RELATIONSHIP BETWEENMICROBES ANDTHE ENVIRONMENT FORSUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES,VOLUME1
MicrobialProductsfor SustainableEcosystem Services
Editedby
JASTINSAMUEL
AssistantProfessor,WasteValorizationResearchLab,Departmentof Trans-disciplinaryResearch,DivisionofResearchandDevelopment (DRD),LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
AJAYKUMAR
VisitingScientist,DepartmentofPostharvestScience,Agriculture ResearchOrganization,Volcanicenter,RishonLeziyon,Israel
JOGINDERSINGH
Professor,MicrobiologyClimateMitigationandSustainableAgriculture Researchlab(CMaSAR)DivisionofResearchandDevelopmentLovely ProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
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1.Microbialfoodproducts:Asustainablesolutiontoalleviatehunger1
DanielaLanda-Acuña,AndiSolorzano-Acosta,VanessaSánchez-Ortiz,EdwinHualpa-Cutipa, CeliaVargas-de-la-Cruz,BernabeLuis-Alaya,andEduardoFlores-Juarez 1
Microorganismsofpotentialuseasfoodandpossibleroutestoproduceediblemicrobial
Productionofediblemicrobialbiomass17
Biotechnologicaltoolsinvolvedinthegenerationofmicrobialfoodproducts19
2.Roleofmicroorganismsinclimate-smartagriculture29
AsthaSinha,SwarnkumarReddy,andW.JabezOsborne
Roleofsoilmicrobiomeinregulatingsoilhealthandplantfertility;Aplant-soil-microbial
Physiologyofplant-growthpromotingrhizobacteria34
Microbialinfluenceonbiogeochemicalcyclesanditsapplications35 7 Roleofmicrobesandenzymesintherestorationandreclamationofsoil38
3.Microorganismsasbiocontrolagentsforsustainableagriculture45
BhupendraKoul,ManpriyaChopra,andSupriyaLamba
4.Relationshipbetweenprobioticsandlivingbeingsforsustainablelifeon land 69
CeliaVargas-de-la-Cruz,DanielaLanda-Acuña,Md.SharifulIslam,andEduardoFlores-Juarez
3 Feedantibioticstoprobioticslikeaviablesubstitute71
4 Riskassessmentprotocolestablishedduetoprobiotics73
5 Adverseeffectsbecauseofapplicationforprobiotics74
6 Principleofselectionofprobiotics74
7 Competitiveexclusion75
8 Mechanismsofactionsofprobiotics76 9 Nutrientsandenzymaticattributedtodigestion78 10 Certainimpacttowardwaterquality78
5.Microbialadaptationtoclimatechangeanditsimpactonsustainable development85
SrishtiSrivastava,AmartyaChakraborty,andK.Suthindhiran
6.Earthworm-microorganismsinteractionsforsustainablesoilecosystemand cropproductivity107
SudiptiArora,SakshiSaraswat,AnamikaVerma,andDevanshiSutaria
1
7.Avenuesofsustainablepollutantbioremediationusingmicrobial biofilms121
BasmaA.Omran
9.Microbiomestimulantsandtheirapplicationsincropplants177
Microbiomestimulantsandtheirapplicationprocess185
10.Microbes:Asustainabletoolforhealthyandclimatesmartagriculture197
SurojitBera,RichaArora,CollinsNjieAteba,andAjayKumar
1 Introduction 197
2 Importantroleofmicrobesinagriculture198
3 Combatingclimatechangebymicrobes204
4 Conclusions 207 References 208
11.Microbesasbiocontrolagent:Fromcropprotectiontillfoodsecurity215
C.R.Vanshree,MuskanSinghal,MansiSexena,MahipalSinghSankhla,KapilParihar,EktaB.Jadhav, KumudKantAwasthi,andChandraShekharYadav
1 Introduction 215
2 Microbesasbiocontrolagents216
3 Microbialbiocontrolforcropprotectionandfoodsecurity217
4 Microbiolbiocontrolforpostharvestmanagement223
5 Mechanismofmicrobialcontrolactivity225
6 Emergingbiocontrolstrategies229
7 Conclusionandfutureprospects231
References 232
12.Compostingprocess:Fundamentalandmolecularaspects239 RuchiSoniandSunitaDevi
1 Introduction 239
2 Composting:Fundamentalaspects240
3 Typesofthecompostingprocess(aerobicandanaerobic)246
4 Phasesofcomposting248
5 Determinationofcompostmaturity253
6 Taxonomicandmetabolicmicrobialdiversityduringcomposting256
7 Techniquestoanalyzemicrobialdiversityincomposting257
