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PresentKnowledgeinFoodSafety ARisk-BasedApproachThroughTheFoodChain
PresentKnowledgeinFood Safety ARisk-BasedApproachThroughTheFoodChain
Editedby MichaelE.Knowles,PhD
LuciaE.Anelich,PhD
AlanR.Boobis,OBEPhD
BertPopping,PhD
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2023InternationalLifeSciencesInstitute(ILSI).PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
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ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybe notedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation, methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheir ownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjury and/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationof anymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-819470-6
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Dedication Wededicatethisfirsteditionof PresentKnowledgeinFoodSafety totheglobal foodsafetycommunity,whocontinuetoseekthebestscience,interpretthat scienceforthegoodofpeopleworldwide,andpersistincounteringunscientific foodsafetyinformationwithevidence-basedapproachestosaferfood.Wealso dedicatethiseditiontoourownscientificmentorsandcolleagueswhohave persuadedandoccasionallypushedusinthedirectionofthehighestquality foodsafetyscience.Inparticular,wededicatethisworktothelateJohn Milner,formerchairoftheILSIPublicationsCommittee,whoconceivedthe ideaforthispublicationandcreatedthefoundationuponwhichitwasbuilt.
SectionI
Changesinthechemicalcomposition offoodthroughthevariousstagesof thefoodchain:plantsbeforeharvest
1.Naturaltoxicantsinplant-basedfoods, includingherbsandspicesandherbal foodsupplements,andaccompanying risks2
IvonneM.C.M.RietjensandGerhardEisenbrand
1.1Introduction2
1.2Riskandsafetyassessmentofnatural toxinsfromplants2
1.3Situationswherenaturaltoxinsfrom plantsmayraiseconcern:Improperfood handling[toxicproteins,glycoalkaloids (GAs),quinolizidinealkaloids(QAs)]3
1.4Situationswherenaturaltoxinsfrom plantsmayraiseconcern:Faminefood (cyanogenicglycosides,lathyrogens)5
1.5Situationswherenaturaltoxinsfromplants mayraiseconcern:Sensitiveindividuals (allergens,favaglucosides,andFCs)7
1.6Situationswhere“normal”dietary intakeofnaturaltoxinsfromplant-based foodsmayraiseconcern10
1.7Situationswherenaturaltoxinsfrom plantsmayraiseconcern:Switching varieties[grayanotoxins(GTXs),anisatin, andaristolochicacids(AAs)]14
1.8Situationswherenaturaltoxinsfrom plantsmayraiseconcern:Abuse [tropanealkaloids(TAs),opium
alkaloids,delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)]16
1.9Adulterationwithpharmaceutical substances18
1.10Discussionincludingexisting datagapsandresearchdirections18 References20
2.Soil,water,andair: potentialcontributionsof inorganicandorganicchemicals26 WagehSobhyDarwishandLesaA.Thompson
2.1Generalintroduction26
2.2Heavymetals26
2.3Pesticides29
2.4Antimicrobials31
2.5Plastics33
2.6Otherindustrialchemicals35
2.7Uptakeofenvironmentalpollutants fromair,water,andsoiltoplantfoods36
2.8Humanhealthriskassessment37 References39
3.AgrochemicalsintheFoodChain44 RosemaryH.Waring,StephenC.Mitchelland IanBrown
3.1Introduction44
3.2Invivometabolismofagrochemicals44
3.3Regulationofagrochemicals45
3.4Agrochemicalscommonlyfoundas residuesinfoodstuffs46
3.5Typesofagrochemicalsandmodesof action47
3.6Potentialpointsofconcernfor agrochemicalresiduesinthefoodchain55
3.7Conclusionsandpotentialareasfor furtherstudy57 References57
4.Mycotoxins:stillwithusafterall theseyears62
J.DavidMiller
4.1Introduction62
4.2Compoundsofminorpublichealth significance63
4.3Toxinsfrom Fusariumgraminearum and relatedspecies64
4.4Toxinsfrom Fusariumverticillioides and relatedspecies66
4.5Toxinsfrom Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusparasiticus,andrelated species67
4.6Ochratoxin-producing Penicillium and Aspergillus species68
4.7Keyissuesforthenextdecade69 References70
SectionII
Changesinthechemical compositionoffoodthroughoutthe variousstagesofthefoodchain: animalandmilkproduction
5.Occurrenceofantibacterial substancesandcoccidiostatsin animalfeed80
EwelinaPatyra,MonikaPrzeniosło-Siwczy ´ nska andKrzysztofKwiatek
5.1Introduction80
5.2Antibacterialdrugsinfeed81
5.3Medicatedfeedproduction82
5.4Antimicrobialresiduesinfoodderived fromanimals85
5.5Antimicrobialresistance86
5.6Antimicrobialdrugs:impactonthe environment88
5.7Analyticalmethodology89
5.8Researchgapsandfuturedirections90 References91
6.Residuesrelatingtotheveterinary therapeuticorgrowth-promoting useandabuseofmedicines96
Gyo ¨ rgyCsiko ´
6.1Introduction,generalterms,and significanceofthetopic96
6.2Authorizationprocessandlegalusesof veterinarymedicines100
6.3Preventingdrugresiduesinfoodwith animalorigin107
6.4Reasonsforthedrugresiduesinfoodof animalorigin110
6.5Conclusionsandfurtherperspectives111 Endnotes112 References112 Furtherreading113
SectionIII Changesinthechemical compositionoffoodthroughoutthe variousstagesofthefoodchain: fishingandaquaculture
7.Marinebiotoxinsasnatural contaminantsinseafood: Europeanperspective115 PabloEste ´ vez,Jose ´ M.Leaoand AnaGago-Martinez(Gago)
7.1Introduction115
7.2Analyticalmethods119
7.3Transitionfrombiologicalto chemicalmethods121
7.4Emergingtoxins:incidenceand presentchallengesfortheircontrol121
7.5Futureperspectives124 References125
8.Pollutants,residuesandother contaminantsinfoodsobtained frommarineandfreshwater128
MartinRose
8.1Introduction128 8.2Maintext130
8.3Researchgapsandfuturedirection139 References140
9.Antimicrobialdrugsinaquaculture: useandabuse142
GeorgeRigosandDimitraKogiannou
9.1Introduction142
9.2Maintext147
9.3Researchgapsandfuturedirections157 References158
SectionIV
Changesinthechemicalcomposition offoodthroughoutthevariousstages ofthefoodchain:manufacture, packaginganddistribution
10.Manufacturinganddistribution: theroleofgoodmanufacturing practice163
MichaelE.Knowles
10.1Introduction163
10.2Hazardanalysisandcriticalcontrol pointsandpreventivecontrols164
10.3Preventivecontrolsandrecallplans165
10.4Potentialsourcesofchemicalhazards duringmanufactureanddistribution165
10.5Researchgapsandfuturedirections168 References169
11.Globalregulationsfortheuseof foodadditivesandprocessingaids170
YoungjooKwon,RebecaLo´pez-Garcı ´ a, SusanaSocolovskyandBernadeneMagnuson
11.1Introduction170
11.2Regulationsindifferentjurisdictions173
11.3Globalregulationandsafetyassessment offoodadditivesandprocessingaids173
11.4Foodadditiveregulations173
11.5Processingaidsregulations189
11.6Researchgapsandfuturedirections189 References193
12.Directadditionofflavors,including tasteandflavormodifiers194
IvonneM.C.M.Rietjens,SamuelM.Cohen, GerhardEisenbrand,ShojiFukushima, NigelJ.Gooderham,F.PeterGuengerich, StephenS.Hecht,ThomasJ.Rosol, MatthewJ.Linman,ChristieL.Harmanand SeanV.Taylor
12.1Introduction194
12.2Typesofflavors195
12.3Levelsofuseanduses195
12.4Exposureassessment196
12.5Safetyevaluation198
12.6Examples203
12.7Discussionandconclusions205
12.8Futuredirections206 Endnotes207 References207
13.Productionofcontaminantsduring thermalprocessinginbothindustrial andhomepreparationoffoods211
FrancoPedreschiandMarı´aSalome ´ Mariotti
13.1Introduction211
13.2Potentialheattoxiccompounds212
13.35-Hydroxymethylfurfural213
13.4Futureprospects216 Acknowlegdments216 Conflictsofinterest216 References216
