Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Nanotechnological applications in old and emerging viral infections: Opportunities and challenges
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Diversity in viral infections
3: Nanoweapons against viral crusaders
4: Challenges ahead
5: Overcoming challenges
6: Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 2: Nanotechnology-based innovations to fight against viral infections
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Types of nanocarriers
3: Nanomedicine and COVID-19
4: Viruses as nanocarriers
5: Viruses used in the treatment of cancer
6: ZnO nanoparticles used in treatment of the H1N1 influenza virus
7: Nanomedicine as a diagnostic agent of hepatitis C virus
8: Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Unique advantages of nanomaterials in drug delivery and therapy against viruses
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Main viral diseases in humans
3: Nanomaterials (NMs) in viral therapy
4: The action of NMs in the structure of viruses
5: Scheme of the nanomaterial drug delivery system
6: Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Application of nanomaterials as nano-masks
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Classification of face masks
3: Issues related to bulk material-based masks
4: Nano-masks
5: Characteristics of nano-masks
6: Nanomaterials used for fabrication of nano-masks
7: Issues related to the use of nano-masks
8: Conclusions and final remarks
References
Chapter 5: Personal protective equipment to protect from viruses
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Evaluation of mask efficiency
3: Conventional masks
4: Nano-based face masks
5: Sanitizers
6: Virus-disinfectant general interaction
7: Alcohol-based sanitizers
8: Nonalcohol-based sanitizers
9: Pathogen resistance due to sanitizer overuse
10: Nano-based sanitizer
11: Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Nanotherapy approach to target ZIKA virus in microglia: A case study
Abstract Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: Exploring a novel drug delivery platform for neurological diseases
3: A novel case study to examine the efficacy of a nanoneurotherapeutic for ZIKA
4: Perspectives
5: Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Nanotechnology: New frontiers in anti-HIV therapy
Abstract
Acknowledgment
1: Introduction
2: What are viruses?
3: Antiviral drugs
4: Benefits of nanomaterials and nanoformulations
5: Nanoformulated drugs
6: Fixed-dose multiple drug combinations
7: Other anti-HIV effective formulations
8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Nanoparticle-based immunoassays for early and rapid detection of HIV and other viral infections
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Viruses: Nanoscale pathogens
3: Nanotechnology and virus detection
4: Conjugation of NPs to biomolecules
5: Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Potential role of nanotechnology in the treatment of influenza and hepatitis viruses
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Nanotechnology
3: Influenza viruses
4: Hepatitis viruses
5: Nanotechnology target influenza
6: Nanotechnology to target hepatitis
7: Conclusions and final remarks
References
Chapter 10: Nanoformulations: A novel approach for effective management of vector-borne viral diseases
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1: Introduction
2: Drawbacks of current treatment strategies for some vectorborne viral diseases
3: Need of nanoformulation for the effective management of vector-borne viral diseases
4: Advantages of nanoformulation techniques for vector-borne viral diseases
5: Application of nanotechnology in the management and fight against vector-borne viral diseases
6: Other applications of nanotechnology to control vectors
7: Various nanosystems used in vector-borne viral diseases
8: Nanoformulations in the treatment of vector-borne viral diseases
9: Role of nanotechnology in detection of vector-born viral diseases
10: Future perspectives
11: Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: SARS, MERS, nSARS-CoV-2 infections and diseases: Emerging threats to public health
Abstract
1: Viral infection and human disease
2: Coronaviruses and family
3: SARS-CoV
4: MERS-CoV
5: Novel SARS-CoV-2
6: Genomics and proteomics of coronaviruses
7: Risk factors
8: Therapeutics and immunization
9: Limitations and challenges
10: Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Origin, evolution, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Origin and evolution of coronaviruses
3: Pathogenesis of coronaviruses
4: Conclusions and perspective
References
Chapter 13: Recent advancements and nanotechnological interventions in diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination for COVID-19
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Diagnostics
3: Treatments
4: Vaccination
5: Nano-based advancements in COVID-19
6: Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter 14: Strategies on functionalization of organic and inorganic nanocarriers to inactivate SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Inorganic nanocarriers
3: Organic nanocarriers
4: Functionalized nanocarriers
5: Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Nanovaccines against viral infections: Current trends and future prospects
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Immune response against microbes
3: Immune response to vaccines
4: Nanocarriers for vaccine delivery
5: Conclusion and future perspectives
References Further reading
Chapter 16: Development of novel vaccines using nanomaterials against COVID-19
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Nanomaterials for nanoenemies (COVID-19)
3: COVID-19 vaccine
4: Differences in traditional and COVID-19 vaccine design
5: Potential nanoadjuvants for the development of a SARS-Cov2 vaccine
6: Diversity in vaccine platforms
7: Classical vaccine platforms
8: Nanotechnology role in vaccine administration
9: Activation of dendritic cells
10: Nanomaterial for targeting lymph node
11: Nanomaterials for altered vaccine efficacy by microbiome
12: Conclusions and future prospects
References
Further reading
Index
Copyright
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Contributors
Ravikumar Aalinkeel Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Mathieu Abou-Jaoude Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Mehran Alavi
Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
Bianca Pizzorno Backx Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Kunal B. Banode University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Aarti Belgamwar Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Veena S. Belgamwar University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Vidyadevi T. Bhoyar University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Swagata Cha erjee School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U ar Pradesh, India
