World Conference on Transport Research Society Transportation Amid Pandemics
Lessons Learned from COVID-19
Edited by
Junyi Zhang
Co-chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Yoshitsugu Hayashi
Chair, WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Center for Sustainable Development and Global Smart City, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
Series Editors
Füsun Ülengin
Antony May
Manfred Boltze
Barghab Maitra
Masanobu Kii
Alison Conway
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-99770-6
For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Joseph P Hayton
Acquisitions Editor: Kathryn Eryilmaz
Editorial Project Manager: Helena Beauchamp
Production Project Manager: Maria Bernard
Cover Designer: Greg Harris
Typeset by STRAIVE, India
3. The public health challenge of
Preface: The journey of this book project
1. COVID-19 and transport: Recording the history of fights against pandemics
Junyi Zhang and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
1.1
1.2
Part I
2. Historical overview of pandemics
Hitomi Nakanishi and Yasuko Hassall Kobayashi
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
Part II Overall impacts
4. The impacts of the built environment factors and population mobility on the spread of COVID-19 during its initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic: A case of China
Shuang Ma, Shuangjin Li, and Junyi Zhang
4.3.2 The influence of the built environment on COVID-19 spread
4.4 Conclusion
4.5.3
5. Impacts of COVID-19 on the transport sector in China: Facts and insights from early stages
Huiyu Zhou, Yacan Wang, and Joseph R. Huscroft
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Confirmed infection cases and deaths in China
5.3 Preparedness: Lessons learned from history, guidelines, and contingency plans of different transportation modes and facilities
5.4 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
5.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on China’s economy, society, and people’s lives
5.4.2 Impacts on international travel
5.4.3 Impacts on transportation system
5.4.4 Impacts on inter- and intra-city transportation
5.5 During-pandemic policy measures
5.6 Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic
5.7 Lessons learned from the duringpandemic measures and experience
5.8 Conclusions, policy recommendations, future research
6. Impacts of COVID-19 on the economy and the transportation
Werner Rothengatter
6.1
7. Impacts of COVID-19 on transport and responses to pandemic control in the Philippines
Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan
7.4 Moving forward in incorporating the transport policy framework on how
8. Changes in mobility and challenges to the transport sector in Brazil due to COVID-19
Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva, Cira Souza Pitombo, Jorge Ubirajara Pedreira Junior, Thayanne Gabryelle Medeiros Ciriaco, and Carolina Silva Costa
8.7 Future trends and policy-related challenges 113
8.8 Final remarks 114
8.8.1 Key findings 114
8.8.2 Policy recommendations 115
8.8.3 Research recommendations 115 References 115
Part III
Logistics and supply chains
9. Control and countermeasures for COVID-19 in the cold chain: The experiences of cold chain logistics in China
Taoxing Zhu and Suixin Wang
9.1 Background and research on the cold chain transmission of COVID-19 121
9.1.1 Background 121
9.1.2 Literature review 122
9.2 Import cold chain links and COVID-19 invasion risk process 123
9.2.1 Import cold chain logistics process 123
9.2.2 Possible contamination points along cold chain links 124
9.3 Epidemic risk control in the cold chain 125
9.3.1 Strictly implement epidemic prevention measures 125
9.3.2 Strengthening of personnel protection 127
9.3.3 Effective connection of cold chain links 128
9.4 Epidemic prevention and control mechanism based on cold chain links 128
9.4.1 A perfect risk control mechanism shall be established for cold chain logistics 128
9.4.2 Strictly follow the implementation mechanism of import and export cold chain standards 129
9.4.3 Establishment of scientific monitoring mechanism for international cold chain communication of COVID-19 129
9.4.4 Development of global COVID-19 cold chain cooperation prevention and control mechanism 129
9.5 Conclusions and discussion 129 References 130
10. Urban logistics and COVID-19
Laetitia Dablanc
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Referenced impacts of the pandemic on urban logistics
10.2.1 Monitoring and assessing COVID impacts in real time
10.2.2 A massive acceleration in online shopping
10.2.3 Changes and innovations in urban freight service provision 133
10.2.4 On-demand “instant deliveries” have taken center stage 134
10.2.5 Warehousing developments 134
10.3 Case study in Paris: Impacts of COVID on urban logistics operators 134
10.3.1 The first lockdown: Extreme variability of orders and sectorial economic difficulties
10.3.2 Two sectorial focuses: Parcel delivery and instant food delivery
