinytheYoungernevermentionsthetownsofErcolanoand Pompeii,sotheirexistenceremainedunknownuntilthelate 16thcentury,whentheywerediscoveredcoveredbyMt.Somma pyroclastics.
Forthenexttwomillennia,scientists,clergy,travelers,politicians,ambassadors,andothershavewrittenthousandsofpapers, books,andotherdocumentsonthevolcanoesandvolcanismin theNaplesregionthatincludesMt.Somma Vesuvius,Campi Flegrei(CF),theIslandofIschia,andrelatedrocks.Thus,itwould bereasonabletoassumethat “allthequestionshavebeenasked, andalltheanswershavebeengiven” regardingthescienceofthe Vesuvius,CampiFlegrei,andCampanianVolcanism.
Neapolitanvolcanicregion.Unfortunately,therealityisjustthe opposite!
ThegeologyandgeophysicsoftheNeapolitanvolcanicregion areverycomplex thetectonics,thepetrology,thelithospheric structurebeneaththevolcanicsystems,andmanyothergeologicalandgeophysicalaspects.Afternearly2000yearsofresearch, thefollowingthreequestionscannotbeansweredwithany con fidence:willtherebeanothervolcaniceruptionintheNaples area,andifso,where,andwhen?
Answerstothesequestionsdonothavejustacademicinterest, astherearemorethanthreemillionpeoplelivingintheNeapolitanvolcanicregion.
Inthe RepubblicaItaliana,theDepartmentofCivilProtection isgiventheveryimportantanddifficulttaskofpreparingvolcanic riskmaps,zoning,andotheraspectsrelatedtothepotentialofa volcaniceruption.Theriskmaps,zoning,etc.,mustbecontinuouslyupdatedasnewgeologicinformationandresearchbecomes available.Foronethingisabsolutelycertainthatduringavolcanic eruption,thelava,pyroclastic flow,ashcloud,etc.,willnotobey anypoliticalboundariesorpreconceivedscenarios.
WiththisbookonthevolcanismoftheNeapolitanregion (Vesuvius,CF,andignimbritesintheCampanianplain),we hopethatthescientificpointsofviewsofdifferentauthorsare notinterpretedas “certainties”.Someofthechaptershighlight ongoingcontroversialsubjectsrelatedtothevolcanismofthe Neapolitanvolcanicregion,suchasthesourceofthe39ka CampanianIgnimbrite(CI),thesigni ficanceofthebradyseism inCF,thenatureoftheNeapolitanYellowTuff(NYT)eruption, andthedelineationofvolcanichazardzonesforcivilprotection. Suchcontroversyisaveryhealthypartofscientificprogressasit forcesalltheinvolvedscientiststoreexaminetheirdata,assumptions,andhypotheses.Theliteratureis filledwithrejectedor modifiedtheoriesasnewdatawerecollectedandexamined. Whatweconsiderimportantisthatwhatevertherealscenario, intheshortandlongterm,forVesuvius,CF,andignimbritesin theCampanianplain,theresultsareobtainedonlyifthereisa nondogmaticapproach,whichfavorsanimpartialandbalanced evaluationofpeer-reviewedresearch.This,unfortunately,has oftennotbeenthecaseinItalyinrecentyears,especiallydue toanoverlytightandunhealthylinkbetweenpoliticsandvarious researchgroups.Theselinksdonotbene fitscienceorthesociety thatsupportsit.Thisdogmaticapproachisespeciallyegregiousif decisionsregardingthepublicsafetyandsecurityaremadeusing biasedorpoorlyevaluatedscientificresearch.Wehopethatthese chapterswillenableresearcherstostudythecontroversialissues
oftheCampanianPlainvolcanismforthebene fitofscienceand peoplelivingaroundthemetropolitanareaofNaples.
Sixteenchaptersinthisvolumehavebeenselectedtogivethe readeranideaofthecurrent “stateoftheart” regardingthe variousaspectsofgeologyandgeophysicsrelatedtotheNeapolitanvolcanicregion.Ashortsummaryofeachchapterbythe differentauthorsisgivenbelow:
Chapter2:BelkinandGidwitz (Thecontributionsandinfluence oftwoAmericans,HenryS.WashingtonandFrankA.Perret,tothe studyofItalianvolcanismwithemphasisonvolcanoesintheNaples area)reportthework,significance,andinfluence,onecenturyago, oftwoAmericanresearchers, HenryStephensWashingtonand FrankAlvordPerret,inItalianvolcanismwithemphasisonNeapolitanvolcanoes.BothWashingtonandPerretmadesignificantcontributionstothegeology,petrology,andvolcanologyofItaly,in general,butinparticulartotheVesuvius,CF(PhlegraeanFields), andtheIslandofIschia.Both,fromtheEastCoastoftheUnited States,publishedclassicalworksonItalianvolcanoes,the Roman ComagmaticRegion andthe VesuviusEruptionof1906,published bytheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington.
Chapter3:Pierantonietal. (KinematicsoftheTyrrhenianApenninesystemandimplicationsfortheoriginoftheCampanian magmatism)makeareconstructionofthegeodynamicevolution oftheItalianpeninsulatounderstandtheprocesses,which allowedtheformationofthemagmafollowingthegeometryof theLigurian Ionianslab.Intheirreconstruction,theCampanian Plainislocatedaboveasingularasthenosphericwindow,created bytheIonianslabdetachment,whichdetermines,duringthe UpperPleistocene,anelasticreboundoftheApuliancontinental lithosphere.Theconsequentmantleupwellinggivesrisetothe hugeamountofmagmathatcharacterizestheCampanianPlain.
