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PennCentral TransportationCo.v.CityofNew York

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonPhysical OccupationasAPer SeTaking

Moreon“Facial”and“As-Applied”TakingsChallenges

[c] Unconstitutional Conditions: TheNexusandRoughProportionalityTests

[1] The“Nexus”Test

Nollanv.CaliforniaCoastal Commission

NotesandQuestions

[2] The“RoughProportionality”Test

Dolanv.CityofTigard

NotesandQuestions

[3] Removal ofthe“SubstantiallyAdvances”TestFromTakingsJurisprudence

Linglev.ChevronU.S.A.Inc.

NotesandQuestions

[4] Applying Nollan and Dolan

Koontzv.St.JohnsRiver Water ManagementDistrict

NotesandQuestions

[3] First English: TheInverseCondemnationRemedy

FirstEnglishEvangelical LutheranChurchofGlendalev.CountyofLosAngeles

NotesandQuestions

[4] The Lucas Case: APer SeTakingsRule

Lucasv.SouthCarolinaCoastal Council

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonhow TheCourtshaveDrawnTheTeethofThe Lucas Decision

[5] Penn Central Vindicated [xii/xiii]

Tahoe-SierraPreservationCouncil,Inc.v.TahoeRegional PlanningAgency,Inc.

NotesandQuestions

[6] Federal TakingsExecutiveOrdersandFederal andStateTakingsLegislation

ANoteonTheTakingsClauseLiterature

C.SubstantiveDueProcessLimitationsUnder TheFederal Constitution

GeorgeWashingtonUniversityv.DistrictOfColumbia

NotesandQuestions

D.Equal ProtectionLimitationsUnder TheFederal Constitution

VillageofWillowbrookv.Olech

NotesandQuestions

E.Federal Remediesfor Constitutional Violations

[1] ReliefUnder Section1983oftheFederal Civil RightsAct

[a] TheScopeofSection1983

[b] CustomandPolicy

[c] Procedural DueProcessAction

[d] StateTortLiabilityAnalogy

[e] ImmunityfromSection1983Liability

[f] DamagesandAttorney’sFees

Problem

[2] BarrierstoJudicial Relief: Ripeness

WilliamsonCountyRegional PlanningCommissionv.HamiltonBankofJohnsonCity

NotesandQuestions

[3] BarrierstoJudicial Relief: Abstention

Problem

Chapter 3Control ofLandUsebyZoning

A.TheHistoryandStructureofTheZoningSystem

[1] SomeHistory

[2] ZoningEnablingLegislation

AStandardStateZoningEnablingAct [xiii/xiv]

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonContemporaryApproachestoZoningEnablingLegislation

General LawsofRhodeIslandTitle45

NotesandQuestions

[3] TheZoningOrdinance

NotesandQuestions

Problem

B.ZoningLitigationinStateCourts

Problem

[1] Standing

Center BayGardens,Llcv.CityofTempeCityCouncil

NotesandQuestions

[2] ExhaustionofRemedies

BenLomond,Inc.v.MunicipalityofAnchorage

NotesandQuestions

[3] SecuringJudicial Review

Copplev.CityofLincoln

NotesandQuestions

[4] RemediesinLandUseCases

[a] FormsofRemedy

[b] SpecificRelief

CityofRichmondv.Randall

NotesandQuestions

Problem

C.Judicial Review ofZoningDisputes

APreliminaryNoteonJudicial Review

Krausev.CityofRoyal Oak

NotesandQuestions

D.RecurringIssuesinZoningLaw

[1] DensityandIntensityofUse

[a] DensityRestrictions: LargeLotZoning

Johnsonv.TownofEdgartown

[xiv/xv]

NotesandQuestions

[b] DensityRestrictions: Agricultural Zoning

Gardner v.New JerseyPinelandsCommission

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonTheTransfer ofDevelopmentRightsasaTechniquefor ProtectingAgricultural and Natural ResourceAreas

NotesandQuestions

[c] SiteDevelopmentRequirementsasaFormofControl

NotesandQuestions

[2] Residential Districts

[a] SeparationofSingle-FamilyandMultifamilyUses

[b] Single-FamilyResidential Use: TheNon-Traditional “Family”

