Nutrition and Functional Foods in Boosting Digestion, Metabolism and
Immune Health
Editor
Debasis Bagchi
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, United States
Department of R&D, Victory Nutrition Inc., Bonita Springs, FL, United States
Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States
Sunny E. Ohia
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, United States
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
A. Introduction
Chapter 1. Chemistry and mechanism of the diseases caused by digestive disorders
Introduction
Methods
Chemistry behind human digestive system and digestive disorders
Conclusion
Chapter 2. Current trend in the pharmacotherapy of digestive disorders
Introduction
Pharmacotherapy of peptic ulcer diseases
Pharmacotherapy of gastroeosphageal reflux
Pharmacotherapy of constipation and diarrhea
Pharmacotherapy of irritable bowel syndrome
Pharmacotherapy of hemorrhoids
Pharmacotherapy of disorders of the pancreas
Pharmacotherapy of inflammatory bowel disease
Conclusions
Chapter 3. Food derived ACE inhibitory peptides: science to application
Introduction
Production of bioactive peptides
Peptide transport systems
ACE inhibitory behavior of milk fermented by Lactobacillus
Functionality of bioactive peptides
Applications of ACE inhibitory peptides for the management of health problems
Limitations and challenges
Future perspectives
Chapter 4. Age- and obesity-related metabolic changes and their impact on the incidence of digestion, metabolism, and immune health
Introduction
Impaired digestion and metabolism
Osteoporosis and its links with obesity
The obesity paradox and osteoporosis
The link between diabetes and osteoporosis
Conclusions
B. Digestion, human physiology and enzymemicrobiome linkage
Chapter 5. Digestion and immune health
Introduction
The immune system and digestive tract
Impairment of digestion
Dietary habit
Interaction of digestive and immune systems
Digestion and immune health in normal well beings and diseases
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Influence of diet on gastrointestinal immunology
Introduction
Immune cells at the gastrointestinal border
Influence of gut microbiota on immune system of gastrointestinal tract
Role of diet in immune homeostasis of the gut
Diet related dysbiosis and inflammatory diseases
Immunonutrition in the treatment of dysbiosis-related diseases
Concluding remarks
Chapter 7. Immune dysregulation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Introduction to the spectrum of NAFLD
Molecular pathology of NASH
Liver damage and immune activation
Extrahepatic factors triggering inflammation in NASH
Innate immunity and NASH
Adaptive immunity and NASH
Therapeutic interventions to control inflammation in NASH
Conclusion
Chapter 8. Digestion and inflammatory responses
Introduction
Digestive system
Physiology of digestion
Pathological condition
Impact of inflammation in pathological condition
Implication of inflammation in digestion
Conclusion
Chapter 9. Digestion and gut microbiome
Introduction
Digestion
Digestive enzymes
The enzyme–microbiome linkage
Metabolic diseases related to digestive enzyme defects
How defective digestive enzymes/altered gut microbiome affects immune health
Digestive enzymes as supplements to boost immune health/gut
microbiota
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Hyperlipidemia in cardiovascular health and digestion
Introduction
Lipases
Inhibition of lipase activity—control of infection and management of obesity
Chapter 11. Role of food structure in digestion and health
Introduction
Association of food structure to sensory reception
Association of food structure to digestion and health
General food digestion process
Properties of food influencing digestion process
Release of nutrients and Its bioavailability during digestion
Role of food structure in lipid digestion
Interaction of starch in food material and digestion
Behavior of protein in food matrix
Role of food structure on bioavailability of microcomponents
Modulation of food structure to improve digestion and health promoting behavior of food
Conclusion
Chapter 12. High-fat diet and constipation
Introduction
High-fat diet is a risk for functional constipation in children
High dietary saturated fat intake and constipation
HFD-induced constipation in mice
Role of mucus in the pathogenesis of constipation
Role of microbiota in HFD-induced constipation
Conclusion
Chapter 13. Effect of functional food ingredients on nutrient absorption and digestion
Introduction
Dietary fiber
Phytosterols
Polyphenolic compounds
Glucosinolates
Phytic acid
Medium-chain triglycerides
Soy proteins
C. Indigestion problems
Chapter 14. Impact of helicobacter pylori on human physiology and digestive disorders
Introduction
Epidemiology
Effect of H. pylori on human physiology
Effect of H. pylori on digestive disorders
Conclusions
D. Traditional and conventional ethnic foods
Chapter 15. Role of turmeric and cinnamon spices in digestive, metabolic, and immune systems
Introduction
Turmeric: a brief overview
Benefits of turmeric for stomach problems/digestive disorder
Effects of turmeric on the metabolism
