Dedication
Thisbookisdedicatedtomydaughters:AliaandMelia.
SilasMichaelides
ClimateandAtmosphereResearchCenter(CARE-C), TheCyprusInstitute,Nicosia,Cyprus
Listofcontributors...............................................................................................xvii
Foreword................................................................................................................xxv
Preface................................................................................................................xxvii
Relatedtitles bySilasMichaelides ......................................................................xxix
Credits..................................................................................................................xxxv
Part1PrecipitationMeasurement
CHAPTER1Accuracyassessmentandintercomparisonof precipitationmeasurementinstruments ...................... 3
LucaG.LanzaandAriannaCauteruccio
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................3
1.2 Precipitationmeasurementbiases..................................................5
1.3 Wind-inducedbiasofcatchinggauges........................................12
1.4 Intercomparisonofprecipitationmeasurementinstruments.......22
1.5 Concludingremarks.....................................................................30 References....................................................................................31
CHAPTER2Applicationofunderwaterpassiveacoustic measurementsofoceansoundin precipitationestimation .............................................. 37 MariosN.Anagnostou,EmmanouilN.Anagnostou, JeffreyA.NystuenandSilasMichaelides
2.1 Introduction..................................................................................38
2.2 Passiveaquaticlisteningtechnology,methods,anddata collection......................................................................................42
2.3 Acousticdataanalysis..................................................................47
2.4 Acousticprecipitationanalysis....................................................57
2.5 Casestudies..................................................................................59
2.6 Concludingremarks.....................................................................82 References....................................................................................86
CHAPTER3Qualitycontrolandverificationofprecipitation observations,estimates,andforecasts ..................... 91 JanSzturc,KatarzynaO ´ sro´dka,AnnaJurczyk, IrenaOtop,JoannaLinkowska,BogdanBochenekand MagdalenaPasierb
3.1 Introduction..................................................................................92
3.2 Qualitycontrolofobservationsfromaraingaugenetwork.......93
3.3 Qualitycontrolofweatherradardata..........................................98
3.4 Qualitycontrolofsatelliteobservations....................................106
3.5
3.6
3.7
CHAPTER4InsightsonaglobalExtremeRainfall
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Part2PrecipitationRemoteSensing
CHAPTER5Evaluationofhigh-resolutionsatelliteprecipitation
5.1
6.1
6.3 Satelliteobservationalrecords...................................................183
6.4 Precipitationclimatedatarecords..............................................186
6.5 Keyquestions.............................................................................191
6.6 Conclusion..................................................................................193 Acknowledgments.....................................................................193 References..................................................................................193
CHAPTER7Thepotentialofusingsatellite-related precipitationdatasourcesinaridregions .............. 201 MonaMorsy,PeterDietrich,ThomasScholten, SilasMichaelides,ErikBorgandYoussefSherief
7.1 Aridregions................................................................................202
7.2 Challengesofaridregions.........................................................202
7.3 Thewatercycleinaridregions.................................................203
7.4 Storage........................................................................................206
7.5 Waterconsumption....................................................................207
7.6 Satellite-basedprecipitationdatasources..................................208
7.7 Performanceofsatellite-relatedprecipitationestimations inanaridregion.........................................................................212
7.8 Concludingremarks...................................................................228 Acknowledgments.....................................................................229 References..................................................................................230
CHAPTER8Monitoringprecipitationfromspace: progress,challenges,andopportunities 239 EhsanSharifiandLucaBrocca
8.1 Introduction................................................................................239
8.2 Progressinsatellite-basedprecipitationmonitoring.................242
8.3 Gaps,challenges,andopportunities..........................................244
8.4 Conclusion..................................................................................249 References..................................................................................250
CHAPTER9Satellitehaildetection ............................................. 257 AlessandroBattaglia,KamilMrozandDanielCecil
9.1 Introduction................................................................................257
9.2 Physicalbasisunderpinninghailremotesensing......................259
9.3 State-of-the-artsatellitemicrowavemethodsforhail detection.....................................................................................262
9.4
12.1
12.5 Ground-basedsnowfallobservations.........................................361
12.6 Conclusionandrecommendations.............................................364 Acknowledgments.....................................................................366 References..................................................................................366