VillageofBelleTerrev.Boraas

Note

CityofCleburnev.CleburneLivingCenter

NotesandQuestions

Problem

ANoteonFamilyZoninginTheStateCourts

ANoteonAlternativestoSingle-FamilyZoning

[c] ManufacturedHousing

Problem

ANoteonHomeOccupations

[3] Commercial andIndustrial Uses

[a] IntheZoningOrdinance

BPAmerica,Inc.v.Council ofTheCityofAvon

NotesandQuestions

LoretoDevelopmentCo.,Inc.v.VillageofChardon

NotesandQuestions

ANoteon“BigBox”Retail Zoning

ANoteonIncentiveZoningandSpecial DistrictsinDowntownandCommercial Areas

[b] Control ofCompetitionasaZoningPurpose [xv/xvi] Hernandezv.CityofHanford

NotesandQuestions

Problem

[c] AntitrustProblems

NotesandQuestions

[4] DistrictingandNonconformingUses

ANoteontheHistoryofNon-ConformingUses

Conforti v.CityofManchester

NotesandQuestions

CityofLosAngelesv.Gage

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonAlternateStrategiesfor EliminatingNonconformingUses

[5] UsesEntitledtoSpecial Protection

[a] FreeSpeech-ProtectedUses: AdultBusinesses

CityofRentonv.PlaytimeTheatres,Inc.

NotesandQuestions

[b] ReligiousUses

ChabadLubavitchofLitchfieldCountyv.BoroughofLitchfield

Background

Discussion

Conclusion

NotesandQuestions

MoreNotesonAdditional IssuesUnder Rluipa

E.Mixed-UseZoning,Form-BasedZoning,andTransit-OrientedDevelopment

[1] Mixed-UseDevelopment

[2] Transit-OrientedDevelopment

[3] New Urbanism,Neotraditional Development,Form-Based(andSmart) Codes

NotesandQuestions

Chapter 4Natural ResourcesandEnvironmental Protection

NotesandQuestions [xvi/xvii]

A.Wetlands

[1] WetlandRegulations

[2] TakingsandOther Issues

NotesandQuestions

B.Floodplains

[1] RegulationofFloodplains

[2] TakingsandOther Issues

ANoteonOverlayZones

C.Hazards

D.Groundwater andSurfaceWater ResourceProtection

[1] Regulation

[2] TakingsandOther Issues

E.ProtectingHillsides

[1] Regulationsfor HillsideProtection

[2] TakingsandOther Issues

F.Coastal ZoneManagement

NotesandQuestions

G.Sustainability

ANoteonLandUsePlanningandSustainability

H.ClimateChange

SurveyofClimateChangeInitiatives

I.AlternativeEnergy

[1] Fracking

RobinsonTownship,WashingtonCounty.v.Pennsylvania

NotesandQuestions

[2] SustainableEnergy(Wind,Solar)

Muscarellov.WinnebagoCountyBoard

NotesandQuestions

J.PreservingAgricultural Land

NotesandQuestions

Programsfor thePreservationofAgricultural Land

Cordes, Takings, Fairness and Farmland Preservation

[xvii/xviii]

BuildingIndustryAss’nofCentral Californiav.CountyofStanislaus

Background

Discussion

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonTheIndustrializationandEnvironmental ImpactsofAgriculture

Chapter 5EquityIssuesinLandUse: “ExclusionaryZoning”andFair Housing

A.ExclusionaryZoningAndAffordableHousing: StateLaw

[1] TheProblem

SouthernBurlingtonCountyNaacpv.TownshipofMountLaurel (I)

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonZoning,RegulationandMarkets

[2] RedressingExclusionaryZoning: DifferentApproaches SouthernBurlingtonCountyNaacpv.TownshipofMountLaurel (II)

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonPolicyandPlanningIssues

ANoteonExclusionaryZoningDecisionsinother States

[3] AffordableHousingLegislation

[a] DecisionMakingStructures

ANoteonStateandLocal ApproachestoPlanningfor AffordableHousingNeeds

[i] “TopDown”: TheNew JerseyFair HousingAct

ANoteonRecent Mount Laurel Developments

[ii] “BottomUp”: TheCaliforniaHousingElementRequirement

[iii] HousingAppealsBoards

[iv] ApproachesinNew Hampshire,New York,RhodeIsland,andNorthCarolina

[b] Techniquesfor ProducingAffordableHousing

[i] InclusionaryZoning

[xviii/xix]

ANoteonInclusionaryZoningandRegulatoryTakings

[ii] Fundingmechanisms

[iii] Other tools

B.DiscriminatoryZoningUnder Federal Law

[1] TheProblem

[2] Federal “Standing”Rules

[3] TheFederal CourtFocusonRacial Discrimination

[a] TheConstitution

VillageofArlingtonHeightsv.MetropolitanHousingDevelopmentCorp.

