Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Editors biography
Preface
Acknowledgments
1: 4D printing principles and manufacturing
Abstract
Introduction
Series I: Smart materials and structure: 4D printing principles and manufacturing
References
2: 4D-printed dielectric elastomer soft robots: Modeling and fabrications
Abstract
Introduction
Configurations
Modeling
Fabrication
Conclusion
References
3: 4D-printed light-responsive structures
Abstract
Introduction
Design principles and activation mechanisms
Light-responsive materials used for 4D printing
4D-printed light-responsive behaviors and emerging applications
Conclusion
References
4: 4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers modeling and fabrication
Abstract
Introduction
Direct ink writing technology
Measurement of polymer sensors and actuators
4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers
Integrated polymer sensor and actuator via multi-material DIW
Conclusions
References
5: 4D-printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels modeling and fabrication
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
4D stimuli in hydrogels
Smart hydrogels design strategies
Fabrication techniques
Smart polymers for responsive hydrogels
Conclusions
References
6: 4D bioprinting: Fabrication approaches and biomedical applications
Abstract
Introduction
4D bioprinting
Current limitations and future perspectives of 4D bioprinting
Conclusions
References
7: 4D Microprinting
Abstract
Introduction to 4D printing at the microscale
4D microstructures based on stimuli-responsive hydrogels
Shape memory in 4D microprinting
Liquid crystalline 4D microstructures
Composite materials in 4D microprinting
Conclusion and outlook
References
8: 4D printing of gels and soft materials
Abstract
Introduction
Different types of soft materials in 4D printing
4D printing with hydrogel-based system
Applications of 4D printing based on soft materials
References
9: 4D printing of natural fiber composite
Abstract
Introduction
Natural fibers and their composites: A background
Hygromorph biocomposites (HBCs): Novel functionality for natural fiber biocomposite inspired from adaptive biological structure
4D printing of HBC
Conclusion
References
10: Functionalized 4D-printed sensor systems
Abstract
Additive fabrication technologies
Applications
Outlook for additive manufacturing
4D-printed sensor development
Conclusion
References
Further reading
11: Origami-inspired 4D printing
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Design concepts and fabrication techniques
Conclusion
References
12: Reversible 4D printing
Abstract
Introduction
Reversible shape memory polymers (SMPs)
Reversible 4D printing
Challenges and the future
References
13: Roadmapping 4D printing through disruptive ideas
Abstract
Introduction
A matter of definition
Where are we in 4D printing?
A survey to break the deadlock?
Toward a roadmap?
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index
Copyright
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my great parents, Mohammad and Kokab, who raised me with love, compassion, and a sense of appreciation for knowledge and innovation; and to my lovely wife for her patience, support, and adventurous spirit.
Mahdi Bodaghi
This book is dedicated to my parents and sisters for their consistent support, to my wife for her patience and company, and to my son, Alan, for motivating me to keep going.
Ali Zolfagharian
Contributors
Kumkum Ahmed College of Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Mohammad Alshawabkeh FH Kärnten Campus Villach, Villach, Austria
Jia An Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore
Jean-Claude André LRGP 7274 UMR CNRS, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
Mohsen Askari
Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, No ingham Trent University, No ingham, United Kingdom
Department of Textile Engineering, School of Material Engineering & Advanced Processes, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Changsheng Bian Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
Eva Blasco Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-KarlsUniversität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Mahdi Bodaghi Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, No ingham Trent University, No ingham, United Kingdom
Chee Kai Chua Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore
David Correa School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, ON, Canada
Frédéric Demoly ICB UMR 6303 CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UTBM, Belfort, France
Lisa-Marie Faller ADMiRE Lab-Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria
Rui Guo State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Khan Rajib Hossain State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Li-Yun Hsu Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-KarlsUniversität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Wei Min Huang School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore
Zhongying Ji State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Pan Jiang State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Daewon Kim Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Aerospace Engineering, Daytona Beach, FL, United States
Antoine Le Duigou Univ. Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, IRDL, Lorient, France
Amelia Yilin Lee
Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines
HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore
Bin Luo
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hohai University, Changzhou Campus, Changzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
Mehrshad Mehrpouya Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz
Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, No ingham Trent University, No ingham, United Kingdom
Department of Textile Engineering, School of Material Engineering & Advanced Processes, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Ana P. Piedade University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
Ana C. Pinho University of Coimbra, CEMMPRE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Coimbra, Portugal
MD Nahin Islam Shiblee Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
Stanislav Sikulskyi Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Aerospace Engineering, Daytona Beach, FL, United States
Christoph Alexander Spiegel Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Xiaolong Wang
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
Xuejie Xu Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
Yi Zhang
Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore
School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Zicai Zhu Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
Ali Zolfagharian School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Editors biography
Dr.Mahdi Bodaghi, BSc, MSc, PhD, PGCAP, FHEA, CEng, MIMechE, is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology at No ingham Trent University. Mahdi heads the 4D Materials and Printing Laboratory (4DMPL) that hosts a broad portfolio of projects focusing on the electrothermo-mechanical multiscale behaviors of smart materials, soft robots, and 3D/4D printing technologies. In the recent 12 years, he has been working toward the advancement of state-of-the-art smart materials and additive manufacturing, which has led him to cofound the 4D Printing Society and to coedit the Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing book series. His research has led to the publication of more than 120 scientific papers in prestigious journals on mechanics, manufacturing, and materials science as well as the presentation of his work at major international conferences. Mahdi has also served as Chairman and Member of Scientific Commi ees for 10 International Conferences, as Guest Editor for 10 journals, as Editorial Board Member for 8 scientific journals, and as Reviewer for more than 130 journals. Mahdi’s research awards include the Best Doctoral Thesis Award (2015), the CUHK Postdoctoral Fellowship (2016), the Annual Best Paper Award in Mechanics and Material Systems presented by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2017), Horizon Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (2018), and the IJPEM-GT Contribution Award (2021) recognized by the Korea Society for Precision Engineering.
