Residential microgrids and rural electrifications sanjeevikumar padmanaban - Download the ebook now by Education Libraries

https://ebookmass.com/product/residential-microgrids-and-

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) ready for you

Download now and discover formats that fit your needs...

Active Electrical Distribution Network: Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban

https://ebookmass.com/product/active-electrical-distribution-networkissues-solution-techniques-and-applications-sanjeevikumar-padmanaban/

ebookmass.com

Artificial Intelligence-based Smart Power Systems 1st Edition Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban

https://ebookmass.com/product/artificial-intelligence-based-smartpower-systems-1st-edition-sanjeevikumar-padmanaban/

ebookmass.com

Microgrids Josep M. Guerrero

https://ebookmass.com/product/microgrids-josep-m-guerrero/

ebookmass.com

One Tiny On Dit Later (Singular Sensation Book 3) Sandra Sookoo

https://ebookmass.com/product/one-tiny-on-dit-later-singularsensation-book-3-sandra-sookoo/

ebookmass.com

https://ebookmass.com/product/financial-accounting-11th-editionpatricia-libby/

ebookmass.com

Non-Aligned Psychiatry in the Cold War : revolution, emancipation and re-imagining the human psyche Ana Anti■

https://ebookmass.com/product/non-aligned-psychiatry-in-the-cold-warrevolution-emancipation-and-re-imagining-the-human-psyche-ana-antic/

ebookmass.com

Never for Him (Hope Valley Book 12) Jessica Prince

https://ebookmass.com/product/never-for-him-hope-valleybook-12-jessica-prince/

ebookmass.com

A Relentless Rake Anna Harrington

https://ebookmass.com/product/a-relentless-rake-anna-harrington/

ebookmass.com

Savage Temptation : A Forced Proximity Italian Mafia Romance (Lords of The Commission - New York Book 1)

Stephanie Amaral

https://ebookmass.com/product/savage-temptation-a-forced-proximityitalian-mafia-romance-lords-of-the-commission-new-yorkbook-1-stephanie-amaral/

ebookmass.com

College Writing Skills with Readings, 11th Edition Zoe

Albright

https://ebookmass.com/product/college-writing-skills-withreadings-11th-edition-zoe-albright/

ebookmass.com

ResidentialMicrogridsandRural Electrifications

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

ResidentialMicrogrids andRuralElectrifications

Editedby SanjeevikumarPadmanaban

DepartmentofEnergyTechnology,Aalborg University,Esbjerg,Denmark

C.Sharmeela

DepartmentofElectricalandElectronics Engineering,AnnaUniversity,Chennai,India

P.Sivaraman

LeadingEngineeringOrganisation,Chennai, India

JensBoHolm-Nielsen

DepartmentofEnergyTechnology,Aalborg University,Esbjerg,Denmark

AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier

125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions .

Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).

Notices

Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.

Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.

Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.

BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData

AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData

AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress

ISBN:978-0-323-90177-2

ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

Publisher: CharlotteCockle

AcquisitionsEditor: LisaReading

EditorialProjectManager: AndraeAkeh

ProductionProjectManager: PrasannaKalyanaraman

CoverDesigner: MatthewLimbert

TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India

Listofcontributorsxiii

Prefacexvii

Acknowledgmentsxix

1.Microgridsplanningforresidentialelectrificationinruralareas1 RahmatKhezri,AminMahmoudiandMohammadHassanKhooban

1.1Introduction1

1.2Microgridsinruralareas3

1.2.1Microgridsstructure3

1.2.2Microgridconfigurations4

1.2.3Microgridscomponents6

1.2.4Issuesrelatedtomicrogridsinruralareas7

1.3Planningofresidentialmicrogrids9

1.3.1Problemidentification9

1.3.2Inputdata10

1.3.3Objectivefunctions12

1.3.4Designconstraints16

1.3.5Howtosolvethemicrogridsplanningproblem18

1.4HOMERsoftware19

1.4.1Softwareintroduction19

1.4.2EquipmentmodelsinHOMER19

1.4.3OptimizationinHOMER21

1.4.4OutputresultsbyHOMER21

1.4.5SensitivityanalysisinHOMER22

1.4.6HOMERdeficiencies22

1.5Conclusion22 References23

2.Overviewofmicrogridsinthemoderndigitalage: anintroductionandfundamentals27 AnaCarolinaBorgesMonteiro,ReinaldoPadilhaFranc¸a, RangelArthurandYuzoIano