NotesandQuestions

[b] Fair HousingLegislation HuntingtonBranch,Naacpv.TownofHuntington

NotesandQuestions

C.DiscriminationAgainstGroupHomesfor TheHandicapped Larkinv.StateofMichiganDepartmentofSocial Services

NotesandQuestions

Chapter 6TheZoningProcess: EuclideanZoningGivesWaytoFlexibleZoning

A.TheRoleofZoningChange

Mandelker, Delegation of Power and Function in Zoning Administration

NotesandQuestions

ProceedingsBeforethePlanningandZoningBoardoftheCityofSanCibola

NotesandQuestions

Problem

B.MoratoriaAndInterimControlsonDevelopment

NotesandQuestions

Ecogen,Llcv.TownofItaly

Background

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonStatutesAuthorizingMoratoriaandInterimZoning [xix/xx]

C.TheZoningVariance

Puritan-GreenfieldImprovementAssociationv.Leo

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonAreaor Dimensional Variances

Ziervogel v.WashingtonCountyBoardofAdjustment

NotesandQuestions

D.TheSpecial Exception,Special UsePermit,or Conditional Use

FairfaxCountyv.SouthlandCorp.

NotesandQuestions

CrookedCreekConservationandGunClub,Inc.v.HamiltonCountyNorthBoardofZoningAppeals

NotesandQuestions

E.TheZoningAmendment

[1] Estoppel andVestedRights

WesternLandEquities,Inc.v.CityofLogan

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonDevelopmentAgreements

NotesandQuestions

[2] “Spot”Zoning

Kuehnev.TownofEastHartford

NotesandQuestions

[3] Quasi-Judicial VersusLegislativeRezoning

BoardofCountyCommissionersofBrevardCountyv.Snyder

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonStateLaw Procedural DueProcessinLandUseDecisions

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonBriberyandCorruptioninZoning

[4] Downzoning

Stonev.CityofWilton

NotesandQuestions

F.Other FormsofFlexibleZoning

[1] WithPre-SetStandards: TheFloatingZone

NotesandQuestions

[2] WithoutPre-SetStandards: ContractandConditional Zoning

Collardv.IncorporatedVillageofFlower Hill

NotesandQuestions

G.SitePlanReview

CharismaHoldingCorp.v.ZoningBoardofAppealsofTheTownofLewisboro

NotesandQuestions

H.TheRoleofTheComprehensivePlaninTheZoningProcess

NotesandQuestions

Hainesv.CityofPhoenix

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonSimplifyingandCoordinatingTheDecisionMakingProcess

ANoteonAlternativeDisputeResolution

I.InitiativeandReferendum

TownshipofSpartav.Spillane

NotesandQuestions

CityofEastlakev.ForestCityEnterprises,Inc.

NotesandQuestions

J.StrategicLawsuitsAgainstPublicParticipation(SlappSuits)

Tri-CountyConcreteCompanyv.Uffman-Kirsch

NotesandQuestions

Chapter 7SubdivisionControlsandPlannedUnitDevelopments Problem

A.SubdivisionControls

[1] InGeneral

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonSubdivisionCovenantsandOther PrivateControl Devices

[2] TheSubdivisionReview Process

Meck,Wack&Zimet, Zoning and Subdivision Regulation, in thePracticeofLocal Government Planning

NotesandQuestions

[3] TheScopeofSubdivisionControl

Garipayv.TownofHanover

NotesandQuestions

Baker v.PlanningBoard

NotesandQuestions

B.Exactions: DedicationsandImpactFees

ANoteonThePriceEffectsofExactions: WhoPays?

