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UrbanFormandAccessibility
UrbanFormand Accessibility
Social,Economic,andEnvironmentImpacts
Editedby CorinneMulley
InstituteofTransportandLogisticsStudies,UniversityofSydney, Darlington,NSW,Australia
JohnD.Nelson
InstituteofTransportandLogisticsStudies,UniversityofSydney, Darlington,NSW,Australia
Elsevier
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3.5Planningpolicyinterventionsforamoreequitablecompact
3.5.1Publictransportaffordabilitymeasures39
3.5.2Affordablehousingdelivery40
3.5.3Orbitalpublictransportdevelopment40
4.1Introduction
4.3Agencyanditsdistribution
4.4Marketsandgovernment
4.5Centralizedversusdecentralized
5Emergingmobilitytechnologiesandtransitions ofurbanspaceallocationinaNordicgovernance context
ˇ N.MladenovicandDominicStead
5.1Introduction
5.2Scenariosonemergingmobilitytechnologiesand implicationsforurbanspaceallocation
5.2.1Businessasusual(BAU)65
5.2.2Technology+non-shared(T)65
5.2.3Technology+shared(T+)66
5.2.4Technology+shared+infrastructure/policy(T++)66
5.3.1Methodologicalframework66
5.3.2Otaniemicasedescription68
5.4Results 69
5.4.1PESTLEanalysis69
5.4.2Resultingscenarios71
5.4.3Focusgroupdiscussionwithtransportplanners73
5.5Discussionofenvisioningresultsandgovernance implications 74
5.5.1Thecomplexityofimplicationsfromandforemerging technology74
5.5.2Networkedandresponsiblegoverningofthe technologicalemergence75 5.6Conclusion
6Urbanformandtravelbehavior:Theinterplaywith residentialself-selectionandresidential dissonance
VeroniqueVanAcker
6.1Introduction
6.3.2Dependentvariables:Publictransport andbikeuse87
7.4Placeandplacemakinginthreeurbancontexts
8Activeaccessibilityandtransit-oriented development:Connectingtwosidesof thesamecoin
8.4.1Bicycleandrailintegration130 8.4.2Sharedmobilityservicesandrail131 8.5Conclusion
9Urbanformandwalkableenvironments
DanielleSinnettandKatieWilliams
9.2Relationshipsbetweenthewalkingenvironmentand walking,healthandwell-being
9.2.1Relationshipbetweenurbanformandwalking143
9.2.2Importanceofperceptionsofneighborhoodquality andsafety148
9.2.3Walkability,andhealthandwell-beingoutcomes150 9.3Discussionandconclusion
10Thepotentialfortelecommutingtooffersustainable
HannahBudnitz,EmmanouilTranos,andLeeChapman
YipingYanandMatthewBurke
RaniaWasfiandYanKestens
12.4Theoreticalframeworks,pathways,andrelationships betweenbuiltenvironmentcharacteristicsandhealth
12.4.1Theoreticalframeworks190
12.4.2Causalpathwaysandrelationshipsbetweenbuilt environmentcharacteristicsandhealth192
12.5Empiricalfindingslinkingbuiltenvironmenttohealth 194
12.5.1Builtenvironmentandtravelbehavior194
12.5.2Builtenvironmentandphysicalactivity195
12.5.3Builtenvironment,exposuretofoodenvironments, diet,andobesity196
12.6Methodologicalchallengesanddevelopments 197
12.6.1Limitsofresidential-basedexposuremethodsand newapproaches197
12.6.2Causalpathways,estimationbiases,andcriticsof lackofcausalinference198
12.6.3Theimportanceofnaturalexperiments199 12.7Conclusion 199
13.1Introduction 207
13.2Howdoestransportinfluencehealth? 207
13.2.1Transport-relatedcollisionsandinjuries208
13.2.2Transportandclimatechange208
13.2.3Transportandrespiratoryillness209
13.2.4Transportandphysicalactivity209
13.2.5Transport,stress,andcommunity210
13.2.6Traveltimeandhealth211
13.2.7Transportandequity211
13.2.8Analternativeviewonthelinksbetweentheprivate carandhealth212
13.2.9So,whatisahealthytransportsystem?212
13.3Urbanformforhealthytransport 213
13.3.1Healthyurbanfabrics213
13.3.2Tamingprivatecarfabricsforhealthiertransport networks215
14.1Introduction
14.2Urbanform,publictransport,andsocialequity 224
14.2.1Postwarurbanstructure,publictransport,and poverty224
14.2.2Publictransport,employment,andsocial inclusion224
14.2.3Urbansprawlandforcedcarownership227
14.3Principlesbehindtransportequity
14.4Measuringpublictransportequity
14.4.1Whatismeasured?229
14.4.2Howisequityassessed?231 14.5Conclusion
15Urbanexpansionandmobilityontheperiphery intheglobalSouth
ChristoffelVenter,AnjaliMahendra,and NahunguLionjanga
15.1Introduction
15.2UrbanexpansionintheglobalSouth
15.2.1Newanalysisofupwardandoutwardgrowthpatterns incities244
15.2.2Keydriversofperipheralization247
15.3Impactsofunmanagedurbanexpansiononmobilityand access
15.4DiversityandmobilityattheGautengperiphery 250
15.4.1ContextoftheGautengcityregion250