2.1Introduction27

2.2Microgridfundamentals29

2.3Microgridimpacts32

2.4Microgridforruralelectrification33

2.5Discussion35

2.6Trends37

2.7Conclusions40 References41

3.Sourcesofamicrogridforresidentialsystemsandrural electrification45

D.P.Kothari,AnshumaanPathakandUtkarshPandey 3.1Introduction46

3.2Solarphotovoltaiccells47

3.2.1Generationofchargecarriersbecauseoftheabsorptionof photonswithinthematerialsthatdevelopajunction47

3.2.2Resultingseparationofphoto-generatedchargecarriers withinthejunction47

3.2.3Assortmentofphoto-generatedchargecarriersatthe terminalsofthejunction48

3.2.4ComponentsofsolarPVsystem49

3.2.5Typesofsolarpanels49

3.2.6Solarinverter49

3.2.7Typesofsolarinverters50

3.2.8Batteries50

3.2.9Chargecontrollers50

3.2.10Advantagesofsolarenergy51

3.3Biomassandbiochemical51

3.3.1Thermochemical53

3.3.2Biochemical53

3.3.3Agrochemical54

3.3.4Benefitsofbiomassenergy54

3.3.5Hydropowerplant54

3.3.6Waterturbine56

3.3.7Advantagesofhydropower57

3.4Fuelcelltechnology57

3.4.1Fuelcellapplicationinmicrogridarrangements58

3.4.2ComparisonofFCmicrogridapplication60

3.4.3AdvantagesofFCsinmicrogrids60

3.5Windpower62

3.5.1Windturbinecomponents62

3.5.2Applicationofwindpowerinmicrogrids63

3.5.3Advantagesofwindpower63

3.6Dieselgenerator64

3.6.1Partsofadieselgenerator64

3.6.2Advantagesofadieselgenerator65

3.7Conclusion65 References66

4.Overviewofsourcesofmicrogridsforresidentialandrural electrification:apanoramainthemodernage69 ReinaldoPadilhaFranc¸a,AnaCarolinaBorgesMonteiro, RangelArthurandYuzoIano

4.1Introduction69

4.2Microgridconcepts71

4.3Solarenergy74

4.4Discussion77

4.5Trends79

4.6Conclusions81 References83

5.Designofmicrogridsforruralelectrification87 D.P.Kothari,AnshumaanPathakandUtkarshPandey

5.1DCmicrogrid87

5.1.1Overviewofthesystemandworkingmethods88

5.1.2DC-DCboostconverterdesign90

5.2Logicbehindthesystem92

5.2.1Sourcesidemanagementapproach92

5.2.2Demand-sidemanagementapproach93

5.3Resultsanddiscussion94

5.3.1Source-sidemanagement94

5.4ACmicrogrid95

5.4.1Introductiontothesystem95

5.4.2Indicatorsofsustainability95

5.5Hybridmicrogrid98

5.6Casestudyofahybridmicrogridsystem98

5.6.1Electricalloadsurveyofthecommunities98

5.6.2Sizeofthesolarenergysystem99

5.6.3Invertersizingandsystemvoltage99

5.6.4SizingthePVarray103

5.6.5Batteryenergystoragesystem103

5.6.6Chargecontrollersizing103

5.6.7PVenergysysteminstallationandcommissioning104

5.6.8Installationofelectricpoles104

5.6.9Motorizedboreholeforirrigationpurposes105

5.6.10Meteringofcustomers105

5.6.11Socialandeconomicimpactoftheprojectonthe communities105

5.7Conclusion106 References106

6.Stand-alonemicrogridconceptforruralelectrification:areview109 R.Zahira,D.Lakshmi,G.Ezhilarasi,P.Sivaraman,C.N.Raviand C.Sharmeela

6.1Introduction109

6.2Renewableenergy:thecleanfacts111

6.3Microgrid:acompleteruralelectrificationsolution111

6.3.1Electrificationinremoteregions111

6.3.2Benefitsanddrawbacksofaphotovoltaicsystem113

6.3.3Solarpanelflexibilityforaruralhome113

6.4Example115

6.5India’slatestruralelectrificationschemesandinitiatives116

6.5.1Scheme1:powerforall116

6.5.2Scheme2:Saubhagya116

6.5.3Scheme3:DeenDayalUpadhyayaGramJyotiYojana117

6.6Ruralelectrificationforhomeandindustry117

6.6.1Issuesinmicrogrids119

6.7Modelingofasolarcell121

6.8Batterystorage122

6.9Simulationanalysisofthephotovoltaicconnectedload124 6.10Conclusion126 References126