[1] ExactionsandtheTakingsClause

[2] Dolan Revisited

[a] DedicationsofLand

Sparksv.DouglasCounty

QuestionPresented

Discussion

The Dolan TestofConstitutionality

RoughProportionality

NotesandQuestions

[b] ImpactFees

HomeBuildersAss’nofDayton&TheMiami Valleyv.Beavercreek

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonStatutoryAuthorityfor Dedications,In-LieuFeesandImpactFees

C.PlannedUnitDevelopments(Puds) andPlannedCommunities

Planned Unit Development as a Zoning Concept, in D.Mandelker,PlannedUnitDevelopments

SomeHistory

WhatPudisToday

FittingPudintotheSurroundingCommunity

TheRoleoftheComprehensivePlan

NotesandQuestions

Map1.AComponentsofaPlannedCommunity

Cheneyv.Village2atNew Hope,Inc.

NotesandQuestions

AdoptingPudZones

Sinkler v.CountyofCharleston

OnWritofCertiorari totheCourtofAppeals

I.Facts

A.BackgroundofDispute

B.CircuitCourt’sRuling

C.Review bytheCourtofAppeals

II.Law/Analysis

III.Conclusion

NotesandQuestions

Problem

Chapter 8RegulatingGrowth: State,Local andRegional Strategies

A.AnIntroduction

NotesandQuestions

Problem

B.Local Programs

[1] QuotaPrograms

[a] How TheseProgramsWork

[b] TakingsandOther Constitutional Issues

NotesandQuestions

[xxii/xxiii]

Zuckermanv.TownofHadley

Background

Discussion

NotesandQuestions

[2] PhasedGrowthPrograms

Goldenv.RamapoPlanningBoard

NotesandQuestions

[3] AdequatePublicFacilityOrdinancesandConcurrencyRequirements

NotesandQuestions

[xxiii/xxiv]

Maryland-National Capital ParkandPlanningCommissionv.Rosenberg

NotesandQuestions

Concurrency Problem

[4] Tier SystemsandUrbanServiceAreas

[5] LeedNd

Note

C.StatePrograms

[1] Oregon: UrbanGrowthBoundaries

NotesandQuestions

Hildebrandv.CityofAdair Village

NotesandQuestions

[2] GrowthManagementProgramsinOther States

Washington Vermont Hawaii

D.AnEvaluationofGrowthManagementPrograms

E.ControllingGrowththroughPublicServicesandFacilities

[1] LimitingtheAvailabilityofPublicServices

DatelineBuilders,Inc.v.CityofSantaRosa

NotesandQuestions

[2] Corridor Preservation

NotesandQuestions

Chapter 9Aesthetics: DesignReview,SignRegulationandHistoricPreservation

A.AestheticsasaRegulatoryPurpose

NotesandQuestions

B.Outdoor AdvertisingRegulation

Problem

[1] IntheStateCourts

Metromedia,Inc.v.CityofSanDiego

[xxiv/xxv]

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonTheFederal HighwayBeautificationAct

[2] FreeSpeechIssues

Metromedia,Inc.v.CityofSanDiego

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonFreeSpeechProblemswithother TypesofSignRegulations

C.UrbanDesign

[1] AppearanceCodes

StateExRel.Stoyanoffv.Berkeley

NotesandQuestions

[2] DesignReview

InRePierceSubdivisionApplication

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonDesignGuidelinesandManuals

[3] UrbanDesignPlans

ANoteonview Protection

D.HistoricPreservation

NotesandQuestions

[1] HistoricDistricts

Figarskyv.HistoricDistrictCommission

NotesandQuestions

[2] HistoricLandmarks

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonFederal HistoricPreservationPrograms

[3] Transfer ofDevelopmentRightsasaHistoricPreservationTechnique

NotesandQuestions

ANoteonMakingTDRWork

Table of Cases

Subject Index

DEDICATION

For EdSullivan D.R.M.

For Paul,Reagan,Hannahandmylateparents (AllenS.Brown,Jr.andValerieJ.Brown) C.N.B.

For KathyandLindsay S.M.

For Anastasia D.H.M.

For Barbara P.W.S.

For myfamily N.E.S.

For myfamily J.A.T.

PREFACE

ThisNinthEditionisevolutionaryandrevolutionary.

Itevolves fromtheFirstEditionofthecasebookin1979,broughttous byProfessor Daniel R. Mandelker, and will be familiar territory to casebook wayfinders who have traversed the Eighth Edition. This one, as is to be expected with any new edition, updates references extensively throughoutand replaces some principal cases withnewer and more relevantrecentdecisions. We are the same co-authors who wrote the prior edition and have enjoyed continuing to work together. The casebookis better for our collective,institutional memoryandcooperative co-authorship.We like the workandare pleasedtobuildfurther fromthe solidfoundationofnearlyfour decades ofscholarship. Thatisevolution.