10.3.3 Logistics real estate delayed by administrative hurdles
10.3.4 A summary of stakeholder issues and adaptability
10.4 Policy implications
10.4.1 Fast and efficient responses to the first emergencies 137
10.4.2 Logistics omitted from several postlockdown initiatives
10.5 Changing urban logistics in a postpandemic world
10.6 Key messages
10.6.1 Key findings
10.6.2 Policy recommendations
10.6.3 Research recommendations
11. Freight operations in the European Union during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicountry comparison
Ralf Elbert, Felix Roeper, Thierry Vanelslander, and Federico Cavallaro
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on freight transport in the EU
11.2.1 Belgium
11.2.2 Italy
11.2.3 Germany
11.3 Government support for freight operations in the EU 148
11.5.1
12. Short-run impacts of COVID-19 on the maritime and port sector: Measures and recommended policies
Thierry Vanelslander
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic 154
12.2.1
12.2.3 Capacity inputs and utilization 160
12.3 During-pandemic policy measures 161
12.4 Changes in lifestyles and business operation styles as well as society due to the pandemic 163
12.5 Lessons learned from the duringpandemic measures, guidelines, and contingency plans 165
12.6 Conclusion: Findings and recommendations 166
12.6.1 Findings
12.6.2 Policy recommendations
13. Longer-run policy measures on COVID-19 for the maritime and port sector: Plans and recommendations
Thierry Vanelslander and Patrick Verhoeven
13.1 Introduction 169 13.2
14. The impact of COVID-19 on air cargo logistics and supply chains
Lucy Budd and Stephen Ison
14.2
Part IV
Responses to distancing policies and
public
transport
15. Changes in activity organization and travel behavior choices in the United States
Jaime Soza-Parra, Giovanni Circella, and Daniel Sperling
15.1
15.3 Changes in work habit and mobility 195
15.4 Long-term consequences, planning, equity implications, and policy recommendations 197
15.4.1 Planning and equity implications, and policy recommendations 198
15.5 Key messages 199
15.5.1 Key findings 199
15.5.2 Policy recommendations 199
15.5.3 Research recommendations 199 References 199
16. Social contact patterns and changes at leisure/tourism activity settings during COVID-19 period: An international comparison
Rui Liu, Hongxiang Ding, and Junyi Zhang
16.1 Introduction 201
16.2 Survey and data 202
16.3 Results 203
16.3.1 Activity participation 203
16.3.2 Social contact patterns 204
16.4 Conclusions 221
16.5 Messages 221
16.5.1 Key findings 221
16.5.2 Key policy recommendations 221
16.5.3 Research recommendations 222 Acknowledgment 222 References 222
17. A cross-country analysis of behavioral changes in response to COVID-19 social distancing policies
Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano, Shinichiro Nakamura, and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
17.1 Introduction 225
17.2 Data 226
17.2.1 Mobility change data 226
17.2.2 Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker 226
17.3 Methods 227
17.4 Results and discussion 227
17.5 Conclusion 230
17.6
17.6.1
17.6.2
18. The impacts of COVID-19 and social distancing policies on social capital in Japan
Hiroyoshi Morita, Tsuyoshi Takano, Shinichiro Nakamura, and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Data and method
18.3.1 Impact of social distancing against COVID-19 on lifestyle, behavior, and income
18.3.2 Differences in the impact of socioeconomic conditions on lifestyle and income
18.3.3 Impact of lifestyle changes on social environment
18.3.4 Change in social capital
18.4 Discussion
18.5 Conclusions
18.6 Key messages
18.6.1 Key findings
18.6.2 Policy recommendations
18.6.3 Research recommendations
19. Restriction of public transport services as a part of COVID-19 containment policies and user responses
Takeru Shibayama
19.1 Introduction
19.2 COVID-19 policies in the public transport sector
19.2.1 OxCGRT data
19.2.2 Service restrictions of public transport
19.2.3 Interrelations between service restriction and movement restriction
19.3 User response to public transport during pandemic
19.3.1 TU Wien questionnaire
19.3.2 Changes in commuting travel behavior
19.3.3 Mode choice
19.3.4 Reasons for changes in mode choice
19.4 Discussion and conclusion
20. Comparing mobility, behavior, and public transit’s pandemic adaptation in New Zealand and U.S. cities
Leandro da Silva Correa and Anthony Perl
20.1 Introduction 261
20.2 Methodology 262
20.3 Selected cities 263
20.4 Data 264
20.4.1 COVID-19 dataset 264
20.4.2 Restriction measures dataset 264
20.4.3 E-urban mobility dataset 265
20.4.4 Transit ridership dataset 265
20.5 Analysis 265
20.5.1 Correlation analysis 268
20.6 Conclusions
21. Impact of COVID-19 on transportation in urban India
S. Velmurugan, S. Padma, Mukti Advani, Ritu Sharma, Ruchi Singhal, Chetan Patel, Vidushi Jaya, Premjit Khanganba Sanjram, Arti Roshan Soni, Kumar Amrit, Nitin Goyal, Chithira Unnikrishnan, Nurul Hassan, and Prasanta Kumar Bhuyan
