Chapter 1. The Role and Responsibilities of the Support Worker
Support Work Across Canada
The Health Care Team
Being a Professional
The Goal of Support Work: Improved Quality of Life Through Client-Centred Care
Critical Thinking, Decision Making, and Problem-Solving
Chapter 2. The Canadian Health Care System
Canada’s Current Health Care System
The Provincial or Territorial Role in Health Care
Health Care Challenges, Supplementary Services, and Trends
Chapter 3. Workplace Se ings
Workplace Settings and Services Provided
Working in Community-Based Settings
Working in Facility-Based Settings
Working in a Facility
Chapter 4. Ethics
The Influence of Culture on Beliefs, Values, Morals, and Ethics
Codes of Ethics
The Principles of Health Care Ethics
Chapter 5. Legislation: The Client’s Rights and Your Rights
Understanding Rights
Basic Human Rights in Canada
Basic Rights of People Receiving Health Services
Understanding Legal Issues
Your Legal Rights
Chapter 6. Health, Wellness, Illness, and Disability
Health and Wellness
Illness and Disability
Supporting Clients with Illness and Disability
Chapter 7. Caring About Culture and Diversity
Diversity: Ethnicity and Culture
The Effect of Culture
Providing Culturally Sensitive Care and Support
Chapter 8. Managing Stress
Stress
Time Management
Decision Making
Problem Solving
Dealing with Conflict
Chapter 9. Interpersonal Communication
Factors that Influence Communication
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
Communication Methods
Professional Communication
Communication Barriers
Communicating with Angry People
Communicating Assertively
Explaining Procedures and Tasks
Communicating with Clients Living with Dementia
Chapter 10. Working With Others: Teamwork and Delegation
The Health Care Team
Working Under Supervision
Assigning and Delegating
Chapter 11. Working With Clients and Their Families
Providing Compassionate Care While Maintaining a Professional Relationship with the Client
The Client’S Family
Chapter 12. Abuse, Bullying, and Harassment Awareness
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Types of Abuse
Abusive Relationships
Recognizing the Signs of Abuse
The Cycle of Abuse
What to do when Clients Speak of Abuse
Your Legal Responsibilities in Reporting Abuse
How to Report Abuse
Abuse of Health Care Workers
Chapter 13. Starting Your Career
Getting Organized
Setting Priorities and Goals
Preparing Your Resumé and Professional Portfolio
Finding and Following Leads
Preparing a Letter of Application
Completing a Job Application Form
The Interview
The Employment Offer
Chapter 14. Body Mechanics
Helping to Prevent Personal Injuries
Body Mechanics
Positioning the Client
Transferring the Client
Lifting a Client
Chapter 15. Exercise and Activity
Bed Rest
Ambulation
Chapter 16. Rehabilitation and Restorative Care
Rehabilitative Care Versus Restorative Care
Goals of Rehabilitative and Restorative Care
Rehabilitation Settings
The Rehabilitation Process
Assisting with Rehabilitation and Restorative Care
Overall Benefits Of Rehabilitation And Restorative Care
Chapter 17. Personal Hygiene Support worker using the electronic display machine for transferring the older client into the bathtub.
Oral Hygiene
Bathing
The Back Massage
Perineal Care
Menstrual Care
Chapter 18. Grooming and Dressing
Hair Care
Shaving
Care of Nails and Feet
Changing Clothing, Incontinence Briefs, and Hospital Gowns
Applying Elastic Anti-Embolic Stockings and Bandages
Compassionate Care
Chapter 19. Preventing Infection
Microorganisms
The Spread Of Pathogens
Medical Asepsis
Hand Hygiene
Isolation Precautions
Surgical Asepsis
Chapter 20. Safety
Accident Risk Factors
Identifying the Client
Safety Measures at Home and in the Workplace
Preventing Poisoning
Preventing Burns
Preventing Accidents with Equipment
Preventing Fires
Preventing Suffocation
Restraints and How to Avoid Using Them
Promoting Your Personal Safety
Chapter 21. Beds and Bed Making
The Client’s Bed
Linen Bed Making
Chapter 22. Skin Care and Prevention of Wounds
Types of Wounds
Skin Tears
Pressure Injuries
Leg And Foot Ulcers
Wound Healing
Dressings
Chapter 23. Promoting Client Comfort, Pain Management, and Sleep
Promoting Client Comfort And Well-Being
Pain And Its Impact On A Client’s Well-Being
Rest And Sleep
Chapter 24. Measuring Height, Weight, and Vital Signs Close-up of hand of support worker checking client’s blood pressure, with cuff placed on upper arm.