This edition revolutionizes, in one small way and in one large way, the land use law casebook. Youwill not see anyother like this one. First, the emergence of sustainabilityas a central theme in land use planning and regulation deserves our close attention. Sustainability cuts across virtually all aspects of land use planning and regulation and therefore rather than publish a new casebook on sustainability or try to address all of it a separate chapter, we have chosen to embed recentdevelopments insustainabilitythroughoutour casebookandtodenote wherewe have done that witha symbol inthe margin. This is the bestwayto presentthe material and to make the approachto ittrulycomprehensive,asitisinthelaw andthepractice.

The second change is something so far as we know no one else has ever done with a casebook. It will connect youfromthe printed page to the vast resources of the worldwide web. We have added or updated over 800 Uniform Resource Locators (URL) with Quick Response Codes (QRC) that look like this http://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/home.page. First, we took overly-long URLs and converted them to short ones so that they could be typed in easily. Then we created

individual QRCsfor all thoseURLsofspecial interesttoteachersandstudents.

Applicationsoftware for QRC code readers is free online for smartphones and scanners. To access these supplemental materials, you can either type in the short URLor scan the QRC and you will be takendirectlyto the website. Withthe QRCs youdo nothave to be online ata computer;you could be sitting outside enjoying the afternoon, reading our casebook, thinking about the issues, and have a desire to learnmore. Youmerelyneed to pickup your smartphone, openthe app, point, click, andbetakendirectlytothesource.

Itwasalotofwork,butwebelieveyouwill appreciateit.

[xxviii/xxix]

Weareexcitedaboutfacilitatingaccess tothesehundreds ofportals totheworldwidewebfor teachersandstudentstopursuetheir studyfurther.Wewelcomeyour comments onour useofQRCs in thisway.

Also, please visit our website, http://landuselaw.wustl.eduwhere youwill find all manner of materials, especiallyvisual resources, whichis so helpful inthis area ofpractice. For professors, as before,aTeacher’sManual isavailable.

The Editors wish to acknowledge assistance in preparing this edition provided by Samantha Caluori,J.D.Candidate,SaintLouisUniversity(2016) andStevenPayne,J.D.,SaintLouisUniversity (2014).

Our editor atLexisNexis, Cristina Gegenschatz, has beenextraordinarilyhelpful inkeepingus movingalongwithasmuchalacrityascanbehadwithsevenbusyco-authors.

Daniel R. Mandelker

Carol Necole Brown

Stuart Meck

Dwight H. Merriam

Peter W Salsich, Jr

Nancy E. Stroud

Julie A. Tappendorf

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from Hank Dittmar, Driving GrowthThroughTransit-Oriented Development, p. 4, fromPlanningPractice, copyrightAugust2004 byTheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from E. Kelly, Planning, Growth, and Public Facilities: APrimer for Local Officials, PlanningAdvisoryServices ReportNo. 447(1993).Copyright1993bytheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from Garvin and Leitner, Drafting Interim Development Ordinances: Creating Time to Plan, 48 Land Use Law & Zoning Digest,No.6(1996).

The American Planning Association, and Taylor & Francis Group, www.informaworld.com, for permissiontoreprintfromTarlock,EuclidRevisited,34LandUseLaw &ZoningDigest,No.1at 4,6–8(1982).

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from Daniel Mandelker, Planned Unit Developments, Planning Advisory Service Report No. 545 (2007). Copyright 2007 by TheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from Michael J. Meshenberg, The Language of Zoning,PlanningAdvisoryServices ReportNo.322,Figures 17Aand17B,pp26–27.Chicago: AmericanPlanningAssociation.Copyright1976.

The American Planning Association, for permission to reprint from Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook (Phases I & II Interim Edition, 1998). Copyright 1998 by The American Planning Association. Reprinted with permission; and to reprint from Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planningand the ManagementofChange, pp. 4-11-4-14, ed. S. Meck. Copyright2002byTheAmericanPlanningAssociation.Reprintedwithpermission.

International City/CountyManagement Association, for permissionto reprint fromS. Mecket al., Zoning and Subdivision Regulation, pp. 343, 362–369, in The Practice of Local Government Planning,ed.J.Hoch,L.Dalton&FrankS.So(2000).

