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NEUROBIOLOGYOFLANGUAGE Thispageintentionallyleftblank
NEUROBIOLOGY OFLANGUAGE Editedby GREGORY HICKOK
DepartmentofCognitiveSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
STEVEN L.SMALL
DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEWYORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
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Dedication WewouldliketodedicateNeurobiologyofLanguagetoallresearchersandclinicianswhospendtheircareers tryingtounderstandhumanlanguage,itsneurobiolog icalbasis,and/oritsneurologicalbreakdownand rehabilitation.Wewouldalsoliketothankourfamiliesfortheirsupportofourowncareersthathaveaimedto understandallthreeoftheseaspects.
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ListofContributorsxxi Acknowledgementxxvii
SECTIONA INTRODUCTION 1.TheNeurobiologyofLanguage STEVENL.SMALLANDGREGORYHICKOK
1.1History3
1.2LesionAnalysis3
1.3FromNeuropsychologytoCognitive Neuroscience4
1.4TheNeurobiologyofLanguage5
1.5SomeCommonFallacies5
1.6HumansinParticular6
1.7CognitionandtheNeurobiologyofLanguage7
1.8BrainDisease,Treatment,andtheNeurobiology ofLanguage7
1.9Summary8 References8
SECTIONB NEUROBIOLOGICALFOUNDATIONS
2.AMolecularGeneticPerspectiveonSpeech andLanguage SIMONE.FISHER
2.1Introduction13
2.2TheDiscoveryof FOXP2 14
2.3 FOXP2 MutationsinSpeechandLanguage Disorders15
2.4Functionsof FOXP2:TheViewfromthe Bench16
2.5InsightsfromAnimalModels17
2.6 FOXP2 inHumanEvolution20
2.7Conclusions20 References21
3.TheVentrolateralFrontalRegion MICHAELPETRIDES
3.1CytoarchitectonicAreasoftheVentrolateral PrefrontalCortex27
3.2ParietalandTemporalCortico-Cortical ConnectionPatternsoftheLanguage ProductionAreasintheVentrolateral FrontalRegion28
3.3FunctionalImplications30
3.4Non-VentrolateralPrefrontalAreas andTheirPossibleRoleinLanguage31 Acknowledgments32 References32
4.OntheNeuroanatomyandFunctionalRole oftheInferiorParietalLobuleand IntraparietalSulcus
FERDINANDCHRISTOPHBINKOFSKI,JULIANEKLANNAND SVENJACASPERS
4.1GrossAnatomyoftheIPLandIPS35
4.2ModernParcellationoftheIPLandIPS35
4.3ConnectivityoftheIPLandIPS38
4.4AnatomicalDifferencesBetweenHumans andMonkeys39
4.5FunctionsandFunctionalConnectivity oftheIPLandIPS39
4.6Summary43 References43
5.HumanAuditoryCortex
BRIANBARTONANDALYSSAA.BREWER
5.1Introduction49
5.2CorticalFieldMaps49
5.3Tonotopy:TheFirstDimensionofAFMs50
5.4CorticalOrganizationoftheMonkey AuditorySystem50
5.5CorticalOrganizationoftheHuman AuditorySystem51
5.6Periodotopy:TheSecondDimensionofAFMs52
5.7SimilaritiestoAFMOrganizationinthe HumanVisualSystem53
5.8“CloverLeaf”ClustersAcrossSenses55
5.9Conclusion55 References56
6.MotorCortexandMirrorSystemin MonkeysandHumans
GIACOMORIZZOLATTIANDSTEFANOROZZI
6.1Introduction59
6.2AnatomyoftheMonkeyMotorCortex59
6.3TheHumanMotorCortex65
6.4MotorSystemandCommunication67
6.5Conclusion68 Acknowledgment69 References69
7.CerebellarContributionstoSpeechand Language
HERMANNACKERMANNANDBETTINABRENDEL
7.1Introduction73
7.2MacroscopicandMicroscopicAnatomy oftheHumanCerebellum73
7.3ComparativeAnatomicPerspectivesonSize andCompositionoftheCerebellum76
7.4CerebellarSupportofMotorControlin Humans:UpperLimbMovements76
7.5ContributionsoftheCerebellumtoSpeech MotorControl77
7.6EngagementoftheCerebelluminNonmotor Functions80
7.7Conclusion82 References82
8.TheAnatomyoftheBasalGanglia
KATEE.WATKINSANDNEDJENKINSON
8.1Introduction85
8.2HistoricalBackground85
8.3OverviewofBasalGangliaAnatomy86
8.4TheRoleoftheBasalGangliainSpeech MotorControl90
8.5TheRoleoftheBasalGangliainLanguage91
8.6SegregatedFunctionalLoopsforSpeechand Language92
8.7Summary92 References92
9.TheThalamusandLanguage
DANIELA.LLANO
9.1OverviewofThalamicOrganization95
9.2DefiningtheRoleoftheThalamusinLanguage96
9.3AThalamic“Locus”forLanguage?103
9.4ImagingoftheThalamusinLanguageTasks105
9.5ThalamicCircuitryandPhysiology107
9.6ModelsofThalamusandLanguage109 9.7SummaryandConclusions110 Acknowledgments112 References112
10.TheInsularCortex
JESSICAD.RICHARDSONANDJULIUSFRIDRIKSSON
10.1GrossAnatomy115
10.2Cytoarchitecture115
10.3Vasculature117
10.4Connectivity118
10.5InsularCortexandBehavior120 10.6AssociationwithSpeech Language Behavior122 References125
11.WhiteMatterPathwaysintheHuman HUGUESDUFFAU
11.1Introduction129 11.2ProjectionPathways130 11.3Long-DistanceAssociationPathways131 11.4ImplicationofaHodotopicalViewof BrainOrganizationinHumans:Rethinking theConnectivityofLanguageandIts RelationshipswithCognition133
11.5TheLimitingRoleofAxonalConnectivity inBrainPlasticity134 11.6Conclusion135 References135
SECTIONC BEHAVIORALFOUNDATIONS 12.Phonology
WILLIAMJ.IDSARDIANDPHILIPJ.MONAHAN
12.1Introduction141
12.2SpeechSoundsandtheMAPLoop141
12.3FeaturesortheInternalCompositionof Sounds145
12.4LocalSoundCombinationsandChunking147
12.5NonlocalSoundCombinations148
12.6Summary149 References149
13.Morphology
ALECMARANTZ
13.1Introduction153
13.2WhyMorphology?154
13.3WhatMakesMorphology,Morphology156
13.4TypesofMorphemes,TypesofMorphologies, TypesofMorphologicalTheories157
13.5TheViewfromAbove160
13.6WordsandRules:TheModern ConsensusonDecomposition161 Acknowledgments163 References163
14.SyntaxandtheCognitiveNeuroscience ofSyntacticStructureBuilding JONSPROUSEANDNORBERTHORNSTEIN
14.1Introduction165
14.2ABriefHistoryofSyntacticTheory166
14.3TwoConcreteExamplesofSyntactic Structure-BuildingComputations168
14.4AdditionalPropertiesofSyntacticTheories ThatOneWouldExpectfromaTheoryof CognitiveComputations170
14.5TheCollaborationNecessarytoEngage inThisProgram171
14.6ChallengestoThisResearchProgram172
14.7Conclusion173 References173
15.SpeechPerceptionasaPerceptuo-Motor Skill
CAROLA.FOWLER
15.1Introduction175
15.2ResearchFindings177
15.3Conclusion181 References182
16.SpeechPerception185 ANDREWJ.LOTTOANDLORIL.HOLT
16.1Introduction185
16.2EffectsofAuditoryDistinctiveness ontheFormofSpeech186
16.3EffectsofAuditoryInteractiononthe FormofSpeech187
16.4EffectsofLearnabilityontheForm ofSpeech189
16.5MovingForward191 References192
17.UnderstandingSpeechintheContextof Variability
SHANNONHEALD,SERENAKLOSANDHOWARDNUSBAUM
17.1SpeechandSpeakers195
17.2TheLackofInvarianceProblem197
17.3AdaptiveProcessingandPerceptual Learning198
17.4EmpiricalEvidenceforActiveProcessing inTalkerNormalization200
17.5TowardanActiveTheoryofContextual Normalization201
17.6NeurobiologicalTheoriesofSpeech Perception202
17.7SubcorticalStructuresandAdaptive Processing204
17.8Conclusion205 Acknowledgments206 References206
18.SuccessfulSpeaking:Cognitive MechanismsofAdaptationin LanguageProduction