7.Ruralandresidentialmicrogrids:concepts,statusquo,model,and application131

AsgharAkbari,VahidVahidinasab,HamidrezaArastehand EhsanKazemi-Robati

7.1Introduction132

7.2Whatisenergypoverty?132

7.2.1IndexestoevaluateenergypovertyinEurope134

7.3The5Devolutioninenergysystems135

7.3.1Decentralization135

7.3.2Decarbonization136

7.3.3Democratization137

7.3.4Deregulation137

7.3.5Digitalization138

7.4Theroleofmicrogridsinthe5Devolutioninenergysystemsand fightingenergypoverty138

7.4.1Microgridsanddecentralization138

7.4.2Microgridsanddecarbonization139

7.4.3Microgridsanddemocratization139

7.4.4Microgridsanddigitalization139

7.4.5Microgridsandderegulation140

7.4.6Theroleofmicrogridsinfightingenergypoverty140

7.5Ruralversusresidentialmicrogrids141

7.5.1Definitionofmicrogrids141

7.5.2Typesofmicrogrids141

7.6Technicalandeconomicbenefitsofmicrogrids144

7.6.1Environmentalissues144

7.6.2Investmentandoperationissues144

7.6.3Powerqualityandreliabilityimprovements144

7.6.4Economicadvantages144

7.6.5Marketbenefits145

7.7Challengesofmicrogrids145

7.7.1Highcostsofdistributedenergyresources145

7.7.2Technicalproblems145

7.7.3Marketmonopoly145

7.8Loadcharacteristicsofmicrogrids146

7.9Microgridconfiguration146

7.10Literaturereview147

7.11Energymanagementofmicrogrids149

7.11.1Mathematicalmodeling150

7.11.2Optimizationapproach155

7.12Concludingremarksandoutlook156 References157

8.LoadpredictionofruralareaNordicholidayresortsformicrogrid development163

NilsJakobJohannesen,MohanLalKolheandMortenGoodwin

8.1Introduction163

8.2Loadprofilebehavior164

8.2.1Time-seriesanalysisofloadprofile165

8.3Ruralareaholidayresortsloadanalysis165

8.4Combinationofforecasts167

8.5Learningsystemsandensemblemethods168

8.6Treelearningasvariancereduction169

8.6.1Randomforestregression170

8.7Casestudy:Ruralareaelectricenergyloadprediction171

8.8Double-stackingalgorithm171

8.8.1Firststep:Timeorganizing172

8.8.2Secondstep:Algorithmdevelopmentandhyperparameter tuning173

8.8.3Thirdstep:Choosingfirstlayerestimators173

8.9Resultsanddiscussion173

8.9.1Casestudy:Nordicruralarea175

8.10Conclusion179 References180

9.Novelpowermanagementstrategyforasolarbiomassoff-grid powersystem183

ShujaatHusainandNitinAnandShrivastava

9.1Introduction183

9.2Modeling185

9.2.1Dataset185

9.2.2Solarphotovoltaicsystem185

9.2.3Biomasspowersystem186

9.2.4Inverter190

9.2.5Designofbatterybank190

9.3Problemformulation192

9.3.1Lossofpowersupplyprobability192

9.3.2Dumpload192

9.3.3Costofelectricity193

9.4Optimization194

9.4.1Fireflyalgorithm194

9.4.2Invasiveweedoptimization195

9.5Resultsanddiscussion196

9.5.1Strategiesforpowermanagement196

9.5.2Comparativeanalysisofoptimizationalgorithms199

9.5.3Sensitivityanalysis200

9.6Conclusion211 References211

10.Modelingandanalysisofanislandedhybridmicrogridforremote off-gridcommunities215