14.Migrationofpackagingand labelingcomponentsandadvances inanalyticalmethodology supportingexposureassessment218
CristinaNerı´n, ElenaCanellasandPaulaVera
14.1Introduction218
14.2Migrationsources(materials,adhesives, printinginks,varnishes,etc.)222
14.3Components227
14.4Analyticaltechniques231
14.5Researchgapsandfuturedirections235 References235
15.Safetyassessmentofrefillableand recycledplasticspackagingfor fooduse240
ForrestL.BayerandJanJetten
PartARecycledplasticsinfoodcontact applications240 15.1History240
15.2Regulations Authorizationand approvalsforrecycledplasticsand foodcontactapplications241
15.3NorthAmerica241
15.4Safetycriteria241 15.5Europe244
15.6SouthAmerica246
15.7CentralAmerica246
15.8Asia-Pacific246
15.9Africa247
15.10Conclusion247
PartBRefillableplasticfoodcontactmaterials248
15.11Historyandperspectiveofreturnable refillableplasticfoodcontainers248
15.12Refillableplasticcontainersfor consumermarket248
15.13Shiftawayfromrefillableplastic249
15.14Safetyandqualityofrefillablecontainers250
15.15Flavorcarry-overandeffectsof repeateduseonmaterials251
15.16Contaminantsfrommisuse252
15.17Contaminationrate252
15.18Foodcontactmaterialregulations253
15.19Refillablefoodcontactmaterials regulations253
15.20UnitedStatesandCanada253
15.21EuropeanUnion254
15.22MERCOSURandSouthAmerica254
15.23Codeofpractices255
15.24Microbialsafety255
15.25Snifferdetectiontechnology255
15.26Conclusions257 References257
16.Preventingfoodfraud260
StevenM.Gendel
16.1Introduction260
16.2Overviewoffoodfraudmitigation260
16.3Developingfoodfraudmitigationplans261
16.4Researchgapsandfuturedirections264 References265
SectionV
Changesinthechemicalcomposition offoodthroughoutthevariousstages ofthefoodchain:identificationof emergingchemicalrisks
17.Emergingcontaminants267 EleonoraDupouyandBertPopping
17.1EditorialintroductiontoChapters18 24267 Disclaimer269
18.Emergingcontaminantsrelatedto plasticandmicroplasticpollution270
NdaindilaN.K.Haindongo, ChristopherJ.BreenandLevNeretin
18.1Introduction270
18.2Foodsafetyrisksofmicroplastic pollution271
18.3Effectsofmicroplasticingestionon humansandlivingorganisms272
18.4Effectsofpersistent,bioaccumulative compoundsassociatedwithmicroplastics onhumansandlivingorganisms272
18.5Effectsofpathogenicmicrobescarried bymicroplasticsonhumansandliving organisms273
18.6Researchgapsandfuturedirections274 AppendixA275 AppendixB275 References276 Furtherreading279
19.Endocrinedisruptors281
SerhiiKolesnykandMykolaProdanchuk
19.1Introduction281
19.2Mechanismofactionandimpactof endocrinedisruptorsonhumane health282
19.3Currentapproachesfortestingand assessmentofchemicalsfortheir endocrineactivityandconsequent adverseeffects283
19.4Regulationofendocrinedisrupting chemicalsriskvshazardbasedapproach dilemmainassessmentofendocrinedisruptingchemical284
19.5Advancesinanalyticalmethodology fordetectionandquantificationof endocrine-disruptingchemicalinfood285
19.6Endocrinedisruptorsinfood286
19.7Researchgapsandfuturedirectionsof researchinthefieldofEDC289
19.8Conclusions291 References293
20.Antimicrobialresistanceand antimicrobialresiduesinthefood chain297
JeffreyT.LeJeune,AlejandroDoradoGarcia andFrancescaLatronico
20.1Introduction297
20.2Thelifecycleofantimicrobialsinfood production297
20.3Antimicrobialresiduesinfoods298
20.4Antimicrobialresistancealongthefood chain299
20.5Mitigationofantimicrobialresistance risksinfood299 Disclaimer301 References301
21.Climatechangeasadrivingfactor foremergingcontaminants303
KeyaMukherjee
21.1Introduction303 21.2Conclusion306 Disclaimer306 Endnotes306 References306
22.Emergingmycotoxinrisksdueto climatechange.Whattoexpect inthecomingdecade?309
AngelMedina
22.1Importantmycotoxinsinfood309
22.2Factorsaffectingtheproductionof mycotoxins309
22.3Predictedclimatechangesandtheir potentialeffectsonfuturemycotoxins contamination310
22.4Currentanalyticaltechniquesand futureanalyticchallenges311
22.5Emergingmycotoxinsthreatsunder climatechangeconditions312
22.6Researchgapsandfuturedirections312 References313
23.Emergingcontaminantsinthe contextoffoodfraud315
SimonDouglasKelly
23.1Introduction315
23.2Veterinarydrugsresiduesinfood315
23.3Foodadulterationwithextraneous additives316
23.4Illegallyproducedorcounterfeit alcohol317
23.5Definitionsanddatabases317
23.6Earlywarningsystems318
23.7Researchgapsandfuturedirections318 Disclaimer318 References318
24.Trendsinriskassessmentof chemicalcontaminantsinfood320
EleonoraDupouy
24.1Introduction320
24.2Fundamentalsofchemicalrisk assessment:concepts,principles, methods321
24.3Riskperceptioninfoodsafetyrisk assessment326
24.4Researchgapsandfuturedirections326 Disclaimer327 References327
SectionVI Changesinpathogenic microbiologicalcontamination offoodpre-andpost-farm gate/fishing 25.Commonandnaturaloccurrenceof pathogens,includingfungi,leading toprimaryandsecondaryproduct contamination330
MaristelaS.NascimentoandMartaH.Taniwaki
25.1Introduction330
25.2Foodbornepathogenicbacteria330
25.3Toxigenicfungi336
25.4Routesofcontamination339
25.5Researchgapsandfuturedirections345 References345
26.Contributionsofpathogensfrom agriculturalwatertofreshproduce357
ZeynalTopalcengiz,MattKrug,JoyjitSaha, KatelynnStullandMichelleDanyluk
26.1Introduction357
26.2Agriculturalwater’sroleinproduce safety358
26.3Foodbornepathogensandmicrobial indicatorsinagriculturalwaters362
26.4Fateoffoodbornepathogensin agriculturalwaters365
26.5Agriculturalwatermanagementand mitigations369
26.6Conclusions/futureneeds371 References372
27.Microbialpathogencontamination ofanimalfeed378 ElenaG.Olson,TomaszGrenda, AnuradhaGhoshandStevenC.Ricke
27.1Introduction378
27.2Animalfeedandmicrobial contamination—generalconcepts379
27.3Potentialsourcesofmicrobial contaminationinfeedmanufacturing380
27.4Microbialpathogencontaminationof feeds—generalconcepts382
27.5PathogenicEscherichiacoli386
27.6Fungi387
27.7Antibiotic-resistantbacteriainfeed387
27.8Conclusionsandfuturedirections388 References389
28.Zoonosesfromanimalmeatand milk394
AbaniK.PradhanandShraddhaKaranth
28.1Introduction394
28.2Factorsimpactingincreaseinzoonotic incidencesworldwide395
28.3Commonfoodbornezoonoticagents398
28.4Researchgapsandfuturedirections407 Endnotes408 References408
29.Abattoirhygiene412 IvanNastasijevic,MarijaBoskovicand MilicaGlisic
29.1Introduction412
29.2Veterinarypublichealth413
29.3Prerequisiteprogramsforabattoirs414
29.4Animalwelfareinabattoirhygienecontext417
29.5Slaughteranddressinginabattoir hygienecontext422
29.6Foodsafetymanagementsysteminthe contextofabattoirhygiene427
29.7Discussionsandfuturedirections430 References433
30.Dairyproduction:microbialsafety ofrawmilkandprocessedmilk products439
VictorNtuli,ThulaniSibanda, JamesA.Elegbeleye,DesmondT.Mugadza, EyassuSeifuandElnaM.Buys
30.1Introduction439
30.2Dairyvaluechain440
30.3Microbiologyofrawmilk441
30.4Dairyprocessingandsafetyof processedproducts443
30.5Hygieneindairyprocessing446
30.6Risk-basedpreventativeapproachto dairyfoodsafety449
30.7Gapsandfuturedirections451 References451
31.Reductionofrisksassociatedwith processedmeats455 LynnM.McMullen
31.1Introduction455
31.2Antimicrobialsinprocessedmeat formulations457
31.3Nonthermalprocessingtechnologiesto reducerisks462
31.4Researchgapsandfuturedirections465 References466
32.Pathogensandtheirsourcesin freshwaterfish,seafinfish,shellfish, andalgae471
FoteiniF.Parlapani,IoannisS.Boziarisand ChristinaA.MirelesDeWitt
32.1Introduction471
32.2Microbialhazardsassociatedwithfish472