15.4.2Characterizingtheperiphery254
15.4.3Caruseontheperiphery:Thecostsofbeingforcedto drive?258
15.5Conclusions
16Whogainsinadistance-basedpublictransportfare scheme?Accessibility,urbanform,andequity implicationsinSantiago,Chile
IgnacioTiznado-Aitken,JuanCarlosMun ˜ oz,and RicardoHurtubia
16.1Introduction
16.2Accessibility,affordability,urbanform,andequity:Abrief reviewfocusingonLatinAmericansettings
16.3CasestudysettingofSantiago,Chile
16.4Methods
16.4.1Whobenefitsfromadistance-basedfare scheme?272
16.4.2Howmuchdoesadistance-basedfareaffectthe
17Urbanformandpublictransportdesign
SeungjaeLeeandMadihaBencekri 17.1Background
17.2.2Connectionsbetweenurbanformandtransport290
17.2.3Transportandurbanstreets293
17.2.4Transportdesignrevolution294
17.3Publictransportdesign
17.3.1Introduction296
17.3.2Publictransportnetworkdesign298 17.3.3Sustainablepublictransportdesign300
18Innovativefinancialmechanismsfortransport infrastructureintimeofcrisis:Thecaseof LondonCrossrail
LucaCocconcelliandFrancescaMedda
MichaelG.H.Bell
DanielEngelberg,HeHe,Diem-TrinhLe,and P.ChristopherZegras
Contributors
Numbersinparenthesisindicatethepagesonwhichtheauthors’contributionsbegin
CourtneyBabb (107),SchoolofDesignandtheBuiltEnvironment,CurtinUniversity, Bentley,WA,Australia
JoanaBarros (27),DepartmentofGeography,Birkbeck,London,UnitedKingdom
MichaelG.H.Bell (359),InstituteofTransportandLogisticsStudies,University ofSydney,Darlington,NSW,Australia
MadihaBencekri (289),UniversityofSeoul,Seoul,SouthKorea
Genevie ` veBoisjoly (223),DepartmentofCivil,GeologicalandMiningEngineering, PolytechniqueMontreal,Montreal,QC,Canada
HannahBudnitz (157),TransportStudiesUnit,UniversityofOxford,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
MatthewBurke (173),GriffithUniversity,Brisbane,QLD,Australia
LeeChapman (157),UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UnitedKingdom
LucaCocconcelli (307),UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
MiDiao (327),CollegeofArchitectureandUrbanPlanning,TongjiUniversity, Shanghai,China
AhmedEl-Geneidy (223),SchoolofUrbanPlanning,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QC, Canada
DanielEngelberg (379),DepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanning,Massachusetts InstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
WanliFang (327),WorldBankGroup,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
HeHe (379),DepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanning,MassachusettsInstitute ofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
MarkW.Horner (13),DepartmentofGeography,FloridaStateUniversity, Tallahassee,FL,UnitedStates
RicardoHurtubia (265),PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Departmentof TransportEngineeringandLogistics;PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile, SchoolofArchitecture;CEDEUS – CenterforSustainableUrbanDevelopment, PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Santiago,Chile
JenniferKent (207),SchoolofArchitecture,DesignandPlanning,TheUniversity ofSydney,Darlington,NSW,Australia
YanKestens (187), EcoledeSantePubliquedel’UniversitedeMontreal(ESPUM); CentrederechercheduCHUM(CRCHUM),UniversitedeMontreal,Montreal,QC, Canada
Diem-TrinhLe (379),SMART,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Singapore
SeungjaeLee (289),UniversityofSeoul,Seoul,SouthKorea
NahunguLionjanga (243),ResearchInstituteforInnovationandSustainability, Pretoria,SouthAfrica
AnjaliMahendra (243),WRIRossCenterforSustainableCities,Washington,DC, UnitedStates
FrancescaMedda (307),UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
Milos ˇ N.Mladenovic (63),AaltoUniversity,Espoo,Finland
CorinneMulley (1),InstituteofTransportandLogisticsStudies,UniversityofSydney, Darlington,NSW,Australia
JuanCarlosMunoz (265),PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Departmentof TransportEngineeringandLogistics;CEDEUS – CenterforSustainableUrban Development,PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Santiago,Chile
JohnD.Nelson (1),InstituteofTransportandLogisticsStudies,UniversityofSydney, Darlington,NSW,Australia
DanielleSinnett (141),CentreforSustainablePlanningandEnvironments,University oftheWestofEngland,Bristol,UnitedKingdom
DuncanA.Smith (27),CentreforAdvancedSpatialAnalysis,UCL,London,United Kingdom
