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Relatedtitles
HandbookofThinFilmDeposition (ISBN:978-1-4377-7873-1)
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FromMaterialstoApplications
SecondEdition
Editedby
PARTIDESIGNANDMANUFACTURINGOFOPTICAL
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.2.1FourierTransformMethod.................................................27
2.2.2InhomogeneousRefinement...............................................30
2.2.3NeedleMethod...................................................................32
2.2.4GlobalOptimization...........................................................34
2.3 ManufacturabilityIssues...............................................................37
4.6
PARTIIUNCONVENTIONALFEATURESOFOPTICALTHIN FILMSANDCOATINGS
CHAPTER5Complexmaterialswithsubwavelengthinclusions foropticalthinfilmapplications 143 AnnaSytchkova
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................143
5.2 PhysicsofSomeClassesofNovelMaterialswith SubwavelengthInclusions..........................................................145
5.3 CeramicMatrixWithEmbeddedNanostructures......................147
5.3.1MaterialsWithQuantumDots.........................................148
5.3.2NanoclustersinPeriodicArrays(Metamaterials)............149
5.3.3EffectofSmallRandomDisordersandImperfections inMetamaterials...............................................................154
5.3.4CompositesofRandomElements....................................154
5.3.5CoatingsContainingThinandUltrathinMetalLayers andCoatingsContainingMetasurfaces............................155
5.4 SearchingforAlternativeMaterialsforResonating Inclusions....................................................................................156
5.4.1AlloysandIntermetallics:NovelMetalMaterials..........157
5.4.2SemiconductorsandDielectrics.......................................160
5.5 CharacterizationofNovelMaterialswithSubwavelength Inclusions....................................................................................162
5.5.1OpticalCharacterizationTechniquesforComplex Materials...........................................................................163
5.5.2LocalPropertiesofNanostructuredMaterials.................165
5.5.3EffectiveMacroscopicParameters...................................166
5.5.4ComplexMaterialsandUltrathinMetalsinMultilayers.168
5.6 Conclusions.................................................................................172 References...................................................................................173
CHAPTER6Scatteringpropertiesofrandomstructures inthinfilms 187
GerardBerginc,AlexeiA.Maradudin
6.1 Introduction.................................................................................187
6.2 NumericalSolutionofReducedRayleighEquations forScatteringofLightFromDielectricFilmsWith1D RoughSurfaces...........................................................................189
6.2.1AFilmWitha1DRandomlyRoughVacuum-Dielectric InterfaceDepositedonthePlanarSurfaceofaPerfect Conductor..........................................................................190
8.4.3CoatingsforControlofRadiativeExchangeWiththe Atmosphere.......................................................................377 8.5 Conclusion..................................................................................384
9.2.1IsaacNewton(1642–1727)...............................................390
9.2.2ThomasYoung(1773–1829)............................................392
9.2.3LeopoldoNobili(1784–1835)..........................................393
9.2.4DavidBrewster(1781–1868)...........................................394
9.2.5AugusteMichel-Levy(1844–1911).................................394
9.2.6J.F.GabrielLippmann(1845–1921)................................398
9.2.7SoapBubbles....................................................................398
9.2.8LensOpticalCoatings......................................................398
9.2.9ThinFilmAnticounterfeitingCoatings............................399
9.3 OverviewofBasicColorimetry.................................................399
9.3.1PsychophysicalColorimetryofColorStimuli.................400
9.3.2PsychophysicalColorimetryofLightSources andNonself-LuminousSurfaces......................................406
9.3.3PsychometricColorimetry................................................408 9.4 OpticalCoatingColorimetry......................................................410
9.4.1Gonio-ApparentColorMeasurement...............................411
9.4.2OpticalCoatingColor......................................................413 9.5 Conclusion..................................................................................419
PARTIIINOVELMATERIALSFOROPTICALTHIN
13.6 SourcesofFurtherInformationandAdvice..............................533 References...................................................................................533 FurtherReading..........................................................................537
CHAPTER14Protectivecoatingsfordurabilityenhancement ofopticalsurfaces .................................................... 539