21.1 COVID-19 Pandemic in India 275
21.2 Public transport usage: Global scenario 281
21.3 COVID-19 spread and transport usage: Indian scenario 283
21.4 Effect of COVID-19 on mode choice behavior 285
21.5 Managing the gap between demand and supply of bus transport during COVID-19: Case study of Delhi 286
21.5.1 Bus trip characteristics for Pre-COVID Scenario 286
21.5.2 Alternate strategies to balance the gap between demand and supply of bus trips 287
21.5.3 Comparison of strategies 289
21.6 Role of contactless technology to improve ridership and revenue of public transport 290
21.7 Concluding remarks
21.8 Key findings
21.9 Policy recommendations
21.10 Research recommendations 291 References
22. Passengers’ perception of COVID-19 countermeasures on urban railway in Bangkok
Varameth Vichiensan, Yoshitsugu Hayashi, and Sudarat Kamnerdsap
22.1 Introduction 293
22.1.1 COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand 293
22.1.2 Objectives 294
22.2 Review of the countermeasures on public transport in the other countries 294
22.3 Bangkok urban railway during the pandemic 295
22.3.1 Impact to rail ridership 295
22.3.2 Rail countermeasures
22.4 Data and method
22.4.1 Rail passenger interview 298
22.4.2 Travel behaviors during the pandemic 298
22.4.3 Perception of the COVID-19 countermeasures on rail 298
22.4.4 Factor analyses 298 22.5 Results 300
22.5.1 Exploratory factor analysis 300
22.5.2 Confirmatory factory analysis 302
22.6 Discussions 303
22.6.1 Significance of the countermeasures 303
22.6.2 Policy implications
22.8 Message
22.8.1 Key findings
22.8.2 Policy recommendations
22.8.3 Research recommendations
Part V
Recovery
23. The resilience of national highway transportation in China under the COVID-19 outbreak
Zhao Zhang, Feng Liu, and Daocheng Fu
23.1 Introduction 311
23.1.1 Impact of transportation on COVID-19 311
23.1.2 Impact of COVID-19 and control policy on transportation 312
23.1.3 Resilience quantification under emergencies 312
23.2 Research goal and approaches 313
23.3 Resilience 313
23.3.1 Definition 313
23.3.2 Quantification 313
23.4 Bounce level 314
23.5 Relationship between bounce level and recovery time 316
23.6 Conclusion 317 Acknowledgments 318 References 318
24. Tourism policy responses to COVID-19 and first-stage tourism recovery in China
Linghan Zhang, Rui Liu, Junyi Zhang, and Fengzhi Sun
24.1 Introduction 321
24.2 Research on tourism policy responses to COVID-19 in the first stage 322
24.3 Method 322
24.3.1 Data collection 322
24.3.2 Data analysis 322
24.4 Results and discussions 323
24.4.1 Summary of tourism policy responses in China during 2020 323
24.4.2 Tourism policy responses in detail 324
24.5 Conclusions and implications 328 References 330
25. The recovery of long-distance mobility after COVID-19: What can we expect?
Julien Brunel
25.1 Introduction 331
25.2 The immediate and global impact of COVID-19 331
25.3 The long-term impacts of COVID-19 on mobility 332
25.3.1 The scarring effects of COVID-19 on business travel 332
25.3.2 The hope of a sustainable post-COVID recovery 333
25.3.3 Travel restrictions 333
25.4 An acceleration of preexisting trends 333
25.4.1 The drop of business travel 334
25.4.2 Flygskam 334
25.5 Conclusion 336 References 337
26. Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on carbon emissions from the road transport sector in China
Runsen Zhang, Junyi Zhang, Wenchao Wu, and Tatsuya Hanaoka
26.1 Introduction 339
26.2 Data and methods 340
26.3 Results 341
26.3.1 Provincial monthly transport emissions from 2019 to 2020 341
26.3.2 Regional emission trajectories and monthly emission reductions 343
26.3.3 Spatial characteristics of transport emissions 344
26.4 Discussion and conclusions 346 References
27. Contagion spread modeling in transport networks and transport operation optimizations for containing epidemics
Xiaobo Qu, Kun Gao, and Xiaopeng Li
27.1 Introduction 349
27.2 Modeling the contagion spreading through transport networks 350
27.2.1 Spatial metapopulation model 351
27.2.2 Individual-based models 351
27.2.3 Future work directions 352
