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FORMAT: 245MM X 170MM

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CMYK

New to this edition •

A new introductory chapter that reframes the book’s approach to Australian administrative law

•

An increased emphasis on the ‘constitutionalisation’ of modern Australian administrative law

•

A thoroughly revised treatment of jurisdictional error and the grounds of review (administrative law norms)

•

Revisions to incorporate legislative changes and important new cases, including: -

the amalgamation of Commonwealth tribunals

-

the High Court’s decisions in Li, WZARH and Graham

•

A new discussion of the challenges raised by the use of contract as a tool of governance

•

Revised throughout to incorporate recent legislative changes and relevant materials

Peter Cane is a Senior Research Fellow of Christ’s College at Cambridge, and Emeritus Distinguished Professor at the Australian National University.

Leighton McDonald is an Associate Professor in the Law School at the Australian National University.

Kristen Rundle is an Associate Professor in the Melbourne Law School at the University of Melbourne.

To get the most from this text, read it in conjunction with Cases for Principles of Administrative Law third edition.

Third Edition

Cane McDonald Rundle

Cases for Cane McDonald Rundle

Principles of Administrative Law Third Edition

Peter Cane Leighton McDonald Kristen Rundle

ISBN 978-0-19-030524-6

9 780190 305246 visit us at: oup.com.au or contact customer service: cs.au@oup.com

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Principles of Administrative Law

Now in its third edition, Principles of Administrative Law is a comprehensive and clear account of administrative law in Australia. Drawing upon legal theory and empirical legal research, the text sets out the essentials of the subject while exploring the law’s conceptual foundations and underlying principles.

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

TITLE: CAN_PAL_05246_CVR

Principles of Administrative Law Third Edition

Peter Cane Leighton McDonald Kristen Rundle

Cane, Peter, et al. Principles of Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5407331.

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Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Cane, Peter, et al. Principles of Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5407331.

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Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Cane, Peter, et al. Principles of Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5407331.

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Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

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PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW THIRD EDITION

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Peter Cane, Leighton McDonald and Kristen Rundle

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1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research,scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.

Published in Australia by Oxford University Press 253 Normanby Road, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia © Peter Cane, Leighton McDonald and Kristen Rundle 2018 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

First published 2009 Second edition published 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact:

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Copyright Agency Limited Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 Email: info@copyright.com.au Edited by Joy Window (Living Language) Cover Image: Shutterstock Typeset by Newgen KnowledgeWorks Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India Proofread by Gaby Grammeno Indexed by Trischa Mann Printed in China by Leo Paper Products Ltd. Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

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PREFACE

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Law books come in various shapes and sizes. The traditional textbook is very long and sets out to deal comprehensively with an area of law. A book with ‘introduction’ in its title may be a sort of short textbook that aims to provide the student with rudimentary rather than detailed coverage of the subject. A monograph typically has a narrower focus than either a short or a long text, dealing in depth with one topic or a small set of related topics within an area of law. Unlike the typical textbook, a monograph will often contain an overarching ‘thesis’ or ‘argument’ that the author wants to explore or defend.

This book does not fall neatly into any of these categories. It is shorter than the typical textbook but longer than the typical introduction. While we provide no single or unitary explanation of or argument about administrative law, throughout the book we develop a number of themes to help the reader find in administrative law a whole that is more than the sum of its various and often confusing parts. By introducing insights from legal history, comparative experience, legal theory and empirical legal research, our aim has been to offer a set of ideas, and to suggest ways of thinking about administrative law that will provide a path through a dense and confusing mass of detail. In short, we have tried not just to provide a statement of the law but also to interpret and make some sense of it. This objective has necessarily required us to leave out a lot of the detail to be found in longer books. However, we have tried to avoid the trap, into which short books sometimes fall, of making the law seem more straightforward and clear than it actually is. Not everyone will approve of our presentation and interpretations of the law or agree with all our arguments; but that is inevitable and, indeed, desirable. More important by far than simply learning the law is learning to think critically about the law.

We hope this book will be of interest to readers who already have some knowledge of the subject in addition to serving its primary objective of facilitating the learning of those coming to the subject for the first time. To assist with the book’s primary purpose, however, it is supplemented by a companion volume of cases. Such volumes were originally introduced (in the United States in the late nineteenth century) to facilitate an interactive, ‘Socratic’ form of teaching, but more often now they merely provide a sort of portable library of relevant (and, often, much abridged) readings. Some cases and materials volumes include significant amounts of connecting ‘text’ as well as questions and comments on the extracts; and such a volume can be thought of as a sort of ‘illustrated textbook’. Once again, our volume of cases does not fit this mould. It contains fewer extracts than is typical and those extracts are generally much longer than is usual. You can read more about how best to use the cases volume in its preface.

Cane, Peter, et al. Principles of Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5407331.

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VIII PREFACE

In the context of the delivery of university-level administrative law courses, we are hopeful that the use of this book will free up more class time than might otherwise be available for intellectually rewarding explorations of the complexities and uncertainties of the law. By setting out the key principles and essential technical details of the subject, the book is intended to enable teachers and students to use class time to engage with our interpretations and arguments, to consider practical applications of the principles we discuss, and to allow space for critical analysis based on particular cases and other readings that will also be prescribed. The sort of engagement with administrative law we envisage will enable students to understand better the limits and promise of administrative law in regulating the relationship between the ‘governors’ and the ‘governed’ in our society and, thus, the extent to which administrative law contributes to securing the legitimate exercise of power in an ‘administrative state’.

There have been various significant changes in the law since we wrote the second edition of this book, and all the chapters have been thoroughly revised. In some instances, important new developments (such as the High Court’s decision in Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li) have required entire sections of the book to be re-written. More generally, numerous important cases have been woven into the discussion (including Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] HCA 33, which was published just prior to the completion of the manuscript).

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

We have also taken the opportunity to make some changes to the structure and content of the book. Rather than including a standalone chapter devoted to the ‘historical and constitutional contexts’ of Australian administrative law, in this edition we have preferred to include historical context in the substantive chapters of the book where it is of particular assistance in understanding the law’s trajectory. And, as we explain in Chapter 1, this edition places even greater emphasis than we have previously on the varied manifestations of what may be described as the ‘constitutionalisation’ of administrative law in Australia.

Another omission from this edition is a chapter on private law in a public context.

We continue to believe that private law plays a significant role in the legal control of the performance of government functions (and therefore is important to a well-rounded understanding of administrative law). However, feedback indicated this chapter of the book was not routinely used in the teaching of administrative law for reasons related to how curriculum is carved up in Australian law schools. Nevertheless, the role of private law in the legal regulation of government power continues to receive recognition in the book with the introduction of a new section (see 2.7) on challenges raised by the use of contract as a tool of governance. Contract increasingly occupies a central place in the governing of Australia. In this context, it has the potential, if not the express aim, of excluding judicial review and other modes of administrative-law accountability. Some treatment of the subject in a book such as this is, therefore, important.

This edition also includes an entirely re-written introductory chapter that reframes our presentation of Australian administrative law. We will let that introduction speak for itself, noting here only that this exercise has resulted not only in a new Chapter 1, but also in a thoroughly revised and relocated treatment of jurisdictional error (in the discussion of

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PREFACE IX

remedies in Chapter 3), and significant modifications to Chapter 4 on the grounds of review, which (we argue) establish what we refer to as ‘administrative law norms’.

Writing this third edition has been a collaborative effort. Kristen and Leighton took the lead in co-authoring the new Chapter 1; Kristen had primary responsibility for Chapter 5, the treatment of procedural fairness in Chapter 4, and the section on contract as a tool of governance (2.7); Peter had responsibility for the revision of Chapters 7–10; and Leighton had primary responsibility for the remainder. We gratefully thank all the members of the production team at Oxford University Press for their efficiency and support.

Peter and Leighton are delighted to welcome Kristen to the authorship team. She has brought invaluable new ideas and fresh perspectives to the writing and editing table (as it were). Peter thanks the Master and Fellows of Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he now lives and works. The research facilities and environment of the College are second to none.

Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

Leighton thanks the ANU law school and his colleagues for providing a stimulating environment for teaching and writing about public law. More particularly, he thanks Will Bateman, Christos Mantziaris, Dennis Pearce, James Stellios, Daniel Stewart, and Greg Weeks for continuing to share their deep knowledge of and insights into Australian administrative law.

Some of the ideas in this edition about administrative law norms were originally developed collaboratively with Will. Marilú Costa also provided important intellectual impetus for rethinking Chapter 4. Above all, he thanks Marilú for her constant support and for making even chilly Canberra days sparkle.

Kristen sincerely thanks her colleagues at Melbourne Law School, in particular Adrienne Stone, Cheryl Saunders and the larger community of the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies, for making her return to thinking about Australian public law so stimulating and rewarding. No small credit also goes to her teaching colleagues over the course of 2015–17, as well as to her superb students. Thanks are also due to Matthew Harper and Stephen O’Connell, both research assistants with the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies, for their able research assistance. Above all, Kristen would like to thank Leighton and Peter for inviting her to join such a worthwhile project, and for their consistently collegial and supportive collaboration.