GARYS.DELLANDCASSANDRAL.JACOBS
18.1LanguageProduction209
18.2Long-TermSpeakerTuning:Implicit Learning211
18.3Short-TermSpeakerTuning214
18.4Conclusion218 Acknowledgments218 References218
19.SpeechMotorControlfromaModern ControlTheoryPerspective JOHNF.HOUDEANDSRIKANTANS.NAGARAJAN
19.1Introduction221
19.2TheRoleoftheCNSinProcessing SensoryFeedbackDuringSpeaking221
19.3TheCNSasaFeedforwardSource ofSpeechMotorCommands222
19.4CurrentModelsoftheRoleofthe CNSinSpeechMotorControl224
19.5TheConceptofDynamicalState224
19.6AModelofSpeechMotorControl BasedonStateFeedback225
19.7SFCModelsMotorActionsasan OptimalControlProcess226
19.8SpeakingBehavesLikeanOptimal ControlProcess227
19.9SFCExplainstheTask-SpecificRoleof theCNSinSpeechFeedbackProcessing230
19.10IsSFCNeurallyPlausible?230
19.11SFCAccountsforEfferenceCopy Phenomena231
19.12NeuralSubstrateoftheSFCModel232 19.13Conclusion234 References234
20.SpokenWordRecognition:HistoricalRoots, CurrentTheoreticalIssues,andSomeNew Directions
DAVIDB.PISONIANDCONORT.MCLENNAN
20.1Introduction239
20.2HistoricalRootsandPrecursors toSWR239
20.3PrincipleTheoreticalIssuesinSWR240
20.4SWRandtheMentalLexicon246
20.5SomeNewDirectionsandFuture Challenges248
20.6SummaryandConclusions249 Acknowledgments249 References249
21.VisualWordRecognition KATHLEENRASTLE
21.1TheArchitectureofVisualWord Recognition255
21.2OrthographicRepresentation256
21.3ProcessingDynamicsandMechanismsof Selection258
21.4VisualWordRecognitionandthe ReadingSystem260
21.5Conclusion262 Acknowledgment262 References262
22.SentenceProcessing FERNANDAFERREIRAANDDERYAC¸OKAL
22.1SourcesofInformationforSentence Processing265
22.2TheoreticalControversies268
22.3ClassesofModelsofSentenceProcessing270
22.4Conclusion272 References272
23.Gesture’sRoleinLearningandProcessing Language OZLEMECEDEMIRANDSUSANGOLDIN-MEADOW
23.1GestureNotOnlyReflectsThought,It CanPlayaRoleinChangingThought275
23.2RoleofGestureinLanguageLearning276
23.3RoleofGestureinLanguageProcessing279
23.4ImplicationsfortheNeurobiologyof Language281 References281
SECTIOND LARGE-SCALEMODELS 24.PathwaysandStreamsintheAuditory Cortex
JOSEFP.RAUSCHECKERANDSOPHIEK.SCOTT
24.1HumanSpeechPerception287
24.2WhereIs“Wernicke’sArea”?287
24.3DualProcessingStreamsandHierarchical OrganizationintheAuditoryCortexofthe Monkey288
24.4DualProcessingStreamsintheAuditory CortexofHumans290
24.5Conclusions:ACommonComputational FunctionforthePostero-DorsalStream?293 Acknowledgments294 References294
25.NeuralBasisofSpeechPerception GREGORYHICKOKANDDAVIDPOEPPEL
25.1Introduction299
25.2TheDualRouteModelofSpeech Processing299
25.3ClinicalCorrelatesoftheDualStream Model307
25.4Summary307 References308
26.BrainLanguageMechanismsBuilton ActionandPerception
FRIEDEMANNPULVERMULLERANDLUCIANOFADIGA
26.1Introduction311
26.2Phonemes312
26.3Signs314
26.4Meaning314
26.5CombinationsandConstructions317
26.6SpeechActsandSocial-Communicative Interaction318
26.7Outlook:KeyIssuesinBrainLanguage Research319 Acknowledgments321 References321
27.TheDualLoopModelinLanguage CORNELIUSWEILLER,TOBIASBORMANN,DOROTHEEKUEMMERER, MARIACHRISTINAMUSSOANDMICHELRIJNTJES
27.1Patients327
27.2Neurospsychology328
27.3FunctionsoftheDualLoopModel329
27.4Anatomy,Hubs,Divisions329 27.5Development333 References334
28.MUC(Memory,Unification,Control): AModelontheNeurobiologyofLanguage BeyondSingleWordProcessing PETERHAGOORT
28.1Introduction339
28.2Memory,Unification,andControl339
28.3TheNetworkTopologyoftheLanguage Cortex340
28.4TheEmpiricalEvidenceforthe MUCModel342
28.5AGeneralAccountoftheRoleof LIFCinLanguageProcessing343
28.6TheDynamicInterplayBetweenMemory andUnification344
28.7AttentionalControl345
28.8BeyondtheClassicalModel345 Acknowledgments346 References346
29.TheNeuroanatomicalPathwayModel ofLanguage:SyntacticandSemantic Networks
ANGELAD.FRIEDERICI
29.1Introduction349
29.2FromDorsalandVentralStreamsto FiberTracts349
29.3TheNeuroanatomicalPathwayModel ofLanguage350
29.4Conclusion354 Acknowledgments354 References354
30.TheArgumentDependencyModel INABORNKESSEL-SCHLESEWSKYANDMATTHIASSCHLESEWSKY
30.1Introduction357
30.2ABriefHistoryoftheDevelopment ofeADM357
30.3DesignPrinciples358
30.4TheModelArchitecture360
30.5EvidencefortheModel364
30.6ConsequencesforElectrophysiology366
30.7Outlook366 Acknowledgments367 References367
SECTIONE DEVELOPMENT,LEARNING, ANDPLASTICITY 31.LanguageDevelopment
FREDERICDICK,SALONIKRISHNAN,ROBERTLEECHAND SUZANNECURTIN
31.1PrecursorstoLanguage373 31.2FirstWords376
31.3IndividualVariability,Developmental Trajectories,andtheVocabulary“Burst”377
31.4EarlyLanguageandItsRelationshipto NonlinguisticAbilities378
31.5RelationshipBetweenEarlyDevelopment andLaterLanguageAbilities379
31.6TheRelationshipBetweenVocabulary andGrammar379
31.7TheNatureofChildren’sEarlyGrammar381
31.8LanguageDevelopmentinOlderChildren381
31.9NeuralMeasuresofLanguageDevelopment382 31.10Conclusion384 Acknowledgments384 References384
32.TheNeurobiologyofGestureandIts Development
ANTHONYSTEVENDICKANDIRISBROCE
32.1ExploringGestureandItsDevelopment attheBehavioralLevel389
32.2GestureandItsDevelopmentinthe ContextofaBroaderNeurobiologyof Language390
32.3TheNeurobiologyofGesture: Electrophysiology390
32.4TheNeurobiologyofGesture:Functional Imaging391
32.5TheNeurobiologyofGestureDevelopment395 32.6Conclusion395 References395
33.DevelopmentoftheBrain’sFunctional NetworkArchitecture
DEANNAJ.GREENE,CHRISTINAN.LESSOV-SCHLAGGAR ANDBRADLEYL.SCHLAGGAR
33.1WhatIsaNetworkandHowCan WeStudyBrainNetworks?399
33.2OrganizationoftheBrain’sFunctional NetworkArchitecture401
33.3IsThereaLanguageNetwork?401
33.4DevelopmentofBrainNetworks403
33.5ImplicationsofDevelopmentofBrain NetworkstoLanguage-RelatedBrain Regions404
33.6FutureDirections405 Acknowledgment405 References405
34.BilingualDevelopmentandAgeof Acquisition
ARTUROE.HERNANDEZ
34.1Introduction407
34.2AgeofAcquisition407
34.3AoAinaSingleLanguage408
34.4TheRelationshipBetweenAoAand SensitivePeriods409
34.5AoAandSecondLanguageLearning409
34.6PhonologyinaSecondLanguage410
34.7AoAandtheBilingualBrain411
34.8GrammaticalProcessingandAoA412
34.9IsolatingAoA413
34.10AoAEffectsDuringGrammatical Processing413
34.11ComparingFirstandSecondLanguages415
34.12AoAandDevelopment415 References416
35.Bilingualism:Switching ALBERTCOSTA,FRANCESCAM.BRANZIANDCESARA ´ VILA
35.1Introduction419
35.2LanguageSwitching:Instantiatingthe Paradigm419
35.3EvidencefromElectrophysiology421
35.4TheNeuralCorrelatesofLanguage Control:AFrontal,Parietal,and SubcorticalNetwork424
35.5Conclusion428 References428