CHAPTER13Errorsanduncertaintiesassociatedwith quasiglobalsatelliteprecipitationproducts ........... 377 VivianaMaggioni,ChristianMassariandChrisKidd
13.1 Introduction................................................................................377
13.2 Sensorerrorsanduncertainties..................................................378
13.3 Retrievalschemeerrorsanduncertainties.................................379
13.4 Producterrorsanduncertainties................................................383
13.5 Conclusion..................................................................................384 References..................................................................................385
CHAPTER14Performanceassessmentofmergedmultisatellite precipitationdatasetsoverdiverseclimateand complextopography .................................................. 391 KhalilUrRahmanandSonghaoShang
14.1 Introduction................................................................................392
14.2 Dataandmethodology...............................................................393
14.3 Performanceassessmentofsatelliteprecipitation productsacrossPakistan............................................................397
14.4 Mergedprecipitationdatasets:advancementsand imperfections..............................................................................408
14.5 Conclusion..................................................................................414 Acknowledgments.....................................................................415 References..................................................................................415
Part3PrecipitationMicrophysics
CHAPTER15Meltingofatmosphericiceparticles ....................... 423 AlexanderTheis,KarolineDiehl,SubirKumarMitra, StephanBorrmannandMiklo´sSzaka´ll
15.1 Introduction................................................................................423
15.2 Theoreticalconceptandquantitativedescriptionof atmosphericmelting...................................................................426
15.3 Theoryofhailmeltinginthe1950s..........................................430
15.4 Requirementsoflaboratoryexperiments...................................431
15.5 Laboratoryexperimentsonhailstones,graupel, icecrystals, andsnowflakes...........................................................................432
15.6 Summaryandatmosphericimplications....................................466 Acknowledgments.....................................................................467 References..................................................................................468
CHAPTER16Variabilityofraindropsizedistributionas characterizedbythegeneralizedgamma formulation 473
MerhalaThurai,V.N.Bringi,ElisaAdirosi, FedericoLombardoandPatrickN.Gatlin
16.1 Introduction................................................................................474
16.2 GeneralizedgammadistributionforDSDs...............................476
16.3 DatafromtheGreeleyandHuntsvillecampaign......................482
16.4 Thestabilityof h(x) ....................................................................485
16.5 ApplicationsofthemodalGG-fitted h(x).................................487
16.6 Summaryandconclusion...........................................................491
CHAPTER17Rainfallmicrophysicalcharacterizationover theMediterraneanareaduringtheGPMera ........... 503
LeoPioD’Adderio,FedericoPorcu`,GiuliaPanegrossi, AliTokay,GianfrancoVulpianiandStefanoDietrich
17.1 Introduction................................................................................504
17.2 Dataandinstrumentation...........................................................507
17.3 Preliminaryanalysis:single-versusdual-frequency DPRcomparison.........................................................................510
17.4 DF-andSF-basedrainandDSDparameterscomparisonat NSL.............................................................................................516
17.5 ValidationofmicrophysicalandintegralDSDparameters......531
17.6 Conclusion..................................................................................553 References..................................................................................555
CHAPTER18Cloudprocessesofthemainprecipitating systemsovercontinentaltropicalregions .............. 561 DanielAlejandroVila,RoˆmuloAugustoJuca ´ Oliveira, ThiagoSouzaBiscaro,EnriqueVieiraMattosand MicaelAmoreCecchini
18.1 Introduction................................................................................562
18.2 BrazilrainfallregimesandtheCHUVAexperiment overview.....................................................................................564
18.3 Theground-basedreferenceprecipitationdatasets...................570
18.4 Assessments,validation,andcharacterizationof GPMrainfallretrievals...............................................................576
18.5 Cloudmicrophysicalproperties:resultsofanhydrometeor classificationovertheAmazonianregion.................................579
18.6 Cloudpropertiesandassociatedelectrificationfeaturesover Brazil..........................................................................................582
18.7 Contributionoftheaerosolintheprocessofformationof precipitation................................................................................591 References..................................................................................603
CHAPTER19“Moisturecontrol”oftheprecipitation:a probabilisticperspective .......................................... 615 Jun-IchiYanoandAgostinoManzato
19.1 Introduction................................................................................615
19.2 Datadescription..........................................................................617
19.3 Analysismethodologyandprobabilitytheory...........................618
19.4 Results........................................................................................623
19.5 Furtherdiscussions.....................................................................629 Acknowledgments.....................................................................633 References..................................................................................633
