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Pesticides in the Natural Environment

Sources, Health Risks, and Remediation

FIRST EDITION

Pardeep Singh

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

Suruchi Singh

Assistant Professor, Sunbeam College for Women, Varanasi, India

Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa

Mika Sillanpää

Table of Contents

Cover Title page

Copyright

Contributors

Chapter 1: Classification of pesticides and loss of crops due to creepy crawlers

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Crop losses due to pests

3: Pesticide classification

4: Classification based on chemical structure

5: Organochlorine pesticides (OCP)

6: Organophosphate pesticides (OPP)

7: Carbamate pesticides

8: Pyrethroid pesticides

9: Classification based on mode of entry

10: Classification based on target pest

11: Based on pesticide toxicity

12: Pesticide contamination, implications, and environmental impacts

13: Summary References

Chapter 2: Ecological impacts of pesticides on soil and water ecosystems and its natural degradation process

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Persistence and circulation of pesticides in the ecosystem

3: Bioaccumulation of chemical pesticides in the food cycle

4: Pesticides and their mode of action

5: Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Fate and assessment of pesticide in aquatic ecosystem

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Sources, forms, and occurrence of pesticides in the ecosystem

3: Environmental fate of pesticides

4: Factors that influence the assessment of aquatic pesticide pollution

5: Future recommendations

6: Conclusion References

Chapter 4: Fate and adverse effects of pesticides in the environment

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Mechanisms involved in the determination of the initial fate of a pesticide in the environment

3: Transport of pesticides in the environment

4: Use of pesticides worldwide

5: Impact of pesticide on the soil microbiology

6: Pesticides and the response of plants

7: Pesticides toxicity on nontarget terrestrial organisms

8: Pesticides impact on aquatic ecosystems

9: Perspectives and future research

References

Chapter 5: Towards understanding the impact of pesticides on freshwater ecosystem

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Routes of aquatic pesticide pollution

3: Impact of pesticide pollution on aquatic ecosystem

4: Impact of pesticides on water quality

5: Impact of pesticides on flora of aquatic ecosystem

6: Impact of pesticides on fauna of aquatic ecosystem

7: Specific impacts of different categories of pesticides on aquatic fauna

8: Response to the risks of use of pesticides

9: Conclusion References

Chapter 6: Persistence of pesticides and their impacts on human health and environment

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Classification of pesticide

3: The fate of pesticides in the environment

4: Pesticide affecting human health

5: Conclusion

6: Future prospective

References

Chapter 7: Health risk

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Evaluation of the effect of pesticides on genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity in laboratory conditions

3: Evaluation of pesticide genotoxicity using cytogenetic markers

4: Impacts of pesticide residues on food safety

5: Effects of pesticides on human health

6: Pesticide exposure risk assessment

References

Chapter 8: Neurodevelopmental and reproductive impacts of pesticides on pregnant women

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Effect on health and reproductive life

3: Neurodevelopmental effects of OP pesticides

4: Concerns at both high and low OP exposures

5: Summary

References

Chapter 9: Pesticides and human health: The noxious impact on maternal system and fetal development

Abstract Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: History of pesticides

3: Toxicity of common pesticides

4: Prevention of pesticide exposure

5: Adverse effect on human health and fetal development

6: Conclusion

7: Future prospects

References

Chapter 10: Сytogenetical bioindication of pesticidal contamination

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Chromosomal disorders

3: Micronuclear analysis

4: Plant test systems

5: Comet-test

6: Problems and prospects of cytogenetic bioindication

References

Chapter 11: Modulation of soil microbiome and related alterations in response to pesticides

Abstract Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Impact of pesticides on soil microbial biome

3: Pesticides and associated alterations on the metabolism of microbes

4: Future area of research

5: Conclusion References

Chapter 12: Botanical pesticides as alternatives for more sustainable crops and healthy foods

Abstract Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Botanical pesticides in agriculture