8 Roleofmetagenomicsinevaluatingmicrobialdiversityincompost259
9 Conclusionandfutureoutlook260
References 261
13.Lichenizedfungi,aprimarybioindicator/biomonitorforbio-mitigationof excessiveambientairnitrogendepositionworldwide267 HimanshuRaiandRajanKumarGupta
1 Introduction 267
2 Nitrogenassimilationinlichens269
3 Nitrogentoleranceinlichens:Probablemechanisms269
4 Lichensareindicatorsofexcessivenitrogen(N)depositionalongwithmultiple scalesofdiversitydynamics,biochemistry,andecophysiology273
5 Lichens,thecriticalloadassessorofNeutrophication280
6 Long-termlichenairNdepositionmonitoring:Changeinpollutionregime280
7 Stablenitrogenisotoperatio(δ15Nin)lichensfunctionofnitrogensourceand theirspatialdistributionatthelandscapelevel282
8 EffectofexcessiveNdepositiononlichenfoodwebsofendangeredwildlife293 9 Lichenasasinkfornitrogenintheregionofexcessivedeposition294
14.Molecularmarkersandgenomicsassistedbreedingforimprovingcrop plants303 ManishKumarVishwakarma,PunamSinghYadav,VedPrakashRai, UttamKumar,andArunKumarJoshi
1 Introduction
2 TraitchoiceforMAS305
3 SelectionofmarkertypeforbetterresultsthroughMAS307 4 Typesofmarkersandtheirutilityinplantbreeding308 5 Typesofselectionandtheirprocedure313 6 SuccessstoriesofMASandperspectives323
VidyaPatil-PatankarandGauravSanghvi
4 Nanoherbicides339 5 Nanotechnologyanditsimplicationsinweedmanagement340 6 Weedsandnanotechnology342 7 Nano-herbicidesandpossibleactions342 8 Nanomaterialusedinthesynthesis343
Nanoherbicidesformulations347 10 Applicationsofnano-herbicidesinfarming/agriculture350 11 Conclusionsandfutureperspectives351
Contributors
RichaArora
DepartmentofMicrobiology,PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,Ludhiana,Punjab,India
SudiptiArora
Dr.B.LalInstituteofBiotechnology,Jaipur,India
CollinsNjieAteba
FoodSecurityandSafetyNicheArea,FacultyofAgriculture,ScienceandTechnology,North WestUniversity,Mmabatho,Mafikeng,SouthAfrica
KumudKantAwasthi
DepartmentofLifeSciences,VivekanandaGlobalUniversity,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
SurojitBera
DepartmentofMicrobiology,SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessional University,Jalandhar,Punjab,India
ShristiBhandari
SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab, India
AmartyaChakraborty
MarineBiotechnologyandBio-ProductsLaboratory,DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences, SchoolofBiosciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology,Vellore,India
PreethyChandran
SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,CochinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kochi,Kerala, India
ManpriyaChopra
DepartmentofSciences,BhagwanMahaveerPublicSeniorSecondarySchool,Banga,Punjab, India
SunitaDevi
DepartmentofBasicSciences,DrYSParmarUniversityofHorticultureandForestryNauni, Solan,India
AbhijitDey
DepartmentofLifeSciences,PresidencyUniversity,Kolkata,India
RiddhaDey
DepartmentofBotany,InstituteofScience,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UP,India
EduardoFlores-Juarez
DepartmentofBiochemistry,FacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,UniversidadNacional MayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Peru ´
UmeshGoutam
SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab, India
RajanKumarGupta
CentreofAdvancedStudyinBotany,InstituteofScience,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
EdwinHualpa-Cutipa
FacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,MicrobiologyLaboratory,UniversidadNacionalMayor deSanMarcos,Lima,Peru ´
Md.SharifulIslam
DepartmentofPharmacy,SoutheastUniversity,Dhaka,Bangladesh
EktaB.Jadhav
GovernmentInstituteofForensicScience,Aurangabad,Maharashtra,India
ArunKumarJoshi