ShubhamTiwari,M.NimalMadhu,WeerakornOngsakuland JaiGovindSingh

10.1Introduction215

10.2Sitelocation:studyarea218

10.2.1Locationofcasestudy218

10.2.2Loaddataofsite218

10.2.3Solarphotovoltaicirradiancedataofsite220

10.3Microgridmodelingandfrequencystabilitystudyunder dynamicconditions220

10.3.1Microgridparameters223

10.3.2Primaryfrequencyresponsethroughthebattery223

10.4EconomicanalysisthroughHOMER224 10.5Resultsanddiscussion225

10.5.1Frequencyresponse225

10.5.2HOMERcostofenergyanalysis227

10.6Conclusion230 References231

11.PerformanceanalysisofaDCstand-alonemicrogridwithan efficientenergymanagementsystem233 S.SheikMohammedandK.V.Shihabudheen

11.1Introduction233

11.2DCmicrogridarchitecture237

11.2.1Energymanagementsystem238

11.3Simulationandanalysis238

11.3.1Scenario1:systemwithPV,battery,andload241

11.3.2Scenario2:systemwithwindpower,battery,andload244

11.3.3Scenario3:systemwithPVpower,windpower,battery, andload247

11.3.4LoadprioritybasedontheSOCofbattery249 11.4Conclusion252

References252

12.MicrogridswithDistributedGenerationandElectricVehicles255 M.NandhiniGayathriandS.Kodeeswaran 12.1Introduction255 12.2Microgrid256 12.3Typesofmicrogrids257

12.3.1HybridmicrogridwithanACbussystem257

12.3.2HybridmicrogridwithaDCbussystem259

12.3.3HybridmicrogridwithanACandDCbussystem260

12.4Applicationsandbenefitsofmicrogrids261

12.4.1Applications261

12.4.2Benefits261

12.5Theelectricvehiclemarket261

12.6Microgridswithelectricvehiclecharging262

12.7Powermanagementandcontrolforhybridmicrogrids263

12.7.1HybridmicrogridwithanACbussystem264

12.7.2HybridmicrogridwithaDCbussystem265

12.7.3HybridmicrogridwithanACandDCbussystem267

12.8Significantideasfortheenhancementofamicrogrid268

12.8.1InfrastructureofahybridmicrogridwithanACand DCbussystem268

12.8.2Powerqualityproblems268

12.8.3Paralleloperationofinterfacingorinterlinkingconverters269

12.8.4Communicationsystemimplementationinamicrogrid269

12.8.5Transientoperatingmode269

12.8.6Semiconductordeviceimplementationinamicrogrid269

12.8.7Costofthesystem270

12.8.8Futureofchargingstations270 12.9Conclusion270 References271

13.Intelligentalgorithmsformicrogridenergymanagementsystems275

L.ChitraandKishoreBalasubramania

13.1Introduction275

13.2Overviewofoptimizationalgorithms277

13.2.1Importantparametersfortheenergymanagement systemofthegrid278

13.2.2Geneticalgorithm278

13.2.3Fishswarmoptimizationalgorithm281

13.2.4Batalgorithm283

13.2.5Mostvaluableplayeralgorithm286

13.2.6Otheralgorithms289

13.3Conclusion290 References291

14.Electricalsafetyforresidentialandruralmicrogrids293 B.KotiReddy,KrishnaSandeepAyyagariandRaveendraReddyMedam 14.1Introduction294

14.2Technicalterms296

14.2.1ACandDC296

14.2.2Arcflash296

14.2.3Authorizedpersonorqualifiedelectricalworkers296

14.2.4Earthing,grounding,andbonding296

14.2.5Cardiacarrest297

14.2.6Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation297

14.2.7Confinedspace297

14.2.8Energize297

14.2.9Hazard297

14.2.10Isolatedordeenergized297

14.2.11Lockout-tagout297

14.2.12Permittowork298

14.2.13Stepvoltage298

14.2.14Touchvoltage298

14.2.15Transferredvoltage298

14.2.16Groundelectrode298

14.3Causesofelectricalaccidents298

14.4Effectsofelectricalcurrent299

14.5Significanceofbodyresistanceandcurrent301

14.5.1Casestudyformicrogridfaultanalysis301

14.6Earthingsysteminmicrogrids305

14.6.1Estimationofearthingsystem309

14.7Hazardmitigationmethods316

14.8Electricalsafetyaudit317 14.9Conclusions319 References319 Index321

Listofcontributors

AsgharAkbari PowerSystemsOperationandPlanningResearchDepartment, NirooResearchInstitute,Tehran,Iran