Part4PrecipitationModeling
CHAPTER20PrecipitationinEarthsystemmodels: advancesandlimitations ......................................... 637 Andre´sNavarroandAndre´sMerino
20.1 Relevanceofprecipitationinclimatemodels...........................637
20.2 Datasourcesandbasiccomparisons.........................................639
20.3 Diurnaltoseasonalvariabilities.................................................642
20.4 Interannualvariability................................................................644
20.5 Extremeevents...........................................................................647
20.6 Roleofspatialresolutioninclimatemodels.............................648
20.7 Climatemodeltuning.................................................................650
20.8 Concludingremarks...................................................................651 Acknowledgments.....................................................................651 References..................................................................................651
CHAPTER21Improvementofquantitativeprecipitation forecastattheshortrangethroughlightning dataassimilation ...................................................... 661 StefanoFederico,RosaClaudiaTorcasioand StefanoDietrich
21.1 Introduction................................................................................661
21.2 Method........................................................................................664
21.3 Theapplicationtotwocasestudies...........................................670
21.4 Anapplicationforawholeyear................................................671
21.5 Sensitivityoftheassimilationschemetolowerboundary formulation.................................................................................676
21.6 Theimpactofforecastingtimeontheperformance.................677
21.7 Conclusion..................................................................................680 Acknowledgments.....................................................................681 AppendixA ....................................................................................................682 References..................................................................................683
CHAPTER22Multiplatformhydrometeorologicalanalysis ofaflashfloodevent ................................................ 689 GeorgeVarlas,MariosAnagnostou,ChristosSpyrou, AikateriniPappa,AngelikiMentzafou,Anastasios Papadopoulos,JohnKalogiros,PetrosKatsafadosand SilasMichaelides
22.1 Introduction................................................................................690
22.2 FlashfloodeventsinGreece.....................................................693
22.3 Theintegratedhydrometeorologicalsystemandremote sensingdata................................................................................697
22.4 Methodologicalapproach...........................................................710
22.5 Resultsandevaluation...............................................................713
22.6 Concludingremarks...................................................................729 Acknowledgments.....................................................................731 References..................................................................................731
CHAPTER23Radardataassimilationinnumericalweather predictionmodels ..................................................... 743
YasutakaIkuta
23.1 Introduction................................................................................743
23.2 Radardataassimilation..............................................................744
23.3 Conclusion..................................................................................753 References..................................................................................754
CHAPTER24Directassimilationofradarreflectivity volumesinCOSMO LETKF ....................................... 757
ThomasGastaldo,VirginiaPoli,TizianaPaccagnellaand PierPaoloAlberoni
24.1 Introduction................................................................................757
24.2 Numericalweatherpredictionmodelanddataassimilation system.........................................................................................759
24.3 Openissuesonthedirectassimilationofradarreflectivity volumes.......................................................................................768
24.4 Impactofassimilatingreflectivityvolumes..............................776 References..................................................................................781
CHAPTER25EnhancingdataassimilationofGPM observations .............................................................. 787
TakemasaMiyoshi,KojiTerasaki,ShunjiKotsuki, ShigenoriOtsuka,Ying-WenChen,KayaKanemaru, KozoOkamoto,KeiichiKondo,Guo-YuanLien,Hisashi Yashiro,HirofumiTomita,MasakiSatohand EugeniaKalnay
25.1 Introduction................................................................................788
25.2 TheNICAM-LETKFsystem.....................................................788
25.3 NICAM-LETKFJAXAResearchAnalysis...............................790
25.4 EnsembleForecastSensitivitytoObservations.........................796
25.5 Modelparameterestimationbydataassimilation.....................798
25.6 Summary.....................................................................................799 References..................................................................................800
Listofabbreviations..............................................................................................805 Index......................................................................................................................819
Foreword
Itwouldbesomehowanunderstatementtostartabookonprecipitationbywritingthatitisakeycomponentofthehydrological(orwater)cycle.Thereisin factnodoubtthatmeasuringtheamountofprecipitationiscrucialtoexactly quantifytheamountofwateravailableanditschangesinachangingclimate. Thisisevenmoretrueconsideringthenumerousapplicationsofprecipitation measurementsinhydrology,watermanagement,meteorology,agriculture,civil protection,andmanymore.