BorlaugInstituteforSouthAsia-CIMMYT,NewDelhi,India
BhupendraKoul
SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,DepartmentofBiotechnology,LovelyProfessional University,Phagwara,Punjab,India
SarvjeetKukreja
SchoolofAgriculture,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab,India
AjayKumar
DepartmentofPostharvestScience,AgricultureResearchOrganization,Volcanicenter,Rishon Leziyon,Israel;VolcaniCenter,RishonLeZion,Israel
UttamKumar
BorlaugInstituteforSouthAsia-CIMMYT,NewDelhi,India
VijayKumar
SchoolofBioengineeringandBiosciences,LovelyProfessionalUniversity,Phagwara,Punjab, India
SupriyaLamba
DepartmentofBotany,KamlaNehruCollegeforWomen,Phagwara,Punjab,India
DanielaLanda-Acun ˜ a
LaboratoryofMicrobialEcologyandBiotechnology,DepartmentofBiology,Facultyof Sciences,NationalAgrarianUniversityLaMolina(UNALM);ProfessionalCareerin EnvironmentalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,PrivateUniversityoftheNorth,LosOlivos Campus,Lima,Peru ´
BernabeLuis-Alaya
LaboratoryofMicrobialEcologyandBiotechnology,DepartmentofBiology,Facultyof Sciences,NationalAgrarianUniversityLaMolina(UNALM),Lima,Peru ´
BasmaA.Omran
PetroleumBiotechnologyLaboratory,ProcessesDesignandDevelopmentDepartment,Egyptian PetroleumResearchInstitute(EPRI),Cairo,Egypt
W.JabezOsborne
BiomoleculesLab,SchoolofBioSciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology, Vellore,India
KapilParihar
StateForensicScienceLaboratory,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
VidyaPatil-Patankar DepartmentofBotany,PDEA’sWaghireCollege,Pune,Maharashtra,India
RichaRaghuwanshi
DepartmentofBotany,MahilaMahavidyalaya,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi,UP,India
HimanshuRai
CentreofAdvancedStudyinBotany,InstituteofScience,BanarasHinduUniversity,Varanasi, UttarPradesh,India
VedPrakashRai
AgriculturalResearchStation,NavsariAgriculturalUniversity,Tanchha,Bharuch,India
AshaS.Raj
SchoolofEnvironmentalStudies,CochinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kochi,Kerala, India
SwarnkumarReddy
BiomoleculesLab,SchoolofBioSciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology, Vellore,India
VanessaSa ´ nchez-Ortiz
ProfessionalCareerinEnvironmentalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,PrivateUniversityof theNorth,LosOlivosCampus,Lima,Peru ´
GauravSanghvi
DepartmentofMicrobiology,MarwadiUniversity,Rajkot,Gujarat,India
MahipalSinghSankhla
DepartmentofForensicScience,VivekanandaGlobalUniversity,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
SakshiSaraswat
InstituteofEnvironmentalandOccupationalHealthSciences,SchoolofMedicine,National YangMingUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
MansiSexena
DepartmentofForensicScience,VivekanandaGlobalUniversity,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
MuskanSinghal
DepartmentofForensicScience,VivekanandaGlobalUniversity,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India
AsthaSinha
BiomoleculesLab,SchoolofBioSciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology, Vellore,India
AndiSolorzano-Acosta
LaboratoryofMicrobialEcologyandBiotechnology,DepartmentofBiology,Facultyof Sciences,NationalAgrarianUniversityLaMolina(UNALM),Lima,Peru ´
RuchiSoni
RegionalCentreofOrganicFarming(HQ),Ghaziabad,UttarPradesh,India
SrishtiSrivastava
MarineBiotechnologyandBio-ProductsLaboratory,DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences, SchoolofBiosciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology,Vellore,India
DevanshiSutaria
Dr.B.LalInstituteofBiotechnology,Jaipur,India
K.Suthindhiran
MarineBiotechnologyandBio-ProductsLaboratory,DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences, SchoolofBiosciencesandTechnology,VelloreInstituteofTechnology,Vellore,India
