Themuscularsystemmanual:theskeletalmuscles ofthehumanbodyFourthEditionMuscolino
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Jennifer Apodaca, LMT Albuquerque, New Mexico
Patty Berak, NCBTMB, AMTA, ABMP Program Director for Therapeutic Massage and BHSA Baker College of Clinton Township Clinton Township, Michigan
Jennifer Boal, M.Ed, LMT School of Healthcare Team Leader Pittsburgh Technical Institute Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Jill Burynski, LMBT, NCTMB Massage Therapy Educator Living Sabai Continuing Education Asheville, North Carolina
Andrea Claire Caplan, BA, LMT Owner
The Body Politic, LLC Chevy Chase, Maryland
Michelle Carbonneau, BA Chemistry, LMT, RYT Massage Therapy, Anatomy & Physiology Instructor Program Director Yogissage, LLC Honolulu, Hawaii
Denise Cugini, BBA, LMT, NCTMB Massage Instructor Beacon Wellness Arts Center Petaluma, California
Angelica De Geer, LMT, CA, BA, BFA, Dental Hygiene Certificate-Sweden Clinic Supervisor Midwest Institute Earth City, Missouri
Jeanne deMontagnac-Hall, BS, AHI, LMT Allied Health Instructor
Sinclair Community College-Courseview Campus Mason, Ohio
Gautam J. Desai, DO, FACOFP Professor, Department of Primary Care Medicine
Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences Kansas City, Missouri
Karen M. Hobson, MSHE, LMT Executive Director
The International Professional School of Bodywork San Diego, California
Jane Irving
Matt Isolampi, LMT, CNMT, MMP Massage Therapy Instructor, OCPS Wellness Representative Orange County Schools, Westside Tech Campus Winter Garden, Florida
Kathy Lee, LMT, BS Owner
Catalina Massage Therapy Tuscon, Arizona
David MacDougall, MA, LMT, CSHE Director/Associate Professor of Massage Therapy North Country Community College Saranac Lake, New York
Serenity Martinez, CPI, NCTM, ACMT Medical Instructor Omega Institute Inc. Pennsauken, New Jersey
Patricia C. Nuovo, LMT, Naturopath Massage Instructor Beacon Wellness Arts Center Petaluma, California
Tracey Obeda, MS, LMBT, NCTMB Massage Therapist, CEO/Owner Miller Motte College Cary, North Carolina
Roger Olbrot Director of Education Myotherapy College of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
Julie Onofrio
Licensed Massage Practitioner, Author www.massageschoolnotes.com, www. massagepracticebuilder.com Seattle, Washington
Kevin Pierce, MBA, NCBTMB
Elan Schacter, LMBT
Elan Schacter Massage Therapy Charlotte, North Carolina
Michelle Tramm, NCTM
Certified in Prenatal, Infant, Fertility, Therapeutics and KinesioTape Instructor
Indiana Therapeutic Massage School Indianapolis, Indiana
Terri Lynn Visovatti, BS, LMT, BCTMB, RockDoc, FMT, PMT, CKTP, CES Movement Specialist/Massage Therapist/Business Owner Urban Wellness Chicago Chicago, Illinois
Jeffery B. Wood, LMT, COTA/L, BS Massage Therapy Educator Massage Smart: Education in Action Inverness, Florida
Bob
King
Although I often wonder why some texts go through second and third editions, such was not the case with Joe Muscolino’s The Muscular System Manual! This new and spectacularly upgraded edition certainly establishes the author as the leading muscular system expert for manual therapists in this country. Indeed, the upgrades, resources, and knowledge base of this text are nothing short of brilliant.
Initially, Chapters 1 to 3 provide new and innovative material on how the muscular system works with a detailed overview of the roles of bones, joints, and connective tissues. Dr. Muscolino’s valuable perspective on the muscular system, the primary user of body energy, provides a perspective and background that would be of value to any manual or movement therapy student, even the individual with a very limited knowledge base. The location terminology, color drawings, bony structure, and movement presentations provide a basic kinesiology foundation that serves as a cornerstone for the rest of the book.