TjhayW.Boentoro,BerndSzyszka,LudvikMartinu
14.1 Introduction.................................................................................539
14.2 Plasma-andIon-BasedDepositionofFunctionalCoatings......540
14.3 TestingMethods.........................................................................544
14.3.1TaberAbraserTestofAbrasionResistance..................545
14.3.2SandTricklingTest........................................................546
14.3.3ScratchTest....................................................................546
14.3.4CrackOnsetStrain..........................................................547
14.3.5AdhesionTests................................................................547
14.3.6WeatheringTest..............................................................549
14.3.7CharacterizationoftheOpticalProperties.....................550
14.3.8Haze................................................................................551
14.4 CoatingConcepts........................................................................551
14.4.1CoatingSystemsonGlassSubstrate..............................552
14.4.2CoatingSystemonPolycarbonateSubstrate.................552
14.4.3NumericalSimulation.....................................................553
14.4.4MultifunctionalCoatings................................................553
14.5 ExamplesofProtectiveCoatingApplications...........................556
14.5.1Low-ECoatingsonWindshield.....................................556
14.5.2PolycarbonateinAutomotiveGlazing...........................557
14.6 Conclusion..................................................................................559 References...................................................................................561
CHAPTER15Opticalcoatingsfordisplaysandlighting ............... 565 Cheng-ChungLee,Chien-ChengKuo
15.1 Introduction.................................................................................565
15.2 OpticalCoatingsforFlatPanelDisplay(FPD).........................566
15.3 OpticalCoatingsforProjectors..................................................568
15.4 OpticalCoatingsforProjectorsUsingLight-EmittingDiode(LED) LightSource................................................................................571
15.5 OpticalCoatingforAutomobilesHeadUpDisplay(HUD).....583
15.6 OpticalCoatingsforLEDs.........................................................586
15.7 Conclusion..................................................................................589 Acknowledgments......................................................................591 References...................................................................................591 FurtherReading..........................................................................594
CHAPTER16Innovativeapproachesinthin-filmphotovoltaic cells .......................................................................... 595 NicolasBarreau,DavidDuche,CarmenM.Ruiz, LudovicEscoubas,Jean-JacquesSimon,JudikaelLeRouzo, VeronicaBermudez
16.1 Introduction.................................................................................595
16.2 InorganicNanostructuresforPhotovoltaicSolarCells.............599
16.2.1NewConceptsofSolarCells.........................................599
16.2.2LightTrappingandPhoto-CarrierCollection................600
16.2.3QuantumDotsandNanowiresIncludedinThin-Film SolarCells.......................................................................601
16.3 OrganicThin-FilmSolarCells...................................................604
16.3.1WorkingPrinciplesofanOrganicSolarCell................605
16.3.2LightTrappingStrategiesforOrganicSolar Cells(OSCS)...................................................................608
16.4 ChalcogenideMaterialsinThin-FilmSolarCells.....................611
16.4.1TheSubstrates.................................................................612
16.4.2TheDeviceStackforCells............................................613
16.4.3State-of-the-ArtTechnologiesatIndustryLevel...........617
16.4.4NovelChalcogenideAbsorbers......................................617
16.4.5Vacuum-FreeDeposition................................................618
OrganometallicPerovskite-BasedSolarCells...........................618
17.2 BasicPrinciplesandStructuresCurrentlyApplied...................634
17.2.1All-DielectricFilters.......................................................636
17.2.2Metal-DielectricFilters..................................................638
17.2.3OpticallyVariablePigments..........................................643
17.3 SpecificOpticalEffectsSuitableforSecurityDevices.............644
17.3.1Metamerism....................................................................644
17.3.2MagneticFilms...............................................................648
17.3.3CombiningInterferenceandDiffraction........................649
17.3.4OtherColorShiftingTechnologies................................651
17.4 ActiveDevices............................................................................652
17.4.1ApplicationofActiveMaterials.....................................652