Dr. Ali Zolfagharian, BSc, MSc, PhD, ADPRF, GCHE, is Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering at Deakin University, Australia. He has been among the 2% top-cited scientists listed by Stanford University and Elsevier (2020), the Alfred Deakin Medallist for Best Doctoral Thesis (2019), and the Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Fellowship Awardee (2018). He has been directing the 4D Printing and Robotic Materials laboratory at Deakin University since 2018. Ali is the cofounder of the 4D Printing Society, the coeditor of the Smart
Materials in Additive Manufacturing book series published by Elsevier, and a technical commi ee member of five international conferences. From 2020 to 2022, he has received more than AUD 200k research funds from academic and industrial firms. Ali’s research outputs on flexible manipulators, soft grippers, robotic materials 3D/4D printing, and bioprinting include 71 articles, being editor of 2 journals, 15 special issues, and 5 books.
Preface
Mahdi Bodaghi
Ali Zolfagharian
We thank you for choosing this book series that is intended to create an intellectual niche for smart materials in the additive manufacturing community. This book, the first in the series, demonstrates the principles that frontline academics and engineers have developed for four-dimensional (4D) printing in a manner that will be useful for students and early career researchers in the field at a higher education level.
During the past few years, significant progress has been made in 4D printing by researchers in top institutions and laboratories worldwide, combining advances in 3D printing of dynamic structures with stimuli-responsive materials, known as smart materials, to create additively manufactured smart structures. However, 4D printing technology is only in the early stages of research and development, so industries will probably learn more about it in the coming years. With the Fourth Industrial Revolution well underway, industries that take advantage of its unprecedented possibilities will undoubtedly have an economic advantage. With this knowledge, institutions, researchers, and students investing in 4D printing technology are the ones with radical potential.
Additive manufacturing technology through layered building of materials, also known as 3D printing, was developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s by different scientists and engineers around the world. Since then, the basic process and technology have evolved from the typical 3D printing processes to develop objects and structures mainly using functional materials in diverse applications
benefiting from their robust mechanical and geometric properties. In 2013, the term “4D printing” was introduced, in which the fourth dimension refers to time-related changes in the shape, properties, color, or functions of 3D-printed smart materials in response to external stimuli. In other words, 4D printing is defined as the 3D printing of smart materials to work as dynamic structures and mechanisms as opposed to merely static but functional constructs conventionally made via 3D printing.
A series of books on smart materials in additive manufacturing has been announced to be er serve the purpose. This book, the first in the series, provides readers with a quick overview of the current smart materials and techniques to process them via 4D printing. Different types of smart materials, including shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, shape memory alloys (SMAs), biomaterials, natural fibers, dielectric elastomers (DEs), liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), electroactive polymers (EAPs), soft materials, and their composites, used in 4D printing based on their response to stimuli, fabrication, multiphysics modeling, control techniques, and applications, are discussed. After reading the chapters in this book, readers will hopefully learn the basics of current smart materials used in 4D printing and their processing strategies. Smart Materials in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1 is suitable for new researchers, scientists, industrial designers, and students entering the field to further familiarize themselves with the concepts and principles of 4D printing technology.
This book is the result of years of collective research by experts in 4D printing and additive manufacturing of smart materials and structures. The editors and authors hope you will benefit from the time and effort it took to put it together and believe it was a worthwhile endeavor. Editing this book has led to the formation of a bigger network of experts in 4D printing, with whom we have initiated collaborations to further advance the field.