All of the muscles featured (yes, all of them!) are now re-ordered to their respective joints, making the flow and portability of this edition superior to other texts. Furthermore, it coincides with the way that most muscular/myology/ kinesiology classes are taught in massage and other bodywork schools. This is an especially useful adjunct for today’s student of the healing arts, offering a more systematic portrayal of muscular system and body functioning.
Remarkably enough, this edition is even more thorough than its predecessor in the presentation of muscle function. The author painstakingly presents not only the muscular attachments, but also expands the functional information of each muscle to include the concentric, shortening mover actions, and the reverse mover actions, as well as the eccentric lengthening and isometric stabilization actions. Incredible! These features alone are missing from other bodywork texts, and this material provides a more comprehensive understanding of muscle functioning at all levels.
Reverse mover actions are important because they explain, for instance, why the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) is not only a flexor of the thigh at the hip joint and an abductor and medial rotator of the thigh at the same joint, but also how its reverse actions anteriorly tilt the pelvis and ipsilaterally rotate and depress that side of the pelvis as well. This alone marks TFL as an overlooked source of low back pain, scoliotic compensation, sacroiliac dysfunction and a vitally essential muscle to release in the classic lower crossed syndrome. Useful hands-on and palpatory insights such as this abound throughout this exciting new edition. Simply reviewing this copy generated new clinical
insights for me for several clients with whom I currently provide clinical massage. It will be a primary resource in my treatment room for years to come.
Consequently, not only will the student, but also the experienced manual therapist, benefi t from this clinically relevant information, presented, once again, in a clear and systematic fashion. Fully expect your knowledge of challenging therapeutic cases to increase with this new edition, which is the most thorough book on muscle functioning currently available. I believe this text will also upgrade, if not revolutionize, the teaching of the muscular system, moving away from useless memorizations and dogma to functionally important information, descriptions, and solid explanations plotted out with careful reasoning.
New and improved color drawings are ubiquitous throughout this edition. Full-color drawings are featured individually, within muscle or function groups and also drawn on real persons, giving learners a vivid presentation of location, palpation, and attachment points. This feature alone will clarify concepts, and stimulate the visual learner to an even deeper awareness of the spectacular movements of the human body and the intricate combination of forces that generate optimal functioning.
An interactive CD is included with the textbook that is a fi rst of its kind! Each of the base illustrations is given showing the body and the skeleton along with a list of all the muscles of that region. The student can then build the muscular system on the illustration, choosing any combination of muscles to show next to each other. Do you want to see the TFL next to the sartorius? Perhaps add in the gluteus medius and/or iliopsoas? You choose. This CD alone will greatly enhance the beginner student’s ability to learn the muscles, as well as challenge seasoned therapists to better learn their anatomy. It helps students and therapists alike, not only learn the individual muscles, but also begin the incredibly important and needed clinical task of putting the muscular system back together! This along with audio fi les of the attachments and actions that allow the student to burn CDs and MP3 fi les to study on-the-go are alone worth the price of admission to the book.
The newly added Chapter 19 contains functional mover groups of muscles illustrating the concentric, reverse, eccentric, and isometric stabilization functions—once again showcased with excellent new drawings. The second part of this chapter illustrates (with the gracious permission of rolfer and myofascial innovator Tom Myers) the essential myofascial meridians depicting the fascial webbings and relationships of connective tissue that assist with movement and posture. This is yet another feature of The Muscular
System Manual that underlies its premier status as the most complete book available on this wondrous and vital system of the human body.
The author has truly created a work of science and art masterfully blended for optimal results!
Bob King August 3, 2009
Bob King, LMT, NCTMB
Bob King authored manuals, books, videos, curricula, and numerous clinical articles in a massage therapy career spanning more than three decades. He was a Cortiva Educational Consultant and conducted advanced myofascial trainings throughout the country. He was the founder and past president of the Chicago School of Massage Therapy, served two terms as AMTA National President, and was widely regarded as a successful innovator, activist, and educator within the profession. In 2009, Bob was named to the Massage Therapy Hall of Fame. In 2004, he received the Distinguished Service Award for the Massage Therapy Foundation for visionary leadership.