Peter Cane, Leighton McDonald and Kristen Rundle, October 2017

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Copyright © 2018. Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CASES A v Independent Commission Against Corruption [2014] NSWCA 414 [6.2.4.1] Aala’s case see Refugee Review Tribunal; Ex parte Aala AB v Western Australia (2011) 281 ALR 694 [4.6] Abebe v Commonwealth (1999) 197 CLR 510 [1.3] Aboriginal Legal Service Ltd v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs (1996) 69 FCR 565 [4.3.4] Acquista Investments Pty Ltd v Urban Renewal Authority (2015) 123 SASR 147 [2.7] Adams and Tax Agents Board, Re (1976) 1 ALD 251 [7.5.1.1] Aerolineas Argentinas (1997) 76 FCR 582 [2.5.1.3] Aga Khan case see R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex parte Aga Khan Agar v Hyde (2000) 201 CLR 552 Agricultural Societies Council of NSW v Christie (2016) 340 ALR 560; [2016] NSWCA 331 [2.5.1.4.1], [2.6.1] Ainsworth v Criminal Justice Commission (1992) 175 CLR 564 [3.5.1.1], [3.5.1.2], [3.5.1.5], [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.3] Aktiebolaget Hassle v Alphapharm Pty Ltd (2002) 212 CLR 411 [4.4.3] Al-Mehdawi v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1990] 1 AC 876 [4.2.2.3] Alphapharm Pty Ltd v SmithKline Beecham (Australia) Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FC R 250 [4.4.3] Animal Liberation Ltd v Department of Environment and Conservation [2007] NSWSC 221 [5.2] Animals’ Angels e. V. v Secretary, Department of Agriculture (2014) 228 FCR 35 [5.2] Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 [3.4], [3.7.3], [6.2.2] Annetts v McCann (1990) 170 CLR 596 [4.2.2.2] Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1977) 139 CLR 54 [4.3.4]

Antipova v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006) 151 FCR 480 [4.2.2.2] Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 225 CLR 88 [4.2.2.3] Applied Medical Australia Pty Ltd v Minister for Health (2016) 246 FCR 555 [2.5.1.3] Argos Pty Ltd v Corbell (2014) 254 CLR 394 [5.2] Arnold (on behalf of Australians for Animals) v State of Queensland (1987) 13 ALD 195 [7.5.2] Arthur Yates & Company Pty Ltd v Vegetable Seeds Committee (1945) 72 CLR 37, 81 [1.3] Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223 [4.5] Aston and Department of Primary Industries, Re (1985) 8 ALD 366 [7.6.3] Aston Cantlow Parochial Church Council v Wallbank [2004] 1 AC 546 [2.6.1] Attorney- General (Cth) v Breckler (1999) 197 CLR 83 [3.7.2] Attorney- General (NSW) v 2UE Sydney Pty Ltd (2006) 236 ALR 385 [7.2.1], [7.7] Attorney- General (NSW) v Quin (1990) 170 CLR 1 [2.2.2], [4.3.3], [4.5], [4.6] Attorney- General of Hong Kong v Ng Yue Shiu [1983] 2 AC 629 [4.2.2.1] Attorney- General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel [1920] AC 508 [2.6.2.2.]

Australasian College of Cosmetic Surgery Ltd v Australian Medical Council Ltd [2015] FCA 468 [2.5.2] Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond (1990) 170 CLR 321 [2.5.1], [4.2.4], [4.4.1], [4.4.2], [4.4.2.2], [4.4.3], [7.5.1.1] Australian Capital Territory Health Authority v Berkeley Cleaning Group Pty Ltd (1985) 7 FCR 575 [2.5.1.4.1] Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 576 [4.2.2.3]

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TABLE OF CASES XI

Australian Communications and Media Authority v Today FM (Sydney) Pty Ltd (2015) 255 CLR 352 [4.6] Australian Communist Party v Commonwealth (1951) 83 CLR 1 [2.2.2] Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated v Commonwealth (1980) 146 CLR 493 [5.1], [5.2] Australian Conservation Foundation Incorporated v Forestry Commission of Tasmania (1988) 19 FCR 127 [4.3.1] Australian Education Union v General Manager of Fair Work Australia (2012) 246 CLR 117 [2.4.1.1] Australian Fisheries Management Authority v PW Adams Pty Ltd (1995) 39 ALD 481 [7.6.3] Australian Heritage Commission v Mount Isa Mines Ltd (1997) 187 CLR 297 [4.4.2.1.1] Australian Metal Holdings Pty Ltd and Australian Securities Commission and Others, Re (1995) 37 ALD 131 [7.6.3] Australian National University v Burns (1985) 43 ALR 25 [2.5.1.4.1] Australian National University v Lewins (1996) 68 FCR 87 [2.5.1.3] Australian Postal Corporation v D’Rozario (2014) 222 FCR 303 [4.4.2.2] Australian Retailers Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2005) 148 FCR 446 [4.4.2.2] Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Administrative Appeals Tribunal (2011) 195 FCR 485 [4.4.3] Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Edensor Nominees Pty Ltd (2001) 204 CLR 559 [2.4.2] Automotive, Food Metals, Engineering, Printing and Kindred Industries Union v ALS Industrial Australia Pty Ltd (2015) 235 FCR 305 [3.5.1.1] Avon Downs Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1949) 78 CLR 353 [4.3], [4.5] Aye v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 187 FCR 449; (2010) 269 ALR 298 [2.5.1.4], [2.6.2.2], [2.6.2.3] AZAFQ v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2016) 243 FCR 451 [4.3.1] Azzopardi v Tasman UEB Industries Ltd (1985) 4 NSWLR 139 [4.4.3] Baba v Parole Board (NSW) (1986) 5 NSWLR 338 [4.2.2.2] Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth (1948) 76 CLR 1 [2.4.1.2], [5.1], [6.2.4.1] Baran and Department of Primary Industries and Energy, Re (1988) 18 ALD 379 [7.6.4.1]

Bare v Independent Broad-Based Anti- Corruption Commission [2015] VSCA 197 [4.6] Barreto v McMullan [2014] WASCA 152 [4.4.2.1.1] Barton v Commonwealth (1974) 131 CLR 477 [2.6.2.2] Bass v Permanent Trustees Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 [3.5.1.5] Bat Advocacy NSW Inc v Minister for Environment Protection, Heritage and the Arts (No 2) (2011) 280 ALR 91 [5.4] Bateman v Health Insurance Commission (1998) 54 ALD 408 [7.6.3] Bateman’s Bay Local Aboriginal Land Council v Aboriginal Community Benefit Fund Pty Ltd (1998) 194 CLR 247 [3.5.1.4], [5.1], [5.2], [5.4] Batterham v QSR Ltd (2006) 225 CLR 237 [6.2.2] Becker and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re (1977) 1 ALD 158 [7.6.3] Bhardwaj see Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Bhardwaj Bilborough v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (2007) 162 FCR 160 [2.5.1.4.1] Blewett (1988) 84 ALR 615 [2.5.1.3] Bodruddaza v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2007) 228 CLR 651 [2.4.1.1], [3.5.3], [5.1], [6.2.3], [6.2.4.3], [6.2.4.4] Boilermakers’ case see R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia Bond’s case see Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond Bondelmonte v Bondelmonte (2017) 341 ALR 179 [4.3.1] Botany Bay City Council v Minister of State and Transport and Regional Development (1996) 66 FCR 537 [5.4] Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 [5.1] Brandy v Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (1995) 183 CLR 245 [7.7] Bread Manufacturers of New South Wales v Evans (1981) 180 CLR 404 [4.3.4] Brennan v New South Wales Land and Housing Corporation [2011] NSWCA 298 [4.4.2.2] Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd and Collector of Customs (NSW), Re (1978) 1 ALD 167 [7.5.1.1], [7.6.1], [7.6.4.2], [7.6.5] Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd and Collector of Customs, Re (NSW) (1978) 1 ALD 167 [7.5.1.1], [7.6.1], [7.6.4.1], [7.6.5] British Broadcasting Corporation v Johns [1965] 1 Ch 32 [2.6.2.2]

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XII

TABLE OF CASES

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British Imperial Oil Co Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1925) 35 CLR 422 [7.1] British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology [1971] AC 610 [4.3.3] Broadbent v Medical Board of Queensland [2011] FCA 980 [2.4.1.2] Bruce v Cole (1998) 45 NSWLR 163 [4.4.2.2], [4.6] Buck v Bavone (1976) 135 CLR 110 [4.4.2.1.2] Burns v Australian National University (1982) 40 ALR 707 [2.5.1.3] Byrne v Marles [2008] VR 612 [3.5.1.1] Cains v Jenkins (1979) 28 ALR 219 [4.2.2.3] Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574 [4.2.5.1] Campbelltown City Council v Vegan (2006) 67 NSWLR 672 [4.2.4] Carey, Re; Ex parte Exclude Holdings Pty Ltd (2006) 32 WAR 501 [3.4] Carltona Ltd v Commissioner of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560 [4.3.5] CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service see Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service Century Metals and Mining NL v Yeomans (1989) 100 ALR 383 [4.2.3] Century Yuasa Batteries Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1997) 73 FCR 528 [2.5.1.2] Chapmans v Australian Stock Exchange Ltd (1966) 67 FCR 402 [2.5.1.3] Chase Oyster Bar Pty Ltd v Hamo Industries Pty Ltd (2010) 78 NSWLR 393 [2.4.3], [2.6.1], [3.3], [3.4], [3.5.1.1] Chen Zhen Zi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1994) 48 FCR 591 [4.2.2.3] Chevron USA, Inc v Natural Resources Defence Council, Inc, 467 US 837 (1984) [4.4], [4.4.2.1.1] Chief Constable of North Wales Police v Evans [1982] 3 All ER 141 [2.2.1], [2.2.2] Chittick v Ackland (1984) 1 FCR 254 [2.5.1.4] Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1992) 176 CLR 1 [4.6] Church of Scientology v Woodward (1982) 154 CLR 25 [2.6.2.2], [6.2.4.4] City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 [2.2.2], [3.5.1], [4.4], [4.4.2.1.1], [5.4] City of Port Adelaide Enfield v Bingham (2014) 119 SASR 1 [3.5.1.1] Civil Aviation Safety Authority v Central Aviation Pty Ltd (2009) 253 ALR 263, (2009) 179 FCR 554 [4.2.5.2]