3: Challenges in the use of plant-based pesticides

4: Future recommendations

5: Conclusions References

Chapter 13: The potential use of essential oils as natural biocides against plant pathogens

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Biological activities of EOs

3: Challenges

4: Future directions

5: Conclusion References

Chapter 14: Sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to reduce the use of pesticides

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Advantages and disadvantages of conventional pesticides

3: Mobility of pesticides in different environments

4: Pesticide degradation and the risk of degradation products

5: Plant growth-promoting bacteria

6: Plant pathogens

7: Pesticide resistance

8: Alternatives to conventional pesticide use

9: A new approach for a dual function: Pesticide degradation coupled with biological control

References

Chapter 15: Strategies for sustainable and ecofriendly pest management in Agroecosystem

Abstract

1: Introduction: The imminent challenge to human health and ecosystem by chemical agriculture

2: Biopesticides The future of pest control

3: Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Pesticides removal from aqueous streams through anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment processes

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Pesticides

3: Biological wastewater treatment

4: Pesticides removal from liquid streams through anaerobic and aerobic biological treatment processes

5: Final considerations

References

Chapter 17: The potential use of essential oils as natural biocides against plant pathogens

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Pesticide exposure and toxicity consequences

3: Removal of pesticides by MOFs

4: Mechanistic insight into MOFs and target molecules

5: Conclusion, current challenges, and future perspectives

References

Chapter 18: Removal pesticides by advanced techniques based on nanomaterials

Abstract

Acknowledgments

1: Introduction

2: Classification of pesticides

3: Environmental concerns of pesticides

4: Photocatalysis

5: Conservative adsorbents used for degradation of pesticides

6: Deprivation methodologies for pesticides

7: Degradation methods for pesticides by nanomaterials

8: Utilization of green synthesized nanomaterials

9: Conclusions and future scope

References

Further reading

Chapter 19: Pesticides removal techniques from the aquatic environment

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Effect of pesticides on human mankind

3: Removal technologies

4: Wastewater treatment system decentralization

5: Pesticide remediation methods based on nanotechnology

6: Conclusions

References

Chapter 20: Perspective of sustainable and intensified developments in treatment of pesticides from aqueous streams

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Pesticides

3: Sustainability

4: Process intensification

5: Treatment approaches

6: Discussion

7: Conclusion and perspective

References

Chapter 21: Biomonitoring and biomarkers of pesticide exposure and human health risk assessment

Abstract

1: Introduction

2: Biomarkers

3: Functional disorders

4: Data interpretation in biomonitoring studies

5: Significance of biomonitoring studies

6: Future perspectives

7: Conclusion References Index

Copyright

Elsevier

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a maer of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN: 978-0-323-90489-6

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Cover Designer: Mahew Limbert

Typeset by STRAIVE, India

Contributors

Zareena Akhter Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Mariam Nasser Aljaafari Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Nazym Altynova Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Jesús Alvarado-Flores Center of Scientific Research of Yucatan (CICY A.C.), Water Sciences Unit, Cancun, Mexico

Ahmad Reza Bagheri Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

João Paulo Bassin

Chemical Engineering Program

Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Sami Ullah Bhat Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Pankaj Bha Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayee, IN, United States

Muhammad Bilal School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China

Ana Laura Carbajal-Hernández Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Jean Carlos Cardoso

Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Tissue Culture, Department of Biotechnology, Plant and Animal Production, Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCar), Araras City, São Paulo

Professor and Research Supervisor at Graduate program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Brazil

Camila Rodrigues Carmello Agroecologist and Graduate Program in Plant Production and Associated Bioprocesses, CCA/UFSCar, Brazil

Nalini Singh Chauhan P.G Department of Zoology, Kanya Maha Vidyalya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Yong Chen School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Oksana Cherednichenko Laboratory of Genetic Monitoring, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Sudha Choudhary Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Mohd Ashraf Dar Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

V. Dhananjayan Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology Division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (S), Devanahalli, Karnataka, India