Bob King
The more than 650 muscles of the human body, when optimally stabilized and integrated, generate an elegant functioning that is truly extraordinary. The static hold of the weightlifter … the leaping twirl of the ballet dancer … the rotational decompression of the pole vaulter at eighteen feet … the stunning accuracy of a left hook … a touchdown pass … or the joyous flip of an exuberant cheerleader. Muscles in motion are the very essence of health, performance, and life itself. Unfortunately, this kinetic symphony sometimes comes to an abrupt halt when pain and injury impact the soft tissues.
As a practicing massage therapist for the past 30 years, I am still often intrigued and amazed by the “stuff” of the athletic injury or the muscular system breakdown: the muscles, tendons, skin, fascia, and ligaments are both promising and puzzling to the dynamics of healing.
This soft tissue “stuff” provides the physiological basis and the therapeutic significance of our hands-on clinical endeavors.
In witnessing the mysterious process of healing, it would seem that the successful hands-on bodyworkers must be adept and comfortable with their right-brain skills. These skills might include postural analysis, revealing global rather than isolated segmental relationships.
Therapeutic compassion and care can jump start the placebo effect. Intuitive hunches often prove more reliable than high tech testing protocols. Clinical reasoning is seldom linear. Skillful palpation includes wandering around in myofascial neighborhoods—and wandering doesn’t mean you’re lost. Novel explorations and vital discoveries within the soft tissue realm are often guided by literate palpation and three-dimensional visualization.
However, the left-brain skills of anatomical knowledge and objective accuracy are equally vital for successful outcomes. The charismatic extrovert, no matter how
reassuring and cheerful, requires a clear understanding of rotator cuff functioning to best serve the client with upper quarter pain. The introverted wisdom of the energy worker is more clinically effective when the attachments and function of the quadratus lumborum are clearly understood. Effective palpation is clearly an art and a science.
Fortunately, compassion and competency are not mutually exclusive skills. Neither are accuracy and artistry. A noted neuromuscular therapist once told me, “To really develop your intuition, know your anatomy!” How true.
So how do we creatively bring the objectivity, the detail and the accuracy of scientific anatomy into the learning process and the ongoing education of the bodywork practitioner?
Some 20 years ago, a groundbreaking event occurred with the publication of Drs. Travell and Simons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, Volume I. Physical medicine, manipulative medicine, and bodywork therapies were gifted with a lavishly illustrated and referenced guide to the human muscular system. Massage school curricula began to change. Anatomical competencies were elevated and anatomically-based clinical accuracy was the foundation for many advanced trainings and specialties within the field. “Neutralizing Trigger Points!” became the battle cry for a whole generation of massage therapists. As the therapeutic quest deepened and evolved, it became apparent that trigger points were only one mechanism of pain, dysfunction, and injury … and certainly not the only clinically important aspect of the healing process.
Mystery, nuance, perspective, and experimentation, all valid to the therapeutic encounter, seldom develop within rigid formulas. Inquiry, research and dialogue come together to compose a reflective landscape. In recent years, more thoughtful and inclusive bodywork approaches have emerged, encompassing muscle, fascia, function, structure, energetics, mobilization, breathwork, and self-stabilization in
• This book is meant to be used not only as a textbook, but also as an in-class manual. For this reason, checkboxes are provided for each muscle layout as well as each piece of information. This allows the student to check off exactly what content will be learned. Instructors, having students check off content covered, allows for extremely clear expectations of what they are responsible for.
• Arrows are placed over the muscle for each individual muscle illustration so that the line of pull of the muscle can be seen and visually understood. This allows for the actions of the muscle to be understood instead of memorized.
• A Miscellaneous section is provided that offers interesting insights to each muscle. Many of these are clinical applications that flesh out and make learning the muscle more interesting.