[xxx/xxxi]

Island Press, for material excerpted fromLand Use and Society: Geography, Law and Public

The Johns Hopkins UniversityPress, for permissionto reprint fromFischel, WilliamA., The Economics ofZoningLaws: APropertyRights Approachto AmericanLand use Controls pp. 4, 7–8, 18–19.Copyright1985,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversityPress.ReprintedwithpermissionofTheJohns HopkinsUniversityPress.

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, for permission to reprint from Richard Babcock & Charles Siemon, The Zoning Game Revisited (1985). Copyright 1985 by Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Reprintedwithpermission.

Missouri Coalition for the Environment, for permission to reprint from The State of Missouri’s FloodplainManagementTenYears After the 1993 Flood 9-11 (2003). Copyright2003 by Missouri Coalitionfor theEnvironment.All rightsreserved.

Ohio State law Journal and Professor Mark Cordes, for permission to reprint from Mark Cordes, Takings, Fairness and Farmland Preservation, 60 Ohio St. L.J. 1033 (1999). Originally publishedin60OhioSt.L.J.1033(1999).

William&MaryEnvironmental Law &PolicyReview, for permissionto reprintfromDaniel Mandelker, Managing Space to Manage Growth, 23 William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review 801 (1999). Copyright 1999 by The Marshal-Wythe School of Law College of William&Mary.Reprintedwithpermission.

ANote on the Text

Unless otherwise indicated in the text, the emphasis in all quoted materials is as in the original.

Only selected footnotes from the cases are reproduced, but the original footnote numbering as it appeared in the source is retained. Ellipses are used within the cases only to indicate deleted text material. Internal citations to cases reproduced have sometimes been edited. Quoted statutes are not dated; all were current as of the date of publication of this edition of the casebook.

NOTESONABIBLIOGRAPHY

Treatises

In addition to Professor Mandelker’s one-volume treatise on Land Use Law (5th ed. 2003, withsupplements), other one-volume books are J. Juergensmeyer and T. Roberts, Land Use Planning and Development RegulationLaw (3d ed. 2013; P. Salsich& T. Tryniecki, Land Use Regulation(3d ed.2015);andB.Blaesser &A.Weinstein,Federal LandUseLaw,updatedannually.

There are a number of multi-volume treatises. These include the late Professor Norman Williams’American Land Planning Law; P. Rohan, Zoning and Land Use Controls, presently edited by Professor Eric Kelly; Rathkopf’s Law of Zoning and Planning, now periodically updated by Professor SaraBroninandDwightMerriam;andProfessor Kmiec’sZoningandPlanningDeskbook.

Journals and Periodic Publications

The Urban Lawyer, which is the official publication of the State and Local Government Law Section of the American Bar Association, and the Florida State University Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law,regularlycontainarticlesonlandusetopics.TheAmericanPlanningAssociation publishes PracticingPlanningand ZoningPractice, whichhave useful articles onland use regulation topics.

Thomson West publishes a monthly Zoning and Planning Law Report that contains a lead article, case digests and reports on new developments. It also publishes an annual Land Use and EnvironmentLaw Review thatreproduces leadingarticles published duringthe previous year and an annual Zoningand PlanningLaw Handbookthatcontains articles onland use topics. And itpublishes abiweeklyQuinlannewsletter,ZoningBulletin.

The Journal of the American Planning Association carries articles on land use planning and controls. UrbanLand, published bythe UrbanLand Institute, occasionallyhas a sectiononregulatory problems that often covers land use issues. The National Association of Homebuilders has several publicationsfor members,mostlyonline.

The Journal of Planning Literature, edited at Ohio State University’s planning school and publishedquarterlybySage Publications,is a quarterlypublicationwithbibliographies ofarticles on land use and related topics as well as abstracts of the more important articles. It also contains individual bibliographiesandreview articlesonlandusetopicsthatareextremelyhelpful. The

Report. Eachissue is a reportona land use or planningtopic. [xxxii/xxxiii]The reports oftendiscuss landuse control problems andtechniques.The AdvisoryService alsoincludes periodic QuickNotes, a series of briefing papers with planning fundamentals for public officials and citizens, and the PASMemoonlinesixtimesayear addressingthenewestplanningstrategiesandtechniques.