Erika Djangalina Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Leyla Djansugurova Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 93 AlFarabi st., Almaty, Kazakhstan

Ahmed El Nemr Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt

Tarik Eldeeb Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt

Carlos Vicente Garza-León Center of Optical Research Civil Association, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Suresh Ghotekar Department of Chemistry, Smt. Devkiba

Mohansinhji Chauhan College of Commerce and Science, Silvassa, University of Mumbai, Dadra and Nagar Haveli (UT), India

João Pedro Neves Goldenstein Civil Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Mohamed A. Hassaan Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt

Zhixia He Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

Edappayil Janeeshma Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

R. Jayakumar Ecotoxicology Research Laboratory, GITAM (Deemed-to-be-university), Bengaluru Campus, Nagadenahalli, Karnataka, India

P. Jayanthi Department of Environmental Science, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India

Sabariswaran Kandasamy Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China Department of Biomass and Energy Conversion, Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Garima Kaushik Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India

Megha Kumar CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India

Vineet Kumar Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhaisgarh, India

Suresh Kumarasamy PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India

Kok Song Lai Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Swee Hua Erin Lim Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

Suramya Malhotra Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Junaid Ahmad Malik Department of Zoology, GDC Bijbehara, J&K, India

Javid Manzoor Department of Environmental Science, JJT University, Rajasthan, India

Meenu Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Virendra Kumar Mishra Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Natalya Mit Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Mathiyazhagan Narayanan PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational and Research Institutions (AERI), Hosur, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India

Mir Rohi Neelofar Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Serikbai Nuraliev Laboratory of Genetic Monitoring, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Ignacio Alejandro Pérez-Legaspi Council of the Postgraduate and Research Studies, Boca del Río Technological Institute, National Technological Institute, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico

Anastassiya Pilyugina Laboratory of Genetic Monitoring, Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, Almaty, Kazakhstan

Abhay Punia Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Jos T. Puthur Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

Umara Qayoom Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Manviri Rani Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

B. Ravichandran Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology Division, ICMR-Regional Occupational Health Centre (S), Devanahalli, Karnataka, India

Roberto Rico-Martínez Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Olga Lidia Rivera-Dávila Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Daniel Robles-Vargas Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Arpita Roy Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

P.P. Sameena Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

Erimar Pontes Santiago Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil

Gustavo Emilio Santos-Medrano Department of Chemistry, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico

Nair G. Sarath Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

Rabiha Seboussi Al Ain Men's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

Steplinpaulselvin Selvinsimpson School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

Uma Shanker Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Ananya Shukla Department of Biophysics Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Anubhuti Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Gurudaa Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Priyanka Singh Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Neha Singla Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

Náthaly Lacerda Tonon e Rocha Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cristiano Varrone Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark

Mathew Veena Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Division, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala, India

Paula Resende Vieira Chemical Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Alex Vlaiculescu Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark

Khursheed Ahmad Wani Department of Environmental Sciences, GDC Bijbehara, J&K, India

Kailas L. Wasewar Advance Separation and Analytical Laboratory (ASAL), Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Nagpur, India

Polly Soo Xi Yap Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia

Muhammad Zubair Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan

Chapter 1: Classification of pesticides and loss of crops due to creepy crawlers

Abstract

The term “pesticide” encompasses blend of substances meant to destroy, prevent, or regulate any pest. The total populace has been running upwards at a remarkable rate during the most recent few decades. Up until now, advanced agricultural innovation has empowered us to generally stay up with the expanding human populace through expanded efficiency of significant yields. However, with the boost in crop yields, the losses by weeds, pests, and pathogens also increases and finding ways to develop approaches to improve and utilize safe pesticides to regulate a broad variety of insect pests, which influence adversely the yield and quality of global food production was one of the significant sponsors of the green revolution. In post-green revolution period, global and national (Indian) crop yield losses due to pests have dropped since the starting of this century. However, due to the gross utilization of pesticides in various fields like agrobusiness, forestry, food industry, etc., threatens the general wellbeing and environment. Pesticides are popularly classified based on three widely used

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