However,theoutstandingquestionisDowereallyknowhowtomeasureprecipitation?Manyreaderswouldanswer“certainlyyes!”Isitnotenoughtoinstall apluviometerandcollectwaterfallingfromtheskyadoptingallnecessaryerror modelingandstatisticaltechniquestomakethebestoutofthemeasurement?The answerisnegative.Wehavealongwaytocorrectlyestimatehowmuchwateris availablefromprecipitationandtodescribeitsspatialdistributionandperiodic cycles.Thisiswhyweneeda“precipitationscience,”andthisisthemainreason ofthisbook.
Firstofall,whenweusetheterm“precipitation,”weoftendonotrealizethat itmeansnotjustrain.Precipitationmeanswaterfallingfromprecipitatingclouds inallforms:rain,drizzle,snow,sleet,graupel,andhail.Itisthusaverydifficult tasktoquantifyhowmuchofthiswaterreallyfallsonacertainarea.Theopen issuesaremany,andthescientificcommunityisstrivingtoprovideanswersthat meettherequirementsforavarietyofapplicationsandspecificuses.
Howrepresentativeisameasurementintimeandspace?Apluviometermeasuresraininstantaneouslyor,better,integratingitsamountoveralimitedamount oftime,anditsmeasurementsneedtobeintegratedovermediumtolongtime spans:thiscreatesobviousproblems.Moreover,measurementsfromapluviometerarerepresentativeofarathersmallareaaroundtheinstrument,andthus interpolationtechniquesplayaroleincreatingdatasetsovervastareas:once againerrorsareintroduced.Remotesensingtechnologyeitherfromtheground (radars)orfromspace(microwaveradiometersandradars)hasconsiderably evolvedoverthepastdecades,andglobaldatasetsareavailableforovermore than40years.
Afurtherexampleofhowwefallshortofbeingsatisfiedofourprecipitation measurementsissnowfall.Ifwehavedifficultiesincorrectlyquantifyingrainfall, canyouimaginehowdifficultitistomeasuresnowfall?Undercatchisacommon issue,butalsosnowresuspensionanddriftposesconsiderablechallenges.Once again,remotesensingisapossiblesolutionalthoughwithseverallimitations.
So,wherearewestandinginPrecipitationScience?Whatkindofscientific topicsdoweneedtoaddress?Theanswerisverymucharticulated,andthisbook providessomeoftheanswersifyou,thereader,willhavethecuriosityofgoing throughitschapters.
Certainly,themosturgentproblemistocorrectlyquantifytheuncertaintiesin precipitationdata,beforethinkingaboutusingthemdirectlyorthroughtheir assimilationinmodels.Uncertaintyisnotdefinedonceandforall,asitderives frommanysources,anditalsodependsonthemeasurementmedium,theretrieval process,theaccumulationprocedure,andthephenomenononewantstodescribe. Forexample,aquestionwouldbeasfollows:Howgoodarepresentdatasetsat describingextremes?Whatisanextreme?Normallybyextremeprecipitation,we meaneventsthatarecharacterizedbylongreturntimes.Aredatasetsadequatefor describingthem?Notalways,becausedependingontheaccumulationtechnique orthehomogenizationofthedata,extremesmaybecutoutortheymaynotbe presentinthedatabecausetheyaresubgridphenomena.Precipitationscienceis tryinghardtosolvesuchproblems.