Chapter4:Nunziataetal. (Lithospherestructuralmodelofthe CampaniaPlain)discussthelithospherestructuralmodelofthe CampaniaPlain.Accordingtheauthors,amantlewedge(VS of about4.2km/s),50kmthick,isfoundatdepthsshallowerthan 30km,onthetopofthewestwardsubductingApenniniclithosphere,overlyingtwofasterlayers(VS ofabout4.4km/s)upto about300kmofdepth.Thisiscompatiblewithburiedhuge amounts(morethan1.5km)ofcalc-alkalineandesiticand basalticlavasandwiththegeochemicalandpetrological findings thatsubduction-relatedmagmas,withbroadlytrachybasaltic compositions,wereparentaltoallthevolcanicsuitesinCampania.AmainfeatureintheuppercrustisthelowVS layer(5% velocityreduction)thatstartsatabout14 15kmofdepthand reachestheMoho.Thelow-velocitycrustallayerseemstobea
regionalfeatureasithasbeenfoundbelowRoccamon finainthe northandCF,BayofNaples,andMt.Vesuviusinthesouth.The widespreadpresenceofsuchlayer,withthepercentageofvelocity reductionpeakingbelowtheCFDistrictandMt.Vesuvius,seemsto beconsistentwiththepresenceofanextendedreservoir,fedfrom adeepsourcelocatedintheuppermantle,fromwhichthepockets ofmagmamayrisetoshallowerdepths.
Chapter5:Peccerillo (Campaniavolcanoes:petrology, geochemistryandgeodynamicsignifi cance )discussthepetrology, geochemistry,andgeodynamicsoftheCampaniaMagmatic Province includingSomma Vesuvius,CF,andIschiaandProcida islands whichispetrologicallyandgeochemicallydistinctfrom theRomanprovince,butwithclosesimilaritieswithStromboli volcano,ineasternAeolianarc,suggestingthattheCampania volcanoesdonotrepresentthesouthernextensionoftheRoman province,butratherthenorthernendoftheAeolianarc.Both theCampaniaandStromboliparentalmagmasweregenerated fromamantlesourcethatwasaffectedbymetasomaticmodificationsby fluidscomingfromthesubductingIonianoceanicslaband associatedsediments.Theoceanislandbasalt typecomponentof theeasternAeolianandCampaniavolcanoeswasprovidedby mantleinflowfromtheforeland.Asthenosphericmantlemigration tookplacethroughaslabwindowformedbyalong-striketear-offof theIonian-subductinglithosphereandwasfavoredbysuctioning bytheslabsinkingandrollbacktowardthesoutheast.
Chapter6:Cannatelli (TracingmagmaevolutionatVesuvius volcanousingmeltinclusions:areview)tracesevolutionof Somma Vesuvius,makingareviewofmeltinclusion(MI)studies. Inthelastfewdecades,thevolcaniccomplexhasservedasa naturalopenlaboratory,wherescientistshaveapplieddifferent analyticaltechniques(geophysicalandgeochemical)tounravel thenatureandevolutionofmagmas,thelocationandstructure ofmagmastorage,theeffectofvolatileondeterminingfrequency, andthestyleoferuptions.Cannatellipresentsthemajor findings andexistingknowledgeaboutageochemicaltoolthat,inthelast fewdecades,hasbeenusedtounderstandvolcanicbehaviorand nature:MIs.Inparticular,theauthorfocusesontheuseofMIsas atracerformagmageochemicalcompositionandevolutionat Somma VesuviusandrecompilesalltheavailableMIdatapreviouslypublishedintheliterature.
Chapter7:Esposito (MagmatismofthePhlegreanVolcanic Fieldsasrevealedbymeltinclusions),toanswerquestionson theevolutionandsourceoftheCFmagmatism,usesasinvestigativetoolMIs.EspositocomparestheMIdatafromtheliterature relatedtoCF,Procida,andIschiaandhehighlightsthreemain
pointsbasedonthiscomparison.The firstisthatonlyafewMI showquasiprimitivecomposition,andthesecanbecompared toinvestigatethemagmasourcesbelowthethreedifferentlocalitiesofthePhlegreanVolcanicDistrict(PVD),highlightingthatthe samemagmasourcecouldbepresentbelowthethreelocalitiesof thePVDatdifferenttimes.Thesecondpointisthatsomeofthe moreevolvedMIsshowdivergencefromthebulkrocktrend,indicatinganaturalreheatingbeforeeruptions,driveneitherbyhottermagmarechargingorbycrystalsettling.Thethirdpointisthat manyMIintheliteratureareshowedasbubble-bearing,nottakingintoaccountthevolatilecontentsofbubbles,thusindicating thatmoreresearchisneededtocorroborateordiscreditadvanced interpretationsofpreeruptivevolatilecontentsbasedonMIs.