C.R.Vanshree
DepartmentofForensicScience,InstituteofSciences,SAGEUniversity,Indore,Madhya Pradesh,India
CeliaVargas-de-la-Cruz
DepartmentofPharmacology,BromatologyandToxicology,FacultyofPharmacyand Biochemistry,CentroLatinoamericanodeEnsen ˜ anzaeInvestigacio ´ nenBacteriologı´a Alimentaria-CLEIBA,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos;E-HealthResearchCenter, UniversidaddeCienciasyHumanidades,Lima,Peru ´
AnamikaVerma
DepartmentofBiotechnologyandBioinformatics,JaypeeUniversityofInformation Technology,Waknaghat,HimachalPradesh,India
ManishKumarVishwakarma
BorlaugInstituteforSouthAsia-CIMMYT,NewDelhi,India
ChandraShekharYadav
SchoolofForensicScience,NFSU,Gandhinagar,India
PunamSinghYadav
DepartmentofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,InstituteofAgriculturalSciences,BHU, Varanasi,India
Microbialfoodproducts:Asustainable solutiontoalleviatehunger
DanielaLanda-Acuñaa,c,AndiSolorzano-Acostaa,VanessaSánchez-Ortizc, EdwinHualpa-Cutipad,CeliaVargas-de-la-Cruzb,f,∗,BernabeLuis-Alayaa,and EduardoFlores-Juareze
aLaboratoryofMicrobialEcologyandBiotechnology,DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofSciences,NationalAgrarianUniversity LaMolina(UNALM),Lima,Peru ´
bDepartmentofPharmacology,BromatologyandToxicology,FacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,CentroLatinoamericano deEnsenanzaeInvestigacio ´ nenBacteriologı´aAlimentaria-CLEIBA,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Peru ´ cProfessionalCareerinEnvironmentalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,PrivateUniversityoftheNorth,LosOlivosCampus, Lima,Peru
dFacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,MicrobiologyLaboratory,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Peru ´ eDepartmentofBiochemistry,FacultyofPharmacyandBiochemistry,UniversidadNacionalMayordeSanMarcos,Lima,Peru ´ fE-HealthResearchCenter,UniversidaddeCienciasyHumanidades,Lima,Peru ´ ∗Correspondingauthor:e-mailaddress:cvargasd@unmsm.edu.pe
1.Introduction
Thereiscurrentlyaworryingsituationthathasbeenincreasingovertheyears—theproblemofproducingenoughfoodtomeettheneedsoftheworldpopulation,whichisestimatedtoreach9millioninhabitantsby2050(Godfrayetal.,2010),especiallyintropical andsubtropicalregionswherethepopulationgrowthrateisincreasingfasterthaninthe restoftheworld(RodriguezandSanders,2014).Thus,strategieshavebeengenerated andimplementedglobally,duetotheneedtoimprovesustainableagriculturalactivities, toensurethecurrentandfuturedemandforfood,i.e.,toguaranteeastableproduction thatisinaccordancewiththequalityoftheenvironment.Amongothers,theobjectives pursuedarefoodsecurity,eradicatingpoverty,andconservingandprotectingtheenvironmentandnaturalresources(Guerra,2008).
Thesolutiontothisproblemisfocusedonincreasingtheyieldandexceedingthe currentglobalcapacitytoproducefoodbysustainablepractices,highlightingtheneed todevelopnewtechnologiesandapplythebesttechnologiesknownforalongtime,such aspromotingthegrowthofmicrobialplantsymbionts,inamoreeffectiveway(Bennett etal.,2013),theuseofmicroorganismsandtheirmetabolitesinfoodprocessingthatconfersexceptionalpropertiesandbenefittohumanhealth.Ontheotherhand,advancesin thedetection,study,andcharacterizationofmicroorganismshavemadeagreatleapin recentdecades,moleculartechniqueshavemadeitpossibletoknowandgather informationonthegenomeofvariousmicroorganismsaswellastheiraminoacid sequenceandcharacterizationoftheirmetabolites,withthepurposeofnotonly
includingmicroorganismsandtheirmetabolitesaspartofvariousfoods,butalsoasuseful toolsintheapplicationoffoodsafetystrategies,aswellasmodelsthatpredictthebehavior ofmicroorganisms(Havelaaretal.,2010).