DominicStead (63),AaltoUniversity,Espoo,Finland
IgnacioTiznado-Aitken (265),PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Departmentof TransportEngineeringandLogistics;CEDEUS – CenterforSustainableUrban Development,PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,Santiago,Chile
EmmanouilTranos (157),UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom
DavidS.Vale (123),LisbonSchoolofArchitecture,UniversityofLisbon,Lisbon, Portugal
VeroniqueVanAcker (83),UrbanDevelopmentandMobilityDepartment, LuxembourgInstituteofSocio-EconomicResearch(LISER),Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg;DepartmentofGeography,GhentUniversity,Gent,Belgium
WijnandVeeneman (45),FacultyofTechnologyPolicyandManagement,Delft UniversityofTechnology,Delft,Netherlands
ChristoffelVenter (243),DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofPretoria, Pretoria,SouthAfrica
RaniaWasfi (187), EcoledeSantePubliquedel’UniversitedeMontreal(ESPUM); CentrederechercheduCHUM(CRCHUM),UniversitedeMontreal,Montreal,QC, Canada
KatieWilliams (141),ProfessorEmerita,UniversityoftheWestofEngland,Bristol, UnitedKingdom
Contributors
YipingYan (173),GriffithUniversity,Brisbane,QLD,Australia
P.ChristopherZegras (379),DepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanning, MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,UnitedStates
JinhuaZhao (327),MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA, UnitedStates
YunhanZheng (327),MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA, UnitedStates
Abouttheauthors
CourtneyBabb isaSeniorLecturerinUrbanPlanningattheSchoolofDesign andtheBuiltEnvironment,CurtinUniversity.Hisresearchfocusesontheintersectionbetweenplace,mobilityandinstitutionsincludingpropertyrightsand publicspace,placemakingpractices,children’smobilityandwell-being,geographiesofsmarturbanism,andinstitutionsforwalkingandcycling.Histeachingareasincludeurbanregeneration,governanceinurbandevelopment,and transportplanning.Theprojectsheisinvolvedinoftencross-boundaries betweenteaching,research,andadvocacy.
JoanaBarros isaSeniorLecturerinGeographicInformationScienceatthe GeographyDepartment,Birkbeck,UniversityofLondon.Herresearchfocuses ontheuseofgeospatialdataandgeotechnologiestoimproveourunderstanding ofsocialinequalitiesinurbanspaceandonthedevelopmentoftoolstoinform andguidepractitionersinthedevelopmentofurbanpoliciesandinterventions. Shehasexpertiseinsegregation,urbangrowthandchange,housing,andtransport.Sheisinterestedincomparativestudiesandhasworkedonavarietyof urbancontexts,includingLatinAmerica,UnitedKingdom,andChina.HercurrentprojectsincludeSIMETRI(JPI-Urban/ESRC),whichexplorespolycentric urbandevelopmentandhousinginthePearlRiverDeltaMegacityRegion, China;andRESOLUTION(ESRC),acomparativestudyoftransportaccessibilityandresidentialsegregationinthemetropolitanregionsofLondon,United Kingdom,andSa ˜ oPaulo,Brazil.
MichaelBell isaProfessorofPortsandMaritimeLogisticsintheInstitute ofTransportandLogistics,attheUniversityofSydneyBusinessSchool.Prior tothis,for10years,hewastheProfessorofTransportOperationsatImperial CollegeLondonandforthefinal5years,atImperial,hewastheFounding DirectorofthePortOperationsResearchandTechnologyCentre(PORTeC). HegraduatedfromCambridgeUniversitywithaBAinEconomicsandobtained anMScinTransportationandaPhDonFreightDistributionfromLeedsUniversity.Hisresearchandteachinginterestsspanportsandmaritimelogistics, citylogistics,transportnetworkmodeling,trafficengineering,andintelligent transportsystems.
MadihaBencekri isaPhDcandidateintheTransportationEngineering Department,andResearchFellowattheTransportationPlanningLab,atthe UniversityofSeoul.SheobtainedherMaster’sdegreein“UrbanandRegional Development”fromtheUniversityofSeoulin2017,andherTelecom
EngineeringdegreeattheNationalInstituteofPostandTelecommunication (Rabat,Morocco)in2010.ShehasworkedasagovernmentofficeratCasablancaTransportationAuthorityandCasablancaRegionalGovernment.
Genevie ` veBoisjoly isanAssociateProfessorattheDepartmentofCivil, GeologicalandMiningEngineeringatPolytechniqueMontreal.Shehasamultidisciplinarybackground,havingcompletedaBachelorofEngineering,amasterinsustainabilityscience,andaPhDinurbanplanning,policyanddesign. Herworktherebyfocusesonintegratingthelanduse,transport,anduserperspectivestosupportmoreeffectiveandequitablemobilitysystems.