32.3Algae479
32.4Sourceoffishmicrobialcontamination479
32.5Fish,antibioticresistance,andother publichealthconcerns481
32.6Newtrendsinthedetectionof microbialhazards482
32.7Speculationonfuturechallenges484 References484
33.Theevolutionofmolecular methodstostudyseafoodassociatedpathogens493
CraigBaker-AustinandJaimeMartinez-Urtaza
33.1Introduction493
33.2Naturallyoccurringmicrobialrisks494
33.3Pathogenicvibrios494
33.4Human-introducedpathogens494
33.5Theevolutionofmethods—norovirus andhepatitisAvirus495
33.6Evolutionofapproaches—pathogenic vibrios496
33.7Understandingpastoutbreaks496
33.8Futuredirections497 References499
SectionVII
Changesinpathogenic microbiologicalcontamination offoodthroughoutthevarious stagesofthefoodchainpostprocessing
34.Microbiologicalsafetyin foodretail502
KarenJob,KarinCarstensenand LuciaE.Anelich
34.1Introduction502
34.2Theimportanceofdefiningand agreeingon“Whatmakesfoodsafe” intheeyesofaretailer502
34.3TheroleofHACCP-basedfoodsafety managementsystemsandduediligence inretail504
34.4Manufacturingstandards—driving foodsafetyorconfusion?505
34.5Testingdoesn’tmakefoodsafe508
34.6Managingfoodsafetyrisksina storeenvironmentandtheimpact thatthegrowthofonlineand homedeliveryhasonretailrisk management508
34.7Consumer-facingcommunication, frompackagingtomarketing,andits roleinmaintainingfoodsafety, includingproductrecalls511
34.8Conclusions513 References513
35.Reductionofthemicrobialload offoodbyprocessingandmodified atmospherepackaging515
ElnaM.Buys,B.C.Dlamini,JamesA.Elegbeleye andN.N.Mehlomakulu
35.1Introduction515
35.2Microbialloadreductionin foodthroughhurdletechnology516
35.3Homeostaticdisturbanceof pathogenicbacteria517
35.4Stressshockproteinofpathogenic bacteria517
35.5Metabolicexhaustionofpathogenic bacteria518
35.6Reductionsofmicrobialloadby modifiedatmospherepackaging518
35.7Fundamentalprinciplesofmodified atmospherepackaging521
35.8Passiveversusactivemodified atmospherepackaging521
35.9Theeffectofgasmixtureson microorganisms/spores522
35.10Conventionalandnonconventional gasesusedinmodifiedatmosphere packaging522
35.11Functionsofgasesusedinmodified atmospherepackaging523
35.12Nonconventionalgasesusedin modifiedatmospherepackaging523
35.13Limitationsofmodifiedatmosphere packaging525
35.14Nonthermalinactivationmethodsfor reducingfoodbornepathogens525
35.15Riskassessment,microbial modelingandbacterialcommunity dynamicconsiderationsintermsof modifiedatmospherepackaging529
35.16Presenttechnologiesandfuture trends530
35.17Conclusion531 References531
36.Fooddefense:typesofthreat, defenseplans,andmitigation strategies536 LouiseManning
36.1Introduction536
36.2Fooddefensethreat537
36.3Fooddefensemitigationstrategies543 References548
37.Sampling,testingmethodologies, andtheirimplicationinrisk assessment,includinginterpretation ofdetectionlimits552
CarolinaRipolles-Avila, BrayanR.H.Cervantes-Huama ´ nand Jose ´ JuanRodrı´guez-Jerez
37.1Introduction552
37.2Importanceofthehazardanalysis andcriticalcontrolpointsplan andlegislation553
37.3Samplingprogramandplans553
37.4Testingmethodologies:approachesto pathogendetection555
37.5Riskassessment:thecaseof Listeria monocytogenes enumeration558
37.6Researchgapsandfuturedirections563 References563
SectionVIII Currentandemergingadvancesin foodsafetyevaluation:chemicals 38.Theriskassessmentparadigmfor chemicals:acriticalreviewof currentandemergingapproaches568
JohnDoe
38.1Introduction568
38.2Waysforward571
38.3Conclusions573 Acknowledgments573 References574
39.Theuseofartificialintelligence andbigdataforthesafetyevaluation ofUSfood-relevantchemicals575 YuqiFu,ThomasLuechtefeld, AgnesKarmausandThomasHartung
39.1Introduction575
39.2Materialsandmethods578
39.3Results581
39.4Discussion586
39.5Conclusions587 Acknowledgment588 Endnotes588 References588
40.Potentialhumanhealtheffects followingexposuretonano-and microplastics,lessonslearned fromnanomaterials590
HugoBrouwer,FemkeL.N.VanOijenand HansBouwmeester
40.1Introduction590
Acknowledgments600 References600
41.Exposureassessment:critical reviewofdietaryexposure methodologies—frombudget methodstosteppeddeterministic methods606
XiaoyuBi
41.1Introduction606
41.2Researchgapsandfuturedirections612 References613
42.Exposureassessment:modeling approachesincludingprobabilistic methods,uncertaintyanalysis,and aggregateexposurefrommultiple sources614
MarcC.Kennedy
42.1Introduction614
42.2Dietaryexposuremodelingof individuals616
42.3Tieredapproachesinexposure assessment617
42.4Quantifyingvariability618
42.5Quantifyingvariabilityand uncertainty620
42.6Probabilisticmodelsforvariability anduncertaintyindietaryexposure620
42.7Quantifyinguncertainty:alternative models623
42.8Aggregateexposure624
42.9Practicalchallenges625
42.10Internationalharmonizationof methodsanddata627
42.11Availabledatabases628 42.12Software628
42.13Researchgapsandfuturedirections629 References630
43.Exposureassessment:real-world examplesofexposuremodelsin actionfromsimpledeterministicto probabilisticaggregateand cumulativemodels633 CronanMcNamaraandSandrinePigat
43.1Introduction633
43.2Probabilisticexposuremodeling634
43.3Advantagesofprobabilisticexposure modeling636
43.4Challengesofprobabilisticexposure modeling636
43.5Datainputs637
43.6Real-worldexamplesofexposure modelsinaction638
43.7Practicalconsiderationsforexposure assessments640
43.8Generalconceptualapproachin probabilisticriskanalysis(PRA)640
43.9Comparingexposureresultsto toxicologicalendpoints641
43.10Researchgapsandfuturedirections641 References642
44.Theroleofcomputational toxicologyintheriskassessment offoodproducts643
TimothyE.H.Allen,SteveGutsellandAnsPunt
44.1Whatiscomputationaltoxicology?643
44.2Theroleofcomputersinsafety science644
44.3Constructingamodel645
44.4Computationaltechniques646
44.5Qualitativeandquantitative modeling647
44.6Exposuremodeling648
44.7Predictingapicaltraditionaltoxicity endpoints650
44.8Mechanistictoxicitymodeling651
44.9Toxicitypathwayconstruction653
44.10Integrationofdataanddatasources654
44.11Thefutureofcomputational toxicology655 References656
45.Risk-benefitassessment660
JeljerHoekstra,MaartenNautaandMorten Poulsen
45.1Introduction660
45.2Problemdefinition661
45.3Approachesforrisk-benefit assessment663
45.4Risksandbenefits664
45.5Intakeandexposureassessment665
45.6Dose response666
45.7Risk-benefitcharacterization667
45.8Casestudies669
45.9Uncertainty669
45.10Ethics670
45.11Communication670
45.12Futuredirections:sustainability, economy,andconsumerperception670 References670
46.Exposure-drivenriskmanagement strategiesforchemicalsinfood673 SamuelBenrejebGodefroy
46.1Foodchemicalsafetyasanimportant determinantofhealth673
46.2Riskmanagementmeasures:reduction ofhumanexposuretotargetfoodborne chemicals674
46.3Managingchemicalsinfoodbeyond settingmaximumlevels675
46.4Performanceindicatorsassociatedwith reductionofexposuretochemicalsin food678
46.5Foodborneenvironmental contaminants678
46.6Naturaltoxicants682
46.7Chemicalsinducedbyfood processing683
46.8Conclusion683 References684
47.Roleofhumanepidemiologyin riskassessmentandmanagement686 AlfonsRamel
47.1Introduction686
47.2Externalvalidity nicetohaveor needed?687
47.3Hazardidentification rulesfor evidencegradingversusexpert judgment688
47.4Strengthsandlimitationsofhuman interventions689
47.5Strengthsandlimitationsof observationalstudies691
47.6Researchgapsandfuturedirection694 Endnotes694 References695