17.4.2ElectrochromicDevices..................................................654
17.5 FilmFunctionalityandStructurallyControlledOptical Coatings......................................................................................656
17.6 Conclusion..................................................................................658 References...................................................................................659
CHAPTER18Opticalcoatingsforhigh-intensityfemtosecond lasers ........................................................................ 667 VolodymyrPervak
18.1 IntroductiontotheFieldofUltrafastOptics.............................667
18.2 MirrorDesignApproaches.........................................................669
18.2.1DispersiveMirrors..........................................................669
18.2.2ResonantStructureorGires-TournoisInterferometer Mirror..............................................................................670
18.2.3Double-ChirpedMirrors.................................................671
18.2.4Brewster-AngleCM........................................................672
18.2.5Back-Side-CoatedCM....................................................673
18.2.6Tilted-Front-InterfaceCM..............................................673
18.2.7ComplementaryPairsofCMs........................................674
18.2.8TheTime-DomainDM...................................................676
18.2.9Double-AngleDM..........................................................677
18.2.10PulseCompressionandAnalysis.................................677
18.3 TheHighestPossibleValueofGDD.........................................678
18.4 ProductionofDM.......................................................................679
18.5 PulseCompressionWithDM.....................................................680
18.6 MeasurementofGroupDelayWithWhiteLight Interferometer.............................................................................684
18.7 ApplicationofDMintheHigh-IntensityLasers.......................687
18.8 Conclusions.................................................................................691 References...................................................................................691
CHAPTER19Opticalcoatingsforlargefacilities
697 CatherineGre ` zes-Besset,GregoryChauveau,LaurentPinard
19.1 Introduction.................................................................................697
19.2 DomainsofApplicationsandMajorPrograms.........................697
19.2.1ScientificLargeInstruments..........................................698
19.2.2Laser................................................................................699
19.2.3Space...............................................................................701
19.2.4Astronomy.......................................................................702
19.2.5SolarPlants.....................................................................702
19.3 ReviewofTechnologicalSolutions...........................................703
19.3.1ThermalandElectronGunEvaporation........................703
19.3.2Sputtering........................................................................704
Contributors
TatianaV.Amotchkina
Ludwig-Maximilians-UniversitatMunchen,Garching,Germany
BillBaloukas
DepartmentofEngineeringPhysics,PolytechniqueMontreal,Montreal,QC, Canada
NicolasBarreau
NantesUniversity,CNRS,InstitutdesMateriauxJeanRouxel(IMN),(UMR6502), Nantes,France
GerardBerginc
Thales,LaDefense,France
VeronicaBermudez
Nexcis,Rousset,France
TjhayW.Boentoro
FraunhoferInstituteforSurfaceEngineeringandThinFilms—IST,Braunschweig, Germany
ClarkI.Bright
BrightThinFilmSolutionsLLC,Tucson,AZ,UnitedStates
GregoryChauveau
CILAS,Aubagne,France
Yu-JenChen
NationalCentralUniversity,Taoyuan,Taiwan
DavidDuche
Aix-MarseilleUniversity,UniversityToulon,CNRS,IM2NP,Marseille,France
HenrikEhlers
LaserZentrumHannover,Hannover,Germany
LudovicEscoubas
Aix-MarseilleUniversity,UniversityToulon,CNRS,IM2NP,Marseille,France
MuhammadFaryad
DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,ThePennsylvaniaState University,UniversityPark,PA,UnitedStates
Franc ¸ oisFlory
EcoleCentraleMarseille,Marseille,France
CatherineGre ` zes-Besset
CILAS,Aubagne,France
thanthirtyyears.Severalchaptersareauthoredbyexpertswhotookpartintheearly developmentsinthespecificsectors,andpublishedmanyfundamentalworks.
Wehopethebookwillbeusefulforscientistsandtechnicalpeople,providingan overviewofthekeyroleofopticalcoatingsindifferentfieldsandstimulatingthe reader’sinteresttogodeeperineachtopic,takingadvantageofthebibliographic materialinallchapters.
Thepotentialreadersofthisbookmaybephysicists,chemistsandengineers, includingseniorstudents,interestedinbothresearchdevelopmentsandpractical applications.Newcomerstothefieldofopticalthinfilmsandcoatingscouldbe attractedbytheextremelywiderangeofapplications,whilespecialistsofaparticular fieldcouldfindinformationonthenewtrendsintheirareaofinterest.
Wewishtothankallauthorsfortheirvaluablecontributionsandeffortsandwe arealsogratefultothePublishersfortheirassistanceduringthepreparationof thebook.
Rome,Italy
Franc ¸oisFlory Marseille,France
March2013