36.NeurobiologyofSignLanguages DAVIDP.CORINAANDSHANEBLAU
36.1Introduction431
36.2SignLanguageAphasia431
36.3RightHemisphereDamage435
36.4Neuroimaging437
36.5SignLanguageandtheMirrorNeuron System439
36.6Conclusion440 Acknowledgments441 References441
SECTIONF PERCEPTUALANALYSIS OFTHESPEECHSIGNAL 37.PhonemePerception
JEFFREYR.BINDER
37.1NeuropsychologicalStudies450
37.2FunctionalImagingStudies450
37.3DirectElectrophysiologicalRecordings454
37.4TheRoleofArticulatoryRepresentations inPhonemePerception455
37.5HemisphericSpecializationinPhoneme Perception457 References458
38.ANeurophysiologicalPerspectiveon SpeechProcessingin“TheNeurobiology ofLanguage” LUCH.ARNAL,DAVIDPOEPPELANDANNE-LISEGIRAUD
38.1Overview463
38.2CorticalProcessingofContinuousSounds Streams466
38.3BroadeningtheScope:FunctionalModels472 References475
39.DirectCorticalNeurophysiologyof SpeechPerception
MATTHEWK.LEONARDANDEDWARDF.CHANG
39.1Introduction479
39.2InvasiveNeuralRecordingMethods479
39.3IntracranialContributionstothe NeurobiologyofLanguage482
39.4TheFutureofInvasiveMethodsin LanguageResearch487 References487
40.FactorsThatIncreaseProcessingDemands WhenListeningtoSpeech
INGRIDS.JOHNSRUDEANDJENNIFERM.RODD
40.1TypesofProcessingDemand493 40.2Summary499 References499
41.NeuralMechanismsofAttentiontoSpeech LEEM.MILLER
41.1OverviewandHistory503
41.2NeuralNetworksforAttentionalControl504
41.3LevelsofAttentionalSelection505
41.4SpeechRepresentationsthatAttention Selects507
41.5NeuralMechanismsandTop-Down/ Bottom-UpInteractions508
41.6InteractionsBetweenAttention, Perception,andPrediction509
41.7FutureDirections510 Acknowledgments511 References511
42.AudiovisualSpeechIntegration:Neural SubstratesandBehavior MICHAELS.BEAUCHAMP
42.1NeuroarchitectureofAudiovisualSpeech Integration515
42.2BehavioralApproachesforStudying AudiovisualSpeechIntegration518
42.3IntersubjectVariability519
42.4NeuralSubstratesoftheMcGurkEffect521 Acknowledgments524 References524
43.NeurobiologyofStatisticalInformation ProcessingintheAuditoryDomain URIHASSONANDPASCALETREMBLAY
43.1Introduction527
43.2BrainSystemsInvolvedinStatistical InformationProcessing529
43.3ConnectionalAnatomyoftheStatistical Network533
43.4RelatedWorkandFurtherAfield534
43.5ConclusionandFutureWork535 References535
SECTIONG WORDPROCESSING 44.TheNeurobiologyofLexicalAccess MATTHEWH.DAVIS
44.1Introduction541
44.2ThreeChallengesforLexicalAccessin Speech541
44.3MappingLexicalComputationsonto Neurobiology542
44.4FunctionalSegregationandConvergence inLexicalProcessing549
44.5Conclusion550 Acknowledgment551 References551
45.ACommonNeuralProgressiontoMeaning inAboutaThirdofaSecond
KARAD.FEDERMEIER,MARTAKUTASANDDANIELLES.DICKSON
45.1Part1:TheTimecourseofSemanticAccess OutofContext558
45.2Part2:ContextandtheTimecourse ofSemanticAccess562
45.3Conclusions565 Acknowledgments565 References565
46.LeftVentrolateralPrefrontalCortexin ProcessingofWordsandSentences
NAZBANOUNOZARIANDSHARONL.THOMPSON-SCHILL
46.1Introduction569
46.2VLPFCinSingle-WordProcessing570
46.3VLPFCinSentenceProcessing574
46.4Summary576
46.5ConcludingRemarksandFutureAvenues579 Acknowledgments580 References580
SECTIONH SENTENCEPROCESSING 47.TheRoleoftheAnteriorTemporalLobe inSentenceProcessing CORIANNEROGALSKY
47.1WhatAboutBroca’sArea?587
47.2WhereIstheATL?588
47.3Domain-GeneralSemantics588
47.4TheATLRespondstoSentenceStructure589
47.5Syntax590
47.6CombinatorialSemantics591
47.7Prosody591
47.8TheATLIsPartofaLargeLanguage Network592
47.9Summary592 Acknowledgments592 References592
48.NeuralSystemsUnderlyingtheProcessing ofComplexSentences LARSMEYERANDANGELAD.FRIEDERICI
48.1Introduction597
48.2WhyAreWord-OrderDeviations DifficulttoProcess?597
48.3WhyAreEmbeddedSentences DifficulttoProcess?598
48.4WhichBrainRegionsAreInvolved inProcessingComplexSentences?599
48.5WhatDoWord-OrderDeviationsand EmbeddingHaveinCommon?603
48.6Summary604 References604
49.TheTimecourseofSentenceProcessing intheBrain
INABORNKESSEL-SCHLESEWSKY,ADRIANSTAUBAND MATTHIASSCHLESEWSKY
49.1Preliminaries:Challengestoa NeurobiologicalPerspectiveonthe TimecourseofSentenceProcessing607
49.2NeurobiologicalConsiderations608
49.3DifferingPerspectivesontheTimecourse ofSentenceProcessingintheBrain609
49.4BehavioralInsights615
49.5OpenQuestions/PerspectivesforFuture Research617 References618
50.CompositionofComplexMeaning: InterdisciplinaryPerspectivesonthe LeftAnteriorTemporalLobe
LIINAPYLKKANEN
50.1“Semantics”intheBrainSciencesVersus Linguistics622
50.2TheSentenceVersusListParadigm623
50.3AnEmpiricalQuestion:DoConcepts MatterforComposition?624
50.4MethodologicalStartingPointsforthe CognitiveNeuroscienceofSemantic Composition624
50.5TheLATLasaCombinatoryRegion: EvidencefromMEG625
50.6DelvingDeeper:WhatTypesof RepresentationsDoestheLATLCombine?626
50.7ClosingRemarks628 Acknowledgments629 References629
51.WorkingMemoryandSentence Comprehension DAVIDCAPLAN
51.1EarlyStudiesofSTM/WMandIts RelationtoComprehension633
51.2ChangesinModelsofSTM/WM634
51.3RetrievalMechanismsinParsing635
51.4CapacityLimitsinSTM/WMand SentenceComprehension638
51.5AnAlternativeFrameworkforViewing theMemorySystemforParsingand Interpretation638
51.6ACommentontheNeuralBasisof Procedural(LT-WM)MemoryMechanisms UnderlyingSentenceComprehension641 Acknowledgments641 References641 FurtherReading645
52.GroundingSentenceProcessinginthe Sensory-MotorSystem MARTAGHIOANDMARCOTETTAMANTI
52.1Introduction647
52.2GroundingofAction-RelatedSentence ProcessingintheSensory-MotorSystem648
52.3FlexibleModulationsofSensory-Motor GroundingbyGrammaticalandSyntactic Aspects650
52.4FigurativeLanguageasanAbstract Sentential-SemanticContextfor Action-RelatedVerbs651
52.5Emotion-RelatedLanguage:Abstract butPartiallyGroundedinthe Sensory-MotorSystem653
52.6AbstractSentenceProcessingIs GroundedinExperiential NeurocognitiveSystems654
52.7ConcludingRemarks655 References655
SECTIONI DISCOURSEPROCESSING ANDPRAGMATICS 53.DiscourseComprehension JEFFREYM.ZACKSANDEVELYNC.FERSTL
53.1Cohesion662
53.2Coherence664
53.3SituationModelConstruction665
53.4ShiftingandMapping668
53.5Conclusion669 References671
54.AttheCoreofPragmatics BRUNOG.BARA,IVANENRICIANDMAUROADENZATO
54.1CommunicativeIntention:TheCore FeatureofPragmaticPhenomena675
54.2NeuralSubstratesofCommunicativeIntention: TheIntentionProcessingNetwork676
54.3CommunicationIsMorethanLanguage679
54.4CommunicativeExchange681
54.5StepsTowardanEcologyof Communication683 Acknowledgments684 References684
SECTIONJ SPEAKING 55.NeurobiologyofSpeechProduction:Perspective fromNeuropsychologyandNeurolinguistics
