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THEHUMANHYPOTHALAMUS: NEUROENDOCRINEDISORDERS HANDBOOKOFCLINICAL NEUROLOGY SeriesEditors MICHAELJ.AMINOFF,FRANÇOISBOLLER,ANDDICKF.SWAAB
VOLUME181 THEHUMAN HYPOTHALAMUS: NEUROENDOCRINE DISORDERS SeriesEditors
MICHAELJ.AMINOFF,FRANÇOISBOLLER,ANDDICKF.SWAAB
VolumeEditors
DICKF.SWAAB,RUUDM.BUIJS,PAULJ.LUCASSEN, AHMADSALEHI,ANDFELIXKREIER
VOLUME181
3rdSeries
ELSEVIER
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HandbookofClinicalNeurology3rdSeries
Availabletitles
Vol.81,Pain,F.CerveroandT.S.Jensen,eds.ISBN9780444519016
Vol.82,Motorneuronedisordersandrelateddiseases,A.A.EisenandP.J.Shaw,eds.ISBN9780444518941
Vol.83,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartI,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444519009
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Vol.85,HIV/AIDSandthenervoussystem,P.PortegiesandJ.Berger,eds.ISBN9780444520104
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Vol.91,Neuromuscularjunctiondisorders,A.G.Engel,ed.ISBN9780444520081
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Vol.115,Peripheralnervedisorders,G.SaidandC.Krarup,eds.ISBN9780444529022 Vol.116,Brainstimulation,A.M.LozanoandM.Hallett,eds.ISBN9780444534972 Vol.117,Autonomicnervoussystem,R.M.BuijsandD.F.Swaab,eds.ISBN9780444534910 Vol.118,Ethicalandlegalissuesinneurology,J.L.BernatandH.R.Beresford,eds.ISBN9780444535016 Vol.119,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartI,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040863 Vol.120,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040870 Vol.121,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartIII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040887 Vol.122,Multiplesclerosisandrelateddisorders,D.S.Goodin,ed.ISBN9780444520012 Vol.123,Neurovirology,A.C.TselisandJ.Booss,eds.ISBN9780444534880 Vol.124,Clinicalneuroendocrinology,E.Fliers,M.KorbonitsandJ.A.Romijn,eds.ISBN9780444596024 Vol.125,Alcoholandthenervoussystem,E.V.SullivanandA.Pfefferbaum,eds.ISBN9780444626196 Vol.126,Diabetesandthenervoussystem,D.W.ZochodneandR.A.Malik,eds.ISBN9780444534804 Vol.127,TraumaticbraininjuryPartI,J.H.GrafmanandA.M.Salazar,eds.ISBN9780444528926 Vol.128,TraumaticbraininjuryPartII,J.H.GrafmanandA.M.Salazar,eds.ISBN9780444635211 Vol.129,Thehumanauditorysystem:Fundamentalorganizationandclinicaldisorders,G.G.Celesia andG.Hickok,eds.ISBN9780444626301 Vol.130,Neurologyofsexualandbladderdisorders,D.B.VodušekandF.Boller,eds.ISBN9780444632470 Vol.131,Occupationalneurology,M.LottiandM.L.Bleecker,eds.ISBN9780444626271
Vol.132,Neurocutaneoussyndromes,M.P.IslamandE.S.Roach,eds.ISBN9780444627025 Vol.133,Autoimmuneneurology,S.J.PittockandA.Vincent,eds.ISBN9780444634320 Vol.134,Gliomas,M.S.BergerandM.Weller,eds.ISBN9780128029978 Vol.135,NeuroimagingPartI,J.C.MasdeuandR.G.González,eds.ISBN9780444534859 Vol.136,NeuroimagingPartII,J.C.MasdeuandR.G.González,eds.ISBN9780444534866 Vol.137,Neuro-otology,J.M.FurmanandT.Lempert,eds.ISBN9780444634375 Vol.138,Neuroepidemiology,C.Rosano,M.A.IkramandM.Ganguli,eds.ISBN9780128029732 Vol.139,Functionalneurologicdisorders,M.Hallett,J.StoneandA.Carson,eds.ISBN9780128017722 Vol.140,CriticalcareneurologyPartI,E.F.M.WijdicksandA.H.Kramer,eds.ISBN9780444636003
Vol.141,CriticalcareneurologyPartII,E.F.M.WijdicksandA.H.Kramer,eds.ISBN9780444635990 Vol.142,Wilsondisease,A.CzłonkowskaandM.L.Schilsky,eds.ISBN9780444636003 Vol.143,Arteriovenousandcavernousmalformations,R.F.Spetzler,K.MoonandR.O.Almefty,eds.ISBN9780444636409
Vol.144,Huntingtondisease,A.S.FeiginandK.E.Anderson,eds.ISBN9780128018934 Vol.145,Neuropathology,G.G.KovacsandI.Alafuzoff,eds.ISBN9780128023952 Vol.146,Cerebrospinalfluidinneurologicdisorders,F.Deisenhammer,C.E.TeunissenandH.Tumani,eds. ISBN9780128042793
Vol.147,NeurogeneticsPartI,D.H.Geschwind,H.L.PaulsonandC.Klein,eds.ISBN9780444632333 Vol.148,NeurogeneticsPartII,D.H.Geschwind,H.L.PaulsonandC.Klein,eds.ISBN9780444640765 Vol.149,Metastaticdiseasesofthenervoussystem,D.SchiffandM.J.vandenBent,eds.ISBN9780128111611
Vol.150,Brainbankinginneurologicandpsychiatricdiseases,I.HuitingaandM.J.Webster,eds. ISBN9780444636393 Vol.151,Theparietallobe,G.VallarandH.B.Coslett,eds.ISBN9780444636225 Vol.152,TheneurologyofHIVinfection,B.J.Brew,ed.ISBN9780444638496 Vol.153,Humanpriondiseases,M.PocchiariandJ.C.Manson,eds.ISBN9780444639455 Vol.154,Thecerebellum:Fromembryologytodiagnosticinvestigations,M.MantoandT.A.G.M.Huisman,eds. ISBN9780444639561 Vol.155,Thecerebellum:Disordersandtreatment,M.MantoandT.A.G.M.Huisman,eds.ISBN9780444641892 Vol.156,Thermoregulation:FrombasicneurosciencetoclinicalneurologyPartI,A.A.Romanovsky,ed.ISBN9780444639127 Vol.157,Thermoregulation:FrombasicneurosciencetoclinicalneurologyPartII,A.A.Romanovsky,ed.ISBN9780444640741 Vol.158,Sportsneurology,B.HainlineandR.A.Stern,eds.ISBN9780444639547 Vol.159,Balance,gait,andfalls,B.L.DayandS.R.Lord,eds.ISBN9780444639165