This book is backed up by an Evolve website that includes the following student resources:
• An interactive digital program that is simple, thorough, and easy to use. A base photograph of the region of the body is presented with the skeleton drawn in. A list of every muscle of that region is given and you can choose any combination of muscles and place them onto the illustration, allowing you to not only see that muscle’s attachments, but more importantly, to be able to see the relationship between all the muscles of the region. Any combination of muscles can be chosen!
• Video demonstrations by the author showing palpation of each and every muscle of the book.
• An audio feature in which the author reads aloud the names, attachments, and major actions of all the muscles. This allows for studying while commuting or for use with an MP3 device. Ideal for studying and learning while on the go!
• Interactive review exercises such as Drag ‘n’ Drop labeling exercises and Name That Muscle quizzes for further review of the skeletal muscles of the human body.
• 200 short-answer review questions to reinforce knowledge learned in the book.
• An interactive customized digital program that allows stretches of the individual muscles to be printed out for self-care use or for use with patients/clients.
• A concise review of all organ systems of the body.
• Supplemental appendices featuring valuable information on the following topics: soft tissue attachments, palpation guidelines, overview of innervation, overview of arterial supply, additional skeletal muscles, and mnemonics for remembering muscle names.
For instructors, the entire book is available in 50-minute PowerPoint lectures, with learning outcomes, discussion topics, and critical thinking questions. There is also an instructor’s manual that provides step-by-step approaches to leading the class through learning the muscles, as well as case studies that allow for a critical thinking application of the muscles to common musculoskeletal conditions. Further, a complete image collection that contains every figure in the book, and a test bank in ExamView containing 1,500 questions, are provided.
The Muscular System Manual is also supported by an excellent coloring book and set of flash cards that can be purchased separately. Look for Musculoskeletal Anatomy Coloring Book, 2nd edition, and Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd edition, published by Mosby/Elsevier. For more on muscle palpation, look for The Muscle and Bone Palpation Manual, With Trigger Points, Referral Patterns, and Stretching, 2nd edition (Mosby/Elsevier, 2015).
This book is thick and packed with information. You can choose exactly how much you want to learn. If you are a beginner to learning muscles, the outstanding illustrations and the simple and clear explanations will make learning muscles easy. If you are an advanced student of the muscular system, the depth of information will help you reach new levels of knowledge and clinical application. You will not outgrow this book. Whether as an in-class manual or a reference text for your bookshelf, you will find this book to be an ideal and essential book now and into the future!
No book of this magnitude can be achieved without help. I would like to express my gratitude to so many people who aided and supported me in the production of this book. This book would not exist today if it were not for the help and support that all of you have given me.
Much of the beauty and success of this book rests in the beautiful illustrations of muscles and bones drawn over photographs of models. Photography was done by Yanik Chauvin and the principle model is Audrey Van Herck, both of Montreal, Canada. The artists are Frank Forney and Dave Carlson of Colorado and Giovanni Rimasti of Canada. A big thank you is also due to Jodie Bernard of Lightbox Visuals in Canada. Many of the illustrations from Chapters 1 and 3 were artfully done by Jean Luciano of Connecticut and Jeanne Robertson of St. Louis and borrowed from my Kinesiology textbook.
The art direction and layout set the tone of this book. Thank you to Julia Dummitt for making a muscle book so attractive to look at and so easy to negotiate. Putting together a book of this size is no small feat. Thank you to the Production people at Elsevier. And a special thank you to the Editorial team at Elsevier, Shelly Stringer and Kelly Skelton, who worked hand in hand with me throughout this entire project. One could not ask for a more devoted managing editor than Shelly; she was truly my partner in the creation of this edition. And Kelly skillfully attended to every detail along the way. And continuing appreciation to Jennifer Watrous, my original editor, for all her work and assistance with the earlier editions of this book.