Thefollowingisareviewoftheimplicationofmicroorganismsinfoodproduction, fromtheassociationstheyestablishwithplantsensuringnutrientuptake,foodsafety,and moleculardetectiontechniques.
2.Generalaspectsofediblemicrobialbiomasssafety
2.1Contextualapproachestonutritionalvalue
AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,“Nutritionistheintakeoffoodinrelationtothe body’sdietaryneeds”,adefinitionthatclingstotheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoalofzerohunger.
Inthisperspective,theWHOwarnsinitslatestreportthatmorethan820millionpeoplecontinuetosufferfromhungerintheworldandthatthemostworrisomeprojectionis thateventhoughthisscenariohasbeenunabatedforthreeyears,obesitycontinuestogrow.
Inaninherentanalysis,towardseconomic,social,foodproductionandconsumption aspects,availabilityandaccesstofoodhavebeenrecorded,atthecostofgeneratingintensiveproductioninlargeterritories;underunsustainableprocedures,allowingtodiagnose resultsofnegativeimpactsonreceivingbodiesandbiodiversity.Parallelresultshavegiven conformityintheconsumptionofultra-processedfoods,whichincludelargeamountsof sugars,sodium,andfat,favoringtheexistenceandpermanenceofchronicnoncommunicablediseases(Soaresetal.,2020).
So,howshouldwefocusoureffortstoreducenutritionaldeficienciesthatlimitor shortenthewell-beingandnormalfunctioningoftheorganism,inapositivescenario, willtherebeadditionalalternativesinfoodimprovementthatwillenhancethecapacity ofdigestionandabsorptionofnutrients,andaccordingtotheconditionofobeseand stableweightindividuals,willtherebeadifferenceinthecorrectassimilationofnutrients?Withtheintentionofansweringthequestions,letuscontemplatetheJapanese vision;theintakeofquality-food-relatedtoanexerciseroutineprojectsthepurpose ofsustainingahealthylifethataddressestheopportunityoflongevityinitsinhabitants (IwataniandYamamoto,2019).
Intermsofpropernutrition,the Estapa ` (2006) arguesthattheinclusionofsimpleand complexcarbohydrates,aswellaslipidsarelistedasfacilitatorsofimmediateenergyprovidingatotaldailyenergybetween(50%–60%)and(30%–35%)tocorrespond.While proteins,intheirstructuralfunctionofvitalorgansandcomplementsshouldnotonly considertheintakeof0.8g/kg/day,butthatthisshouldalsobemixed;thatistosay, ofanimalandvegetableorigininequalproportions.Inthisenvironment,vitamins, andessentialchemicalelementssuchasphosphorus,calcium,sodium,andpotassium shouldbeingestedasrecommendedsinceexcesscouldalsobeaprecursorofdiseases.
Finally,vegetablefibers,mostlynon-absorbablecarbohydrates,andlignin,aswellasconsumablesderivedfromfermentation(saprophyticbacteria)makeupthejudiciousscheme ofanadequatediet.
Althoughtheconceptofnutritionisstillfocusedonthevariables“obtainingenergy fromfood”,theconsiderationsonthedeficitofmacronutrientssuchasvitamins,minerals, andessentialaminoacidshaveencouragedinquiriesrelatedtowhetherwhatweconsume reallyconservesallthatisrequired(CorioAndu ´ jarandArbonesFincias,2009).Namely, fromtheprocesseslinkedtotheconservationand/orpreservationthatfoodrequires;terminologiessuchasdissociationorpiezo-stabilityforproteinsandvitaminsrespectively,the verificationofthepercentageofnutritionalqualitythatwecanloseinconsumablesfrom processesoftenlinkedtosafetyarisesasanimperativebackground(Mor-Mur,2010).
Inattributiontothis,functionalfoods,ornutraceuticals,arepostulatedasthenew initiativeofsubstantialutilization.Fromprovidingthecontentofthefoodwithcompoundsofnutritionalvalueasafortifierorsubtractingthosethatarepotentiallyintolerant totheconsumer(Ros,2001).