SHEILAE.BLUMSTEINANDSHARIR.BAUM
55.1Introduction689
55.2HistoricalPerspective:SpeechProduction DeficitsinAphasia689
55.3PhonologicalProcessesinSpeechProduction690
55.4PhoneticProcessesinProduction692
55.5Summary696 Acknowledgments697 References697
56.WordProductionfromthePerspective ofSpeechErrorsinAphasia
MYRNAF.SCHWARTZANDGARYS.DELL
56.1SpeechErrorsinAphasia:TheNeurological Tradition701
56.2TwoStagesofLexicalAccessinProduction703
56.3Model-InspiredLesionAnalysisofSemantic Errors705
56.4SummationDual-RouteModelof Repetition707
56.5ImplicationsforNeurocognitiveModelsof Language710
56.6Conclusion711 Acknowledgments712 References712
57.Motor-TimingandSequencinginSpeech Production
SONJAA.KOTZANDMICHAELSCHWARTZE
57.1FormalandTemporalPrediction: FundamentalsinSpeechProcessing717
57.2ASynchronizedSpeechProcessingMode718
57.3TimingSpeech:Subcortico-Cortical Interactions720
57.4Conclusion722 References723
58.NeuralModelsofMotorSpeechControl FRANKH.GUENTHERANDGREGORYHICKOK
58.1Introduction725
58.2ThePlanningofSpeechMovements726
58.3BrainRegionsInvolvedinSpeech Articulation727
58.4NeurocomputationalModelsofSpeech Production727
58.5TheDIVAModel728
58.6TheGODIVAModelofSpeechSound Sequencing733
58.7TheHSFCModel733
58.8FutureDirections736 Acknowledgments737 References737
59.NeurobiologyofSpeechProduction:AMotor ControlPerspective
PASCALETREMBLAY,ISABELLEDESCHAMPSAND VINCENTL.GRACCO
59.1Introduction741
59.2NeurobiologyofSpeechMotorControl741
59.3SpeechMovementExecution744
59.4FeedbackProcessingandSensory-Motor Integration745
59.5Conclusion746 Acknowledgments746 References747
60.SentenceandNarrativeSpeechProduction: InvestigationswithPETandfMRI
RICHARDJ.S.WISEANDFATEMEHGERANMAYEH
60.1Introduction751
60.2WhatHaveWeLearnedfrom Meta-AnalysesofLanguageStudies754
60.3NarrativeSpeechProduction756
60.4FunctionalMRIStudiesofSentence Production758
60.5Conclusion760 References761
SECTIONK CONCEPTUALSEMANTIC KNOWLEDGE 61.TheHub-and-SpokeHypothesisof SemanticMemory
KARALYNPATTERSONANDMATTHEWA.LAMBONRALPH
61.1Introduction765
61.2TheImportanceoftheSpokesandthe RegionsfromWhichTheyEmanate766
61.3TheInsufficiencyoftheSpokesandTheir Sources:WhyWeNeedaHub767
61.4WhyShouldtheHubBeCenteredon theATL?769
61.5EvidenceforandPossibleReasonsfora BilateralATLHub770
61.6TheGradedHubHypothesis772
61.7ConcludingComment773 References773
62.WhatDoesItMean?AReviewofthe NeuroscientificEvidenceforEmbodied LexicalSemantics
OLAFHAUK
62.1Introduction777
62.2ModelsofEmbodiedSemantics777
62.3MethodsforNeuroscientificResearch onEmbodiedSemantics780
62.4ReviewoftheEmpiricalLiterature780
62.5TheInfluenceofTask,Context,and IndividualExperience784
62.6Conclusion785 References786
SECTIONL WRITTENLANGUAGE 63.AcquiredDyslexia
H.BRANCHCOSLETTANDPETERTURKELTAUB
63.1Introduction791
63.2PeripheralDyslexias792
63.3CentralDyslexias795
63.4ComputationalModelsofReading798
63.5AssessmentofReading800 References800
64.ImagingBrainNetworksforLanguage: MethodologyandExamplesfromthe NeurobiologyofReading
ANJALIRAJABEHARELLEANDSTEVENL.SMALL
64.1Introduction805
64.2FunctionalConnectivityAnalyses: ASetofExploratoryTechniques806
64.3EffectiveConnectivityAnalyses: ASetofConfirmatoryTechniques808
64.4TechniquesSpanningBothFunctional andEffectiveDomains811
64.5Conclusions813 References813
65.DevelopmentalDyslexia GUINEVEREF.EDEN,OLUMIDEA.OLULADE,TANYAM.EVANS, ANTHONYJ.KRAFNICKANDDIANAR.ALKIRE
65.1Introduction815
65.2FunctionalAnatomyofReading816
65.3NeuroanatomicalBasesofDyslexia816
65.4NeurofunctionalBasesofDyslexia817
65.5GeneticandPhysiologicalMechanismsin Dyslexia819
65.6NeurobiologyofReadingInterventions820
65.7CauseVersusConsequence?821
65.8ImportantVariablesinStudiesofDyslexia821
65.9Conclusion822 Acknowledgments822 References822
SECTIONM ANIMALMODELSFORLANGUAGE 66.RodentModelsofSpeechSoundProcessing CRYSTALT.ENGINEER,TRACYM.CENTANNIANDMICHAELP.KILGARD
66.1RodentModelsAreImportantforStudying NeuralCorrelatesofSpeechPerception829
66.2SpeechSoundDiscriminationbyRodents829
66.3SpeechSoundNeuralCoding831
66.4SpeechSoundProcessingProblems833 References836
SECTIONN MEMORYFORLANGUAGE 67.IntroductiontoMemory SHAUNAM.STARKANDCRAIGE.L.STARK
67.1Introduction:AmnesiaandPatientH.M.841
67.2MedialTemporalLobeMemorySystem841
67.3EpisodicMemory843
67.4SemanticMemory844
67.5ProceduralMemory845
67.6MemoryConsolidationandSleep846
67.7Neurogenesis847
67.8AgingandMemory847
67.9LanguageLearningandtheMedial TemporalLobe848 References849
68.NeuralBasisofPhonologicalShort-Term Memory
JULIEA.FIEZ
68.1TheoreticalPerspectivesonPhonological Short-TermMemory855
68.2NeuralPerspectivesonShort-Term PhonologicalMemory857
68.3Summary860 References860
69.WorkingMemoryandLanguage BRADLEYR.BUCHSBAUM
69.1Introduction863
69.2TheEmergenceoftheConcept ofShort-TermMemory863
69.3NeurologicalEvidenceforaSeparation ofShort-TermandLong-TermMemory864
69.4TheEmergenceoftheConceptof WorkingMemory865
69.5ThePhonologicalLoop866
69.6NeuralBasisofVerbalWorkingMemory867
69.7NeurologicalStudiesofLanguageand VerbalShort-TermMemory868
69.8FunctionalNeuroimagingInvestigations ofVerbalWorkingMemory869
69.9Event-RelatedfMRIStudiesofVerbal andAuditoryWorkingMemory870
69.10ReconcilingNeuropsychologicaland FunctionalNeuroimagingData872
69.11SummaryandConclusion872 References873
SECTIONO LANGUAGEBREAKDOWN 70.LanguageDevelopmentinAutism
MORTONANNGERNSBACHER,EMILYM.MORSONAND ELIZABETHJ.GRACE
70.1DelayinAutisticLanguageDevelopment879
70.2HeterogeneityandVariabilityinAutistic LanguageDevelopment880
70.3TrajectoriesofLanguageDevelopment881
70.4LanguageDelayVersusLanguageDeviance883 References884
71.SymptomsandNeurobiologicalModelsof LanguageinSchizophrenia ARNENAGELSANDTILOKIRCHER
71.1Introduction887
71.2Phenomenology,Assessment,and CourseofFormalThoughtand LanguageDisorder888
71.3StructuralBrainChangesandFTD889
71.4NeuralCorrelatesofFTD(Symptom Catching)889
71.5Semantics890
71.6Pragmatics891
71.7AuditorySensory,Phonological,and ProsodicProcessing892
71.8Syntax893
71.9NeurotransmitterDysfunction893
71.10GeneticInfluenceonSpeechand LanguageDysfunctionsinSchizophrenia894
71.11LateralizationAsymmetryinSchizophrenia894
71.12ConclusionsandFuturePerspectives894 References895
72.SpecificLanguageImpairment
JULIAL.EVANSANDTIMOTHYT.BROWN
72.1Introduction899
72.2NeuropsychologicalProfile899
72.3StructuralImagingofSLI900
72.4FunctionalImagingofSLI902
72.5Conclusion906
72.6TowardsaNeurobiologyofSLI907 References908
73.VascularAphasiaSyndromes
DONNAC.TIPPETTANDARGYEE.HILLIS
73.1Introduction913
73.2ClassicAphasiaCategorization:Vascular Syndromes913