Some environmental law journals occasionally carry articles on land use law. These include the Environmental Law Reporter of the Environmental Law Institute, Ecology Law Quarterly, Environmental Law,theHarvardEnvironmental Law Review,andtheNatural ResourcesJournal.

Websites

The casebook website, at law.wustl.edu/landuselaw, contains valuable materials that can be used inclass, includingcomprehensive plans, recent cases, statutes, ordinances, law review articles and reports onland use issues. One sectioncontains photos of all the Supreme Court cases included inthe book. Onthe home page there are links to PowerPointpresentations and streamingvideos. The annual update letter for the casebookwill also be posted onthe home page. Another sectionhas links to numerous web sites that deal with land use questions. There is also a section on supplementary materialscontainingmaterial frompreviouseditionsthathassincebeenomitted.

There are two blogs devoted to land use topics. One, http://lawoftheland.wordpress.com, is hostedbyDeanSalkinattheTouroLaw School andfeatures dailypostings ofrecentcases.Theother, http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/land use/, hosted by Professor Paul Boudreaux at Stetson UniversityCollege of Law, features articles onland use topics. Two of our co-authors host land use law relatedblogs: http://municipalminute.ancelglink.com/ andhttp://www.rluipa-defense.com/.

Chapter1

ANINTRODUCTIONTOLANDUSECONTROLS

A.WHYLANDUSECONTROLS?

Cities and other places don’t just happen. The use of land requires the coming together of a complex set of social, economic and physical forces, joined together by a vision (sometimes inchoate) ofthedesiredoutcome.Planningfor theuseoflandasweknow ittodaybeganwiththefirst EuropeanarrivalsontheNorthAmericancontinent,andcontinuestoday.Anexampleis“TheLawsof the Indies” made final in1573 byKingPhillip IIofSpain. These provided a sophisticated visionand direction for city planning in the New World. In turn, the laws draw on Ten Books of Architecture, writtenbyVitruvius,a Romanarchitectandengineer inthe 1stcenturyBC.The impacts ofthese laws are reflected in the planning and the execution of Spanish settlements including St. Augustine and Pensacola, Florida; SanAntonio, Texas; Galvez, Louisiana; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and the Mission SanLuisReydeFranciaandthePresidioinCalifornia,amongothers.

The firstpartofthe laws, whichhas beenomitted, covers the selectionofsites for cities. The secondpartcontains aseries ofdetailedordinances for cityplanning.Compare these ordinances with contemporarylanduseregulations.

A.I.Mundigo&D.P.Crouch, The Law of the Indies

48TownPlanningReview 251–258(July1977)1

New Settlements

32. Before discoveries are dulyrecognized, no new populationsettlements are permitted, whether in the discovered areas or in those still to be discovered, but in those parts which are already discovered, pacified, and subjected to our mandate, populationsettlements, bothofSpaniards and of Indians,shouldbeorderedhavingpermanenceandgivingperpetuitytobothgroupsasspecifiedinthe fourth and fifth books [of the Laws of the Indies], especially in those parts dealing with population settlementsandwithlandallotments....

[2/3]

[Ordinances 35 and 36 address the desirabilityof fertile soil and adequate water for drinkingand

irrigation as well of the presence of Indians “to home we can preach the gospels” since this was a principal reasonfor Spanishcolonization.]

37. And they should have good access and outlet by sea and by land, and also good roads and passage by water, in order that they may be entered and departed easily with commerce, while bringingreliefandestablishingdefenses.

38. Once the region, province, county, and land are decided uponbythe expertdiscoverers, select the site to build a town and capital of the province and its subjects, without harmto the Indians for havingoccupiedtheareaor becausetheyagreetoitofgoodwill.

39. The site and position of the towns should be selected in places where water is nearby and where itwould be possible to demolishneighboringtowns and properties inorder to take advantage ofthe materials thatare essential for building;and, [these sites and positions should be suitable] also for farming, cultivation, and pasturation, so as to avoid excessive work and cost, since any of the abovewouldbecostlyiftheywerefar.

40. Do not select sites that are too high up because these are affected by winds, and access and service to these are difficult, nor inlowlands, whichtend to be unhealthy; choose places of medium elevationthat enjoygood winds, especiallyfromthe northand south, and if there were mountains or hills, these should be inthe west or inthe east, and ifthere should be a need to build inhighplaces, do itinareas notsubjected to fogs;take note ofthe terrainand its accidental features and incase that there should be a need to build onthe banks ofa river, it should be onthe easternbank, so whenthe sunrisesitstrikesthetownfirst,thenthewater.