Coal and Allied Operations Pty Ltd v Australian Industrial Relations Commission (2000) 203 CLR 194 [4.4.2.1.2] Coco v The Queen (1994) 179 CLR 427 [4.1.1], [4.3], [4.6] Coffey v Secretary, Department of Social Security (1999) 56 ALD 338 [7.5.1.1] Collector of Customs (NSW) v Brian Lawlor Automotive Pty Ltd (1979) 24 ALR 307, (1979) 2 ALD 1 [3.7], [7.5.1.1] Collector of Customs v Agfa- Gevaert Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 389 [4.4.1], [4.4.3] Collector of Customs v Pozzolanic Enterprises Pty Ltd (1993) 43 FC R 280 [4.4.3] Colonial Bank of Australiasia v Willan (1874) LR 5 PC 417 [6.1] Comcare v Eames (2008) 101 ALD 90 [3.3] Comcare v Etheridge (2006) 149 FC R 522 [4.4.1] Commissioner for Australian Capital Territory Revenue v Alphaone Pty Ltd (1994) 49 FCR 576 [4.2.2.3] Commissioner of Police v Tanos (1958) 98 CLR 383 [4.2.2.2] Commissioner of State Revenue (Vic) v Royal Insurance Australia Ltd (1994) 182 CLR 51 [3.5.1.3] Commissioner of Taxation v Futuris Corp Ltd (2008) 237 CLR 146 [3.5.3], [6.2.4.1] Commissioner of Taxation v Primary Health Care Ltd [2017] 131 [4.3.1] Committee of Direction of Fruit Marketing v Delegate of Australian Postal Commission (1979) 2 ALD 561 [7.6.4.2] Commonwealth v Mewett (1997) 191 CLR 471 [2.4.3], [2.5.2] Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338 [3.5.1.1] Construction Forestry Mining and Energy Union v Director of the Fair Work Building Industry Inspectorate [2016] HCA 41 [2.4.1.1] Control Investment Pty Ltd and Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (No 1), Re (1980) 3 ALD 74 [7.5.1.2], [7.5.2] Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910 [9.7.5] Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 143 ER 414 [4.6] Corporation of City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission (2000) 199 CLR 135 [2.2.2], [2.6.2], [3.5.1], [4.4], [4.4.2.1.1], [5.4] Cotterill v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2016] FCAFC 61 [4.5] Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] AC 374 [2.6.2.2], [2.6.2.3], [4.2.2.1]

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Council of the City of Parramatta v Pestell (1972) 128 CLR 305 [4.5] CPCF v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 255 CLR 514 [3.4], [4.3.4] Craig v (State of) South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163; (1995) HCA 58 [3.4], [3.5.1.1], [4.4.1], [7.7] Croome v Tasmania (1997) 191 CLR 119 [2.4.1.3], [5.4] Curragh Queensland Mining Ltd v Davies (1992) 34 FCR 212 [4.4.2.2] D’Souza v The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (2005) 12 VR 42 [2.6.1] Darling Casino Ltd v NSW Casino Control Authority (1997) 191 CLR 602 [6.1], [6.2.1] Datafin casesee R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, Ex parte Datafin Plc Davies v Minister for Urban Development and Planning [2011] SASC 87 [3.5.1.5] Deputy Commissioner of Taxation v Richard Walter Pty Ltd (1995) 183 CLR 168 [2.4.1.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.2] Dimes v Proprietors of the Grand Junction Canal (1852) 3 HL Cas 759 [4.2.3] Din v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1997) 147 ALR 673 [4.3.5] Director of Public Prosecutions for the Australian Capital Territory v Martin (2014) 286 FLR 120 [6.1] Director of Public Prosecutions v Head [1958] 1 QB 132 [3.7.2] Ditfort, ex parte Deputy Commissioner of Taxation, Re (1988) 19 FCR 347 [2.6.2.3] Dorf Industries Pty Ltd v Toose (1994) 127 ALR 654 [2.5.1.4.2] Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (‘Drake No 1’) (1978) 2 ALD 60 [7.1], [7.6.1], [7.6.3], [7.6.5] Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (‘Drake No 2’), Re (1979) 2 ALD 634 [7.6.3] Dranichnikov v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural Affairs (2003) 197 ALR 389 [4.2.1], [4.3.1] Dunghutti Elders Council (Aboriginal Corporation) RNTBC v Registrar of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporations (2011) 195 FCR 318 [4.2.2.3] Dyson v Attorney- General [1911] 1 KB 410 [3.5.1.5] Eastman v Australian Capital Territory (2008) 2 ACTLR 180; (2008) 227 FLR 279 [2.5.1.2] Eastman v Besanko (2010) 244 FLR 262 [2.5.1.4.1]

Easwaralingam v Director of Public Prosecutions (2010) 208 A Crim R 122 [3.5.1.1] Ebner v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy (2000) 205 CLR 337 [4.2.3] Edelsten v Health Insurance Commission (1990) 27 FCR 56 [2.5.1.2] Edelsten v Wilcox (1988) 83 ALR 99 [4.5] Edwards (Inspector of Taxes) v Bairstow [1956] AC 14 [4.4.3] Edwards v Santos Ltd (2011) 242 CLR 421 [5.4] Egglishaw v Australian Crime Commission (No 2) (2010) 186 FCR 393 [4.2.5.2] Electricity Supply Association of Australia Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2001) 111 FCR 230 [2.5.1.2], [3.5.1.5] Electrolux Home Pty Ltd v Australian Workers Union (2004) 221 CLR 309 [4.6] Enfield see Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission Entick v Carrington (1765) 19 St Tr 1030; 95 ER 807 [4.6] Evans [1982] 3 All ER 141 [2.2.2] Evans and Secretary, Department of Primary Industry, Re (1985) ALD 627 [7.6.3] Evans v New South Wales (2008) 168 FCR 576 [4.6] Ex parte Wilkes; Re Minister for Education [1962] SR (NSW) 220 [3.5.1.3] F Hoffmann-La Roche and Co AG v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975] AC 295 [3.7] FAI Insurances Ltd v Winneke (1982) 151 CLR 342 [4.2.2.1] Federal Airports Corporation v Aerolineas Argentinas (1997) 76 FC R 582 [2.5.1.3] Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Munro (1926) 38 CLR 153 [7.1] Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Official Liquidator of EO Farley Ltd (1940) 63 CLR 278 [2.6.2.2] Flaherty v Secretary, Department of Health and Ageing (2010) 184 FCR 564 [3.7.1] Forbes v New South Wales Trotting Club Ltd (1979) 143 CLR 242 [2.6.1], [3.5.1.1] Forge v Australian Securities & Investments Commission (2006) 228 CLR 45; (2006) 229 ALR 223 [6.1], [7.2.1] Forrest v Wilson [2017] HCA 30 [4.2.5.2] Foster v Minister for Customs and Justice (2000) 200 CLR 442 [4.3.1] Fox v Percy (2003) 214 CLR 118 [2.2.1] Franklin v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1948] AC 87 [4.2.3]

Cane, Peter, et al. Principles of Administrative Law, Oxford University Press, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/usyd/detail.action?docID=5407331.

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Franklin v The Queen (No 2) [1974] QB 208 [3.5.1] Friends of Elliston— Environment & Conservation Inc v South Australia (2007) 96 SASR 246 [5.2] FTZK v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2014] HCA 26; (2014) 310 ALR 1 [4.1.2] Gay Solidarity Group and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re (1983) 5 ALD 289 [7.5.2] Gay Solidarity Group and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Re (1983) 5 ALD 289 [7.5.1.2] Gedeon v NSW Crime Commission (2008) 236 CLR 120 [3.7.2], [4.4.2.1] General Newspapers Pty Ltd v Telstra Corporation (1993) 45 FCR 164 [2.5.1.4.1] Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] 2 AC 557 [4.6] Gill v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCAFC 51 [3.6] Gillick v West Norfold and Weisbach Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 [3.5.1.5] Glasson v Parkes Rural Distributions Pty Ltd (1984) 155 CLR 234 [2.5.1.4.2] Goldie v Commonwealth [2002] FCA 261 [4.3.1] Goodson and Secretary, Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs, Re (1996) 42 ALD 651 [7.6.3] Graham v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] HCA 33 [3.5.3], [6.1], [6.2], [6.2.2], [6.2.3], [6.2.4.3], [6.2.4.4] Green v Daniels (1977) 13 ALR 1 [3.5.1.5], [4.3.3], [4.6], [7.6.3] Greenham and Minister for Capital Territory, Re (1979) 2 ALD 137 [7.6.1], [7.6.4.2] Greyhound Racing Authority (NSW) v Bragg [2003] NSWCA 388 [2.2.2] Griffith University v Tang (2005) 221 CLR 89 [1.4], [2.5.1], [2.5.1.3], [2.5.1.4.1], [2.5.1.4.2], [5.4] Habib v Commonwealth (2010) 183 FCR 62 [2.6.2.3], [4.2.2.3], [4.3.4] Habib v Director of Security (2009) 175 FC R 411 [4.2.2.3] Habib v Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade (2010) 192 FC R 148 [4.3.4] Haoucher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1990) 169 CLR 648 [4.2.2.1] Haritos v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2015) 233 FCR 315 [4.4.1], [4.4.2.1.2], [4.4.3] Harris v Director General of Social Security (1985) 7 ALD 277 [7.6.4.2] Herrington Re Election for offices in Communications Division of the CEPU (2005) 144 IR 143 [3.5.1.3]