48.Risk-basedapproachesinfood allergy697 GeertHouben,W.MartyBlomand MarjoleinMeijerink
48.1Introduction697
48.2Riskanalysisofingredientsand residuesfromallergenicfoods698
48.3Allergenicityofproteinsinnovel foodsupply709 References715
49.Riskassessmentofmixturesinthe foodchain720
AngeloMoretto
49.1Introduction720
49.2Typesofcombinedactions721
49.3Whentoassesstheriskofcombined exposuresfromchemicalsinfood721
49.4Whichsubstancesshouldbeevaluated inacumulativeriskassessment? Commonmechanismgroupsand cumulativeassessmentgroups722
49.5Methodsforcumulativerisk assessment724
49.6Assessmentofexposure726
49.7Cumulativeriskassessmentconducted sofarinUnitedStatesandEU727
49.8Futuredirections731 References732
SectionIX
Currentandemergingadvancesin foodsafetyevaluation:pathogenic microorganismsincludingprions
50.Prions:detectionofbovine spongiformencephalopathyand linkstovariantCreutzfeldt Jakob disease737
TimmKonold,MarkArnoldandAmieAdkin
50.1Discoveryofbovinespongiform encephalopathyincattle737
50.2DiscoveryofvariantCreutzfeldt Jakob diseaseandlinktoBSE738
50.3Studiestodetermineinfectivityin bovinetissuesfromBSE-affected cattle739
50.4Transmissionstudiesinotherspeciesto assesssusceptibilityandlikelihoodof occurrenceinotherspecies741
50.5Riskassessmentsandcontrols742
50.6Futurepredictions744
50.7Researchgaps745 Acknowledgments747 References747
51.Roleofreal-timeDNAanalyses, biomarkers,resistancemeasurement, andecosystemmanagementin Campylobacter riskanalysis752 JasminaVidic,SandrineAuger,MarcoMarin, FrancescoRizzotto,NabilaHaddad, SandrineGuillou,MurielGuyard-Nicode ` me, PriyaVizzini,AlessiaCossettini,MarisaManzano, ZoiKotsiri,EfstratiaPanteleliand ApostolosVantarakis
51.1Introduction752
51.2 Campylobacter spp.753
51.3Methodsfor Campylobacter detection755
51.4Towardbiomarkersidentificationto predict Campylobacter behavior767
51.5Lipooligosaccharideof Campylobacter strainsasabiomarkerofits pathogenicity769
51.6Riskanalysisanddetectionmethods771 References772
52.Identificationandassessmentof exposuretoemergingfoodborne pathogensusingfoodbornehuman virusesasanexample777
RobertL.Buchanan
52.1Introductiontoemergingfoodborne diseases777
52.2Knowledgeneededtocontrolan emergingfoodborneconcern778
52.3Emergenceoffoodborneviruses780
52.4Concludingremarks783 References783
53.Transferofvirusesimplicatedin humandiseasethroughfood786
KiranN.BhilegaonkarandRahulP.Kolhe
53.1Introduction786
53.2Foodborneviruses788
53.3Norovirus788
53.4HepatitisAvirus791
53.5HepatitisEvirus792
53.6Rotaviruses794
53.7Adenoviruses795
53.8Astroviruses796
53.9Sapovirus798
53.10Aichivirus798
53.11Othervirusesthatmayinfectfood799
53.12Managementoffoodbornevirus infections800
53.13Conclusions801 References804 Furtherreading811
54.Roleofgutmicrobiotain foodsafety812
SikYuSo,QinglongWuandTorSavidge
54.1Introduction812
54.2Roleofgutmicrobiomeinmediating effectoffoodcomponentsonhosthealth813
54.3Dietaryriskfactorfordysbiosisand strategyforhealthygutmicrobiome andfoodsafety815
54.4Technicalaspectstoevaluatetherole ofgutmicrobiotainfoodsafetystudies820
54.5Researchgapandfutureperspectives823 Acknowledgment824 References824
55.Bacterialcell-to-cellcommunication anditsrelevancetofoodsafety829
FelipeAlvesdeAlmeida, LeonardoLuizdeFreitas,DeisyGuimaraes CarneiroandMariaCristinaDantasVanetti
55.1Introduction829
55.2Cell-to-cellcommunication mechanismsinbacteria830
55.3Quorumsensinginfoodborne pathogenicbacteria832
55.4Detectionofquorumsensingsignalsin foods834
55.5Quorumquenchinginfoodsafety835
55.6Finalconsiderationsandperspectives841 References841
56.Significanceofidentifyingmicrobial DNAinfoodsandrawmaterials withoutconcomitantdetectionof respectiveviablepopulations846 LucaCocolin
56.1Introduction846
56.2Themolecularbiologyarea847
56.3Impactofprocessingtechnologies onthestabilityofnucleicacids848
56.4Theviablebutnotculturablestateand itssignificanceforthefoodindustry849
56.5DNAversusRNAdetectionandthe interpretationoftheresults849
56.6Modernmetagenomicapproaches: cantheyhelpinthedetectionof foodbornepathogensin processedfoods?851
56.7Conclusions852 References852
57.Whole-genomesequencingfor foodsafety854 NigelFrench
57.1Introduction854
57.2Maintext855 Endnotes866 References867
58.Drug-resistantbacteriafrom “farmtofork”:impactofantibiotic useinanimalproduction871
MichaelavandenHonertandLouwrensHoffman
58.1Introduction871
58.2Developmentandtransferof antibioticresistance872
58.3Epidemiologyofantibioticresistance875
58.4Existingantibioticresistant microorganisms876
58.5Useofantibioticsinanimalfarming877
58.6Antibioticresistanceinfoodanimals880
58.7Consequencesofreducingtheuseof antibioticsinfoodanimalfarming881
58.8Consequencesofantibioticresistance infoodanimalsonhumanhealth882
58.9Curbingthespreadofantibiotic resistanceinfoodagriculture883
58.10Detectionofantibioticresistant microorganisms886
58.11Researchgapsandfuturedirections888 References888
59.Quickdetectionandconfirmation ofmicrobesinfoodandwater893
RicardoFranco-Duarte,SnehalKadam, KarishmaS.Kaushik,SakshiPainuli, PrabhakarSemwal,Nata ´ liaCruz-Martins andCe ´ liaFortunaRodrigues
59.1Introduction893
59.2Methodsformicrobialtestingin foodandwater895
59.3Futureremarks907
Acknowledgments907 Contributions907 Conflictsofinterest908 References908
SectionX
Safetyassessmentofgenetically modifiedorganismsandother biologicalalterations
60.Newgeneticmodificationtechniques: challengesandprospects918
GrahamHeadandGeorgeT.Tzotzos
60.1Introduction918
60.2Genomeediting918
60.3 Cis-genesisand intra-genesis925
60.4Transgrafting925
60.5RNA-directedDNAMethylation (RdDM)926
60.6Reversebreeding926
60.7Agroinfiltration926
60.8Syntheticbiology928
60.9Safetyassessmentconsiderations928
60.10Detectionandidentification932
60.11Conclusionandprospects933 Glossary934 References934
61.Safetyassessmentoffoodand feedderivedfromgenetically modifiedplants938
HanspeterNaegeli
61.1Introduction938
61.2Molecularcharacterization941
61.3Comparativeanalysis945
61.4Assessmentofnewlyexpressed proteins948
61.5Safetyofnewconstituentsother thannewlyexpressedproteins949
61.6Allergenicityassessment950
61.7Nutritionalassessment952
61.8Exposureassessmentandrisk characterization952
61.9Riskmanagement953
61.10Conclusionandperspectives954 Acknowledgments955 References955
SectionXI Foodsafety:riskperceptionand communicatingwiththepublic
62.Consumerattitudesaboutthe useofnewtechnologiesin agrifoodindustries960 RogerClemens,PeterPressmanand A.WallaceHayes
62.1Introduction960
62.2Geneticallymodifiedorganisms962
62.3Culturedmeatproducts962
62.4Alternativeproteinsources963
62.5Cellularagriculture964
62.6Foodadditives964
62.7Foodcolors965
62.8Carrageenan966
62.9Thesociologyofconsumer activism967
62.10Conclusion968 References968
63.Microbiologicalrisksversus putativechemicalrisksbasedon hazardratherthanexposure: canitberationalizedfor publicunderstanding?972
JohnO’Brien
63.1Introduction972
63.2Terminology,definitions,and challengesofcommunication973
63.3Microbialhazardsinfoods975
63.4Chemicalhazardsinfoods975
63.5Thecaseforhazard-basedapproaches976
63.6Thecaseforriskassessment978
63.7Balancingandreconcilingdifferentrisks979
63.8Hazardandriskranking981
63.9Hazardwarninglabelsonfoods982
63.10LearningfromtheCOVID-19pandemic984
63.11Futurechallengesandopportunities985
63.12Conclusionsandrecommendations986 Endnotes986 References987
64.Communicatingaboutriskin relationtofoodwiththepublic andcounteringmediaalarmism992