73.3VascularSyndromesandContemporary Paradigms917
73.4CognitiveProcessesUnderlyingAphasia917
73.5PotentialUsefulnessofVascular Syndromes918
73.6Conclusion920 Acknowledgments920 References920
74.PsycholinguisticApproachestothe StudyofSyndromesandSymptoms ofAphasia
SHEILAE.BLUMSTEIN
74.1Introduction923
74.2TheAphasiaSyndromes923
74.3SomeCaveatsandChallenges924
74.4LanguageDeficitsUnderlyingAphasia Syndromes925
74.5LexicalImpairments927
74.6SyntacticImpairments929
74.7Conclusion930 Acknowledgments930 References930
75.IntroductiontoPrimaryProgressive Aphasia
MARIALUISAGORNO-TEMPINIANDPETERPRESSMAN
75.1IntroductionandHistoryofPrimary ProgressiveAphasia935
75.2TheNonfluent/AgrammaticVariant937
75.3TheSemanticVariant941
75.4TheLogopenicVariant(lvPPA)944
75.5FutureDirectionsinPPA947 References948
76.TheDeclarative/ProceduralModel: ANeurobiologicalModelofLanguage Learning,Knowledge,andUse
MICHAELT.ULLMAN
76.1TheMemorySystems954
76.2PredictionsforLanguage958
76.3Evidence961
76.4SummaryandConclusion965 Acknowledgments965 References965
77.PerinatalFocalBrainInjury:Scopeand LimitsofPlasticityforLanguageFunctions
SUSANC.LEVINE,ANJALIRAJABEHARELLE,OZLEMECEDEMIR ANDSTEVENL.SMALL
77.1PerinatalFocalBrainInjury:Language DevelopmentandNeuralPlasticity969
77.2FourCentralQuestions970
77.3HowDoFocalPerinatalLesionsAffect LanguageDevelopment?970
77.4HowDoBiologicalCharacteristics ofEarlyFocalLesionsRelateto LanguageFunctioning?972
77.5WhatIstheRoleofLanguageInput ontheLanguageDevelopmentof ChildrenwithPerinatalLesions?976
77.6WhatIstheMechanismofLanguage PlasticityAfterEarlyLesions?977
77.7SummaryandFutureDirections979 References979
78.MotorSpeechImpairments WOLFRAMZIEGLERANDANJASTAIGER
78.1Introduction985
78.2MotorImpairmentsWithinaNeurological Framework985
78.3MotorImpairmentsforSpokenLanguage Production988
78.4Sensory-MotorAspectsofSpeechSound ProductionImpairment990
78.5Conclusion993 Acknowledgment993 References993
79.TheNeurobiologyofDevelopmental Stuttering
KATEE.WATKINS,JENNIFERCHESTERSANDEMILYL.CONNALLY
79.1Introduction995
79.2DevelopmentalStuttering995
79.3EnhancingFluencyinPeopleWhoStutter996
79.4GeneticStudiesofDevelopmentalStuttering997
79.5TheNeuralBasisofDevelopmental Stuttering998
79.6Conclusion1002 References1002
SECTIONP LANGUAGETREATMENT 80.NeuroplasticityAssociatedwithTreated AphasiaRecovery
JULIUSFRIDRIKSSONANDKIMBERLYSMITH
80.1Neuroplasticity1007
80.2AcuteandChronicConsiderations1008
80.3StructuralBrainChangesandAphasia Recovery1009
80.4FunctionalBrainChangesandAphasia Recovery1009 References1011
81.MelodicIntonationTherapy
GOTTFRIEDSCHLAUG
81.1TheImpactofNonfluentAphasia1015
81.2TheBasisandComponentsof Intonation-BasedSpeechTherapy forPatientswithNonfluentAphasia1016
81.3ExperienceswiththeApplicationofMIT1017
81.4ExaminingAspectsofRhythmand MelodyinCross-SectionalStudies1018
81.5NeuralCorrelatesofMIT:Neuroimaging Findings1018
81.6PossibleMechanismsExplainingthe EffectsofanIntonation-BasedSpeech Therapy1020
81.7Conclusion1021 Acknowledgment1021 References1021
82.Constraint-InducedAphasiaTherapy: ANeuroscience-CenteredTranslational Method
FRIEDEMANNPULVERMULLER,BETTINAMOHRANDEDWARDTAUB
82.1AphasiaTherapy:RelevanceandClassic Paradigms1025
82.2NeuroscienceandLanguageEvidence1025
82.3CIAT:MethodsandEfficacy1028
82.4VariantsandExtensionsofOriginalCIAT Methods1031
82.5SummaryandOutlook1032 References1032
83.NoninvasiveBrainStimulationinAphasia Therapy:LessonsfromTMSandtDCS
H.BRANCHCOSLETT
83.1Introduction1035
83.2TMSasTreatmentforAphasia1035
83.3tDCSasTherapyforAphasia1042
83.4tDCSasaTreatmentforAphasia1043
83.5GeneralDiscussion1049 References1050
84.Imitation-BasedAphasiaTherapy
E.SUSANDUNCANANDSTEVENL.SMALL
84.1Introduction:RepetitionandImitation inAphasia1055
84.2NeurobiologicalApproachestoLanguage andAphasia1055
84.3MirrorNeuronSystem1055
84.4MirrorNeuronSystemandLanguage1057
84.5DualStreamsforSpeech1059
84.6AphasiaTherapy:SpeechImitationas TherapeuticTool1060
84.7MirrorNeuronSystemandRehabilitation1061
84.8AphasiaTherapy:SpeechImitationas TherapeuticTheory1061
84.9AphasiaTherapy:NonspeechMotor ObservationandImitation1062
84.10Conclusion1063 References1063
85.PharmacotherapyforAphasia
DANIELA.LLANOANDSTEVENL.SMALL
85.1Introduction1067
85.2MajorChallenges1067
85.3MechanismsofRecoveryand Pharmacotherapy1068
85.4HumanStudies:Pharmacotherapyfor Aphasia1072
85.5Conclusion1078 Acknowledgments1078 References1078
86.Cell-BasedTherapiesfortheTreatmentof Aphasia
HALX.NGUYENANDSTEVENC.CRAMER
86.1Introduction1085
86.2StemCellTherapies:Introduction1085
86.3HumanNeuralStemCells1086
86.4Adult/FetalhNSCs1086
86.5HumanEmbryonicStemCellsandNeural Derivatives1086
86.6Human-InducedPluripotentStemCells andNeuralDerivatives1087
86.7MesenchymalStemCells1088
86.8IssuesRelatedtoClinicalApplication ofStemCellTherapies1088 References1089
SECTIONQ PROSODY,TONE,ANDMUSIC 87.ProcessingToneLanguages JACKSONT.GANDOURANDANANTHANARAYANKRISHNAN
87.1Introduction1095
87.2ToneLanguagesofEastandSoutheastAsia1095
87.3LexicalVersusSublexicalUnits1096
87.4TonalVersusSegmentalUnits1100
87.5TonalFeatures1101
87.6TonalProcessingattheLevelofthe AuditoryBrainstem1101
87.7CategoricalPerceptionofTone1102
87.8ToneVersusOtherSuprasegmentalUnits1103
87.9Conclusion1104 Acknowledgment1104 References1104
88.TheNeurocognitionofProsody SILKEPAULMANN
88.1Introduction1109
88.2BrainMappingofProsody1109
88.3TheNeuralBasisofLinguisticProsody Processing1110
88.4TheNeuralBasisofEmotionalProsody Processing1114
88.5Summary1117 Acknowledgments1117 References1118
89.EnvironmentalSounds FREDERICDICK,SALONIKRISHNAN,ROBERTLEECHAND AY¸SEPINARSAYGIN
89.1WhatAreEnvironmentalSounds?1121
89.2Perceptual,Cognitive,andNeural ProcessingofEnvironmentalSounds1123
89.3SectionOne:PerceptualandCognitive FactorsinProcessingEnvironmental Sounds1123
89.4SectionTwo:NeuralFactorsinProcessing EnvironmentalSounds1128 89.5Conclusion1134 Acknowledgments1135 References1135 Index1139
ListofContributors HermannAckermann DepartmentofGeneralNeurology/ CenterforNeurology,HertieInstituteforClinicalBrain Research,UniversityofTubingen,Tubingen,Germany
MauroAdenzato CenterforCognitiveScience,Department ofPsychology,UniversityofTorino,Italy;Neuroscience InstituteofTurin,Italy
DianaR.Alkire CenterfortheStudyofLearning, GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
LucH.Arnal DepartmentofNeurosciences,Biotech Campus,UniversityofGeneva,Geneva,Switzerland; DepartmentofPsychology,NewYorkUniversity,New York,NY,USA
CesarA ´ vila Dpt.PsicologiaBa ` sica,Clı´nicaiPsicobiologia, UniversitatJaumeI,Castello ´ delaPlana,Spain