Hicks v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 146 FCR 427 [3.1.1] Hicks v Ruddock (2007) 156 FC R 574 [2.6.2.3] Hindi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 1 [4.3.1] Hope v Bathurst City Council (1980) 144 CLR 1 [4.4.3] Hot Holding Pty Ltd v Creasy (2002) 210 CLR 438 [3.5.1.1], [4.2.2.3], [4.2.3], [4.3.1] House v Defence Force Retirement and Death Benefits Authority (2011) 193 FCR 112 [4.4.1] Howard and the Treasurer, Re (1985) 7 ALD 645 [9.6.5], [9.6.6], [9.8] Hu v Migrations Agents Registration Authority [2010] FCA 674 [2.5.1.4.1] Huddart Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead (1909) 8 CLR 330 [1.3], [7.1] Hughes Aircraft Systems International v Airservices Australia (1997) 76 FCR 151 [2.7], [4.3.4] Hussain v Minister for Foreign Affairs (2008) 103 ALD 66 [7.1] Hutchins v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1996) 65 FC R 269 [2.5.1.4.1] Ilic v City of Adelaide (2010) 107 SASR 139 [4.4.2.1.1] In re Judiciary and Navigation Acts (1921) 29 CLR 257 [2.4.1.3] Independent Commission Against Corruption v Cunneen (2015) 256 CLR 1 [4.6] Inglis v Commonwealth Trading Bank of Australia (1969) 199 CLR 33 [2.4.2] International Finance Trust Co Ltd v New South Wales Crime Commission (2009) 240 CLR 319 [7.2.1] Isbester v Knox City Council (2015) 255 CLR 135 [4.2.3] Italiano v Carbone [2005] NSWCA 177 [4.2.5.2] Jacob v Save Beeliar Wetlands (Inc) [2016] WASCA 126 [4.3.1], [4.3.3], [4.5] Jadwan Pty Ltd v Secretary, Department of Health and Aged Care (2003) 145 FCR 1 [3.2], [3.5.2], [3.7.1] James v Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (2010) 186 FCR 134 [4.5] Jetopay Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Re (1993) 32 ALD 209 [7.6.3] JJ Richards & Sons Pty Ltd v Fair Work Australia (2012) 201 FCR 297 [3.6] John Fairfax & Sons Ltd v Australian Telecommunications Commission [1977] 2 NSWLR 400 [3.5.1.3] John v Rees [1970] 1 Ch 345 [4.2.1]

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Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51 [4.6], [7.2.1] Kavvadias v Commonwealth Ombudsman (1984) 54 ALR 285 [9.2] Kelson v Forward (1995) 60 FC R 39 [2.5.1.2] Khan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1987) 14 ALD 291 [4.3.1] Khuu & Lee Pty Ltd v Corporation of the City of Adelaide (2011) SASR 235 [2.5.1.4.1], [2.6.1] Kindimindi Investments Pty Ltd v Lane Cove Council (2006) 143 LGERA 277 [4.3.1] King v Director of Housing (2013) 23 Tas R 353 [2.5.1.4.1] Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 [4.1.2], [4.2.2.3], [4.2], [4.2.2] Kirk v Industrial Court of New South Wales (2010) 239 CLR 531 [1.3], [2.1], [2.3.1], [2.4.1], [2.4.1.1], [2.4.2], [2.4.3], [2.6], [3.4], [3.5.1.1], [4.4.2.1], [6.1], [6.2], [6.2.2] Kostas v HIA Insurance Services Pty Limited (2010) 241 CLR 390 [2.2.1], [4.4.1], [4.4.2.2] Kowalski v Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (2010) 114 ALD 8 [7.4] Ku-ring- gai Council v West [2017] NSWCA 54 [4.3.1] Kutlu v Director of Professional Services Review (2011) 197 FCR 177 [3.3], [4.2.5.2] L & B Linings Pty Ltd v WorkCover Authority of New South Wales [2012] NSWCA 15 [4.2.4], [4.4.2.2] Lam v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2006) 157 FCR 215 [4.2.2.4] Lamb v Moss (1983) 49 ALR 533 [2.5.1.2] Lanham and Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services, Re (2002) 67 ALD 173 [7.6.3] Lansen v Minister for Environment and Heritage (2008) 174 FCR 14 [3.2], [3.3], [3.6], [4.3.1], [4.3.1] Laws v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1990) 170 CLR 70 [4.2.3] Lee v New South Wales Crime Commission (2013) 251 CLR 196 [4.6] Leppington Pastoral Co Pty Ltd v Department of Administrative Services (1990) 20 ALD 607 [7.6.3] Levy v Victoria (1997) 189 CLR 579 [5.4] Li (2013) 249 CLR 332 [4.5] Littlejohn and Department of Social Security, Re (1989) 17 ALD 482 [7.6.3] M v Home Office [1994] AC 377 [2.6.2.2] MacCormick v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1984) 158 CLR 622 [6.2.4.1]

Macksville & District Hospital v Mayze (1987) 10 NSWLR 708 [4.2.5.1] Macoun v Commissioner of Taxation (2015) 257 CLR 519 [4.4.3] Malincevski and Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs, Re (1991) 24 ALD 331 [7.6.3] Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344 [2.6.2.2] Mandalia v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 59; [2015] 1 WLR 4546 [4.3.3] Marine Hull and Liability Insurance Co Ltd v Hurford (1985) 10 FCR 234 [4.2.2.3] Marrickville Metro Shopping Centre Pty Ltd v Marrickville Council (2010) 174 LGERA 67 [4.2.5.2] May v Military rehabilitation and Compensation Commission (2015) 233 FCR 397 [4.4.1], [4.4.3] Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London v Richard Henry Cox (1867) LR 2 HL 239 [2.2] McBain, Re; Ex parte Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (2001) 209 CLR 372 [2.4.1.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.1.3], [3.1.1], [3.5.1.1], [3.5.3], [5.1], [5.2], [5.4] McCloy v New South Wales (2015) 257 CLR 178 [4.6] McDonald v Director- General of Social Security (1984) 6 ALD 6 [7.4] McGovern v Ku-ring- gai Council (2008) 72 NSWLR 504 [4.2.3] McGowan v Migration Agents Registration Authority (2003) 129 FCR 118 [2.5.2] McKinnon v Secretary, Department of Treasury (2006) 228 CLR 423 [7.6.1] Mellifont v Attorney- General (Qld) (1991) 173 CLR 289 [2.4.1.3] Miah see Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs; Ex parte Miah, Re Michael v Secretary, Department of Employment, Science and Training (2006) 42 AAR 488 [3.7.1] Mickovski v Financial Ombudsman Service Ltd (2012) 36 VR 456 [2.6.1] Mika Engineering Holdings Pty Ltd and Commissioner of Taxation, Re (2006) 92 ALD 688 [7.6.4.1], [7.6.5.1] Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd (1986) 162 CLR 24 [2.5.1], [4.1.2], [4.3.1], [4.3.5], [4.5], [4.6] Minister for Arts, Heritage and Environment v Peko-Wallsend (1987) 15 FCR 274 [2.6.2.3] Minister for Foreign Affairs v Lee (2014) 227 FCR 279 [4.3.3]

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XVI TABLE OF CASES

Minister for Health and Family Services v Jadwan Pty Ltd (1998) 89 FCR 478 [3.2] Minister for Health v Nicholl Holdings Pty Ltd (2015) 231 FCR 539 [2.5.1.2] Minister for Human Services and Health v Haddad (1995) 38 ALD 204 [7.6.3] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v AMA16 [2017] FCAFC 136 [4.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Eden (2016) 240 FCR 158 [4.5] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Hossain [2017] FCAFC 82 [3.4], [3.7.1] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v Stretton (2016) 237 FCR 1 [4.5] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZSRS (2014) 309 ALR 67 [4.3.1] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZSSJ (2016) 334 ALR 653 [4.2.2.3], [4.2.2.4] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZVFW [2017] FCAFC 33 [4.5] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v SZVFW [2017] HCA 191 [4.5] Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v WZARH (2015) 256 CLR 326 [4.2.2.4], [4.3.3] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Khadgi (2010) 190 FCR 248 [4.3], [4.3.1] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Kumar (2009) 238 CLR 448 [4.2.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Li (2013) 249 CLR 332 [4.1.1], [4.3], [4.4.2.1.2], [4.5] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Maman (2012) 200 FCR 30 [3.7.1], [4.2.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZGUR (2011) 241 CLR 594 [4.2.4] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIAI (2009) 259 ALR 429 [4.2.4] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZIZO (2009) 238 CLR 627 [3.5.3], [4.2.5.2], [6.2.2] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZJSS (2010) 243 CLR 164 [2.2.2], [4.3.1] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZLSP (2010) 187 FCR 362 [4.2.5.2], [4.4.2.2], [4.4.2.1.2] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS (2010) 240 CLR 611 [4.4.2.1.2], [4.4.2.2] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZQHH (2012) 200 FCR 223 [4.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZRKT (2013) 212 FCR 99 [4.1.2], [4.3.1], [4.4.2.1] Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Conyngham (1986) 11 FCR 528 [3.5.3] Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Guo (1997) 191 CLR 559 [2.2.1]

Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Mayer (1985) 157 CLR 290 [2.5.1.3] Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980) 4 ALD 139 [7.6.1] Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273 [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.4], [4.6] Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang (1996) 185 CLR 259 [4.3], [4.3.1], [4.4.2.1.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Bhardwaj (2002) 209 CLR 597 [2.4.1.3], [6.2.2], [8.2.1] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Jia Legeng (2001) 205 CLR 507 [1.2.1], [4.2.1], [4.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Lay Lat (2006) 151 FCR 214 [4.2.2.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Ozamanian (1996) 71 FCR 1 [2.5.1], [2.5.1.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Rajamanikkam (2002) 210 CLR 222 [4.4.2.2], [4.4.3] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 [3.2], [3.4], [4.2.5.2], [4.3.1] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Applicant S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 [4.2.4], [4.3.1], [4.4.2.1.2], [4.4.2.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Cohen (2001) 177 ALR 473 [2.4.1.2], [4.4.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Durairajasingham (2000) 168 ALR 407 [2.4.1.1] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte Miah (2001) 206 CLR 57 [3.4], [3.5.3], [3.6], [4.2.2.2], [4.2.2.3] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs, Re; Ex parte S20/2002 (2003) 198 ALR 59 [3.5.3], [4.1.4], [4.2.4], [4.3.1], [4.4.2.1.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Huynh (2004) 139 FCR 505 [4.3.1] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SGLB (2004) 207 ALR 12 [4.4.2.2], [6.2.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Applicants S134, Re (2003) 211 CLR 441 [3.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs; Ex parte Lam, Re (2003) 214 CLR 1 [4.1.4], [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.4], [4.3.3] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v SCAR (2003) 128 FCR 553 [4.2.2.3]

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TABLE OF CASES XVII

Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex parte Applicants S134 (2003) 211 CLR 441 [3.2] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex parte Lam (2003) 214 CLR 1 [2.2.2], [4.1.4]. [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.4], [4.3.3] Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex parte Palme (2003) 216 CLR 212 [4.2.5.2], [4.3], [6.2.4.1] Minister for Immigration v SZJSS (2010) 243 CLR 164 [2.2.2], [4.3.1], [4.2.1] Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Gray (1994) 33 ALD 13 [7.6.3] Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs v Kurtovic (1990) 21 FCR 193 [4.3.3] Minister for Industry and Commerce v Tooheys Ltd (1982) 42 ALR 260 [2.5.1.3] Minister for Local Government v South Sydney City Council (2002) 55 NSWLR 381 [2.6.2.2] Minister of Indigenous Affairs v MJD Foundation Ltd [2017] FCAFC 37 [3.7.1] Mobil Oil Australia Pty Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1963) 113 CLR 475 [4.2.2.3] Momcilovic v R (2011) 280 ALR 221 [4.6] Montreal Street Railway Co v Normandin [1917] AC 170 [4.2.5.2] Motor Trades Association of Australia Superannuation Fund Pty Ltd v Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (2008) 169 FCR 483 [2.5.1.5] Muin v Refugee Review Tribunal (2002) 190 ALR 601 [3.2] Murdaca and Australian Securities and Investments Commission, Re (2010) 118 ALD 202 [7.6.2], [7.6.3] Murphyores Inc Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1976) 136 CLR 1 [4.3.1] Murray v Native Title Tribunal (2002) 77 ALD 96 [3.2] MZXSA v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 117 ALD 441 [4.4.2.1.2] NAIS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 228 CLR 470; (2005) 223 ALR 1 [4.2.2.3], [7.8.1] National Companies and Securities Commission v News Corporation Ltd (1984) 156 CLR 296 [4.2.2.3] NBMZ v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2014) FCR 1 [2.5.1], [4.3], [4.3.1]

NEAT Domestic Trading Pty Ltd v AWB Ltd (2003) 216 CLR 177 [2.5.1.4.2], [2.6.1], [2.7], [3.5.1.3], [4.3.3], [7.5.1.2] Nevistic v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981) 34 ALR 639, 647 [7.6.3] New South Wales v Bardolph (1934) 52 CLR 455 [2.7] Nona v Barnes [2012] QSC 35 [2.5.1.4.1] North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency Ltd v Northern Territory (2015) 256 CLR 569 [4.3], [4.6] North Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service Inc v Bradley (2004) 218 CLR 146 [7.2.1] Northcoast Environmental Council Inc v Minister for Resources (1994) 55 FCR 492 [5.2] Northumberland case see R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw O’Halloran v Wood [2004] FCA 544 [3.3] O’Reilly v Commissioners of State Bank of Victoria (1983) 153 CLR 1 [4.3.4] Oakley v South Cambridgeshire District Council [2017] EWCA Civ 71 [4.2.4] Ogle v Strickland (1987) 71 ALR 41 [5.2] Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd (1981) 149 CLR 27 [5.2] Ortiz v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 224 FCR 583 [4.4.2.1.2] Oshlack v Richmond River Council (1998) 193 CLR 72 [5.4] Osland v Secretary to the Department of Justice (2010) 241 CLR 320 [7.6.4.2] Ousley v The Queen (1997) 192 CLR 69 [3.7.2], [3.7.3] OV v Members of the Board of the Wesley Mission Council (2010) 270 ALR 542 [4.4.1], [4.4.3] Ozepulse Pty Ltd v Minister for Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (2007) 163 FCR 562 [4.2.2.1] Ozmanian v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs (1996) 137 ALR 103 [2.5.1.3] Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food [1968] AC 997 [2.6.2.2], [3.1.1], [4.3.1] Palme case see Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, Re; Ex parte Palme Palmer v Liquidators of Queensland Nickel Pty Ltd (in Liq) [2017] HCA 5 [2.4.1.3] Palmer v The Chief Executive, Qld Corrective Services [2010] QCA 316 [2.5.1.4.1] Pape v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2009) 238 CLR 1 [2.6.2.2], [5.1]

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XVIII TABLE OF CASES

Park Oh Ho v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1989) 167 CLR 637 [3.1.1], [3.5.3] Pattenden v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2008) 175 FCR 1 [4.3.5] Perinepod Pty Ltd v Georgiou Building Pty Ltd [2011] WASCA 217 [2.6.1] Peverill v Meir (1989) 95 ALR 401 [2.5.1.2] Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth of Australia (2010) 243 CLR 319 [2.4.1.2], [2.4.2], [2.5.1.4.1], [2.5.1.4.2], [3.5.1.3], [3.5.1.5], [4.2.1], [4.3.5], [6.2.4.2] Plaintiff M61/2010E v Commonwealth of Australia (2011) 272 ALR 14 [2.7] Plaintiff M64/2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 258 CLR 173 [3.4], [4.3.3] Plaintiff M68/2015 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2016) 257 CLR 42 [2.4.1.2], [2.4.2] Plaintiff M70/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2011) 244 CLR 144 [4.4.2.1.2] Plaintiff M79/2012 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2013) 252 CLR 336 [4.3.2], [6.2.4.1] Plaintiff S10/2011 v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 246 CLR 636 [4.1.3], [4.3.2], [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.2] Plaintiff S156/2013 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2014) 254 CLR 28 [4.3.1] Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth (2003) 211 CLR 476 [2.2.2], [2.4.1], [2.4.1.1], [2.4.2], [2.5.1.5], [3.5.3], [3.7.1], [3.7.3], [4.2.2.2], [4.6], [6.1], [6.2.2], [6.2.3], [6.2.4.2], [6.2.4.4], [7.2.1] Plaintiff S297/2013 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 255 CLR 231 [3.5.1.3] Post Office Agents Assn Ltd v Australian Postal Commission (1988) 84 ALR 563 [2.4.1.2] Powell v Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (1998) 53 ALD 228 [7.6.1] Prasad v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1985) 6 FCR 155 [4.2.4] Presmint Pty Ltd and Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Re (1995) 39 ALD 625 [7.6.3] Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1996) 68 FCR 455 [2.4.2] Project Blue Sky Inc v Australian Broadcasting Authority (1998) 194 CLR 355 [2.4.2], [3.3], [3.4], [3.5.2], [4.2.5.2], [6.2.2], [6.2.4.1] Public Service Association (SA) v Federated Clerks’ Union (1991) 173 CLR 132 [6.1] Public Service Association of South Australia Inc v Industrial Relations Commission of South Australia (2012) 249 CLR 398 [2.4.3], [6.2.4.2]

