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Rhizosphere Engineering

Rhizosphere Engineering

Professor, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri

Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Pankaj Kumar

Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Science, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-0-323-89973-4

For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

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Typeset by STRAIVE, India

Mātṛ Devo Bhav, Pitṛ Devo Bhav, Ācārya Devo Bhav

Tattirīya Upaniṣad 1.11.2.

(See God in Mother, Father, and Teachers.)

3.1

3.2.2

5.4

5.3.4

5.3.7

9.3

9.6

9.7

CHAPTER 10

Kumutha Karunanantham, Srimathi Priya Lakshminarayanan, Anitha Krishnaswamy Ganesamurthi, Krishnamoorthy Ramasamy, and Vinu Radha Rajamony

Devendra Jain, Heena Saheewala, Suman Sanadhaya, Arunabh Joshi, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Abhishek Kumar Verma, and Santosh Ranjan Mohanty

CHAPTER 12 Zinc solubilizing rhizobacteria as soil health engineer

Shohini Chakraborty, Mamun Mandal, Arka Pratim Chakraborty, and Sukanta Majumdar

CHAPTER 13

Murugan Athiappan, S. Dinesh Kumar, S. Umamaheswari, and M. Rajaprabu

13.1

20.2 AHL-mediated intraspecies interaction in Gram-negative bacteria

20.3 Autoinducing peptides-mediated intraspecies interaction in Gram-positive bacteria .........................................................................................

20.4 Bacterial quorum-sensing systems in rhizosphere

20.4.1 TraI/TraR signaling system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens ........................

20.4.2 ExpI/ExpR-CarI/CarR-coupled quorum-sensing system in Erwania carotovora

20.4.3 LasI/LasR-RhlI/RhlR serial overlapping system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ........................................................................

20.4.4 PlcR-PapR quorum-sensing system in Bacillus cereus ...............................

20.4.5 ComP/ComA quorum-sensing system in

Sughra Hakim, Muhammad Shoib Nawaz, Muhammad Jawad Siddique, Mahnoor Hayat, Umaira Gulzar, and Asma Imran

24.3

24.4

24.4.1

24.5

Edna Mary Varghese, Babanpreet Kour, S. Ramya, Namitha S. Kumar, M.S. Jisha, and B. Ramakrishnan

25.3.1

Contributors

Somen Acharya

DIHAR-DRDO Base Lab, Chandigarh, India

Nitin Adhapure

Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Vivekanand Arts Sardar Dalipsingh Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Muhammad Ahmad

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

Neethu Asokan

Department of Microbiology, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Thirupattur, Tamil Nadu, India

Murugan Athiappan

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, India

Ramasamy Balagurunathan

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Ali Asger Bhojiya

Faculty of Science, U.S. Ostwal Science, Arts and Commerce College, Mangalwad, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India

Arka Pratim Chakraborty

Department of Botany, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India

Shohini Chakraborty

Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India

S. Dinesh Kumar

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, India

Ramesh Chandra Dubey

Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Hassan Etesami

Agriculture & Natural resources Campus, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Department of Soil Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Anitha Krishnaswamy Ganesamurthi

Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Neera Garg

Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Ranjan Ghosh

Department of Botany, Bankura Sammilani College, Bankura, West Bengal, India

N.A. Nanje Gowda

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Umaira Gulzar

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; University of Bagh, Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

Chennappa Gurikar

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Sughra Hakim

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

K.N. Hanumantharaju

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Mahnoor Hayat

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

Natarajan Hemalatha

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Asma Imran

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

Areeb Inamdar

Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Vivekanand Arts Sardar Dalipsingh Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Ajay Irmale

Government Institute of Science, Aurangabad, India

Devendra Jain

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

M.S. Jisha

School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Arunabh Joshi

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Ravindra Kale

Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States

Kumutha Karunanantham

Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India

Harmanjit Kaur

Department of Botany, Akal University, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Jupinder Kaur

Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Manpreet Kaur

Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Shilpi Kiran

Department of Botany, Patna Women’s College, Autonomous, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India

Babanpreet Kour

Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

Jitendra Kumar

Department of Botany, Dolphin (PG) College of Science and Agriculture, Fatehgarh Sahib; Department of Biosciences, UIB, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India

Namitha S. Kumar

School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Pankaj Kumar

Department of Microbiology, Dolphin (PG) Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Rajeev Kumar

ICAR-IISR, Lucknow, India

Sachin Kumar

Dr B R Ambedkar NIT Jalandhar, Jalandhar, India

Sonali Kumari

Department of Botany, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India

Srimathi Priya Lakshminarayanan

Department of Fruit Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Iqra Laraib

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

A.C. Lokesh

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Sukanta Majumdar

Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India

Mamun Mandal

Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, West Bengal, India

Narayan Chandra Mandal

Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India

Santosh Ranjan Mohanty

Indian Institute of Soil Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

N.A. Nanje Gowda

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Muhammad Shoib Nawaz

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

Sapna Negi

Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, DBS (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