HamidrezaArasteh PowerSystemsOperationandPlanningResearch Department,NirooResearchInstitute,Tehran,Iran

RangelArthur FacultyofTechnology(FT),UniversityofCampinas(UNICAMP), Limeira,SP,Brazil

KrishnaSandeepAyyagari DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering, TheUniversityofTexasatSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TX,UnitedStates

KishoreBalasubramania Dr.MahalingamCollegeofEngineeringand Technology,Pollachi,India

L.Chitra Dr.MahalingamCollegeofEngineeringandTechnology,Pollachi,India

G.Ezhilarasi DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,SriSairam InstituteofTechnology,Chennai,India

ReinaldoPadilhaFranc¸a SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering (FEEC),UniversityofCampinas(UNICAMP),Campinas,SP,Brazil

MortenGoodwin FacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversityofAgder, Kristiansand,Norway

ShujaatHusain DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,InstituteofEngineering andTechnology,Lucknow,India

YuzoIano SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering(FEEC),Universityof Campinas(UNICAMP),Campinas,SP,Brazil

NilsJakobJohannesen FacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversityofAgder, Kristiansand,Norway

K.V.Shihabudheen DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalInstituteof Technology,Calicut,India

xiv Listofcontributors

EhsanKazemi-Robati DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,ShahidBeheshti University,Tehran,Iran

RahmatKhezri CollegeofScienceandEngineering,FlindersUniversity, Adelaide,SA,Australia

MohammadHassanKhooban DepartmentofEngineering,AarhusUniversity, Aarhus,Denmark

S.Kodeeswaran SchoolofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,SASTRA DeemedtobeUniversity,Thanjavur,India

MohanLalKolhe FacultyofEngineeringandScience,UniversityofAgder, Kristiansand,Norway

D.P.Kothari SBJainInstituteofTechnology,ManagementandResearch, Nagpur,India

B.KotiReddy DepartmentofAtomicEnergy,GovernmentofIndia,Mumbai, India

D.Lakshmi DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,Academyof MaritimeEducationandTraining,Chennai,India

AminMahmoudi CollegeofScienceandEngineering,FlindersUniversity, Adelaide,SA,Australia

RaveendraReddyMedam DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,MaturiVenkata SubbaRaoEngineeringCollege,Hyderabad,India

AnaCarolinaBorgesMonteiro SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering (FEEC),UniversityofCampinas(UNICAMP),Campinas,SP,Brazil

M.NandhiniGayathri SchoolofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering, SASTRADeemedtobeUniversity,Thanjavur,India

M.NimalMadhu DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentandClimateChange SchoolofEnvironmentResourcesandDevelopmentAsianInstituteofTechnology, PathumThani,Thailand

WeerakornOngsakul DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentandClimateChange SchoolofEnvironmentResourcesandDevelopmentAsianInstituteofTechnology, PathumThani,Thailand

UtkarshPandey DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,University ofPetroleumandEnergyStudies,Dehradun,India

AnshumaanPathak DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering, UniversityofPetroleumandEnergyStudies,Dehradun,India

C.N.Ravi DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,VidyaJyothi InstituteofTechnology,Hyderabad,India

S.SheikMohammed DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,TKM CollegeofEngineering,Kollam,India

C.Sharmeela DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,Anna University,Chennai,India

NitinAnandShrivastava DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Instituteof EngineeringandTechnology,Lucknow,India

JaiGovindSingh DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentandClimateChange SchoolofEnvironmentResourcesandDevelopmentAsianInstituteofTechnology, PathumThani,Thailand

P.Sivaraman LeadingEngineeringOrganisation,Chennai,India

ShubhamTiwari DepartmentofEnergy,EnvironmentandClimateChange SchoolofEnvironmentResourcesandDevelopmentAsianInstituteofTechnology, PathumThani,Thailand

VahidVahidinasab DepartmentofEngineering,SchoolofScienceand Technology,NottinghamTrentUniversity,Nottingham,UnitedKingdom

R.Zahira DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,BSAbdur RahmanCrescentInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Chennai,India

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

Preface

Microgridshavepresentednewopportunitiesandchallengesforresearchersintheir effortstomeetcommunities’demandsforpowerandenergy.Thebook Residential MicrogridandRuralElectrification providesenhancedsolutionsforvariousaspects ofmicrogridsforresidentialandruralelectrificationfromtheeditorsanddiverse authors.