Turmeric as immune booster
Cinnamon: an overview
Major chemical constituents
Effect of cinnamon on digestive system and metabolic disorder
Immunomodulatory effect of cinnamon
Summary
Chapter 16. Ayurvedic digestion recipes Jal Jeera and Churan
Introduction
Healthy and refreshing Jal jeera
Jal jeera churan (dry powder) and other popular forms
Other popular digestive nutraceuticals containing Jal jeera components
Pharmacological profile of common ingredients of Jal jeera
Experimental evidences on modulation of digestion and metabolism by the common ingredients of jal jeera
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Kimchi and other fermented foods for gastrointestinal health
Introduction
Lactic acid bacteria and their functional properties in Korean fermented food
Health benefits of Kimchi, Doenjang, and Cheonggukjang
Korean fermented food for gastrointestinal health
Conclusion
Method statement
Chapter 18. Pyroglutamyl peptides in Japanese fermented foods and protein hydrolysate enhance production of host-antimicrobial peptides and ameliorate microbial imbalance
Introduction
Traditional Japanese seasonings
Generation of pyroglutamyl peptides
Effects of pyroglutamyl peptides on gut microbiota and colitis
Mechanism of effect of pyroGlu-Leu on gut microbiota
Impact of Japanese foods and protein hydrolysate on gut microbiota
Chapter 19. Jackfruit and its beneficial effects in boosting digestion and immune-enhancing properties
Introduction
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam)
Nutrition value and chemical composition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Secondary metabolites
Minerals and vitamins
Therapeutic values of jackfruit
Dietary fibers of jackfruit/seeds helps in digestion
Jackfruit extract inhibits hemoglobin glycation and protects internal organs
Low glycemic index by jackfruit could be due to the presence of antioxidants such as vitamin C, β-carotene, and lycopene
Immunomodulatory effect of jackfruit could be due to the presence of lectins
Jacalin
Artin M (KM+/artocarpin)
Immunomodulatory role of Jacalin and Artin M
Conclusion
Chapter 20. Comba ing chronic metabolic disorders and delaying aging by improving glucose-insulin metabolism and fat accumulation in nondiabetics: emphasizing dietary links
Introduction
Historical perspective
More evidence that surplus dietary refined carbohydrates, fats, and calories cause serious metabolic perturbations
Detailing dietary constituents
IR and FM accumulation during continuum of risks period
Paradox of aging
Therapeutic interventions to maintain an optimal-working glucose–insulin system over a lifespan
E. Digestive enzymes
Chapter 21. Efficacy of N-SORB, a proprietary KD120 MEC metabolically activated enzyme formulation in digestion: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation and case studies
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results
Discussion
Conflict of interests and funding
F. Digestive drugs, nutraceuticals and novel
formulations
Chapter 22. Fat-soluble vitamins: the key role players in immunomodulation and digestion
Introduction
An overview on immunity
Common sources and biochemical characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins
Various effects on immunomodulatory functions
Concluding remarks
Chapter 23. Health benefits of inulin-type fructan on gut microbiome, digestive health, immunity, and nutrition
Introduction
Inulin-type fructan
Fermentation of inulin-type fructan by intestinal bacteria
Nutritional function of inulin-type fructan
Summary
Chapter 24. Gut health benefits of licorice and its flavonoids as dietary supplements
Significance of licorice for gut health in traditional systems of medicine
Key chemical constituents of licorice
Use of licorice in dietary supplements
Preclinical data on gut health benefits of licorice: biological activities of licorice flavonoids
Licorice as a prebiotic for the homeostasis of gastrointestinal microbiota
Benefits of combining probiotics with licorice
Products containing licorice with probiotics in the market for gut health (Fig. 24.5)
Clinical summary of licorice containing supplements for gut health
Regulatory and safety considerations
Conclusion
Chapter 25. Prebiotics and probiotics in prevention of food allergy
Introduction
Fetal immunity responses to prebiotics and probiotics
Probiotics
Prebiotics
Food allergy
Gut microbiome and food allergy relation
Prevention of food allergy by probiotics
Role of prebiotics in preventing food allergy
Conclusion
Chapter 26. Nutraceutical and phytopharmaceuticals in immune health
Introduction
Food plants as a source for nutraceuticals
Immunomodulatory potential of phytochemicals
Digestion and bioavailability of bioactive phytochemicals derived from Curcuma longa, Moringa oleifera, and Punica granatum
Retention of immunomodulatory effects by metabolites following passage through the gastrointestinal tract
Conclusion
Chapter 27. Nutraceuticals in digestive therapy
Introduction
Lifestyle, environment, and type of diet
Human genetic variation
Summary
Summary
Conclusion
Chapter 28. Role of probiotics and prebiotics in digestion, metabolism, and immunity