A continuing thank you to Dr. Sharon Sawitzke, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Division of Anatomical Sciences at the University of Bridgeport, College of Chiropractic, who lent her expertise to provide the information regarding the arterial supply to the muscles. I could not have simplified
and organized this material without her. And continuing thanks to David Elliot, PhD of the Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine, my content editor, who combed through the original edition of this book, ensuring that the informational content was correct. He also fielded countless questions from me, helping me organize the content, and provided needed information when the boundaries of my knowledge had been reached.
Thank you also to Tom Myers of Maine who graciously lent of his knowledge and was generous with illustrations from the third edition of his book, Anatomy Trains.
I would like to thank Dr. Michael Carnes, my first anatomy instructor, of Western States Chiropractic College in Portland, Oregon. He first whetted my appetite for learning, understanding, and appreciating the beauty of anatomy and physiology.
I believe that textbook writing is essentially “teaching on pages.” I am so lucky to have had the best field training that anyone could ask for. Teaching at the Connecticut Center for Massage Therapy (CCMT) under the guidance of Steve Kitts shaped me as a writer. I don’t think my students realized just how much I was learning along with them. Thank you to the many teaching assistants I was lucky enough to have through the years. So many of them not only assisted in the classroom, but also improved my teaching by showing me ways of more clearly explaining and demonstrating the material to our students. And I always reserve a special acknowledgement to one student (and now a fellow instructor), William Courtland, who one day uttered the simple words, “You should write a book.” Those words began my writing career.
Lastly, I must express my love and appreciation to my entire family for their unending love, support, and understanding as I sat at my computer hour after hour after hour working on this book.
Dr. Joe Muscolino has been teaching musculoskeletal and visceral anatomy and physiology, kinesiology, neurology, pathology, and handson manual and movement therapy courses for 30 years.
Dr. Muscolino has also published the following titles with Elsevier:
• Kinesiology: The Skeletal System and Muscle Function, 2nd edition.
• The Muscle and Bone Palpation Manual, with Trigger Points, Referral Patterns, and Stretching
• Musculoskeletal Anatomy Coloring Book
• Know the Body: Muscle, Bone, and Palpation Essentials
• Workbook for Know the Body: Muscle, Bone, and Palpation Essentials
• Musculoskeletal Anatomy Flashcards
• Flashcards for Bones, Joints, and Actions of the Human Body
• Flashcards for Palpation, Trigger Points, and Referral Patterns
• Mosby’s Trigger Point Flip Chart with Referral Patterns and Stretching.
And he has also self published the following two titles:
• Advanced Treatment Techniques for the Manual Therapist: Neck
• Manual Therapy for the Low Back and Pelvis: A Clinical Orthopedic Approach
In addition, Dr. Muscolino has published numerous DVDs for the manual and movement therapist on such topics as orthopedic assessment, palpation, body mechanics, soft tissue manipulation, stretching, and arthrofascial stretching (Grade IV Joint Mobilization).
Dr. Muscolino writes the column article, “Body Mechanics,” in The Massage Therapy Journal (MTJ) and has written for the Journal of Bodywork and Movement
Therapies (JBMT) as well as many other journals, both in the United States and overseas.
Dr. Muscolino teaches continuing education workshops in the world of manual and movement therapies, including a Certification in Clinical Orthopedic Manual Therapy (COMT). He teaches these workshops throughout the United States, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Asia. He also runs instructor in-services for kinesiology instructors. He is an approved provider of continuing education (CE); and CE credit is available through the NCBTMB for Massage Therapists and Bodyworkers toward certification renewal.
Dr. Joe Muscolino holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biology from the State University of New York at Binghamton, Harpur College. He attained his Doctor of Chiropractic Degree from Western States Chiropractic College in Portland, Oregon, and is licensed in Connecticut, New York, and California. Dr. Muscolino has been in private practice in Connecticut for more than 30 years and incorporates soft tissue work into his chiropractic practice for all of his patients.
If you would like further information regarding The Muscular System Manual: The Skeletal Muscles of the Human Body or any of Dr. Muscolino’s other Elsevier publications, or if you are an instructor and would like information regarding the many supportive materials such as PowerPoint slides, test banks of questions, or TEACH instructor’s manuals, please visit http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com. If you would like information regarding Dr. Muscolino’s other publications, DVDs, and workshops, or if you would like to contact Dr. Muscolino directly, please visit his website: www.learnmuscles.com.