Atthesametime,wemustrealizethatourprecipitationmodelsstillpoorly containalltheneededmicrophysics.Meltingisnotcompletelyincluded,icingis oftenincompletelyparameterized,sizedistributionsarenotalwayscatchingthe essenceofthedroppopulations,justtolistsomeofthemostimportantopen issues.Thisclearlyreflectsontheretrievalalgorithmsfortheremotesensingof precipitation.Infact,oneofthemostdifficultprocessestodescribeisthescatteringofradiationfromdropsandcrystalsinclouds.Fromacorrectscattering model,wederivereasonableprecipitationamountsbecausewedescribetheformationofhydrometeorsintherightway.
Finally,howaboutassimilatingprecipitationinnumericalweatherprediction models?Thisisbecomingoneofthemostimportantchaptersnowadaysafterdecadesspentonassimilatingjustradiancesfromsatellitesensors.Problemsare numerous,butthechallengeiscertainlyworthtaking.Moreover,usingprecipitationdatafortheverificationofregionalclimatemodelsisonemoreupcoming chaptertobewritten.
Inotherwords,PrecipitationScienceisverylively,andthisbookrepresentsa furthercontributiontounveilsomeofthemysteriesofcloudsandprecipitation. Thespecialistswhowrotevariouschaptersareatworktoadvanceourknowledge inthiscrucialfieldandtomakesurethatthisknowledgeisappliedinavarietyof differentfields.
VincenzoLevizzani
NationalCouncilofResearchofItaly,Instituteof AtmosphericSciencesandClimate(CNR-ISAC),Bologna,Italy
Preface
Thisbookentitled PrecipitationScience—Measurement,RemoteSensing, Microphysics,andModeling aspirestoassembleandpresentastate-of-the-art treatiseonprecipitationwhichisunquestionablyavitalsourceoffreshwater. Thisbookisprimarilyaddressedtothosewhoareinvolvedinprecipitation researchbutalsotothosewhoseresearchinterestsfallwithinthewiderareaof AtmosphericSciencesthatencompassthisextremelyimportantweatherphenomenon.Inaddition,thisbookaimsatthosescientistsfromotherdisciplineswho wishtohaveanup-to-datecomprehensiveunderstandingofthemultifacetedcharacterofprecipitation.Moreover,newcomersinthefieldwillfindthebookquite informative,asitcoversawidespectrumofprecipitationknowledge.
Indeed,asitssubtitlesuggests,thebookencompassesfourchiefareasof PrecipitationScience,namely,the Measurement,RemoteSensing,Microphysics, andModeling.Thevolumeconsistsof25chapters.Fortheeaseofreference,the chapterselaboratingvariousaspectsofthefieldareseparatedintofoursections, eachdevotedtooneofthefourconstituentthematicpartsofthesubtitle. Apparently,therecanbenostrictcategorizationofallthechapters,andtheseparationofthemintofoursectionsisbynomeansexclusive,assomeoftheindividualchaptersmaytouchupontwoormoreofthesesections.Ontheonehand,in theassignmentofwritingtaskstothelargenumberofauthorsinvolvedinthe structuringofthechapters,everyefforthasbeenmadetoavoidoverlappingof thematerialcovered,asmuchaspossible.Ontheotherhand,complementary writingofthechapterswasencouraged.
Underthe Measurement thematicsection,fourchaptersonprecipitation recordingandmethodologiesforqualitycontrolandverificationarepresented.In the RemoteSensing section,tenchapterswithemphasisonsatelliteprecipitation monitoringandsatellite-relatedprecipitationrecordsarepresented.The Microphysics sectioniscoveredbyfivechapters,focusingoniceparticles,raindropsizedistribution,atmosphericmoisture,andcloudprocesses.Thesection devotedto Modeling featuressixchaptersonquantitativeprecipitationforecasting,andonradarandlightningdataassimilationinnumericalmodels.
Inanefforttocompileavolumewithastate-of-the-artcoverageofthemost importantaspectsofPrecipitationScience,thebookrepresentsthecollaborative outcomeoftheworkperformedby95renownedscientistswhohaveinsightfully contributedtoitwiththeirknowledge,expertise,andresearchfindings.Also,itis worthmentioningthatinthisbookarangeofspatialscalesarecovered,ranging fromlocalandregionaltoglobal,reflectingupontherespectivespatialdimensionsofinterestinPrecipitationScience.Itrustthatthereadersofthisbookwill appreciateitasausefulresourceofinformationonprecipitationandthatit willpromotefurthercreativeexplorationofthevariousscientificfacetsof PrecipitationScience.