HannahBudnitz isaResearchAssociateinUrbanMobilityattheTransport StudiesUnit,UniversityofOxford.Shecompletedherdoctoralstudiesatthe UniversityofBirmingham,wheresheresearchedtherelationshipbetween travelchoices,internetaccessibilityandextremeweather,andtheopportunities thattrendsinimprovingICTandincreasingspace-timeflexibilityofworkand travelofferformoreresilientresponsestotransportdisruption.Priortostarting herdoctoralstudies,HannahworkedasatransportplannerintheUnitedKingdomforfirstArup,thenReadingBoroughCouncil.ShealsoholdsaBAin UrbanStudiesfromColumbiaUniversityandanMScinCityandRegional PlanningfromCardiffUniversity.
MatthewBurke isanAssociateProfessorandtheTransportAcademicPartnershipChairattheCitiesResearchInstituteatGriffithUniversity,Australia.He coordinatestheInstitute’stransportresearchteam,whichmostlyundertakes industryengagedresearch.Matthew’steamispresentlyworkingonresearchcollaborationswiththeQueenslandDepartmentofTransportandMainRoads,BrisbaneCityCouncilandtheCityofGoldCoast,includingonactivetransportand publictransportplanning.
LeeChapman isaProfessorofClimateResilienceattheUniversityof Birmingham.Hisprimaryresearchinterestconcernstheimpactofweather andclimateonthebuiltenvironmentwithaparticularinterestinurbanclimatologyandinfrastructure.Duringa20-yearacademiccareer,hehasamassed over90refereedjournalarticlespublished(orinpress)ininternationalpeer reviewedjournals.Theoutletsforpublicationreflecttheinterdisciplinary natureofhiswork,spanningmanydifferenttitlesacrossengineering,physics, computerscience,andphysicalgeography.Prof.Chapmanhasakeeninterestin KnowledgeExchangeandhasworkedonanumberoninfrastructurerelated innovationprojects,mostlyfocusedonimprovingtheresilienceoftransport systemstoweatherevents.
LucaCocconcelli isanIndustrialProfessorattheInstituteofFinanceand Technology(UCL)whereheteachesBigDatainQuantitativeFinance.Luca holdsaPhDinAppliedFinancefromUniversityCollegeLondonandan MScinStatisticsfromUniversityofBologna.HeisaDataAnalyticsManager attheLondonClearingHouse(PartofLondonStockExchangeGroup)where hecoversEquityandFixedIncomeintheRisk&Innovationteam.Lucahas workedinM&GInvestmentsinRiskModellingandAnalyticsforEquityin xviii Abouttheauthors
thePortfolioConstructionandRiskdivisionandasaquantriskanalystinaboutiqueInvestmentManagement(MassenaInvestmentManagement).Lucaspent 7yearsinacademiaanddevelopedanumberofcollaborationswithinternationalinstitutionssuchastheEuropeanInvestmentBank,WorldBankand EuropeanCommission.
MiDiao isaSeniorResearchFellowintheInstituteofRealEstateand UrbanStudiesatNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS).Priortothisposition, hewasanAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofRealEstateatNUS.MiDiao receivedhisPhDinUrbanandRegionalPlanningandMasterinCityPlanning fromMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),UnitedStates,andBachelor’sandMaster’sdegreesinArchitecturefromTsinghuaUniversity,China.At thenexusofurbanplanning,urbaneconomics,andurbantechnology,MiDiao appliesurbaneconomicstheories,emergingbigdata,andnewanalyticsintacklingurbanchallenges.Hisresearchspansbigdataanalytics,travelbehaviorand transportationpolicy,spatialanalysisandmodeling,realestateandhousingpolicy,andurbanandregionaleconomics.
DanielL.Engelberg isattheDepartmentofUrbanStudiesandPlanning (DUSP),atMIT.Heisinterestedinhowplannerscanhelpcommunitiesprepare landuseandtransportationplansunderdeepuncertainty.Heisinterestedin spanningthegapbetweentechnicalapproachessupportingadaptiveplanning andactualplanningmomentsastheyplayoutontheground.Beforejoining DUSP,hegainedexperienceinexploratoryscenarioplanningattheNational CenterforSmartGrowthattheUniversityofMarylandandnowhisresearch hasturnedtowardadaptivemethodsandcomputationaltoolsforuncertainty. Movingforward,heintendstolinkthetwoaswellasexamininghow decision-makersaccountforuncertaintyintheiractions.Additionalresearch interestsincludesocioenvironmentalsynthesis,urbansystemsmodeling, regionallanduseplanning,andurbantransportationsystems.Danielpossesses aMastersinCommunityPlanningfromtheUniversityofMarylandandaBachelorsofArtsinMathematicsfromBatesCollege.
AhmedEl-Geneidy isafullprofessorattheSchoolofUrbanPlanning, McGillUniversity.HeisalsochairoftheWorldSocietyofTransportandLand UseResearch.Hisresearchinterestsincludelanduseandtransportplanning, publictransportoperationsandplanning,travelbehavioranalysisincluding bothmotorized(carandpublic)andnonmotorized(walkingandcycling)modes oftransportation,travelbehaviorofdisadvantagedpopulations(seniorsand peoplewithdisabilities)andmeasurementsofaccessibilityandmobilityin urbancontexts.