Vol.160,Clinicalneurophysiology:Basisandtechnicalaspects,K.H.LevinandP.Chauvel,eds.ISBN9780444640321
Vol.161,Clinicalneurophysiology:Diseasesanddisorders,K.H.LevinandP.Chauvel,eds.ISBN9780444641427
Vol.162,Neonatalneurology,L.S.DeVriesandH.C.Glass,eds.ISBN9780444640291
Vol.163,Thefrontallobes,M.D’EspositoandJ.H.Grafman,eds.ISBN9780128042816
Vol.164,Smellandtaste,RichardL.Doty,ed.ISBN9780444638557
Vol.165,Psychopharmacologyofneurologicdisease,V.I.ReusandD.Lindqvist,eds.ISBN9780444640123
Vol.166,Cingulatecortex,B.A.Vogt,ed.ISBN9780444641960
Vol.167,Geriatricneurology,S.T.DeKoskyandS.Asthana,eds.ISBN9780128047668
Vol.168,Brain-computerinterfaces,N.F.RamseyandJ.delR.Millán,eds.ISBN9780444639349
Vol.169,Meningiomas,PartI,M.W.McDermott,ed.ISBN9780128042809
Vol.170,Meningiomas,PartII,M.W.McDermott,ed.ISBN9780128221983
Vol.171,Neurologyandpregnancy:Pathophysiologyandpatientcare,E.A.P.Steegers,M.J.Cipolla andE.C.Miller,eds.ISBN9780444642394
Vol.172,Neurologyandpregnancy:Neuro-obstetricdisorders,E.A.P.Steegers,M.J.Cipolla andE.C.Miller,eds.ISBN9780444642400
Vol.173,Neurocognitivedevelopment:Normativedevelopment,A.Gallagher,C.Bulteau,D.Cohen andJ.L.Michaud,eds.ISBN9780444641502
Vol.174,Neurocognitivedevelopment:Disordersanddisabilities,A.Gallagher,C.Bulteau,D.Cohen andJ.L.Michaud,eds.ISBN9780444641489
Vol.175,Sexdifferencesinneurologyandpsychiatry,R.Lanzenberger,G.S.Kranz,andI.Savic,eds.ISBN9780444641236
Vol.176,Interventionalneuroradiology,S.W.HettsandD.L.Cooke,eds.ISBN9780444640345
Vol.177,Heartandneurologicdisease,J.Biller,ed.ISBN9780128198148
Vol.178,Neurologyofvisionandvisualdisorders,J.J.S.BartonandA.Leff,eds.ISBN9780128213773
Vol.179,Thehumanhypothalamus:Anteriorregion,D.F.Swaab,F.Kreier,P.J.Lucassen,A.SalehiandR.M.Buijs,eds. ISBN9780128199756
Vol.180,Thehumanhypothalamus:Middleandposteriorregion,D.F.Swaab,F.Kreier,P.J.Lucassen,A.SalehiandR.M.Buijs, eds.ISBN9780128201077
Allvolumesinthe3rdSeriesofthe HandbookofClinicalNeurology arepublishedelectronically, onScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/00729752 .
Foreword Fewareasofneurosciencehavereceivedsomuchattentionandyieldedsomanynewandimportantfindingsinrecent yearsasthehypothalamusandrelatedstructures.Earlierseriesofthe HandbookofClinicalNeurology includedover 100entriesunderthekeyword “hypothalamus,” dispersedwithinall75volumes.Thecurrentthirdseriesstarted withtwovolumesdedicatedentirelytobasicandclinicalaspectsofthehypothalamus,thefirst(Volume79)dealing withthehypothalamicnucleiandthesecond(Volume80)withitsneuropathology.Theywereauthoredby ProfessorDickSwaabandwerepublishedalmost20yearsago(in2003and2004).Asserieseditors,wefeltthat thenumberofnewdevelopmentssincethattimerequiredthattheentiretopicbereviewedoncemore.Thesenewdevelopmentsincludeabetterunderstandingoftheanatomyandconnectionsofthehumanhypothalamusbasedonnovel imagingtechniquesandtheaccumulatingmolecularinformationonthehypothalamus.Also,itisnowapparentthatthe hypothalamusregulatesmorehormonesthanpreviouslyrecognizedandisthekeystructureinclinicalneuroendocrinology.Aboveall,thehypothalamusisnowseentorelatetoalargenumberofneurologicdomains includingmemory,sleep,epilepsy,Parkinsondiseaseandotherneurodegenerativedisorders,andheadaches,aswellasbehavioral issuessuchaseatingbehavior,depression,andaggression.Lastbutnotleast,thehypothalamusplaysacrucialrole inreproductionandshowssexualdimorphismsinvariousnuclei.Theseadvancesandtheassociatedvastexpansion ofknowledgethathasresultedhaverequiredanincreaseincoveragefromtwotofourvolumesofthe Handbook
WethankandcongratulateDickSwaabwhoistheChiefEditorofthesefournewmultiauthoredvolumes.They werepreparedincollaborationwithfourotherhighlyexperiencedneuroscientists.RuudBuijsisintheInstitutefor BiomedicalInvestigation,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMexico,MexicoCity;FelixKreierisintheDepartment ofPediatrics,OLVGhospital,Amsterdam;PaulLucassenisattheCenterforNeuroscience,SwammerdamInstitutefor LifeSciences,UniversityofAmsterdam;andAhmadSalehiisintheDepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioral Sciences,StanfordMedicalSchool,California.Togethertheyhavegatheredaremarkablegroupofcontributing authors,thusassuringtherightmixofcontinuityandhighlyupdatedinformationaboutthehumanhypothalamus.
Asserieseditors,wereviewedallthechaptersinthevolumesandmadesuggestionsforimprovement,butweare delightedthatthevolumeeditorsandchapterauthorsproducedsuchscholarlyandcomprehensiveaccountsofdifferent aspectsofthetopic.Wehopethatthevolumeswillappealtocliniciansasastate-of-the-artreferencethatsummarizes theclinicalfeaturesandmanagementofthemanyneurologic,neuroendocrine,andpsychiatricmanifestationsofhypothalamicdysfunction.Wearealsosurethatbasicresearcherswillfindwithinthemthefoundationsfornewapproaches tothestudyofthecomplexissuesinvolved.