Chapter8:Rolandietal. (The39kaCampanianIgnimbrite eruption:NewdataonsourceareaintheCampanianPlain), based onnewdrillingsthroughtheCampanianPlain,reportthattheCI iscomposedoftwo39kadepositionalunits,clearlydistinguished bytheirarealdistributionandweldingcharacteristics:CIUnit-1at thebase,coveredinsomeareasbyCIUnit-2.TheCIUnit-1isthe mostextensivegraytuffdepositshowinganunusualdegreeof weldingwithinthesouthwesternsector Giuglianoarea ofthe CampaniaPlain,whichisneverfoundintheignimbritic depositsinotherareasofthePlain.Theabsenceofacalderain theGiuglianoareaindicatesthattheCIsourceisassociated withoneormoreregionaltectonicstructures.Probably,this sourceareawasextendedtothesouth,butitwasnotrelatedto theCampiFlegreicaldera(CFc)asassumedbyotherauthors. FromtheGiuglianoarea,thecoignimbriteexpandinggas increasedstrongly,followingalongrunoutoverthe flattopographyoftheCampanianPlainandbyimpacting,inthenorth andeast,theApennineandRoccamonfinareliefs.
Chapter9:Rubertietal. (Effectsofthepalaeomorphologyon faciesdistributionoftheCampanianIgnimbriteinthenorthern CampaniaPlain,southernItaly)discusstheeffectsofpalaeomorphologyonfaciesdistributionoftheCI(39ka),oneofthemost explosiveeruptionsinthelast200kainEurope.Thepyroclastic depositsassociatedtothiseventshowdifferentlithofaciesfrom theventtothemedialdistalpartreflectingchangesinstyleof depositionand/orpalaeoenvironmentalsetting.Basedonabout 1000welllogstratigraphiesandpreviousstudies,aqualitative restorationwasmadeofthepre-39kaCIeruptionpalaeomorphologyoftheCampaniaPlain,wherefourmainpaleogeographic domainsarerecognized,conditioningthemedial/distaldistributionofthelithofaciesacrosstheplainandtheirvolcanoclastic characteristics.
Chapter10:Fowler (PetrogenesisoftheCampanianIgnimbrites:areview)reviewsintensiveresearchresultsoverthepast twocenturiesbasedontectonic,geochemical,andthermophysical databasewithintheCampanianVolcanicZone,particularlywith regardtothevoluminous39.28 0.11kaCI.Newobservations onpre-andpost-CIdepositsprovideabasisforidentifying long-termpetrogeneticpatterns.Thereviewsummarizingdifferent aspectsofCampanianVolcanicZoneresearchhighlightsmajor advances,providingafoundationonwhichtotesthypotheses andconstructquantitativelyconstrainedpredictions.Theimportanceoffractionalcrystallizationandopen-systemmechanisms includingmagmamixingandassimilationduringmagmaevolutionisemphasized.
Chapter11:Rolandietal. (TheNeapolitanYellowTufferuptionasthesourceoftheCampiFlegreicaldera) presentananalysis oftheCF,formedinsidea12 16kmcalderasystemasaresultof the15kaNYTeruption,whichproducedabout50km3 oftrachytic magma.Calderacollapsedevelopedwithinaregionaltectonic extensionalregime,wherelocalfaultsmirrorregionalfaulttrends. Theresultwascomplexcalderaarchitecture,indicatedbymultiplefeaturesattributabletotheinteractionbetweentrapdoor anddownsaggeometries.Theauthorspresentgeologicaland volcanologicalconstraintstoproposeanevolutionarysequence modelwherebytheNYTisanisolatedvolcanicstructurethat formedonlyinresponsetoasingle15kaeruption,incontrast tosomeprevioustheories.
Chapter12:MiliaandTorrente (Space-timeevolutionofan activevolcanic fieldinanextendedregion:theexampleofthe CampaniaMargin,easternTyrrhenianSea)discussresultsoftheir studyinvestigatingoffshoreandonshoreareasoftheCampania Marginintermsofstratigraphy,tectonics,andvolcanismata regionalscale,notfocusingtheirresearchworksatexplaining therelationshipsbetweentectonicandvolcanismonasingle volcanooreruption.Theauthorsdocumentedandreconstructed the3Dgeometryofseveralburiedvolcanoesandvolcanoclastic depositsandrecognizedacomplexlateQuaternarytectonic evolutionoftheregion.Theseresultssuggestastrictgenetic linkbetweenriftingandvolcanicactivityintermsofspace-time evolutionandthathighvolumesofmagmarosetothesurface throughregionalfaults.
Chapter13:StabileandCarroll (Petrologicexperimentaldata onVesuviusandCampiFlegreimagmatism:areview)discuss experimentalstudiesofcompositionsrelevanttomagmatismat VesuviusandCF,astheyprovideconstraintsonthepressure, temperature,andmagmaticvolatileactivitiesprevailingduring
variousphasesoferuption.Suchinformationhelpstodefinepressures(depths)oforiginforsomewell-studiederuptionsanddifferentiationtrendsthatlinkmagmacompositionspotentially relatedbycrystal-liquiddifferentiationprocesses.Likewise, studiesofvolatilesolubilityintherelativelyalkali-richmelt compositioncharacteristicofVesuviusandCFmagmatismcan providevaluableconstraintsforinterpretingthecompositionof MIsinphenocrystsofmanyeruptiveproducts.Theauthors discusshowtheseexperimentaldatacanhelptoexplainpressures ofMIentrapment,thepossibleimportanceofhydrosalinebrines insomemagmas,anddegassingprocessesorCO2 fluxingexperiencedbymeltcompositionspreservedinMIs.