Measuring Height And Weight
Measuring And Reporting Vital Signs
Body Temperature
Pulse
Respirations
Blood Pressure
Chapter 25. Medical Terminology
Word Elements
Combining Word Elements
Abdominal Regions
Directional Terms
Abbreviations
Chapter 26. Planning, Reporting, and Recording Client Care
The Care-Planning Process in Facilities
The Care-Planning Process in Community Settings
Your Role In The Care-Planning Process
Verbal Reporting
Client Records or Charts
Chapter 27. Nutrition and Fluids
Basic Nutrition
Canada’s Dietary Guidelines
Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle
Factors That Affect Eating and Nutrition
Food Labels
Caffeine Intake
Meal Planning and Preparation
Special Diets
Assisting Clients With Eating
Fluid Balance
Chapter 28. Enteral Nutrition and Intravenous Therapy
Enteral Nutrition
Intravenous Therapy
Subcutaneous Infusion Therapy
Chapter 29. Urinary Elimination
Normal Urination
Urinary Incontinence
Catheters
Bladder Training
Collecting Urine Specimens
Testing Urine
The Client With A Ureterostomy Or An Ileal Conduit
Compassionate Care
Chapter 30. Bowel Elimination
Normal Bowel Movements
Factors Affecting Bowel Movement
Common Challenges Affecting Bowel Movement
Bowel Training
Enemas
Rectal Tubes
The Client with an Ostomy
Stool Specimens
Chapter 31. Growth and Development
Principles
Selected Theories of Human Development
Growth and Development
Chapter 32. Body Structure and Function
Anatomical Terms
Cells, Tissues, Organs, Body Cavities, and Organ Systems
The Integumentary System
The Musculoskeletal System
The Nervous System
The Sense Organs
The Endocrine System
The Circulatory System
The Respiratory System
The Immune System
The Digestive System
The Urinary System
The Reproductive System
Chapter 33. Common Diseases and Disorders
Communicable Diseases
Cancer
Integumentary System Disorders
Musculoskeletal System Disorders
Nervous System Disorders
Endocrine System Disorders
Cardiovascular System Disorders
Respiratory System Disorders
Immune System Disorders
Digestive System Disorders
Urinary System Disorders
Reproductive System Disorders
Chapter 34. Hearing and Vision Disorders
Ear Disorders and Hearing Impairment
Eye Disorders and Vision Impairment
Service Dogs for People with Hearing or Vision Challenges
Chapter 35. Speech and Language Disorders
Aphasia
Apraxia of Speech
Dysarthria
Emotional Effects of Speech and Language Disorders
Treatment for Speech and Language Disorders
Supporting and Communicating with Clients
Chapter 36. Developmental Disorders and Disabilities
Caring for a Client Who is Living with a Developmental Disability or Disorder
Types of Developmental Disorders and Disabilities
The Impact of Developmental Disorders and Disabilities on the Family
Chapter 37. Mental Health Disorders Woman looking sad, while keeping hand on forehead.