Inadditiontotheprintversion,thevolumesareavailableelectronicallyonElsevier ’sScienceDirectwebsite,which ispopularwithreadersandwillimprovethebooks’ accessibility.Indeed,allofthevolumesinthepresentseriesofthe Handbookareavailableelectronicallyonthiswebsite.Thisshouldmakethemmoreaccessibletoreadersandfacilitate searchesforspecificinformation.
Asalways,itisapleasuretothankElsevier,ourpublisher,andinparticularMichaelParkinsoninScotland,Nikki LevyandKristiAndersoninSanDiego,andPunithavathyGovindaradjaneatElsevierGlobalBookProductionin Chennai,fortheirassistanceinthedevelopmentandproductionofthe HandbookofClinicalNeurology. MichaelJ.Aminoff Franc ¸ oisBoller
Preface Iknowverywellthatthereaderhasnogreatneedtoknowallthis;itisIwhohaveaneedtotellhim J.J.Rousseau
THEHCNVOLUMESONTHEHUMANHYPOTHALAMUS Morethan20yearsago,I(DFS)hadwrittenamonographonthehumanhypothalamus,meantasastartingpointformy PhDstudentsandthestudentsofmyformerstudents,myscientificallygiftedchildrenandgrandchildren.Traditionallythe hypothalamuswasconsideredtobeaneuroendocrinestructureoflimitedinteresttoneurologists.Inaddition,this extremelycomplexstructure,whichconsistsofalargenumberofverydifferentfunctionalnuclei,wasnotincluded inthestandardneuropathologicinvestigationofthehumanbrain.Neuropathologistsweretrainedtocutrightthrough theopticchiasma,therebydestroyingthehypothalamus.DuringtheperiodinwhichIwrotethemonograph,itbecame clear,however,thatthehypothalamusnotonlyregulateshormonelevelsbutalsocontributestothememoryandattention deficitsinthedementias;thatadisorderoftheorexin/hypocretinsystemisthecauseofnarcolepsy;thathypothalamic hamartomasareresponsibleforgelasticepilepsy;thatthesubthalamicnucleusisagoodtargettoplacedepthelectrodesin parkinsonianpatients;andthatthesourceofclusterheadachemaybesituatedintheposteriorhypothalamus.Moreover, thehypothalamusappearedtobethebasisofmanysignsandsymptomsofdisorderssituatedontheborderbetween neurologyandpsychiatry,suchasdepression,eatingdisorders,aggression,andmentalretardation.Asaconsequence, thehypothalamusbecameameetingpointforneuroscientists,neurologistsandpsychiatrists,neuropathologists,endocrinologists,andpediatricians.ItwasthevisionofmyfriendProfessorGeorgeBruynthatmymonographwouldbe astartingpointforanew(third)seriesofthe HandbookofClinicalNeurology (HCN).Themonographywaspublished intwoHCNvolumes,79and80.TogetherwithmyfellowserieseditorsMichaelJ.AminoffandFranc ¸ oisBollerandthe staffofElsevier,morethan100additionalvolumesinthisnewserieshavesincebeenpublished.
Theothertwoserieseditorshaveaskedmerepeatedlytoconsiderafollow-upofmytwoearlierHCNvolumes. Sincetheywerepublished,therehasindeedbeengreatprogressinthefield,e.g.,indeepbrainstimulation,molecular biology(includinggeneandcelltherapy,thevariousomics,transgenicanimalmodels,andgenerationofhypothalamic neuronsfromhuman-inducedpluripotentstemcells),moleculargenetics,advancedscanningtechniques(e.g.,functionalconnectivityofhypothalamicnuclei),centraleffectsofneuropeptidesinhealthanddisease,humanbraindonation,andbrainbanking(e.g.,putativeconfoundingfactorsforhypothalamicresearch).Othertopicsweresimplynot dealtwithinVolumes79and80,suchasthehistoryofneuroendocrinology/hypothalamicresearch,orareabsolutely necessarytoplacetheotherchaptersinperspective,suchasmicroscopicneuroanatomyofthehypothalamus,borders, andmarkersofnuclei.OnlyaftermyfriendsandexcellentcolleaguesPaulLucassen,RuudBuijs,FelixKreier, andAhmadSalehiagreedtoparticipateascovolumeeditorsdidIfeelthatwecouldfacethischallenge.
Fromthestart,theCovid-19pandemicinterferedwiththecompositionofthevolumes.Weareverygratefulforthe authorsthatmanagedtodelivertheirchapters,inspiteoftheoftenextremelydifficultcircumstances.WearealsogratefulforthecontinuousandessentialhelpandsupportofMichaelJ.AminoffandFranc ¸ oisBollerandMichaelParkinson duringtheentireprocess.Thenewvolumesareagainsubdividedintoabasicpart(TheNucleioftheHypothalamus) andaclinicalpart(Neuropathology,Neuropsychiatricdisorders),butnowasmultiauthoredvolumes,consistingof in-depthreviewsoftopicsthatwerenovel,hadprogressedmarkedlysincetheearliervolumes,orneededtobereviewed inacriticalway.Becauseofthelargenumberofcrucialtopics,fourvolumesemerged.Theyareinmanyaspectsstill complementarytoHCNvolumes79and80,asisindicatedlater.
Thehypothalamus:Arbitraryborders Theexactbordersofthehypothalamusareratherarbitraryandtheexactterminologyhasoftenbeencontroversial(see HCNvolume79forreferencesanddetails).Asstatedby Crosbyetal.(1962): Nomenclatureisman-made;thereis
strictlyspeakingnocorrectandnoincorrectwayofdesignatingnucleargroupsofaregion,exceptascertainnamesare sanctionedbyusage
Thebordersaregenerallyconsideredtobe:rostrally,thelaminaterminalis,andcaudally,theplanethroughtheposterioredgeofthemamillarybodyormamillothalamictractorthebundleofVicqd’Azyr.Thehypothalamicsulcusis generallylookeduponasthedorsalborder.However,theparaventricularnucleusisoftenfoundpartiallydorsallyofthe hypothalamicsulcus.Cellsdonotrespecthypothalamicboundaries.Theanteriorcommissurehasalsobeenmentioned asadorsalborderofthehypothalamus,butthisstructuremightpenetratethethirdventricleondifferentlevelsandthe centralnucleusofthebednucleusofthestriaterminalisispartlysituateddorsallyandpartlyventrallyoftheanterior commissure.The ventral borderofthehypothalamusincludesthefloorofthethirdventriclethatblendsintotheinfundibulumoftheneurohypophysis.Theexactlocationofthe lateral boundaries,i.e.,thenucleusbasalisofMeynert, striatum/nucleusaccumbens,amygdala,theposteriorlimboftheinternalcapsuleandbasispedunculi,and,morecaudodorsally,theborderofthesubthalamicnucleusisnotamatterofclear-cutcertaintyeither.Finally,thereisgreat variability:notwohypothalamiarealikeasGr€ unthalremarkedearlier(1950).