41. Do not select sites for towns inmaritime locations because of the danger that exists of pirates and because theyare not veryhealthy, and because inthese [locations] there are less people able to work and cultivate the land, nor is it possible to instill in themthese habits. Unless the site is in an areawheretherearegoodandprincipal harbors,amongthese,selectfor settlementonlythosethatare necessaryfor theentryofcommerceandfor thedefenseoftheland....

89. The persons who were placed in charge of populating a town with Spaniards should see to it that, within a specified term, assigned for its establishment, it should have at least thirty neighbors, eachone withhis ownhouse,tencows,four oxenor twooxenandtwoyoungbulls anda mare,andit should have [also] a clergyman who can administer sacraments and provide the ornaments to the church as well as the necessary implements for the divine service; if this is not accomplished, he shouldloseeverythingalreadybuiltor formedandhewill incur afineofathousandgoldpesos.

90.Theaforesaidstipulationsandterritoryshouldbedividedasfollows: [3/4]

Separate first the land that is needed for the house plots [solares] of the town, then allocate sufficientpubliclandandgrounds for pasturewherethecattlethattheneighbors areexpectedtobring withthemcanobtainabundantfeed,plusanother portionfor thenativesofthearea.

The rest of the grounds and territory should be divided into four parts: one is for the person in charge of building the town, the other three should be subdivided into thirty lots for the thirty neighborsofthetown.

91. Land and boundaries for the new settlement cannot be given nor taken at a seaport nor anywhere where it can ever be redundant and detrimental to the Crown nor to the country because suchsiteswill bereservedfor us...

100. Those who should want to make a commitment to building a new settlement in the formand manner alreadyprescribed,beitofmoreor lessthan30neighbors,(know that) itshouldbeofnoless thantwelve persons andbe awardedthe authorizationandterritoryinaccordance withthe prescribed conditions...

[Ordinances 102 and 103 deal withthe need to adhere to the regulations for townsettlementand to write down everything concerning the distribution of city plots, grazing and farmlands, and that no settler is to receive more thanfive peonies and three caballarias (103). A peonia is a plot of 50 feet inwidthand 100 feet indepth(102) and a caballeria is a plot to build a house of 100 feet inwidth and 200 feet in depth (105). In addition to the plots, grains, cereals, and seeds were given to the settlers. These plots should be well delineated with clear and closed boundaries (106). Those who accept caballerias and peonias haveanobligationtobuildahouse,worktheland,andacquireherds, grasslands,etc.,withinaparticular time(107–108).]

109. The governor who authorizes the settlement of a new townor concedes rights for anexisting town to be populated anew, by means of his own authority or by making a request, should ascertain that those who have made a commitment to settle in a new town comply with the taking of seat in a proper manner. This should be done withgreatdiligence and care. Also, the magistrates and Council procurer should initiate due process against the settlers who are bound up by a specified term and who have notcomplied withitto make themmeetthe terms, and those who mighthave leftshould be prosecuted, seized, and brought back to the town in order that they comply with the terms of settlement, and if they were in another jurisdiction, a requisitioning order should be issued in order thatjusticebedoneunder penaltyofOur Lord.

110. Having made the discovery, selected the province, county, and area that is to be settled, and the site in the location where the new town is to be built, and having taken possession of it, those placed incharge ofits executionare to do itinthe followingmanner. Onarrivingatthe place where the new settlement is to be founded whichaccordingto our will and dispositionshall be one that is [4/5]vacant and that can be occupied without doing harmto the Indians and natives or with their free consent a plan for the site is to be made, dividing it into squares, streets, and building lots, using cord and ruler, beginning with the main square from which streets are to run to the gates and principal roads andleavingsufficientopenspacesothatevenifthetowngrows,itcanalways spread in the same manner. Having thus agreed upon the site and place selected to be populated, a layout shouldbemadeinthefollowingway:

111. Havingmade the selectionofthe site where the townis to be built, itmust, as alreadystated, be in an elevated and healthy location; [be] with means of fortification; [have] fertile soil and with plentyoflandfor farmingandpasturage;havefuel,timber,andresources;[have] freshwater,anative