BrunoG.Bara CenterforCognitiveScience,Departmentof Psychology,UniversityofTorino,Italy;Neuroscience InstituteofTurin,Italy
BrianBarton DepartmentofCognitiveSciences,University ofCalifornia,Irvine,Irvine,CA,USA;Centerfor CognitiveNeuroscienceandEngineering,Universityof California,Irvine,Irvine,CA,USA
ShariR.Baum SchoolofCommunicationSciencesand DisordersandCentreforResearchonBrain,Language& Music,McGillUniversity,Montre ´ al,QC,Canada
MichaelS.Beauchamp DepartmentofNeurosurgeryand CoreforAdvancedMRI,BaylorCollegeofMedicine, Houston,TX,USA
JeffreyR.Binder DepartmentofNeurology,Medical CollegeofWisconsin,Milwaukee,WI,USA
FerdinandChristophBinkofski SectionClinicalCognition Sciences,DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityHospital, RWTHAachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany;Instituteof NeuroscienceandMedicine(INM-1),ResearchCentre Julich,Julich,Germany
ShaneBlau DepartmentofLinguistics,CenterforMind andBrain,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA,USA
SheilaE.Blumstein DepartmentofCognitiveLinguistic andPsychologicalSciences,BrownUniversityandthe BrownInstituteforBrainSciences,Providence,RI,USA
TobiasBormann DepartmentofNeurologyandClinical Neuroscience,UniversityHospitalFreiburg,Freiburg, Germany
InaBornkessel-Schlesewsky CognitiveNeuroscience Laboratory,SchoolofPsychology,SocialWorkandSocial
Policy,UniversityofSouthAustralia,Adelaide,SA, Australia;DepartmentofGermanicLinguistics,University ofMarburg,Marburg,Germany
FrancescaM.Branzi CenterforBrainandCognition(CBC), UniversitatPompeuFabra,Barcelona,Spain
BettinaBrendel DepartmentofGeneralNeurology/Center forNeurology,HertieInstituteforClinicalBrainResearch, UniversityofTubingen,Tubingen,Germany
AlyssaA.Brewer DepartmentofCognitiveSciences; CenterforCognitiveNeuroscienceandEngineering; CenterforHearingResearch,UniversityofCalifornia, Irvine,Irvine,CA,USA
IrisBroce DepartmentofPsychology,FloridaInternational University,Miami,FL,USA
TimothyT.Brown DepartmentofNeurosciences, UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,SchoolofMedicine, LaJolla,CA,USA
BradleyR.Buchsbaum RotmanResearchInstitute, Baycrest,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada
DavidCaplan NeuropsychologyLaboratory,Department ofNeurology,MassachusettsGeneralHospital,Boston, MA,USA
SvenjaCaspers InstituteofNeuroscienceandMedicine (INM-1),ResearchCentreJulich,Julich,Germany
TracyM.Centanni SchoolofBehavioralandBrain Sciences,TheUniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson, TX,USA
EdwardF.Chang DepartmentofNeurologicalSurgery, UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
JenniferChesters DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology, UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
DeryaC¸okal InstituteforBrainandMind,Universityof SouthCarolina,Columbia,SC,USA
EmilyL.Connally DepartmentofExperimental Psychology,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
DavidP.Corina DepartmentofLinguistics;Departmentof Psychology,CenterforMindandBrain,Universityof California,Davis,CA,USA
H.BranchCoslett DepartmentofNeurology,Perelman SchoolofMedicineattheUniversityofPennsylvania, Philadelphia,PA,USA
AlbertCosta CenterforBrainandCognition(CBC), UniversitatPompeuFabra,Barcelona,Spain;Institucio
CatalanadeRecercaiEstudisAvanc¸ats(ICREA), Barcelona,Spain
StevenC.Cramer DepartmentsofNeurology,Anatomyand Neurobiology,andPM&R,SueandBillGrossStemCell ResearchCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
SuzanneCurtin SpeechDevelopmentLaboratory, DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofCalgary, Calgary,AB,Canada
MatthewH.Davis MedicalResearchCouncil,Cognition andBrainSciencesUnit,Cambridge,UK
GaryS.Dell UniversityofIllinois,Urbana-Champaign, BeckmanInstitute,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
O ¨ zlemEceDemir DepartmentofCommunicationSciences andDisorders,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL, USA
IsabelleDeschamps CentredeRecherchedel’Institut UniversitaireenSante ´ MentaledeQue ´ bec,Que ´ becCity, QC,Canada;De ´ partementdeRe ´ adaptation,Faculte ´ de Me ´ decine,Universite ´ Laval,Que ´ becCity,QC,Canada
AnthonyStevenDick DepartmentofPsychology,Florida InternationalUniversity,Miami,FL,USA
FredericDick Birkbeck/UCLCentreforNeuroImaging (BUCNI),London,UnitedKingdom;CentreforBrainand CognitiveDevelopment(CBCD),Departmentof PsychologicalSciences,BirkbeckCollege,Universityof London,London,UnitedKingdom
DanielleS.Dickson DepartmentofPsychology,University ofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
HuguesDuffau DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Ho ˆ pitalGui deChauliac,MontpellierUniversityMedicalCenter, Montpellier,France;Team“PlasticityofCentralNervous System,StemCellsandGlialTumors,”INSERMU1051, InstituteforNeuroscienceofMontpellier,Montpellier UniversityMedicalCenter,Montpellier,France
E.SusanDuncan Solodkin/SmallBrainCircuits Laboratory,DepartmentofNeurology,Universityof California,Irvine,Irvine,CA,USA
GuinevereF.Eden CenterfortheStudyofLearning, GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
CrystalT.Engineer SchoolofBehavioralandBrain Sciences,TheUniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson, TX,USA
IvanEnrici CenterforCognitiveScience,Departmentof Psychology,UniversityofTorino,Italy;Neuroscience InstituteofTurin,Italy;DepartmentofPhilosophyand EducationalSciences,UniversityofTorino,Italy
JuliaL.Evans SchoolofBehavioralandBrainSciences,The UniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson,TX,USA; CenterforResearchinLanguage,UniversityofCalifornia, SanDiego,LaJolla,CA,USA
TanyaM.Evans CenterfortheStudyofLearning, GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
LucianoFadiga DepartmentofHumanPhysiology, UniversityofFerrara,Ferrara,Italy;ItalianInstituteof Technology,Genoa,Italy
KaraD.Federmeier DepartmentofPsychology,Programin Neuroscience,BeckmanInstituteforAdvancedScience andTechnology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA
FernandaFerreira DepartmentofPsychologyandCenter forMindandBrain,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA, USA
EvelynC.Ferstl InstituteforInformaticsandSociety, CentreofCognitiveScience,Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg,Germany
JulieA.Fiez DepartmentofPsychology,Departmentof Neuroscience,DepartmentofCommunicationScienceand Disorders,CenterforLearningResearchand DevelopmentandCenterfortheNeuralBasisof Cognition,UniversityofPittsburgh,PA,USA