Thechaptersinthisbookcoverthefundamentals,planninganddesign,various powerandenergysources,powerandenergymanagement,modelingandanalysis ofstandalonemicrogrids,distributedgenerationandelectricvehicles,intelligent algorithmsforenergymanagement,andelectricalsafetyformicrogridsinresidentialandruralelectrification.

Discussionsandtheoretical-basedanalysisarefollowedbynumericalsolutions andsimulationresults,whichprovideadditionalmotivationforreaderstoselect microgridsasthefocusoftheirfutureresearchorprofession.

Thechapterslucidlycoverthesignificantchallengesthatprevailindesigning andusingmicrogridsandprovidebetterunderstandingforthereader.Thebook willbeusefulasreferencematerialsformicrogridsandwillcreatemoreinterest andattentionamongthestudentcommunitytotakeupthechallengingmicrogrid professionfortheirendeavors.

Thisbookisaunifiedcollectionofcontributionsbyinternationalauthorsfrom Europe,India,Brazil,Iran,andThailand.

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

Acknowledgments

Firstandforemost,thankstotheAlmightyforhiseverlastinglovethroughoutthis endeavor.

Toacknowledgemeanstoappreciateresourcesandtimelysolutionseitherona digitalplatformorinareal-timemedium,support,andencouragement.Inthis regard,weeditorsexpressoursincerethankstoMr.S.Muthukumaran,Director, TECHEngineeringServices,Chennai,India;Mr.S.Rajkumar,Executive,JLL, Bengaluru,India;Mr.K.Sasikumar,ElectricalEngineer,MottMacDonald,Noida, India;CenterforBioenergyandGreenEngineering,DepartmentofEnergy Technology,AalborgUniversity,Esbjerg,Denmark;andDepartmentofElectrical andElectronicsEngineering,CollegeofEngineeringGuindy,AnnaUniversity, Chennai,India.Weeditorsweregiventhefullsupportofourinstitutionsand enabledtodevoteourtimeandefforttomakingthisbookagreatsuccess.Wethank oneandall.

Thispageintentionallyleftblank

Microgridsplanningfor residentialelectrificationinrural

areas

RahmatKhezri1,AminMahmoudi1 andMohammadHassanKhooban2 1CollegeofScienceandEngineering,FlindersUniversity,Adelaide,SA,Australia, 2DepartmentofEngineering,AarhusUniversity,Aarhus,Denmark

ChapterOutline

1.1Introduction1

1.2Microgridsinruralareas3

1.2.1Microgridsstructure3

1.2.2Microgridconfigurations4

1.2.3Microgridscomponents6

1.2.4Issuesrelatedtomicrogridsinruralareas7

1.3Planningofresidentialmicrogrids9

1.3.1Problemidentification9

1.3.2Inputdata10

1.3.3Objectivefunctions12

1.3.4Designconstraints16

1.3.5Howtosolvethemicrogridsplanningproblem18

1.4HOMERsoftware19

1.4.1Softwareintroduction19

1.4.2EquipmentmodelsinHOMER19

1.4.3OptimizationinHOMER21

1.4.4OutputresultsbyHOMER21

1.4.5SensitivityanalysisinHOMER22

1.4.6HOMERdeficiencies22

1.5Conclusion22 References23

1.1Introduction

1

Electricityaccessisstillasignificantchallengeformorethan1.2billionpeople (almost17%ofpeopleintheworld)inruralareasworldwide.AfricaandAsiahave themostcriticalportion(93%)ofthepopulationwithoutaccesstoelectricity (Arriaga,Canizares,&Kazerani,2014).Residentialelectrificationinruralareasis achallengeforpowernetworkdesigners.Traditionally,thelowpopulationinrural areasinducedthenetworkdesignerstospreadthepowersystemwithlongdistributionlinesforelectrification.Sometimes,longtransmissionlineswerealsorequired ResidentialMicrogridsandRuralElectrifications.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90177-2.00014-1 © 2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.

toelectrifycommunitiesinremoteareas(Combe,Mahmoudi,Haque,&Khezri, 2019a).