Accordingto RocandioPabloandArroyoIzaga(2001),theattributionoftheterm “functional”towhatweknowasfoodsdoesnothaveacategoricallyaccepteddefinition. However,theInternationalFoodInformationCouncil(IFIC)relatesthecircumspect term“functionalfood”tothatwhichprovideshealthbenefitsthroughnutrition,while theEuropeanConsensus(EC)defineditasthatwhichbeneficiallyaffectsoneormore functionsoftheorganismincludingthereductionofdiseaserisks.
Intheseinstances,thesuggestedmodificationsleantowardsbiotechnologicalapplicationsfromthemostincipientonessuchasdairy-derivedproductionandfermentation tothemostcomplexonessuchastheuseoftransgenics(Mun ˜ oz,2008).Similarly, Ros (2001) exemplifiesthat,althoughthegreatesteffortliesingeneticchangesaimedat reducingpests,thegreatestchallengeistoproduceplantsthatsynthesizemorephotochemicalofaddedvalueforhealth.
Intheevolutionarydiligenceofbiotechnologicalaspects,accordingto Olarte(2014) transgenicsasapublicandglobalissueareframedinthedefinitionof;modifying,eliminating,orinsertinggenesinsidetheDNAofalivingbeingofthesamespeciesorof another,arealitythathasgeneratedconjectureslinkedtomythsandtruthsaboutthe optimizationofprocessesandproducts.
Fromthepublishedreferences,therequirementofconfirmatoryanswersattributed by MelendezIllanesetal.(2013),whointheanalysisofcasesquestionwhetherfood isattheserviceofhealthorthebusinessofthefoodindustry,ishighlighted,anditisthat, inattributiontotheevidencethesemusthavetheabilitytobereproduciblesothatthere isnoambiguityintheresultsofbenefitsissuedinadvertisingandthatincontrastarangeof newoptionsforcontinuousimprovementinnutritionalaspectsisglimpsed.
Inthisregard,theadequatenutritionalvaluemaynotbesubjecttoextrememodifications,perhapstheinitiativesobservetheuseofnaturalcomponentsasmainmechanisms
inthefoodsupply,hencetheinteractionofphysicalprinciplesbetweenthestressand deformationofmatter“Rheology”(fluidmovement)(RAE),maybethelinkthat annexestheparticipationofmicroorganisms,asanopportunitytogeneratefood.
Inshort,weagreewith Aranceta-Bartrina(2010) thatintheshortterm,theneedto determinenutritionalrequirementsatspecificlevelswillbefeasibleintermsofresults basedongeneexpressionsubjecttofooddesignmodels.While,inthefieldofnutrigenomics,thearticulationoffunctionalfoods,fortifiedfoods,probiotics,transgenicfoods, newfoodsandpharmacologicalsupplementsareingredientsapplicabletonewresearch, nanotechnologyisprojectedastheconfiguratorofnewreferenceframeworksofpossibilitiesnotyetconsidered.
2.2Profitdynamics
Overtimeandinthecontextofempiricalknowledge,theperceptionofnutritionalgains infoodsprocessedundernaturalfermentationconditionswasanoptionforconsumption intermsofalleviatinggastrointestinalproblems.Inthesamedirectionandunderscientific scrutiny,itwouldlaterberecognizedthattheparticipationofmicroorganismsnotonly intervenedintheincreaseofthenutritionalcontributionofaspecificfood,butalso allowedincollateralscenarios;benefitsinthebalanceoftheinternalsystemsofthehuman being(OlveiraandGonza ´ lez-Molero,2016).
Consideringtheinitialidentificationoflacticacidbacteria(LAB),presentinfermentedmilkattheendofthenineteenthandbeginningofthetwentiethcentury,itwasdemonstratedthat Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus and Bifidobacterium activelyparticipate intheproductionoforganicacids,allowingpHstabilityandproductsafety.Inthissense, itwasrecordedthattheproductionofmetabolitesduringmilkfermentationallowedthe integrationofamicrofloracapableofproducingchangesinflavor,texture,appearance, color,aroma,andnutritionalpropertiesoftheresource,resultinginawidevarietyof productsforconsumption(Domı´nguezGonza ´ lezetal.,2014).