SinceI(DFS)foundedtheNetherlandsBrainBankin1985, thebrainhasbeendissectedfreshinmorethan100pieces alonganatomicalborders.TheNetherlandsBrainBankhasprovidedmorethan100,000clinicallyandneuropathologically well-characterizedbrainsamplesfrommorethan4500rapidautopsiestoresearchprojectsin25countries.Myownmain interestwasthehypothalamus.Becauseofthispersonalfocusandthedelineationproblemsmentionedpreviously,wedid notdealwiththequestionofwhichstructuredoesordoesnotbelongtothehypothalamussensustrictoorsensulatobasedon theirembryologyoradulthypothalamicborders.Thewaywedissectedthehypothalamus enbloc duringanautopsy(Fig.1)
Fig.1. Ablockoftissue(frontalcut)containingthehypothalamusandadjacentstructures; OC,opticchiasm; OVLT,organum vasculosumlaminaterminalis(notethatthethirdventricleisshiningthroughthethinlaminaterminalis); ac,anteriorcommissure, ontopofwhichtheseptumwiththefornixatbothsidesislocated.Thelateralventriclescontainingplexuschoroidsarepresent andbothsidesoftheseptumandunderthe CC,corpuscallosum. x PREFACE
resultedinahypothalamusandsurroundingstructuresthatarealsoincludedforpragmaticreasonsinthesevolumes andprovidesabasisforneurobiologicalandneuropathologicalresearchofthisbrainregion.Thismeansthatweinclude intheseHCNvolumesstructuresthatarenottraditionallyconsideredtobecomponentsofthehypothalamusbutaresurroundingandoftenstronglyinterconnectedtothecorehypothalamicnuclei.Anexampleisthebasalcholinergicnucleithat areincludedinspiteofthefactthatthediagonalbandofBrocaandthenucleusbasalisofMeynertaretelencephalic.In addition,thebednucleusofthestriaterminalisisincluded,althoughitisonlypartlylocalizedbelowtheanteriorcommissure.Othersintroducetheconceptofawiderhypothalamicregionthatincludespartsoftheformermesencephalicventral thalamussuchasthezonaincertaandthesubthalamicnucleus,baseduponthefactthatthesestructureshavefewcommon anatomicanddevelopmentalfeatureswiththethalamus.Moreover,thepreopticareathatoriginatesfromthetelencephalon isincludedsinceithasanintimaterelationshipwiththeanteriorandotherportionsofthehypothalamus,withwhichitforms afunctionalunit.
DickF.Swaab
RuudM.Buijs PaulJ.Lucassen
AhmadSalehi
FelixKreier
REFERENCES CrosbyEC,HumphreyT,LauerEW(1962).CorrelativeAnatomyoftheNervousSystem.MacMillan,NY,310. Gr€ unthalE(1950).In:WRHess(Ed.),Symposion € uberdasZwischenhirn.HelvPhysiolPharmActa.SupplVI:1–80.
Contributors N.C.Adams
DepartmentofRadiology,Children'sHospitalof Philadelphia,Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
S.L.Asa
DepartmentofPathology,CaseWesternUniversityand UniversityHospitals,Cleveland,OH,UnitedStates; DepartmentofPathology,UniversityHealthNetwork, Toronto,ON,Canada
S.Bacigaluppi
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,E.O.OspedaliGalliera, Genova,Italy
A.-M.Bao
DepartmentofNeurobiologyandDepartmentof NeurologyoftheSecondAffiliatedHospital,Zhejiang UniversitySchoolofMedicine;NHCandCAMSKey LaboratoryofMedicalNeurobiology,SchoolofBrain ScienceandBrainMedicine,ZhejiangUniversity, Hangzhou,China
A.Bernal
DepartmentofPsychobiology,andMind,Brainand BehaviorResearchCenter,UniversityofGranada, Granada,Spain
A.Bianchi
PituitaryUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario
A.GemelliIRCCS,UniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
E.G.Bochukova
BlizardInstitute,BartsandTheLondonSchoolof MedicineandDentistry,QueenMaryUniversityof London,London,UnitedKingdom
N.L.Bragazzi
LaboratoryforIndustrialandAppliedMathematics, DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,York University,Toronto,ON,Canada
R.M.Buijs
HypothalamicIntegrationMechanismsLaboratory, DepartmentofCellularBiologyandPhysiology,
InstitutodeInvestigacionesBiomedicas,Universidad NacionalAutónomadeMexico(UNAM),Ciudadde Mexico,Mexico
D.Cai
DepartmentofMolecularPharmacology,AlbertEinstein CollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NY,UnitedStates
Z.Cardona
DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes,andMetabolism, DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofIllinoisat Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
S.Chiloiro
PituitaryUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario A.GemelliIRCCS,UniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
S.Cudlip
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,OxfordUniversity HospitalsNHSFoundationTrust,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
L.DeMarinis
PituitaryUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario A.GemelliIRCCS,UniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
R.deSouzaSantos
RegenerativeMedicineInstitute,Cedars-SinaiMedical Center,LosAngeles;Cedars-SinaiBiomanufacturing Center,WestHollywood,CA,UnitedStates
G.Diene
CentredeReferenceduSyndromedePrader-Willi, H^ opitaldesEnfants,CHUToulouse,Toulouse,France
Y.Eisenberg
DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes,andMetabolism, DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofIllinoisat Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
J.Epelbaum
UMR7179CNRS/MNHN,Brunoy,France
S.Ezzat
DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityHealthNetwork, UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
I.S.Farooqi