Chapter14:Morettietal.(Hydrothermalvs.Magmatic: GeochemicalviewsandcluesintotheunrestdilemmaatCampi Flegrei),basedonthegeochemicaldatarecordedatCFcinthe last35ka,reviewthetwomainapproachesappearingintheliterature,yieldingdiametricallyoppositeconclusionswhen comparingthe1982 84andongoing(post-2000)CFcunrestepisodes.Theauthorsshowthatinertgaseshelptoevaluatethe geochemicalsignatureofthedeepupwellinggas,notcompatible withamagmamigratingtoshallowdepthsinrecenttimes.After theexhaustionofthevolatilecontentoftheshallowmagma emplacedin1982 84,onlythedeep-sourced(8km)magmatic gasfeedsandheatsthepresent-dayhydrothermalsystem.The authorsestablishthatthenatureofthe1982 84unrestwas magmatic,duetotheemplacementofashallow(3 4kmdeep) magma,interferingwiththe “normal” degassingdynamicsfrom thedeep(8km)magmaticreservoirofregionalsize.Onthecontrary,thepost-2005unrestisunlikelymagmaticandmostlikely hydrothermal.Thediscussedscenariosconfirminallcases,and independentlyofthetypeofunrest,thestrongroleplayedby theCO2-richgasreleaseofdeepprovenance.
Chapter15:Cannatellietal. (Groundmovement(bradyseism) intheCampiFlegreivolcanicarea:areview),afterillustratingthe CFvolcanicevolution,discussthedifferenttheoriesandinterpretationofthegroundmovements(bradyseism)phenomenon periodicallyoccurringinoneofthehighestriskvolcanicareas onEarthandoneofthemostdenselypopulatedvolcanically activeareasintheworld.TheactivecalderaofCF,locatedjust westofthecityofNaples,hasbeenknownsinceRomantimes foritshydrothermalactivity,intensevolcanism,andslow,vertical groundmovements,calledbradyseism.Intheircontributions,the authorsprovideadetailedreviewoftheseveralmodelsproposed inthepast40yearstoexplaingroundmovementsatCF.Although severalauthorsproposethatthedrivingmechanismforthe
acceleratedgroundupliftatCFcanbeattributedtoanemplacementofmagmaatshallowdepth,noscientific(petrological, geochemical,orgeophysical)evidenceseemstosupportthishypothesis.Theauthorssuggest,incontrastwithothermodels,that ahydrothermalmodelwithoutmagmaticrechargepaintsabetter pictureofthebradyseismphenomenon,asitbetterlinksscientific dataavailableintheliteraturewiththemagmatic-hydrothermal processesatCF.
Chapter16:Sacchietal. (TheHolocenemarinerecordofunrest,volcanismandhydrothermalactivityofCampiFlegreiand Somma Vesuvius)documentthemarinerecordofaspectrum ofvolcanic,hydrothermal,andsedimentaryfeaturesthatcharacterizethelatestPleistocene HoloceneevolutionoftheNaples BayoffshoreCFandSomma Vesuvius.Theauthorsresultsare basedontheintegratedanalysisofhigh-resolutionmarinedigital terrainmodelsderivedfromswathbathymetrysurveysand high-resolutionreflectionseismicprofilescalibratedwithmarine gravitycoredata.BetweentheSomma VesuviusandPozzuoli Bay,seismicprofilescalibratedwithgravitycoredatarevealed theoccurrenceofahummockyseafloorregion,knownasBanco dellaMontagna(i.e.,theMontagnaBank).Thisvolcanicbank wasshapedbythedraggingandrisingupofvolcanoclasticdiapirs (mostlyunconsolidatedpumice)asaconsequenceofpore fluid overpressureatdepthandassociatedactive fluidventingatthe seafloor.
Chapter17:DeVivoandRolandi (Hazardassessmenton VesuviusandCampiFlegreiactivevolcanicareas:Acriticalreview andalternativeviews)suggestthattheeruptivehistoryof Somma VesuviusandCFgivesreasonablereasonstoexpect eruptionsinthefuture,andtheycriticallydiscusstheeffectivenessofthepresentdelimitationoftheRedZonesofbothvolcanic activeareascarriedoutbytheItalianDepartmentofCivilProtectionandpresenttheiralternativeviews.Theauthorsbelievethat boththeriskassessmentmodelsexpoundedbyDCPdonotuse thebestscientificdataforestimatingtheareasandlevelsofrisk thatcouldbeassociatedwiththenextprobableworst-case scenarioeruptions,bothatSomma VesuviusandCF.