SimonE.Fisher LanguageandGeneticsDepartment,Max PlanckInstituteforPsycholinguistics,Nijmegen,the Netherlands;DondersInstituteforBrain,Cognition,and Behaviour,RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,theNetherlands
CarolA.Fowler DepartmentofPsychology,Universityof Connecticut,Storrs,CT,USA
JuliusFridriksson TheAphasiaLab,Departmentof CommunicationSciencesandDisorders,TheUniversityof SouthCarolina,Columbia,SC,USA
AngelaD.Friederici DepartmentofNeuropsychology, MaxPlanckInstituteforHumanCognitiveandBrain Sciences,Leipzig,Germany
JacksonT.Gandour DepartmentofSpeechLanguage HearingSciences,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN, USA
FatemehGeranmayeh Computational,Cognitiveand ClinicalNeuroimagingLaboratory(C3NL),Imperial CollegeLondon,HammersmithHospital,London,UK
MortonAnnGernsbacher Psychology,Universityof Wisconsin-Madison,Madison,WI,USA
MartaGhio InstituteforExperimentalPsychology, Heinrich-Heine-University,Dusseldorf,Germany
Anne-LiseGiraud DepartmentofNeurosciences,Biotech Campus,UniversityofGeneva,Geneva,Switzerland
SusanGoldin-Meadow DepartmentofPsychology, UniversityofChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
MariaLuisaGorno-Tempini UCSFMemoryandAging Center,SandlerNeurosciencesCenter,Universityof California,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
VincentL.Gracco CentreforResearchonBrain,Language andMusic;SchoolofCommunicationSciencesand Disorders,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada; HaskinsLaboratories,NewHaven,CT,USA
ElizabethJ.Grace SpecialEducation,NationalLouis University,Chicago,IL,USA
DeannaJ.Greene DepartmentofPsychiatry;Department ofRadiology,WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine inSt.Louis,St.Louis,MO,USA
FrankH.Guenther DepartmentofSpeech,Language,and HearingSciences,DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering, BostonUniversity,Boston,MA,USA
PeterHagoort DondersInstituteforBrain,Cognitionand Behaviour,MaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguistics, Nijmegen,TheNetherlands
UriHasson CenterforMindandBrainSciences(CIMeC), UniversityofTrento,Mattarello(TN),Italy
OlafHauk MRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnit, Cambridge,UK
ShannonHeald DepartmentofPsychology,TheUniversity ofChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
ArturoE.Hernandez DepartmentofPsychology, UniversityofHouston,Houston,TX,USA
GregoryHickok DepartmentofCognitiveSciences,Center forLanguageScience,CenterforCognitiveNeuroscience, UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
ArgyeE.Hillis DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineand Rehabilitation;DepartmentofNeurology;Departmentof CognitiveScience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Schoolof Medicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
LoriL.Holt DepartmentofPsychologyandtheCenterfor theNeuralBasisofCognition,CarnegieMellon University,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
NorbertHornstein DepartmentofLinguistics,University ofMaryland,CollegePark,MD,USA
JohnF.Houde DepartmentofOtolaryngology—Headand NeckSurgery,UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA, USA
WilliamJ.Idsardi DepartmentofLinguistics;Neuroscience andCognitiveScienceProgram,UniversityofMaryland, CollegePark,MD,USA
CassandraL.Jacobs BeckmanInstitute,Universityof Illinois,Urbana,IL,USA
NedJenkinson NuffieldDepartmentofClinical Neuroscience,UniversityofOxford,JohnRadcliffe Hospital,Oxford,UK;SchoolofSport,Exerciseand RehabilitationSciences,TheUniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham,UK
IngridS.Johnsrude DepartmentofPsychologyandCentre forNeuroscienceStudies,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston, ON,Canada
MichaelP.Kilgard SchoolofBehavioralandBrain Sciences,TheUniversityofTexasatDallas,Richardson, TX,USA
TiloKircher DepartmentofPsychiatryandPsychotherapy, PhilippsUniversityMarburg,Marburg,Germany
JulianeKlann SectionClinicalCognitionSciences, DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityHospital,RWTH AachenUniversity,Aachen,Germany
SerenaKlos DepartmentofPsychology,TheUniversityof Chicago,Chicago,IL,USA
SonjaA.Kotz SchoolofPsychologicalSciences,University ofManchester,Manchester,UK;Departmentof Neuropsychology,MaxPlanckInstituteforHuman CognitiveandBrainSciences,Leipzig,Germany
AnthonyJ.Krafnick CenterfortheStudyofLearning, GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
AnanthanarayanKrishnan DepartmentofSpeech LanguageHearingSciences,PurdueUniversity,West Lafayette,IN,USA
SaloniKrishnan Birkbeck/UCLCentreforNeuroImaging (BUCNI),London,UnitedKingdom;CentreforBrainand CognitiveDevelopment(CBCD),Departmentof PsychologicalSciences,BirkbeckCollege,Universityof London,London,UnitedKingdom
DorotheeKuemmerer DepartmentofNeurologyand ClinicalNeuroscience,UniversityHospitalFreiburg, Freiburg,Germany
MartaKutas DepartmentofCognitiveScience,Department ofNeurosciences,CenterforResearchinLanguage, UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,CA,USA
RobertLeech Computational,CognitiveandClinical NeuroimagingLaboratory(C3NL),ImperialCollege London,London,UnitedKingdom
MatthewK.Leonard DepartmentofNeurologicalSurgery, UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA,USA
ChristinaN.Lessov-Schlaggar DepartmentofPsychiatry, WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicineinSt.Louis, St.Louis,MO,USA
SusanC.Levine DepartmentofPsyc hology,Department ofComparativeHumanDevelopment,andCommittee onEducation,UniversityofChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
DanielA.Llano DepartmentofMolecularandIntegrative Physiology,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign, Champaign,IL,USA
AndrewJ.Lotto Speech,Language,&HearingSciences, UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ,USA
AlecMarantz DepartmentofLinguistics,NewYork University,NewYork,NY,USA;Departmentof Psychology,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA; NYUADInstitute,NewYorkUniversityAbuDhabi,Abu Dhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
ConorT.McLennan DepartmentofPsychology,Cleveland StateUniversity,Cleveland,OH,USA
LarsMeyer DeparmentofNeuropsychology,MaxPlanck InstituteforHumanCognitiveandBrainSciences, Leipzig,Germany
LeeM.Miller CenterforMind&Brain,andDepartmentof Neurobiology,Physiology,&Behavior,Universityof California,Davis,CA,USA
BettinaMohr DepartmentofPsychiatry,Campus BenjaminFranklin,Charite ´ Universitatsmedizin,Berlin, Germany