PART 1
The Musculoskeletal System, 1
1 Basic Kinesiology Terminology, 1
2 The Skeletal System, 33
3 How Muscles Function, 79
The Skeletal Muscles of the Upper Extremity, 91
4 Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle Joints, 91
Trapezius, 96
Rhomboids major and minor, 100
Levator scapulae, 102
Serratus anterior, 104
Pectoralis minor, 107
Subclavius, 109
5 Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint, 112
Deltoid, 119
Coracobrachialis, 123
Pectoralis major, 125
Latissimus dorsi, 128
Teres major, 131
Rotator Cuff Group, 133
Supraspinatus, 135
Infraspinatus, 137
Teres minor, 139
Subscapularis, 141
6 Muscles of the Elbow and Radioulnar Joints, 144
Elbow Joint,
Biceps brachii, 152
Brachialis, 155
Brachioradialis, 157
Triceps brachii, 160
Anconeus, 163
Radioulnar Joints, Pronator teres, 165
Pronator quadratus, 167
Supinator, 169
7 Muscles of the Wrist Joint, 172
Wrist Flexor Group,
Flexor carpi radialis, 185
Palmaris longus, 187
Flexor carpi ulnaris, 190
Wrist Extensor Group,
Extensor carpi radialis longus, 192
Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 194
Extensor carpi ulnaris, 197
8 Extrinsic Muscles of the Finger Joints, 200 Flexors,
Flexor digitorum superficialis, 210
Flexor digitorum profundus, 213
Flexor pollicis longus, 215
Extensors,
Extensor digitorum, 218
Extensor digiti minimi, 221
Deep Distal Four Group, 224
Abductor pollicis longus, 225
Extensor pollicis brevis, 228
Extensor pollicis longus, 231
Extensor indicis, 234
9 Intrinsic Muscles of the Finger Joints, 238
Thenar Eminence Group, 250
Abductor pollicis brevis, 252
Flexor pollicis brevis, 254
Opponens pollicis, 256
Hypothenar Eminence Group, 258
Abductor digiti minimi manus, 260
Flexor digiti minimi manus, 262
Opponens digiti minimi, 264
Central Compartment Group, 266
Adductor pollicis, 268
Lumbricals manus, 271
Palmar interossei, 273
Dorsal interossei manus, 276
Superficial Fascial Muscle, Palmaris brevis, 279
PART 3
The Skeletal Muscles of the Axial Body, 283
10 Muscles of the Spinal Joints, 283
Full Spine,
Erector spinae group, 299
Iliocostalis, 302
Longissimus, 305
Spinalis, 308
Transversospinalis group, 310
Semispinalis, 313
Multifidus, 316
Rotatores, 319
Interspinales, 321
Intertransversarii, 323
Neck and Head,
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), 325
Scalene group, 328
Anterior scalene, 330
Middle scalene, 332
Posterior scalene, 334
Prevertebral group, 336
Longus colli, 338
Longus capitis, 340
Rectus capitis anterior, 342
Rectus capitis lateralis, 344
Splenius capitis, 346
Splenius cervicis, 348
Suboccipital group, 350
Rectus capitis posterior major, 352
Rectus capitis posterior minor, 354
Obliquus capitis inferior, 356
Obliquus capitis superior, 358
Low Back,
Quadratus lumborum, 360
Anterior abdominal wall muscles, 363
Rectus abdominis, 366
External abdominal oblique, 369
Internal abdominal oblique, 373
Transversus abdominis, 377
Psoas minor, 379
11 Muscles of the Rib Cage Joints, 382
External intercostals, 390
Internal intercostals, 393
Transversus thoracis, 396
Diaphragm, 398
Serratus posterior superior, 402
Serratus posterior inferior, 404
Levatores costarum, 406
Subcostales, 408
12 Muscles of the Temporomandibular Joints, 411
Major Muscles of Mastication,
Temporalis, 416
Masseter, 418
Lateral pterygoid, 420
Medial pterygoid, 422
Lesser Muscles of Mastication—the Hyoid Group,
Hyoid Group, 424
Suprahyoids, Digastric, 426
Mylohyoid, 428
Geniohyoid, 430
Stylohyoid, 432
Infrahyoids,
Sternohyoid, 434
Sternothyroid, 436
Thyrohyoid, 438
Omohyoid, 440
13 Muscles of Facial Expression, 443
Scalp,
Occipitofrontalis, 449
Temporoparietalis, 451
Auricularis group, 452
Eye,
Orbicularis oculi, 454