2
Thecontributionsandinfluence oftwoAmericans,HenryS. WashingtonandFrankA. Perret,tothestudyofItalian volcanismwithemphasison volcanoesintheNaplesarea
HarveyE.Belkin,1 TomGidwitz2
1Retired,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,Reston,VA,UnitedStates; 2SouthDartmouth,MA,UnitedStates
HenryStephensWashington
Introduction
HenryStephensWashington,thesonofGeorgeandEleanorP. (Stephens)Washington,wasborninNewark,NewJersey,on January15,1867.Hisfamilywaswell-to-do,relatedtothatof GeorgeWashington,andhegrewuponahomesteadinLocust, NewJersey,afewkilometersfromtheAtlanticshore.Atage12, hehadhisownchemistrylaboratory,andatage15,heentered YaleCollege,wherehereceivedhisA.B.degreewithspecial honorsinphysicsandnaturalscience.Washingtoncontinued atYaleandreceivedanA.M.in1888.Asagraduateassistant inphysics,hestudiedmineralogyandpetrography.Anearly publishedworkinvolvedacrystallographicalandopticalstudy ofcoppermineralsunderthedirectionofProf.E.S.Danain collaborationwithW.F.HillebrandoftheUSGeologicalSurvey (USGS)(HillebrandandWashington,1888).AfterYale,he attendedtheAmericanSchoolofClassicalStudiesatAthens, Greece,andparticipatedinvariousarcheologicalexcavations withhisbrotherCharlesM.Washington.In1891,Washington enrolledatUniversitätLeipzigwithProfessorsF.Zirkeland
Vesuvius,CampiFlegrei,andCampanianVolcanism.
C.H.Crednerforpetrographicandgeologicstudiesleadingtoa PhDwithhighesthonorsin1893.ForhisPhDhestudiedagroup ofvolcanoesinwhatisnoweasternTurkey(Washington,1894a). In1895,hereturnedtoYaletostudyrockandmineralchemical analysisundertheguidanceofProfessorLouisV.Pirsson.Using Pirsson’stechniquesasabasis,Washingtonequippedhisown laboratoryathisboyhoodhomeinLocust,NewJersey.Nowin anindependentposition,hecouldcollect,petrographically describe,andanalyzeanyrockhecollected;someofthe firstrocks heanalyzedwerethosehecollectedinItaly(Merwin,1952).
Fromthe1890suntilhisdeathin1934,Washingtonproduced aprodigiousvolumeofscienti ficworkencompassinggeology, petrology,mineralogy,chemistry,andarcheology(e.g., Keyes, 1934;Merwin,1952;Milton,1991).Hewasinterestedinarcheologythroughouthislifeandcontinuedtopublishonitsvarious aspectsespeciallyrelatedtomineralogyandrockchemistry (e.g., WaldsteinandWashington,1891;Washington,1894b, 1898,1921,1922).
Formoredetailsconcerninghislife,thereadershouldconsult stories,memorials,andobituariesby Keyes(1934),Fenner(1934), Lewes(1935),Barth(1936),Spencer(1936),Merwin(1952),Gibson (1983),and Milton(1991).
Milton(1991) describesthreephasesinWashington’slife, centeredonhiswiferunningoffwithanEnglishman,andafailed investmentinBraziliandiamonds(cf. Gibson,1983).Thus,inlight ofthisreversaloffortune,Washingtonbecameaconsulting mininggeologistwithaNewYorkCityofficefrom1906to1912. Duringthisinterval,hisbasicresearchwascurtailed.In1912, hejoinedtheGeophysicalLaboratory,CarnegieInstitutionof Washington.Thegeneralstructureofthischaptersectionwill usethesethreeperiodstodescribehisresearchintheformof commentaryonhisrelevantpublications.
ThischaptersectionisconcernedwithWashington’scontributionsrelatedtothepetrologyandmineralogyofItaly,with particularemphasisonthevolcanicregionaroundNaples,Italy, includingMt.Somma Vesuvius,CampiFlegrei(Phlegraean Fields),andtheIslandofIschia.Washingtonwasprincipallya petrologistinterestedinrockchemistryandmineralogy,but healsoincludeddetailedgeographicandgeologicdescriptions oftheresearchregionstoplacehisgeochemical,mineralogical, andpetrologicaldatainthepropercontext.
Afterthepublicationof TheRomanComagmaticRegion in 1906,Washingtondidnotstudy,indetail,thevolcanoesaround Naples,butstudiedmanyotherItalianvolcanicregions.These studieswillbebrieflysummarizedtoshowthesigni ficanceof
Washington’sresearchtothepetrologicalandmineralogical knowledgeofItaliangeology.Somepublicationscitedwere translatedorabstractedintoItalian;thesearenotdiscussed.
Publicationsbeforeandincluding1906 OnsomeIschiantrachytes,1896
IntheFallof1894,WashingtonvisitedthevolcanicIslandof Ischia,about30kmsouthwestofNaplesintheGulfofNaples, southernItaly,tocollectrepresentativespecimensforstudy. Duringpetrographicexaminationofthinsections, Washington (1896a) observedsheaf-likebundlesoffeldsparcrystalsfrom samplescollectedfromMt.Rotarothathefoundinteresting enoughtopublishashortdescriptivepaperonthembeforea moredetailedtext(see SomeAnalysesofItalianVolcanicRocks I section).Hespentmuchtextdiscussingtheoriginofthesespherulitesandcomparestheirshapeandtexturewithmanysimilar referencesintheliterature.
ItalianPetrologicalSketches,1896 97
In1896 1897,theJournalofGeologypublished fivelongpapers (Washington,1896b,c;1897a,b,c)onfourItalianvolcanicareas plusasummaryandconclusions:1 TheBolsenaRegion, 2 TheViterboRegion,3 TheBracciano,Cerveteri,andTolfa Regions,4 TheRoccaMonfinaRegion(notethatnameisnow Roccamon finaintoday’sliterature),and5 Summaryand Conclusion.