27.3 Transport operation optimization in the aftermath of COVID-19 pandemic 353
27.3.1 Needs of transport operation optimization due to pandemic 353
27.3.2 Operation optimization of transit systems and research directions 354
27.4 Conclusions 354
27.4.1 Key findings 355
27.4.2 Policy recommendation 355
27.4.3 Research recommendation 356 References 356
28. COVID-19 and big data technologies: Experience in China
Jing Kang and Junyi Zhang
28.1 Introduction 359
28.2 Sources of big data 360
28.2.1 Big data on human mobility 360
28.2.2 Epidemiological survey data
28.3 Smartphone applications of big data 361
28.3.1 Measurement of close contacts 361
28.3.2 Health code 362
28.4 Evidence regarding control measures 363
28.4.1 Lockdown measures 363
28.4.2 Restriction of movement and social distancing 363
28.4.3 Identification of infection risk scenarios 364
28.4.4 Cross-border transportation of food in the cold chain 364
28.5 Roles of big data in policy implementation 365
28.5.1 Multilevel management of epidemic control 365
28.5.2 Support for decision making on the resumption of activities 365
28.6 Conclusion and outlook 368
28.6.1 Key messages of policy recommendations 368
28.6.2 Future research challenges 369 References 369
Part VI
Future transformation
29. Collective thoughts about the COVID-19 pandemic and transport from a worldwide expert survey
Junyi Zhang and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
29.1 Introduction 373
29.2 Uncertainties and unknowns 374
29.3 Mindsets of policymakers 374
29.4 A chance to make great changes: This will never come again 375
29.5 Immediate measures for surviving COVID-19 376
29.6 Measures for the “new normal” period of the COVID-19 pandemic 377
29.6.1 Upstream measures: Public health, social, and economic systems 377
29.6.2 Downstream measures: Transport and logistics measures 377
29.7 Long-term changes in lifestyles 378
29.8 Measures for developing countries 379
29.9 Conclusions and future research issues 380
29.9.1 Interdisciplinary research on transport, urban planning, and public health measures 381
29.9.2 Revolutionary approach for resolving complex issues caused by pandemics 381
30. Leveraging the COVID-19 crisis for better public transport services in Asian cities
Fuyo Jenny Yamamoto, Madan B. Regmi, and Junyi Zhang
30.1 Introduction 383
30.2 Overview of transport policy responses to COVID-19 in Asia 384
30.2.1 Measures to restrict people’s mobilities
30.2.2 Measures to reduce transmission risks in transit
30.3 Implications of COVID-19 policy responses for public transport services
30.3.1 Governance and financing of public transport
30.3.2 Quality of services
30.3.3 Access control and digital exclusion
30.3.4 Modal integration
30.3.5 Collaboration with different stakeholders
30.5.1
30.5.2
30.5.3
31. Putting gender equality in the core of COVID-19 recovery for transport
Wei-Shiuen Ng, Magdalena Olczak, and Melissa Pedroso Moura
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport users
31.3 Impact of COVID-19 on women as transport workers
31.4 Policy responses to improve gender equality in transport
31.4.1 Providing targeted transport services
31.4.2 Promoting sustainable transport modes 403
31.4.3 Developing safety measures for transport users and workers 403
31.4.4 Improving working conditions for women 404
31.4.5 Strengthening security measure in public transport 404
31.5 Policy insights to achieve a more sustainable and inclusive transport future 404
31.5.1 Design transport services to meet women’s transport preferences 405
31.5.2 Improve transport safety for all users 405
31.5.3 Improve gender equality in the transport workforce 405
References 406
32. A proposal of recommendations for post-Corona mobility
Hideyuki Kanoshima, Yu Hasegwa, Takashi Oguchi, and Yoshihiro Suda
32.1 Outline of this chapter 409
32.1.1 Objectives and approaches 409
32.1.2 Layout of this chapter 410
32.2 Overview of the pandemic in Japan 410
32.2.1 Number of infected people 410
32.3 Urban transportation 411
32.3.1 Before the pandemic: Overcrowding and slow digitization 411
32.3.2 During the pandemic: Changes in people’s behavior, companies, and events 411