Wellcome–MRCInstituteofMetabolicScience, UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
T.P.Farrell
DivisionofNeuroradiology,ThomasJefferson UniversityHospital,Philadelphia,PA,UnitedStates
M.Ganau
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,OxfordUniversity HospitalsNHSFoundationTrust,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
A.Giampietro
PituitaryUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario
A.GemelliIRCCS,UniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
S.M.Gold
DepartmentofPsychiatryandMedicalDepartment, CampusBenjaminFranklin,Charit e UniversitatsmedizinBerlin,Berlin;Institutefor NeuroimmunologyandMultipleSclerosis, UniversitatsklinikumHamburg-Eppendorf,Hamburg, Germany
C.H.Gravholt
DepartmentofMolecularMedicine;Departmentof EndocrinologyandInternalMedicineandMedical ResearchLaboratories,AarhusUniversityHospital, Aarhus,Denmark
A.RGross
RegenerativeMedicineInstitute,Cedars-SinaiMedical Center,LosAngeles;Cedars-SinaiBiomanufacturing Center,WestHollywood,CA,UnitedStates
A.J.Holland
DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
I.Huitinga
DepartmentofNeuroimmunology,NetherlandsInstitute forNeuroscience;BrainPlasticityGroup,Swammerdam InstituteforLifeSciences,UniversityofAmsterdam, Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
R.Iorio
NeurologyUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario
A.GemelliIRCCS,andUniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
A.R.Isles
NeuroscienceandMentalHealthResearchInstitute, SchoolofMedicine,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff, UnitedKingdom
J.Jayamohan
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,OxfordUniversity HospitalsNHSFoundationTrust,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
G.Kaltsas
EndocrinologyUnit,FirstDepartmentofPropaedeutic andInternalMedicine,NationalandKapodistrian UniverstiyofAthens,MedicalSchool,LAIKOGeneral HospitalofAthens;DepartmentofMedicalResearch, LCHAdultClinic,HellenicAirForceandVAGeneral Hospital,Athens,Greece
K.Kamperis
DepartmentofPaediatricsandAdolescentMedicine, AarhusUniversityHospital,Aarhus,Denmark
F.Kelestimur
DepartmentofEndocrinology,YeditepeUniversity, Istanbul,Turkey
S.Khor
DepartmentofMolecularPharmacology,AlbertEinstein CollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NY,UnitedStates
B.R.Kornum
DepartmentofNeuroscience,UniversityofCopenhagen, Copenhagen,Denmark
V.Kothari
DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes,andMetabolism, DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofIllinoisat Chicago,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
F.Kreier
DepartmentPediatrics,OLVGHospitals,Amsterdam, TheNetherlands
S.Looby
DepartmentofNeuroradiology,BeaumontHospital, Dublin,Ireland
P.J.Lucassen
BrainPlasticityGroup,SwammerdamInstituteforLife Sciences,UniversityofAmsterdam,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
J.Mahía
DepartmentofPsychobiology,andMind,Brainand BehaviorResearchCenter,UniversityofGranada, Granada,Spain
N.Makita
DepartmentofNephrologyandEndocrinology, GraduateSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan
K.Manaka
DepartmentofNephrologyandEndocrinology, GraduateSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan
J.Melief
DepartmentofOncology-Pathology,Karolinska Institute,Stockholm,Sweden
C.Papi
NeurologyUnit,FondazionePoliclinicoUniversitario A.GemelliIRCCS,andUniversitàCattolicadelSacro Cuore,Rome,Italy
J.M.Pascual
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,LaPrincesaUniversity Hospital,Madrid,Spain
T.M.Plant
DepartmentofObstetrics,Gynecologyand ReproductiveSciences,UniversityofPittsburgh, Pittsburgh,PA,UnitedStates
R.Prieto
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,PuertadeHierro UniversityHospital,Madrid,Spain
N.Ramoz INSERMU1266,Paris,France
C.Robba
AnaesthesiaandIntensiveCare,SanMartinoPoliclinico Hospital,IRCCSforOncologyandNeuroscience, Genova,Italy
G.L.Robertson
DepartmentofMedicine,NorthwesternUniversity SchoolofMedicine,Chicago,IL,UnitedStates
M.Rosdolsky
IndependentMedicalTranslator,Jenkintown,PA, UnitedStates
A.Salehi
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences, StanfordMedicalSchool,PaloAlto,CA,UnitedStates
D.Sareen
RegenerativeMedicineInstitute,Cedars-SinaiMedical Center,LosAngeles;Cedars-SinaiBiomanufacturing
Center,WestHollywood;DepartmentofBiomedical Sciences,Cedars-SinaiMedicalCenter,LosAngeles; iPSCCore,DavidandJanetPolakFoundationStemCell CoreLaboratory,Cedars-SinaiMedicalCenter,Los Angeles,CA,UnitedStates
I.Sataite
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,OxfordUniversity HospitalsNHSFoundationTrust,Oxford, UnitedKingdom
J.Sato
DepartmentofNephrologyandEndocrinology, GraduateSchoolofMedicine,UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan
W.A.Scherbaum
DepartmentofEndocrinology,Heinrich-HeineUniversity,Duesseldorf,Germany
A.Skakkebæk
DepartmentofMolecularMedicine;Departmentof ClinicalGenetics,AarhusUniversityHospital,Aarhus, Denmark
D.F.Swaab
DepartmentNeuropsychiatricDisorders,Netherlands InstituteforNeuroscience,anInstituteoftheRoyal NetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciences,Amsterdam, TheNetherlands
G.Tamma