Introduction
Probiotics and prebiotics in digestion
Probiotics and prebiotics in metabolism
Probiotics and prebiotics in immunity
Safety of probiotics and prebiotics
Conclusion
Chapter 29. Edible insects and gut health
Introduction
Insect components for gut health
Effect of insect components on human gut health
Effect of insect components on human health and immunity
Consumer behavior and acceptance of edible insects as food
Potential risks of entomophagy
Future prospective
Commentary: A treatise on digestive health
Index
Copyright
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Dedication
To my late, Beloved Masima “Kinkori Jogeswari Devi,” an Ardent Disciple of Thakur Sri Sitaramdas Omkarnath, who has been an inspirational and supportive figure in my life. With love and compassion, she always believed that with hope, perseverance, and patience anything could be achieved in this world. During December 2020, She left us for the heavenly abode. May Her Holy Soul Be Rest in Peace. Her Blessings “Jai” are always with us.
–Debasis Bagchi
To my Beloved Wife, Dr. Ekanam Ohia, MD
–Sunny E. Ohia
Contributors
Krishnendu Adhikary, Department of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Centurion University of Technology and Management, R. Sitapur, Odisha, India
Amit Agarwal, Research and Development Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Md Akil Hossain, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
Mohd Fadhlizil Fasihi Mohd Aluwi, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
Lin Ang
Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
Korea University of Science and Techonology, Daejeon, Korea
Siddaraju Anusha
Fruit and Vegetable Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, CSIRCentral Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Jess Armine, Nutrigenomics and Functional Medicine, The Center for Bioindividualized Medicine, Hyannis, MA, United States
Radhika Babaria, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Debasis Bagchi
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, United States
Department of R&D, Victory Nutrition Inc., Bonita Springs, FL, United States
Department of Biology, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, United States
Manashi Bagchi, Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, CA, United States
Bhaskar Banerjee, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Pradipta Banerjee
Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, R. Sitapur, Odisha, India
Department of Biochemistry and Plant Physiology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, R.Sitapur, Odisha, India
Samudra Prosad Banik, Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Tejaswini Baral, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Priyadarshi Basu, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Bharathi Bethapudi, Research and Development Center, Natural Remedies Private Limited, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Jhimli Bha tacharyya, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland, India
Nabendu Biswas, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Malgorzata Bukowiecka-Matusiak, Medical University of Lodz, Department of Structural Biology, Lodz, Poland
Izabela Burzynska-Pedziwiatr, Medical University of Lodz, Department of Structural Biology, Lodz, Poland
Leah Bush, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, United States
Sanjoy Chakraborty, Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY, United States
Ankita Cha erjee, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Aritra Cha erjee, Department of Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Sabyasachi Cha erjee, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, United States
Smriti Chawla, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Amitava Das, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Dolan Das, Department of Physiology, Kalyani Mahavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal, India
Sujit Das, Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Production, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura, Meghalaya, India
S. Devaraja, Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry and Centre for Bioscience and Innovation, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka, India
Bernard W. Downs, Department of R&D, Victory Nutrition Int., Bonita Springs, FL, United States
Jaclyn Downs, Functional Genomic Fertility, Functional Genetic Nutrition, Lancaster, PA, United States
Nandini Ghosh, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Oksana Golovinskaia, Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Osamu Handa, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
Subrota Hati, Department of Dairy Microbiology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
Annaelle Hip Kam
Biopharmaceutical Unit, Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius
Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Republic of Mauritius
Komal Jalan, Department of Agriculture, University of Calcu a, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