Byapplyingthemicrogridconcept,theelectrificationoftheruralareaseased. Amicrogridisadecentralizedgroupofinterconnecteddistributedenergyresources (DERs),energystoragesystems(ESSs),andloadsthatcanoperateintwomodes: stand-aloneandgrid-connected(Khodayar,2017).Themicrogridscanbeeasily installedinruralareas,evenremoteareas,tosupplytheload.Thegenerationcapacityofmicrogridscanbechangedbetweenkilowattsandmegawatts.Themarkets forcommercialandresidentialapplicationsofmicrogrids,includingruralelectrification,telecommunications,andhealthcare,areexpectedtodevelopatasignificant compoundannualgrowthratein2020 25(MicrogridMarket,2021)significantly.

DERsinmicrogridscanbeconventionaldispatchableDERssuchasdieselgenerators(DGs)ornondispatchableallocatedrenewableenergyresourcessuchaswindturbine(WT)andsolarphotovoltaic(PV)(Hatziargyriou,Asano,Iravani,&Marnay, 2007).Conventionally,theDGsarethemostused componentsinruralelectrification. However,thiscausesahighrateofCO2 emissionfromtheuseofdieselfuelinDGs. Oneofthemainadvantagesofspreadingmicrogridsinruralareasistheabilityto applydistributedrenewableenergyresources.Thiscaneliminatetheemissionsand decreasethecostoftheelectricitysupply.However,thisaddsintermittentgenerationto themicrogrid,whichmaycauseinterruptionsintheelectricitysupply.Toensurethe reliabilityofmicrogridsusingrenewable resources,ESSsarestronglyneeded.

ESScanassistmicrogridsthatrelyheavilyonrenewableenergyresourcesto improvetheircontrollability,stability,andprofitability(Jalilpour,Khezri,Mahmoudi, &Oshnoei,2019).Toimprovecontrollability,ESScanbeefficientlycontrolledwith thehighstochasticgenerationofrenewableenergy.AsufficientcapacityofESScan ensurethestabilityofthemicrogridduringseveredisturbances.Toattainhigherprofitabilityinmicrogrids,thesurpluspowergenerationofrenewableenergiescanbe storedinESSsduringlowelectricityexchangerateswiththeupstreamgrid.Various ESStechnologiesareavailableinthemarket,suchaschemical,mechanical,battery, andelectromagnetictechnologies.Compatibilityofrenewableenergyresourcesand ESSforanyspecificmicrogriddependsonthegeographicallocation,availabilityin themarket,priceofthecomponents,andsoon.

Amicrogridisthebestoption,withadiverserangeofcomponents,forelectrificationinruralareas.Optimalplanningisthefirstandmostcrucialstage(Siddaiah &Saini,2016).Inthisstage,theoptimalcapacityofcomponentsshouldbedeterminedbyusingoptimizationmethods.Henceamathematicalmodeloftheproblem isneededtoachieveaconsideredobjectivefunctionastheminimumcostofelectricity(COE).Optimalplanningisachallengingproblem,owingtothestochastic behaviorofloadsinmicrogridsandrenewablegeneration.Thischapterexplainsthe optimalplanningofmicrogridsforelectrificationinruralareas.

Thischapterisorganizedintofivesections. Section1.2 explainsthestructure, components,andinterconnectedmicrogridsforresidentialelectrificationinrural areas.Theplanningproblemofmicrogridsinruralareasisdiscussedin Section1.3.Theproblemidentification,objectivefunctions,designconstraints,and practicalsolutionalgorithmsareexplained.Asthemostusedtoolforoptimal 2ResidentialMicrogridsandRuralElectrifications

planningofmicrogridsinruralareas,HOMERsoftwareisdescribedin Section1.4 Thesoftwareisintroduced,theequipmentandcapabilitiesarediscussed,andthe optimizationprocedurewiththeresultsandsensitivityanalysisareinvestigated.

1.2Microgridsinruralareas

Microgridsarethemostvaluableoptionforresidentialelectrificationinruralareas. Inthissectionthemicrogrids’structure,systemcomponents,andrelatedissuesare discussed.

1.2.1Microgridsstructure

Microgridsarecomplicatedsystemsinwhichadiverserangeofcomponentsare interconnected. Fig.1.1 showsaschematicdiagramofasamplemicrogridforresidentialelectrificationinaruralarea.Asillustrated,arangeofgenerationandstoragecomponentsareconnectedtotheresidentialmicrogrid,whichcanoperateina connectionmodethroughthepointofcommoncoupling.Themicrogridcan exchangeenergywiththeprimarygrid.Theenergyexchangeratesarespecified, andtheamountofexchangedenergy(importedandexported)isrecordedbythe smartmeter.