DepartmentofBiosciences,Biotechnologies,and Biopharmaceutics,UniversityofBari,Bari,Italy
T.Tartaglione
DepartmentofRadiologyandDiagnosticImaging, IstitutoDermatopaticodell’ImmacolataIRCCS;Institute ofRadiology,CatholicUniversityoftheSacredHeart, Rome,Italy
M.Tauber
CentredeReferenceduSyndromedePrader-Willi, H^ opitaldesEnfants,CHUToulouse,Toulouse,France
V.Tolle INSERMU1266,Paris,France
M.Tsoli
EndocrinologyUnit,FirstDepartmentofPropaedeutic andInternalMedicine,NationalandKapodistrian UniverstiyofAthens,MedicalSchool,LAIKOGeneral HospitalofAthens;DepartmentofMedicalResearch, LCHAdultClinic,HellenicAirForceandVAGeneral Hospital,Athens,Greece
G.Valenti
DepartmentofBiosciences,Biotechnologies,and Biopharmaceutics,UniversityofBari,Bari,Italy
A.M.vanOpstal
DepartmentofRadiology,LeidenUniversityMedical Center,Leiden,TheNetherlands
A.Voutetakis
DepartmentofPediatrics,SchoolofMedicine, DemocritusUniversityofThrace,Alexandroupolis, Thrace,Greece
M.Wallentin
CenterofFunctionallyIntegrativeNeuroscience,Aarhus UniversityHospital;CenterforSemiotics,Aarhus University,Aarhus,Denmark
J.E.Whittington
DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
S.F.Witchel
PediatricEndocrinology,UPMCChildren'sHospitalof Pittsburgh,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA, UnitedStates
S.E.C.Wolff
DepartmentNeuropsychiatricDisorders,Netherlands InstituteforNeuroscience,AnInstituteoftheRoyal NetherlandsAcademyofArtsandSciences,Amsterdam, TheNetherlands
M.P.Yavropoulou
EndocrinologyUnit,FirstDepartmentofPropaedeutic andInternalMedicine,NationalandKapodistrian UniverstiyofAthens,MedicalSchool,LAIKOGeneral HospitalofAthens;DepartmentofMedicalResearch, LCHAdultClinic,HellenicAirForceandVAGeneral Hospital,Athens,Greece
S.Zahova
NeuroscienceandMentalHealthResearchInstitute, SchoolofMedicine,CardiffUniversity,Cardiff, UnitedKingdom
Forewordvii
Prefaceix
Contributorsxiii
1.Introduction:Thehumanhypothalamusandneuroendocrinedisorders
1 D.F.Swaab,R.M.Buijs,P.J.Lucassen,A.Salehi,andF.Kreier(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands, CiudaddeMexico,MexicoandPaloAlto,UnitedStates)
SECTION15Structuraldisordersofthehypothalamo-pituitaryregion
2.Pituitarystalkinterruptionsyndrome
9 A.Voutetakis(Thrace,Greece)
3.Emptysellasyndrome:Multipleendocrinedisorders
29 S.Chiloiro,A.Giampietro,A.Bianchi,andL.DeMarinis(Rome,Italy)
4.Pituitarydysfunctionafteraneurysmalsubarachnoidalhemorrhage
41 S.Bacigaluppi,C.Robba,andN.L.Bragazzi(Genova,ItalyandToronto,Canada)
5.Septo-opticdysplasia
51 I.Sataite,S.Cudlip,J.Jayamohan,andM.Ganau(Oxford,UnitedKingdom)
SECTION16Tumorsofthehypothalamus
6.Hypothalamichormone-producingtumors
67 S.L.AsaandS.Ezzat(Cleveland,UnitedStatesandToronto,Canada)
7.Craniopharyngiomasprimarilyaffectingthehypothalamus
75 J.M.Pascual,R.Prieto,andM.Rosdolsky(Madrid,SpainandJenkintown,UnitedStates)
SECTION17Neuroimmunologicaldisorders
8.Thestress-axisinmultiplesclerosis:Clinical,cellular,andmolecularaspects
119 J.Melief,I.Huitinga,andS.M.Gold(Stockholm,Sweden,Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsand BerlinandHamburg,Germany)
9.NeuroendocrinemanifestationsofLangerhanscellhistiocytosis
127 M.P.Yavropoulou,M.Tsoli,andG.Kaltsas(Athens,Greece)
10.NeuroendocrinemanifestationsofErdheim–Chesterdisease
137 K.Manaka,J.Sato,andN.Makita(Tokyo,Japan)
11.Hypothalamitisandpituitaryatrophy
S.Chiloiro,T.Tartaglione,A.Giampietro,andA.Bianchi(Rome,Italy)
149
12.NarcolepsyTypeIasanautoimmunedisorder 161 B.R.Kornum(Copenhagen,Denmark)
13.Neuromyelitisoptica,aquaporin-4antibodies,andneuroendocrinedisorders
173 R.IorioandC.Papi(Rome,Italy)
14.Antibodiesagainstthepituitaryandhypothalamusinboxers 187 F.Kelestimur(İstanbul,Turkey)
15.Autoimmunediabetesinsipidus 193 W.A.Scherbaum(Duesseldorf,Germany)
SECTION18Drinkingdisorders
16.Neuroimagingofcentraldiabetesinsipidus
T.P.Farrell,N.C.Adams,andS.Looby(Philadelphia,UnitedStatesandDublin,Ireland)
17.Differentialdiagnosisoffamilialdiabetesinsipidus
G.L.Robertson(Chicago,UnitedStates)
18.Thevasopressin–aquaporin-2pathwaysyndromes
G.ValentiandG.Tamma(Bari,Italy)
19.Adipsicdiabetesinsipidus 261 V.Kothari,Z.Cardona,andY.Eisenberg(Chicago,UnitedStates)
20.Animalmodelsfordiabetesinsipidus
J.MahíaandA.Bernal(Granada,Spain)
21.Nocturnalenuresisinchildren:Theroleofarginine–vasopressin
K.Kamperis(Aarhus,Denmark)
SECTION19Eatingdisorders
22.Monogenichumanobesitysyndromes
I.S.Farooqi(Cambridge,UnitedKingdom)
23.Hypothalamicmicroinflammation
D.CaiandS.Khor(Bronx,UnitedStates)
24.Glucoseandfatsensinginthehumanhypothalamus
323 A.M.vanOpstal(Leiden,TheNetherlands)
25.Hypothalamusandneuroendocrinediseases:Theuseofhuman-inducedpluripotentstemcells fordiseasemodeling 337 R.deSouzaSantos,A.RGross,andD.Sareen(LosAngelesandWestHollywood,UnitedStates)
26.Prader–Willisyndrome:Hormonetherapies
M.TauberandG.Diene(Toulouse,France)
27.TranscriptomicsofthePrader–Willisyndromehypothalamus
369 E.G.Bochukova(London,UnitedKingdom)
28.Disordersofhypothalamicfunction:InsightsfromPrader–Willisyndromeandtheeffects ofcraniopharyngioma 381
J.E.WhittingtonandA.J.Holland(Cambridge,UnitedKingdom)
29.AnimalmodelsforPrader–Willisyndrome
391 S.ZahovaandA.R.Isles(Cardiff,UnitedKingdom)
30.Isthereahypothalamicbasisforanorexianervosa?