PhilipJ.Monahan CentreforFrenchandLinguistics, UniversityofTorontoScarborough,Toronto,ON,Canada; DepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofToronto, Toronto,ON,Canada
EmilyM.Morson PsychologyandNeuroscience,Indiana University,Bloomington,IN,USA
MariachristinaMusso DepartmentofNeurologyand ClinicalNeuroscience,UniversityHospitalFreiburg, Freiburg,Germany
SrikantanS.Nagarajan DepartmentofRadiologyand BiomedicalImaging,UniversityofCalifornia,San Francisco,CA,USA
ArneNagels DepartmentofPsychiatryandPsychotherapy, PhilippsUniversityMarburg,Marburg,Germany
HalX.Nguyen MindResearchUnit,SueandBillGross StemCellResearchCenter,UniversityofCalifornia, Irvine,CA,USA
NazbanouNozari DepartmentofNeurology,Johns HopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,USA;Departmentof CognitiveScience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore, MD,USA
HowardNusbaum DepartmentofPsychology,The UniversityofChicago,Chicago,IL,USA
OlumideA.Olulade CenterfortheStudyofLearning, GeorgetownUniversity,Washington,DC,USA
KaralynPatterson NeurologyUnit,Departmentof ClinicalNeurosciences,UniversityofCambridge, Cambridge,UK;MRCCognitionandBrainSciencesUnit, Cambridge,UK
SilkePaulmann DepartmentofPsychology,Centrefor BrainScience,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UK
MichaelPetrides MontrealNeurologicalInstitute,McGill University,Montreal,Quebec,Canada
DavidB.Pisoni DepartmentofPsychologicalandBrain Sciences,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA
DavidPoeppel DepartmentofPsychology,NewYork University,NewYork,NY,USA;Max-Planck-Institutefor EmpiricalAesthetics,Frankfurt,Germany
PeterPressman UCSFMemoryandAgingCenter,Sandler NeurosciencesCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,San Francisco,CA,USA
FriedemannPulvermu ¨ ller BrainLanguageLaboratory, DepartmentofPhilosophyandHumanities,Freie UniverstatBerlin,Berlin,Germany;BerlinSchoolofMind andBrain,Humboldt-UniversitatzuBerlin,Berlin, Germany
LiinaPylkka ¨ nen DepartmentofLinguistics,Departmentof Psychology,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA; NYUADInstitute,NewYorkUniversityAbuDhabi,Abu Dhabi,UnitedArabEmirates
AnjaliRajaBeharelle LaboratoryforSocialandNeural SystemsResearch,UniversityofZurich,Zurich, Switzerland;DepartmentofEconomics,Universityof Zurich,Zurich,Switzerland
MatthewA.LambonRalph NeuroscienceandAphasia ResearchUnit,SchoolofPsychologicalSciences, UniversityofManchester,Manchester,UK
KathleenRastle DepartmentofPsychology,Royal Holloway,UniversityofLondon,Egham,Surrey,UK
JosefP.Rauschecker LaboratoryofIntegrative NeuroscienceandCognition,GeorgetownUniversity MedicalCenter,NW,Washington,DC,USA;Institutefor AdvancedStudy,TUMunchen,Munchen-Garching, Germany
JessicaD.Richardson DepartmentofCommunication SciencesandDisorders,TheUniversityofSouthCarolina, Columbia,SC,USA
MichelRijntjes DepartmentofNeurologyandClinical Neuroscience,UniversityHospitalFreiburg,Freiburg, Germany
GiacomoRizzolatti DepartmentofNeuroscience, UniversityofParma,Parma,Italy;BrainCenterforMotor andSocialCognition,ItalianInstituteofTechnology, Parma,Italy
JenniferM.Rodd DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology, UniversityCollegeLondon,LondonUK
CorianneRogalsky DepartmentofSpeechandHearing Science,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA
StefanoRozzi DepartmentofNeuroscience,Universityof Parma,Parma,Italy
Ay¸sePinarSaygin DepartmentofCognitiveScience, UniversityofCalifornia—SanDiego,LaJolla,CA,USA
BradleyL.Schlaggar DepartmentofNeurology; DepartmentofRadiology;DepartmentofPsychiatry; DepartmentofPediatrics;DepartmentofAnatomy& Neurobiology,WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine inSt.Louis,St.Louis,MO,USA
GottfriedSchlaug DepartmentofNeurology, Neuroimaging,andStrokeRecoveryLaboratories,Beth IsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterandHarvardMedical School,Boston,MA,USA
MatthiasSchlesewsky DepartmentofEnglishand Linguistics,JohannesGutenberg-UniversityMainz, Mainz,Germany
MyrnaF.Schwartz MossRehabilitationResearchInstitute, ElkinsPark,PA,USA
MichaelSchwartze SchoolofPsychologicalSciences, UniversityofManchester,Manchester,UK
SophieK.Scott InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience, UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK
StevenL.Small DepartmentofNeurology,Universityof California,Irvine,CA,USA
KimberlySmith TheAphasiaLab,Departmentof CommunicationSciencesandDisorders,Universityof SouthCarolina,Columbia,SC,USA
JonSprouse DepartmentofLinguistics,Universityof Connecticut,Storrs,CT,USA
AnjaStaiger ClinicalNeuropsychologyResearchGroup, ClinicforNeuropsychology,CityHospital,Munich, Germany
CraigE.L.Stark DepartmentofNeurobiologyand Behavior,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
ShaunaM.Stark DepartmentofNeurobiologyand Behavior,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
AdrianStaub DepartmentofPsychologicalandBrain Sciences,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA, USA
EdwardTaub DepartmentofPsychology,Universityof AlabamaatBirmingham,Birmingham,AL,USA
MarcoTettamanti DepartmentofNuclearMedicineand DivisionofNeuroscience,SanRaffaeleScientificInstitute, Milano,Italy
SharonL.Thompson-Schill DepartmentofPsychology, UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA
DonnaC.Tippett DepartmentofOtolaryngology—Head andNeckSurgery;DepartmentofPhysicalMedicineand Rehabilitation;DepartmentofNeurology,JohnsHopkins UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,MD,USA
PascaleTremblay CentredeRecherchedel’Institut UniversitaireenSante ´ MentaledeQue ´ bec,Que ´ bec City,QC,Canada;De ´ partementdeRe ´ adaptation, Faculte ´ deMe ´ decine,Universite ´ Laval,Que ´ becCity, QC,Canada
PeterTurkeltaub DepartmentofNeurology,Georgetown UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Washington,DC,USA;
MedStarNationalRehabilitationHospital,Washington, DC,USA
MichaelT.Ullman BrainandLanguageLaboratory, DepartmentofNeuroscience,GeorgetownUniversity, Washington,DC,USA
KateE.Watkins DepartmentofExperimentalPsychology, UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
CorneliusWeiller DepartmentofNeurologyandClinical Neuroscience,UniversityHospitalFreiburg,Freiburg, Germany
RichardJ.S.Wise Computational,CognitiveandClinical NeuroimagingLaboratory(C3NL),ImperialCollege London,HammersmithHospital,London,UK
JeffreyM.Zacks DepartmentofPsychology,Washington University,SaintLouis,MO,USA
WolframZiegler ClinicalNeuropsychologyResearch Group,ClinicforNeuropsychology,CityHospital, Munich,Germany