Ifeeltheneedtoaddthatthebookwaswritten,compiled,andpublishedduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Thisadversesituationmadetheendeavorofcompletingthevarioustaskswithintheoriginaltimescheduleparticularlyhardfor someofthecontributorswhohavebeenimpactedinvariousways.AstheEditor ofthisbook,coordinatingtheworkundertheseconditionswassometimesdifficult;however,thecompletionofthebookwithonlysmalldeviationsfromthe originalplaniscreditedtothestrongcommitmentofallthecontributingindividuals.Closelycollaboratingwithanoutstandinggroupofesteemedcolleagues frommanydifferentpartsoftheworldmademyworkachallengingbutenjoyableexperience.
AstheEditorofthisbook,Iwishtoexpressmygratitudetoallthecontributingauthorswhohaveacceptedtheinvitationtosharetheirscientificexpertise withthewidercommunity.Itrustthatwiththeirfocusedcontributions,individual authorsandgroupsofcollaboratingauthorsmakethisbookanimportantcollectionofchapters,coveringawidespectrumofprecipitation-relatedaspects.Ialso wishtoexpressmythankstothestaffofElsevierthatprovidedtherequirededitorialsupportduringthecompilationofthisvolume.
ClimateandAtmosphereResearchCenter(CARE-C), TheCyprusInstitute,Nicosia,Cyprus
SilasMichaelides
Relatedtitles bySilasMichaelides
SilasMichaelides
ClimateandAtmosphereResearchCenter(CARE-C), TheCyprusInstitute,Nicosia,Cyprus
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Michaelides,S.C.,Savvidou,K.,Nicolaides,K.A.,Orphanou,A.,Photiou,G.,& Kannaouros,C.(2008).Synoptic,thermodynamicandagroeconomicaspectsofsevere haileventsinCyprus. NaturalHazardsandEarthSystemScience, 8(3),461 471. Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-461-2008
Michaelides,S.,Savvidou,K.,&Nicolaides,K.(2010).Relationshipsbetweenlightning andrainfallintensitiesduringrainyeventsinCyprus. AdvancesinGeosciences, 23, 87 92.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-87-2010
Michaelides,S.,Levizzani,V.,Anagnostou,E.,Bauer,P.,Kasparis,T.,&Lane,J.E. (2009).Precipitation:Measurement,remotesensing,climatologyandmodeling. AtmosphericResearch, 94(4),512 533.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.1016/j. atmosres.2009.08.017
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Michaelides.(2008). Precipitation:Advancesinmeasurement,estimationandprediction. Springer-Verlagp.XXX,540pp.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-54077655-0.
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Michaelides,S.C.,Savvidou,K.,Nicolaides,K.A.,&Charalambous,M.(2009).Insearch forrelationshipsbetweenlightningandrainfallwitharectangulargrid-boxmethodology. AdvancesinGeosciences, 20,51 56.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/ adgeo-20-51-2009
Michaelides,S.,Karacostas,T.,Sa ´ nchez,J.L.,Retalis,A.,Pytharoulis,I.,Homar,V., Romero,R.,Zanis,P.,Giannakopoulos,C.,Bu ¨ hl,J.,Ansmann,A.,Merino,A., Melco ´ n,P.,Lagouvardos,K.,Kotroni,V.,Bruggeman,A.,Lo ´ pez-Moreno,J.I., Berthet,C.,Katragkou,E.,etal.(2018).Reviewsandperspectivesofhighimpact atmosphericprocessesintheMediterranean. AtmosphericResearch, 208,4 44. Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.11.022.
Morsy,M.,Scholten,T.,Michaelides,S.,Borg,E.,Sherief,Y.,&Dietrich,P.(2021). ComparativeanalysisofTMPAandIMERGprecipitationdatasetsinthearidenvironmentofEl-Qaaplain,Sinai. RemoteSensing, 13(4),1 19.Availablefrom https://doi. org/10.3390/rs13040588.