Levator palpebrae superioris, 456
Corrugator supercilii, 457
Nose,
Procerus, 459
Nasalis, 461
Depressor septi nasi, 463
Mouth,
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, 465
Levator labii superioris, 467
Zygomaticus minor, 469
Zygomaticus major, 471
Levator anguli oris, 473
Risorius, 475
Depressor anguli oris, 477
Depressor labii inferioris, 479
Mentalis, 481
Buccinator, 483
Orbicularis oris, 485
Platysma, 487
The Skeletal Muscles of the Lower Extremity, 490
14 Muscles of the Hip Joint, 490
Hip Joint Flexors,
Psoas major, 502
Iliacus, 506
Tensor fasciae latae (TFL), 508
Sartorius, 510
Adductor Group, 512
Pectineus, 516
Adductor longus, 518
Gracilis, 520
Adductor brevis, 522
Adductor magnus, 524
Gluteal Group, 527
Gluteus maximus, 528
Gluteus medius, 531
Gluteus minimus, 534
Deep Lateral Rotator Group, 537
Piriformis, 539
Superior gemellus, 542
Obturator internus, 544
Inferior gemellus, 546
Obturator externus, 548
Quadratus femoris, 550
15 Muscles of the Knee Joint, 553
Quadriceps Femoris Group, 562
Rectus femoris, 564
Vastus lateralis, 566
Vastus medialis, 568
Vastus intermedius, 570
The term kinesiology literally means the study of motion. Given that motion of our body occurs when bones move at joints, and that muscles are the primary creator of the forces that move the bones, kinesiology is the study of the musculoskeletal system. Because the muscles are controlled and directed by the nervous system, it might be more accurate to expand kinesiology to be the study of the neuromusculoskeletal system. And when we consider the importance of fascia to musculature and movement, perhaps the best way that we can define kinesiology is to describe it as the study of the neuromyo-fascio-skeletal system!
Anatomic position is a standard reference position used to define terms that describe the physical location of structures of the body and points on the body. In anatomic position, the person is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, the palms facing forward, and the fingers and toes extended (Figure 1-2). Note: Given that movement terminology is based on location terminology, anatomic position is ultimately the foundation for movement terminology as well.
Now that anatomic position has been defi ned, it can be used as the reference position for location terms that describe the relative locations of body parts, structures, and points on the body to each other. Location terminology is composed of directional terms that come in pairs, each member of the pair being the opposite of the other.
Pairs of Terms
Anterior/Posterior
Anterior means farther to the front; posterior means farther to the back. These terms can be used for the entire body, axial and appendicular.
Note: The term ventral is sometimes used for anterior, and the term dorsal is sometimes used for posterior. The true definition of ventral is the soft belly surface of a body part; dorsal refers to the harder surface on the other side of the body part. In the lower extremity, anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal are not synonymous. The ventral surface of the thigh is the medial surface, of the leg is the posterior surface, and of the foot is the plantar surface.
Medial/Lateral
Medial means closer to an imaginary midline that divides the body into left and right halves; lateral means farther from
body parts
Lower extremity body parts
Upper extremity body parts
Figure 1-1 The three major divisions of the body are the axial body and the two divisions of the appendicular body. The appendicular body is composed of the upper extremities and lower extremities. Furthermore, the body parts within these major divisions are shown. A, Anterior view.