Vishal Chaudhary Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Vijay Kumar Chennamche y Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Apollo Institute of Medical Science and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Tafadzwa Justin Chiome Division of Nanoscience and Technology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
Julia Helena da Silva Martins Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
Luiza Helena da Silva Martins Institute of Animal Health and Production (ISPA), Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
Patrycja Golinska Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Josef Jampílek
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University
Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Surya Chandra Kandi Pharmacology and Toxicology, NIPER, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Divya Kapoor
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United
States
Shagufta Khan Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
Bhagyashree D. Kokate University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Katarina Kráľová Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Navin Kumar School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, U ar Pradesh, India
Supriya D. Mahajan Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Manoj J. Mammen Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Suchitra S. Mishra University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Aditya Nair Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Chandrashekhar D. Patil Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
M.V. Raghavendra Rao Central Research Laboratory, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana,
India
Mahendra Rai Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India; Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus
Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
Sanjay Rathod
Department of Immunology, University of Pi sburgh Novasenta Inc., Pi sburgh, PA, United States
Stanley A. Schwar Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Rakesh Kumar Sharma Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Clinical Translational Research Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Deepak Shukla
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
Asha Srinivasan
Division of Nanoscience and Technology, School of Life Sciences Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
Rahul Suryawanshi Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
Tazib Rahaman Syed Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, EMT Research Center, Varennes, QC, Canada
Sagar S. Trivedi University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Mahatma Jyotiba Phuley Shaikshanik Parisar, Nagpur, India
Mahendra K. Verma Basic Sciences, American University School of Medicine Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
Yogendra Kumar Verma Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Alka Yadav Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
Pramod Yeole Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
Preface
Mahendra Rai
Alka Yadav
Viruses are infectious agents responsible for high mortality rates throughout the world and socioeconomic losses. Though viruses require a host for their existence, still virus-based infections claim several lives. A few examples of infections caused due to viruses include Influenza, Hepatitis, HIV, Zika, Nipah, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19.
Nanotechnology implies the use of nanoparticles in the dimension of 1–100-nm nanoscale range. Nanoparticle-based technology has been widely used in different fields of medicine, diagnostics and detection, and delivery of nanoparticles. The lack of effective drugs for most viral infections highlights the need for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic kits, vaccine design and development, and virus tracking within the host cells. Nanotechnology offers rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection of viruses using diagnostic kits. The extremely small size of nanoparticles provide a surface area to the particles and entry into the living system. Also, the strong encapsulation of nanoparticles ensures the targeted delivery of drugs. Recently, the use of nanoparticles in the development of detection kits for COVID-19 has helped in the early diagnosis of the infection within a short period of time. Substantial development has been observed in the efficient delivery of drugs and vaccines and virus tracking in host cells. These applications of nanoparticles prove advantageous in providing rapid and sensitive detection, early confirmation of infection, and improved chances of recovery. Based on their smaller size, nanoparticles can effectively cross the blood-
brain barrier and deliver the drug to the targeted site. Different types of nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, quantum dots, liposomes, dendrimers, and carbon nanotubes have successfully been used in various therapeutic applications. In the current scenario, where the whole world is fighting the SAS-CoV-2 pandemic, nanotechnology offers a promising approach in overcoming the barriers of traditional treatment processes.
This book provides an insight on different viral infections such as influenza, hepatitis, HIV, SARS, MERS, and Zika with special a ention paid to the novel coronavirus. Further, different nanotechnological applications in the detection and diagnosis of viruses, the development of vaccines, and other therapeutic applications have been explicitly discussed.
The book is divided into five sections. Section I explains the different applications of nanotechnology against viruses. Section II highlights the use of nanotechnological tools for the detection and inhibition of viruses. Section III briefs about the role of nanotechnology in the targeted delivery of drugs. Section IV introduces SARS, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, their origin, pathology, and use of nanotechnology in diagnosis and vaccine development for the viral infection. Section V focuses on vaccines formulated using nanoparticles.
This book will be helpful for the students and researchers working in the area of viral infection, nanotechnological tools and techniques against viruses, therapeutics, drug delivery, and vaccine development.
We take this opportunity to offer our sincere gratitude to all the contributors for their endless support and cooperation in providing the chapters. We also express our heartfelt thanks to Linda VersteegBuschman (Senior Acquisition Editor) and the entire team of Elsevier for their efforts, timely help, and cooperation in the publication of this book.