KatherineRichandGaryBowering
64.1Introduction—“Everything’sariskyhazard”992
64.2Riskcommunication993
64.3Hazard;realandperceivedrisk; mitigation;outrage995
64.4Storytellerimportance997
64.5Approachandprinciplesfor foodsafetyriskcommunication999
64.6COVID-19foodsafetycommunications1002
64.7Bantheavocado!1002 References1003
65.Consumerattitudestowardnovel agrifoodtechnologies:acritical reviewongeneticmodification andsyntheticbiology1004
ShanJin,WenjingLi,FrancisZ.Naab, DavidColesandLynnJ.Frewer
65.1Introduction1004
65.2Publicattitudestowardsgenetic modificationandsyntheticbiology1005
65.3Publicperceptionsofbenefitsand risks1005
65.4Ethicalconcerns1007
65.5Regulationsofgeneticmodification andsyntheticbiology1008
65.6Implicationsforfutureresearchand strategy-making1009 Endnotes1011 References1011
SectionXII Newandemergingfoodsand technologies
66.Safety,nutritionandsustainability ofplant-basedmeatalternatives1016
JaneM.CaldwellandE.N.ClareMills
66.1Introduction1016
66.2Formulation1016
66.3Processing1017
66.4MicrobialSafetyandTesting1017
66.5Allergens1018
66.6Allergenicityriskassessmentof alternativeproteins1018
66.7Contaminants,chemicals,andGMOs1020
66.8Antinutrientsandoff-flavors1020
66.9Nutritionalcomparisons1021
66.10Healthbenefits1026
66.11Sustainability1026
66.12Researchgapsandfuturedirections1027 Acknowledgments1028 References1028
67.TheroleofBigDataandArtificial Intelligenceinfoodrisk assessmentandprediction1032
GiannisStoitsis,MihalisPapakonstantinou, ManosKarvounisandNikosManouselis
67.1Introduction1032
67.2Availablesystemsandtoolsforrisk assessment1034
67.3ApplyingBigDataand ArtificialIntelligenceforfoodrisk assessmentandprediction1036
67.4Casestudy:riskassessmentand predictionforfruitsandvegetables1040
67.5Researchgapsandfutureperspectives1042 Acknowldgement1044 References1044
68.Blockchain:anenablerfor safefoodinglobalsupplynetworks1045
JohnG.Keogh,AbderahmanRejeb, NidaKhanandKhaldoonZaid-Kaylani
68.1Introduction1045
68.2Methodology1047
68.3Descriptiveresults1047
68.4Findings1050
68.5Blockchainasanenablerof foodsupplychains1054
68.6Casestudies1058
68.7Conclusion1060 Endnotes1061 References1061 Furtherreading1066
SectionXIII Hazardversusrisk-basedapproaches tofoodsafetyregulations
69.Prosandconsofhazard-versus risk-basedapproachesto foodsafetyregulation1068
JyotignaM.MehtaandIvonneM.C.M.Rietjens
69.1Introduction1068
69.2Theconceptofhazardinthe21st century1069
69.3Risk-basedapproachesinsafety assessment1071
69.4Examplesofhazard-basedfoodsafety regulation1077
69.5Disadvantagesandlimitationsof hazard-basedsafetyregulation1078
69.6Implicationsforriskmanagement1079
69.7Communicationalongthefood chain1081
69.8Futureperspectives1083 References1084
SectionXIV Impactoffoodsafetyonglobaltrade 70.GlobalFoodSafetyInitiative(GFSI): underpinningthesafetyofthe globalfoodchain,facilitating regulatorycompliance,trade, andconsumertrust1089
AnneGerardi
70.1Introduction1089
70.2GlobalFoodSafetyInitiative’s newcapabilitybuildingapproach: enhancingmoreinclusivetradevia foodsafetycapacities1094
70.3Public-privatepartnership: acornerstoneofGlobalFoodSafety Initiativestrategytoseekrecognition fromregulatorsofGlobalFood SafetyInitiativecertificationasa risk-basedtoolinnationalfood controlsystems1095 Endnotes1097 References1097
SectionXV Climatechange,population demographics,urbanization,and economicgrowth:impacton foodsafety
71.Foodandnutritionsecurity: challengesforfarming, procurement,andconsumption1100
TessaAvermaete,WannesKeulemans, OlivierHonnay,GerardGovers, BarbaraDeConinckandTjitskeAnnaZwart
71.1Introduction1100
71.2Foodandnutritionsecurity1101
71.3Farming1102
71.4Procurement1105
71.5Consumption1106
71.6Researchtosupportasustainable foodsystemandFNS1108
71.7Enablingtransitiontowardsustainable foodsystems1109 Acknowledgment1110 References1110
72.Climatechange:foodsafety challengesinthenearfuture1113
FumikoKasuga
72.1Introduction1114
72.2Environmentalchange1114
72.3Climatechangeandfoodsafety1115
72.4Researchgapsandfuturedirections1121 References1122
Index1125
Listofcontributors AmieAdkin RiskAssessmentUnit,FoodStandards Agency,London,UnitedKingdom
TimothyE.H.Allen MRCToxicologyUnit,University ofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
FelipeAlvesdeAlmeida DepartmentofNutrition, FederalUniversityofJuizdeFora(UFJF), GovernadorValadares,Brazil
LuciaE.Anelich AnelichConsulting,Pretoria,SouthAfrica
MarkArnold DepartmentofEpidemiologicalSciences, APHAWeybridge,Addlestone,UnitedKingdom
SandrineAuger MICALISInstitut,Univerisite ´ ParisSaclay,INRAE,AgroParisTech,JouyenJosas,France
TessaAvermaete SustainableFoodEconomiesResearch Group,KULeuven,Belgium
CraigBaker-Austin CentreforEnvironment,Fisheriesand Aquaculture(CEFAS),Weymouth,UnitedKingdom
ForrestL.Bayer BayerConsultingandUWImaging, LLC,Atlanta,GA,UnitedStates
KiranN.Bhilegaonkar ICAR—IndianVeterinary ResearchInstitute,RegionalCentre,Pune, Maharashtra,India
XiaoyuBi Exponent,Inc.,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
W.MartyBlom NetherlandsOrganisationforApplied ScientificResearchTNO,Utrecht,TheNetherlands; UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
AlanR.Boobis NationalHeartandLungInstitute, ImperialCollegeLondon,London,UnitedKingdom
MarijaBoskovic FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine, UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
HansBouwmeester DivisionofToxicology,Wageningen University,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
GaryBowering IndependentScienceCommunicator, Wellington,NewZealand
IoannisS.Boziaris LabofMarketingandTechnologyof AquaticProductsandFoods,DepartmentofIchthyology andAquaticEnvironment,SchoolofAgricultural Sciences,UniversityofThessaly,Volos,Greece
ChristopherJ.Breen FoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Officeof ClimateChange,Biodiversity,andtheEnvironment (OCB),Rome,Italy
HugoBrouwer DivisionofToxicology,Wageningen University,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
IanBrown OxfordUniversityHospitals,Oxford,United Kingdom;TheInstituteofFood,NutritionandHealth, UniversityofReading,Reading,UnitedKingdom
RobertL.Buchanan CenterforFoodSafetyand SecuritySystems,DepartmentofNutritionandFood Science,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD, UnitedStates
ElnaM.Buys DepartmentofConsumerandFood Sciences,FacultyofNaturalandAgricultural Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria,South Africa;DepartmentofConsumerandFoodSciences, UniversityofPretoria,Hatfield,SouthAfrica
JaneM.Caldwell CaldwellFoodSafetyLLC, Springfield,MO,UnitedStates
ElenaCanellas UniversityofZaragoza,CampusRio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
DeisyGuimara ˜ esCarneiro Departmentof Microbiology,FederalUniversityofVic¸osa(UFV), Vic¸osa,Brazil
KarinCarstensen WoolworthsSouthAfrica(Pty)Ltd, CapeTown,WesternCape,SouthAfrica
BrayanR.H.Cervantes-Huama ´ n AreaofHuman NutritionandFoodScience,DepartamentdeCie ` ncia AnimalidelsAliments,FacultatdeVeterina ` ria, UniversitatAuto ` nomadeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
RogerClemens DepartmentofRegulatoryandQuality Science,SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofSouthern California,LosAngeles,CA,UnitedStates
LucaCocolin DepartmentofAgriculture,Forestand FoodSciences,UniversityofTurin,Grugliasco,Italy