32.3.3 After the pandemic: Change in travel purpose and improvement in travel quality 412
32.3.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Measures for demand leveling and utilization of margin 413
32.4 Local transportation 413
32.4.1 Before the pandemic: Decline of local public transportation and aging population 413
32.4.2 During the pandemic: Major blow to transportation operators 414
32.4.3 After the pandemic: Accelerating decline of local transport 414
32.4.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Deeper involvement of public entities in public transportation projects 415
32.5 Entire transportation system 415
32.5.1 Before the pandemic: Information sharing and deficit fill 415
32.5.2 During the pandemic: Simultaneous crisis 416
32.5.3 After the pandemic: Cooperation among transport businesses to maintain the transportation network 416
32.5.4 Proposal for postCOVID-19: Integrated mobility services based on technical development, and introduction and large-scale implementation of new mobility services 416
32.6 Logistics 417
32.6.1 Before the pandemic: Problem of labor shortage and unconducive working environment 417
32.6.2 During the pandemic: Decrease in overall logistics volume and increase in courier services 417
32.6.3 After the pandemic: Increasing demand and worsening work environment 418
32.6.4 Proposal for post-COVID-19: Designing systems and developing technologies for more efficient logistics and higher productivity 418
32.7 Conclusion 418 References 419
33. The transport policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK
Greg Marsden, Iain Docherty, Jillian Anable, and Llinos Brown
33.1 COVID-19 in the UK 421
33.2 Travel trends 421
33.3 Working from home 424
33.4 Policy interventions 425
33.4.1 Active travel 425
33.4.2 Bus 425
33.4.3 Rail 426
33.5 Conclusions 426
33.5.1 Key findings 426
33.5.2 Policy recommendations 427
33.5.3 Research recommendations 427 References 428
34. Governance for post-COVID-19 carbon reduction: A case study of the transport sector
Junyi Zhang
34.1 Introduction 429
34.2 The carbon reduction identity in the transport sector 430
34.3 DIRECT approach 431
34.4 Seamless and integrated policymaking and implementation for carbon reduction in the transport sector: A “6-domain and 6-step” approach 432
34.5 Conclusion and challenges 439 Acknowledgments 439 References 439
35. Governance, COVID responses, and lessons on decision-making in uncertainty
Wijnand Veeneman
35.1 Introduction 441
35.2 What is governance and why does it matter in COVID times? 442
35.2.1 Governance as coordination through hierarchy, markets, and networks of stakeholders 442
35.2.2 Governance from most market regulation to a wider view 442
35.2.3 Governance as rulesets in the sociotechnical system of public transport 443
35.3 COVID responses and their effect of patronage 443
35.4 Governance and the rethinking of services after COVID 446
35.4.1 Governance and its effect on the decisions 447
35.4.2 First lessons from Amsterdam 447
35.5 Conclusion 448 35.6
Part VII Conclusions
36. Policy recommendations and future challenges
Junyi Zhang and Yoshitsugu Hayashi
36.1 Need for a true transformation of the postpandemic world 453
36.1.1 Infection risks and social distancing at early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic 453
36.1.2 Experts’ views about infection risks of COVID-19 during the use of public transport 453
36.1.3 Urgency of a postpandemic transformation 454
36.2 Pandemic response strategies: Zero-tolerance vs. with-virus 454
36.3 Pandemic-responsive local community 455
36.4 Pandemic-resilient contingency plan and transportation management 455 36.5 Transformation of transport policymaking
36.6 Resilient logistics and supply chains 456
36.6.1 Urban logistics 456
36.6.2 Shipping and ports 456
36.6.3 Freight transport 457
36.6.4 Air cargo transport 457
36.7 Pandemic-sensitive tourism and leisure policy 457
36.8 Planetary health-responsive recovery and ELSI
36.9 Future challenges
Contributors
Numbers in parenthesis indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin.