Nicolaides,K.A.,Michaelides,S.C.,Savvidou,K.,Orphanou,A.,Constantinides,P., Charalambous,M.,&Michaelides,M.(2008).CasestudiesofselectedProject“Flash” events. AdvancesinGeosciences, 17,93 98.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/ adgeo-17-93-2009.
Nicolaides,K.A.,Photiou,G.,Savvidou,K.,Orphanou,A.,Michaelides,S.C., Karakostas,T.S.,Charalambous,D.,&Kannaouros,C.(2008).Theimpactofhail stormsontheagriculturaleconomyofCyprusandtheircharacteristics. Advancesin Geosciences, 17,99 103.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-99-2009
Nicolaides,K.A.,Photiou,G.,Savvidou,K.,Orphanou,A.,Michaelides,S.C., Karakostas,T.S.,Charalambous,D.,&Kannaouros,C.(2008).Theimpactofhail stormsontheagriculturaleconomyofCyprusandtheircharacteristics. Advancesin Geosciences, 17,99 103.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-99-2009
Orphanou,A.,Nicolaides,K.,Charalambous,D.,Lingis,P.,&Michaelides,S.C.(2010). Tropopauseandjetletcharacteristicsinrelationtothunderstormdevelopmentover Cyprus. AdvancesinGeosciences, 23,113 117.Availablefrom https://doi.org/ 10.5194/adgeo-23-113-2010
Panagos,P.,Borrelli,P.,Spinoni,J.,Ballabio,C.,Meusburger,K.,Beguerı´a,S.,Klik,A., Michaelides,S.,Petan,S.,Hrabalı´kova ´ ,M.,Olsen,P.,Aalto,J.,Lakatos,M., Rymszewicz,A.,Dumitrescu,A.,Tadi ´ c,M.P.,Diodato,N.,Kostalova,J.,Rousseva, S.,etal.(2016).Monthlyrainfallerosivity:Conversionfactorsfordifferenttimeresolutionsandregionalassessments. Water, 8(4),119.Availablefrom https://doi.org/ 10.3390/w8040119.
Panagos,P.,Ballabio,C.,Borrelli,P.,Meusburger,K.,Klik,A.,Rousseva,S.,Tadi ´ c, M.P.,Michaelides,S.,Hrabalı´kova ´ ,M.,Olsen,P.,Aalto,J.,Lakatos,M.,Rymszewicz, A.,Dumitrescu,A.,Beguerı´a,S.,&Alewell,C.(2015).RainfallerosivityinEurope. ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment, 511,801 814.Availablefrom https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.008
Panagos,P.,Ballabio,C.,Borrelli,P.,Meusburger,K.,Klik,A.,Rousseva,S.,Tadi ´ c, M.P.,Michaelides,S.,Hrabalı´kova ´ ,M.,Olsen,P.,Aalto,J.,Lakatos,M.,Rymszewicz, A.,Dumitrescu,A.,Beguerı´a,S.,&Alewell,C.(2015).Replytothecommenton “RainfallerosivityinEurope”byAuerswaldetal. ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment, 532,853 857.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.020
Papadavid,G.C.,Agapiou,A.,Michaelides,S.,&Hadjimitsis,D.G.(2009).Theintegrationofremotesensingandmeteorologicaldataformonitoringirrigationdemandin
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Papadavid,G.,Hadjimitsis,D.G.,Perdikou,S.,Michaelides,S.,Toulios,L.,&Seraphides, N.(2011).Useoffieldspectroscopyforexploringtheimpactofatmosphericeffectson landsat5TM/7ETM 1 satelliteimagesintendedforhydrologicalpurposesinCyprus. GIScience&RemoteSensing, 48(2),280 298.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.2747/ 1548-1603.48.2.280.