InSketch1,WashingtondescribeshistriptoItalyin1894, visitingtheItalianvolcanicareasandcollectingrepresentative samplesforpetrographicexaminationandchemicalanalysis.As heexplains:
ThenumberandeasyaccessibilityofitsvolcanoesrenderItalyan enticing fieldforthegeologist.Thepeculiarcharactersoftheir eruptiverocks,whicharerichinpotash,andinwhichleuciteisa mostcommonmineral,renderthemofspecialinteresttothe petrologist.Itwouldseem,however,judgingfromaquiteextensive surveyoftheliterature,thatthecountryhasbeenratherneglected inrecentyearsbypetrologists;since,exceptforacomparatively smallnumberofmodernpapersdescribinglimiteddistricts,we mustturnformanyofourdescriptionstothewritersofmorethan aquarterofacenturyago.Fewattemptsalsohavebeenmadeto correlatethefactsinourpossessionforthepurposeofdetermining thegeneralpetrologicalcharactersoftheItalianprovince.
TheorganizationineachofthefourRegionalSketchesisas follows:(1)Bibliography Washingtonreviewsallthereferences knowntohim,butonlydiscussesthemorerecentpapersrelevanttoeachregion,(2)Topography Adetaileddescription, includinglatitudeandlongitude,isgiven,(3)Petrography An extensivediscussionofalltherocktypesWashingtonidentified inhiscollectionandreferencetothosedescribedbyothers,but notcollectedbyhim.Thinsectionswerepreparedanddetailed descriptionsofthemineralogyaregiven,and(4)Chemical Composition Tablesarepresentedthatgiverockanalyses fromtheliteraturethatWashingtonhaddeemedworthy,plusa fewheanalyzedpersonally.InthelastSketch,Washington concludesthatwhathehasstudied,fromBolsenatothe Campanianvolcanoes,constitutesa “petrographicalprovince” characterizedchemicallybylowtomoderatesilicaandhigh K2Oandpetrographicallybytheabundanceofleuciteinmany rocktypes.HisdiscussionoftheCampanianvolcanoesislimited totherecognitionthatVesuviusisdifferentfrombothIschiaand CampiFlegrei,andthelatterhaveabundanttrachyte,incontrast tomostofthenorthernvolcanoesheexamined.
SomeanalysesofItalianvolcanicrocksIandII, 1899 1900
Intwopapers, Washington(1899,1900) publishestheresultsof hisrockanalysesandmineralogicalstudiesonrockscollected anddescribedinhisItalianPetrologicalSketches.Hestateshis reasons:
DuringthepasttwoyearsIhavemadeanumberofanalysesof Italianvolcanicrocks,withtheintentionofincorporatingthem inageneralarticleonthesubject.As,however,otherworkhas comeupwhichwilldelaythisindefinitely,ithasbeendecidedto publishthem.Isolatedanalysesofrocks,withoutdiscussionof theirrelationstothoseofotherconnectedtypes,areoflittleuse. Buttheymayproveofservicetoothersinvestigatingthisregion, andpersonallyIwouldliketoclearoutthispigeon-hole.
His “pigeonhole” includesanalysesoftrachytesfromthe PhlegraeanFields(CampiFlegrei)andtheIslandofIschia(Part I);ciminite(latite)fromMt.Cimino,Viterbo, “mica-trachyte” fromMt.Catini,Tuscany,andesitefromRadicofani,Tuscany, andleucititefromCapodiBove,AlbanHills(PartII).Inspiteof hisdesiretojustpresentthedatawithoutdiscussion,hedoes givedetaileddiscussionsandcomparisonswithsomeofhisanalysesandmineralogy.Furthermore,hediscussessomeofhis
olderdatainlightofmoreanalyticalexperienceandknowledge and “repudiates ” aformeranalysis,explainingthechemical details.TheanalysisI.LeucititefromCapodiBove,Washington analyst(Washington,1900,p.53),givesK2O ¼ 8.97wt%, w2wt% higherthanan1869analysisbyBunsenfromthesamelocality shownforcomparison.Washington’sdataarecorrectandreflect themodalabundanceofleucite[K(AlSi2)O6]intherock. Spencer (1936) andmypetrologyprofessor,S.A.Morse,relatedthatsome colleaguesduringWashington’stime “playfullysuggestedthat tobaccoashaccountedforthehighpercentagesofpotashinhis rockanalyses”;acigarwashisconstantcompanion,andhe handedonetowhomeverhemet(see Fig.2.3 below).
Cross,Iddings,Pirsson,andWashington,1902
EarlyoninWashington’sstudyofigneousrocks,herecognized theneedforclassificationandsystemizationbasedonaccurate rockchemistry,andsodidWhitmanCross(USGS),JosephP. Iddings(USGS),andLouisV.Pirsson(Yale),andtogetherthey producedtheCross,Iddings,Pirsson,andWashington(CIPW) normclassi fication(Crossetal.,1902)thathaslastedformore than100years,albeitwithsomemodifications.Inthe1906 The RomanComagmaticRegion text,WashingtonpresentsCIPW normsforallhisrockchemicalanalyses.