SamuelM.Cohen DepartmentofPathologyand Microbiology,UniversityofNebraskaMedicalCenter, Omaha,NE,UnitedStates
DavidColes SchoolofNaturalandEnvironmental Sciences,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastleupon Tyne,UnitedKingdom
AlessiaCossettini DipartimentodiScienze AgroAlimentari,AmbientalieAnimali,Universita ` di Udine,Udine,Italy
Nata ´ liaCruz-Martins FacultyofMedicine,Universityof Porto,Porto,Portugal;InstituteforResearchand InnovationinHealth(i3S),UniversityofPorto,Porto, Portugal;TOXRUN–ToxicologyResearchUnit, UniversityInstituteofHealthSciences,Polytechnicand UniversityCooperative(CESPU),Gandra,Portugal
Gyo ¨ rgyCsiko ´ DepartmentofPharmacologyand Toxicology,UniversityofVeterinaryMedicine, Budapest,Hungary
MichelleDanyluk DepartmentofFoodScienceand HumanNutrition,CitrusResearchandEducation Center,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences, UniversityofFlorida,LakeAlfred,FL,UnitedStates
WagehSobhyDarwish FoodControlDepartment, FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,ZagazigUniversity, Zagazig,Egypt
BarbaraDeConinck CropBiotechnics,KULeuven, Belgium
ChristinaA.MirelesDeWitt SeafoodResearchand EducationCenter,CoastalOregonMarineExperiment Station,DepartmentofFoodScienceandTechnology, CollegeofAgriculturalSciences,OregonState University,Astoria,OR,UnitedStates
B.C.Dlamini DepartmentofBiotechnologyandFood Technology,FacultyofScience,Universityof Johannesburg,Johannesburg,SouthAfrica
JohnDoe SchoolofPharmacyandBiomolecular Sciences,LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity, Liverpool,UnitedKingdom
SimonDouglasKelly FoodSafetyandControlLaboratory, JointFAO/IAEACentreofNuclearTechniquesinFood andAgriculture,DepartmentofNuclearSciencesand Applications,InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency, ViennaInternationalCentre,Vienna,Austria
EleonoraDupouy FoodSystemsandFoodSafety Division(ESF),FoodandAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy
GerhardEisenbrand FoodChemistryandToxicology, UniversityofKaiserslautern,Heidelberg,Germany; UniversityofKaiserslautern,Germany(Retired), Heidelberg,Germany
JamesA.Elegbeleye DepartmentofConsumerandFood Sciences,FacultyofNaturalandAgricultural
Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria, SouthAfrica;DepartmentofConsumerandFood Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Hatfield,South Africa
PabloEste ´ vez BiomedicalResearchCenter(CINBIO), DepartmentofAnalyticalandFoodChemistry, UniversityofVigo,Vigo,Spain
RicardoFranco-Duarte CentreofMolecularand EnvironmentalBiology(CBMA),Departmentof Biology,UniversityofMinho,Braga,Portugal
LeonardoLuizdeFreitas DepartmentofMicrobiology, FederalUniversityofVic¸osa(UFV),Vic¸osa,Brazil
NigelFrench NewZealandFoodSafetyScienceand ResearchCentre,SchoolofVeterinary Science,MasseyUniversity,PalmerstonNorth,New Zealand
LynnJ.Frewer SchoolofNaturalandEnvironmental Sciences,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastleupon Tyne,UnitedKingdom
YuqiFu CenterforAlternativestoAnimalTesting (CAAT),JohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublic Health,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
ShojiFukushima JapanBioassayResearchCenter, Hadano,Kanagawa,Japan
AnaGago-Martinez(Gago) BiomedicalResearch Center(CINBIO),DepartmentofAnalyticalandFood Chemistry,UniversityofVigo,Vigo,Spain
AlejandroDoradoGarcia FoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome, Italy;AnimalProductionandHealthUnit(NSA), Rome,Italy
StevenM.Gendel GendelFoodSafetyLLC,Silver Spring,MD,UnitedStates
AnneGerardi GFSIattheConsumerGoodsForum, Paris,France
AnuradhaGhosh BiologyDepartment,PittsburgState University,Pittsburg,KS,UnitedStates
MilicaGlisic FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine,University ofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia
SamuelBenrejebGodefroy FoodRiskAnalysisand RegulatoryExcellencePlatform(PARERA),Institute ofNutritionandFunctionalFoods(INAF),Que ´ bec, QC,Canada;DepartmentofFoodSciences,Facultyof AgricultureandFoodSciences,LavalUniversity, QuebecCity,QC,Canada
NigelJ.Gooderham DepartmentofMetabolism, DigestionandReproduction,ImperialCollege London,London,UnitedKingdom
GerardGovers GeographyandTourism,KULeuven, Belgium
TomaszGrenda DepartmentofHygieneofAnimal Feedingstuffs,NationalVeterinaryResearchInstitute, Pulawy,Poland
F.PeterGuengerich DepartmentofBiochemistry, VanderbiltUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Nashville, TN,UnitedStates
SandrineGuillou SECALIM,INRAE,Oniris,Nantes, France
SteveGutsell UnileverSafetyandEnvironmental AssuranceCentre,ColworthSciencePark, Sharnbrook,UnitedKingdom
MurielGuyard-Nicode ` me ANSES–PloufraganPlouzane ´ -NiortLaboratory,Ploufragan,France
NabilaHaddad SECALIM,INRAE,Oniris,Nantes, France
NdaindilaN.K.Haindongo FoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO),Officeof ClimateChange,Biodiversity,andtheEnvironment (OCB),Rome,Italy
ChristieL.Harman FlavorandExtractManufacturers Association,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
ThomasHartung CenterforAlternativestoAnimal Testing(CAAT),JohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolof PublicHealth,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates; UniversityofKonstanz,CAAT-Europe,Konstanz, Germany
A.WallaceHayes CollegeofPublicHealth,University ofSouthFlorida,Tampa,FL,UnitedStates
GrahamHead BayerCropScience,Chesterfield,MO, UnitedStates
StephenS.Hecht MasonicCancerCenterandDepartment ofLaboratoryMedicineandPathology,Universityof Minnesota,Minneapolis,MN,UnitedStates
JeljerHoekstra RIVM,TheNationalInstituteforPublic HealthandtheEnvironment,Bilthoven,The Netherlands
LouwrensHoffman CentreforNutritionandFood Sciences,QueenslandAllianceforAgricultureand FoodInnovation,TheUniversityofQueensland, Gatton,QLD,Australia
OlivierHonnay Ecology,EvolutionandBiodiversity Conservation,KULeuven,Belgium
GeertHouben NetherlandsOrganisationforApplied ScientificResearchTNO,Utrecht,TheNetherlands; UniversityMedicalCenterUtrecht,Utrecht,The Netherlands
JanJetten Ex-TNO,Zeist,TheNetherlands
ShanJin SchoolofNaturalandEnvironmentalSciences, NewcastleUniversity,NewcastleuponTyne,United Kingdom;FacultyofBusinessandLaw,Universityof Portsmouth,Portsmouth,UnitedKingdom
KarenJob TheFoodBrainConsultancy,Melbourne, VIC,Australia
SnehalKadam InstituteofBioinformaticsand Biotechnology,SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity, Pune,India
ShraddhaKaranth DepartmentofNutritionandFood Science,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD, UnitedStates
AgnesKarmaus IntegratedLaboratorySystems,LLC, Morrisville,NC,UnitedStates
ManosKarvounis Agroknow,Maroussi,Greece
FumikoKasuga NationalInstituteforEnvironmental Studies,Tsukuba-City,Japan
KarishmaS.Kaushik InstituteofBioinformaticsand Biotechnology,SavitribaiPhulePuneUniversity, Pune,India
MarcC.Kennedy FeraScienceLtd,YorkBiotech Campus,York,UnitedKingdom
JohnG.Keogh HenleyBusinessSchool,Universityof Reading,Henley-on-Thames,UnitedKingdom
WannesKeulemans CropBiotechnics,KULeuven, Belgium
NidaKhan NashFintechX,Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
MichaelE.Knowles Kavakia-Rachi,Veria,Greece
DimitraKogiannou InstituteofMarineBiology, BiotechnologyandAquaculture,HellenicCentrefor MarineResearch,Anavyssos,Greece