Public Service Board (NSW) v Osmond (1986) 159 CLR 656 [2.5.1], [4.2.4] Punton v Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (No 2) [1964] 1 All ER 448 [3.5.1.5] Qantas Airways Ltd and Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (Western Australia), Re (1979) 2 ALD 291 [7.5.1.2] QGC Pty Ltd v Bygrave (No 2) (2010) 189 FCR 412 [2.5.1.4] Queensland Medical Laboratory v Blewett (1988) 84 ALR 615 [2.5.1.3] Queensland v Central Queensland Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (2002) 125 FCR 89 [2.5.1.3] R (Abbasi) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs; Ex parte Abbasi [2003] UKHRR 76 CA [2.6.2.3] R (Lord Carlile of Berriew) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] AC 945 [1.2.2.1] R (on the application of Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 2 AC 532 [4.6] R v Anderson; Ex parte Ipec-Air Pty Ltd (1965) 113 CLR 177 [4.3.4] R v Australian Broadcasting Tribunal; Ex parte 2HD Pty Ltd (1979) 144 CLR 45 [4.3.1] R v Australian Stevedoring Industry Board; Ex parte Melbourne Stevedoring Co Pty Ltd (1953) 88 CLR 100, 120. [4.4.2] R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council; Ex parte Hook [1976] 1 WLR 1052 [4.5] R v Bolton (1841) 1 QB66 [133 ER 1054] [3.4] R v Civil Service Board, ex parte Cunningham [1991] 4 All ER 310 [4.2.4] R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission; Ex parte Angliss Group (1969) 122 CLR 546 [4.2.3] R v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration; Ex parte Ozone Theatres (Aust) Ltd (1949) 78 CLR 389 [3.5.1.3], [3.6] R v Connell; Ex parte The Hetton Bellbird Collieries Ltd (No 2) (1944) 69 CLR 407 [4.4.2.1.2] R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, Ex parte Lain [1967] 2 QB 864 [2.6], [2.6.1], [3.5.1.1] R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club; Ex parte Aga Khan [1993] 2 All ER 853 [2.6.1], [4.6] R v Electricity Commissioners; Ex parte London Electricity Joint Committee Co (1920) Ltd [1924] 1 KB 171 [3.5.1.1] R v Hickman; Ex parte Fox and Clinton (1945) 70 CLR 598 [6.2.1]

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TABLE OF CASES XIX

R v Independent Broad-Based Anti- Corruption Commissioner (2016) 256 CLR 459 [4.6] R v Inner London Education Authority; Ex parte Ali (1990) 2 Admin LR 822 [3.5.1.3] R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 [1.3], [7.1], [7.2.1] R v Leeds Crown Court; Ex parte Bradford Chief Constable [1975] QB 314 [3.1.1] R v Lord President of the Privy Council; Ex parte Page [1993] AC 682 [3.4] R v Muirhead and Bracegirdle; Ex parte AttorneyGeneral [1942] SASR 226 [3.1.1] R v Murray and Cormie; Ex parte The Commonwealth (1916) 22 CLR 437 [2.4.1.2] R v Murray; Ex parte Proctor (1949) 77 CLR 387 [6.2.1] R v North and East Devon Health Authority; Ex parte Coughlan [2001] QB 213 [4.2.2.1], [4.3.3] R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338 [3.5.1.1] R v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers; Ex parte Datafin Plc [1987] QB 815 [2.6.1], [2.7], [3.5.2] R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex parte Doody [1994] 1 AC 531 [4.2.4] R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Northumbria Police Authority [1989] 1 QB 26 [2.6.2.2] R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Venables [1998] AC 407 [4.3.3] R v Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte Simms [200] 2 AC 115 [4.6] R v Somerset County Council; Ex parte Fewings [1995] 1 All ER 513 [2.6.2.2] R v Toohey; Ex parte Northern Land Council (1981) 151 CLR 170 [2.5.1], [2.6.2.2], [3.5.1.1], [4.3], [4.3.2] R v War Pensions Entitlement Appeal Tribunal; Ex parte Bott (1933) 50 CLR 228 [3.5.1.3] Rawson Finances Pty Ltd v Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 189 FCR 189 [2.5.1.4.1] Reece v Webber (2011) 192 FC R 254 [4.2.3], [4.3.1] Refugee Review Tribunal, Re; Ex parte Aala (2000) 204 CLR 82 [2.4.1.1], [2.4.2], [3.4], [3.5.3], [3.6], [3.7], [4.2.5.1], [5.3], [5.4] Rendell v Release on Licence Board (1987) 10 NSWLR 499 [4.3.3] Reynolds v Tasmanian Heritage Council (2011) 246 FLR 454 [2.5.1.4.1] Riddell v Secretary, Department of Social Security (1993) 42 FCR 443 [4.3.4]

Right to Life Association (NSW) Inc v Secretary, Department of Human Services and Health (1995) 56 FCR 50 [5.2] Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 [4.3.1] Roche Products Pty Ltd v National Drugs and Poisons Schedule Committee (2007) 163 FCR 451 [2.5.1.3] Rodger v De Gelder [2011] NSWCA 97 [3.5.1.1] Rudd and Minister for Transport and Regional Services, Re (2001) 65 ALD 296 [7.5.2] Ruddock v Taylor (2005) 222 CLR 612 [3.1.1] Ruddock v Vardarlis (2001) 110 FC R 491 (Tampa case) [2.6.2.2] SAAP v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2005) 228 CLR 294 [3.4], [4.2.5.2] Saeed v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 241 CLR 252 [4.2.2.1], [4.2.2.2], [4.2.2.2], [4.6] Saitta Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (2000) 106 FCR 554 [2.5.2] Salerno v National Crime Authority (1997) 75 FC R 133 [2.5.1.4] Samrein Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Water, Sewerage and Drainage Board (1982) 41 ALR 467 [4.3.2] Sankey v Whitlam (1978) 142 CLR 1 [9.7.5] Save our Suburbs (SOS) NSW Incorporated v Electoral Commissioner of New South Wales (2002) 55 NSWLR 642 [3.5.1.3] Saville v Health Care Complaints Commission [2006] NSWCA 298 [4.4.1] SCAS v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2002] FCAFC 397 [4.3.2] Schielske v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1988) 84 ALR 719 [4.3.2] Schwennesen v Minister for Environmental and Resource Management (2010) 176 LGERA 1 [2.5.1.3] Screen Australia v Eme Productions No 1 Pty Ltd (2012) 200 FCR 282 [4.2.2.2], [4.2.5.2], [4.3.1], [4.4.1], [4.4.3] Sean Investments Pty Ltd v Mackellar (1981) 38 ALR 363 [4.3.1], [4.3.5] Secretary, Department of Social Security v Alvaro (1994) 50 FCR 213 [4.3.5] Seiffert v The Prisoners Review Board [2011] WASCA 148 [4.2.2.2], [4.2.5.2], [4.3.1], [4.3.3], [6.2.3] Sew Eurodrive Pty Ltd and Collector of Customs, Re (1994) 35 ALD 790 [7.5.2] SFGB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 77 ALD 402 [4.4.2.2]

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XX

TABLE OF CASES

Shade Systems Pty Ltd v Probuild Constructions (Aust) Pty Ltd (No 2) [2016] NSWCA 379 [2.4.3], [2.6] Sharpe and Department of Social Security, Re (1988) 14 ALD 681 [7.6.3] Shell v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (1930) 44 CLR 530 [7.1] Sherlock v Lloyd (2010) 27 VR 434 [4.2.4], [4.2.5.2] Shi v Migration Agents Registration Authority (2008) 235 CLR 286 [7.6.4.2] Shop Distributive and Allied Employees Association v Minister for Industrial Affairs (SA) (1995) 183 CLR 552 [5.2] Shrestha v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCAFC 69 [3.6] Simpson Design Associates Pty Ltd v Industrial Court of New South Wales [2011] NSWCA 316 [6.2.4.1] Singh v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2014) 231 FCR 437 [4.5] Smith v East Elloe Rural District Council [1956] AC 736 [3.7] Smoker v Pharmacy Restructuring Authority (1994) 53 FCR 287 [4.3.4] Solution 6 Holdings Ltd v Industrial Relations Commission of NSW (2004) 60 NSWLR 558 [3.3] South Australia v O’Shea (1987) 163 CLR 378 [2.6.2.3], [4.2.2.3] South Australia v Totani (2010) 242 CLR 1 [6.2.4.4] SRRRRR v Commissioner of Taxation, Re (2008) 100 ALD 690 [7.6.1] State of NSW v Kable (2013) 252 CLR 118 [3.7] State Super SAS Trustee Corporation v Cornes [2013] NSWCA 257 [4.4.3] Stead v State Government Insurance Commission (1986) 161 CLR 141 [4.2.5.1] Stewart v Ronalds (2009) 76 NSWLR 99 [2.6.1], [2.6.2.3] Stoljarev v Australian Fisheries Management Authority (1995) 39 ALD 517 [7.6.3] Stringer v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1979] 1 WLR 1281 [2.7] Sullivan v Department of Transport (1978) 1 ALD 383 [7.6.3] Sunchen v Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2010) 264 ALR 447 [4.4.2.2] Sunshine Coast Broadcasters Ltd v Duncan (1988) 83 ALR 121 [4.3.3] SZAYW v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006) 229 ALR 423 [8.3.5]