Itispertinenttoemphasizethat,theviabilityofthepropertiesattributedtomicroorganismsisparameterizedinthebriefcontroloftheshelflifeoffoodandtheanalysis ofthephysicochemicalandorganolepticpropertiesofaproductalsorecognizedas “probiotics”(Soaresetal.,2019).
Accordingto Serra(2016),bifidobacterialstrainswereabletoexpressinductionof immuneresponsesinananti-inflammatoryprofilecorrelatedtoirritablebowelsyndromes.Thisshowsthatbacterialfloraisrootedinmodulatoryfunctionsassociatedwith digestion.Ofthemanyguaranteesthatareattributedtotheseproducts,itisfeasibleto highlightamongthemostimportanttheregulationofintestinalfunctionsandstimulation oftheimmunesystem,allowingthelattertoobtainmacrophagesandantibodies(Ballesta etal.,2008). 4
2.3Functionalproperties:Probiotics-prebiotics-symbiotics
Today,morethan1500trialsonprobioticsandabout350onprebioticsarerecognized. However,thesepublicationsincludedifferentvariablesintheirstudyandtheaccumulatedevidencesupportstheopinionthatthebenefitismeasurableinmanyparameters (Organizacio ´ nMundialdeGastroenterologı´a,2011).So,againstthisbackground,itis easytoask:Whatareprobiotics,prebioticsandwhyaretheyofinteresttoresearch?
InthescopeoftheWHOscientificexperiences,itismentionedthatthetermProbiotics,impliesreferringtolivemicroorganismsthatwhenadministeredinadequate quantityexertabeneficialeffectonthehealthofthehost,whilePrebioticsaredefined asselectivelyfermentedingredientsthatallowchangesinthecompositionand/oractivity ofthegastrointestinalmicrobiota,thusprovidinghealthbenefitstothehost (Organizacio ´ nMundialdeGastroenterologı´a,2011).
Inadditiontoadmittingthatprobioticsarenottoxigenicpathogensandcanadditionallysurvivetheacidicenvironmentofthestomachandtheeffectofbileintheduodenum (Dunneetal.,2001),commentthatparticipationhasalsobeenobservedwithoutdisplacingtheexistingnativemicrobiota.
While Ramı´rezetal.(2018),recordsthatthemoststudiedprobioticsarelacticacid producingbacteria,suchas Lactobacillus,and Propionibacterium and Bifidobacterium species. Valdovinos-Dı´az(2013) refersintermsofmolecularbiology;ithasbeenidentifiedthat thenumberofbacteriainanindividualis10timesgreaterthanthatofhumancellsand thatintheinteractionwithantibioticsthesuppressionofallbacterialgroupsisobtained, incontrasttheapplicationof Saccharomycesboulardii inantibioticdosageeffectively reducesthechangesintheintestinalmicrobiota.
Inthecharacterizationofbacterialspeciespopulations,theapproximationsregister from300to400species,consideringthatonlybetween30and40ofthemcoincide for99%ofthepopulation.Incorrelativeaspects,ithasbeendemonstratedthatinthe newborntheparticipationofbifidobacteriapotentiallyinhibitthegrowthofpathogens andareinvolvedintheproductionofvitaminsofgroupBandfolicacid(NarbonaLo ´ pez etal.,2014),while Lemale(2014),attributesthattheenrichmentofmilkwith Bifidobacteriumlactis or Lactobacillusreuteri registersignificantreductionofulceronecrosingenterocolitisinlow-weightpreterminfants.Thus,accordingto BoverCidetal.(2001),froma habitualpointofview,feedingdoesnotinvolveanactofsurvival,butratherreinforces theneedtogenerateprotectionagainstchronicdiseasesofpersistentincidence.
Inthisregard,itisrecordedthatthedynamicsofworkbetween Lactobacillusacidophilus and B.lactis (5 109cfu),reducescasesofpollenallergyinchildren;fromtheinhibition ofaccessofeosinophils via nasalmucosa,while L.fermentum (1 109cfu)orplaceboassociatedwithprobiotics,predisposedTh1lymphocyteincreasetointerferongammain childrenwithatopicdermatitis(Rueda-Rodrı´guezetal.,2016; Ouwehandetal., 2009; Prescottetal.,2005).