SerhiiKolesnyk L.I.Medved’sResearchCenterof PreventiveToxicology,FoodandChemicalSafety, MinistryofHealth,Kyiv,Ukraine;Universityof Basel,DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences, DivisionofMolecularandSystemsToxicology,Basel, Switzerland
RahulP.Kolhe KNPCollegeofVeterinaryScience, MAFSU,Shirwal,Maharashtra,India
TimmKonold DepartmentofPathologyandAnimal Sciences,APHAWeybridge,Addlestone,United Kingdom
ZoiKotsiri EnvironmentalandMicrobiologyUnit, DepartmentofPublicHealth,MedicalSchool, UniversityofPatras,Patras,Greece
MattKrug SouthwestFloridaResearchandEducation Center,InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences, UniversityofFlorida,Immokalee,FL,UnitedStates
KrzysztofKwiatek DepartmentofHygieneofAnimal Feedingstuffs,NationalVeterinaryResearchInstitute, Pulawy,Poland
YoungjooKwon DepartmentofFoodScienceand Biotechnology,EwhaWomansUniversity,Seoul, SouthKorea
FrancescaLatronico FoodandAgricultureOrganization oftheUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy;Joint CentreforCodexStandardsandZoonoticDiseases (CJW),Rome,Italy
Jose ´ M.Leao BiomedicalResearchCenter(CINBIO), DepartmentofAnalyticalandFoodChemistry, UniversityofVigo,Vigo,Spain
JeffreyT.LeJeune FoodandAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy;FoodSystems andFoodSafetyDivision(ESF),Rome,Italy
WenjingLi SchoolofNaturalandEnvironmental Sciences,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastleupon Tyne,UnitedKingdom;SchoolofEconomicsand Management,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity, Wuhan,P.R.China
MatthewJ.Linman FlavorandExtractManufacturers Association,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
RebecaLo ´ pez-Garcı ´ a LogreInternationalFoodScience Consulting,MexicoCity,Mexico
ThomasLuechtefeld CenterforAlternativestoAnimal Testing(CAAT),JohnsHopkinsBloombergSchoolof PublicHealth,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates; ToxTrackInc.,Baltimore,MD,UnitedStates
BernadeneMagnuson HealthScienceConsultantsInc, Collingwood,Canada
LouiseManning SustainableAgri-foodSystems,Lincoln InstituteforAgri-foodTechnology,Universityof Lincoln,UnitedKingdom
NikosManouselis Agroknow,Maroussi,Greece
MarisaManzano DipartimentodiScienze AgroAlimentari,AmbientalieAnimali,Universita ` di Udine,Udine,Italy
MarcoMarin MICALISInstitut,Univerisite ´ ParisSaclay,INRAE,AgroParisTech,JouyenJosas,France
Marı´aSalome ´ Mariotti EscueladeNutricio ´ ny Diete ´ tica,FacultaddeMedicina,UniversidadFinis Terrae,Santiago,Chile
JaimeMartinez-Urtaza CentreforEnvironment, FisheriesandAquaculture(CEFAS),Weymouth, UnitedKingdom;DepartmentofGeneticsand
Microbiology,FacultyofBiosciences,Autonomous UniversityofBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
LynnM.McMullen DepartmentofAgricultural,Food andNutritionalScience,UniversityofAlberta, Edmonton,ABCanada
CronanMcNamara CremeGlobalLtd.,Dublin,Ireland
AngelMedina EnvironmentandAgrifoodTheme, CranfieldUniversity,Cranfield,UnitedKingdom
N.N.Mehlomakulu DepartmentofConsumerandFood Sciences,FacultyofNaturalandAgricultural Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Pretoria,SouthAfrica
JyotignaM.Mehta ADAMAAgriculturalSolutions, Reading,UnitedKingdom
MarjoleinMeijerink NetherlandsOrganisationfor AppliedScientificResearchTNO,Utrecht,The Netherlands
J.DavidMiller DepartmentofChemistry,Carleton University,Ottawa,ON,Canada
E.N.ClareMills DivisionofImmunity,Infectionand RespiratoryMedicine,SchoolofBiologicalSciences, ManchesterAcademicHealthSciencesCentre, ManchesterInstituteofBiotechnology,Manchester, UnitedKingdom
StephenC.Mitchell DepartmentofMetabolism, DigestionandReproduction,ImperialCollege London,London,UnitedKingdom
AngeloMoretto DepartmentofCardio-ThoracoVascularandPublicHealthSciences,University Hospital,Padua,Italy
DesmondT.Mugadza DepartmentofFoodScienceand Nutrition,MidlandsStateUniversity,Gweru,Zimbabwe
KeyaMukherjee FoodSystemsandFoodSafety Division(ESF),FoodandAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations(FAO),Rome,Italy
FrancisZ.Naab SchoolofNaturalandEnvironmental Sciences,NewcastleUniversity,Newcastleupon Tyne,UnitedKingdom
HanspeterNaegeli InstituteofVeterinaryPharmacology andToxicology,UniversityofZurich,Zurich, Switzerland
MaristelaS.Nascimento UniversityofCampinas, Campinas,Brazil
IvanNastasijevic InstituteofMeatHygieneand Technology,Belgrade,Serbia
MaartenNauta NationalFoodInstitute,Technical UniversityofDenmark(DTU),Kgs.Lyngby,Denmark; StatensSerumInstitut,CopenhagenS,Denmark
LevNeretin FoodandAgricultureOrganizationofthe UnitedNations(FAO),OfficeofClimateChange, Biodiversity,andtheEnvironment(OCB),Rome,Italy
CristinaNerı´n UniversityofZaragoza,CampusRio Ebro,Zaragoza,Spain
VictorNtuli DepartmentofBiology,NationalUniversity ofLesotho,Maseru,Lesotho
ElenaG.Olson DepartmentofAnimalandDairy Sciences,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI,UnitedStates
JohnO’Brien TheFoodObservatory,UKandNutrition InnovationCentreforFoodandHealth,Schoolof BiomedicalSciences,UlsterUniversity,Coleraine, UnitedKingdom
SakshiPainuli DepartmentofBiotechnology,Graphic EraUniversity,Dehradun,India
EfstratiaPanteleli EnvironmentalandMicrobiology Unit,DepartmentofPublicHealth,MedicalSchool, UniversityofPatras,Patras,Greece
MihalisPapakonstantinou Agroknow,Maroussi,Greece
FoteiniF.Parlapani LabofMarketingandTechnology ofAquaticProductsandFoods,Departmentof IchthyologyandAquaticEnvironment,Schoolof AgriculturalSciences,UniversityofThessaly,Volos, Greece
EwelinaPatyra DepartmentofHygieneofAnimal Feedingstuffs,NationalVeterinaryResearchInstitute, Pulawy,Poland
FrancoPedreschi DepartamentodeIngenierı´aQuı´mica yBioprocesos,PontificiaUniversidadCato ´ licade Chile,Santiago,Chile
SandrinePigat CremeGlobalLtd.,Dublin,Ireland
BertPopping FOCOSGmbH–FoodConsulting Strategically,Alzenau,Germany
MortenPoulsen NationalFoodInstitute,Technical UniversityofDenmark(DTU),Kgs.Lyngby, Denmark
AbaniK.Pradhan DepartmentofNutritionandFood Science,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD, UnitedStates;CenterforFoodSafetyandSecurity Systems,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD, UnitedStates
PeterPressman SabaUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Saba,DutchCaribbean;PolyscienceConsulting, Chatsworth,CA,UnitedStates
MykolaProdanchuk L.I.Medved’sResearchCenterof PreventiveToxicology,FoodandChemicalSafety, MinistryofHealth,Kyiv,Ukraine
MonikaPrzeniosło-Siwczyn ´ ska DepartmentofHygiene ofAnimalFeedingstuffs,NationalVeterinary ResearchInstitute,Pulawy,Poland
AnsPunt WageningenFoodSafetyResearch, Wageningen,TheNetherlands
AlfonsRamel FacultyofFoodScienceandNutrition, UniversityofIceland,Reykjavik,Iceland
AbderahmanRejeb UniversityofRomeTorVergata, Rome,Italy
KatherineRich NewZealandFood&GroceryCouncil, Wellington,NewZealand
StevenC.Ricke DepartmentofAnimalandDairy Sciences,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,Madison, WI,UnitedStates
IvonneM.C.M.Rietjens DivisionofToxicology, WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,The Netherlands
GeorgeRigos InstituteofMarineBiology, BiotechnologyandAquaculture,HellenicCentrefor MarineResearch,Anavyssos,Greece
CarolinaRipolles-Avila AreaofHumanNutritionand FoodScience,DepartamentdeCie ` nciaAnimalidels Aliments,FacultatdeVeterina ` ria,Universitat Auto ` nomadeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
FrancescoRizzotto MICALISInstitut,Univerisite ´ Paris-Saclay,INRAE,AgroParisTech,JouyenJosas, France