Pashiardis,S.,&Michaelides,S.(2008).Regionaldroughtassessmentbasedonthestandardizedprecipitationindex(SPI)andthereconnaissancedroughtindex(RDI):Acase studyforCyprus. EuropeanWater, 23/24,57 65.Availablefrom https://www.ewra. net/ew/pdf/EW_2008_23-24_05.pdf
Price,C.,Yair,Y.,Mugnai,A.,Lagouvardos,K.,Llasat,M.C.,Michaelides,S.,Dayan, U.,Dietrich,S.,Galanti,E.,Garrote,L.,Harats,N.,Katsanos,D.,Kohn,M.,Kotroni, V.,Llasat-Botija,M.,Lynn,B.,Mediero,L.,Morin,E.,Nicolaides,K.,etal.(2011). TheFLASHProject:Usinglightningdatatobetterunderstandandpredictflashfloods. EnvironmentalScienceandPolicy, 14(7),898 911.Availablefrom https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.envsci.2011.03.004
Price,C.,Yair,Y.,Mugnai,A.,Lagouvardos,K.,Llasat,M.C.,Michaelides,S.,Dayan, U.,Dietrich,S.,DiPaola,F.D.,Galanti,E.,Garrote,L.,Harats,N.,Katsanos,D., Kohn,M.,Kotroni,V.,Llasat-Botija,M.,Lynn,B.,Mediero,L.,Morin,E.,etal. (2011).Usinglightningdatatobetterunderstandandpredictflashfloodsinthe Mediterranean. SurveysinGeophysics, 32(6),733 751.Availablefrom https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10712-011-9146-y.
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Rossa,A.,Bruen,M.,Fruhwald,D.,McPherson,B.,Holleman,I.,Michelson,D.,& Michaelides,S.(2006).UseofradarobservationsinhydrologicalandNWPmodels. Finalreport.VIII,286pp.Availablefrom:PublicationOfficeoftheEuropeanUnion. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/32a66ae5-c273-4909-a0a46cbc1933b936/language-en/format-PDF/source-search#document-info
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Savvidou,K.,Lagouvardos,K.,Michaelides,S.,Kotroni,V.,&Constantinides,P.(2010). VerificationoftheBOLAMweatherpredictionmodelovertheareaofCyprus. AdvancesinGeosciences, 23,93 100.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo23-93-2010
Savvidou,K.,Michaelides,S.C.,Orphanou,A.,Constantinides,P.,Schulz,J.P.,Voigt, U.,&Savvides,M.(2007).VerificationofprecipitationforecastsbytheDWDlimited areamodelLMEoverCyprus. AdvancesinGeosciences, 10,133 138.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-10-133-2007
Savvidou,K.,Orphanou,A.,Charalambous,D.,Lingis,P.,&Michaelides,S.(2010).A statisticalanalysisofsoundingderivedindicesandparametersforextremeandnonextremethunderstormeventsoverCyprus. AdvancesinGeosciences, 23,79 85. Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-79-2010
Savvidou,K.,Nicolaides,K.A.,Michaelides,S.C.,Orphanou,A.,Charalambous,M.,& Adamou,S.(2008).AstudyofthefloodeventsinCyprus. AdvancesinScienceand Research, 2(1),127 131.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-2-127-2008
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Tartaglione,N.,Mariani,S.,Casaioli,M.,Accadia,C.,Federico,S.,&Michaelides,S.C. (2008).Searchingforsystematiclocationerrorsofquantitativeprecipitationforecasts overtheCalabriaregion. MeteorologicalApplications, 15(1),85 95.Availablefrom https://doi.org/10.1002/met.55
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Credits
Creditsforthefourphotographsusedinthedesignofthecoveraregiventothe following:
Thephotographdepictingthedeploymentof ahydrophonesystemintheAegeanSeawasprovidedbyDr.MariosAnagnostou;itwasattached tooneofthePoseidonIIprojectbuoysofthe HellenicCentreofMarineResearch.
Dr.LucaLanzaprovidedthephotographof theWMO/CIMOfield intercomparisonexperimentofrainfallintensity gaugesinVignadiValle, Rome,Italy;itwastaken byDr.EmanueleVuerich.
Thephotographoftheweather radaratLarnacathatisoperated bytheCyprusDepartmentof MeteorologywasprovidedbyDr. FilipposTymvios;itwastakenby Mr.VasilisAlivizatos.
Theimagedepicting theGPMCoreObservatory inspaceisdisplayedby courtesyofNASA.
ClimateandAtmosphereResearchCenter(CARE-C), TheCyprusInstitute,Nicosia,Cyprus
SilasMichaelides