SZBEL v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006) 228 CLR 152 [4.2.2.3] SZBYR v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2007) 235 ALR 609 [3.6], [4.2.5.1] SZEEU v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2006) 150 FC R 214 [4.2.2.2] SZFDE v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2007) 232 CLR 189 [4.2.2.3], [4.3.2] SZGME v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2008) 168 FCR 487 [3.6] SZKUO v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2009) 180 FCR 438 [3.7], [3.7.1] SZMDS case see Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v SZMDS SZMWQ v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2010) 187 FCR 109 [4.4.2.2] SZOOR v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 202 FCR 1, [2012] FCAFC 58 [4.4.2.1.2] SZQJH v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (2012) 126 ALD 488 [4.2.1] SZUWX v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2015] FCA 1389 [3.4] SZVFW [2017] FCAFC 33 [4.5] Tampa case see Ruddock v Vardarlis Tang case see Griffith University v Tang Tasmanian Conservation Trust Inc v Minister for Resources (1995) 55 FCR 516 [5.2] Telstra Corp Ltd v Kendall (1995) 55 FCR 221 [4.3.4] The Pilbara Infrastructure Pty Ltd v Economic Regulation Authority [2014] WASC 346 [4.5] Thompson v Ludwig (1991) 37 IR 437 [4.2.5.1] Tickner v Chapman (1995) 57 FCR 451 [4.3.1], [4.3.5] Timbarra Protection Coalition Inc v Ross Mining NL (1999) 46 NSWLR 55 [4.4.2.1.1] Torbey Investments Corporated Pty Ltd v Ferrara [2017] NSWCA 9 [4.3.1] Town Investments v Department of Environment [1978] AC 359 [2.6.2.2] Trust Company of Australia Ltd v Skiwing Pty Ltd (2006) 66 NSWLR 185 [7.2.1] Truth About Motorways v Macquarie (2000) 200 CLR 591 [2.4.1.3], [5.1], [5.4] Tuite v Administrative Appeals Tribunal (1993) 40 FCR 483 [4.4.1] United States Tobacco Co v Minister for Consumer Affairs (1988) 20 FCR 520 [5.4]

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TABLE OF CASES XXI

VAAD v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCAFC 117 [4.3.1] Vakauta v Kelly (1989) 167 CLR 568 [4.2.3], [4.2.5.1] Vanstone v Clark (2005) 47 FC R 299 [4.5] Vetter v Lake Macquarie City Council (2001) 202 CLR 439 [4.4.3] Victoria v Master Builders’ Association of Victoria [1995] 2 VR 121 [2.6.2.2] Victorian Stevedoring and General Contracting Co Ltd v Dignan (1941) 46 CLR 73 [8.4.1] Vietnam Veterans’ Affairs Association of Australian (NSW Branch Inc) v Cohen (1996) 70 FCR 419 [2.4.1.2] Visa International Service Association v Reserve Bank of Australia (2003) 131 FCR 300 [4.2.4] Vitaz v Westfarm (NSW) Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCA 254 [3.6], [4.2.5.1]

X7 v Australian Crime Commission (2013) 248 CLR 92 [4.6] Yamirr v Australian Telecommunications Corporation (1990) 96 ALR 739 [3.5.1.3] YL v Birmingham City Council [2008] 1 AC 95 [2.6.1]

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Walker v New South Wales Bar Association [2016] FCA 799 [3.5.1.5] Ward and Department of Industry and Commerce, Re (1983) 8 ALD 324 [7.7] Water Conservation and Irrigation Commission (NSW) v Browning (1947) 74 CLR 492 [4.3.1] Waterford v Commonwealth (1987) 163 CLR 54 [2.5.1], [4.4.1], [4.4.2] Watson v Australian Community Pharmacy Authority (2011) 284 ALR 293 [4.4.2.2] Wattmaster Alco Pty Ltd v Button (1986) 13 FCR 253 [3.3], [3.5.2]

Webb v R (1994) 181 CLR 41 [4.2.3] Wei v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (2015) 257 CLR 22 [3.3], [6.2.2] West Lakes Ltd v State of South Australia (1980) 25 SASR 389 [2.7] Wetzel v District Court of New South Wales (1998) 43 NSWLR 687 [4.3.3] Whisprun Pty Ltd v Dixon (2003) 200 ALR 447 [4.5] White Industries Australia Ltd v Federal Commissioner of Taxation (2007) 160 FCR 298 [2.5.1.4.1], [2.5.2] Williams v Commonwealth [No 1] (2012) 248 CLR 156 [2.6.2.2] Wingfoot Australia Partners Pty Ltd v Kocak (2013) 252 CLR 480 [4.2.5.2] Witheford and Department of Foreign Affairs, Re (1983) 5 ALD 534 [7.6.3] Woods and Secretary, Department of Education, Science and Training, Re (2007) 94 ALD 265 [7.5.1.2] Woolworths v Pallas Newco Pty Ltd (2004) 61 NSWLR 707 [6.2.4.3]

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TABLE OF STATUTES COMMONWEALTH Australian Constitution 1901 s 51 [7.2.2] s 61 [2.6.2.2], [2.6.2.3], [3.5.3] s 71 [7.2.1], [7.2.2] s 72 [7.2.1] s 73 [2.3.1], [2.4.3] s 73(ii) [2.4.3], [6.1], [7.3] s 75 [2.1], [5.1] s 75(i) [2.4.2] s 75(iii) [2.3.1]; [2.4.1.2], [2.4.2], [2.5.2], [3.3], [3.5.3] s 75(v) [1.3], [1.4], [2.2.2], [2.3.1], [2.4.1], [2.4.1.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.1.3], [2.4.2], [2.4.3], [2.5.1.2], [2.5.1.5], [2.5.2], [2.6], [2.7], [3.3], [3.5.3], [4.1.1], [4.2], [5.1], [6.1], [6.2], [6.2.1], [6.2.2], [6.2.3], [6.2.4.1], [6.2.4.2], [6.2.4.3], [6.2.4.4], [6.3], [6.4], [7.2.1], [7.2.2], [7.3], [7.5.1.1], [7.5.1.2], [8.4.3], [10.1.3.1] s 77(iii) [2.5.3], [7.3] Chapter I [2.4.1.2], [7.2.1] Chapter II [2.4.1.2], [7.2.1] Chapter III [1.3], [1.4], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.1.3], [2.5.1.4.1], [4.6], [7.1], [7.2.1], [7.2.2], [7.7], [8.3.4]

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1

Acts Interpretation Act 1901 [1.2.2.2], [4.1.1] s 33 [3.7.1] s 34A [4.3.5] s 34AA [4.3.5] s 34AB [4.3.5] Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (‘AAT Act’) [1.3], [2.5.1], [4.2.5.2], [7.5.1.1] s 2A(b) [8.2.4] s 2A(b)– (d) [7.4] s 7 [7.1] s 25(1)(a) [7.5.1] s 25(5) [7.5.1.1] s 27 [7.5.2] s 29(2) [7.4] s 28 [4.2.4], [7.8.1] s 33 [7.4] s 34 [7.4] s 39 [7.4] s 42D [7.6.1] s 43 [7.6.1] s 43 [7.6.1], [7.6.4.1] s 44 [3.5.1.1], [4.4.1], , [7.3], [7.6.4.2] s 44(7) [7.6.4.2] s 51(a), (b) [7.5.1.2] s 59 [7.2.1] Pt V [7.1] Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (‘ADJR Act’)2 s 3(1) [2.5.1], [2.5.1.3]

s 3(2) [2.5.1] s 3(3) [2.5.1.2], [7.5.1.1] s 3(5) [2.5.1] s 5 [2.5.1] [3.2], [3.3], [7.5.1.1] s 5(1)(b) [3.2], [4.1.1], [4.1.2], [4.2.5.2] s 5(1)(c) [3.4], [4.3.5] s 5(1)(d) [3.4], [4.3.5], [4.5] s 5(1)(f) [2.5.1], [3.2], [3.5.2], [4.4.1] s 5(1)(h) [4.1.2], [4.4.1], [4.4.2.2] s 5(2)(a) [4.3.1] s 5(2)(b) [4.3.1] s 5(2)(c) [4.3.2] s 5(2)(d) [4.3.2] s 5(2)(e) [4.3.4] s 5(2)(f) [4.3.3] s 5(2)(g) [4.5] s 5(3) [2.5.1], [4.1.2], [4.4.2.2] s 5(3)(a) [4.4.2.2] s 5(3)(b) [4.4.2.2] s 6 [2.5.1], [3.2], [3.3], [7.5.1.1] s 6(1)(c) [4.3.5] s 6(1)(d) [4.3.5] s 6(1)(f) [4.4.1] s 6(2)(a) [4.3.1] s 6(2)(b) [4.3.1] s 6(2)(c) [4.3.2] s 6(2)(d) [4.3.2] s 6(2)(e) [4.3.4]

1

General references to the Constitution are too numerous to usefully list. Please see specific sections, or consult index for topics.

2

General references to the ADJR Act are too numerous to usefully list. Please see specific sections, or consult index for topics.