WanliFang isanUrbanEconomistattheWorldBankGroup.Shecurrently managesseveralurbandevelopmentandinfrastructureinvestmentprojectsin China.Shehas12yearsofexperienceinurbandevelopment,particularlywith respecttotransit-orienteddevelopment(TOD),smartcities,socialeconomic impactsevaluation,spatialanalysis,greenindustrialzonedevelopment,land valuecaptureandmunicipalfinance,andsoon.PriortotheWorldBank,
shewasanEconomistattheWorldResourcesInstitutebasedinWashington DC,wheresheconductedpolicyresearchtosupportsustainablecitiesinitiatives inmajoremergingeconomies.BeforemovingtoDC,shewasalectureratMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)andapart-timepolicyresearcherat theFederalReserveBankofBoston.SheholdsaPhDinurbanandregional economicsfromMIT,UnitedStates,andanMSandaBEdegreeinCityPlanningfromPekingUniversity,PRChina.
HeHe isaPhDCandidateatMIT.Hisresearchexploresthelinksbetween accessibilityandthebroaderurbansystem.Inparticular,heisinterestedin agglomerationforcesandeconomies,transportationandlanduseasfacilitators forurbaneconomicdevelopment,andhowurbanmodelingcanbeusedtoshed lightonthesetopics.PriortohisPhD,heworkedasatransportationconsultant withtheWorldBank,whereheconductedaccessibilityanalysesindata-poor developingcontextsincludingHaitiandTanzania.HealsoworkedforIBI Grouptoimprovetheiruseofdataanalyticsfortransportation,forexample, forthe2015TorontoPanAmGames.HegrewupinCopenhagen,Denmark, beforemovingtoCanadawherehecompletedaBachelorofAppliedScience inEngineeringScienceattheUniversityofToronto.HealsoreceivedaMaster ofScienceinTransportationatMIT.
MarkW.Horner isaProfessorofGeographyandAssociateDeanfor ResearchintheCollegeofSocialSciencesandPublicPolicyatTheFlorida StateUniversity.Hisresearchfocusesonissuesofaccessibilityanddeveloping understandingsoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenpeople’slifeneeds,urban form,andtransportationsystems.Heisparticularlyinterestedinapplications dealingwithcommuting,healthandmedicalservices,andemergencymanagement.HisresearchhasbeenfundedbyanumberofagenciesintheUnitedStates includingtheNationalScienceFoundation,USDepartmentofTransportation, andtheFloridaDepartmentofTransportation.Markhasservedthetransport communityaschairofTransportationResearchBoardstandingCommittee ADD20,SocialandEconomicFactorsofTransportation.Healsoserveson theeditorialboardsofseveralinternationaljournalsandisanassociateeditor forTransportation(Springer)andTransportationResearchRecord.
RicardoHurtubia isanAssistantProfessoratPontificiaUniversidadCato ´licadeChile,withadualappointmenttotheSchoolofArchitectureandthe DepartmentofTransportEngineeringandLogistics.Heisalsoaresearcher attheCentreforSustainableUrbanDevelopment(CEDEUS)andtheComplex EngineeringSystemsInstitute(ISCI).Hisresearchisfocusedonlocationchoice models,integratedtransportandlandusemodels,accessibilityindicatorsas toolsforprojectandpolicyevaluationandtheuseofdiscretechoicemodels toanalyzeandimprovethedesignofpublicspacesandinfrastructurethrough theunderstandingofuserbehavior.
JenniferKent isaRobinsonFellowintheUrbanandRegionalPlanning ProgramattheSydneySchoolofArchitecture,DesignandPlanning.Jennifer’s researchinterestsareattheintersectionsbetweenurbanplanning,transportand
humanhealth.Shespecializesincombiningquantitativeandqualitativedata withunderstandingsfrompolicysciencetotracethepractical,cultural,and politicalbarrierstohealthycities.Keyissuesexaminedtodateincludethelinks betweenhealthandhigherdensityliving,theinterpretationofhealthevidence intourbanplanningpolicy,thehealthimpactofextendedcommutetimes,and culturalandstructuralbarrierstosustainabletransportuse.HerfindingsarepolicyrelevantandhavebeenincorporatedintoStateandFederalurbanplanning agendas.Shepublishesregularlyinhighlyrankedscholarlyjournalsacrossthe fieldsofurbanplanning,publichealthandtransportandherworkiswidely citedwithinthesedisciplines.
YanKestens isaCIHRAppliedPublicHealthChairinUrbanInterventions andPopulationHealthandassociateprofessoratEcoledeSantePubliquede l’UniversitedeMontreal.HeholdsaPhDisUrbanPlanningandaMaster’s inGeographyfromUniversitedeLaval,Quebec.Hisresearchfocuseson improvingourunderstandingofhowurbanchangeinfluencespopulation health,consideringconvergingobjectivesofsustainability,improvedquality oflifeandreducedhealthinequalities.Yandevelopsnewtoolstocollectand analyzespatialdataandprocesses,includingwearablesensors,andmap-based onlinequestionnaires.