B.P. Netravati

Department of Food Technology, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore, India

Fabio Lopes Olivares

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Campos dos Goytacazes; Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Vinu Radha Rajamony

Faculty of Agriculture, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

M. Rajaprabu

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, India

B. Ramakrishnan

Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

Krishnamoorthy Ramasamy

Department of Crop Management, Vanavarayar Institute of Agriculture, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India

S. Ramya

Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

Amrita Kumari Rana

Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Asma Rehman

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

Elizabeth Lewis Roberts

Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States

Heena Saheewala

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Suman Sanadhaya

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Vishal Sangawe

Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Vivekanand Arts Sardar Dalipsingh Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Murthy Sangeetha

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Lidiane Figueiredo dos Santos

Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Campos dos Goytacazes; Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Insumos Biológicos para a Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Satyajit Saurabh

DNA Fingerprinting Laboratory, Bihar State Seed and Organic Certification Agency, Patna, Bihar, India

Ankita Sharma

Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Ladakh, India

Shardulya Shukla

Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Division, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, Ladakh, India

Nagarajan Siddharthan

Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Muhammad Jawad Siddique

National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan

Abha Singh

Department of Botany, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India

Ajay Singh

Department of Food Technology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India

Archana Singh

GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

M.Y. Sreenivasa

Department of Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India

Anoop Kumar Srivastava

ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Vivek Kumar Tiwari

DIHAR-DRDO Base Lab, Chandigarh, India

S. Umamaheswari

Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India

Kayeen Vadakkan

Department of Biology, St. Mary’s College, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Edna Mary Varghese School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India

Abhishek Kumar Verma Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

B.C. Verma CRURRS, ICAR-NRRI, Hazaribagh, India

Vivek Chandra Verma DIHAR-DRDO Base Lab, Chandigarh, India

Vishnu Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Pratibha Vyas

Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India

Preface

The book Rhizosphere Engineering provides comprehensive information about various advanced techniques used to enhance crop yield and improve the soil quality and fertility. Since the inception of agriculture, humans are trying to improve the quality of agricultural produce. The global population is increasing day by day and estimated to hit approximately 9.7 billion by 2050. So far, millions of human population are forfeited from getting the food twice a day. In order to meet food demand to the expanding population, there must be an increase in crop productivity by 60%–100%. The food demand can be achieved by employing beneficial microbes coupled with advanced technologies. Moreover, grain production has also been improved by using agrochemicals during the pre- and postharvest diseases of plants. But a huge array of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has contaminants in the agricultural fields for the last few decades. These contaminants not only affect the normal functions of the soil microorganisms responsible for soil fertility, but they also affect water resources and plant and human health. Therefore, engineering the rhizosphere by the applying beneficial microbes, such as the selected species of Azotobacter, Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, actinomycetes, cyanobacteria, and VAM fungi, coupled with advanced technologies like nanotechnology, quorum sensing, and metagenomics have been found to be the alternative methods to improve and restore the soil nutrients and also to remediate the soil contaminants. The genetically and metabolically engineered microbes are capable of degrading these contaminants through various mechanisms.

Indigenous diazotrophs and other beneficial microbes increase the crop productivity, availability, or uptake of nutrients through hormonal action or antibiosis. The main objective of rhizosphere engineering is reducing our dependence on agrochemicals by replacing them with rhizosphere-competent and ecofriendly beneficial native microbes or introducing the genetically engineered microbes in soil. However, the effectiveness of rhizobacteria is limited by variability and inconsistency in their field performance due to the stress imposed by various environmental factors and competition with the native microorganisms. Among these beneficial microbes, the species of Bacillus operates multiple mechanisms, namely, growth enhancer, antibiosis, competition (nutrients), and induced systemic resistance in host plants, which make it an ideal bioinoculants.

In contrast, the ability of Rhizobium to restore the soil fertility by forming effective nodules is linked to various soil attributes. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays prominent roles in decreasing the application of chemical fertilizer in agriculture and soil health reclamation. Species of Azotobacter produce a wide variety of plant growth-stimulating secondary metabolites and directly influencing the plant vigor. Azotobacter is also known to tolerate and degrade synthetic pesticides; therefore, its many species act as potential bio-agents for sustainable agriculture and maintain the ecological imbalance in the environment. Cyanobacteria are an ancient class of bacteria of planet Earth having unique ability of N2 fixation, oxygenic photosynthesis, and excellent adaptability to various environmental vagaries. These properties have marked them as an excellent candidate for their effective utilization in rhizospheric engineering, that is, as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. Furthermore, arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) also benefit plants through mobilization as well as uptake of nutrients and improved soil structure, while the fungal partners receive readymade photosynthetic carbon and nutrients from the host plant. They are destined to be healers of problem/stressed soils owing to their ability to develop stress tolerance in crop plants.

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