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TABLE OF STATUTES XXIII

s 6(2)(g) [4.5] s 7 [2.5.1] s 13 [2.5.1], [4.2.4] s 16 [2.5.1.2], [3.2], [3.3] s 16(1) [3.5.2] s 16(1)(a) [3.3], [3.5.2] s 16(1)(b) [3.5.2] s 16(1)(c) [3.5.2] s 16(1)(d) [3.5.2] Schedule 1 [2.5.1] Schedule 2 [4.2.4] Schedule 3 [2.5.1] Archives Act 1983 [9.7.3] Auditor- General Act 1997 [8.4.5] s 8 [8.4.5] s 50 [8.4.5] Australian Information Commissioner Act 2010 [9.3], [9.4] s 7 [9.6.2], [9.4] Corporations Act 2001 [2.5.1.4.1] Crimes Act 1914 s 424 [2.5.1.4.1] Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 [5.2], [5.4] Family Law Act 1975 [4.3.1] Federal Court Act 1976 [1.3] Freedom of Information Act 1982 (‘FOI Act’) [1.3], [8.3.5], [9.1], [9.2], [9.3], [9.4], [9.5], [9.6], [9.7] s 3 [9.6.1], [9.8] s 3(1)(b) [9.4] s 3(3) [9.4] s 3(4) [9.4] s 4(1) [9.6] s 6C [9.6.5] s 8 [4.3.3] s 8A [9.4], [9.5] s 9 [4.3.3] s 10 [4.3.3], [9.4] s 11 [9.6.3] s 11(1)(b) [9.6. 5] s 11(2) [9.6.3] s 11(3) [9.8] s 11B(4)) [9.8] s 15 [9.6.3] s 24AA(1)(a)(ii)) [9.6.5]

s 3(2)(a) [9.1] s 24AA(1)(a)(i) [9.6.4] s 33 [9.7.2] s 37 [9.7.2], [9.8] s 38 [9.2], [9.7.2], [9.7.4] s 47C [9.2], [9.8] s 47F [9.7.1] s 47F(3) [9.7.1] s 58(5) [7.6.1] s 89K [9.6.3] s 93A(2) [9.4] Part II [9.4] Freedom of Information Amendment (Reform) Act 1982 [9.3] Freedom of Information (Removal of Conclusive Certificates and Other Measures) Act 2009 [9.6.1] Freedom of Information Amendment (Reform) Act 2010 [9.3] Health Insurance Amendment (Professional Services Review) Act 2012 (Cth) [4.2.5.2] Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011 [4.6], [8.4.3] Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 s 175 [6.2.4.1] s 175A [6.2.4.1] 177(1) [6.2.4.1] Judiciary Act 1903 [2.1], [2.3], [2.4.1], [2.5.1], [2.5.2], [2.5.3] s 39 [7.3] s 39(1A)(c) [2.3]; [2.3.1]; [2.4.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.2], [2.5.1], [2.5.1.2], [2.5.2], [2.5.3], [2.6.1] s 39B [1.3], [2.1], [2.4.1], [2.4.1.1], [2.5.1], [3.5.3], [5.2], [7.5.1.2], [8.4.3] s 39B(1) [2.3]; [2.3.1], [2.4.1], [2.4.1.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.4.3], [2.5.1], [2.5.1.2], [2.5.1.5], [2.5.2], [2.5.3], [6.2.4.1] s 39B(1A)(c) [2.5.2] s 44(2A) [2.4.1.1] Legislation Act 2003 (‘LA’) [2.5.1.3], [8.4.3]

s 7 [8.4.3] s 8(2) [8.4.3] s 8(3) [8.4.3] s 8(4) [8.4.3] s 8(6)– (8) [8.4.3] s 10 [8.4.3] s 15K [8.4.3] s 17 [8.4.3] s 49 [8.4.3] s 44 [8.4.3] s 57A [8.4.3] Legislative Instruments Act 2003 [8.4.3] Migration Act 1958 [2.4.1.1], [2.4.1.2], [2.5.1.5], [3.7.1], [4.1.2], [4.2.2.2], [4.2.3], [4.4.2.1.2], [4.4.3], [4.5], [6.2.2], [6.2.4.2], [6.2.4.3], [6.3] ss 51A(1) [4.2.2.2] s 189 [3.1.1] s 357A(1) [4.2.2.2] s 422B [4.2.2.2] s 422B(1) [4.2.2.2] s 434A [4.2.2.2] s 474 [3.7.3] s 476 [2.5.1.5]; [2.5.2] s 501 [3.1.1] s 503A(1) [6.2.4.4] Ombudsman Act 1976 [1.3], [8.3.1] s 3BA [2.7], [8.3.4] s 3(4B) [2.7] s 5(3A) [8.3.4] s 6(1)(a) [8.3.3] s 6(1)(b)(ii) [8.3.3] s 6(1)(b)(iii) [8.3.3] s 6(2) [8.3.3] s 6(3) [8.3.3] s 6(12) [8.3.4] s 8(2) [8.3.5] s 8(4) [8.3.5] s 8(5) [8.3.5] s 15(1) [8.3.6] s 15(1)(a)(iii) [8.3.4], [8.3.6], [8.4.3] s 15(1)(a)(v) [8.3.6] s 15(2) [8.3.8.1] s 15(2)(d) [8.3.4], [8.3.6], [8.4.3] s 35 [8.3.5] s 35A [8.3.5]

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XXIV TABLE OF STATUTES

Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 [9.7.4] Taxation Administration Act 1953 Part IVC [6.2.4.1] Trade Practices Act 1974 [2.6.1] Wheat Marketing Act 1989 [2.5.1.4.2] s 57(3B) [2.5.1.4.2]

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1989 [2.5.3], [5.2] Crown Proceedings Act 1992 (repealed) [3.5.1.4] Human Rights Act 2004 [4.6] s 28 [4.6] s 30(1) [4.6] s 30(2) [4.6] s 32 [4.6] s 40B [4.6]

NEW SOUTH WALES

Crown Proceedings Act 1993 [3.5.1.4]

QUEENSLAND Griffith University Act 1998 [2.5.1.4.1] Judicial Review Act 1991 [2.5.3] S 4(B) [2.5.3]

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

s 38(1) [4.6] s 38(2) [4.6] s 39(2)(b) [4.6] Corporations (Victoria) Act 1990 [2.5.1.4.2]

UNITED KINGDOM Bill of Rights 1689 [2.6.2.2] Human Rights Act 1998 [2.6.1], [4.6] s 6(3)(b) [2.6.1] s 6(5)

[2.6.1]

Crown Proceedings Act 1992 [3.5.1.4]

TASMANIA Crown Proceedings Act 1993 [3.5.1.4] Homes Act 1935 [2.5.1.4.1] Judicial Review Act 2000 [2.5.1.4.1], [2.5.3]

VICTORIA Administrative Law Act 1978 s 10 [3.5.1.1] Charter of Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 [4.6], [8.3.6] s 7 [4.6] s 32(1) [4.6] s 36 [4.6]

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Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 [5.4] Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 [5.4] Supreme Court Act 1970 s 69(4) [3.5.1.1]

NORTHERN TERRITORY

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CHAPTER 1 WHY DOES ADMINISTRATIVE LAW MATTER?

1.1 Introduction

1

1.2 Some key ideas 2 1.2.1 Three kinds of accountability 1.2.2 The merits/legality distinction

3 4

1.3 Some history 7 1.4 Looking ahead

13

1.5 Structure of the book 16

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1.1

INTRODUCTION

We live in an administrative state. This means that the way in which government power is exercised is predominantly through ‘administrative’— rather than ‘legislative’ or ‘judicial’— power. Administrative law is the body of law which is of most direct relevance to the administrative state for the reason that its central (albeit not exclusive) focus is on the legal regulation of executive branch of government: the ‘administration’. Administrative law is about how administrative power is constituted and controlled by law. Studying administrative law thus enables us to ask: what is the law’s contribution to the constitution and control of public or governmental power in contemporary conditions?

Administrative law is not the only vantage point from which to study the administrative state. Public administration, political science, political theory, economics and sociology all provide alternative lenses. The engagement of these other disciplines with the administrative state makes clear that not all means of controlling administrative power involve specifically legal modes of control. In practice much control of administrative power is undertaken by the power-holders themselves (for example, through managerial and bureaucratic controls internal to administrative institutions). Administrative law controls are, in this sense, merely a subset of a range of broader accountability techniques.

Administrative law controls do, however, tend to have certain distinctive features. Each part of administrative law—whether judicial review, an appeal to a merits review tribunal, an ombudsman’s investigation, or some other accountability mechanism— involves a process

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2

PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

which empowers one unit in the overall scheme of government to exercise some form of legal control over another. Legal controls on administrative action are thus in this way external to the decision-makers who are being supervised or kept to account. This external feature is important, and might helpfully be understood by reference to the two propositions that lie at the core of the traditional, tripartite idea of the separation of powers. The first proposition is that we should not allow too much power to be concentrated in the hands of any one individual or institution. This is why there are three broadly distinguished branches of government— the legislature, the executive and the judiciary— each with broadly distinctive functions. The second is that those who exercise power should be subject to some form of external check.

Judicial review of executive action is the paradigmatic instance of such external review, but other institutions such as administrative tribunals and ombudsmen can also be external to particular government agencies and departments, even though they are technically part of the ‘executive branch’. Indeed, this point serves to illustrate how the idea that administrative law operates upon the activities of the executive ‘branch’, though a convenient description, should not be understood narrowly. The executive branch of government is in fact composed of a multiplicity of institutions and actors, all involved in different ways in the ‘administration’ of government power.

1.2

SOME KEY IDEAS

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The presence of the word ‘principles’ in the title of the book indicates that our aim in the chapters that follow is to provide a large-scale rather than a fine-grained map of the terrain of administrative law. What actually is administrative law? What exactly does it do, and how?

Why do we need it? What role, if any, do the norms, principles, processes, and institutions of administrative law play in making the relationship between government and the governed legitimate?

We have given this introductory chapter the title ‘Why Does Administrative Law Matter?’ to encourage critical reflection on these questions throughout the discussions to follow.

Without doubt, administrative law is a complicated field of study. To navigate it requires a certain willingness to keep in view a host of interconnections between law, politics, our constitutional order, our legal institutions, the position of those charged with the actual exercise of government power, and, of course, the position of those who are ultimately subject to that power. Still, amid those complex interconnections, we think it is important to identify some key distinctions, concepts and relationships. The first concerns the three different kinds of control or accountability that bear upon the scope and function of administrative law: legal, bureaucratic, and political.1

1

This approach is borrowed from P Cane, Controlling Administrative Power: An Historical Comparison (Cambridge University Press, 2016). The terms ‘control’ and ‘accountability’ may be given different meanings, but for present purposes we use them as synonyms.

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