V.Tolle,N.Ramoz,andJ.Epelbaum(ParisandBrunoy,France)
SECTION20Reproduction,olfactionandsexualbehavior
31.Sexualdifferentiationofthehumanhypothalamus:Relationshiptogenderidentityandsexual orientation
405
427 D.F.Swaab,S.E.C.Wolff,andA.-M.Bao(Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsandHangzhou,China)
32.Klinefeltersyndromeortesticulardysgenesis:Genetics,endocrinology,andneuropsychology445 A.Skakkebæk,M.Wallentin,andC.H.Gravholt(Aarhus,Denmark)
33.Neurobiologyofpubertyanditsdisorders 463
S.F.WitchelandT.M.Plant(Pittsburgh,UnitedStates)
Contentsofrelatedvolumes Volume179(TheHumanHypothalamus:AnteriorRegion)
Volume180(TheHumanHypothalamus:MiddleandPosteriorRegion)
Volume182(TheHumanHypothalamus:NeuropsychiatricDisorders)
ContentsofVolume179 Forewordvii
Prefaceix
Contributorsxiii
SECTION1Introduction
1.Introduction:Theanteriorhypothalamus3 D.F.Swaab,R.M.Buijs,F.Kreier,P.J.Lucassen,andA.Salehi(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands, CiudaddeMexico,MexicoandPaloAlto,UnitedStates)
2.Historyofhypothalamicresearch: “Thespringofprimitiveexistence”
7 F.KreierandD.F.Swaab(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)
3.Anatomyandcytoarchitectonicsofthehumanhypothalamus
45 B.Dudás(Erie,UnitedStatesandSzeged,Hungary)
4.Morphologyanddistributionofhypothalamicpeptidergicsystems
67 B.DudásandI.Merchenthaler(ErieandBaltimore,UnitedStatesandSzeged,Hungary)
5.MRImaps,segregation,andwhitematterconnectivityofthehumanhypothalamusinhealth87 J.-J.LemaireandA.DeSalles(Clermont-Ferrand,France,LosAngeles,UnitedStatesandSãoPaulo, Brazil)
6.Magneticresonanceimagingofthehypothalamo–pituitaryregion
95 M.Perosevic,P.S.Jones,andN.A.Tritos(Boston,UnitedStates)
7.Resting-statefunctionalconnectivityofthehumanhypothalamus
113 S.KullmannandR.Veit(TubingenandNeuherberg,Germany)
8.Neurogenesisintheadulthypothalamus:Adistinctformofstructuralplasticityinvolvedinmetabolic andcircadianregulation,withpotentialrelevanceforhumanpathophysiology
125 A.Sharif,C.P.Fitzsimons,andP.J.Lucassen(Lille,FranceandAmsterdam,TheNetherlands)
9.Matchingofthepostmortemhypothalamusfrompatientsandcontrols
141 D.F.SwaabandA.-M.Bao(Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsandHangzhou,China)
SECTION2Thebasalforebraincholinergicsystem
10.Spatialtopographyofthebasalforebraincholinergicprojections:Organizationandvulnerability todegeneration
159 T.W.SchmitzandL.Zaborszky(London,CanadaandNewark,UnitedStates)
11.ThediagonalbandofBrocainhealthanddisease
175 A.K.L.LiuandS.M.Gentleman(London,UnitedKingdom)
12.NucleusbasalisofMeynertdegenerationpredictscognitiveimpairmentinParkinson'sdisease189 H.Wilson,E.R.deNatale,andM.Politis(London,UnitedKingdom)
13.Enlargementofearlyendosomesandtrafficjaminbasalforebraincholinergicneuronsin Alzheimer'sdisease
207 A.Fahimi,M.Noroozi,andA.Salehi(LosAngelesandPaloAlto,UnitedStates)
14.GeneandcelltherapyforthenucleusbasalisofMeynertwithNGFinAlzheimer'sdisease219 M.EriksdotterandS.Mitra(StockholmandHuddinge,Sweden)
SECTION3Thecircadiansystem
15.Thecircadiansystem:Fromclockstophysiology
233 R.M.Buijs,E.C.SotoTinoco,G.HurtadoAlvarado,andC.Escobar(CiudaddeMexico,Mexico)
16.Developmentofthecircadiansystemandrelevanceofperiodicsignalsforneonataldevelopment249 C.Escobar,A.Rojas-Granados,andM.Angeles-Castellanos(CiudaddeMexico,Mexico)
17.Disruptedcircadianrhythmsandmentalhealth
259 W.H.WalkerII,J.C.Walton,andR.J.Nelson(Morgantown,UnitedStates)
18.DiurnalandseasonalmolecularrhythmsinthehumanbrainandtheirrelationtoAlzheimerdisease271 A.S.P.Lim(Toronto,Canada)
19.CircadianchangesinAlzheimer'sdisease:Neurobiology,clinicalproblems,andtherapeutic opportunities
285 K.ToljanandJ.Homolak(Cleveland,UnitedStatesandZagreb,Croatia)
20.ThecircadiansysteminParkinson'sdisease,multiplesystematrophy,andprogressive supranuclearpalsy
301 K.FifelandT.DeBoer(Ibaraki,JapanandLeiden,TheNetherlands)
21.Retinaandmelanopsinneurons
315 C.LaMorgia,V.Carelli,andA.A.Sadun(Bologna,ItalyandLosAngeles,UnitedStates)
22.Melatoninandthecircadiansystem:Keysforhealthwithafocusonsleep
331 P.Pevet,E.Challet,andM.-P.Felder-Schmittbuhl(Strasbourg,France)
23.Melatoninreceptors,brainfunctions,andtherapies
345 A.Oishi,F.Gbahou,andR.Jockers(Paris,France)
24.Chronotherapy
357 D.P.Cardinali,G.M.Brown,andS.R.Pandi-Perumal(BuenosAires,ArgentinaandToronto,Canada)
25.Theuseofmelatonintomitigatetheadversemetabolicsideeffectsofantipsychotics
371 F.Romo-Nava,R.M.Buijs,andS.L.McElroy(MasonandCincinnati,UnitedStates andCiudaddeMexico,Mexico)
SECTION4Bednucleusofthestriaterminalisandthefearcircuit
26.Chemoarchitectureofthebednucleusofthestriaterminalis:Neurophenotypicdiversity andfunction
S.E.Hammack,K.M.Braas,andV.May(Burlington,UnitedStates)
27.Functionalanatomyofthebednucleusofthestriaterminalis–hypothalamusneuralcircuitry: Implicationsforvalencesurveillance,addiction,feeding,andsocialbehaviors
385
403 I.Maita,A.Bazer,J.U.Blackford,andB.A.Samuels(PiscatawayandNashville,UnitedStates)
28.Rolesofthebednucleusofthestriaterminalisandamygdalainfearreactions