Diem-TrinhLe isaResearchScientistattheSingapore-MITAlliancefor ResearchandTechnology(SMART),wheresheleadsaprojectonstudyingthe impactsofautonomousvehiclesforurbanplanningandtransportpoliciesin Singapore,usingmicrosimulationapproach.Herresearchinterestsalsoinclude travelbehavior,seniormobility,emergingtechnologyandalternativetransport modes.PriortojoiningSMART,Diemhadworkedasaresearcherand/orlecturerattheTechnicalUniversityofMunich,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity ofSingaporeandHueCollegeofEconomics.ShereceivedtheBachelorofEconomicsdegreefromtheHueCollegeofEconomics(Vietnam),theMaster degreeinTourismManagementfromtheVictoriaUniversityofWellington (NewZealand),andthePhDdegreeinmanagement/economics(Dr.Rer. Pol)fromtheTechnicalUniversityofMunich,Germany.
SeungjaeLee isaProfessorofTransportPlanningintheUniversityof Seoul.HeobtainedhisPhDinDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondonin1994,andworkedasaResearchFellow inDepartmentofStatisticalScience,UniversityCollegeLondon,andthen KoreaTransportInstitutebeforejoiningtheUniversityofSeoul.Hefounded andservedInternationalJournalofTransportationasanEditor-in-Chief (ESCI).HehasalsoservedonseveraleditorialboardsofSCI/SSCIjournals suchas JournalofAdvancedTransportation, Transportmetrica, International JournalofSustainableTransportation,and ProceedingsofMunicipalEngineering,InstitutionofCivilEngineeringamongothers.
NahunguLionjanga isastrategyandinnovationconsultantattheResearch InstituteforInnovationandSustainability(RIIS).HerworkatRIISisfocused onenablingthemodernizationofindustriesthroughthedevelopmentand Abouttheauthors
xxii Abouttheauthors
managementofregionaland/orindustry-wideinnovationecosystems.She holdsamaster’sdegreeinTransportationEngineeringfromtheUniversityof Pretoria.HerdissertationexploredpublictransportaccessibilityintheCity ofJohannesburg,withkeeninterestintheaccessibilityaffordedtolowincome households,andhowitimpactstheirqualityoflife.Sincecompletingher Master’s,shehascontinuedtosupportresearchintransportaccessibility. Sheispassionateabouttransportengineeringandtheopportunityitpresents toplayanintegralroleinadvancingsociety.
AnjaliMahendra isDirectorofResearchattheWorldResourcesInstitute’s (WRI)RossCenterforSustainableCities.Sheleadstheresearchagenda,guidingtheRossCenter’sworldwideteaminconductinginnovativeandactionorientedresearch.Herexpertiseisinurbantransportandlandusestrategies, theirpublichealthimpacts,theirregionaleconomicdevelopmentandequity impacts,andmethodologiestoestimatetheirimpactsonemissions.SheiscurrentlyleadingtheWorldResourcesReport,“TowardsaMoreEqualCity,”a flagshipresearchseriesatWRIthatinvestigateshowrapidlygrowingcities intheglobalsouthcanachieveequitableaccesstocoreurbanservices.Aspart ofthis,sheauthoredpapersonhighprioritystrategiestomanageurbanexpansionandimproveaccesstoopportunitiesforallurbanresidents.
FrancescaRomanaMedda isaProfessorofAppliedEconomicsand FinanceattheUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL).SheistheDirectorofthe UCLInstituteofFinanceandTechnologydedicatedtoinnovativefinance andtechnology.Since2012shehasservedaseconomicadvisertotheUKMinistryofEnvironmentandAgriculture(Defra)andin2014attheMinistryof Finance(HMTreasury).SheisVice-PresidentoftheParliamentaryandScientificCommittee.Herworkispublishedinleadingacademicandpractitioner journals.Shehasworkedandworksactivelywiththeprivateandpublicsector includingTheEuropeanInvestmentBank,TheWorldBank,UNESCO,UNHabitat,WILLISRe,HALCROW,andUITP.Shehasheldseveralgrants, twoofwhichpertaintotheapplicationofcomplexityanalysisintherealworld, co-Investigatorinthe £6.2mEPSRCProgrammeGrant“LiveableCities”and the £5.8mgrant“NewBusinessforInfrastructureInvestments”.
Milos ˇ N.Mladenovic isanAssistantProfessorattheSpatialPlanningand TransportationEngineeringGroup,AaltoUniversity,Finland.Inaddition,he hasheldavisitingresearchpositionattheSpatialPlanningandStrategychair, DelftUniversityofTechnology.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludeassessmentofemergingmobilitytechnologiesanddevelopmentofdecision-support methods.Histeachingexperienceincludesarangeofcoursesintransportsystemspolicy,planning,modeling,management,anddesign.Milos ˇ iscurrently finishinghisengagementwithintheEuropeanCommissionexpertgroupadvisingonspecificethicalissuesraisedbydriverlessmobilityandisaneditorial boardmemberoftheEuropeanTransportResearchReview.Finally,hehas beentheorganizingchairfortheAaltoUniversitySummerSchoolonTransportationsince2015.