Mental Health and Mental Health Disorders
Acquired Brain Injuries
Anxiety Disorders
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders
Personality Disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Self-Harm Disorders
Sleep–Wake Disorders
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Suicidal Behaviour Disorder
Chapter 38. Disorientation, Delirium, and Dementia
Disorientation
Delirium
Dementia
Primary Dementias
Secondary Dementias
Depression and Dementia16
Stages of Dementia
Supporting Clients who are Living with Dementia
Managing Responsive Behaviours
Caregiver Needs
Chapter 39. Promoting Oxygenation
Factors Affecting Oxygen Needs
Altered Respiratory Function
Promoting Oxygenation
Assisting with Oxygen Therapy
Assisting with Assessment and Diagnostic Testing
Artificial Airways
Suctioning an Airway
Mechanical Ventilation
Chest Tubes
Chapter 40. Heat and Cold Applications
Heat Applications
Cold Applications
Chapter 41. Caring for Infants and Their Parents
Caring for New Birth Parents
Caring for Infants
Chapter 42. Caring for the Young
Supporting the Infant, Child, or Teen
Assisting Infants and Children to Meet Nutritional Needs
Reye’s Syndrome
Discipline
Supporting the Child Who Demonstrates Challenging Behaviours
Preventing Infections
Chapter 43. Caring for Older Persons
Caring for Older Clients
Emotional and Social Changes
Depression in Older Persons
Physical Changes
The Older Person and Sexuality
Chapter 44. Home Management
The Support Worker’s Role in Home Management
Getting Organized
Equipment and Supplies
Using Cleaning Products Safely
Cleaning Bedrooms, Living Rooms, Kitchens, and Bathrooms
Doing Laundry
Recycling Items and Composting
Performing Tasks not Included on the Client’s Care Plan
Chapter 45. Medication Management
Scope Of Practice: The Support Worker’s Role
How Medications Work in the Body
Types Of Medications
Performing Simple Medication Math
Documentation
The 10 “Rights” of Medication Management
Medication Labelling Requirements
Reporting Medication Errors
Chapter 46. Working in Acute Care
Supporting the Client During Transitions
Assisting with Physical Examinations
Preparing the Client for a Physical Exam
Supporting the Client who is Having Surgery
Chapter 47. End-of-Life Care
Life-Threatening Conditions
Attitudes Toward Death and Dying
Caring for a Client Who is Dying
Palliative Care
Legal Issues Surrounding Death and Dying
Grief
Signs of Death
Appendix
References
Index
Procedures
Procedures
Copyright
SORRENTINO’S CANADIAN TEXTBOOK FOR THE ISBN: 978-0323-70939-2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmi ed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Reproducing passages from this book without such wri en permission is an infringement of copyright law.
Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text and to acknowledge all such
indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the publisher’s a ention will be corrected in future printings.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
The content and procedures in this book are based on information currently available. They were reviewed by instructors and practising professionals in various regions of Canada. However, agency policies and procedures may vary from the information and procedures in this book. In addition, standards and guidelines may change as new information becomes available. Other federal, provincial, and territorial agencies also may issue new standards and guidelines, as may accrediting agencies and national organizations. You are responsible for following the policies and procedures of your employer and the most current standards, practices, and guidelines as they relate to the safety of your work. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a ma er of products liability, negligence, or otherwise or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Control Number: 2021936695
We are honoured to have received permission to reproduce the work “Harmony and the Universe” by Order of Canada award-winning Indigenous artist Dr. Daphne Odjig on our textbook cover. Dr. Odjig’s art, which seeks to open doors and build community between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous community in Canada,
reinforces the valuable message that we are one community in looking out for and caring for one another.
In 2007, Dr. Odjig received the Governor General’s Award in Visual and Media Arts. In 2009, Dr. Odjig was the first female Indigenous artist to have her own show at the National Gallery of Canada.
Senior Content Strategist (Acquisitions, Canada): Roberta A. SpinosaMillman
Director, Content Development: Laurie Gower
Content Development Specialist: Martina van de Velde
Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy
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Design Direction: Margaret Reid Printed
Dedication
I wish to dedicate this book to my loving parents, Michael and Natalia Wilk; my husband, Gord, and children, Andrew, Julie, and Bre ; my granddaughters, Natalia (Tilly) and Michaela (Mikey); and my siblings, Carol and Mike. You are my supports, my inspirations, and my best friends. Thank you for your patience, your love, and your laughter. You have helped me be a be er nurse and become the person I am today.
Mary Wilk
Loved ones are lost, and children are born, bringing joy and new memories …
Kylie Brooke, Weston Anthony, Emma Rose, Mason Anthony, and all those yet to be ...