419 A.M.Hulsman,D.Terburg,K.Roelofs,andF.Klumpers(NijmegenandUtrecht,TheNetherlandsand CapeTown,SouthAfrica)
SECTION5Preopticarea
29.Themedianpreopticnucleus:Amajorregulatoroffluid,temperature,sleep,andcardiovascular homeostasis
M.J.McKinley,G.L.Pennington,andP.J.Ryan(Parkville,Australia)
30.Theneuroendocrinologyofthepreopticareainmenopause:Symptomsandtherapeuticstrategies455 M.ModiandW.S.Dhillo(London,UnitedKingdom)
31.Theintermediatenucleusinhumans:Cytoarchitecture,chemoarchitecture,andrelationto sleep,sex,andAlzheimerdisease
C.B.Saper(Boston,UnitedStates)
Forewordvii
Prefaceix
Contributorsxiii
ContentsofVolume180
1.Introduction:Themiddleandposteriorhypothalamus
D.F.Swaab,F.Kreier,P.J.Lucassen,A.Salehi,andR.M.Buijs(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands, PaloAlto,UnitedStatesandCiudaddeMéxico,Mexico)
SECTION6Supraopticandparaventricularnucleusmorethananeuroendocrinesystem
2.Vasopressinandoxytocinbeyondthepituitaryinthehumanbrain 7 M.Møller(Copenhagen,Denmark)
3.Centralandperipheralreleaseofoxytocin:Relevanceofneuroendocrineandneurotransmitter actionsforphysiologyandbehavior
25 F.Althammer,M.Eliava,andV.Grinevich(Atlanta,UnitedStatesandMannheim,Germany)
4.Organizationoftheneuroendocrineandautonomichypothalamicparaventricularnucleus45 A.KalsbeekandR.M.Buijs(Amsterdam,TheNetherlandsandCiudaddeMexico,Mexico)
5.Sexdifferencesofoxytocinandvasopressininsocialbehaviors65 Q.LuandS.Hu(Hangzhou,China)
6.Oxytocin,eatingbehavior,andmetabolisminhumans
89 L.KeremandE.A.Lawson(Boston,UnitedStates)
7.Thesupraopticandparaventricularnucleiinhealthyagingandneurodegeneration
105 C.A.StewartandE.C.Finger(London,Canada)
8.Perinatalstressandepigenetics
125 M.Szyf(Montreal,Canada)
9.Thehypothalamusinanxietydisorders
149 S.Fischer(Zurich,Switzerland)
10.Congenitalisolatedcentralhypothyroidism:Novelmutationsandtheirfunctionalimplications161 A.Boelen,A.S.P.vanTrotsenburg,andE.Fliers(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)
SECTION7Zonaincerta
11.Thezonaincertasystem:Involvementinattentionandmovement
173 S.Chometton,M.Barbier,andP.-Y.Risold(LosAngelesandNewYork,UnitedStates andBesanc ¸on,France)
SECTION8Ventromedialnucleusanddorsomedialnucleus
12.Theroleofthedorsomedialandventromedialhypothalamusinregulatingbehaviorallycoupled andrestingautonomicdrive
187 L.A.HendersonandV.G.Macefield(SydneyandMelbourne,Australia)
SECTION9Circumventricularorgansofthehypothalamus
13.Thesubfornicalorganandorganumvasculosumofthelaminaterminalis:Criticalroles incardiovascularregulationandthecontroloffluidbalance 203 W.M.FryandA.V.Ferguson(WinnipegandKingston,Canada)
14.Laminaterminalisfenestration:Animportantneurosurgicalcorridor 217 C.GiussaniandA.DiCristofori(MilanandMonza,Italy)
15.Arcuatenucleus,medianeminence,andhypophysialparstuberalis 227 H.-W.KorfandM.Møller(D € usseldorf,GermanyandCopenhagen,Denmark)
16.Tanycytesintheinfundibularnucleusandmedianeminenceandtheirroleintheblood –brainbarrier253 V.Prevot,R.Nogueiras,andM.Schwaninger(Lille,France,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain andL € ubeck,Germany)
17.Thehumanhypothalamickisspeptinsystem:Functionalneuroanatomyandclinicalperspectives275 E.Hrabovszky,S.Takács, E.Rumpler,andK.Skrapits(Budapest,Hungary)
18.KisspeptinandneurokininBexpressioninthehumanhypothalamus:Relationtoreproduction andgenderidentity
297 J.Bakker(Liège,Belgium)
19.Theinfundibularpeptidergicneuronsandgliacellsinovereating,obesity,anddiabetes
315 M.J.T.KalsbeekandC.-X.Yi(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)
20.Hypothalamusandweightlossinamyotrophiclateralsclerosis
327 R.M.Ahmed,F.Steyn,andL.Dupuis(SydneyandBrisbane,AustraliaandStrasbourg,France)
SECTION10Lateraltuberalnucleus
SECTION11Lateralhypothalamicarea,perifornicalarea
21.Theorexin/hypocretinsysteminneuropsychiatricdisorders:Relationtosignsandsymptoms343 R.Fronczek,M.Schinkelshoek,L.Shan,andG.J.Lammers(Leiden,HeemstedeandAmsterdam, TheNetherlands)
22.Pleasure,addiction,andhypocretin(orexin)
359 R.McGregor,T.C.Thannickal,andJ.M.Siegel(LosAngeles,UnitedStates)
SECTION12Tuberomamillarycomplex
23.Histaminereceptors,agonists,andantagonistsinhealthanddisease
377 P.Panula(Helsinki,Finland)
24.Thetuberomamillarynucleusinneuropsychiatricdisorders
389 L.Shan,R.Fronczek,G.J.Lammers,andD.F.Swaab(Leiden,HeemstedeandAmsterdam, TheNetherlands)
SECTION13Subthalamicnucleus
25.Imagingofthehumansubthalamicnucleus
403 A.AlkemadeandB.U.Forstmann(Amsterdam,TheNetherlands)
26.Neuropsychiatriceffectsofsubthalamicdeepbrainstimulation
417 P.E.MosleyandH.Akram(Brisbane,AustraliaandLondon,UnitedKingdom)
27.ThesubthalamicnucleusandtheplaceboeffectinParkinson'sdisease
E.Frisaldi,D.A.Zamfira,andF.Benedetti(Turin,ItalyandPlateauRosà,Switzerland)
SECTION14Corporamamillaria,fornix,andmamillothalamictract
28.Electricalstimulationofthefornixforthetreatmentofbraindiseases
S.HeschamandY.Temel(Maastricht,TheNetherlands)
29.ThecontributionofmamillarybodydamagetoWernicke'sencephalopathyandKorsakoff's syndrome
N.J.M.Arts,A.-L.Pitel,andR.P.C.Kessels(Venray,Wolfheze,andNijmegen,TheNetherlandsand CaenandParis,France)