TheRomanComagmaticRegion,1906
Washington(1906) published TheRomanComagmaticRegion (Fig.2.1)asanextensivesummary,todate,ofhis fieldwork, petrography,andchemicalanalysesofvolcanicsfromLake BolsenanorthofRome,extendingsoutheasttoVesuvius,Ischia Island,andCampiFlegreiatNaples.TheCarnegieInstitutionof Washington,whichpublishedthevolume,partiallysponsored thesestudies.Here,henotonlydescribesthepetrographyand chemistryofhisextensivecollectionsbutalsoproposesthatthese volcanoeshaveacommonoriginandde finesthevolcanicregion asa “comagmaticregion.”
AnyreaderofthisvolumeshouldbeforewarnedthatWashingtonusesrocknamesproposedby Crossetal.(1902) basedonchemistryanddividedintoclass,order,rang,andsubrang;however, Washingtonalsogivesthe “old” name,e.g.,subrangphlegrose ¼ trachyte,whichwillbemorefamiliartothemodernreader.
Hedividesthecomagmaticregionintosevendistricts: Vulsinian thevolcaniccomplexaroundLakeBolsena,Ciminian volcanoesnearViterbo,Sabatinian thevolcaniccomplexaround
Figure2.1 FrontcoverofTheRomanComagmaticRegion(Washington,1906).
LakeBracciano,Latian theColliAlbanicomplex,Hernican volcanicsintheSacoRiverarea,Auruncan theRoccamon fi na complex,andtheCampaniandistrict.TheCampaniandistrict comprisedthreequitedistinctcentersofactivity,Mt.Somma Vesuvius,CampiFlegrei(PhlegraeanFields),andtheIslandof Ischia.Washingtonrecognizedthatthecessationofvolcanic activityfromnorthofRometoNaplesshiftedsoutherly,mostly
gleanedfromhistoricalreferencesbeforeradiometricdating.The lastrecordederuptionofIschiawasinCE1302,thelasteruptionin CampiFlegreiwasMonteNuovoinCE1538,andrecentVesuvius activitystartedinCE1631andcontinuedtoeruptwithanaverage 7-yearreposeperiod.
About70%ofthetextisdevotedto “petrography” wherehe describesindetail,eachofhis38 “subrang” Romancomagmatic regionrocktypes.EachdescriptionincludesMegascopiccharacters,Microscopiccharacters,Chemicalcomposition,Mode, Occurrence,andName.Attheendofeachrocktypediscussion, thereisasummaryofthehandspecimencharacter,microscopy, mineralogy,andwhatareconsidered type specimens.Inthe “Mode” section,thenormisgivenandcomparedwiththe measuredmode.The norm,acalculatedtheoreticalmineralogy basedonthechemicalcomposition,hadonlybeenrecently developed(Crossetal.,1902).Washingtonalsogaveanalyses fromotherauthorsfromthesampleorsimilarlocality.Heoften commentedontheirqualityandwouldgiveadetailedexplanationonwhysomeotheranalyst’sresultsdifferfromhis determinations.
Aftertheextensivepetrographicandchemicaldescriptions, Washingtonde finestheRomancomagmaticregionasfollows: silica(SiO2)rangesfrom45to62wt%,butmostvaryfrom56to 47wt%,alumina(Al2O3)isgenerallyhighwithanarrowrange onlyfrom17to20wt%,lime(CaO)ishighwithaconsiderable range,andsoda(Na2O)tendstobelowandvariesfrom1.0to 7.2withmostfrom1.5to3.5wt%.Themostdistinguishingchemicalcharacteristicofthiscomagmaticprovinceisthehighpotash (K2O)contentthatrangesfrom3.7to11.3wt%withthemajority onlyfrom6.4to9.6wt% itisindeeda “potassic” province.A detaileddiscussionoftheNormativeCharactersfollows,where Washingtonnotesthatnormativequartzisrare,andmostofthe rocksarenephelineorleucitenormative.Healsonotesthatin theCampanianDistrict,thethreemagmaticcentershavedistinct rockchemistrywiththoseoftheIslandofIschiamoreclosely relatedtoCampiFlegreithantoVesuvius.
Averyinstructivesectionfollows,whereWashington comparestheRomancomagmaticregionwithotherssuchas theBohemian,Eifel,LaacherSee,andespeciallytheHighwood DistrictinCentralMontana,extensivelystudiedbyhiscolleague, L.V.Pirsson.
Thetwoconcludingsectionsareontheformationofleucite andthedistributionofbarium.Leucitephenocrystsareanearly universalmineralogicalcharacteristicoftheRomancomagmatic regionrocks,andwhereitappearsinthenorm,italsoisinthe
mode,incontrasttonepheline.Washingtongivesasetofconditionsseeminglyrequiredforleuciteformation;lowsilicacontent (<56wt%),aSiO2/K2Oratiolowerthan13,andK2O/Na2O > 1. WashingtoncomparesthedistributionofbariumintheRoman comagmaticregionwithotherareasandnotesthatitsconcentrationincreaseswithincreasingK2O,andanalysessuggestthatitis inpotassiumfeldspars,notleucite.HealsonotesthatZrO2 hasa predilectionforsodicrocksandCr2O3 formagnesia-richrocks.