Figure1.1 Aschematicdiagramofasamplemicrogridforresidentialelectrificationina ruralarea.

Theloadsofmicrogridsinruralareascanberesidentialoragriculturalloads.It isvitaltohaveaccuratedataontheloads.Hencethelifestyleofthepeopleinthe area,thetypeofagriculture,theheatingsystemsinthearea,andthevehiclesshould bespecified.Theloadsareclassifiedascontrollableoruncontrollableloads.The uncontrollableloadsshouldbeadequatelysupplied.Severalcontrollableloadsin themicrogridcanparticipateinthedemandresponseprogramstodecreasecostand increasereliability.Thecontrollableloadsarecategorizedasshiftableloadsand curtailableloads.Shiftableloadscanbecontrolledbyshiftingtheirdemandfrom onetimetoanothertime.Loadsfromtheuseofdishwashers,electricvehicles (EVs),andwashingmachinesaresomeexamplesofshiftableloads.Forinstance, usingthewashingmachinecanbeshiftedtolateatnighttodecreaseelectricity demandduringthedaytime.ThechargingpatternofEVsisflexiblewhentheyare parkedathomeorinparkinglots.Byusingvehicle-to-homeorvehicle-to-gridtechnologies,theEVcanbedischargedtosupplytheloadsintheresidentialmicrogrid. Theheartofamicrogridisitsenergymanagementsystem(EMS)(Zia, Elbouchikhi,&Benbouzid,2018).Allcomponentsinthemicrogridareconnected toanEMScenterbycommunicationlines.Forexample,loadforecastingcan updatetheEMSregardingtheelectricitydemandinthefollowinghoursofoperation.ThentheEMSshouldallocateenoughgenerationtosupplytheloadadequately.TheEMScanuseweatherforecaststopredictthegenerationofrenewable energyresourcesduringtheoperation.TheEMSalsoreceivestheexchangeelectricityratesfromthemaingrid.Itcanthendecideonthepropercontrolofpower flowbetweenthecomponentstodecreasetheoperationcost.TheEMSshouldalso receivetheavailablecharging/dischargingenergyofESS,fuelcost,andmaintenanceofcomponents.

1.2.2Microgridconfigurations

Basedontheconnectionbetweenmicrogridcomponents,varioussystemconfigurationscanbeextracted. Fig.1.2 depictsthesemicrogridconfigurationsinthepresenceofDERs,ESSs,maingrids,andloads.Anessentialcomponentforattaining theseconfigurationsistheconverter.Sincethestructuresaredesignedaccordingto whethertheyareDC-coupled,AC-coupled,orhybridAC DC-coupled,thepower convertersplayanessentialrole(Chauhan&Saini,2014).Eachmicrogridconfigurationhasadvantagesanddisadvantages.Themicrogridconfigurationshownin Fig.1.2A isaDC-coupledmicrogridinwhichallthecomponentsareconnectedby DCbuses.ThemainadvantageofDC-coupledmicrogridsistheeliminationof powerqualityissuessuchasreactivepowerandharmonic(Maleki,Khajeh,& Ameri,2016).Thisconfigurationisbecomingverycommonamongresearchers. Themaindisadvantageisahighpenetrationofpowerconvertersinthemicrogrid, increasingthecostanddecreasingthereliabilitywithconvertersoutages. Fig.1.2B illustratesanAC-coupledmicrogridconfigurationinwhichallthecomponentsare connectedtoacommonACbus.ThemainadvantageofanAC-coupledmicrogrid isitshigherreliabilitycomparedtoaDC-coupledmicrogrid.InanAC-coupled microgrid,ifthereisanyproblemwiththepowerconverters,theACsourcesthat 4ResidentialMicrogridsandRuralElectrifications

Converter (If required)

Converter

DC Loads of Microgrid

Converter (If required)

AC Loads of Microgrid

DC Loads of Microgrid

Figure1.2 Variousconfigurationsofmicrogridsforelectrificationofresidentialinrural area.(A)DC-Coupledmicrogridconfiguration,(B)AC-Coupledmicrogridconfiguration, and(C)HybridAC-DC-Coupledmicrogrid.