CorinneMulley wastheinauguralChairofPublicTransportattheInstitute ofTransportandLogisticsStudiesattheUniversityofSydney.SheisnowProfessorEmeritaattheUniversityofSydneyandanHonoraryProfessoratAberdeenUniversity.Corinneisatransporteconomistandisactiveintransport researchattheinterfaceoftransportpolicyandeconomics,inparticularon issuesrelatingtopublictransport.Shehasprovidedbothpracticalandstrategic adviceontransportevaluation,includingeconomicimpactanalysis,benchmarking,ruraltransportissues,andpublictransportmanagement.Corinne’s researchismotivatedbyaneedtoprovideevidenceforpolicyinitiativesand shehasbeeninvolvedinsuchresearchatlocal,state/regional,national/federal, andEuropeanlevels.
JuanCarlosMunoz isaProfessorattheDepartmentofTransportEngineeringandLogisticsofthePontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licadeChile,where heistheDirectorofthemultidisciplinaryCentreofSustainableUrbanDevelopment(CEDEUS).HehasaPhDinCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.Hisareasofinterestarepublic transport,logistics,transportnetworks,andtrafficflowtheory.JuanCarlos hasbeenDirectoroftheBusRapidTransitCentreofExcellence,amember oftheBoardofMetroofSantiagoandofValparaisoinChile,andafrequent advisortothegovernmentonpublictransportissues.
JohnD.Nelson istheChairinPublicTransportattheInstituteofTransport andLogisticsStudies(ITLS),UniversityofSydneywhichhejoinedin2019 fromtheUniversityofAberdeenwherehewasSixthCenturyChairinTransport StudiesandDirectoroftheCentreforTransportResearch.Beforemovingto Aberdeenin2007hewasProfessorofPublicTransportSystemsatNewcastle University,UnitedKingdom.Johnisparticularlyinterestedintheapplication andevaluationofnewtechnologiestoimprovetransportsystems(withaparticularfocusonpublictransportandsharedtransportsolutions)aswellas thepolicyframeworksandregulatoryregimesnecessarytoachievesustainable mobility.HeisSeriesEditorforRoutledge’s TransportandMobility and TransportandSociety bookseriesandrecentlyeditedaspecialissueonthefutureof publictransportfor ResearchinTransportationBusinessandManagement.
DanielleSinnett isanAssociateProfessorofGreenInfrastructureand DirectoroftheCentreforSustainablePlanningandEnvironmentsattheUniversityoftheWestofEngland,Bristol.Sheisanenvironmentalscientistwith over15years’researchexperienceingreeninfrastructureandbrownfieldland. Herresearchhasprimarilyfocusedontheestablishmentofgreeninfrastructure inurbanareasincludinghowthisrelatestowalkingenvironments,andhealth andwellbeingoutcomes.
DuncanA.Smith isaLecturerinGISandVisualizationattheCentrefor AdvancedSpatialAnalysisUniversityCollegeLondon.Hisresearchinterests areinurbanplanning,transportsustainability,spatialanalysis,andcartography; andhehaspreviouslyworkedintransportconsultancyandfortheGreater LondonAuthority.CurrentresearchprojectsincludetheESRCSIMETRIgrant,
exploringpolycentricurbandevelopmentandhousinginthePearlRiverDelta MegacityRegion,China;andtheESRCRESOLUTIONgrant,investigating transportaccessibilityandresidentialsegregationinthecityregionsofLondon, UnitedKingdom,andSaoPaulo,Brazil.Duncan’sresearchhasbeenpublished inseveralinternationaljournals,including EnvironmentandPlanning, The JournalofTransportGeography,and ComputersEnvironmentandUrbanSystems.DuncanlivesinLondonwherehesupportsthepromotionofcycling,and effortstoreducehousingandtransportinequalities.
DominicStead isProfessorofLandUseandTransportPlanningatAalto University,Finland.Hisresearchfocusesonpolicy-makingprocessesand governancearrangements.DominichaspreviouslyworkedatDelftUniversity ofTechnology,UniversityCollegeLondon,andtheUniversityoftheWest ofEngland.HehasbeenguestprofessorattheUniversityofMalta(2017), Friedrich-AlexanderUniversita ¨ t(2016)andHafenCityUniversita ¨ t(2010). Heisamemberoffiveeditorialboardsofinternationalpeer-reviewed journals: EuropeanJournalofTransportandInfrastructureResearch,European PlanningStudies,JournalofPlanningEducationandResearch,Planning PracticeandResearch,andUrbanPolicyandResearch.