Publicationsfrom1906to1912
Inthesummerandautumnof1905,Washingtonvisitedthevolcanic districtsofCatalonia,Sardinia,Pantelleria,andLinosa,withtheaid ofagrantfromtheCarnegieInstitutionofWashington(incorporatedbyUnitedStatesCongressin1902;nowalsocalledthe CarnegieInstitutionforScience).Duringthisperiod,hisworkasa consultingmininggeologistlimitedhisbasicresearch.
WashingtonpublishedstudiesontwoislandsnearSicily, PantelleriaandLinosa(Washington,1908,1909;Washington andWright,1908,1910).ThepublicationswithF.E.Wrightmarked thestartofhiscollaborationwithmembersoftheGeophysical LaboratoryoftheCarnegieInstituteofWashington,recently foundedonDecember12,1905.Otherstudiesrelatedtothe southernMediterraneanregionsconcernedCatalanvolcanoes (Washington,1907a)andthetitaniferousbasaltsofthewestern Mediterranean(Washington,1907b).Healsocontinuedhis researchonleucite[K(AlSi2)O6]thathestartedin TheRoman ComagmaticRegion 1906withtwopapers(Washington,1907c,d).
HemaintainedhiscollaborationwithCross,Iddings,and Pirsson,andtheypublishedarticlesonigneousrocktextures (Crossetal.,1906)andmodificationstotheirquantitativerock classi fication(Crossetal.,1912).
PublicationsafterjoiningtheGeophysical
Publications1912to1919
TheGeophysicalLaboratorywasestablishedin1905aspartofthe CarnegieInstitutionofWashingtontoinvestigatetheprocesses thatcontrolthecompositionandstructureoftheEarth,including developmentoftheunderlyingphysicsandchemistryandto createtheexperimentaltoolsrequiredforthemanyexperimental
tasks.ArthurL.Daywasthe firstdirectoroftheGeophysical Laboratoryin1906andhadcomefromtheDivisionofPhysical andChemicalResearchoftheUSGS.HenryS.Washingtonwas hiredasapetrologist(Fig.2.2)in1912andremainedthereuntil hisdeathin1934,exceptforaperiodduringWorldWarIwhen hewasscienti ficattacheattheAmericanEmbassyinRome. Presumably,hemovedhisanalyticallaboratoryfromLocust, NewJerseytothenewGeophysicalLaboratorycampusonUpton Street,Washington,D.C.(Fig.2.3).
Figure2.2 H.S.Washingtonsbusinesscardthatnoteshisnewaddress.
Figure2.3 HenryS.Washington,c.1922,intheGeophysicalLaboratory, preparingtoanalyzeHawaiianrocks. PhotofromPicrylPublicDomain.
DuringhisgraduatestudiesatYale,Washingtonhad collaboratedwiththeUSGSChiefChemist,W.F.Hillebrand.After movingtotheGeophysicalLaboratory,hecouldnowfurther developrelationshipswiththeUSGS.MaryG.Keyes,whohad workedintheUSGSthinsectionlaboratorywithFrankS.Reed andJohnL.Mergner,washiredasWashington ’sassistantand becameacoauthoronsomepublications.
Inthesummerof1914,WashingtonaccompaniedGeophysical LaboratoryDirectorArthurL.Dayonatourofthevolcanoesof southernItaly,whichincludedVesuvius,Etna,andtheAeolian IslandsofVulcano,Lipari,andStromboli;onlyStromboliwas active.In WashingtonandDay(1915),adetaileddescriptionof the1914reposestateofVesuviusisgiven.
Otherpublicationsbeforeandafterhis1914excursion arerelatedtootherItalianvolcanoesanddealtwithstudiesof Sardinia(Washington,1913a,b;1914a,1915;Washingtonand Merwin,1915),Stromboli(Washington,1917a;KozuandWashington,1918),Pantelleria(Washington,1913c,1914b),andleucite inItalianlavas(Washington,1918).
In1917,Washingtonpublishedamonumentaltomeof1201 pagescontaining8602tabulatedanalysesandmanycomments onanalyticalquality(Washington,1917b).The1917publication wasagreatlyenlargedversionofUSGSProfessionalPaper14 publishedin1903,whichcontainedonly2881analyses.This publicationcontainsallofWashington’srockchemistryof samplescollectedfromCampiFlegrei,Vesuvius,andtheIsland ofIschiaaswellasotherItaliansamples.
Aspartofabookreview(Feininger,2002)of IgneousRocks:A ClassificationandGlossaryofTermsSecondedition,Tomas FeiningercommentsonanomissionconcerningtheCIPW classi fication:
Thatvastandambitiousclassi ficationscheme,basedon,yes, quantitativegeochemicalanalyses, flourishednotyesterday,but acenturyago.Itproducedhundreds(ifnotthousands)ofnew rocknames,mostnowmercifullyforgotten,andledtoa magni fi centcompilationof8602geochemicalanalysesinahuge (1201pages,4kg)andtimelesspublication: ChemicalAnalyses ofIgneousRocks byHenryS.Washington(U.S.Geol.Surv.,Prof. Pap . 99,1917).
Publications1920 1934
Nopublications,exceptone, WashingtonandMerwin(1921), directlyrelatedtotheNaplesvolcanoeswerepublishedduring thelaterpartofWashington’sresearchcareer,buttherewere