Ce ´ liaFortunaRodrigues TOXRUN Toxicology ResearchUnit,UniversityInstituteofHealthSciences, PolytechnicandUniversityCooperative(CESPU), Gandra,Portugal;LEPABE LaboratoryforProcess Engineering,Environment,BiotechnologyandEnergy, ALiCE-AssociateLaboratoryinChemicalEngineeringFacultyofEngineering,UniversityofPorto,Porto, Portugal
Jose ´ JuanRodrı´guez-Jerez AreaofHumanNutrition andFoodScience,DepartamentdeCie ` nciaAnimali delsAliments,FacultatdeVeterina ` ria,Universitat Auto ` nomadeBarcelona,Barcelona,Spain
MartinRose ManchesterInstituteofBiotechnology, UniversityofManchester,Manchester,United Kingdom
ThomasJ.Rosol DepartmentofBiomedicalSciences, HeritageCollegeofOsteopathicMedicine,Ohio University,Athens,OH,UnitedStates
JoyjitSaha CitrusResearchandEducationCenter, InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,University ofFlorida,LakeAlfred,FL,UnitedStates
TorSavidge DepartmentofPathologyandImmunology, BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,TX,United States;DepartmentofPathology,TexasChildren’s MicrobiomeCenter,TexasChildren’sHospital, Houston,TX,UnitedStates
EyassuSeifu DepartmentofFoodScienceand Technology,BotswanaUniversityofAgricultureand NaturalResources,Gaborone,Botswana
PrabhakarSemwal DepartmentofBiotechnology, GraphicEraUniversity,Dehradun,India
ThulaniSibanda DepartmentofConsumerandFood Sciences,UniversityofPretoria,Hatfield,South Africa;DepartmentofAppliedBiologyand Biochemistry,NationalUniversityofScienceand Technology,Bulawayo,Zimbabwe
SikYuSo DepartmentofPathologyandImmunology, BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston,TX,United States;DepartmentofPathology,TexasChildren’s MicrobiomeCenter,TexasChildren’sHospital, Houston,TX,UnitedStates
SusanaSocolovsky PentachemConsultingGroup, BuenosAires,Argentina
GiannisStoitsis Agroknow,Maroussi,Greece
KatelynnStull CitrusResearchandEducationCenter, InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,University ofFlorida,LakeAlfred,FL,UnitedStates
MartaH.Taniwaki InstituteofFoodTechnology, Campinas,Brazil
SeanV.Taylor FlavorandExtractManufacturers Association,Washington,DC,UnitedStates
LesaA.Thompson RegionalRepresentationforAsia andthePacific,WorldOrganisationforAnimal Health(WOAH),Tokyo,Japan
ZeynalTopalcengiz DepartmentofFoodEngineering, FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture,Mus ¸ AlparslanUniversity,Mus¸,Turkey
GeorgeT.Tzotzos Bioinformaticsresearcher,Vienna, Austria
MichaelavandenHonert CentreforFoodSafety, DepartmentofFoodScience,Universityof Stellenbosch,Matieland,SouthAfrica
FemkeL.N.VanOijen DivisionofToxicology, WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNetherlands
MariaCristinaDantasVanetti Departmentof Microbiology,FederalUniversityofVic¸osa(UFV), Vic¸osa,Brazil
ApostolosVantarakis EnvironmentalandMicrobiology Unit,DepartmentofPublicHealth,MedicalSchool, UniversityofPatras,Patras,Greece
PaulaVera UniversityofZaragoza,CampusRioEbro, Zaragoza,Spain
JasminaVidic MICALISInstitut,Univerisite ´ ParisSaclay,INRAE,AgroParisTech,JouyenJosas,France
PriyaVizzini DipartimentodiScienzeAgroAlimentari, AmbientalieAnimali,Universita ` diUdine,Udine,Italy
RosemaryH.Waring SchoolofBiosciences,University ofBirmingham,Birmingham,UnitedKingdom QinglongWu DepartmentofPathologyand Immunology,BaylorCollegeofMedicine,Houston, TX,UnitedStates;DepartmentofPathology,Texas Children’sMicrobiomeCenter,TexasChildren’s Hospital,Houston,TX,UnitedStates
KhaldoonZaid-Kaylani InCubeMobilitySolutions, Oakville,ON,Canada
TjitskeAnnaZwart SustainableFoodEconomies ResearchGroup,KULeuven,Belgium
Abouttheeditors MichaelE.Knowles,PhD
Dr.MichaelE.KnowlesisapharmacistandmedicinalchemistwhospentthefirsthalfofhiscareerwiththeUK MinistryofAgriculture,FisheriesandFood,wherehebecamethechiefscientist(Fisheries&Food)andheadofthe FoodScienceGroup.InthatpositionhewasamemberoftheAdvisoryCommitteeonPesticides,theCommitteeon VeterinaryMedicines,andchairoftheSteeringGrouponChemicalaspectsofFoodSurveillance.Thesecondhalfof his44-yearcareerwasspentwithTheCoca-ColaCompany,wherehebecamethevicepresidentofGlobalScientific& RegulatoryAffairs,fromwhichheretiredin2013.AsagraduateoftheUniversityofNottingham,Dr.Knowlesisafellowofseveralscientificsocieties;pastglobalpresidentoftheILSIandchairoftheILSIEuropeBoard;aliverymanof theSocietyofApothecaries,London;andafreemanoftheCityofLondon.Hisscientificpublicationsaremainlyinthe areaoffoodsafety,andheisjointfoundingeditorofthejournalFoodAdditivesandContaminants.Heisaformer chairoftheFoodGroupoftheUKSocietyofChemicalIndustry(SCI),formerchairmanoftheBoardoftheEuropean TechnologyPlatform’s“FoodforLife,”aformergoverningcouncilmemberoftheInternationalUnionofFood Science&Technology,andchairofitsmembershipcommitteeandvariousothercommitteesdealingwithfoodsafety andregulatoryaffairsinEUfoodanddrinkassociations.
LuciaE.Anelich,PhD
ProfessorLuciaAnelichhasaPhDinmicrobiologyandiscurrentlythemanagingdirectorofherownfoodsafetytrainingandconsultingbusiness,AnelichConsulting,whichshestartedin2011.Priortothat,shespent5yearsatthe ConsumerGoodsCouncilofSouthAfricawheresheestablishedandheadedupafoodsafetybodyforthefoodindustry,afirstforthecountry,until2010.BeforejoiningtheCGCSA,shespent25yearsinacademiaattheTshwane UniversityofTechnologywhereshewastheheadofDepartmentofBiotechnologyandFoodTechnologyandassociate professor.SheisamemberoftheInternationalCommissionontheMicrobiologicalSpecificationsforFood(ICMSF), fellowoftheInternationalAcademyofFoodScienceandTechnology,pastchairoftheScientificCouncilofIUFoST, immediatepastchairoftheFoodHygieneCommitteeoftheSouthAfricanBureauofStandards,andimmediatepast presidentoftheSouthAfricanAssociationforFoodScienceandTechnology.SheisanadjunctprofessorattheCentral UniversityofTechnology,SouthAfricaandiscurrentlyafoodsafetyexpertfortheAfricanUnion(AU)andamember oftheadvisorygroupestablishingtheAUFoodSafetyAuthority.
AlanR.Boobis,OBEPhD AlanBoobisisanEmeritusprofessoroftoxicologyatImperialCollegeLondon.Hewasaprofessorofbiochemical pharmacologyanddirectoroftheToxicologyUnit(supportedbyPublicHealthEnglandandtheDepartmentofHealth) attheImperialCollegeuntilJuneof2017,whenheretiredafterover40yearsatthecollege.Hismainresearchinterests lieinmechanistictoxicology,drugmetabolism,modeofaction,andchemicalriskassessment.Hehaspublished approximately250originalresearchpapers(h-indexof80).Heisamemberofseveralnationalandinternationaladvisorycommittees,theCommitteeonToxicity(chair),theWHOStudyGrouponTobaccoProductRegulation,Joint FAO/WHOExpertCommitteeonFoodAdditives(veterinaryresidues),andJointFAO/WHOMeetingonPesticide Residues.HehasbeenamemberoftheUKAdvisoryCommitteeonPesticides,CommitteeonCarcinogenicity,the EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority(EFSA)PanelonFoodContaminants,andtheEFSAPanelonPlantProtection ProductsandtheirResidues.HeisamemberandapastchairoftheBoardofTrusteesoftheInternationalLife SciencesInstitute(ILSI)andamemberoftheBoardofDirectorsandhasservedasthevicepresidentofILSIEurope andhasservedasamemberandchairoftheBoardofTrusteesoftheHealthandEnvironmentalSciencesInstitute (HESI).Hesitsonseveralinternationalscientificadvisoryboards,inboththepublicandprivatesectors.Awards includehonoraryfellowoftheBritishToxicologySociety,fellowoftheBritishPharmacologicalSociety,theBTSJohn BarnesPrizeLectureship,honorarymembershipandMeritAwardofEUROTOX,theRoyalSocietyofChemistry