NaomiStein isaPrincipalatEBPUS.Sheworkswithcommunitiesto incorporateeconomicsintothetransportationandinfrastructureplanningand investmentprocess.Sheisaleaderintheappliedpracticeoftransiteconomics andprioritizationintheUnitedStates.Herexperienceincludesco-authoring guidancefortheAmericanPublicTransportationAssociationontransiteconomicevaluation,aswellasdocumentingbestpracticeinthesameforthe TransportationResearchBoard.Shehasassessedtheeconomicroleoftransit andanalyzedthebenefitsandimpactsoffuturetransitinvestmentscenarios forregionsacrosstheUnitedStates,includinginVirginia,Nevada,Colorado, andGeorgia.NaomiisthePrincipalInvestigatoronacurrentnationalresearch projectonimprovingprioritizationmethodsforpublictransportationinvestments.PriortojoiningEBP,shewasaresearcherintheRegionalTransportation Planning&High-SpeedRailResearchGroupatMIT.
IgnacioTiznado-Aitken isaTransportEngineerandPhDcandidatefrom theDepartmentofTransportEngineeringandLogistics,PontificiaUniversidad Cato ´ licadeChile.HisdoctoralresearchisassociatedwiththeCenterforSustainableUrbanDevelopment(CEDEUS)andtheBusRapidTransitCentreof Excellence.HehasbeenpartofamultidisciplinaryresearchteamattheLaboratoryforSocialChange,andhewasaVisitingPostgraduateResearcherat theInstituteforTransportStudiesatUniversityofLeeds.Hisresearchinterests arefocusedontheuseofquantitativeandqualitativemethodstoaddressissues ofsustainabletransport,equity,gender,accessibility,affordability,poverty,and transportjustice.
EmmanouilTranos isaReaderinQuantitativeHumanGeographyatthe UniversityofBristol.Hisresearchfocusesonthespatialityofthedigitaleconomyandhehaspublishedonissuesrelatedtothegeographyoftheinternet xxiv Abouttheauthors
infrastructure,theeconomicimpactsthatsuchdigitalinfrastructurecangenerateoncitiesandregionsandthepositionofcitieswithinspatial,complexnetworks.Hehasastronginterestandexpertiseintheuseofnewsourcesofbig data,suchasdatafrommobilephoneoperators,tobetterunderstandthecomplexitiesofcitiesandurbansystems.Recently,hisresearchexploresthegeographyofthecreationofonlinecontentanditsinterrelationwithcitiesandthe spatialstructureusingwebdataanddigitalarchives.
DavidS.Vale isassistantprofessorattheLisbonSchoolofArchitecture, UniversityofLisbon,teachingcoursessuchasUrbanGeography,RoadSystemsandTransportation,andGeographicInformationSys tems.Hisresearch isfocusedontheintegrationoflanduseandtransportation,andontheintegrationofdifferenttransportmodes,w ithaspecialfocuson Transit-oriented developmentandActiveMobility.Heal soanalysesanddevelopswalking, cycling,andmultimodalaccessibilityindicators,andevaluatestherelationshipbetweenthebuiltenvironmentwithactivetravel,physicalactivity, andhealth.
VeroniqueVanAcker currentlyworksasaresearcheratLISER,Urban DevelopmentandMobilitydepartment.SheisalsoaGuestProfessorinSpatial AnalysisatGhentUniversity,DepartmentofGeography.Veroniquedoes researchontheinteractionbetweenthebuiltenvironmentandtravelbehavior. Herresearchtopicsinclude,amongothers,theimportanceofsoftfactorssuchas lifestylesandattitudes,behavioralchangetowardsustainablemobility,travel satisfactionandwell-being,peakcaranddifferencesbetweengenerations, acceptance,useandspatial/socialimpactsofnewmobilitytechnologies.
ChristoffelVenter isAssociateProfessorinCivilEngineeringanda researcherattheCentreforTransportDevelopmentattheUniversityofPretoria inSouthAfrica.Hisresearchandteachinginterestscenterontheplanning, design,andoperationsofmultimodaltransportsystemsincountriesofthe globalSouth,withaspecificfocusonhowtobalanceequityandsustainability concernsinhighlyunequalsocieties.Hehasauthorednumerousscholarly papersandreports,withsomeofhisrecentworkexaminingaccessibilitymetricsforequitabletransportplanning.
WijnandVeeneman isAssociateProfessorofgovernanceofinfrastructures atDelftUniversityofTechnologyandscientificdirectorofNextGeneration Infrastructure,aknowledgeplatformofsixmajorDutchinfrastructuremanagers.Inthislatterrole,heoverseesprojectswithmorethan25PhDsandPostdocs.Althoughtrainedasaspatialscientist,Wijnandcurrentlyleadsagroupof 45researchersatDelftUniversityofTechnology,workingonthegovernanceof infrastructuresystems.Hisownresearchfocusesonunderstandingtheperformanceofmobilitysystemsunderawidevarietyofgovernancedesigns, throughouttheworld.Thatresearchfocusesonunderstandinghowthesegovernancedesignsconditionpossiblesolutionsforthelargechallengestoourcurrentsocieties.Itreachesfromunderstandingcontractingandmanagementof transportinfrastructuresandservicestoregulatorychoicesfortechnology