Mukti Advani (275), Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning (TTP) Area, CSIR—CRRI (CRRI), New Delhi, India
Kumar Amrit (275), CSIR—National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Mumbai, India
Jillian Anable (421), Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Prasanta Kumar Bhuyan (275), Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Llinos Brown (421), Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Julien Brunel (331), SNCF Reseau, Saint Denis, France
Lucy Budd (183), Leicester Castle Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
Federico Cavallaro (143), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Giovanni Circella (191), University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Thayanne Gabryelle Medeiros Ciriaco (105), Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
Carolina Silva Costa (105), Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
Leandro da Silva Correa (261), Urban Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Laetitia Dablanc (131), University Gustave Eiffel, LVMT, Marne la Vallée, France
Hongxiang Ding (201), Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Iain Docherty (421), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
Ralf Elbert (143), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Daocheng Fu (311), School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Kun Gao (349), Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Nitin Goyal (275), CSIR—National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Mumbai, India
Tatsuya Hanaoka (339), Social Systems Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Yu Hasegwa (409), Mobility Innovation Collaborative Research Organization (UTmobI) & Advanced Mobility Research Center (ITS Center), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Nurul Hassan (275), Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Yoshitsugu Hayashi (1, 225, 233, 293, 373, 453), WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Center for Sustainable Development and Global Smart City, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
Joseph R. Huscroft (47), North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, United States
Stephen Ison (183), Leicester Castle Business School, De Montfort University, Leicester, United Kingdom
Vidushi Jaya (275), Human Factors and Applied Cognition Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
Sudarat Kamnerdsap (293), Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
Jing Kang (359), Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Hideyuki Kanoshima (409), CORINS/TECRIS Center, JACIC (Japan Construction Information Center), Japan
Saori Kashima (25), Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Premjit Khanganba Sanjram (275), Human Factors and Applied Cognition Lab, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
Yasuko Hassall Kobayashi (15), Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
Shuangjin Li (37), Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Xiaopeng Li (349), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Hussein Sinsuat Lidasan (87), The University of the Philippines, Quezon City, Philippines
Feng Liu (311), School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Rui Liu (201, 321), Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Shuang Ma (37), College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Greg Marsden (421), Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Hiroyoshi Morita (225, 233), Nippon Engineering Consultants, Tokyo, Japan
Shinichiro Nakamura (225, 233), Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Hitomi Nakanishi (15), University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Wei-Shiuen Ng (399), International Transport Forum, Paris, France
Takashi Oguchi (409), Mobility Innovation Collaborative Research Organization (UTmobI) & Advanced Mobility Research Center (ITS Center), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Magdalena Olczak (399), International Transport Forum, Paris, France
S. Padma (275), Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning (TTP) Area, CSIR—CRRI (CRRI), New Delhi, India
Chetan Patel (275), Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India
Jorge Ubirajara Pedreira Junior (105), Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
Melissa Pedroso Moura (399), International Transport Forum, Paris, France
Anthony Perl (261), Urban Studies and Political Science, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Cira Souza Pitombo (105), Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
Xiaobo Qu (349), Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Madan B. Regmi (383), Transport Division, United Nations ESCAP, Bangkok, Thailand
Antônio Nélson Rodrigues da Silva (105), Department of Transportation Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
Felix Roeper (143), Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Werner Rothengatter (71), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Ritu Sharma (275), Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India
Takeru Shibayama (247), Institute of Transportation, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
Ruchi Singhal (275), Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India
Arti Roshan Soni (275), CSIR—National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Mumbai, India
Jaime Soza-Parra (191), University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Daniel Sperling (191), University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
Yoshihiro Suda (409), Mobility Innovation Collaborative Research Organization (UTmobI) & Advanced Mobility Research Center (ITS Center), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Fengzhi Sun (321), Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
Tsuyoshi Takano (225, 233), Nippon Engineering Consultants, Tokyo; Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Chithira Unnikrishnan (275), Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
Thierry Vanelslander (143, 153, 169), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Wijnand Veeneman (441), Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
S. Velmurugan (275), Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning (TTP) Area, CSIR—CRRI (CRRI), New Delhi, India
Patrick Verhoeven (169), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Varameth Vichiensan (293), Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Suixin Wang (121), School of Management, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, China
Yacan Wang (47), School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Wenchao Wu (339), Social Science Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
Junyi Zhang (1, 25, 37, 201, 321, 339, 359, 373, 383, 429, 453), WCTRS COVID-19 Task Force, Mobilities and Urban Policy Lab, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Linghan Zhang (321), School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Runsen Zhang (339), Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
Zhao Zhang (311), School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
Huiyu Zhou (47), School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
Taoxing Zhu (121), School of Management, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, China
Fuyo Jenny Yamamoto (383), Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
